NC_old1197: Practical Management of Nematodes on Corn, Soybeans and Other Crops of Regional Importance

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[08/29/2017] [09/04/2018] [06/19/2020] [08/28/2020] [08/30/2021]

Date of Annual Report: 08/29/2017

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/28/2017 - 06/29/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Senyu Chen – University of Minnesota
Jamal Faghihi – Purdue University
Haddish Melakeberhan – Michigan State University
Bill Ravlin - Michigan State University
Nathan Schroeder – University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Chris Taylor – Ohio State University
Tim Todd – Kansas State University
Tom Welacky – Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
Ann MacGuidwin – University of Wisconsin-Madison
Guiping Yan – North Dakota State University
Emmanuel Byamukama - South Dakota State University (guest)
Pawan Basnet – South Dakota State University (guest)
Addison Plaisance - North Dakota State University (guest)
Krishna Acharya - North Dakota State University (guest)
Arjun Upadhaya - North Dakota State University (guest)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

NC1197 2017 Meeting Minutes Final.docx

Accomplishments

<ol> <li>Develop, evaluate, improve, and integrate management techniques for plant-parasitic nematodes in the North Central Region to increase grower profitability.</li> </ol>  A. Evaluate interactions of plant-parasitic nematodes with germplasm of economically important plants. Four themes of studies have been completed as part of providing growers with the most recent information on nematode management in the Midwest cropping systems. These included replicated field (IA, MN, ND, ON) and greenhouse (KS, MN, ND, ON) trials evaluating the status of commercially available soybean varieties and new breeding lines of different maturity groups against soybean cyst nematode (SCN) populations or HG Types.  These trials are conducted in collaboration with breeders and agronomists.  A total of 177, 131, 88, 40, and 50 cultivars were evaluated in IA, KS, MN, ND, and ON, respectively.  Field trials were naturally infested with SCN, whose HG type characterizations are on-going under controlled conditions.  The greenhouse studies included HG Type 7, HG Type 2.5.7, and HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 (KS) and HG type 1 and HG type 2 (MN) known for their variable virulence to PI 88788, major resistance source in the majority of soybean varieties in the US. In MN, a few lines were identified as resistant to HG type 1 and HG type 2.  Information generated from these trials has been provided to stakeholders (see Objective 3).  The second theme is identifying impact of alternative hosts used as cover crops on managing SCN and other nematodes. In IN, screening of several cover crops against an HG type 2.5.7 population of SCN under greenhouse conditions showed none or very few cysts developed on these cover crops. In MN, about 120 pennycress lines from the Minnesota breeding program were tested for resistance to SCN.  SCN reproduced in all of them less than the susceptible soybean variety (Sturdy), but no highly SCN-resistant line was found. Tests for reproduction and pathogenicity of SCN on camelina, another cover crop, showed no reproduction. The third theme is screening the status of cereal crops against Pratylenchus spp. (root-lesion nematode). The host preferences of root-lesion nematode (RLN) populations collected from commercial corn and wheat production fields in Kansas were investigated in replicated greenhouse trials.  Populations represent four molecular (COI) clades tentatively identified as Pratylenchus alleni, P. neglectus, P. scribneri, and P. thornei.  Both corn and wheat appear to be optimal hosts for all populations except P. scribneri, for which wheat was a poor host, and one population of P. neglectus, for which corn was a poor host.  Sorghum and soybean were generally poor hosts for all populations except P. thornei.  In ND, 15 hard red spring wheat and five durum wheat varieties were screened in clay loam soil infested with P. neglectus. The varieties evaluated showed a range of RF values from 0.5 to 5.4 for the first experiment, and 0.1 to 4.1 for the second experiment. None of varieties were consistently classified as resistant, and the durum variety Mountrail was consistently classified as susceptible. More experiments will be conducted to confirm the resistance level of each variety. The fourth theme is identifying nematodes other than SCN present in the fields from where samples are submitted or collected. In the course of processing 1,200 soil and plant samples submitted to the Purdue Nematology Laboratory, new and uncommon nematodes in IN were discovered. These include two new nematode in corn (Vittatidera zeaphila) and turf (Heterodera iri) and uncommon on soybean (Meloidogyne hapla), mint (Longidorus sp.), corn (Trichodorus sp.) and alfalfa (Ditylenchus spp.).    B. Assess intraspecific variability in nematode virulence and pathogenicity. Understanding the presence and distribution of SCN HG types in production landscape and the biology of the HG types are major challenges. The team has been applying multi-pronged approaches. These include collecting soil from field studies, surveys, and samples submitted for analyses by growers and screening for SCN presence, and building cultures from the positive samples for HG typing under greenhouse conditions using indicator varieties (IA, IN, KS, MN, SD, OH, ON). The results vary by state. For example, in KS, 67% and 15% of SCN populations exhibit a female index (FI) on PI 88788 greater than 10% and 30%, respectively.  Nearly two-thirds of the Kansas SCN populations exhibit an FI greater than 30% on PI 88788-derived cultivars. In MN, 131 out of 200 soil samples collected across Minnesota in July 2013 were positive for SCN. Out of the positive samples, 89 populations were tested for their virulence phenotypes. In OH, over 40 populations were screened and over 95% of them had a female index >10% for HG type 2.5.7.   In ND, samples from 28 fields were assessed and positive for SCN. Theses populations were HG type 7 (36%), HG type 2.5.7 (25%), HG type 5.7 (18%), HG type 0 (14%), and HG type 2.7 (7%), showing the SCN populations in ND that can successfully reproduce on PI 88788, the most widely used source of resistance. In SD, 73 SCN populations were established from SCN-positive fields. Based on the SCN population differential set (FI >10%), HG types 0, 2.5.7 and 7 were the most predominant populations. Overall, 63% of the SCN populations tested had FI>10% on PI548316, 25% on PI88788 and 19% on PI 209332. No SCN populations had FI > 10% on PI437654. These results indicate some of the SCN populations can reproduce on PI88788, the most commonly used source of SCN resistance genes.  In WI, 44 Hg types have been established from 146 soil samples representing 22 counties in 2016.  The majority of the SCN populations were adapted to the PI88788 source of resistance, as has been the case in previous years.  Thirty-three percent of the SCN populations tested had a FI greater than 30 for PI 88788. Another aspect has been a more basic approach to understand the biology from hatching mechanisms of SCN to causing infection (IL).  Studies show that SCN is more likely to hatch in the presence of soybean root exudates. A pre-hatch developmental timeline was developed. Developmentally synchronized eggs were used to test the effect of soybean-root exudates on the rate of pre-hatch development. No difference was found in pre-hatch development between nematodes exposed to water versus soybean root exudate.  Further examination of the effect of the commonly used hatching stimulant ZnCl2 on subsequent infection and reproduction of SCN showed that ZnCl2 has a deleterious effect on subsequent infection. Specifically, SCN that hatched in ZnCl2 produced significantly fewer females and offspring.   C. Evaluate new products and innovative strategies for the control of SCN, root-lesion and other plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematode population density suppression using biological formulations and combination of corn-soybean rotation (ON), and nematicides (IA, IN, MN, ND, SD, WI) were tried. In ON, testing in-vivo commercial biological control products for suppressing SCN populations affords possible environmentally safer alternatives. Results from commercial soil additives are incomplete at this time for reporting. Investigation of newly-isolated Pseudomonas for the control of SCN is ongoing (OH).  Identification of different SCN active bacteria strains under greenhouse conditions are being tested under microplot conditions.  A consortium of four different SCN-active Pseudomonas was shown to reduce SCN reproduction by as much as 30% when applied as a soil drench.   Three corn hybrids grown in 3 rotation sequences were compared to resistant soybean varieties and fallow unplanted check in microplots. The 5-year study is near completion and results are beginning to indicate advantageous differences among hybrids for SCN suppression. Research conducted in Ohio also showed that certain corn varieties can also impact SCN reproduction.  A screen of the Nested Associated Mapping Lines (NAM) of maize representing over 20 different maize lines showed that different maize lines could impact SCN reproduction when planted in rotation with soybean.   The results were replicated in the lab, greenhouse and under microplot conditions.  How, certain maize lines affect SCN hatching is still unknown but raises the possibility that certain corn varieties when planted in rotation with soybean could prove advantageous for SCN control. An additional study was initiated in 2016 to test the effect of trap cropping SCN during their reproductive cycle. Susceptible soybeans were planted and destroyed using 3 different planting cycles and compared to a resistant check. Results indicate trends in SCN population suppression and project was expanded in 2017. The effects of several nematicides applied to the soil and/or as seed treatment for managing SCN (IA, IN, MN, SD) root-lesion (WI) and corky ringspot of potatoes (ND) were studied under greenhouse and/or field conditions. The results from the soybean studies were largely negative.  For example, after several experiments in IA there were no significant differences in soybean yields or in SCN reproductive factors (final SCN egg population density ÷ initial SCN egg population density) between Clariva Complete Beans and CruiserMaxx Advanced plus Vibrance or between Poncho/Votivo + Ilevo and Poncho/Votivo in any of the experiments in 2016. In IN, evaluation of several seed treatment products from two chemical companies against an HG type 2.5.7 population of SCN showed no significant under greenhouse conditions. In SD, seed treatments of Clariva Complete Beans, Ilevo, Avicta complete beans were compared to a CruisserMaxx treatment and a non-treated control (naked seed) on SCN resistant cultivar (S12H2-PI88788 source) and a SCN-susceptible cultivar (S10P9).  Nematicide seed treatments did not significantly increase yield or reduce SCN numbers compared to non-treated seed for the two soybean cultivars. However, the resistant cultivar had numerically higher grain yield than the susceptible cultivar. In WI, soybean seed treatment with a Bayer product (# 6: Ilevo plus “something”) significantly reduced Pratylenchus penetrans numbers at 52 days after planting compared to the control in growth chamber studies. In ND, corky ringspot disease on potato is caused by Tobacco rattle virus that is vectored by stubby-root (Paratrichodorus allius) nematodes. It can result in up to 55% of potatoes from a harvest to be unmarketable. In April 2016, a field where corky ringspot and its vector were found was used to test the efficacy of 10 experimental chemical treatment regimes on Yukon Gold potatoes. Treatments utilized contact and systemic insecticides, nematicides, and biological agents such as Movento, Majestene, Vydate, Dyne-Amic, Velum Prime, and Serenade. Overall, treatments with Vydate showed consistent significant reductions in disease incidence and severity. D. Develop innovative methods to detect and quantify plant-parasitic nematodes. Sampling to detect nematodes from soil, where multi-taxa presence is the norm, and identifying them, and establishing their relationship with their plant hosts and the soil environment in a timely manner are major challenges managing nematodes.  In WI, the question of sampling tested on four commercial fields for sampling using two criteria: 1) the fields had a history of potato and the potato early dying disease but had not been fumigated for at least two years, and 2) the fields had been mapped for electrical conductivity or another measure of soil factors.  Samples were collected in the spring before tillage or planting in a uniform pattern either covering the entire field, or a portion of the field that represented variation in soil factors. Relationships among soil factors and potato pathogens were conducted using regression and correlation analyses for those fields with greater than 50% of the sampling locations positive for the pathogen. Morphometrics is the most common way of identifying most nematodes, which is tedious and difficult when distinguishing SCN and other members of the H. schachtii sensu stricto group as well as the root-lesion genus. In ND, new molecular tools have been developed to detect SCN, stubby-root and root-lesion nematodes. The first molecular assay detects low population densities of SCN in field soils and differentiating it from other species. The assay was validated using 35 field soil samples. Grinding the field soil coupled with PCR inhibitor removal by AlNH4(SO4)2.12H2O treatment of soil DNA extracts followed by nested PCR enabled SCN detection as low as 12 SCN eggs/200 g soil. The PCR assay not only provides a sensitive method for SCN detection at low densities but also provides a discrimination method for SCN from other closely related nematodes.  The second assay detects stubby-root.  A rapid and reliable molecular diagnosis of this nematode targeting ITS rDNA has been established. The PCR assays amplified DNA of stubby root nematodes isolated from 18 soil samples, which were confirmed as P. allius by sequencing. Both conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays amplified target nematodes from nematode individuals and also complex nematode communities. The third molecular assay detects Pratylenchus scribneri, a plant-parasitic root-lesion nematode causing economic damage to various crops. Conventional and real-time PCR assays with new species-specific primers were used. Both PCR assays identified P. scribneri and distinguished it from P. penetrans and P. neglectus isolated from field samples. The developed PCR assays are suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories and detection of field infestations with this nematode species. Breeding soybeans for adaptation to environment and emerging pests and concurrent development of molecular marker selection tools is of major importance in Canadian agriculture. The ON team is working closely with multi-disciplinary teams and institutions to identify new and unique resistant sources for incorporation into breeding of Early Maturing soybean varieties and Food Grade types that are lacking yield protection from SCN infestations.   <ol start="2"> <li>Determine interactions of nematodes with soil microbiota and other pests and pathogens on plant and soil heath.</li> </ol> A. Investigate pest and disease interactions involving plant-parasitic nematodes. The interactions of SCN and sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean (IN, ON) and potato early die (PED) caused by P. penetrans and Fusarium oxysporun (SD) or Verticillium dahlia (WI) in potato production were investigated.  In IN, most of the fields with SDS symptoms were infested with high population of HG type 2.5.7 of SCN.  In ON, SCN population densities of 4,000-5,000 eggs/100g soil natural infestation in the field showed significant inverse correlation between SDS severity and soybean yield.  In ND, a microplot study was carried out in 2016 to evaluate the effects of P. penetrans and F. oxysporum separately and in combination on emergence, growth and yield of the potato cultivar Red Norland. P. penetrans (200, 800 or 2,000 nematodes per 5 kg of soil) and F. oxysporum (5, 10 or 20 colonized barley seeds per 5 kg soil) were either inoculated individually or co-inoculated.  Preliminary results showed that presence of both pathogens at the high level can cause more negative effects on potato emergence, growth, yield, and disease incidence and severity compared to presence of only one pathogen at the same level.  In WI, yield of potato was correlated with the initial inoculum of lesion nematodes, the percentage of stems infected with Verticillium during modseason, and disease progress in nonfumigated plots.  Only disease was correlated with yield in the fumigated plots.  Disease, in turn, was correlated with the initial level of nematodes in both fumigated and nonfumigated plots. B. Determine the temporal and spatial dynamics of nematodes in relation to plant and soil health. The relationship between nematode population density and yield loss continues to be continues to be challenging. In WI, P. penetrans applied at 0 – 100 nematodes per 100 cc soil from three field plots showed no significant correlations between nematode and yield possibly due to low inoculum density. Achieving soil heath using many agronomic practices including cover and rotation crops and soil amendments is a cross-cutting priority in US Midwest cropping systems.  Many Brassica such as oilseed radish and mustard, cereals such as oats, wheat and corn, and legumes such as vetch, soybean and beans, are among the commonly used cover- and/or rotation-crops. The main challenge is variable outcomes within and across cropping systems.  Ongoing are studies in MN and MI. In studies have been established in 2016 at four field locations to study the effect of oilseed cover crops, pennycress and camelina on SCN population dynamics in fields planted with SCN-susceptible and resistant soybeans. Soil samples were taken at soybean planting, midseason, and harvest in 2016 for SCN population measurement. Data are being processed. In MI, a major emphasis has been to understand the sources of variable responses when aiming to achieve healthy soils in vegetable and field crop production systems. Using nematode community analysis and the soil food model, it has been well-established that soil type is a major source of variable responses and that the one-size-fits-all approach to making management recommendations should be reconsidered.    <ol start="3"> <li>Develop and disseminate research-based information on the biology and management of plant-parasitic nematodes of economically important crops in the North Central Region.</li> </ol>           Dissemination of research information is one of the strengths of the team.  Regardless of Extension appointments, all team members interact with growers and stakeholders during organized field days, season and annual commodity group reporting times and professional meetings, and print and electronic media.  Annual field day presentations ranged from hundreds (IL, IN, KS, MN, ND, SD, WI) of farmers and crop consultants to 70,000 direct mail outreach in IA.  In addition, electronic outreach include updating corn and soybean producers through radio and print media on latest of corn and soybean parasitic nematodes (IN), informing relationship between beneficial and harmful nematodes in MI (<a href="http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/plant_parasitic_and_beneficial_nematode_distribution">http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/plant_parasitic_and_beneficial_nematode_distribution</a>) to listing of SCN-resistant soybean varieties in MN (<a href="http://www.maes.umn.edu/sites/maes.umn.edu/files/2016_soybean_final.pdf">http://www.maes.umn.edu/sites/maes.umn.edu/files/2016_soybean_final.pdf</a>.), KS (<a href="http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/services/crop-performance-tests/soybean/">http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/services/crop-performance-tests/soybean/</a>), ON (<a href="http://www.gosoy.ca">http://www.gosoy.ca</a>), and IA (<a href="https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/pm1649-pdf">https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/pm1649-pdf</a>) online.

