Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Connecticut (M. Brand)

1. Fruit production has been quantified for several popular Berberis thunbergii(Japanese barberry) cultivars using plants growing in landscape situations. We have found that significant differences exist between cultivars as far as how much fruit they produce, how well the seeds germinate and how vigorous the seedlings are. This work has been recently published in HortScience.
   We established a 3X replicated planting of over 40 cultivars of Japanese barberry and are evaluating fruit production, germination and seedling vigor. Fruit numbers range from 2000 fruits per plant to no fruit per plant depending on the cultivar. These findings suggest that it may be possible to identify some barberry genotypes that present a reduced risk of invasion and others that should be banned due to their high invasive potential. The preliminary results from this study are being published in American Nurseryman.

2. A 3X replicated planting of Euonymus alatus (burning bush) cultivars has been established and preliminary data has been gathered on fruit production of each cultivar. Large differences in fruit production appear to exist between cultivars, but none have proven to be completely sterile. Data collection will continue for 3 more years and germination and seedling vigor testing will begin this fall.

3. Escaped barberry in unmanaged areas are green leaved, so it is commonly believed that popular cultivated barberry forms cannot be responsible for establishment of invasive populations. We have grown seedlings from numerous purple-leaved cultivars and have proven that all purple-leaved forms produce large numbers of green-leaved offspring that are indistinguishable from other green barberry. We have also conducted studies looking at how shade influences expression of purple-leaved phenotype in barberry. We have demonstrated that genetically purple seedlings will appear green at shade levels above 70%, providing further evidence that green feral barberries in the woods could be coming from cultivated purple forms of the species. This work has been published in the Journal of Environmental Horticulture.

4. We have established 3X replicated plantings of Physocarpus opulifolius (eastern ninebark) cultivars that have purple and yellow foliage to evaluate them as potential native alternatives to invasive barberry. The planting contains 10 cultivars and we are quantifying foliage color with a Minolta colormeter and evaluating growth characteristics as well as powdery mildew resistance. A similar replicated planting of Aronia genotypes has been established to determine how suitable this native shrub is as a replacement for invasive burning bush. Ongoing evaluations of Aronia (chokeberry) include growth habit, fall foliage color, and fruit size, color and quantity. Nutraceutical characteristics may also be analyzed in the future.

5. In working toward the production of sterile triploid barberries and euonymus, we have been attempting to produce tetraploids of important cultivars using tissue culture as well as seeds. We have been successful at producing tetraploids of 3 barberry cultivars as well as green and purple seedlings. We have also produce tetraploids of one cultivar of burning bush as well as seedling material. These plants are being grown to flowering size to be used for crosses with diploids.

6. AFLP DNA fingerprinting of barberry is underway to looking at cultivar identification and to determine to what extent purple barberry cultivars have contributed genetics to invasive populations. We have processed samples from 7 invasive populations and 37 cultivars. Analysis of the data is underway and we are also developing a molecular identification key for the cultivars. It appears that some cultivars in the trade may be renames of other cultivars.

7. We have begun harvest of a study where seed from purple and green barberry plants has been sown in 5 different natural environments to determine how well purple seedlings establish and grow in comparison to the typical green form. This work is also looking at the effect of leaf litter and vegetation on establishment.

8. A mail survey of members of the Connecticut Nursery and Landscape Association was completed that determined industry preference for possible solutions to the sale and use of invasive plants. The nursery industry is supportive of marketing native alternative plants and development of genetically-altered sterile forms of invasive plants, but was strongly opposed to invasive plant taxation and bans of economically important invasive plants. This work is in press in HortTechnology.

Delaware (J. Hawk)

The University of Delaware (UDEL) Corn Breeding Program utilizes a broad diversity of maize germplasm available through the USDA-GEM Project, NCRPIS, and other sources to develop inbred lines with improved agronomic performance, enhanced disease and pest resistance, and improved grain quality traits. High yielding lines derived from GEM breeding crosses CUBA164:S1511b and DK212T:N11a10 were identified through multiple year testing and are being further evaluated and/or recycled to improve agronomic and disease performance. Grain composition analyses of DE6, derived from a tropical Brazilian hybrid crossed to inbred N11a, indicated high protein percent in kernels ranging from 16.1 to 19.4 compared to 12.0 to 12.9 percent for B73Ht. A collaborative study between UDEL and the USDA-Ames GEM Project indicated that DKXL212:N11a-139-1-1-1-1, developed at UDEL, had an above average amino acid index. A map-based cloning approach utilizing isogenic lines led to the discovery of Rcg1, a gene for anthracnose stalk rot (ASR) resistance. The Rcg1 gene conveyed ASR resistance in hybrid combinations over a diverse background of germplasm resulting in significantly lower disease symptoms and top dieback scores compared to DE811 isohybrids. The non-colinear nature of Rcg1 provides strong support for the conservation and utilization of exotic germplasm for discovering genes of economic importance.

