NC_old1180: Control of Endemic, Emerging and Re-emerging Poultry Respiratory Diseases in the United States

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/09/2019] [12/09/2019] [01/04/2021] [01/26/2022] [12/21/2022] [10/11/2023] [10/04/2024]

Date of Annual Report: 12/09/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/30/2019 - 10/31/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2019

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

See file attached below for NC1180's 2019 annual report.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 Annual report_2019.doc

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 12/09/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/30/2019 - 10/31/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2019

Participants

Reporting stations: AL, CA, GA, CT, NE, OH, IL, DE and SEPRL (USDA)

Project Directors:
H. Toro (AL), R. Gallardo (CA), N. Ferguson (GA), Mazhar Khan (CT), D. Reynolds (NE), C.W. Lee (OH), K. Jarosinski (IL), C. Keeler (DE), D. Suarez (SEPRL), T. Johnson (MN), M. El-Gazzar (IA)

Contributors:
V. van Santen (AL), K. Joiner (AL), H. Zhou (CA), M. Garcia (GA), Y. Saif (OH), E. Gingerich (IN), M. Pantin-Jackwood (SEPRL), J. Ngujiri (OH), M. Jackwood (UGA), S. Kim (MD), S. Kumar (MN), M. Torchetti (APHIS), A. Dhondt (NY), B. Jordan (UGA), S. Spatz (SEPRL).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes for the NC1180 annual meeting

Attendance: Garcia, Ngujiri, Jarosinsky, Gingerich, Suarez, Lee, Mulholland, Keeler, Toro, Reynolds, Smith, Abundo, Pantin-Jackwood, Jackwood, Scharafeldin, Zhou, Rajashekara, Saif, Sato, Ferguson, Gallardo, Torchetti, Lorenzoni.

Sandra Velleman Opening statement 6:38PM-6:42PM

Topics covered:

Renewal of multistate meeting is dependent upon collaboration between stations

Template of key accomplishment given to Dr. Gallardo (accomplishment, impact, published data for collaborative efforts) NIMSS

She highly recommended training on how to share impacts

It was approved by the members to schedule that training during next year’s meeting

Approval of minutes NC1180 meeting 2019

Gallardo reviewed 2018 minutes
- Motion to approve: Don Reynolds
  - Seconded by Andrew Dhont

After some conversation about potential venues for the next meeting and voting it was decided to hold the NC1180 2020 meeting in Chicago in dates to arrange but during the CRWAD

Potential venues for 2020 Meeting were:
- Poultry Science (July 20 -23 KY) Four
- USAHA/AAVLD (Oct 15-20 TN) Eight (2)
- Chicago/CRWAD (Dec 1^st week) Eight (5)
- Regional meetings (Processing Meeting UDel) One

President and secretary Nominations

Attendees voted for president and secretary renewal Tim Johnson and Rodrigo Gallardo continue for 2 more years

Meeting Adjourned 7:20PM

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180_2019 MINUTES.docx

Accomplishments

Accomplishments OBJECTIVE 1 - Investigate the ecology of poultry respiratory diseases and their role in poultry flocks.   <ul> <li>Understanding that Avibacterium paragallinarum is not persistent, even though its virulence has changed. These information helps targeting cleaning and disinfection methods after flocks have been affected with Avibacterium paragallinarum.</li> <li>The knowledge generated in AI persistence helps strategize biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection after each poultry flock in re-used litter barns. In addition, corroborates that composting temperatures between 50C and 60C are adequate for virus inactivation.  </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Surveillance in IBV vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks allows us to evaluate consequences of vaccination in broiler chickens in areas of low challenge in the different seasons of the year. In addition, it helped to demonstrate the inaccuracy of short segment S1 gene PCR and sequencing in surveillance efforts.</li> <li>Surveillance of IBV types in the field provides critical information on the incidence and distribution of IBV types in commercial poultry. Monitoring the evolution of IBV as it spreads in commercial poultry is important for prevention and control because it allows for informed design of vaccine programs.</li> <li>Avian influenza subtype H5 and H7 were negative from the live bird market and domestic poultry birds in New England states. There is a need to perform virus isolation studies to confirm and identify other subtypes in live bird markets, domestic and wild birds.</li> <li>Methods were developed and can be used to characterize the avian respiratory microbiome from tracheal samples. DNA and RNA viruses, bacteria, bacteriophage and yeast/fungi composition of the avian respiratory microbiome can be identified.</li> <li>It was detected that regulation of captive bird trade is needed in order to reduce the risk of introduction and dissemination of AI viruses throughout the world.</li> <li>Tools were enhanced to characterize the diversity of NDV viruses worldwide and understand its evolution. In addition, these information and tools will help the development of new vaccines and diagnostics.</li> <li>Avian influenza surveillance has been done in Mexico as preparedness for the introduction of poultry respiratory diseases through trade, wild birds or illegal transport of birds.</li> <li>Genetic diversity was detected in APMV-1 using novel next generation sequencing tools allowing us to track genetic diversity and evolution of this virus.</li> </ul>   OBJECTIVE 2- Develop new and improved diagnostic tools for poultry respiratory diseases.   <ul> <li>Developed a molecular typing strategy that allows rapid typing of disease-causing Avibacterium paragallinarum to pick adequate vaccines and prevent outbreaks.</li> <li>Mycoplasma PCR’s were developed to detect F-strain vaccine in a quantitative manner to better understand the replication dynamics of the vaccine in the presence of other MG strains.</li> <li>Molecular assays were developed to detect MS-H vaccine in a quantitative manner to better understand the replication dynamics of the vaccine in the presence of other MS strains.</li> <li>Molecular tests were developed to rapidly detect different IBV types in the same clinical sample as well as determine the relative abundances of each type. The tests can be used to evaluate attenuated live vaccine takes when a combination of IBV vaccine types are applied, as well as track different IBV field viruses circulating simultaneously in poultry flocks.</li> <li>Molecular diagnostic tests were developed to quickly examine clinical samples for the presence of multiple respiratory pathogens, namely NDV, ILTV and AMPV. Rapid and specific diagnosis is important for prevention and control of avian respiratory diseases.</li> <li>A procedure to reduce the use of eggs by up to 40% during lab testing is being validated by statistics.</li> <li>A new nomenclature system for NDV was created in association with different experts in the world. This nomenclature system is likely to become the de facto standard for genotype naming for Newcastle disease viruses.</li> </ul>     OBJECTIVE 3 - Elucidate the pathogenesis of poultry respiratory diseases <ul> <li>Understanding of the genotypes of false layer syndrome (FLS) and associated viruses was achieved, in addition to their level of adaptation to chickens.</li> <li>Insights into the increased susceptibility of chicken line 335/B19 birds to infectious bronchitis were achieved.</li> <li>Evidence for differential resistance to IBV by chickens displaying different MHC haplotypes were observed, as well as insights into the expression of a variety of genes after IBV replication in the host.</li> <li>The basis of IBV tissue tropism might be related to proteins encoded by genes other than S1.</li> <li>Controlling MS infection in poultry flocks will ameliorate effects of other pathogens in the chicken’s respiratory tract.</li> <li>Eye-associated lymphoid tissue has a crucial role in the immune response elicited against ILTV infection and studies indicated that the virulent ILTV strain 63140 interacts differently than the CEO vaccine with the eye-associated lymphoid tissues. The virulent 63140 strain delayed innate cellular responses, probably misdirecting the development of effective humoral and adaptive immune responses.</li> <li>The nature of recall immune responses in the trachea elicited in CEO-vaccinated chickens are fundamentally distinct to the immune response elicited in TCO- and HVT-LT-vaccinated chickens.</li> <li>Susceptibility to ILTV may be associated to genetic determinants other than MHC.</li> <li>Dual vaccination with recombinant and gene-deleted attenuated vaccine of ILTV improves protection.</li> <li>Strong correlation between innate and adaptive immune responses was found after LPAI infections. IBDV seemed to alter or even invert these correlations.</li> <li>Progress has been made towards producing transgenic quail targeting TLR3 and its use as a model for respiratory diseases in poultry.</li> <li>Progress has been made on the identification of genes in MDV that are essential in transmission, which will benefit the generation of better vaccines.</li> <li>Changes in the adaptation of AIV to ducks as hosts have been detected, which allows a better understanding of the epidemiology of AI viruses and the role that waterfowl play in disseminating viruses adapted to terrestrial poultry.</li> <li>It was determined that age is a key factor in the progression of the disease and delay of mortality during infection with H5N2 HPAI in turkeys.</li> <li>Several projects were focused on the interaction of wild birds and avian influenza, allowing a better understanding of the role of several wild birds in the dissemination and transmission of AI to commercial poultry,</li> <li>Molecular characterization and pathogenicity was studied for the NDV virus affecting CA. It was demonstrated that studies performed in 2002 (latest outbreak) were valid for the current virus causing outbreaks.</li> </ul>            OBJECTIVE 4. DEVELOP CONTROL AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR POULTRY RESPIRATORY DISEASES   <ul> <li>Identification of genes that are associated with resistance to heat stress and Newcastle disease virus and can be used to genetically enhance disease resistance of chickens in adaptation to hot climate.</li> <li>Knowledge of genes associated with enhanced immune response may inform further information on vaccine efficacy in poultry production.</li> <li>A vaccine selection decision tool was developed to control infectious coryza.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>IBV vaccination on the day of hatch induces suboptimal IBV immune responses both in the systemic and mucosal compartments. This routine practice may be contributing to the immunologic escape of the virus and increased persistence of vaccine virus in vaccinated chickens. However, booster vaccination seems to overcome poor initial responses.</li> <li>IBV vaccination at least ten days after hatch induces more effective cross-protection than vaccination on day of hatch. Greater antibody affinity maturation likely contributes to increased cross-protection.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>The fact that distinct subpopulations in wild IBV Ark challenge virus become selected by immune pressure originating from vaccination, and that the population structure of IBV vaccines impacts innate immune response, antibody avidity, and protection, is essential for vaccine development.</li> <li>Recombinant NDV + IBV vaccine construct seems to provide some protection against the disease but does not reduce viral loads in the upper respiratory tract.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>IBV vaccination on day 1 of age induces less than optimal immune responses against infectious bronchitis. Thus, depending on the age of IB outbreaks commonly occurring in chicken flocks in a particular region, postponing the first IBV vaccination may optimize immune responses.</li> <li>Dual vaccination with recombinant and gene-deleted attenuated vaccine of ILTV improve protection.</li> <li>Fluodots as nanoparticles show promise as a potential platform for a development of a vaccine against IBV. Chickens vaccinated with IBV Floudots nanoparticles had higher antibody titer than negative control chickens.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>The “Big Red” biosecurity program for poultry was developed in NE.</li> <li>New on-site composting methods are being developed and tested.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Progress has been made on generating new vaccine candidates for AI, this is based on IFN inducer AI variants.                 </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Novel small molecule antimicrobials have been identified as effective in chickens against colibacillosis and mycoplasmosis (Patent and licensing in progress).</li> <li>Progress has been made on MD vaccines and their inserts (specially ILT inserts) that can spread among poultry populations providing better immune responses.</li> <li>Vaccination programs and vaccines against AIV were evaluated in layers, broilers and ducks.</li> <li>Novel adjuvants were tested targeting chicken CD40 and avian influenza.</li> <li>The insertion of ILTV gD gene into the NDV LaSota backbone did not significantly affect the genetic stability of the recombinant virus. The rLS/ILTV-gD virus is a safe and genetically stable vaccine candidate after at least eight serial passages in ECE.</li> </ul>