Publications

Research Publications: Acharya, K., Tande, C. and Byamukama, E. 2016. Determination of Heterodera glycines virulence phenotypes occurring in South Dakota. Plant Disease 100:2281-2286. Beeman, A. Q., Z. Njus, S. Pandey, and G. L. Tylka. 2016. Chip technologies for screening chemical and biological agents against plant-parasitic nematodes. Phytopathology 106:1563-1571. da Silva, M. P., Tylka, G. L., and Munkvold, G. P. 2016. Seed treatment effects on maize seedlings coinfected with Fusarium spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans. Plant Disease 100:431-437. Grabau, Z. J., and Chen, S. 2016.  Influence of long-term corn-soybean crop sequences on soil ecology as indicated by the nematode community.  Applied Soil Ecology 100:172-185. Han Z., Boas, S., and N.E. Schroeder. 2016. Unexpected variation in neuroanatomy among diverse nematode species. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 9: 1-11. doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00162 MacGuidwin, A. E., and B. E. Bender. 2016. Development of a damage function model for Pratylenchus penetrans on corn.  Plant Disease 100:764-769. Morriss, S.C., Studham, M.E., Tylka, G.L., and MacIntosh, G.C. 2017. Validation of a hairy roots system to study soybean-soybean aphid interactions. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0174914. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174914. Wise, K. A., J. Faghihi, J., and V.R. Ferris. 2016. Effect of soybean cyst nematode resistant cultivars on an HG type 2 population of Heterodera glycines and sudden death syndrome in Indiana soybean. Crop, Forage, and Trufgrass management, 2(1), 3. Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., and Handoo, Z. A. 2016. First report of the lance nematode Hoplolaimus stephanus from a soybean field in North Dakota. Plant Disease 100: 2536. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-16-1012-PDN">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-16-1012-PDN</a>. Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., Liu, Z., Chapara, V., and Handoo, Z. A. 2016. First report of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus on wheat (Triticum aestivum) in North Dakota. Plant Disease 100: 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-16-0260-PDN.   Abstracts: Beeman, A. Q., Njus, Z. L., Pandey, S. and Tylka, G. L. 2016. A scanner assay developed to quantify nematode population movement and its applications for nematicide screening. Journal of Nematology 48:302-303. Beeman, A. Q. and Tylka, G. L. 2016. Soybean aphid feeding affects soybean cyst nematode egg hatching in vitro. Journal of Nematology 48:303. Bissonnette, K. and Tylka, G. 2016. Survey of internet resources on the soybean cyst nematode. Phytopathology 107:S1.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-1-S1.1 Bissonnette, K. and Tylka, G. 2016. Grower perceptions of SCN: The 1990s versus 2015. Phytopathology 107:S1.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-1-S1.1. Byamukama, E., Tande, C., and Acharya, K. 2016. Partnering with the state soybean commodity board to promote diagnosis and management of SCN in South Dakota. National Plant Diagnostic Network 4th National Meeting, Washington DC. Chen, S.  2016.  Increase in virulence of Heterodera glycines on soybean over time in the past two decades in Minnesota.  Journal of Nematology 48:309-310. Grabau, Z.J., B.P. Werling, and H. Melakeberhan. 2016. Plant-parasitic nematodes and nematode community composition in selected Michigan vegetable fields. Joint Meeting of the Society of Nematologists and Organization of Tropical America Nematologists. 95. Grabau, Z.J., Z.T.Z. Maung, C. Noyes, D. Baas, B.P. Werling, D.C. Brainard, and H. Melakeberhan. 2016. Short-term effects of cover cropping on root-lesion nematode, stunt nematode and soil ecology in Michigan carrot production. Joint Meeting of the Society of Nematologists and Organization of Tropical America Nematologists. 94. Grabau, Z.J., Z.T.Z. Maung, C. Noyes, D. Baas, B.P. Werling, D.C. Brainard, and H. Melakeberhan. 2016. Cover cropping affects plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in Michigan carrot production. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. 0000 Han, Z., and N.E. Schroeder. 2016. The role of the neurotransmitters serotonin and GABA in plant-parasitic nematodes. Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting. Montreal, QC. Hoerning, C., Wyse, D. L., Chen, S., Wells, M. S., Gesch, R. W., and Forcella, F.  2016.  Influence of winter annual cover crops on soybean cyst nematode populations.   2016 ASA Annual Meeting Abstracts 42-7. Huang, D. and Yan, G. P. (2016). Real-time and conventional PCR assays for identifying the stubby root nematode Paratrichodorus allius. Phytopathology 106:S4.114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-106-12-S4.1. Huang, D. and Yan, G. P. (2016). Specific detection of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus scribneri using conventional and real-time PCR. Phytopathology 106:S4.114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-106-12-S4.1. Jensen, J. and Tylka, G. 2016. Nematicide seed treatments alter Heterodera glycines development within roots. Phytopathology 107:S1.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-1-S1.1. Jensen, J. P., Njus, Z. L., Pandey, S., and Tylka, G. L. 2016. Video analysis software to measure nematode movement with applications for accurate screening of nematode control compounds. Journal of Nematology 48:335-336. McCarville, M. T., C. C. Marett, M. P. Mullaney, G. D. Gebhart, and G. L. Tylka. 2016. Adaptation of soybean cyst nematode populations to the PI 88788 source of resistance from 2000 through 2015 in Iowa and its effects on soybean yields. Phytopathology 106:S4.4. Mennan, S., Z.T.Z. Maung, J. Gronseth, P.D. Reeb, A.L.M. Smucker, J. Qi, and H. Melakeberhan. 2016. Soil type, soil group and ecoregion based strategies for scalable soil health management in Michigan agriculture.  32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists Meeting. 111. Mennan, S., J. Gronseth, P.D. Reeb, A.L.M. Smucker, A. Adelaja, J. Warbach, J. Qi, and H. Melakeberhan. 2016. What do soil property and nematode assemblage analyses suggest about integrated soil health management in Michigan agriculture? Joint Meeting of the Society of Nematologists and Organization of Tropical America Nematologists. 140. Thapa. S, Patel, J.A., Reuter-Carlson, U., and N.E. Schroeder. 2016. Embryonic and post-embryonic development of Heterodera glycines encysted and egg-mass eggs in different hatch stimulant. Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting. Montreal, QC. Tylka, G. L. 2016. Integrated management of Heterodera glycines in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Nematology 48:377-378. Tylka, G. 2016. Soybean cyst nematode: current status, challenges and opportunities. Phytopathology 107:S1.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-1-S1.1. Tylka, G., Gebhart, G., Marett, C. and Mullaney, M. 2016. The Iowa State University SCN-resistant soybean variety trial program. Phytopathology 107:S1.1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-1-S1.1. Yan, G. P. and Plaisance, A. (2016). Vermiform plant-parasitic nematodes on soybean in North Dakota and their relationship with soybean cyst nematode. Phytopathology 106:S4.104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-106-12-S4.1. Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., and Handoo, Z. A. (2016).  First detection of the stubby root nematode Paratrichodorus allius on potato in North Dakota and on sugarbeet in Minnesota. Phytopathology 106:S4.125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-106-12-S4.1.     Extension publications: Byamukama, E. and Tande, C. 2016. Test for the soybean cyst nematode before planting soybeans this spring. iGrow Crops Newsletter. Byamukama, E. Mathew, F., Tande, C., Strunk, C. 2016. Scout and soil test for the soybean cyst nematode. iGrow Crops Newsletter. Faghihi, J., and V.R. Ferris. 2016. Nematode Updates - Now is the Best Time to Sample for SCN. pest and crop newsletter,  <a href="https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2016/Issue24/">https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2016/Issue24/</a> Faghihi, J., and V.R. Ferris. 2016. Nematode Updates - Corn Parasitic Nematodes. pest and crop newsletter,  <a href="https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2016/issue7/">https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2016/issue7/</a> Faghihi, J., and V.R. Ferris. 2016. Sampling for plant parasitic nematodes Agpro Farm Journal April 18, 2016 Faghihi, J., and V.R. Ferris. 2016. Nematode Updates - Sampling for Plant Parasitic Nematodes: Your Result is as Good as the Sample You Provide. pest and crop newsletter,  <a href="https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2016/Issue2/">https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2016/Issue2/</a> Grabau, Z.J., B.P. Werling, R. Goldy, B. Phillips, and H. Melakeberhan. 2016. Plant parasitic nematode distribution in Michigan vegetable soils. <a href="http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/plant_parasitic_and_beneficial_nematode_distribution.%20Posted%2004/25/2016">http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/plant_parasitic_and_beneficial_nematode_distribution. Posted 04/25/2016</a>. Khan, M., Arabiat, S., Yan, G. P., and Chanda, A. K. 2016. Stubby root nematode and sampling in sugarbeet. North Dakota Extension Bulletin A1821, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND. 4 p. (online at https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1821.pdf). MacGuidwin, A.E., Bender, B., and Saeed, I. 2016. Predicting potato early dying in Wisconsin potato fields.  Proceedings of Wisconsin’s Annual Potato Meeting,   29:51-52. MacGuidwin, A. E., Bender, B., Saeed, I., VanHaren, R., LaPorte, L., and Coloma Farms. 2016. Soil mapping for variable rate fumigation.  Proceedings of Wisconsin’s Annual Potato Meeting, 29:53-57. MacGuidwin, A. E. 2016. Adaptations of plant-parasitic nematodes to extreme conditions in agricultural fields – manipulating the soil environment to foil nematode pests. Markell, S., Nelson, B., Pasche, J., and Yan, G. P. 2016. Soybean cyst nematode and the threat to dry beans. Northarvest Bean Grower Magazine. 22 (5): 16-17. Merzdorf, J. V. 2016. <a href="https://www.digitalmeasures.com/login/purdue/faculty/survey/maintainActivities/editRecord.do?instrumentId=1056&userId=1776608&surveyDataId=67996853&nodeId=1128074&searchView=screen&searchQuery=&ownerId=1776608&_s=0">Extension Purdue nematologist: Cool, wet spring may increase risk of needle nematodes Agcom news release June 9, 2016</a>Rush, T. A., and A. E.MacGuidwin. 2016. Impact of concurrent infection by Pratylenchus penetrans and Fusarium verticilliodes on corn seedlings.  Sisson, A., Mueller, D., Abendroth, L., Hartzler, B., Hodgson, E., Licht, M., Mallarino, A., McGrath, C., Pope, R., Robertson, A., Sawyer, J., Schaefer, K., and Tylka, G. 2016. Corn and Soybean Field Guide. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. IPM 001, 158 pp. Tylka, G.L. and M. P. Mullaney. 2016. Soybean cyst nematode-resistant soybeans for Iowa. Iowa State University Extension Publication PM 1649, 26 pp. https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/pm1649-pdf. Tylka, G.L., G.D. Gebhart, C.C. Marett, and M.P. Mullaney. 2016. Evaluation of soybean varieties resistant to soybean cyst nematode in Iowa – 2016. Iowa State University Extension, publication IPM‑52, 24 pp. <a href="https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/ipm52-pdf">https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/ipm52-pdf</a>. Tylka, G. 2016. Don't forget SCN sampling on your list of spring chores. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (15 April 2016). Tylka, G. 2016. SCN females now visible on soybean roots. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (22 June 2016). Tylka, G. 2016. More SCN-resistant soybean varieties than ever, but diversity of resistance is lacking. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (18 October 2016). Tylka, G. 2016. What’s the situation with SCN in your fields? Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (31 October 2016). Tylka, G. 2016. Performance of SCN-resistant soybean varieties in Iowa in 2016. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (27 December 2016).     Book chapters: Todd, T.C., G.L. Windham, and D.I. Edwards.  2016.  Diseases caused by nematodes.  In G.P. Munkvold and D.G. White (eds.).  Compendium of Corn Diseases (Fourth Edition).  Pp. 117-129. Tylka, G. L. 2016. Soybean cyst nematode, pp 99-101 in A Farmer’s Guide to Soybean Diseases. D. Mueller, K. Wise, A. Sisson, D. Smith, E. Sikora, C. Bradley, and A. Robertson, eds. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul MN, USA.