Illinois (T. Hymowitz)

Evaluation of 16,266 Glycine accessions for production of the immunodominant human allergen P34 resulted in identification of Null P34 and low P34 expression lines, and the genetic basis was elucidated. The isolation and introgression of soybean lines with low allergen levels will provide the basis for soybean varietal develop programs to develop low allergen lines support human nutritional needs.

Indiana (J. Janick)

In 2006, Purdue University released "Adagio" arrugula based on Italian germplasm. Adagio was licensed to the Alf Christianson seed company. Work is progressing on selection for late blooming in Diplotaxis tenuifolia, known as wild arugula.

Iowa State (C. Brummer)

1. We coordinated an evaluation of yellow-flowered alfalfa accessions in collaboration with USDA-ARS in Logan, UT; Ag and Agri-Food Canada, St. Foy, Quebec; South Dakota State Univ.; and USDA-ARS, Mandan, ND.

2. We are coordinating an evaluation of yellow-flowered alfalfa populations derived from a previous PI evaluation. Approximately 8 locations in the US and Canada are participating.

3. We are collaborating with Mike Casler, USDA-ARS in Madison, WI, and Jerry Cherney, Cornell, on an evaluation of native reed canarygrass collections.

4. We are evaluating selection nurseries of orchardgrass populations that are derived from plants selected out of a PI evaluation several years ago.

5. We made selections from a reed canarygrass nursery that was composed of the best PIs identified from a germplasm screening several years ago, in collaboration with Mike Casler.

Kansas State (M. Stamm)

The conservation, management, and utilization of plant genetic resources form the basis for harnessing genetic diversity to create and sustain agricultural production systems. Crop improvements depend on successfully utilizing genes found in germplasm collections such as those in the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS) in Ames, IA. The NC-7 project adds value to the germplasm stored at NCRPIS, encourages utilization of NCRPIS germplasm in cultivar development, and leads to an enhanced crop genetic pool. The Brassicaceae species housed at the NCRPIS are contributing to the accomplishments of the joint Kansas State University and Oklahoma State University canola breeding and production research program. The entire Brassica napus collection was seeded in the field at Manhattan, KS, in the spring of 2003 with the primary goal of determining spring or winter growth habit. Additional agronomic information was collected including taxonomy, flowering date, and heat and cold tolerance. Over the past several years, accessions from NCRPIS have been successfully integrated into the germplasm base needed to develop canola cultivars adapted to the southern Great Plains. These accessions are parent lines in breeding populations and canola-quality cultivars in the advanced stages of evaluation. This material will continue to be utilized and reevaluated over the coming years, and will help solve some of the problems associated with oilseed rape production on the Great Plains. B. napus not only has importance as a food-grade (canola) oil, but also as a feedstock for bio-based energy sources. The efficiency and productivity of our agricultural economy is based on our ability to refine cultivars, reduce inputs, manage production systems, establish markets, and create new end-uses to respond to challenging and ever-changing societal needs.

The canola line KS7436, developed by Kansas State University, was accepted for germplasm release in the summer of 2006 by the K-State Field Crop Variety Review Committee. Seed of this variety will be housed at the NCRPIS in future months. KS7436 possesses a seed oil content of approximately 1 percent higher than 'Wichita' (PI612846).

Michigan (A. Iezzoni)

Cherry leaf spot caused by Blumeriella jaapii is the most prevalent disease of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) in the U.S., requiring multiple chemical applications to control the fungus. Previously we had identified eight P. canescens derived sour cherry selections that were resistant to the sour cherry and sweet cherry (P. avium) isolates of B. jaapii. Tests in 2005 determined that these selections are not only resistant to the sweet and sour cherry leaf spot isolates, but also to isolates from chokecherry (P. virginiana), pin cherry (P. pensylvanica) and forest black cherry (P. serotina). This broadly-based resistance is particularly promising as the fungus is not able to sporulate on these selections and therefore the leaves do not yellow or abscise.