Publications

Publications    Zegpi, R.A.*, S. Gulley, V.L. van Santen, K.S. Joiner, H. Toro. Infectious bronchitis virus vaccination at day 1 of age further limits cross protection. Avian Diseases 63:302–309, 2019   Saiada, F.*, F. Eldemery*, R. A. Zegpi*, S. L. Gulley, A. Mishra, V. L. van Santen, and H. Toro. Early vaccination of chickens induces suboptimal immunity against infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Diseases 63:38–47, 2019   Saiada F.*, Gallardo RA, Shivaprasad HL, Corsiglia C, van Santen VL. Intestinal tropism of an IBV isolate not explained by spike protein binding specificity. Avian Dis. (accepted for publication Oct. 2019).   Zegpi R. A.*, K. S. Joiner, V. L. van Santen, H. Toro. Infectious bronchitis virus population structure defines immune response and protection. Avian Diseases (submitted Sept. 2019).   Zegpi R.A.*, L. He, Q. Yu, K. S. Joiner, V. L. van Santen, H. Toro. Limited protection conferred by recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing infectious bronchitis spike protein. Avian Diseases (submitted Sept. 2019)   Zegpi R. A.*, C. Breedlove, S. Gulley, H. Toro. Infectious bronchitis virus immune responses in the Harderian gland upon initial vaccination. Avian Diseases (submitted Oct. 2019)   <ol> <li>McCuen, M. E. Pitesky, A. P. da Silva, R. A. Gallardo, J. J. Buler, S. Acosta, A. Wilcox, R. F. Bond, S. L. Díaz-Muñoz. Linking remote sensing for targeted surveillance of Avian Influenza virus via tangential flow ultra-filtration and whole segment amplification in California wetlands. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. Submitted.</li> </ol>   <ol> <li>Tracy, P. Saelao, Y. Wang, R. A. Gallardo, S. J. Lamont, J. Dekkers, T. Kelly, H. Zhou.</li> </ol> A bird’s eye view of the dynamics of the response to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and heat stress in the chicken spleen: RNA-seq in two distinct genetic lines. 2019. Dev and Comp Immunol. Submitted.   A.P. Da Silva, K.A. Schat, R.A. Gallardo. Cytokine responses in tracheas from MHC congenic chicken lines with distinct susceptibilities to infectious bronchitis virus. 2019. Avian Dis. Submitted.   <ol start="2019"> <li>Walugembe, J. Mushi, E. Amuzu-Aweh, G. Chiwanga, P. Msoffe, Y. Wang, P. Saelao, T. Kelly, R. Gallardo, H. Zhou, S. Lamont, A. Muhairwa, J. Dekkers. Genetic analyses of Tanzania local chicken ecotypes challenged with Newcastle disease virus. 2019. Genes. In press. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/7/546/pdf">https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/7/546/pdf</a></li> </ol>   Egaña-Labrin, S. R. Hauck, A. Figueroa, S. Stoute, H.L. Shivaprasad, M. Crispo, C. Corsiglia, H. Zhou, C. Kern, B. Crossley,  R. Gallardo. 2019. Genotypic Characterization of Emerging Avian Reovirus Molecular Variants in California. Sci Rep Accepted.   Saelao P., Y. Wang, G. Chanthavixay, R. A. Gallardo, A. Wolc, J. M. Dekkers, S. J. Lamont, T. Kelly, H. Zhou. Genetics and genomic regions affecting response to Newcastle disease virus infection under heat stress on layer chickens. 2019. Genes. 10(1), 61. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/1/61/htm">https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/1/61/htm</a>   Da Silva A.P., R. Hauck, C. Kern, Y. Wang, H. Zhou, R.A. Gallardo. Effects of Chicken MHC Haplotype on Resistance to Distantly-Related Infectious Bronchitis Viruses. 2019. Avian Dis. 63:2, 310-317. <a href="https://www.aaapjournals.info/doi/pdf/10.1637/11989-103118-Reg.1">https://www.aaapjournals.info/doi/pdf/10.1637/11989-103118-Reg.1</a>    Biswas S., A. Abdelnabi, M. Pitesky, R. A. Gallardo, P. Pandey. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in poultry carcass and litter at thermophilic temperatures. 2018. Applied Poultry Science. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy072">https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy072</a>   Rowland K., A. Wolc, R. A. Gallardo, T. Kelly, H. Zhou, J. C. Dekkers, S. J. Lamont. Genetic analysis of a commercial egg laying line challenged with Newcastle disease virus. Frontiers in genetics. 2018; 9:326. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2018.00326/full">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2018.00326/full</a>   Rowland K., P. Saelao, Y. Wang, J.E. Fulton, G.N. Liebe, A. M. Mc Carron, A. Wolc, R.A. Gallardo, T. Kelly, H. Zhou, J. Dekkers, S. J. Lamont. Association of candidate genes with response to heat and Newcastle disease virus. 2018. Genes. 9(11), 560.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9110560">https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9110560</a>   Saelao P., Y. Wang, G. Chanthavixay, V. Yu, R. A. Gallardo, S. J. Lamont, J. M. Dekkers, T. Kelly, H. Zhou. Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of differential expression of chicken lung tissue in response to NDV infection during heat stress. 2018. Genes. 9(12), 579. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120579">https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9120579</a>   Deist M.S., R.A. Gallardo, D.A. Bunn, T.R. Kelly, J.C.M. Dekkers, H. Zhou, S.J. Lamont. Novel Analysis of the Harderian Gland Transcriptome response to Newcastle Disease Virus in two Inbred Chicken Lines. Sci. Reports. 2018. 8:6558. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24830-0   Saelao P., Y. Wang. R. A. Gallardo, S. J. Lamont, J. M. Dekkers, T. Kelly, H. Zhou. Novel insights into the host immune response of chicken Harderian gland tissue, during Newcastle disease virus infection and heat treatment. 2018. BMC Vet. Res. 14:280.   Rowland K, Saelao P, Wang Y, Fulton JE, Liebe GN, McCarron AM, Wolc A, Gallardo RA, Kelly T, Zhou H, Dekkers JCM, Lamont SJ. Association of candidate genes with response to heat and Newcastle disease virus. Genes, 9(11): E560.   Aleuy O.A., M. Pitesky, R. A. Gallardo. Using Multinomial and Space -Time Permutation Models to Understand the Epidemiology of Infectious Bronchitis in California Between 2008 and 2012. Avian Dis. 2018. 62:2. 226-232. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/11788-122217-Reg.1">https://doi.org/10.1637/11788-122217-Reg.1</a>   Aston, E.J., B.J Jordan, S.M. Williams, M. Garcia, M.W. Jackwood. Effect of pullet vaccination on development and longevity of immunity. Viruses 11: 135, doi:10.33490, 2019.   Aston, E.J., M.W. Jackwood, R.M. Gogal Jr., D. J. Hurley, B.D. Fairchild, D.A. Hilt, S. Cheng, L.R. Tensa, M. Garcia and B.J Jordan. Ambient ammonia does not inhibit the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus vaccination and protection from homologous challenge in broiler chickens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 217: 109932, 2019.   Beltrán, G., D. J. Hurley, R. M. Gogal Jr., S. Sharif, L. R Read, S. M. Williams, C. F. Jerry, D. A Maekawa, and M. García. Immune Responses in the Eye-Associated Lymphoid Tissues of Chickens after Ocular Inoculation with Vaccine and Virulent Strains of the Respiratory Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV). Viruses 11 (77) 635,  <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070635">https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070635</a>. 2019.   Dos Santos, Marianne and Naola Ferguson-Noel. Application of Mycoplasma gallisepticum F Vaccine Strain Specific PCR Protocols to Vaccine Trials.21st World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress (WVPAC 2019), Bangkok Thailand, September 16th – 20th , 2019.   Dunn, J. R., K. M. Dimitrov, P. J. Miller, M. García, A. Brown, A. Hartman. Evaluation of protective efficacy when combining HVT vector vaccines. Avian Diseases. 63:75-83. 2019   Ehsan, Mohammadreza, Marianne Dos Santos, Amanda Olivier and Naola Ferguson-Noel. The Application of Real time PCR protocols to Differentiate Mycoplasma synoviae Vaccine and Field Strains.American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Annual Convention, Washington, DC. August 2nd -6th, 2019.   García, M. and G. Zavala. Commercial vaccines and vaccination strategies against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT): What we have learned and knowledge gaps that remain. Avian Diseases. Avian Dis. 63:325-334. 2019   Maekawa, A., G. Beltrán, S. M. Riblet, and M.García. Protection Efficacy of a Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey Vaccine Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Administered In Ovo to Broilers at Three Standardized Doses. Avian Dis. 63: 351-358. 2019.   Maekawa, D., S. M. Riblet, L. Newman, R. Koopman, T. Barbosa & M. García. valuation of vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) with recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT-LT) and chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines applied alone or in combination. Avian Pathology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2019.1644449">https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2019.1644449</a>. 2019.   Marcano, Valerie C,  Susan M Williams, Maricarmen García, Marianne Dos Santos, Naola Ferguson-Noel. Sinus Lesion Evaluation of SPF chickens co-infected with Mycoplasma synoviae and Infectious Bronchitis.. 21st World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress (WVPAC 2019), Bangkok Thailand, September 16th – 20th , 2019.    Mo, J., M. Angelichio, L. Gow, V. Leathers, M.W. Jackwood. Validation of specific quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay panel for Infectious Bronchitis using synthetic DNA standards and clinical specimens. Accepted: J. Virological Methods Nov. 2019.   Mo, J., M. Angelichio, L. Gow, V. Leathers, M.W. Jackwood. Development of specific quantitative real-time PCR assay panels for Infectious Laryngotracheitis, Newcastle Disease and Avian Metapneumovirus using synthetic DNA standards, internal positive controls and clinical specimens. Submitted: J. Virological Methods 2019.   Palomino-Tapia, V. A., G. Zavala, S, Cheng, and M. García. Long term protection against a virulent field isolate of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus induced by inactivated, recombinant and modified live virus vaccines in commercial layers.14:1-12. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1568389. 2019.   Spatz, S. J., M. García, S. M. Riblet, T. A. Ross, J. D.Volkening, T. L. Taylor, T. Kim and C. L. Afonso. MinION sequencing to genotype US strains of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Feb 5:1-43. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1579298. 2019 Ngunjiri J, Taylor K, Abundo M, Jang H, Elaish M, Mahesh C, Ghorbani A, Wijeratne S, Weber B, Johnson TJ, Lee C. Farm stage, bird age and body site dominantly affect the quantity, taxonomic composition, and dynamics of respiratory and gut microbiota of commercial layer chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85: e03137-18. 2019.   Abstracts/Posters/Professional Presentations   Farjana Saiada, Vicky L. van Santen, H.L. Shivaprasad, Charles Corsiglia, Rodrigo A. Gallardo (2019). Intestinal tropism of an IBV isolate is not explained by spike protein binding specificity AAAP meeting, Washington, D.C., Aug 2-6.   Toro, H., R.A. Zegpi, V.L. van Santen (2019). Immune Responses Induced in Chickens by a Genetically More Homogeneous Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine (2019). AAAP meeting, Washington, D.C. Aug 2-6.   Ramon A. Zegpi, C. Breedlove, Steve Gulley, Q. Yu, Vicky van Santen, Haroldo Toro (2019). Protection Conferred by IBV S-ectodomain Expressed from Recombinant NDV LaSota. AAAP meeting, Washington, D.C. Aug 2-6.   Ramon A. Zegpi, Vicky van Santen, Haroldo Toro (2019). Optimization of Avidity Determination using Logistical Regression: IBV S1-specific Antibodies. AAAP meeting, Washington, D.C. Aug 2-6.   Chanthavixay, K., C. Kern, Y. Wang, Saelao, P., R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. N. Chubb, G. Rincon, Zhou, H. 2019. Differential H3K27ac peaks within bursa tissue of two inbred chicken lines under NDV infection and heat stress. 37th Conference for the International Society of Animal Genetics, Lleida, Spain.   Walugembe, M.,  E.N. Amuzu-Aweh, B.B. Kayang, A.P. Muhairwa, P.K. Botchway, J.R. Mushi, G. Honorati, A. Naazie, G. Aning, P. Msoffe, Y. Wang, P. Saelao, T.R. Kelly, R.A. Gallardo, H. Zhou, S.J. Lamont and J.C.M. Dekkers. 2019. Genetic Analyses of Ghana and Tanzania Local Chicken Ecotypes Challenged with Newcastle Disease Virus. Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, San Diego, CA.   Kim, T. H., C. Kern, H. Zhou. 2019. Transcription Factor IRF7 Knockout Revealed Selective Modulation of Type I Interferon Response to Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Chickens. Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, San Diego, CA.   Zhou, H. S.J. Lamont, J.C.M. Dekkers, R. Gallardo, T.R. Kelly, B.B. Kayang, A. Naazie, G. Aning, P. Msoffe and A.P. Muhairwa. 2019. Improving Food Security in Africa by Enhancing Resistance to Newcastle Disease and Heat Stress in Chickens (Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab). Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, San Diego, CA.   Wang, Y.  Saelao, P., K. Chanthavixay, K. Rowland. T.R. Kelly, J.M. Dekkers, A. Wolc. R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. Zhou, H. 2019. Association Analysis with 600K SNP Array Identifies Candidate Genes for Heat Stress Response in Hy-Line Brown Chicks. Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, San Diego, CA.   <ol start="2019"> <li>Chanthavixay, C. Kern, Y. Wang, Saelao, P., R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. N. Chubb, G. Rincon, Zhou, H. 2019. Predicting Chromatin States to Identify Distinct Active Enhancers Within Bursa Tissue of Two Inbred Chicken Lines Under NDV Infection and Heat Stress. Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, San Diego, CA.</li> </ol>   <ol start="2019"> <li>Chanthavixay, C. Kern, Y. Wang, Saelao, P., R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. N. Chubb, G. Rincon, Zhou, H. 2019. Differential H3K27ac peaks within bursa tissue of two inbred chicken lines under NDV infection and heat stress. Keystone conference in Transcription and RNA Regulation in Inflammation and Immunity, Lake Tahoe, CA</li> </ol>   Kim, T. H., C. Kern, H. Zhou. 2019. Transcription Factor IRF7 Knockout Revealed Selective Modulation of Type I Interferon Response to Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Chickens. Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, San Diego, CA.   R.A. Gallardo, A.P. Da Silva, H. Zhou, C. Kern. (2018). Tracheal Immune Pathways and its Virome in Chickens Challenged with Different IBV Genotypes. American Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   R.A. Gallardo, A.P. Da Silva, S. Egaña, S. Stoute, A. Mete, C, K. Clothier, C. Corsiglia, G. Cutler, C. Kern, H. Zhou. Coryza Outbreaks in Chickens: Persistence, Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization. (2018). American Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   <ol> <li>Egaña, H. Roh, H. Zhou, C. Corsiglia, B. Crossley, R.A. Gallardo. Attempts Towards a Better Classification of Avian Reovirus Variants. (2018). 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.</li> </ol>   R.A. Gallardo, C. Corsiglia, S. Stoute, A. Mete, A.P. Da Silva, K. Clothier, C. Kern, H. Zhou. (2018). Understanding Coryza Outbreaks, Persistence and Molecular Biology. 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.   <ol> <li>A. Gallardo, A. P. da Silva, K.A. Schat, R. Hauck, Y. Wang, H. Zhou (2018). Understanding Immune Responses Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Challenges Using Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines. International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference (IARDC). Athens, GA.</li> </ol>   Funding   <ol> <li>H. Zhou (PI), R. Gallardo (Co-PI), T. Kelly, S. J. Lamont, J. Dekkers “Improving food security in Africa by enhancing resistance to disease and heat in chickens; Feed the future innovation lab for genomics to improve poultry”, USAID AID-OAA-A-13-00080, $4.9M (2019 to 2023).</li> </ol>   <ol> <li>R. Gallardo (PI), Virulent Newcastle disease virus outreach effort in Southern California. Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) $150,000 (2019-2020).</li> </ol>   <ol start="3"> <li>Lee CW (PI). Serological surveillance of IBDV antibodies in turkeys in the US. (12/28/2018 - 01/31/2021). National Turkey Federation.</li> </ol>   <ol start="4"> <li>Rajashekara G (PI). Accelerator Award Grant. Novel small molecule (SM) growth and virulence (quorum sensing, QS) inhibitors for control of colibacillosis in poultry. Technology Commercialization Office (TCO), The Ohio State University and Ohio State Innovation Foundation.</li> </ol>   <ol start="5"> <li>Jarosinski, K.W. (PI) and Grose, C. (Co-PI). The role of the conserved alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein C in host-to-host transmission. NIH/USDA-NIFA-AFRI #2019-67015-29262; (2019-2024), $1,624,996.</li> </ol>   <ol start="6"> <li>Jarosinski, K.W. (PI). Determining the role of Marek’s disease virus UL13 protein kinase in horizontal transmission. USDA-NIFA-AFRI #2016-67015-26777; (2016-2020), $499,838.</li> </ol>   <ol start="7"> <li>Jarosinski, K.W. (PI). Determining viral factors important for generation of cell-free Marek’s disease vaccines. USDA-NIFA-AFRI #2013-67015-26787; (2013-2019), $499,807.</li> </ol>