Impact Statements

6) Dissemination of research based information to tens of thousands of stakeholders

Date of Annual Report: 09/04/2018

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/26/2018 - 07/27/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 09/30/2018

Participants

Participants Attachment:

NC-1197 Meeting Minutes 2018.docx

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

NC-1197 Meeting Minutes 2018.docx

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Develop, evaluate, improve, and integrate management techniques for plant-parasitic nematodes in the North Central Region to increase grower profitability. Evaluation of SCN-resistant soybean lines and varieties: Soybean varieties and breeding lines described as resistant to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, were evaluated by researchers in Iowa, Kansas, North Dakota, and Ontario for effects on SCN reproduction and soybean yields. Differences in yield and in ability to suppress reproduction of the nematode were detected among the varieties. Research in Arkansas examined soybean lines and varieties known to be resistant to SCN for resistance to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchus reniformis, and the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. These two nematodes cause greater yield loss than SCN in Arkansas and much of the southern United States. At least 50 breeding lines with moderate or high resistance to SCN were found to possess a high level of resistance to the reniform nematode. Work is underway in Arkansas in collaboration with University of Missouri scientists to identify soybean genotypes resistant to all three nematodes – cyst, reniform, and southern root-knot nematode. Scientists in Kansas and Wisconsin studied root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and its effects on corn, soybean, and wheat cash crops and also cover crop plants. The host preferences of root-lesion nematode populations collected from commercial corn and wheat production fields in Kansas were investigated in replicated greenhouse trials. Populations of the nematodes were tentatively identified as Pratylenchus alleni, P. neglectus, P. scribneri, and P. thornei. Corn and wheat were good hosts for Pratylenchus alleni and P. neglectus, soybean and wheat were good hosts for P. thornei, and corn was a good host for P. scribneri.  Among cover crops, pea and vetch were moderately good hosts for P. thornei, and rye was a moderately good host for P. alleni. Therefore, caution should be used when growing pea, vetch, and rye as cover crops in fields infested with these nematode species because nematode population densities may increase. Researchers in Wisconsin developed a composed error model to establish the impact of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, on soybean. The model was based on five data sets with 6,506 pairwise comparisons of the difference in nematode population densities associated with the corresponding difference in yield.  The model implied a nearly 2% loss in bushels per acre for every 100 nematodes per 100cc of soil present at planting.  Evaluation of nematicidal seed treatments for management of SCN: The effects of nematode-protectant seed treatments on SCN population densities and soybean yields were studied in field experiments in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Experiments with SCN were conducted in all five states, and experiments with root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus) were conducted only in Kansas. Results of the experiments with seed treatments and SCN in all four states were variable, with few significant reductions in SCN numbers and few increases in soybean yields detected. In the two experiments with root-lesion nematode on corn in Kansas, seed treatments and in-furrow applications of fluopyram both were studied.  Reductions in early season nematode population densities in corn roots were associated with one of four in-furrow application rates of fluopyram and with the standard Counter 20G treatment, but not with seed treatments. Corky ringspot disease (CRS) on potato is caused by Tobacco rattle virus, which is vectored by stubby-root nematodes. In April 2017, an experiment was conducted in a field where CRS and Paratrichodorus allius were found to assess the efficacy of 10 experimental chemical treatment regimes on Yukon Gold potatoes. Overall, treatments with Vydate showed consistently significant reductions in disease incidence and severity of the CRS disease. Assess intraspecific variability in nematode virulence and pathogenicity The Wisconsin Soybean Marketing Board provides free soil testing for SCN to farmers in Wisconsin. Ten years ago, several SCN populations in the samples that were tested had elevated reproduction on SCN HG type indicator line PI 88788 (female index over 40).  Results of testing in 2017 found the level of reproduction on PI 88788 to be similar to a decade ago. The average female index on PI 88788 has not changed in the past 10 years for the state as a whole or for just the counties with the highest soybean acreage. The most common HG type was 2.5.7. In Ohio, more than 40 SCN populations collected from 28 counties where HG typed.  Results showed that 95% of the populations were HG type 2.5.7, but several populations were HG type 1.2.3.5.6.7.  And in North Dakota, 131 soil samples were collected from 10 major soybean-producing counties; 34 samples were found to be infested with SCN. The HG types 0 and 7 were common but types 2.5.7 and 1.2.5.7 were detected. Develop innovative methods to detect and quantify plant-parasitic nematodes. A SYBR Green I-based qPCR assay was developed in North Dakota to discriminate, identify, and quantify P. penetrans in field soil. Meanwhile, a diagnostic method for direct quantification of P. allius from soil DNA using TaqMan probe and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays was developed to assist the potato industry in management of this important virus vector. This is the first efficient molecular method for direct detection and quantification of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the stubby root nematode Paratrichodorus allius from field soil DNA. A multiyear collaborative study was initiated in Illinois to examine the potential for tile drainage to serve as a dispersion source for plant-parasitic nematodes and to determine whether bioreactors placed at the end of the tile lines affect transport. Results from initial sampling of the tile line suggest that plant-parasitic nematodes are not exported from fields via tile drainage systems. Samples taken from immediately before entry into the bioreactor were devoid of nematodes of all trophic groups, but a large abundance of unidentified copepods were present in samples collected from the inlet to the bioreactor. Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are more common in Wisconsin soybean fields than SCN.  And about 20% of the samples in which Pratylenchus spp. are present contain male nematodes. So Wisconsin researchers studied 55 male-positive populations of Pratylenchus from 49 counties to determine which amphimictic Pratylenchus species occur in the state. Males were sequenced using three different primers. For some of the populations, single-female in vitro cultures were initiated, and both males and females were examined morphologically and molecularly.  Only males from the original sample were identified molecularly for other samples.  Ninety-one percent of all samples were identified as P. penetrans.  This species is distributed throughout the state in fields with a wide range of soil texture and cropping history. Meloidogyne incognita and four other root-knot nematode species in Arkansas (M. haplanaria, M. hapla, M. marylandi, and M. partityla) were found and identified molecularly.    Objective 2. Determine interactions of nematodes with other pests and pathogens and the impact of nematodes on plant and soil health. Scientists in Michigan conducted research using nematodes as indicator to demonstrate the challenges and potential roadmaps towards managing harmful and beneficial nematodes in the same environment. The effects of cover (oil seed radish and mustard), rotation (corn and soybean), and main (sugar beet) crops on soil biophysiochemistry in sandy clay loam and loam soil were studied over two growing seasons. The crops had no effect on nematodes. Nematode abundance and community indices varied by sampling time, growing season and/or soil type. Principal component analysis showed that the crops distinctly separated by soil type and only a few nematode community indices and/or soil physiochemical parameters overlapped with crop.  Soil food web (SFW) analysis showed depleted and degraded conditions in the sandy loam soil and disturbed and approaching enrichment in the loam soil. The study suggests a roadmap to get to agrobiologically suitable soil conditions to meet industry priorities for healthy soils. Secondly, the effects of plant (PC) and animal (AC) based compost at 1, 1.5 and 2× the standard nitrogen (N) rate on processing carrot ‘Cupar’ were studied over three growing seasons. Most measured parameters varied by compost source and/or rate, but an increase in SFW structure with time was most consistent. Thirdly, the effects of amending soils either with or without bio-mix and 0, 318, or 454 kg composted chicken manure on potato cyst nematode (PCN, Globodera spp.) were studied at eight potato fields in each of Mollisol and Andisol soil groups in the highlands of Guatemala. The bio-mix (BioCopia) consisted of Guatemalan isolates of Purpureum and Bacillus applied at 1.8 kg/m2 to suppress harmful nematodes. The Mollisols are at 3,200 m to 3,353 m and Andisols around 2,896 m altitude. There was no significant correlation of soil pH and percent organic matter with either yield nor the number of cysts across amendments, but yield, soil pH and organic matter were positively and significantly correlated in Andisols, suggesting differences between the soil groups. As part of assessing integrated efficiency of the soil amendment treatments and potential sustainability of the outcomes, cyst (x-axis) and yield (y-axis) were expressed as a percent of control and fitted to the fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) model, and the data fell into Quadrant B – soil amendments are increasing cyst population density and yield in both soil groups. The data suggest the need for additional measures for managing PCN without compromising biological processes that increase organic matter or yield response.     A multi-investigator project including a mycologist, nematologist, entomologist and soil scientist was initiated at the University of Illinois to examine the effects of N management schemes in a conventionally managed, tiled corn production system on soil health properties. Soil samples were taken from two nitrogen rates along the tile lines and subdivided for measurement of mycorrhizal fungi, nematode communities, arthropod communities, and soil chemical and physical properties. Analysis of these data include identification of changes in plant-parasitic nematode populations (identified to genera) and free-living nematodes (identified to family) at five time points from planting to harvest. Data from this project will be combined with an ongoing project using remote sensing to reduce N inputs. Georeferenced samples in Wisconsin revealed that the distribution of Pratylenchus penetrans is aggregated within fields. Data from 11 commercial fields were used to study the relationship between nematodes and 30 edaphic factors. Three models were developed: one for nematode density in 100 cm3 soil, one for nematode density in root fragments contained within 100 cm3 soil, and one for the nematodes occupying both soil and root habitats in 100 cm3 soil.  Each model contained some unique variables, but there were common factors among two of the three models including a positive influence of manganese and elevation and a negative influence of total nitrogen and potassium. The model confirmed farmer perceptions that nematode population densities are greater on the tops of hills and in areas with low levels of nitrogen fertilizer. To our knowledge, the influence of manganese on root-lesion nematodes has not been reported before.  Research is underway in both North Dakota and South Dakota to study the interactions between the SCN and Fusarium spp. Work in North Dakota showed that overall, high population densities of SCN may increase the damage from these root rot fungi when the fungal inoculum levels are low to moderate. Also, there are experiments being conducted in Dr. Heike Bucking’s laboratory at South Dakota State University studying interaction between SCN and mycorrhizae. In Ohio, research focused on investigating the use of Pseudomonas spp. to control SCN.  A third year of microplot studies is underway.   More than 10 different strains of Pseudomonas alone and in combinations are being tested.  Previous work indicated that some strain combinations were better at reducing SCN than others as a soil drench and as a seed coat.   Another set of microplot studies is investigating how corn in rotation with soybean can affect SCN populations.  Using the Nested Associated Mapping Maize lines (inbred maize lines), it has been observed that some maize lines can impact SCN, either through induced or delayed hatching.  A third year of microplot studies is currently underway to determine the impact maize roots can have on SCN and whether maize genetics can be manipulated to reduce SCN in non-soybean cropping seasons.  Objective 3. Develop and disseminate research-based information on the biology and management of plant-parasitic nematodes of economically important crops in the North Central Region. The results of the aforementioned surveys to determine the presence of root-lesion nematodes and SCN population densities and/or its virulence phenotypes (HG type) were shared with farmers and crop advisors. Similarly, results of field experiments with nematode-protectant seed treatments and soil-applied nematode management products were shared with crop farmers and crop advisors. And lists of SCN-resistant varieties and/or their performance were compiled and shared with farmers. Many scientists involved in this project taught classes and also gave presentations to farmers and agribusiness personnel and crop advisors using results of the research conducted in the project. And most of the scientists involved in the project are participating in the SCN Coalition, a national effort to mitigate yield loss caused by SCN, to address the loss of effective resistance conferred by PI88788, and to increase active management of SCN. Greater detail and more information about the SCN Coalition are available online at TheSCNCoalition.com.             Also, Nathan Schroeder secured irreplaceable electron micrographs produced by Dr. Burton Endo during his 30-year career with the USDA studying ultrastructure of economically important plant-parasitic nematodes, including SCN. Much of these data were never published, and the micrographs were left unorganized and unprotected until Schroeder saved them. The micrographs will be digitized and those that had previously been unpublished will be made publicly available.   EXTRAMURAL FUNDING FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES Federal Grants Programs: <ul> <li>USDA/NIFA/SCRI grant titled “Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems”, multi-state, approximately 8 million over four years, approximately $550,000 to Wisconsin.</li> <li>USDA-NIFA-Specialty Crop Research Initiative, $94,829 to North Dakota.</li> <li>NIH-NIGMS grant titled “Stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in elegans,”$1,368,350 to Illinois.</li> <li>NSF, REU Site grant titled “Phenotypic plasticity research experience for community college students,” $302,850 to Illinois.</li> <li>USDA-SBIR: Phase II – “System for biological control of soybean cyst nematode”, $200,000 to Ohio.</li> </ul> State Grants Programs: <ul> <li>North Dakota Department of Agriculture/USDA Specialty Crop Grant Program: $54,033 for FY18.</li> <li>Ohio Department of Agriculture: Specialty Crop Grant Program: $120,000 for FY18-19.</li> </ul> National Commodity Organizations: <ul> <li>United Soybean Board – to all states involved in the SCN Coalition: $260,000 for FY18 and $586,880 for FY19</li> <li>United Soybean Board – $586,880 total for FY18, $15,000 to Wisconsin</li> </ul> Regional Commodity Organizations: <ul> <li>North Central Soybean Research Program - to all states involved in the SCN Coalition: $321,805 for FY18 and $300,000 for FY19</li> </ul> State Commodity Organizations: <ul> <li>Illinois Corn Growers Association: $75,000 for FY18</li> <li>Iowa Soybean Association: $139,798 for FY18</li> <li>Kansas Soybean Commission: $69,000 for FY18</li> <li>Nebraska Corn Board: $55,000 each for FY18, FY19</li> <li>North Dakota Soybean Council, Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, and Sugarbeet Research and Education Board of MN and ND: $135,960 for FY18</li> <li>Ohio Soybean Council: $50,000 for FY18</li> <li>South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council funding of $77,576 for FY18</li> <li>Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers’ Association: $12,000 for FY18</li> <li>Wisconsin Soybean Marketing Board: $39,362 for FY18</li> </ul>

Publications

Refereed journal articles Akintayo, A., Tylka, G., Singh, A.K., Singh, A., Ganapathysubramanian, B., and Sarkar, S. 2018. A deep learning framework to discern and count microscopic nematode eggs. Scientific Reports 8:9145. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-27272-w Androwski R.A., Flatt K.M., and Schroeder, N.E. 2017. Phenotypic plasticity and remodeling in the stress-induced C. elegans dauer. WIREs Developmental Biology. 6:e278. doi: 10.1002/wdev.278 Baidoo, R., Yan, G.P., Nagachandrabose, S., and Skantar, A.M. 2017. Developing a real-time PCR assay for direct identification and quantification of Pratylenchus penetrans in soil. Plant Disease 101: 1432-1441. Baidoo, R., Yan, G.P., Nelson, B., Skantar, A.M., and Chen, S. 2017. Use of chemical flocculation and nested PCR for Heterodera glycines detection in DNA extracts from field soils with low population densities. Plant Disease 101: 1153-1161. Beeman, A.Q. and Tylka, G.L. 2018. Assessing the effects of Ilevo and Votivo seed treatments on reproduction, hatching, motility, and root penetration of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Plant Disease 102:107-113. dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0585-RE Bissonnette, K.M., Marett, C.C., Mullaney, M.P., Gebhart, G.D., Kyveryga, P., Mueller, T.A. and Tylka, G.L. 2018. Effects of Clariva Complete Beans seed treatment on Heterodera glycines reproduction and soybean yield in Iowa. Plant Health Progress 19:1-8. doi.org/10.1094/PHP-08-17-0043-RS Clifton, E.H., Tylka, G.L., Gassmann, A.J., and Hodgson, E.W. 2018. Effects of host-plant resistance and seed treatments on soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura), soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), and soybean yield. Pest Management Science DOI: 10.1002/ps.4800 Habteweld, A.W., Brainard, D.C., Kravchenko, A.N., Grewal, P.S. and Melakeberhan, H. 2018. Effects of plant and animal waste-based compost amendments on soil food web, soil properties, and yield and quality of fresh market and processing carrot cultivars. Nematology 20, 147-168. Han, Z., Thapa, S., Reuter-Carlson, U., Reed, H., Gates, M., Lambert, K.N., and Schroeder, N.E. 2018. Immobility in the sedentary plant-parasitic nematode H. glycines is associated with remodeling of the neuromuscular system. PLOS Pathogens. (In Press)    Huang, D., Yan, G.P., Gudmestad, N., and Skantar, A. 2017. Quantification of Paratrichodorus allius in DNA extracted from soil using TaqMan Probe and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays. Nematology 19: 987-1001. Huang, D., and Yan, G.P. 2017. Specific detection of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus scribneri using conventional and real-time PCR. Plant Disease 101: 359-365. Huang, D., Yan, G.P., and Skantar, A.M. 2017. Development of real-time and conventional PCR assays for identifying stubby root nematode Paratrichodorus allius. Plant Disease 101: 964-972. Hung X.B., and Schroeder, N.E. 2018. Post-embryonic ventral nerve cord development and gonad migration in Steinernema carpocapsae. Journal of Nematology 50:27-32. Jensen, J.P., Beeman, A.Q., Njus, Z.L., Kalwa, U., Pandey, S. and Tylka, G.L. 2018. Movement and motion of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, populations and individuals in response to abamectin. Phytopathology 108:885-891. dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-10-17-0339-R Jensen, J.P., Kalwa, U., Pandey, S., and Tylka, G.L. 2018. Avicta and Clariva affect the biology of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Plant Disease dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0086-RE Kobayashi Leonel, R., Mueller, D., Harbach, C.J., Tylka, G.L. and Leandro, L. 2017. Susceptibility of cover crop plants to Fusarium virguliforme, causal agent of soybean sudden death syndrome, and Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 72:575-583. doi:10.2489/jswc.72.6.575 McCarville, M.C., Marett, C.C., Mullaney, M.P., Gebhart, G.D. and Tylka, G.L. 2017. Increase in soybean cyst nematode virulence and reproduction on resistant soybean varieties in Iowa from 2001 to 2015 and its effects on soybean yields. Plant Health Progress 146-155. dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-RS-16-0062 Melakeberhan, H., Maung, Z.T.Z., Lee, C-L., Poindexter, S., and Stewart, J. 2018. Soil type-driven variable effects on cover- and rotation-crops, nematodes and soil food web in sugar beet fields reveal a roadmap for developing healthy soils. European Journal of Soil Biology 85, 53-63. Qi, M., Zheng, W., Zhao, X., Hohenstein, J., Kandel, Y., O'Conner, S., Wang, Y., Du, C., Nettleton, D., MacIntosh, G., Tylka, G., Wurtele, E., Whitham, S., and Li, L. 2018. QQS orphan gene and its interactor NF-YC4 reduce susceptibility to pathogens and pests. Plant Biotechnology Journal doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12961 Salazar, M.M. and Schroeder, N.E. 2018. Using a gall index to explore root-knot nematode biology and epidemiology. Plant Health Instructor. (In Press). Tylka, G.L., and Marett, C.C. 2017. Known distribution of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in the United States and Canada - 1954 to 2017. Plant Health Progress 18:167-168. dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-05-17-0031-BR Walsh, E., Elmore, J.M., and Taylor, C.G. 2017. Root-knot nematode parasitism suppresses host RNA silencing. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 30: 295-300. Wei, J.-Z., Siehl, D.L., Oral, J., Taylor, C.G., and Wu, G. 2017. An enterotoxin-like binary protein from Pseudomonas protegens with potent nematicidal activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83: e00942-17. Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Chowdhury, I., Baidoo, R., Upadhaya, A., Pasche, J., Markell, S., Nelson, B., and Chen, S. 2017. First report of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines infecting dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a commercial field in Minnesota. Plant Disease 101:391. Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., Chowdhury, I.A., and Handoo, Z.A. 2017. First report of the new root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus sp. on soybean in North Dakota. Plant Disease 101:1554. Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., and Handoo, Z.A. 2017. First report of the spiral nematode Helicotylenchus microlobus infecting soybean in North Dakota. Journal of Nematology 49:1. Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., Handoo, Z.A., and Chitwood, D.J. 2017. First report of a new, unnamed lesion nematode Pratylenchus sp. infecting soybean in North Dakota. Plant Disease 101: 1555. Ye, W., Foye, S., MacGuidwin, A.E., and Steffan, S. 2018. Incidence of Oscheius onirici (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a potentially entomopathogenic nematode from the marshlands of Wisconsin, USA.  Journal of Nematology 50: DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2018-004 Abstracts Acharya, K., Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., and Berti, M. 2017. Reducing soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines populations by planting cover crops in infested soils. American Phytopathological Society North Central Division Meeting, Champaign, Illinois, June 14-16. Baidoo, R. and Yan, G.P. 2017. Developing a real-time PCR assay for direct identification and quantification of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in soil. Pages 38-39 in Abstracts of 56th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, Williamsburg, Virginia, August 13-16.  Baidoo, R. and Yan, G.P. 2017. Molecular detection and quantification of root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans from soil using real-time PCR. Phytopathology 107:S5.55. Basnet, P., and Byamukama, E. 2018. Reproduction of Heterodera glycines types on weed hosts: field pennycress, henbit and purple deadnettle in South Dakota. North Central American Phytopathological Society Meeting, Fargo, ND. 3/12-3/14. Bissonnette, K., Marett, C., Mullaney, M., Gebhart, G., and Tylka, G.L.  2017. Effect of a bionematicide seed treatment containing Pasteuria nishizawae on Heterodera glycines reproduction and soybean yield in Iowa in 2014 to 2016. Phytopathology 107(S5):167. doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-12-S5.165 Chowdhury, I.A., Yan, G.P., and Plaisance, A. 2017. Evaluating virulence types of soybean cyst nematode populations in infested fields in North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 71:27. 109th Annual Meeting of North Dakota Academy of Science, Grand Forks, ND, April 28-29. Chowdhury, I., Yan, G.P., and Plaisance, A. 2017. Plant-parasitic nematodes on corn (Zea mays) and their association with abiotic factors in North Dakota. Pages 48-49 in Abstracts of 56th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, Williamsburg, Virginia, August 13-16. Harbach, C.J. and Tylka, G.L. 2017. Investigating the interactions of the soybean cyst nematode with cover crops under greenhouse conditions. Phytopathology 107(S5):167. doi.org/10.1094 / PHYTO-107-12-S5.165 Huang, D., Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Gudmestad, N.C., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C.R., Hafez, S.L., Handoo, Z.A., and Skantar, A.M. 2017. Molecular detection, identification and quantification of Paratrichodorus allius from nematode individuals, communities and soil DNA. Pages 70-71 in Abstracts of 56th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, Williamsburg, Virginia, August 13-16. KC, A., Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Underdahl, J., Friskop, A., and Elias, E. 2017. Varietal screening of wheat crop against root-lesion nematode in North Dakota. American Phytopathological Society North Central Division Meeting, Champaign, Illinois, June 14-16. Ozbayrak, M., Todd, T., Harris, T., Powers, K., Sutton, L., Higgins, R., Mullin, P. and Powers, T.O.  2018.  DNA barcoding of Pratylenchus from agroecosystems in the Northern Great Plains of North America.  Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, Albuquerque, NM, page 81. Plaisance, A., Yan, G.P., Peterson, D., and Gudmestad, N. 2017. Chemical applications to control stubby root nematodes and corky ring spot disease of potato. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 71:39. 109th Annual Meeting of North Dakota Academy of Science, Grand Forks, ND, April 28-29. Saeed, I. A., Pack, G.D., Zhu, J., and MacGuidwin, A.E. 2018. Distribution of Pratylenchus penetrans in sand and loamy sand soils in relation to edaphic factors. Nematropica Saikai, K., and MacGuidwin, A. 2018. Modeling the damage function of Pratylenchus penetrans on soybean using a nested error component model.  Journal of Nematology 50: Sanchez, A., Alverez, G.I., Sipes, B.S., Kakaire, S., Lee, C.-L., Sacbaja, A., Chen, C. and Melakeberhan, H. 2018. Assisting smallholder farmers in adopting integrated nematode-soil health management: IV – Changes in cyst nematode population density and potato yield. Society of Nematologists 57th Annual Meeting Abstracts: 89-90. Thapa, S., Gates, M.K. Reuter-Carlson, U., and Schroeder, N.E. 2018. Epidermal seam cell lineages are associated with pyriform body shape in cyst and root-knot nematodes. Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. Upadhaya, A., Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Secor, G., and Robinson, A. 2017. Effects of co-inoculation with Pratylenchus penetrans and Fusarium oxysporum on potato emergence, growth and yield. Page 120 in Abstracts of 56th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, Williamsburg, Virginia, August 13-16. Upadhaya, A., Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Pasche, J., and McPhee, K. 2017. Pin nematode: a potential threat to pea production in North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 71:45. 109th Annual Meeting of North Dakota Academy of Science, Grand Forks, ND, April 28-29. Upadhaya, A., Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., and Pasche, J. 2017. Plant-parasitic nematodes on field pea and their association with soil edaphic factors in North Dakota. American Phytopathological Society North Central Division Meeting, Champaign, Illinois, June 14-16. Yakha, J.K., Kafle, A., Byamukama, E., Mathew, F., and Bucking, H. 2018. Plant microbe interactions - A new strategy to reduce soybean cyst nematode infestations. North Central American Phytopathological Society Meeting, Fargo, ND. 3/12-3/14. Yan, G.P. and Baidoo, R. 2017. Molecular detection of soybean cyst nematode in North Dakota. Phytopathology 107:S1.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-107-1-S1.1. Soybean Cyst Nematode Conference, Coral Gables, Florida, December 13-15. Yan, G.P., Huang, D., and Plaisance, A. 2017. Developing real-time PCR assays for identification and quantification of stubby root nematode Paratrichodorus allius in soil. Page 3 in SCRI Potato Necrotic Virus Project Abstracts in Annual Meeting WERA89, San Diego, CA, March 8-9. Yan, G.P., Huang, D., Plaisance, A., Gudmestad, N.C., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C.R., Ye, W., Crow, B., and Hafez, S.L. 2017. Species and population densities of stubby root nematodes from multiple states in the United States. Phytopathology 107:S5.96. Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., and Handoo, Z.A. 2017. First detection of two new, unnamed root-lesion nematodes Pratylenchus spp. on soybean in North Dakota. Phytopathology 107:S5.99. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-107-12-S5.1, American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, August 5-9. Yan, G.P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., and Handoo, Z.A. 2017. First detection of the spiral nematode Helicotylenchus microlobus on soybean in North Dakota. Phytopathology 107:S5.99.   Extension Publications Bissonnette, K.M. and Tylka, G.L. 2017. Seed treatments for soybean cyst nematode. Iowa State University Extension Publication CROP 3142, 1 p. Byamukama, E. and Tande, C. 2018. Has your soil been tested for SCN? What is your latest number? SDSU Extension iGrow online <a href="http://igrow.org/agronomy/soybeans/has-your-soil-been-tested-for-scn-what-is-your-latest-number/">http://igrow.org/agronomy/soybeans/has-your-soil-been-tested-for-scn-what-is-your-latest-number/</a> MacGuidwin, A., Smith, D., and Conley, S.P. 2018.  Fall is still a good time to sample for SCN and other plant parasitic nematodes.  Wisconsin Crop Manager September Issue Markell, S. and Yan, G.P. 2017. Soybean cyst distribution in North Dakota. North Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service Publication - Crop and Pest Report. Issue 2: Pp 3-5. Markell, S., Harveson, R., and Pasche, J. 2017. Dry Edible Bean Disease Diagnostic Series. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication PP1820. 32 Pp. Markell, S., Yan, G.P., Nelson, B., Pasche, J., and Harveson, R. 2017. Soybean cyst nematode soil sampling (PP1820-5) in: Dry Edible Bean Disease Diagnostic Series. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication PP1820. Pp. 11-12. Mueller, D., Robertson, A., Sisson, A., Tylka, G., and Licht, M. 2017. Corn Diseases. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. IPM 0005, 48 pp. Pasche, J., Yan, G., Nelson, B., Markell, S., and Harveson, R. 2017. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (PP1820-4) in: Markell, S., Harveson, R., and Pasche, J. Dry Edible Bean Disease Diagnostic Series. North Dakota Cooperative Extension Service Publication PP1820. Pp. 9-10. Tylka, G.L. and Mullaney, M.P. 2017. Soybean cyst nematode-resistant soybeans for Iowa. Iowa State University Extension Publication PM 1649, 27 pp. Tylka, G.L., Gebhart, G.D., Marett, C.C., and Mullaney, M.P. 2017. Evaluation of soybean varieties resistant to soybean cyst nematode in Iowa – 2017. Iowa State University Extension, publication IPM‑52, 23 pp. Yabwalo, D., Geppert, R., and Byamukama, E. 2018. 2017 soybean foliar fungicide and nematicide seed treatment trial summaries. iGrow online.   Book chapters Bird, G.W., Zasada, I.A., and Tylka, G.L. 2018. Role of population dynamics and damage thresholds in cyst nematode management. Pages 101-127 in R.N. Perry, M. Moens, and J.T. Jones, eds. Cyst Nematodes. CAB International. Blok, V.C., Tylka, G.L., Smiley, R.W., de Jong, W.S. and Daub, M. 2018. Resistance breeding. Pages 174-214 in R.N. Perry, M. Moens, and J.T. Jones, eds. Cyst Nematodes. CAB International. Little, C., Bandara, A.Y., Todd, T.C., and Perumal, R. 2018.  Diseases of sorghum: stalk, root and other diseases.  Pp. in W. Rooney (ed.).  Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Sorghum Volume 1: Genetics, Breeding and Production Techniques. Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science. MacGuidwin, A.E. 2018. Nematodes important to agriculture in Wisconsin, in Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America Vol. 2 – Northeastern, Midwestern, and Southern U.S.A., Subbotin, Sergei A., and Chitambar, John J. (eds), Springer. Marion, O. H., Jacob, J., Brown, P., and Yan, G.P. 2017. Wheat pests: introduction, rodents and nematodes, in P. Langridge (ed.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat Volume 1: Breeding, quality traits, pests and diseases, 2017, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK (ISBN: 978 1 78676 016 6; <a href="http://www.bdspublishing.com">www.bdspublishing.com</a>), pp. 443-466.