Impact Statements

OBJECTIVE 4. DEVELOP CONTROL AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR POULTRY RESPIRATORY DISEASES  Genes have been identified that are associated with resistance to heat stress and Newcastle disease virus.  Tools to help viral or bacterial candidate selection for vaccines are being developed.  Information on the timing of IBV vaccination is being generated.  New vaccines against MD (HVT), NDV, IBV, AI and ILT were generated and tested.  Biosecurity programs and composting methods were developed and tested.

Date of Annual Report: 01/04/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/09/2020 - 12/09/2020
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2020 - 12/31/2020

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached file below for NC1180's 2020 annual report.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 Annual report_2020_Final_1_4_2021.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 01/26/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/01/1970 - 12/08/2021
Period the Report Covers: 11/25/2020 - 11/26/2021

Participants

H. Toro torohar@auburn.edu (AL), R. Gallardo ragallardo@ucdavis.edu (CA), Mazhar Khan mazhar.khan@uconn.edu, M. Garcia mcgarcia@uga.edu (GA), C. Keeler ckeeler@udel.edu (DE), El-Gazzar elgazzar@iastate.edu (IA), K. Jarosinski kj4@illinois.edu (IL), T.L. Lin tllin@purdue.edu (IN), M.Ghanem mghanem@umd.edu (MD), D. Reynolds dreynolds2@unl.edu (NE), A. Dhondt aad4@cornell.edu (NY), R. Gireesh" rajashekara.2@osu.edu (OH), and M. Pantin-Jackwood mary.pantin-jackwood@ars.usda.gov (SEPRL).

Participants Attachment:

NC1180 2021 Annual report_2021 FIRS DRAFT_RG[90].doc

Brief Summary of Minutes

Summary of 2021 meeting minutes

-Meeting started at 9:03 EST (6:03am PST).

-We discussed the 2020 meeting minutes and talked about incorporating more members. We discussed the situation with the representation from Minnesota where its former representative went to work to industry and left the space vacant. Our administrative advisor (Dr. Velleman) will contact the Dean of Research at that institution to invite potential new representatives. Meeting minutes were approved after amending the notes on the issue about Minnesota representation.

-Dr. Velleman addressed the attendees, she talked about the importance of the collaborative efforts within the group and how the NCII80 program is highly regarded. She also talked about a new reporting software that NIFA will deploy by 2024.

- Dr. Velleman also reminded the group about the impact writing workshop that USDA can provide to the group and how beneficial this workshop will be. We delayed our participation in the workshop to next year.

-Dr. Siewert addressed the attendees he talked about his role and specifics about NIFA funding. He shared a summary. He encouraged direct contact with him and encourage the group to apply as 2022 funding cycle was positive.

- Station reports started with the AL station report at 9:43am EST (6:43 PST).

- Discussion and brainstorming on ILT, IBV, MG, and E. Coli, immune reposes for respiratory viruses and bacterial pathogens happened between the participants and stimulated some potential future collaborations.

- Station reports finished by 3:15pm EST (12:15 PST).

- The location for the NC1180 2022 meeting was discussed. A possibility was to start a rotation through the group members Universities. One possibility was to have the meeting before or after the Avian Immunology Research Group (AIRG) meeting which will be held at the University of Delaware in October of 2022. The AIRG meeting will be organized by Dr. Calvin Keeler a member of the NC1180 group. The group was encouraged by the idea to hold the meeting at the University of Delaware but future conversations with Dr. Keeler early this year are still necessary before we commit to do it.

- Dr. Brian Jordan was appointed as secretary for the group from 2022 to 2032.

- The Meeting was adjourned at 3:54pm EST (12:45 PST).

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 2021 Annual report_2021 FIRS DRAFT_RG[90].doc