Impact Statements

New tools and techniques used by project scientists improved the basic understanding of nematode biology.

Date of Annual Report: 06/19/2020

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/01/2019 - 08/02/2019
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2018 - 08/01/2019

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Annual report attached below.

MINUTES:

NC1197: Practical management of Nematodes on Corn, Soybeans and Other Crops of Regional Importance.

Meeting Minutes

August 1, 2019.

Attendees:

Guiping Yan (North Dakota)

Kaitlyn Bissonnette (Missouri)

Tim Frey (Ohio State)

Haddish Melakeberhan (Michigan)

Greg Tylka (Iowa)

Nate Schroeder – secretary (Illinois)

Emmanuel Byamukama (South Dakota)

Jaeyeong Han (Illinois)

Chris Taylor – Chair, Host (Ohio)

Brought to order 8:30 AM

Discussion of administrator changes. New administrator is Marty Draper.

Notes from Dr. Draper: Wished he could make it. This is midterm review year. Experimental station directors will review.

A general discussion of the status of nematology and plant pathology proceeded and how other multistate committees are handling loss of academic positions..

State Reports 9 AM

Missouri

Drought in 2018.

Melissa Mitchum conducted a state-wide survey for SCN that was published in Plant Disease (Howland et al., 2018). 100% of populations were HG type 2. Many with high FIs.

Flooding this year.

Looking at SCN suppressive soils in the mid-south. There is a question as to why is SCN disappearing from the south. Is it actually gone?

A survey was conducted for SCN in MO, AR, MS, LA fields with a history of SCN and soybean production. High levels of SCN were found in MO while very low levels were found in AR and MS. Follow up studies are looking at soil suppressiveness.

Receiving many question about seed treatments. There is some usage by farmers; however the data is questionable regarding efficacy in many cases.

A discussion proceeded on the origins of SCN and genetic diversity.

Members suggested it may be worthwhile to propose a coordinated survey of the north-central region for SCN to examine genetic diversity.

South Dakota

Two new counties were found to be positive for SCN. There is speculation that the spread is going along major highways in the state. A discussion followed on what standards should be used to confirm a new county as positive for SCN. Dr. Tylka stated it should be a bioassay on soybean to confirm.

SD is examining various nematicide seed treatments; however the data has been They recommend growers consider seed treatments when over 2000 eggs/100 cm3. A discussion among the committee followed regarding the adoption of seed treatments..

There are many soybean varities available with resistance to SCN. However, all of the resistance is derived from PI88788.

SD is examining a myccorhizae seed treatment from Elemental Enzymes.

North Dakota

ND is working on molecular detection methods for stubby root nematode stubby root due to its role as a vector of Tobacco rattle virus on potato. Has collected stubby root from multiple states. Four species detected. Examining factors that affect detection of Paratrichodorus allius. Only 10% of nematodes carry virus. Developing new droplet digital PCR for detection.

Developing real-time PCR for detection of Pratylenchus scribneri. They have developed very successful carrot disk culture.

Data from Richland County fields suggest high pressure of SCN (2,800-92,800 in 100 cm³). The growers are planting resistant varieties, but the SCN population is HG 0.

Testing soybean germplasm 150-170 for HG type 0 and HG type 2.5.7

Testing cover crops for host status and effect on SCN populations. All cover crops showed SCN reduction compared with soybeans. However, other vermiform species had increases.

Michigan

Objective 1. Looking at hapla distribution and soil type.

Also examining the role of soil amendments in Guatemala on potato where potato cyst nematode is common. Goal is to suppress PCN. Using composted chicken manure. Developing model for integrated efficiency of cyst numbers and yield.

Illinois

Examining the role of nitrogen application and tile drainage on nematode communities.

Also examining the prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes on organic soybean production.

Iowa

Conducted statewide experiments at nine location to test resistant varieties as well as seed treatments. As expected resistant varieties had better yield and generally had less SCN production than susceptible. Seed treatments had a low frequency of positive return although on average they did see a yield benefit.

Created an ongoing seed treatment chart.

Examining the mechanism for cover crop suppression of SCN using in vitro microfluidic assays, hatching assays, and penetration assays. Crimson clover appeared to stimulate hatching, but was not a good host for SCN.

Ohio

Examining the role of amino acids on plant-parasitic nematode chemotaxis. Found concentration dependent effects of threonine attractiveness for root-knot. The L-form of threonine has a stronger chemotactic effect than D-form. The amino acid attraction profile for root-knot differs from that of elegans. Are using RNAi to determine the mechanism for amino acid chemotaxis. Also testing the attractiveness of Arabidopsis mutants with varying AA profiles.

Ongoing project examining root-knot and other soil pathogens in Ohio high tunnels. hapla was found to be the primary root-knot species in this production system.

End of state reports 3 PM.

Nate Schroeder was nominated and elected as Chair.

Kaitlyn was nominated and elected to be secretary.

Kaitlyn proposed Lincoln, NE or Columbia, MO as a site. Decision was made to go to Columbia. Likely in first week of August (4^th-5^th).

Meeting adjourned at 4:15 pm.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1197 2019 Final Report.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 08/28/2020

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/04/2020 - 08/04/2020
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2019 - 08/01/2020

Participants

Andrew Bent – Wisconsin
Ann MacGuidwin – Wisconsin
Carl Bradley – Kentucky
Emmanuel Byamukama – South Dakota
Greg Tylka – Iowa
Guiping Yan – North Dakota
Haddish Melakeberhan – Michigan
Kaitlyn Bissonnette – secretary, Zoom host Missouri
Lei Zhang – Purdue, incoming
Marisol Quintanilla – Michigan
Nate Schroeder – Chair, Illinois
Senyu Chen – Minnesota
EB Wlezien – Iowa (student)
Chris Taylor – Ohio
Monica Pennewitt – Iowa (Student)
Cody Hoerning – Minnesota (student)
Tim Todd – Kansas
Christina Hamilton – Administrative (NIMSS)

Brief Summary of Minutes

See attached file below for NC1197's annual report.

NC1197: Practical management of Nematodes on Corn, Soybeans and Other Crops of Regional Importance.

Meeting Minutes

August 4, 2020.

Attendees:

Andrew Bent – Wisconsin

Ann MacGuidwin – Wisconsin

Carl Bradley – Kentucky

Emmanuel Byamukama – South Dakota

Greg Tylka – Iowa

Guiping Yan – North Dakota

Haddish Melakeberhan – Michigan

Kaitlyn Bissonnette – secretary, Zoom host Missouri

Lei Zhang – Purdue, incoming

Marisol Quintanilla – Michigan

Nate Schroeder – Chair, Illinois

Senyu Chen – Minnesota

EB Wlezien – Iowa (student)

Chris Taylor – Ohio

Monica Pennewitt – Iowa (Student)

Cody Hoerning – Minnesota (student)

Tim Todd – Kansas

Christina Hamilton – Administrative (NIMSS)

Started at 8:34 AM

State Reports
Illinois

Perennial glycine species – lesion and root knot nema – under objective 1A of project

Nematode seed treatments – Microbial products and fluopyram on vermiform nematodes

Nitrogen rates and nematodes

Working with Nathan Kleczewski

Iowa

Continue to track distribution of SCN in North America. Last map published in 2017. Have an update for 2020, plan to publish in Plant Health Progress.

Doing variety trials at 9 locations against SCN. Published and distributed report of results through IA and N. IL. Showed data indicating continued shift in HG types overcoming PI88788. Data from 2019 in one location showed 20 bu/acre yield difference between two varieties with SCN resistance from Peking compared to the top-yielding variety with PI88788 SCN resistance, resulting in a $200/acre economic impact.

Continue to evaluate seed treatments comparing seed treatments, over 119 trials over many years. Less than 10% showed a significant yield effect.

Looking at cover crops and plant essential oils.

Examining resistance gene stacking in collaboration with Andrew Scaboo (Univ. MO), Melissa Mitchum (Univ. GA) and Brian Diers (Univ. IL) on microplots.

Looking at the effect of seed treatments on lesion nematode.

Discussion

Certain counties may not have SCN due to low soybean populations.

What is the female index where yield loss occurs in PI88788?--> probably varies among fields.

Kansas

Most SCN populations HG type 2.5.7 and most commercial varieties have PI88788-based resistance.

Testing new releases with alternate sources of resistance. These have mixed results

Doing work on characterizing Pratylenchus population in NE and KS. P. scribneri and P. neglectus are most common.

Examining host status of corn hybrids with different Pratylenchus species. Finding significant variation among hybrids. Although all crops can support some reproduction of lesion, there is variation in host preference.

Worked with NE to describe alfalfa cyst nematode H. medicaginis as present.

Discussion

Symptoms of alfalfa cyst nematode similar to those of other cyst species.

Kentucky

Found M. incognita in Daviess County, KY with severe symptoms.

Conducted SCN survey of 27 counties. About 20% of fields had no SCN. 44% had low levels of SCN.

Two years of soybean nematicidal seed treatments. ILevo, Aveo, Poncho Votivo. No statistical differences in yield among seed treatments.

Discussion

Fields in survey also examined for soil type, but this hasn’t been analyzed.

Michigan Haddish

Examining soil health as an important priority for Michigan agriculture.

Long term project looking at the effect of tillage and rotation on SCN and overall soil health using nematodes as a metric. Also looking at soil microbiome.

Discussion

The tillage treatments also impact the types of bacteria found.

Michigan Marisol

Evaluating the effect of cover crop and manures on SCN reproduction.

Looking at cover crop effect on various nematode species. Certain oil seed radish varieties suppress lesion nematode.

Evaluating nematicides against SBCN. Abamectin successful at controlling.

Finding diversity of Pratylenchus species on carrots. Evaluating whether different species impact carrot differentially. Found P. neglectus associated with wheat/carrot rotations.

Surveying hops in Washington State, found hop cyst nematode is highly prevalent and is very damaging to hops growth.

Looking at ornamentals/potato early dying.

Also examining effect of manure and wood ash on lesion nematode.

Minnesota (Cody Hoerning)

Looking at the effect of pennycress on SCN, specifically as a cover crop.

Motivation is that previous greenhouse data suggests pennycress is a moderate to good host for SCN.

Using microplot and field plot experiments. Looking at both fall and spring growth of overwintering pennycress.