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1 - Investigate the ecology of poultry respiratory diseases and their role in poultry flocks.   Epidemiology. Poultry disease mapping efforts have been performed in a collaboration between IA and OH. The idea is to use this mapping strategy to reduce respiratory disease incidence through an on-line poultry flock mapping platform. Some reluctancy from producers has been sensed due to data sharing.   Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In collaboration with the CA station, AL investigated the variability of the Ark strains isolated up to 2019. Differences in the isolated viruses were shown when compared and attributed to their distinct vaccination programs. An intense surveillance and interpretation of obtained strains in respect to vaccination and prevalent viruses has been developed in GA and CA. While GA has been using RT-qPCR for their screening, CA has used RT-PCR and sequencing. So far in GA the predominant strains belong to vaccine strains, while in CA local variant IBV 3099 is predominant. The variant DMV 1639 had an increased detection in late winter and spring while a considerable number of samples were positive for the generic RT-PCR without being able to type them. In California a decrease homology to IBV 3099 has been detected in the predominant isolates in 2020-2021, this indicates the presence of a new variant. These results show the importance of surveillance for variant detection and emphasize differences in the IBV epidemiology in the U.S East and West Coast. In DE the situation is similar than in GA, mainly vaccine strains have been detected. Very little Ark type viruses have been detected since vaccination programs have been re-adjusted to eliminate Ark vaccination.           In addition, California reported on the characterization of IBV strains causing False Layer Syndrome and Male reproductive impairments.    Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Two PI’s from the project, based in CA have been collaborating in understanding the epidemiology of NDV in East and West Africa. Other than contributing to NDV knowledge this project helps in the preparedness against NDV in the U.S.  SEPRL conducted surveillance in Kenya and found virulent NDV to be endemic in live bird markets.        Avian Influenza.  CT, DE, reported on their surveillance efforts on AI in backyard, auction, wild and commercial birds. SEPRL in collaboration with PI’s from CT, described their work on characterization of AI strains from Dominican Republic plus detection and characterization of IA strains in the U.S. An interesting report from SEPRL found that AI can be found for up to 7 months in wetlands in the northern part of the U.S.  SEPRL found emergent H5 avian influenza variants in Bangladesh.   Infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Diagnostic numbers were shared by DE, emphasis was given in combined detection of respiratory pathogens.   Mycoplasma. A collaboration between NY and Conn has provided insights on the role of wild birds (house finches) as a reservoir for MG to commercial poultry.   Bacterial pathogens. IA reported on atypical infectious coryza presentations and a potentially different Avibacterium paragallinarum lacking Hmtp210 gene. The same group has been working on an MLST typing strategy for Pasteurella Multocida. Finally, the group is researching the role of ORT in respiratory problems in Turkeys, while ORT is known as a primary pathogen, latest isolates are incapable of inducing disease upon challenge. MD and IA have been collaborating in genotyping strategies for mycoplasmas MG and MS using MLST.     IMPACT OBJECTIVE #1: Understanding the epidemiology of respiratory diseases in the US, through surveillance, mapping, genetic characterization strategies has been crucial to establish successful prevention and control strategies including vaccination, management, and biosecurity.       OBJECTIVE 2- Develop new and improved diagnostic tools for poultry respiratory diseases.   Bacteriology. A multiplex typing strategy has been elaborated by GA to detect and type mycoplasma types. This strategy uses third generation sequencing as platform and has been successful in their trials. A consortium of laboratories across the globe has been established with the lead of CA to find solution to the problem of typing infectious coryza isolates. Laboratories from the U.S., Netherlands, Indonesia, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, etc. have provided either isolates or sequences that are being used to set up a genotyping methodology in agreement with serotyping which has been the gold standard for several years. IA has worked on diagnostic tests using Taqman PCR to detect Bordetella avium and ORT. MD in collaboration with DE and IA has been working on MLST strategies to type Avibacterium paragallinarum the causal agent of infectious coryza and Pasteurella multocida.     Virology. SEPRL has been working on a new sampling strategy for caged hens after foreign animal disease outbreaks using cotton gauze instead of swabs. IL has developed multiple mAb clones for glycoprotein C of ILTV, these mAbs can be used in studies to determine genetic differences in resistance to ILTV.  GA has designed and validated an hemagglutination inhibition test specific for the detection of IBV DMV 1639 and is being used as a tool for the diagnostic of DMV 1639. CA demonstrated that IBV infection is associated with testicular atrophy and epididymitis-orchitis. This finding highlights the importance to expand molecular surveillance of IBV not only to respiratory tissues but to reproductive tract tissues. SEPRL using next generation sequencing directly from clinical samples and have identified and sequenced full genomes of avian Adenovirus D, chicken parvovirus, and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Finally, CA has been working on the detection of antigenic determinants in avian reoviruses. Their goal is to find which genes are determining antigenicity and include them in reovirus typing.       IMPACT OBJECTIVE #2: Laboratories across the U.S. are researching new approaches to detect and type bacterial and viral pathogens affecting poultry. The new tests are streamlining diagnostics and simplifying research. They also allow better understanding of the acting pathogens to create better prevention and controlled strategies.         OBJECTIVE 3 - Elucidate the pathogenesis of poultry respiratory diseases   Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). AL evaluated the level of resistance of commercial specific pathogen free (SPF) white leghorn chickens (n=369) to a virulent Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of the Arkansas type was assessed by level of viral load in trachea and cecal tonsils and by trachea histomorphometry. Contrary to expectations most chickens trended towards higher resistance with results showing a non-Gaussian distribution. The CA group previously demonstrated that MHC congenic chicken line 331/B2 is more resistant that congenic line 335/B19 to IBV challenge (M41 and ArkDPI) and wanted to answer how different were primary and secondary immune responses to IBV in MHC B2 and B19 haplotype chickens. They found that independent of the challenge the secondary response of the B2 line had increased number of macrophages in the trachea an HG and a CD4+ increase in the HG. NB established a virus embryo model to determine if antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurs between IBV and partially neutralizing antibodies using suboptimal levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Massachusetts vaccine with its homologous antisera. The results of two were similar and demonstrated that when suboptimal levels of antibody (i.e., antibody levels not capable of producing viral neutralization) were combined with IBV there was an increase or enhancement of viral production (i.e., more virus positive egg embryos than expected).   Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). DE developed and employed a bioinformatics pipeline that allowed a comprehensive analysis of the microbial ecology of the avian respiratory tract of a commercial antibiotic free healthy flock of chickens throughout their grow out cycle. This approach was used to demonstrate the dysbiosis exhibited in the respiratory virome of birds diagnosed with infectious laryngotracheitis virus. GA studied the expression of types I, II, and III interferons and four interferon stimulated genes (ISGs: IFIT5, IFITM5, MX1, and OASL) in the conjunctiva, larynx, and trachea of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens after ocular inoculation with life attenuate vaccine strains tissue culture origin (TCO) and the chicken embryo origin (CEO), virulent strains 63140 (Genotype V) and 1874c5 (Genotype VI).  GA found that the CEO vaccine downregulates type I interferon gene expression and that both vaccines, and virulent strains upregulate the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the trachea independently of type I interferon expression. IL in collaboration with GA study the function of avian herpesvirus glycoprotein C (gC) and conserved herpesvirus protein kinase (CHPK) in transmission of Marek’s disease virus (MDV), Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) and Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV).  They exchanged the MDV gC for the ILTV and HVT gC proteins. ILTV gC was unable to compensate for chicken MDV gC transmission, while turkey HVT gC did, suggesting that ILTV gC most likely directs the virus to different cell types that MDV requires for transmission (i.e., B and T cells, macrophages), while HVT gC can perform this function. In another study the group restored a mutation in the CHPK gene of an MDV vaccine and the transmission from bird to bird of the strain was restored as well. SEPRL in collaboration with GA evaluated the host genetic resistance of six B (2, 5, 12, 13, 19 and 21) congenic chicken lines and two lines with the same MHC but differ in non-MHC genes (6 and 7) to ILTV and found that B*2 and B*5 as well as Line 6 were more resistance to disease. Also, SEPRL developed a cosmid/yeast centromeric plasmids (YCp) that encompasses 90% of the ILTV genome from which viruses were rescued.   Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). NY tested the accuracy to detect poultry and House Finch origin MG strains from House Finches (HF) by collecting both conjunctiva and choanal swabs. Results showed that bacteria load in the conjunctiva from HF inoculated with poultry MG isolates was very low compared to bacteria load in the choana sample of the same individual and to the bacteria load of HF MG isolates in the conjunctiva. Choanal loads did not differ between isolates.   Avian Influenza (AI). SEPRL found that multiple genetic changes in the PB, NP, HA and NA genes were necessary to allow wild bird H5NX Goose/Guandong lineage viruses to adapt to poultry and result in highly pathogenic outbreaks of the disease. While the highly pathogenic H5NX CLADE 2.3.4.4 virus showed to productively replicate in surfs scoters without showing clinical disease. Regarding H7 AI viruses they found that changes in the HA and small deletion in the NA gene of the H7N3 viruses were responsible for the highly pathogenic H7N3 phenotype that caused outbreaks in Turkey flocks. Lastly, H7N9 duck virus although maintained as low pathogenic showed a fast adaptation into poultry as indicated by high titers and substantial shedding by the oral and cloacal routes of chickens. The SEPRL group found that five poultry species (chickens, turkeys, Pekin ducks, Japanese quails, and Chinese domestic geese) and chicken embryos could not be infected with SARS-COV-2 or with MERSCOV.   IMPACT OBJECTIVE #3. The knowledge that certain MHC congenic chicken lines are resistant to ILTV and IBV; the development of a microbial ecology data base of the avian respiratory tract are tools that will help to better understand interactions between these pathogens and the host. Also, a better understanding of the antiviral innate responses by respiratory vaccines will be helpful to design better attenuated live vaccine strains. Lastly, experiments with avian influenza highlight these experiments highlight the importance of surveillance in wild birds, waterfowl and in poultry populations.     OBJECTIVE 4. DEVELOP CONTROL AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR POULTRY RESPIRATORY DISEASES   Vaccines and vaccination strategies Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). AL further optimized the efficacy of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinant LaSota strain (rLS) expressing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Arkansas-type (Ark) trimeric spike ectodomain (Se) (rLS/ArkSe) by developing a new rLS expressing both, the chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and the IBV Ark S1 trimeric ectodomain. The addition of the GMCSF appeared to positively serve as an adjuvant because this new construct improved protection against homologous and heterologous challenges when priming with the rLS/ArkSe.GMCSF construct following with the widely use Mass vaccine. CN developed single protein fluorescent nanoparticle which is composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) surrounded by a layer of organic diacid. These nanoparticles have been conjugated to deliver an antigenic peptide of IBV. The antigenic peptide was delivered intramuscularly and was able to induce an antibody response and chickens were protected against Massachusetts 41 (M41) field type IBV.   Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). GA compared different vaccination programs against MG and found the combined program of live F strain vaccine followed by two doses of inactivated MG vaccine vaccination provided the best protection in comparison to using live vaccine (F strain) alone.   Avian Influenza (AI). SEPRL revised the protection efficacy of inactivated vaccines from contemporary North America H7 avian influenza virus and found two non-virulent isolates that can be used as potential vaccines to control future outbreaks of highly pathogenic H7 avian influenza. Advanced computational optimized broadly reactive antigen approach (COBRA) was utilized to design an H5 antigen with antigenic sites that comprise epitopes that represent the complete A/Goose/Guandong/1996 H5 sequences lineage.  The COBRA designed H5 antigen was expressed by the Herpesvirus of Turkey (HVT) vector and this vaccine elicited a wide variety of antibodies that reacted with different GS/GD lineage variants and elicited protection against antigenically closely related antigens. Also using viruses from the GS/GC lineage the SEPRL group has evaluated inactivated pre-pandemic that can be used as broad-spectrum agricultural and human pre-pandemic vaccines. OH utilized a high interferon-inducing H7 influenza vaccine and introduced four mutations (HA, PA-X, PA-basic2, NS-1). This quadrupole mutant was safe for in ovo vaccination and induced protection against heterologous challenge at two weeks after hatch. The concept of interferon-inducing vaccines can be applied to other avian vaccines that are targeted for in ovo application.        Newcastle disease virus (NDV).  Current live attenuated NDV vaccines are responsible for severe vaccine reactions and do not elicit cross protection against novel genotype of the virus. SEPRL utilized an Adenovirus to express the NDV fusion protein and demonstrated that the Adenovirus-fusion vector elicited immune responses in chickens and matched the F protein of the vaccine with the challenge virus provided best protection. Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Although not a respiratory disease, there is strong evidence that new very virulent plus strains of MDV can induce immunosuppression which will aggravate any respiratory infection.  In that instance vaccination against MDV is relevant not only to avoid tumor formation but to avoid immunosuppression. However, current MDV vaccines and vaccination strategies delivered in ovo and at day of age with cell associated virus prevent tumor formation but do not block infection. IL designed MDV vaccines to be more transmissible in that instance birds can be expose through the natural route (respiratory tract) eliciting then enhanced immune responses that can better limit or block natural infection.   Treatments Novel non-antibiotic compounds for the control of avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC) and Mycoplasma infections in poultry. OH has identified and characterized novel non-antibiotic compounds that inhibit APEC and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Two of the compounds against E.coli were tested via the drinking water and the reduction APEC on experimentally infected birds was significant. The Mycoplasma compounds are still to be tested. Biosecurity As biosecurity is another important arm in the control of respiratory diseases of poultry NB has established an online program that offers training through educational videos, slide sets to promote understanding of biosecurity principles and on-site examples of tabletop biosecurity audits. This web site prepares poultry producers for catastrophic events as the introduction of highly pathogenic influenza.  Also, the NB group has evaluated the level of biosecurity necessary during the handling and composting of routine mortality with tumbler composters. This assessment has resulted in very specific guidelines on how to properly compost and handle mortalities.   IMPACT OBJECTIVE #4: Successful outcome of these studies are a step forward towards development of safe, cost-effective, IBV, NDV, MDV, and effective influenza vaccines for poultry, non-antibiotic treatments against avian mycoplasmas, and enhanced biosecurity guidelines against catastrophic diseases such as highly pathogenic avian Influenza.

Publications

Publications (Underlined references denote collaboration between stations and names in bold denote members of the NC1180 Group)   Abundo MC, Ngunjiri JM, Taylor KJM, Ji H, Ghorbani A, KC M, Weber BP, Johnson TJ, Lee CW. Assessment of two DNA extraction kits for profiling poultry respiratory microbiota from multiple sample types. PLoS One. 16(1): e0241732. 2021. [Collaboration between University of Minnesota and the Ohio State University]   Amro Hashish, Avanti Sinha, Amr Mekky, Yuko Sato, Nubia R. Macedo and Mohamed El-Gazzar. Development and Validation of Two Diagnostic Real-Time PCR (TaqMan) Assays for the Detection of Bordetella avium from Clinical Samples and Comparison to the Currently Available Real-Time TaqMan PCR Assay. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2232. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112232">https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112232</a>.   Aseno S., J. Ding, A. Kalluri2, Z. Helal, C.V. Kumar and M. I. Khan. Fluodot Nanoparticle - A Promising Novel Delivery System for Veterinary Vaccine. International Journal of Nanoparticle Research, August, 2020;   Aston E., A. Nayaran, S. Egaña, M. Wallach, R.A. Gallardo. Hyperimmunized chickens produce neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. 2021. Scientific Reports. Submitted. <a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-515320/v1">https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-515320/v1</a>   Aston E., Y. Wang, K. Tracy, R.A. Gallardo, S. J. Lamont, H. Zhou. Comparison of celular immune responses to avian influenza in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2021. 235:110233. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242721000519">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242721000519</a>   Bertran, K., Kassa, A., Criado, M. F., Nuñez, I. A., Lee, D.-H., Killmaster, L., Sá e Silva, M., Ross, T. M., Mebatsion, T., Pritchard, N., & Swayne, D. E. (2021). Efficacy of recombinant Marek’s disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Vaccine, 39(14), 1933–1942. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.075">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.075</a>   Beyene T. J., C. W. Lee, G. Lossie, A. G. Arruda. Poultry professionals’ perception of participation in voluntary disease mapping and monitoring programs in the United States: a cluster analysis. Avian Diseases. 65(1): 67-76. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00078">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00078</a>. [Collaboration between the Ohio State University and Iowa State University]   Booney, P. J. Bonney, Sasidhar Malladi, Amos Ssematimba, Erica Spackman, Mia Kim Torchetti, Marie Culhane, & Carol J. Cardona. (2021). Estimating epidemiological parameters using diagnostic testing data from low pathogenicity avian influenza infected turkey houses. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–10. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81254-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81254-z</a>   Campler  M. R., T-Y. Cheng, C. Hofacre, C-W. Lee, G. Lossie, M. El-Gazzar, A. G. Arruda. Spatial factors influencing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antibody titers at slaughter in broiler chickens. In preparation.   Chang, R., Pandey, P., Li, Y., Venkitasamy, C., Chen, Z., Gallardo, R., Weimer, B. and Jay-Russell, M., 2020. Assessment of gaseous ozone treatment on Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157: H7 reductions in poultry litter. Waste Management, 117, pp.42-47.     Chrzastek, K., Segovia, K., Torchetti, M., Killian, M. L., Pantin-Jackwood, M., & Kapczynski, D. R. (2021). Virus Adaptation Following Experimental Infection of Chickens with a Domestic Duck Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Isolate from the 2017 USA H7N9 Outbreak Identifies Polymorphic Mutations in Multiple Gene Segments. VIRUSES-BASEL, 13(6), 1166. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061166">https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061166</a>    Da Silva A.P., C. Giroux, H. S. Sellers, A. Mendoza-Reilley, S. Stoute and R.A. Gallardo. Characterization of an IBV isolated from commercial layers suffering from false layer syndrome. 2021. Avian Diseases. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00037">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00037</a>   Da Silva A.P., E. Aston, G. Chiwanga, A. Birakos, A. Muhairwa, B. Kayang, T. Kelly, H. Zhou, R.A. Gallardo. Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens in Tanzania and Ghana. Viruses. 2020. 12(9), 916. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v12090916">https://doi.org/10.3390/v12090916</a>   Da Silva A.P. and R.A. Gallardo. Review: The Chicken MHC: Insights on genetic resistance, immunity and inflammation following infectious bronchitis virus infections. Viruses (2020) Accepted <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/4/637">https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/4/637</a>    Da Silva Ana P., Robin Gilbert, Matilde Alfonso, Alan Conley, Kelli Jones, Philip A. Stayer, Frederic J. Hoerr, Rodrigo A. Gallardo. Testicular atrophy and epididymitis-orchitis associated with infectious bronchitis virus in broiler breeder roosters. Avian Diseases. Submitted.   Da Silva A.P., R. Hauck, S.R.C Nociti, C. Kern, H. L. Shivaprasad, H. Zhou, and R.A. Gallardo. Molecular biology and pathological process of an infectious bronchitis virus with enteric tropism in commercial broilers. Viruses, Respiratory Diseases Special Edition. 2021. Viruses. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1477">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1477#</a>   Egaña-Labrin S., C. Jerry, H. J. Roh, A. P. da Silva, C. Corsiglia, B. Crossley, D. Rejmanek, R. A. Gallardo. Avian Reoviruses of the Same Genotype Induce Different Pathology in Chickens. Avian Diseases. Accepted for publication.   Ferreira, H. L., Miller, P. J., Suarez, D. L., & Meurens, F. (2021). Protection against Different Genotypes of Newcastle Disease Viruses (NDV) Afforded by an Adenovirus-Vectored Fusion Protein and Live NDV Vaccines in Chickens. Vaccines, 9(2), 182.   Gallardo R.A. and A.P. Da Silva. MHC B Complex Genetic Resistance amd Immune Responses to Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens. Avian Diseases. Invited review. Accepted.   Gonzales-Viera O., F. Carvallo-Chaigneau, E. Blair, D. Rejmanek, O. Erdogan-Bamac, K. Sverlow, A. Figueroa, R.A. Gallardo, A. Mete. Infectious bronchitis virus prevalence, characterization and strain identification in California backyard chickens. Avian Dis. (2021) DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00113">10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00113</a> PMID: 33400768    Goraichuk, I. V., Davis, J. F., Kulkarni, A. B., Afonso, C. L., & Suarez, D. L. (2021). A 24-year-old sample contributes the complete genome sequence of fowl Aviadenovirus D from the United States. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 10(1). <a href="https://doi.org/https:/mra.asm.org/content/10/1/e01211-20">https://doi.org/https://mra.asm.org/content/10/1/e01211-20</a>   Goraichuk, I. V., Davis, J. F., Parris, D. J., Kariithi, H. M., Afonso, C. L., & Suarez, D. L. (2021). Near-Complete Genome Sequences of Five Siciniviruses from North America. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 10(19). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00364-21">https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00364-21</a>   Goraichuk, I. V., Davis, J. F., Kulkarni, A. B., Afonso, C. L., & Suarez, D. L. (2021, April 15). Whole-genome sequence of avian coronavirus from a 15-year-old sample confirms evidence of ga08-like strain circulation 4 years prior to its first reported outbreak. Microbiology Resource Announcements. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/MRA.01460-20">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/MRA.01460-20</a>   Hein, R., R. Koopman, M.García, N. Armour,  J. R. Dunn, T. Barbosa & A. Martinez. Review of Poultry Recombinant Vector Vaccines. Avian Dis.65: (3):438-452. doi: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.438. 2021.   Kariithi, H. M., Ferreira, H. L., Welch, C. N., Ateya, L. O., Apopo, A. A., Zoller, R., Volkening, J. D., Williams-Coplin, D., Parris, D. J., Olivier, T. L., Goldenberg, D., Binepal, Y. S., Hernandez, S. M., Afonso, C. L., & Suarez, D. L. (2021). Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype V.3 in Indigenous Chickens from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya. Viruses, 13(1). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010103">https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010103</a>   Kathayat D, Closs G Jr, Helmy YA, Lokesh D, Ranjit S, Rajashekara G. Peptides affecting outer membrane lipid asymmetry (MlaA-OmpC/F) system reduce avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) colonization in chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021 Jun 16:AEM0056721. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00567-21. Online ahead of print.PMID: 34132592.   Kathayat, D.; Lokesh, D.; Ranjit, S.; Rajashekara, G. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies. Pathogens 2021, 10, 467. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens1004046">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens1004046</a>.   Kathayat D, Closs G Jr, Helmy YA, Deblais L, Srivastava V, Rajashekara G. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Identification of Novel Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2021 Aug 30. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09840-1. PMID: 34458959.   Khalid Z.*, L. He, Q. Yu, C. Breedlove, K. Joiner, H. Toro (2021). Enhanced Protection by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Infectious Bronchitis Virus Spike-Ectodomain and Chicken Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Avian Diseases 65: 364-372.   Kwon Junghoon, Criado, M. F., Killmaster, L., Ali, M. Z., Mohammad Giasuddin, Samad, M. A., Karim, M. R., Brum, E., Hasan, M. Z., Lee Donghun, Spackman, E., & Swayne, D. E. (2021). Efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh. Vaccine, 39(21), 2824–2832. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X2100459X">https://doi.org/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X2100459X</a>   Lee, D.-H., Killian, M. L., Deliberto, T. J., Wan, X.-F., Lei, L., Swayne, D. E., & Torchetti, M. K. (2021). H7N1 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in the United States During 2018. Avian Diseases, 65(1), 59–62.   Lockyear O.*, C. Breedlove, K. Joiner, H. Toro (2021). Distribution of Resistance in a Naïve Chicken Population to Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Diseases (submitted for publication October 2021).   Maekawa, D., S. M. Riblet, P. Whang, D. J. Hurley, & M. García. Activation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Presence of Regulatory T Cells in the Trachea of Non-vaccinated and Vaccinated Chickens as a Recall to an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Challenge. Vaccines, 9, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080865">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080865</a>. 2021   Maekawa, D., S. M. Riblet, P. Whang, I. Alvarado, & M. García. A Cell Line Adapted Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Strain (BDORFC) for in ovo and Hatchery Spray Vaccination Alone or in Combination with a Recombinant HVT-LT Vaccine. Avian Dis. 65:500-507. 2021.   Maekawa, D., P. Whang, S. M. Riblet, D. J. Hurley, James S. Guy & M. García. Assessing the infiltration of immune cells in the upper trachea mucosa after infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccination and challenge. 50; 6: 540-556. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2021.1989379">https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2021.1989379</a>. 2021.   Mahesh, K., Ngunjiri, J. M., Ghorbani, A., Abundo, M. E. C., Wilbanks, K. Q., Lee, K., & Lee, C.-W. (2021). Assessment of TLR3 and MDA5-Mediated Immune Responses Using Knockout Quail Fibroblast Cells. Avian Diseases, 65(3), 419–428.   Montine P., T.R. Kelly, S. Stoute, A.P. da Silva, B. Crossley, C. Corsiglia, H.L. Shivaprasad, and R.A. Gallardo. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Surveillance in Broilers in California (2012-2020). Avian Diseases. Submitted.   Mulholland, K.A., M.G. Robinson, S.J. Keeler, T.J. Johnson, B.P. Youmans and C.L. Keeler, Jr. (2021) Metagenomic analysis of the respiratory microbiome of a healthy broiler flock from hatching to processing. Microorganisms, 9, 721. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040721">https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040721</a> (UD, U Minn.)   Mushi J., G. H. Chiwanga, E. Mollel, M. Walugembe, R. A. Max, P. Msoffe, R. A. Gallardo, T. Kelly, S. Lamont, J. Dekkers, H. Zhou, A. Muhairwa. Antibody response, viral load, viral clearance and growth rate in Tanzanian free-range local chickens infected with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus. 2021. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. In Press.    Ngunjiri JM, Taylor KJM, Ji H, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, KC M, Lee CW. Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression. PeerJ. 2021 Jul 22;9:e11806.   Reinoso-Pérez María Teresa, Alexander A.  Levitskiy, Keila V. Dhondt Edan Tulman, Steven J. Geary and André A. Dhondt. (Changes in tissue tropism of Mycoplasma gallisepticum following host jump. Journal of Wildlife Diseases (in review) [collaboration with UCONN).   Saelao P., Y. Wang, G. Chanthavixay, V. Yu, R.A. Gallardo, J. Dekkers, S. J. Lamont, T. Kelly, H. Zhou. Distinct transcriptomic response to Newcastle disease virus infection during heat stress in chicken tracheal epitelial tissue. 2021. Scientific Reports. 11:7450. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86795-x.pdf">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86795-x.pdf</a>     Suarez, D. L., Pantin-Jackwood, M. J., Swayne, D. E., Lee, S. A., DeBlois, S. M., & Spackman, E. (2020). Lack of Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Poultry. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(12), 3074–3076. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.202989">https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.202989</a>   Toro H. (2021). Global Control of Infectious Bronchitis Requires Replacing Live Attenuated Vaccines by Alternative Technologies. Avian Diseases, 65: (in press).   Vega-Rodriguez, W., H. Xu, N. Ponnuraj, H. Akbar, T. Kim, K.W. Jarosinski. 2021. The requirement of glycoprotein C (gC) for interindividual spread is a conserved function of gC for avian herpesviruses. Sci Rep 11(1):7753. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87400-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87400-x</a>   Vega-Rodriguez W., N. Ponnuraj, M. García, K.W. Jarosinski. 2021. The requirement of glycoprotein C for interindividual spread is functionally conserved within the Alphaherpesvirus genus (Mardivirus), but not the host (Gallid). Viruses 13(8):1419. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081419">https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081419</a>   Youk, S.-S., Leyson, C. M., Seibert, B. A., Jadhao, S., Perez, D. R., Suarez, D. L., & Pantin-Jackwood, M. J. (2021). Mutations in PB1, NP, HA, and NA Contribute to Increased Virus Fitness of H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4 in Chickens. JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, 95(5), e01675-20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01675-20">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01675-20</a>   Youk, S., Cho, A. Y., Lee, D.-H., Jeong, S., Kim, Y., Lee, S., Kim, T.-H., Pantin-Jackwood, M. J., & Song, C.-S. (2021). Detection of newly introduced Y280-lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea. TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14014">https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14014</a>