No reproduction on pennycress in fall. Some reproduction in spring, but was variable depending on planting date.

Field experiments, conducted pilot study. No effect of pennycress on SCN populations.

Also looking at overwintering in roots.

Screening pennycress accessions for SCN resistance.

Minnesota (Senyu Chen)

Examining QTL for resistance to SCN in dry bean.

Looking for new sources of resistance in soybean to SCN.

Looking at fungal communities and suppression of SCN.

Missouri

Lots of flooding in 2019. Wet fall reduced soil sampling.

Conducted seed treatment trials in four locations in MO and across NC region. BioST, Aveo, Nemastrike, Clariva, Ilevo tested. Data varied among locations. Two locations showed differences among treatments in female counts at 30 days, but results did not match the seed treatments between locations. Season long effects were variable.

North Dakota

Screening soybean cultivars for SCN resistance, specifically focusing on HG types 0 and 2.5.7

Screening cover crops for control of SCN. Examining a subset for mechanism of SCN suppression.

Examining various species of Pratylenchus on diverse crops. Example is examining QTL mapping of wheat resistance to P. neglectus. Several Pratylenchus species examined on corn—new Pratylenchus described. Most corn hybrids support reproduction of new species.

Using transcriptome profiling in corn against lesion to identify sources of resistance.

Also looking at pennycress for suppression of lesion nematodes.

Stubby root nematode. Looking at two different populations on potato. Find very spotty population distribution in field.

Working on molecular diagnostics.

Discussion

Stubby root nematode very difficult to culture—highly sensitive to environment.

Don’t have enough data to make recommendation of cover crops for control of lesion.

Ohio

Completing high tunnel project looking at root-knot on tomato. Becoming problematic as growers continually plant tomato. Examining several different biocontrol or biological-derived products. Actinovate and Bio-Activate showed control in greenhouse, but none had impact on yield.

Examining volatile production from biocontrols using C. elegans and Fusarium oxysporum as test subjects. Screened 20 different Pseudomonad species and using mass spec to identify and quantify volatiles. Finding production of hydrogen cyanide. Finding that addition of specific amino acids leads to increased production of hydrogen cyanide. Leads to idea of soil priming.

South Dakota

Updating distribution of SCN in S. Dakota. 34 counties positive—primarily in eastern half of state.

Flooding last year led to reduced soil sample submissions.

Testing Clariva and ILeVo for control of SCN on both susceptible and resistant varieties. No consistent effects.

Continuing to test seed treatments.

Wisconsin (MacGuidwin)

Examining spatial distribution of Pratylenchus in soybean. Found several different species, penetrans was fairly common. Developing models for spatial distribution of P. penetrans associated with physical and chemical components of soil. These could be used to predict negative binomial distribution of nematode counts. Using this to make nematode predictions for individual sub-field locations. Percent sand was negatively correlated with lesion nematode numbers.

Estimating effect of lesion on soybean production. In one year found an estimated 4.7% yield loss in one field due to P. penetrans.

Examining genetic diversity of P. penetrans and finding substantial diversity among WI populations.

Continuing to find about 20% of soybean samples positive for SCN, this hasn’t changed over years. Similarly, HG types have remained stable in terms of female index.

Wisconsin (Bent)

Examining molecular basis of resistance to SCN. Finding novel mechanisms of resistance.

Break for lunch at 12:15 PM to 1 PM

Afternoon discussion of renewal

Marty Draper (AA) discussed process of renewal and administrative issues with project.

Discussion among group regarding goals for project.

Business meeting commenced at 4:24 PM

Greg motion to approve minutes, Emmanuel second. Minutes approved

Kaitlyn was nominated and elected as Chair.

Emmanuel was nominated and elected to be secretary.

Kaitlyn proposed Ames, IA as a site with Zoom as backup, second by Nathan. Decision was made to go to Ames, IA on July 14-16^th, 2021, with the meeting starting at 8 am July 15 and ending at noon July 16.

Meeting adjourned at 4:45 pm.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1197 annual report_2020_final.docx

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 08/30/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/22/2021 - 07/23/2021
Period the Report Covers: 08/05/2020 - 08/04/2021

Participants

Greg Tylka
Tim Todd
Rodrigo Borba Onofre
Cody Hoerning
Ed Anderson
Haddish Melakeberhan
Nate Schroeder
Guiping Yan
EB Wlezien
Monica Pennewitt
Ann MacGuidwin
Marty Draper
Kaitlyn Bissonnette, Chair
Emmanuel Byamukama, Vice-Chair/Secretary

Online: Tamra Jackson (elected incoming vice-chair), Deepak Haarith; Jefferson Barizon; Gregory Bernard ; Sita Thapa; Marisol A. Quintanilla Tornel; Amer Fayad (NIFA), Vijay Nandula (NIFA).

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC1197: Practical management of Nematodes on Corn, Soybeans and Other Crops of Regional Importance.

Meeting Minutes

July 22-23, 2021, Ames IA.

Meeting started at 8am, with the host Prof Greg Tylka welcoming everyone to Ames and thanking them for attending. He also thanked NCSRP for sponsoring the snacks, lunch and dinner during the meeting. Self-introductions followed.

Attendance:

Greg Tylka (ISU)

Tim Todd (KSU)

Rodrigo Borba Onofre (KSU)

Cody Hoerning (MSU)

Ed Anderson (NCSRP & ISA)

Haddish Melakeberhan (MSU)

Nate Schroeder (UIUC)

Guiping Yan (NDSU)

EB Wlezien (ISU)

Monica Pennewitt (ISU)

Ann MacGuidwin (UW)

Marty Draper (Admin)

Kaitlyn Bissonnette (MSU), Chair

Emmanuel Byamukama (SDSU), Vice-Chair/Secretary

Online: Tamra Jackson (UNL, elected incoming vice-chair), Deepak Haarith; Jefferson Barizon; Gregory Bernard ; Sita Thapa; Marisol A. Quintanilla Tornel; Amer Fayad (NIFA), Vijay Nandula (NIFA).

Updates from Vijay, K Nandula –National program leader –CPPM, USDA NIFA

Dr. Nandula gave a brief history and purpose of the CPPM – including nematode management using IPM approaches at the state, regional and national levels; mentioned three programs under CPPM, ARDP, EIP, RCP. He gave the summary of proposals received by CPPM; 75 proposals in 2020, of which 4 proposals with SCN component were submitted but none were awarded.

He also gave a brief history and purpose of the CARE funding program; that started in 2013 and in 2022, $7m has been allocated to this program. Funding for CARE originally was production oriented, but now has been expanded to other programs including IPM; deadline for next cycle is Sept 15, 2022. Purpose of the CARE program is to fund research and outreach that can lead to practices that may be readily and rapidly adapted by end users. He said CARE rate of success is 33% and he encouraged submitting proposals to this program. Dr. Nandula also mentioned the pests and beneficial species program that includes nematodes as well. The purpose of this program is to advance knowledge of invasive species. He mentioned entomopathogenic pathogens for nematode control proposal funded at UC-Riverside.

He stated that multi-state and multi-disciplinary proposals have a good chance for funding. As well as postdoc proposals and new investigator proposals -A question was asked on pre-doctoral graduate students opportunities – He said inquiries should send emails to the program leaders carlos.ortiz@usda.gov

Update from the Administrator: Dr. Marty Draper

Dr. Draper informed the group that the NC-1197 renewal proposal was well received, that Nathan and Kaitlyn did a great job working on the proposal renewal rewriting. Only three comments were made – i) there was limited collaboration with other committees in the region; ii) there was some redundancy with soybean diseases committee (NCERA-137) and iii) there was also concern how this group was going to facilitate collaborative research, not just sharing ideas which would make the committee a coordinating committee. Activities of coordinating committees are not funded.

Nathan explained that efforts were made to collaborate with NCERA-137 but these efforts were not solidified. There also was a challenge with the timing and location of the NCERA 137 meeting in FL; also the NCERA-137 soybean group may focus on only SCN whereas our NC1197 group works on many nematode species – Dr. Draper mentioned the comments were not requirements and the committees efforts to collaborate when appropriate are appreciated. Ed Anderson mentioned that the optics of the NCERA-137 meeting in Florida in February are not viewed favorably by the commodity checkoff boards.

Dr. Draper cautioned that staying as a research and extension committee helps to draw funds from the Ag experiment station to support faculty to participate in the group’s activities. Based on the updates from the NIFA admin, Dr. Draper advised our group to think of multi-state grant proposals from these programs.

He encouraged the group to put together an impact study for this committee – the collective Experiment Stations would pay for an evaluator (Sara Delheimer) to assist with the impact assessment (https://www.mrfimpacts.org/) of the committee. He said would probably be a 3-hour exercise to evaluate impact for the end users – including for instance the SCN Coalition efforts. He stated that evaluation of the committee weighting system has changed – with “multi, multi, multi” activities being considered more important than impact.

He updated the committee on the likely infrastructure funding from Congress that could have an impact on university facilities, but there remain a lot of unknowns. Preliminary indications are that there could be some increases in funding for capacity programs and AFRI. The mark-ups from the House and Senate are not as high as proposed in the President’s budget request, but any increase is good news. He thanked Ed Anderson and other commodity boards – over 350 signatories who signed a letter asking ranking members and chair of Ag committees to support ag infrastructure funding. He explained what a budget line item is and that Congress likes AFRI because they view competition grants as a form of accountability – additional screening for where money goes. However, capacity building funding is skeptically looked at by congress.

Vijay mentioned national reporting system that is replacing REEPORT system. They are updating the review process – it is being worked on at the moment. Dr. Draper also said that the new program would also replace AREERA capacity reporting and eventually should replace NIMSS.

A question on whether funding for rapid response to a disease outbreak on plants as it is with animals was available. Vijay responded that programs including AFRI-CARE and FFAR-ROAR can provide funding for disease outbreak response efforts.

Update from Ed Anderson – NCSRP

Ed informed the group that PA was added to the NCSRP state members and the organization has now a new logo that includes PA on the map. He reminded the group that NCSRP is very supportive of the good work our group is doing. He gave a brief description of the NCSRP funding mandates: yield enhancement, soybean productivity, and yield preservation. He stated that researchers submit many ideas that sometimes are not attractive to farmers but over time, now most proposals are aligned with the interests of the farmers. He encourages collaborative and coordinated projects, which have a chance of funding. He gave an example of a 24 collaborators project on the emerging insect issues led by Kelley Tilmon at OSU, such proposals get high chances of funding. He cautioned, however, that funding longer term projects is limited to usually 3 years. He mentioned that the SCN Coalition is partially being funded by NCSRP. He went on to explain how NCSRP program gets its funding from member states which ranges between $3-4m total a year, including operations, and that USB funds ½ of the program operations budget. He said member states contribute minimum $50K and no limit to what a state can contribute towards NCSRP.

Student presentations followed. Monica presented on “An integrated approach to enhance durability of SCN resistance for long term strategic SCN management - Phase II” and Cody Hoerning gave a presentation on pennycress as an alternative host in the double cropping relay system.

During the discussions, it was mentioned that transgenic variety development was on-going, however, background in the variety was still coming from PI88788. Hence it was not clear if this would be durable given that PI88788 has been widely used in soybean varieties already. There was a discussion whether SCN juveniles would be able to ingest the protein in the transgene variety.

State reports

Missouri (Kaitlyn Bissonnette): They have carried out nematicide seed treatment trial, a collaborative project with 30 site years of testing across 12 states and one province in Canada. They used soybean varieties with multiple susceptibility to SCN and SDS but with PI88788 as SCN source of resistance. Nematicide seed treatments were added to the generic fungicide base (standard base) with naked seed and only generic seed treatment as checks. They found inconsistencies among treatments for the females per 5 roots data. Similarly, there was no clear yield differences among treatments most likely due to other confounding factors such as soil type. The take away from their trials was that initial SCN population level, environment, soil type and other diseases such as SDS do affect response to nematicide seed treatment.

South Dakota (Emmanuel Byamukama): An update on SCN distribution by county and the SCN soil testing results for 2020 were presented. 308 soil samples were submitted for SCN testing and 35% were positive for SCN ranging from 50 to 10,600 eggs/100 cc. They are also testing 8 nematicide seed treatments this year, 2021. They reported on the study conducted to determine the efficacy of plant extracts in controlling SCN in-vitro and also on soybean plants under greenhouse conditions. Leafy spurge, ragweed, and wormwood extracts caused J2 mortality and also reduced the number of cysts that developed under greenhouse conditions. More testing is on-going.

Kansas (Tim Todd): A presentation on alfalfa cyst nematode was given. The finding of Heterodera medicaginis is the first report of this nematode on alfalfa in Kansas. Tim mentioned that there is no yellow female stage – they start as white and turn to brown right away. He mentioned that males for this species are rare (could be a research idea). Juveniles of both SCN and alfalfa cyst nematode are almost similar but alfalfa has longer stylet. He reported the Pratylenchus survey results and how they found 10 CO1 haplotypes with weak or inconsistent database matches to P. dakotaensis described in North Dakota. He also reported having worked on nematode community on tall grass prairie. They found high diversity of nematodes with Cyatholaimidae and Dorylaimidae dominating.

As a discussion, Tim brought to the Group’s attention the need to revise the HG type system. HG types are not predictive because they cannot be repeatable. HG type in one state will be different from same HG type in another state. There is more that is not known on the genetics of both the host and the nematode to simply group SCN as one type from another. The HG type description should include the female index values in order for HG type information to be more useful.

Rodrigo Onofre gave a quick update on the SCN prevalence increase in KS from 15% in 2010 to 35% in 2020.

Wisconsin (Ann MacGuidwin): They reported on a study to determine if P. penetrans is the only dioicous species of Pratylenchus in Wisconsin. They surveyed Pratylenchus species males in 83 fields in 42 counties. They found 84% of Pratylenchus spp. were identified as P. penetrans and 16% as new species of P. dakotaensis. They also investigated the impact of P. penetrans on soybean yield in the field. Fields were fumigated in the prior year (under potato production). They found that V2 growth stage initial population numbers impacted shoot weight and grain yield and yield components. The estimated yield loss per nematode was 0.0199% under greenhouse conditions and 0.294% under field conditions. They estimated soybean yield loss caused by P. penetrans alone to be 5% based on its prevalence in soybean fields from 2013-2016 in Wisconsin (based on 94% of the samples positive for Pratylenchus spp.; and yield loss per P. penetrans nematode estimated in the field and greenhouse studies). They also investigated if SCN prevalence has changed over the years in WI. They compared SCN prevalence between 1998 – 1999 (447 farms) and 2019 – 2020 (673 farms). They report that prevalence was 17% in 1998/1999 while it was 57% in 2020 samples.

Deepak Haarith presented on role of alpha SNP in rhg1 against SCN to try and understand SCN resistance and why it is overcome. Overexpressing an additional LC/HC alpha snap in Wm82 was lethal. It was suggested to him to use inbred SCN populations in these experiments rather than more heterogeneous HG types for improved results.

Nebraska: Tamra Jackson mentioned that they are planning on performing SCN nematode protectant testing next year.

North Dakota (Guiping Yan): They reported on the occurrence of HG types in ND. They found no populations attacked PI #s 3, 4, and 6. HG type 0 was the most predominant followed by 7, and 2.5.7. They also evaluated 47 soybean commercial varieties for HG types 0 and 44 varieties for HG type 2.5.7 reproduction. For HG type 0, 13% were resistant, 19% were moderately resistant. For HG type 2.5.7, 9% of the varieties were resistant. The majority of commercial varieties evaluated were not resistant to HG type 0 and 2.5.7. They are continuing to test resistant varieties and identify novel sources of resistance. They report to have found a new species of lesion nematode, Pratylenchus dakotaensis, based on molecular and morphological tests (e.g. SEM and COX1 gene). They have developed primers that are highly specific to this species. They have evaluated the new lesion nematode species on 20 soybean varieties. None was resistant, 7 were moderately resistant, 9 were moderately susceptible, and 4 were susceptible.

Illinois (Nate Schroeder): They performed screening of perennial species for plant-parasitic nematode resistance. They screened 27 described species that have been hybridized with Glycine max. They screened against SCN and other nematodes including M. incognita, R. reniformis, and P. penetrans. They found no accession was resistant to lesion nematode while a few were resistant to SCN. They tested efficacy of ILeVO against corn-parasitic nematodes at three locations. Corn samples were collected V5 and V8. They also performed behavioral and lethality experiments on P. penetrans in the lab. They found that impact of fluopyram on P. penetrans is life-stage specific. The higher the dose, the more immobile the nematodes were.

Nathan has been digitizing and disseminating electron micrographs of plant-parasitic nematodes from Dr. Burt Endo’s collected 40k images of plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes – Nathan collected these materials from abandoned USDA lab and so far has scanned and digitized 15k into high resolution images and annotated over 1500. These are being organized and uploaded to IL Data Bank: https://databank.illinois.edu . He has SON capacity grants to work with Jim Baldwin on archiving the nematode historical data.

Michigan (Haddish Melakeberhan): Haddish reported on the soil health work at the MSU Agricultural nematology lab he and his team have been doing. He investigated Meloidogyne spp. adaptation and parasitic variability across different soil conditions (disturbed, maturing, structured, degraded). Maturing soils had the majority of operational taxonomic units while the degraded soils had the least. He noted that development and dissemination of information should also target scientific community and not only farmers. He also presented a fact sheet developed from his lab on cover crops and plant parasitic nematodes guide.

Iowa (Greg Tylka): Greg reported on the SCN Coalition activities. He stated that most states in mid-west and one Canadian province were participating in the coalition. He outlined planned events in 2020 that were disrupted by the pandemic and how these were switched to educational brief talks named “Let’s Talk Todes”. He said these were greatly successful, have had a lot of views. The first Tode talk had almost one million views within the first 6 weeks of publishing. He gave a report on the market research performed in 2015 and in 2020. The results from these surveys indicate there was an increase in usage of SCN management practices (growers rotating genetic SCN resistance, identifying Peking as a source of resistance, using nematodes seed treatments, growers planting SCN-resistant soybean varieties and rotating with SCN non-host crops). He said there is a national Soybean Nematode conference being planned for the week of December 12-16, 2022 in Savana Georgia, and the group is also working on developing a 6^th edition of the SCN Management Guide.

General discussion

Marisol Quintinalla commented that Peking as a source of SCN resistance was found to have low yields after 1^st year of testing in Michigan. Therefore, it may be good for rotation but not as a replacement for PI88788.

A suggestion to incorporate some of these high quality SCN Tode Talk videos and other publications into teaching tools could be used for recruiting students.

Business meeting followed:

Kaitlyn informed the group that minutes of the previous meeting had been e-mailed out. Ann moved to approve the minutes, Tim seconded the motion.

It was agreed that an email be sent out to remind members when to send the state reports (within the 60 days when the annual report has to be filed with the NIMSS system).

A question was raised on the representative for NE and how to recruit new members to the group. Tamra said NE does not have an official representative, but she was in the process of doing the paperwork. The problem of recruiting people could be due to limitation on the number of committees a member can participate in.

A question on whether we want to have workshops – for example impact assessment workshop – a suggestion by Marty – the funds would be provided $20k – from NIMSS to carry out this workshop. This workshop would be about three hours and a specialized analyst would be paid to assist with the impact assessment of the group’s activities. Marty would do the arrangements – all it would cost is time of the meeting.

It was mentioned that in the past there was nematode ID workshop was offered. Participants were usually students. Another past workshop was on extracting nematodes from soil across different labs – this could be held depending on who is hosting the meeting.

The idea to host a workshop alongside the SCN Coalition’s National Soybean Nematode Conference in December 2022 was proposed. APS would arrange the meeting – with Melissa as the contact local person. However, the admin advised that this would be outside the federal fiscal year. Kaitlyn tabled a motion to have an official remote meeting before Sept; then do a workshop for the group with the SCN Coalition National Soybean Nematode Conference. Nate seconded the motion. In the discussions, Haddish offered to host the group meeting in case the joint meeting with the SCN Coalition’s National Soybean Nematode Conference does not happen. Tamra mentioned that the NC-APS meeting will be in NE June 22-23, 2022. The NC1197 group could hold the meeting June 21. It was suggested that Tom could help with nematode ID workshop. Kaitlin amended motion to have the meeting before the NC-APS meeting: half day on June 20^th and half day nematode ID workshop – Tim seconded - Discussion – it was clarified that the nematode ID workshop would be plant-parasitic nematodes of economic importance in the North Central region. The motion passed unanimously.

Election of the new secretary – Ann nominated Tamra – Tamra accepted to be the new secretary.

Meeting closed at 11:52 am, July 23, 2021.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1197_2021_FinalReport.docx

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) continue to be a major constraint to crop production in the north-central region and beyond. The NC1197 multistate group is assessing strategies for the control of PPNs. Special attention is given to plant-parasitic nematodes of corn and soybean.   Objective 1. Develop, evaluate, improve, and integrate management techniques for plant-parasitic nematodes in the north-central region to increase grower profitability. <ol> <li>Evaluate interactions of plant-parasitic nematodes with germplasm of economically important plants.</li> <li>Assess intraspecific variability in nematode virulence and pathogenicity.</li> <li>Evaluate new commercial products and innovative strategies for the control of SCN, root-lesion and other plant-parasitic nematodes.</li> <li>Develop innovative methods to detect and quantify plant-parasitic nematodes</li> </ol>   Participants in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and North Dakota screened soybean lines for resistance to soybean cyst nematode. In Kansas, 220 advanced breeding soybean lines were screened against SCN resistance in 2020. 87% of the early maturing and 27% of the late maturing were rated resistant or moderately resistant to HG Type 7 SCN screening population while only 26 and 27% of the early and late maturing lines, respectively, were rated resistant or moderately resistant to SCN. They also performed alfalfa cyst nematode trial and found no differences among varieties. They performed root invasion of male and female alfalfa cyst nematode on several hosts and found hairy vetch in addition to alfalfa allowed higher number of males and cyst development. In Minnesota, they evaluated 36 private and public soybean lines against SCN HG type 7 in the greenhouse and all were resistant or moderately resistant to the HG type 7. They also evaluated 13 soybean varieties with Peking as the source of resistance and 10 were resistant or moderately resistant to HG type 2.5.7.  They are a screening Pennycress germplasm against SCN HG type 7. A longer-term study on intraspecific variability in nematode virulence and pathogenicity is still on-going. In Iowa, 207 SCN commercial resistant varieties were evaluated under naturally SCN infested fields. The majority of the varieties had PI88788 resistance while only 16 had Peking resistance. Varieties with Peking resistance had the lowest end of season SCN population densities for all the locations tested.   In Illinois, interaction of plant-parasitic nematodes with perennial Glycine spp was investigated. They found that both Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot), and Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode have both shared and unique interactions along the susceptibility continuum compared with SCN. In some cases, resistance was superior to that found in resistant soybean. No resistance was found to P. penetrans in any perennial Glycine accession.   Participants in North Dakota, Indiana, Kentucky, and Wisconsin performed plant parasitic nematode surveys. North Dakota and Indiana screened for SCN populations for HG types. In North Dakota, out of 73 SCN populations screened, HG type 0 was the most common (36%) followed by HG type 7 (27%) and 2.5.7 (19%). In Indiana, a survey to determine occurrence of HG types in the state was carried out. They report 100% of the 124 soil samples were positive for SCN. HG typing is still on-going.  In Kentucky, surveys for plant parasitic nematodes were performed in soybeans and corn. They found SCN prevalence of 75%. Other plant parasitic nematodes found were dagger nematodes (7% of the fields), 27% of the fields were infested with lance nematodes, 33% were infested with lesion nematodes, 98% were infested with spiral nematodes and 2% were infested with stunt nematodes.  In Wisconsin, 57% of the 629 farms tested in 2019-2020  survey were positive for SCN compared to 17% of the 447 farms tested during the first survey 20 years ago (1989-99). In South Dakota, 35% of the samples tested were SCN positive fields in 2020 (n=310) . In North Dakota, two experiments to evaluate resistance levels of soybean varieties against new species of root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus dakotaensis). The combined results of all the trials indicated that seven of the cultivars were moderately resistant, nine of the cultivars and the local cultivar Barnes were moderately susceptible, and four of the cultivars were susceptible. However, none of the cultivars evaluated were classified as resistant.   In Michigan, parasitic variability (PV) for northern root knot nematode was studied with particular emphasis on how presence or absence of the nematode relates to mineral and muck soils and soil food web (SFW) conditions. This study for the first time established that Meloidogyne hapla was present in disturbed and degraded conditions in both soil groups. On-going are analyses to establish the relationship between PV and SFW and soil biophysicochemical conditions.   Participants from Iowa, Missouri, South Dakota, North Dakota, Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, Kentucky performed nematode protectant seed treatment studies. In Missouri, multiple nematode-protectant seed treatment products were evaluated as part of multi-state trial. At present, approximately 30 site-years of data have been collected across 12 states and 1 Canadian province. In Iowa, 27 field experiments to study nematode-protectant seed treatments on soybean yields and SCN population were done. The 2020 experiments showed variable effect on yield by Aveo, Trunemco and Saltro but no significant effect on SCN reproduction factor. In Kentucky, no differences were observed between nematicide seed treatments compared to the base treatment. In Illinois, Poncho Votivo and iLeVo (fluopyram) were evaluated on corn nematodes and they found the treatments reduced lesion nematode populations during early corn growth. Total plant-parasitic nematode numbers were not affected and we observed no change in yield. In North Dakota, new nematicide Vydate was tested against stubby root nematode, the vectors of the Tobacco rattle virus in potatoes and found Vydate showed significant reduction in the virus incidence and severity. In Minnesota, 7 experimental nematicide seed treatments were evaluated for SCN management in soybeans.   Participants from North Dakota and Wisconsin participated in developing innovative methods to detect and quantify plant parasitic nematodes. A rapid and accurate PCR-based method was developed for detecting and identifying a new species of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus dakotaensis) recently discovered in a soybean field in North Dakota. In Wisconsin, they developed a molecular identification PCR protocol for Pratylenchus spp differentiation.   Objective 2. Determine interactions of nematodes with other pests and pathogens and the impact of nematodes on plant and soil health.   North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin participated in this objective. A micro-plot study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pratylenchus penetrans and Fusarium oxysporum on growth and yield of ‘Red Norland’ potato in North Dakota. Their research demonstrated the potential damage by the presence of both pathogens. In Minnesota, a simulated cold environment in growth chamber and freezer was used to study whether any life stage of SCN in pennycress roots can survive at low temperature and frozen conditions. Experiments were initiated at one field site in 2019, and another field site in 2020 to study effect of planting dates of oilseed cover crop pennycress on the SCN population densities in Corn-Pennycress/Soybean-Corn production systems. In Michigan, they are applying the SFW model to assess the effect of land use and cropping systems on soil health outcomes and using the Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE) model to assess the potential sustainability of the outcomes. In Wisconsin, a study to determine damage function for soybean yield loss due to Pratylenchus penetrans (Pp) was carried out. They quantified the impact of Pp to the early growth and yield of soybean in field and greenhouse conditions. They have also made the first attempt to estimate yield loss caused Prateylenchus spp in soybeans based on counts in soil samples and also greenhouse relative yield loss caused by Pp. They estimated yield loss to be 0.77% across Wisconsin in 2020.   Objective 3. Develop and disseminate research-based information on the biology and management of plant-parasitic nematodes of economically important crops in the NCR.   Iowa, South Dakota, Illinois, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Kansas, Indiana, Missouri, and Kentucky are participating in the 2nd SCN coalition. The 2nd coalition is sponsored by USB, NCSRP and several private Ag industries. The goal of the 2nd coalition is to encourage soybean growers to test their soils so they can know the SCN population in their soils and also to rotate PI88788 SCN resistance with other sources of resistance. In several participating states, testing for SCN is free for soybean producers, courtesy of the checkoff dollars from the respective states. In Kansas, information on level of resistance in commercial soybean cultivars is published annually at <a href="http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/services/crop-performance-tests/soybean/">http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/services/crop-performance-tests/soybean/</a>. The results obtained from this project have been used in classroom training for crop diseases and for training of certified crop advisors. For Minnesota, the SCN research data were used in SCN extension activities at the 2021 University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center Agronomy Field Day (virtual). Also the 2020 SCN variety test data were published in "2020 Soybean Field Crop Trials Results". In Missouri, a SCN webinar series was put on by the University of Missouri and the University of Kentucky over 3, one-hour sessions covering SCN basics, genetics, and management during the 2020 winter period. In Iowa, a list of 849 soybean varieties resistant to SCN for 2020 was compiled and made available on the internet.   In Illinois, Dr. Schroeder is currently digitizing the electron micrograph collection of Dr. Burt Endo (USDA). These data comprise approximately 40,000 individual images. His team has scanned approximately 15,000 of these and annotated approximately 1,000.  Annotated images are uploaded to the open access IL Data Bank <a href="https://databank.illinois.edu/">https://databank.illinois.edu/</a>.   All states in the group have given extension talks and published extension articles recommending management practices for plant parasitic nematodes as indicated in the publication list below.   Outputs:   Thirty one peer reviewed publications, 21 Extension articles, and one book chapter published on the biology and management of PPNs.