Impact Statements

Successful outcome of these studies are a step forward towards development of safe, cost-effective, IBV, NDV, MDV, and effective influenza vaccines for poultry, non-antibiotic treatments against avian mycoplasmas, and enhanced biosecurity guidelines against catastrophic diseases such as highly pathogenic avian Influenza.

Date of Annual Report: 12/21/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/31/2022 - 11/01/2022
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached file below for NC1180's meeting minutes. The full report is attached under the Publications section.

Minutes Attachment:

2022 NC1180 Minutes 20221101.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 10/11/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/14/2023 - 08/15/2023
Period the Report Covers: 11/01/2022 - 08/15/2023

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see the attached file below for NC1180's 2023 annual report.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 2023 Annual Report DLRFinal.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 10/04/2024

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/06/2024 - 08/07/2024
Period the Report Covers: 08/14/2023 - 08/07/2024

Participants

Reporting Project Directors: Ruediger Hauck ruediger.hauck@auburn.edu
(AL), R. Gallardo ragallardo@ucdavis.edu (CA), Mazhar Khan mazhar.khan@uconn.edu (CT),
E. Brannick brannick@udel.edu (DE), M. García mcgarcia@uga.edu (GA), El-Gazzar elgazzar@iastate.edu (IA), K. Jarosinski kj4@illinois.edu (IL), T.L. Ling tllin@purdue.edu (IN), A. Broadbent ajbroad@umd.edu (MD), D. Reynolds dreynolds2@unl.edu (NE), R. Zegpi zegpilagos.1@osu.edu (OH), C. W. Lee Chang.Lee@usda.gov (SEPRL, USDA), Stephen Spatz stephen.spatz@usda.gov (SEPRL, USDA). Other Academic members and Collaborators: Toro, H (AL), van Santen V (AL), Criado M (AL), Kyriakis, C (AL), Joiner KS (AL), Jude R (CA), da Silva A (CAN), Zhou H (CA), Jerry C (CA), Stoute S (CA), Keeler C (DE), Parcells M (DE), Ladman B (DE), Oluwaynika E (GA), Raccousier M (GA), Hashish A (IA), Sato Y (IA), Macedo N (IA), Schmitz-Esser S (IA), Zhang Q (IA), Eulenstein O (IA), Ghanem M (MD), Engaña-Labrin S (MD), Mole J (MD), Arruda AG (OH), Campler MR (OH), Cheng T-Y(OH), Kenney S (OH), Lossie G (IN), Silva GS (IN), Suarez D, Brake A, Spackman E, Kariithi H, Goraichuck I, Gladney J, Ibrahim S, Lee JH, Lee SA (SEPRL EEAVD-USDA), Kim T, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Harrell TL, Conrad SJ (SEPRL ENAVD-USDA).
Industry Collaborators: Corsiglia C (Foster Farms), Beckstead R (CEVA), Alvarado I (Merck), Keller L (MBF Therapeutics), Cookson K (Zoetis), Volkening J (BASEBIO), Rajashekara G (ELANCO).

Brief Summary of Minutes

See attached file below for a shorter, more multistate focused 2024 report.

We held the NC1180 2024 meeting August 6 to 7 at the new Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The meeting was hosted by Drs. Mohamed El-Gazzar and Yuko Sato. This year we modified the meeting agenda; rather than having each station provide its report, the program highlighted topics within each project objective that the group considered relevant to discuss. In addition, the program included two invited speakers—Dr. Mia Torchetti from the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) USDA presented an update on avian influenza in poultry and milking cows. Dr. Steven Clark from HUVEPHARMA updated the group on the introduction and spread of avian metapneumovirus in the United States. We have approximately 33 participants; around 21 were online, and 12 were on-site. This new agenda format allowed for more fruitful discussion. We were able to discuss the relevance of the NC1180 group as a "think tank" on poultry diseases and recognized the value of the group as a safe space to discuss and collaborate. During the meeting the group voted and appointed Dr. Ruediger Hauck as NC1180 Secretary to replace Dr. Brian Jordan the former group Secretary. This is the last year of Dr. Maricarmen García serving as Chair of the group. One of the items in agenda for the 2025 meeting is to elect a new Chair. This October we started the first year of the new project entitle “Endemic and Emerging Infectious Diseases of Poultry in the U.S.”

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1 - Investigate the ecology of poultry respiratory diseases and their role in poultry flocks.  AL & SEPRL (EEAVD) are conducting surveillance and genetic characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in commercial poultry and wild birds using novel sequencing protocol to increase sequencing depth and data quality. CA is conducting surveillance on infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler and layers. The most prevalent genotype was the CA/2228 variant detected in 38% followed by 26% of the cases were Mass strain associated to the use of the Mass vaccine in the region. CT is conducting surveillance for avian influenza (AI) from live bird markets, domestic poultry and wild birds using AI matrix specific PCR followed by H5 and H7 specific PCR assays. Fifteen samples were positive for H5N1 HPAIV subtype and confirmed by USDA Ames Iowa, laboratory. Eighty-five samples from wild birds were PCR positive for AI matrix gene but were negative for H5 and H7 subtypes. DE continues to provide diagnostic services and reported the prevalence of mixed respiratory infections of IBV and NDV (n = 17), IBV and Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) (n=25), IBV and Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (n = 100) and IBV and avian metapneumovirus B (AMPV B) (n=137). MD in collaboration with IA continue to grow their sequence data base of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) for epidemiological analysis of MG and MS populations from 21 different countries. SEPRL (EEAVD) & OH used machine learning algorithms to inform about risk factors analyses of poultry diseases. GA conducted genotyping in 79 cases of ILTV (66 from broilers, 11 from breeders, and 2 from layers) and found that 83% percent of the samples belonged to genotype VI, genotype associated with field isolates and not to vaccine strains. GA is collaborating with IA to genotype ILTV samples from layer production sites to compare prevalence of specific genotypes in broiler and layer sites. IA conducted active surveillance on non-pathogenic Avibacterium paragallinarum (npAP) from 80 clinically normal laying sites across 13 U.S. states. A total of 710 oropharyngeal (O.P.) swab pools (5 swabs/pool) were screened by qPCR and followed by differential qPCR assays. Results revealed that 231 swab pools were positive for npAP (32.5%), representing 28 positives of 80 (35%) tested sites distributed among eight states. Multiage layer complexes showed the highest percent positivity (57.5%) compared to all-in/all-out production systems (12.5%). OBJECTIVE 2 - Develop new and improved diagnostic tools for poultry respiratory diseases. CA has a establish an Avibacterium paragallinarum genotyping assay. Following specific parameters for the sequence analysis of the HMTp210 gene resulted in close association between genogroups and serovars. This genotype assay provides ready-to-use information which serve as a basis to updated strains included in the vaccines. GA found that there were not significant differences in the sensitivity of detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) by real-time PCR when pools of 5 or 11 swabs where tested as long there is a strong positive swab, when weak positive swabs were pooled the detection of MG or MS was compromised by pooling swabs. DE added real-time PCRs and Sanger sequencing assays to detect and identify avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtypes A, B and C.  GA utilized nanopore sequencing of the avian reovirus Sigma C gene and compared it to the standard protocol of cloning the Sigma C gene and perform Sanger sequencing on five clones to resolve the group of mixed viral populations in the sample. Nanopore sequencing correlated strongly with the cloning/sequencing protocol results. In addition, nanopore low-level reads revealed additional viral populations not detected by cloning. The co-circulation of non-pathogenic (np) and pathogenic (p) Avibacterium paragallinarum represent a significant challenge in diagnosing Infectious coryza (IC). IA is developing real-time PCR assays specific to amplify npAP (np-HMTp210) and pAP (hctA) genes; these assays showed high specificity, sensitivity, and efficiencies. However, ongoing surveillance uncovered a new population of npAP. Ongoing work is focused on designing and validating new primers and probes to increase the specificity of the nAP and pAP assays. IA & SEPRL (EEAVD) are collaborating to customize, optimize, and validate Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) multiplex-assay for the rapid identification and genetic characterization of IBV, AIV, and velogenic (v) NDV. Also, based on ONT sequencing protocols, IA & SEPRL (EEAVD), are customizing and validating point-of-care diagnostic (POCD) tools for the accurate and rapid identification and characterization of AIV and vND. IL & DE are currently collaborating to express and purify chicken complement and complement receptors proteins and to develop antibodies against these proteins to study interactions in the presence of avian herpesvirus (ILTV, MDV) infection to understand how these viruses transmit from chicken to chicken and establish infection. NE developed a whole blood assay to measure IL-6 induction after a 24-hours activation period with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the primary cell type responsible for IL-6 production are peripheral blood monocyte. The IL-6 whole blood assay is easy to perform and can be used to determine which vaccines and vaccine strategies enhance the innate immune response. OH, is developing an epithelial cell line derived from the upper respiratory tract of turkeys as a tool to improve the isolation of viral respiratory agents affecting turkeys.  SEPRL (EEAVD) continues to optimize the non-target RNA depletion protocols for random sequencing of total RNA for detection of pathogens in poultry samples to establish next generation sequencing (NGS), both Illumina and Nanopore MinION technologies, as a front-line diagnostic and surveillance tool. SEPRL (EEAVD) in collaboration with AL has developed and optimized the Enzyme linked lectin assay (ELLA) for avian orthoavulavirus 1(AOaV-1) (NDV) strains. ELLA is a functional assay that allows to characterize the NA activity of AOAV-1, and the assay can also be used as antibody test like the hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) test. ELLA neuraminidase inhibition (NI) correlated well with the HI antibody titer.  The ELLA-NI showed higher sensitivity than the HI test and has high-throughput screening capability. OBJECTIVE 3 - Elucidate the pathogenesis of poultry respiratory diseases. Diseases of viral etiology. AL performed a comprehensive study to show that IBVARK-type viruses associated with broiler disease outbreaks emerged by selecting vaccine subpopulations and through naturally occurring recombination events. This study also showed that although variant strains emerged from ARKDPI vaccination, this vaccine no longer induced adequate protection against these variants. AL evaluated the IgG antibody responses in serum (systemic), IgA antibody responses in lacrimal fluid (local), and cellular responses in the Harderian gland (HG) induced by vaccination with La Sota NDV vaccine in the presence and absence of maternal-derived antibodies (MDA). Unlike the interference shown by MDA on vaccine-induced serum antibody responses, MDA does not interfere with the mucosal immune response of the HG. AL assessed host gene expression by RNAseq in the Harderian gland (HG) and trachea (TC) of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial broilers (NDV maternal antibodies positive) vaccinated at 1 and 14 days of age with La Sota NDV vaccine and the HG and TC were collected 24- and 48-hours following vaccination. Most differential expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with innate immunity and viral genome replication inhibition, but the correlation between host gene expression and viral shedding analysis remains pending. AL is developing a protein histochemistry assay to determine changes in the tropism and virulence of newly emerging NDV strains. NE used a chicken egg embryo model and an IBV vaccine strain has provided evidence of Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurring in vitro with the avian infectious bronchitis virus. This finding has significant implications for the poultry industry, as ADE is a phenomenon in which non-neutralizing antibodies or suboptimal levels of neutralizing antibodies facilitate cell entry and promote increased viral replication. The potential for ADE to occur in IBV-vaccinated or infected commercial poultry is a crucial consideration for disease management and vaccine development. AL & SEPRL (EEAVD) aims to identify the immune mechanisms behind avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines that elicit a rapid onset and broadly protective immunity. In collaboration CA & GA are studying the role of passive immunity (maternal antibodies) in preventing the development of chronic microscopic lesions in kidneys and oviducts of mature layers caused by the early exposure to IBV. Findings indicate that rather than the IBV strain, lack of adequate maternal antibody levels at early IBV vaccination or challenge will cause microscopic lesions that could increase the incidence of disease throughout the bird's life. GA and SEPRL (ENAVD) are collaborating in obtaining whole genome sequences of avian reoviruses (ARV) associated with clinical cases of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis and of isolates associated with enteric disease with the aim to identify genome regions associated with specific viral pathogenic phenotypes. This study will improve the understanding of the relationship between genetic sequence, pathotype, and pathogenicity of ARV isolates from clinical cases belonging to the seven genetic clusters (GC).  Also, SEPRL (ENAVD) in collaboration with GA have identified a novel viral (v)IL-4 in the ILTV genome homologous to the chicken (ck) IL-4 interleukin. Generation of a (v)IL-4 null mutant with in vivo studies demonstrated that the vIL-4 gene plays a role in ILTV virulence. Understanding the mechanisms by which the ILTV v-IL4 manipulates the host immune response could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. MD is using chicken intestinal organoids to dissect the pathogenesis of avian reoviruses (ARV). Two ARV strains were grown in the primary intestinal organoids, one strain causes enteritis but not tenosynovitis and a second strain that causes tenosynovitis but not enteritis. Infection with the enteritis-causing ARV strain led to an elevated expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in the intestinal organoids, significantly reducing their barrier integrity. Meanwhile, the ARV strain that causes tenosynovitis did not show harmful effects on the organoids. Intestinal primary organoids can be used effectively to screen ARV isolates to evaluate whether this cause enteritis. OH, is conducting whole genome sequencing on currently circulating turkey metapneumovirus strains and analyzing the tissue tropism of these APMV strains to identify genome regions associated with viral phenotypes. Also, OH is working on the establishment of a reverse genetic system for IBV with the future goal of modifying strains for potential vaccines. IA obtained whole genome sequences of non-pathogenic Avibacterium paragallinarum (npAP) and compared these to genomes of pathogenic (p) AP isolates which allowed the identification of critical variations between nAP and npAP genomes and among npAP genomes, the major hemagglutinin antigen gene, Hmtp2, revealed three genome clades among npAP isolates.  A challenge study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of the npAP strains and confirmed their apathogenic nature. Furthermore, inoculation with npAP isolates did not induce protection against serotype C pAP challenge. IL in collaboration with SEPRL (ENAVD) is studying the role of gC on the transmission of Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT) in turkeys. An HVT commercial clone did not transmit from chicken to chicken but transmitted efficiently from turkey to turkey. Deletion of gC abrogated HVT transmission in turkeys. Consistent with the ability of MDV expressing HVT gC to transmit among chickens, replacement of the HVT gC with the MDV gC in HVT also favored transmission in turkeys. Therefore, the gCs of MDV and MD vaccines were swapped with no apparent effect on transmission. An HVT vaccine expressing MDV gC may enhance MDV-specific immune responses. Future work will resolve host genes relevant to MDV transmission in chickens and turkeys. IN conducted studies to reveal the association of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) protein 5 (VP5) with the cell cycle progression of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Results indicated that IBDV VP5 protein causes cytostasis of chicken embryo fibroblasts at G2/M transition. This work demonstrated that the IBDV VP5 protein is a virulent factor, and there is potential to develop attenuated strains of the virus that induce adequate protection by targeting the VP5 viral protein. Diseases of bacteria etiology. GA has obtained whole genome sequences for M. gallisepticum vaccine-like isolates, and “wild-type” field strains isolated from commercial and non-commercial (backyard/pet) chickens, turkeys, and wild birds across the United States from 1984 – 2024.  Several potential virulence factors were identified among the genomes of MG isolates that vary widely in their relative pathogenicity. Future objective is to identify virulence factors and/or genetic changes associated with antibiotic resistance for the development of genetically modified vaccines and for the judicious use of antibiotics. MD in collaboration with DE and the Depts of Agricultures in MD and OH are investigating the impact of different strains of Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) infection on the microbiome of the chicken upper respiratory tract (URT). Results indicate that AP infection of the avian URT causes significant changes in the microbial richness and community composition. impact of different AP strains in the URT microbiome did no show significant changes. potential future work will include the study of microbiome changes during pathogen co-infections including AP. IA performed whole genome sequences in non-pathogenic Avibacterium paragallinarum (npAP) isolates from clinically normal layer flocks and when compared to other reference AP genomes critical variations were detected in the major hemagglutinin antigen gene Hmtp210 also revealed three genomes’ clades for npAP.   OBJECTIVE 4 - Develop new prevention and control strategies for poultry respiratory diseases.  Viral Vaccines- AL developed a vaccination strategy for IBV where a recombinant NDV La Sota co-expressing the trimeric spike ectodomain (SE) of the ARK-DPI and the chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) (rLS/Ark.Se.GMCSF) was co-administered with Massachusetts (Mass) live vaccine at hatch. The recombinant virus enhanced cross-protection against the heterologous challenge. Thus, rLS/GMCSF co-expressing the Se of regionally relevant IBV serotypes can be used in combination with live Mass to protect against regionally circulating IBV variant strains. CA investigated how to extend the protective effects of IBV maternal-derived antibodies by passively immunizing chickens at hatch via spray. IBV passive immunization at hatch effectively reduced the clinical signs and trachea pathology in a dose-dependent manner, but it did not affect viral load in the trachea. Passive immunization against IBV could postpone vaccination and prevent detrimental long-term reproductive effects of IBV infection and vaccination. CT is developing a platform to produce IBV S1 mRNA vaccine formulated in cationic BSA-polyamine nanocomplex. An mRNA vaccine platform against IBV will allow the swift production of multiple serotypes of IBV vaccines. GA demonstrated that eye drop immunizations at hatch followed by boost at 14 days of age with ILTV glycoproteins B, D, and I DNA plasmid pools were effective in reducing mortalities and clinical signs of the disease after challenge but failed to decrease challenge virus replication in the trachea. This study opens the possibility of applying ILTV DNA vaccines via mucosal routes, but further optimization is necessary. GA assessed the replication and protection efficacy of administering the ILTV CEO vaccine in the hatchery via gel drop. When administered at hatch, active CEO vaccine replication persisted for longer than when administered at 10 days of age. Vaccination at the day of age via oral gel and eye drop at ten days prevented mortalities and clinical signs and reduced the challenge of virus replication. However, as compared to chickens vaccinated at the day of age, chickens vaccinated at ten days of age showed a more effective reduction of challenge virus replication, revealing that vaccination at the day of age is not as safe and effective as when the vaccine is administered at ten days of age. GA will utilize commercial and experimental modified live and inactivated avian reovirus (ARV) vaccine combinations to evaluate the immune response following vaccination and investigate the duration of immunity provided by homologous and heterologous vaccination.  SEPRL (EEAVD) evaluated the protection efficacy of two commercially available avian influenza (AI) herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vector vaccines against challenge with a recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI virus in specific pathogen-free white leghorn (WL) chickens and commercial broiler chickens this study also showed that ELLA can be a viable option for DIVA surveillance. SEPRL (ENAVD) has developed a temperature-sensitive platform of novel recombinants based on the La Sota vaccine strain as a vector that expresses the prefusion conformation of glycoprotein B of ILTV in monomeric and trimeric configurations as well as generated NDV recombinants expressing secreted ILTV antigens and ILTV/NDV chimeric antigens, for incorporation of ILTV antigens into the NDV envelop. Also, based on a chicken Beta globin mRNA, the ILTV gB mRNAs expressing gB in monomeric and trimeric configurations have been developed. Biosecurity-Education-Outreach programs. NE continues using the "Big Red Biosecurity Program" outreach efforts to provide information on how to improve biosecurity to avoid the introduction of Avian Influenza. MD has established an extension program to facilitate passive and active control of HPAI outbreaks. The group performs biosecurity compliance audits and implements risk-based planning to improve outbreak responses. DE has established multiple training programs aimed to the identification and response funded by the National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program (NADPRP).