Publications

Refereed Publications:   <ol> <li>Acharya, K., Yan, G. P., and Berti, M. T. 2020. Evaluation of diverse cover crops as hosts of two populations of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Crop Protection 135: 105205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105205.</li> <li>Acharya, K., Yan, G. P., and Plaisance, A. 2021. Effects of cover crops on population reduction of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Plant Disease 105: 764-769, doi: 10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1778-RE.</li> <li>Alasmary, Z., T. Todd, G.M. Hettiarachchi, T. Stefanovska, V. Pidlisnyuk, K. Roozeboom, L. Erickson, L. Davis and Zhukov, O. 2020. Effect of soil treatments and amendments on the nematode community under Miscanthus growing in a lead contaminated military site. Agronomy 10:1727; doi:10.3390/agronomy10111727.</li> <li>Androwski, R. J., Asad N, Wood J, G., Hofer A, Locke S, Smith C. M., Rose B, and Schroeder, N. E. Mutually exclusive dendritic arbors in C. elegans neurons share a common architecture and convergent molecular cues. PLOS Genetics. 16(9):e1009029</li> <li>Bali, S., Hu, S., Vining, K., Brown, C., Majtahedi, H., Zhang, L., Gleason, C. and Sathuvalli, V. (2021) Nematode Genome Announcement: Draft genome of Meloidogyne chitwoodi, an economically important pest of potato in the Pacific Northwest. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-20-0337-A</li> <li>Bali, S., Zhang, L., Franco, J and Gleason, C. (2021) Biotechnological advances with applicability in potatoes for resistance against root-knot nematodes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 70, 226-233</li> <li>Bali, S., Zhang, L., Franco, J and Gleason, C. (2021) Biotechnological advances with applicability in potatoes for resistance against root-knot nematodes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 70, 226-233</li> <li>Bali,S., Hu, S., Vining, K., Brown, C., Majtahedi, H., Zhang, L., Gleason, C. and Sathuvalli, V. (2021) Nematode Genome Announcement: Draft genome of Meloidogyne chitwoodi, an economically important pest of potato in the Pacific Northwest. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionsorg/10.1094/MPMI-12-20-0337-A</li> <li>Chowdhury, I. A. and Yan, G. P. Development of real-time and conventional PCR assays for identifying a newly named species of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus dakotaensis) on soybean. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 5872, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115872.</li> <li>Haarith D., Kim D. G., Chen S., and Bushley K. E. 2021. Growth chamber and greenhouse screening of promising in vitro fungal biological control candidates for the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Biological Control 160:104635. doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104635.</li> <li>Habteweld, A., Brainard, D. Kravchenko, A. Parwinder, P.S. and Melakeberhan, H. (2020). Characterizing nematode communities in carrot fields and their bioindicator role for soil health. Nematropica 50: 201-210.</li> <li>Habteweld, A., Brainard, D. Kravchenko, A. Parwinder, P.S. and Melakeberhan, H. (2020). Effects of integrated application of plant-based compost and urea on soil food web, soil properties, and yield and quality of a processing carrot cultivar. Journal of Nematology DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-11.</li> <li>Han J, Schroeder NE, and N Kleczewski. 2021. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in Illinois corn fields, 2018 and 2020. Plant Health Progress. Accepted.</li> <li>Handoo, Z. A., Yan, G. P., Kantor, M. R., Huang, D., Chowdhury, I. A., Plaisance, A., Bauchan, G. R., and Mowery, J. D. 2021. Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchus dakotiensis sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a new root-lesion nematode species on soybean in North Dakota, USA. Plants 10: 168, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010168.</li> <li>Harbach, C.J., E.B. Wlezien, and G.L. Tylka. 2021. A mechanistic approach to assessing the potential for cover crops to serve as trap crops for the soybean cyst nematode. Plant Disease 105:1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0964-RE</li> <li>KC, A., Yan, G. P., Acharya, K., Plaisance, A., and Khan, M. F. R. 2021. Occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes in sugarbeet fields of North Dakota and Minnesota. Crop Protection 142: 105503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105503.</li> <li>Lartey, I., A. Kravchenko, T. Marsh, and H. Melakeberhan (2021). Meloidogyne hapla occurrence relative to nematode trophic group abundance and soil food web conditions in soils and regions of selected Michigan vegetable production fields. Nematology 23: <a href="https://DOI.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10091">https://DOI.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10091</a></li> <li>Legner, C.M., G.L. Tylka, and S. Pandey. 2021. Robotic agricultural instrument for automated extraction of nematode cysts and eggs from soil to improve integrated pest management. Scientific Reports 11:3212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82261-w.</li> <li>Mao, L., Liu, Y. J., Zhang, J. J., Okerblad, J., Chen, S. Y., and Johnson, N. C. 2021. Soil biota suppress maize growth and influence root traits under continuous monoculture.  Plant and Soil 461:441-455. doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04848-6.</li> <li>Melakeberhan, H., G. Bonito, A.N. Kravchenko (2021). Application of nematode community analyses-based models towards identifying sustainable soil health management outcomes: A review of the concepts. Soil Systems 5, 32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5020032">https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5020032</a></li> <li>Melakeberhan, H., Z. Maung, L. Lartey, S. Yildiz, J. Gronseth, J. Qi, G.N. Karuku, J.W., Kimenju, C. Kwoseh, and T. Adjei-Gyapong (2021). Nematode community-based soil food web analysis of Ferralsol, Lithosol and Nitosol soil groups in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi reveals distinct soil health degradations. Diversity 13: 101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/d13030101">https://doi.org/10.3390/d13030101</a></li> <li>Saikai, K., and MacGuidwin, A. Difference in lesion formation by male and female Pratylenchus penetrans.  Journal of Nematology 52:1-9. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-090">https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-090</a></li> <li>Saikai, K., and MacGuidwin, A. 2020. Intraspecific variation in phenotypic and phylogenetic features among Pratylenchus penetrans isolates from Wisconsin, USA. Journal of Nematology 52:1-17. :<a href="https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-102">https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-102</a></li> <li>Shi, A. N., Gepts, P., Song, Q. J., Xiong, H. Z., Michaels, T. E., and Chen, S. Y. 2021. Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction for soybean cyst nematode resistance in USDA common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) core collection.  Frontiers in Plant Science 12:624156. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.624156.</li> <li>Subbotin, S. A., Yan, G. P., Kantor, M., and Handoo, Z. 2021. On the molecular identity of Paratylenchus nanus Cobb, 1923 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology 52: 1-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-127.</li> <li>Sun, M., Chen, S., and Kurle, J. 2021. Interactive effects of soybean cyst nematode, arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi, and soil pH on chlorophyll content and plant growth of soybean. Phytobiomes Journal. 10.1094/PBIOMES-03-21-0024-R.</li> <li>Thuo, A. K., Karuku, G. N., Kimenju, J. W., Kariuku, G. M., Wendot, P. K. and Melakeberhan, H. (2020). Seasonal variation of nematode assemblage and diversity on selected soil groups in Kenya: Vertisols, Cambisols and Arenosols. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 23 (2):</li> <li>Thuo, A. K., Karuku, G. N., Kimenju, J. W., Kariuku, G. M., Wendot, P. K. and Melakeberhan, H. (2020). Factors influencing the relationship between nematode communities and edaphic factors on selected soil groups in Kenya: Vertisols, Cambisols and Arenosols. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 23(2):</li> <li>Tylka, G.L. and C.C. Marett. 2021. Known distribution of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in the United States and Canada in 2020. Plant Health Progress 22:72-74. doi.org/10.1094/PHP-10-20-0094-BR.</li> <li>Upadhaya, A., Yan, G. P., Secor, G., and Robinson, A. 2020. Effects of co-inoculation with Pratylenchus penetrans and Fusarium oxysporum on growth and yield of potato cultivar Red Norland. American Journal of Potato Research 97: 246-255. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-020-09770-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-020-09770-8</a>.</li> <li>Vieira, P., Peetz, A., Mimee, B., Saikai, K., Mollov, D., MacGuidwin, A., Zasada, I., and Nemchinov, L. G. 2020. Prevalence of the root lesion nematode virus (RLNV1) in populations of Pratylenchus penetrans from North America.  Journal of Nematology 52:1-10.</li> </ol>   Book chapter: <ol> <li>Inglis, D. A., Riga, E., and Yan, G. P. 2021. Diseases caused by nematodes, Pages 61-66 in Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests, third edition, APS Press, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.</li> </ol>     Extension publications   <ol> <li>Berti, M. and Yan, G. P. Reducing soybean cyst nematode with brown mustard and winter camelina. North Dakota Soybean Council 2020 Research Report.</li> <li>Bissonnette, K.M. Missouri Soybean Disease Guide. 2nd Missouri Soybean Merchandizing Council. Winter 2021.</li> <li>Bissonnette, K.M., Tenuta, A., and Faske, T. Soybean cyst nematode. Crop Protection Network. April 2021</li> <li>Byamukama, E. and Strunk, C. 2019. Consider SCN sampling this spring. SDSU Extension Newsletter published May 2021.</li> <li>Byamukama, E., and Strunk, C. 2020. Fall is a good time to test your soil for SCN. SDSU Extension Newsletter published August 2020.</li> <li>Byamukama, E., Strunk, C., and Tande, E. 2020. Soybean cyst nematode in South Dakota: History, biology and management. Factsheet, SDSU Extension.</li> <li>Chen, S. Strategies for managing the changing HG Types of the soybean cyst nematode.  University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center Agronomy Tour, June 22, 2021. (Virtual</li> <li>Evin, B., Frost, K., Kinkel, L., MacGuidwin, A., Knuteson, D., Gevens, A, Larkin, B. Disease Suppressive Soils <a href="https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education">https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education</a></li> <li>Evin, B., Frost, K., Robinson, A., Pasche, J., Knuteson, D., Gevens, A., MacGuidwin, A., Hao, J. A Brief Overview of Soil-borne Pathogens & Pests in Potato Production Systems  <a href="https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education">https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education</a> </li> <li>Frost, K., Evin, B., Marks, M., MacGuidwin, A., Knuteson, D. Biofumigation:Is it a viable alternative?  <a href="https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education">https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education</a></li> <li>Gleason, C., MacGuidwin, A., and Knuteson, D. Nematodes for Soil Health  <a href="https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education">https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education</a>.</li> <li>Markell, S., Yan, G. P., and Nelson, B. 2020. Soybean cyst nematode distribution in North Dakota. North Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service Publication - Crop and Pest Report. Issue 4: Pp 8-11.</li> <li>Melakeberhan, H. and S. Kekaire (2021). Managing Nematodes, Cover Crops, and Soil Health in Diverse Cropping Systems: MSUE Extension Bulletin (E3457). <a href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/managing-nematodes-cover-crops-and-soil-health-in-diverse-cropping-systems">https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/managing-nematodes-cover-crops-and-soil-health-in-diverse-cropping-systems</a></li> <li>Tylka, G. 2020. Fall is a great time to sample fields for SCN - especially in 2020. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (7 October 2020).</li> <li>Tylka, G. 2020. SCN-resistant soybean varieties for Iowa - by the numbers. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (23 November 2020).</li> <li>Tylka, G. 2020. Soybean varieties with SCN resistance other than PI 88788. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (7 December 2020).</li> <li>Tylka, G. 2021. ISU SCN-resistant Soybean Variety Trial Program results for 2020 (11 January 2021).</li> <li>Tylka, G. 2021. Sampling corn fields to assess potential for yield loss from plant-parasitic nematodes. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (8 June 2021).</li> <li>Tylka, G. 2021. SCN in Iowa: a serious problem that warrants renewed attention. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Management News (11 June 2021).</li> <li>Tylka, G.L. and M. P. Mullaney. 2020. Soybean cyst nematode-resistant soybeans for Iowa. Iowa State University Extension Publication PM 1649, 26 pp. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/extension_pubs/100</li> <li>Tylka, G.L., G.D. Gebhart, C.C. Marett, and M.P. Mullaney. 2020. Evaluation of soybean varieties resistant to soybean cyst nematode in Iowa – 2020. Iowa State University Extension, publication. IPM-52, 24 pp. <a href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/extension_pubs/99">https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/extension_pubs/99</a>.</li> <li>Yan, G. P., Neupane, K., and Plaisance, A. Screening cover crops for managing the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, 2020 Research Reports. Pages 131-143, Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council and Northern Plains Potato Growers Association.</li> </ol>