Publications

*** Indicates collaboration NC1180 members.   Abd-Elsalam RM, Najimudeen SM, Mahmoud ME, Hassan MSH, Gallardo RA, Abdul-Careem MF. Differential Impact of Massachusetts, Canadian 4/91, and California (Cal) 1737 Genotypes of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection on Lymphoid Organs of Chickens. Viruses. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030326">https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030326</a>   Bakre A, Kariithi HM, Suarez DL. Alternative probe hybridization buffers for target RNA depletion and viral sequence recovery in NGS for poultry samples. J Virol Methods. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114793">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114793</a>   Buter R, Feberwee A, de Wit S, Heuvelink A, da Silva A, Gallardo RA, Soriano Vargas E, Swanepoel S, Jung A, Tödte M, Dijkman R. Molecular characterization of the HMTp210 gene of Avibacterium paragallinarum and the proposition of a new genotyping method as alternative for classical serotyping. Avian Pathol. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2023.2239178">https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2023.2239178</a>   ***Campler MR, Cheng TY, Lee CW, Hofacre CL, Lossie G, Silva GS, El-Gazzar MM, Arruda AG. Investigating the uses of machine learning algorithms to inform risk factor analyses: The example of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org10.1016/j.rvsc">https://doi.org10.1016/j.rvsc</a>   ***Campler MR, Hashish A, Ghanem M, El-Gazzar MM, Arruda AG. Space-Time Patterns of Poultry Pathogens in the USA: A Case Study of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and Pasteurella multocida in Turkey Populations. Pathogens. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081004">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081004</a>   ***Chaves M, Hashish A, Osemeke O, Sato Y, Suarez DL, El-Gazzar M. Evaluation of Commercial RNA Extraction Protocols for Avian Influenza Virus Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing. Viruses. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091429">https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091429</a>   Cuadrado C, Breedlove C, van Santen E, Joiner KS, van Santen VL, Toro H. Protection Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Recombinants and Chicken-Selected Vaccine Subpopulations. Avian Dis. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00064">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00064</a>   Davison S, Tracy L, Kelly DJ, Bender SJ, Pierdon MK, Mills J, Barnhart DJ, Licciardello S, Mohamed Anis EA, Wallner-Pendleton E, Dunn P, Robinson C, Ladman B, Kuchipudi SV. Avian Dis. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00073">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00073</a>   Egana-Labrin S, Broadbent AJ. Avian reovirus: a furious and fast evolving pathogen. J Med Microbiol. 2023 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001761">https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001761</a>   Espejo R, Breedlove C, da Silva LF, Joiner K, Toro H. Cross-Protection Conferred by Combined Vaccine Containing Infectious Bronchitis Virus Attenuated Massachusetts and Recombinant LaSota Virus Expressing Arkansas Spike. Avian Dis. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00031">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00031</a>   Espejo R, Breedlove C, Toro H. Immune Responses in the Harderian Gland after Newcastle Disease Vaccination in Chickens with Maternal Antibodies. Avian Dis. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00007">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00007</a>   Garcia G Jr, Irudayam JI, Jeyachandran AV, Dubey S, Chang C, Castillo Cario S, Price N, Arumugam S, Marquez AL, Shah A, Fanaei A, Chakravarty N, Joshi S, Sinha S, French SW, Parcells MS, Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Innate immune pathway modulator screen identifies STING pathway activation as a strategy to inhibit multiple families of arbo and respiratory viruses. Cell Rep Med. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm</a>   ***Ghanem M, Hashish A, Chundru D, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequence and Annotation of Malacoplasma iowae Type Strain 695, Generated Using PacBio Sequencing. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00490-22">https://doi.org//10.1128/mra.00490-22</a>   ***Ghanem M, Hashish A, Chundru D, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequence and Annotation of Malacoplasma iowae Type Strain 695, Generated Using PacBio Sequencing. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00490-22">https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00490-22</a>   Hardy M, Williams C, Ladman B, Pitesky M, Overton C, Casazza M, Matchett E, Prosser D, Buler J. Examining inter-regional and intra-seasonal Differences in Wintering Waterfowl Habitat Use Among Pacific and Atlantic Flyways and its Application for Food Security in the U.S. Authorea. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171032186.69221006/v1">https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171032186.69221006/v1</a>   Hashish A, Chaves M, Macedo NR, Sato Y, Schmitz-Esser S, Wilson D, El-Gazzar M. Complete genome sequences generated using hybrid Nanopore-Illumina assembly of two non-typical Avibacterium paragallinarum strains isolated from clinically normal chicken flocks. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00128-23">https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00128-23</a>   Hashish A, Johnson TJ, Chundru D, Williams ML, Sato Y, Macedo NR, Clessin A, Gantelet H, Bost C, Tornos J, Gamble A, LeCount KJ, Ghanem M, Boulinier T, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequences of Two Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Seabirds. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01365-22">https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01365-22</a>     Hashish A, Johnson TJ, Smith E, Chundru D, Williams ML, Macedo NR, Sato Y, Ghanem M, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequences of Three Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Strains from Avian Sources, Using Hybrid Nanopore-Illumina Assembly. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01059-22">https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01059-22</a>   Hashish A, McKeen L, Sato Y, El-Gazzar M. Development and Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Challenge Model in Layer Pullets. Avian Dis. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00045">https://doi.org//10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00045</a>   Helmy YA, El-Adawy H, Sanad YM, Ghanem M. Editorial: Food safety and public health. Front Microbiol. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169139">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169139</a>   Jude R, da Silva AP, Rejmanek D, Crossley B, Jerry C, Stoute S, Gallardo RA. Whole-genome sequence of a genotype VIII infectious bronchitis virus isolated from California layer chickens in 2021. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00959-22">https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00959-22</a>   ***Jude R, da Silva AP, Slay AM, Luciano RL, Jordan B, Gallardo RA. Mitigation of False Layer Syndrome Through Maternal Antibodies Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00039">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00039</a>   Lee CW, Bakre A, Olivier TL, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Harrell TL, Conrad SJ. Toll-like Receptor Ligands Enhance Vaccine Efficacy against a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Chickens. Pathogens. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101230">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101230</a>   Lee J, Lee CW, Suarez DL, Lee SA, Kim T, Spackman E. Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. PLoS One. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307100">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307100</a>   Lopes TSB, Nankemann J, Breedlove C, Pietruska A, Espejo R, Cuadrado C, Hauck R. Changes in the Transcriptome Profile in Young Chickens after Infection with LaSota Newcastle Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel). 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060592">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060592</a>   McDuie F, Overton C, Lorenz A, Matchett E, Mott A, Mackell D, Ackerman J, De La Cruz S, Patil V, Prosser D, Takekawa J, Orthmeyer D, Pitesky M, Diaz-Muñoz S, Riggs B, Gendreau J, Reed E, Petrie M, Williams C, Buler J, Hardy M, Ladman B, Legagneux P, Bêty J, Thomas P, Rodrigue j, Lefebvre J, Casazza M. Mitigating Risk: Predicting H5N1 Avian Influenza Spread with an Empirical Model of Bird Movement.  Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5525298">https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5525298</a>   Palomino-Tapia VA, Zavala G, Cheng S, Garcia M. Attenuation of a Field Strain of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Primary Chicken Culture Cells and Adaptation to Secondary Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts. Poultry. 2023.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2040038">https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2040038</a>   Ramsubeik S, Stoute S, Gallardo RA, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Jude R, Jerry C. Infectious Bronchitis Virus California Variant CA1737 Isolated from a Commercial Layer Flock with Cystic Oviducts and Poor External Egg Quality. Avian Dis. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00014">https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00014</a>   Reynolds DL, Simpson EB, Hille MM, Jia B. A Whole Blood Method for Assessing the Innate Immune Response in Chickens. Poultry. 2024.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry3030016">https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry3030016</a>   Reynolds DL, Simpson EB, Hille MM. Evidence for Antibody Dependent Enhancement for an Avian Coronavirus. International Journal of Veterinary Science. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.159">https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2024.159</a>   Spackman E, Suarez DL, Lee CW, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Lee SA, Youk S, Ibrahim S. Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine. 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.070">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.070</a>   Wang, Y, Saelao P, Chanthavixay G, Gallardo, RA, Wolc A, Fulton, JE, Dekkers JM, Lamont SJ, Kelly, TR, Zhou H. Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Affecting Response to Heat Stress with Newcastle Virus Infection in Commercial Layer Chicks Using Chicken 600K SNP Array. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052640">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052640</a>   Xu H, Vega-Rodriguez W, Campos V, Jarosinski KW. mRNA Splicing of UL44 and Secretion of Alphaherpesvirinae Glycoprotein C (gC) Is Conserved among the Mardiviruses. Viruses. 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050782">https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050782</a>   Zhou H, Baltenweck I, Dekkers J, Gallardo R, Kayang BB, Kelly T, Msoffe PLM, Muhairwa A, Mushi J, Naazie A, Otsyina HR, Ouma E, Lamont SJ. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry: a holistic approach to improve indigenous chicken production focusing on resilience to Newcastle disease. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 2024.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2024.2321350">https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2024.2321350</a>Top of FormTop of Form   Ahmed Ali, R.A. Gallardo, F.A. Careem. Comparative pathogenicity of CA1737/04 and Mass infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in laying chickens. Comparative immunology microbiology and infectious diseases. 2023. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Accepted.    da Silva AP, Buter R, Mills J, Dijkman R, Feberwee A, Beckstead R, Huberman Y, Jonas M, Malena R, Paolicchi F, Gallardo RA. Infectious Coryza Classification, Diagnostics, and a comprehensive investigation on the HMTp210 gene of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Avian Dis.2024 Submitted.   Lane J, Chenais E, Bird B, Vidal G, Zhou H, van Hoy G, Gallardo RA, Roug A, Smith W, Kelly T. A One Health Approach to Reducing Livestock Disease Prevalence in Developing Countries: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. In Press.   Nguyen V, Stoute S, Ramsubeik S, Miller I, Jerry C, Corsiglia, and Gallardo RA. Epidemiological patterns of the infectious coryza outbreak in California 2016-2022. Avian Diseases. Accepted.   Hashish A, Johnson TJ, Ghanem M, Sato Y, Macedo NR, LeCount KJ, El-Gazzar M. Complete Genome Sequences of Eight Pasteurella multocida Isolates Representing All Lipopolysaccharide Outer Core Loci. “Microbiology Resource Announcements – Accepted – September 2024”.

Impact Statements

The impact of the last NC1180 report under the project "Control of endemic, emerging, and re-emerging poultry respiratory diseases," demonstrates that the group's advances in surveillance, diagnostics, and molecular characterization of respiratory diseases are tremendous. The success of this effort is reflected in the willingness of the industry to collaborate in many of the surveillance and validation studies described in this report. Advances related to host-pathogen interactions have also been very successful. We reported on discoveries and developments that promise to move forward the understanding of the pathogenesis of several diseases (ARV, AMPV, ILTV, AP, and MG) by combining whole genome data with accurate phenotyping assessments of these agents. Collaborations between units have brought new knowledge regarding the positive and negative aspects of maternal, local, and systemic antibodies induced by IBV and NDV vaccinations. Projects on prevention and control strategies, including vaccination, disease management, and biosecurity, are advancing. The research accomplished by the NC1180 group during the 2023 and 2024 is outstanding. It is essential to highlight that the number of collaborations among the group members is on the rise.