As P. canescens (2n=3D2x=3D16) has half the number of chromosomes as sour cherry (2n=3D4x=3D32), it was necessary to find hybrid resistant selections that have the same chromosome number as sour cherry. Preliminary investigations indicate that two of these selections may be tetraploid meaning that they have the required fertility to produce a large number of progeny when crossed to sour cherry.

Missouri (P. Beuselinck)

Diverse maize genetic resources have been utilized to develop populations for mapping studies and analyses of genetic associations with traits. Use of association genetics analytical tools has supported investigations on the effects of domestication and/or selection on the allelic diversity of maize, and identification of candidate genetic loci. These research efforts may support varietal improvement efforts by ultimately increasing our understanding of the impact of genetic change (fine scale) on trait expression.

Nebraska (D. Baltensperger)

Forty-nine white-flowered sweetclover Melilotus alba Desr.) genetic stocks and N56, a yellow-flowered sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam) genetic stock, were developed jointly by USDA-ARS and the Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Nebraska-Lincoln and were jointly released. Waxy proso has been approved for release by cultivar release committee. Seed has been increased and should be available for commercial production in the spring. A new Canada wildrye cultivar will be released as well as several Canada wildrye germplasms that can be grown as source identified and tested cultivars. These germplasms and cultivars trace to plant collections that were made from remnant North American prairies sites in 1989. Germplasm releases of the native legumes, Partridge pea and Illinois bundle flower are pending. We have developed populations from more than 20 crosses that differ only in selection for waxy starch that will be valuable for genetic studies. We are releasing a new Niger thistle variety as well as canary seed germplasm and an amaranth variety this year.

North Dakota (B. Johnson)

Screening of nine new crop species was conducted near Prosper, ND. The new crops were adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi], mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], borage (Borago officinalis L.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. x C. lanceolata f. silenoides W.T. Aniton, line PSR23), echium (Echium plantagineum L.), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.), guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub], and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Borage, cuphea, echium, evening primrose, mung bean, and quinoa exhibited agronomic deficiencies related to stand establishment, plant lodging, late and prolonged flowering and maturity, seed shatter, low yield, and low harvest index. Adzuki bean and camelina produced moderate yields with few agronomic concerns. Crop modeling for cuphea seed development indicated physiological maturity required approximately 270 Celsius growing degree days post-anthesis. Seed treatment, fertility, and harvest management studies for cuphea are in the second field season.

Impact:

Screening of potential new crops is crucial for identifying those that show potential for future commercialization in various product sectors. This may require years or perhaps even decades in a new region. Such is the history of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and more recently canola (Brassica napus L.) in North Dakota. These were new crops 15 to 40 years ago, but they are now major crops grown in North Dakota and the surrounding region contributing to the states strong agricultural economy. Cuphea growth staging, and fertility and harvest management guidelines, are essential for successful cuphea production. Recent focus of oilseed crops as biofuels has increased due to uncertainty in crude oil availability from middle east countries. Consequently an emphasis on identifying biofuel crops (conventional and new) will become a large factor in the U.S. effort to become energy independent from foreign crude oil supplies.

South Dakota (A. Boe)

From 1998 through 2006, more than 180 PIs of yellow-flowered alfalfa (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata) were evaluated in transplanted rows at Aurora, South Dakota for forage production, growth habit, phenology, flower color, persistence, spread by rhizomes, and height. Considerable variation was found among PIs for all traits. Beginning in 2007, selections will be made among and within PIs for development of populations to be evaluated for improving rangelands and pastures in South Dakota. These selected populations will be compared with naturally selected strains from rangelands and elite grazing- and hay-type cultivars for survival and production in semiarid environments. It is expected that multiple genotypes from several PIs will be useful for cultvar development.

From 2002 through 2004, more than 40 PIs of meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) were evaluated for forage production in transplanted at Brookings, South Dakota. Twenty-two randomly selected plants from 1 cycle of random mating of these PIs were established in a clonal nursery at Aurora, SD in 2006. Seed collected from these plants starting in 2007 will be used to establish half-sib family nurseries and small sward plots for evaluation of forage yield and quality, lodging resistance, and disease resistance. Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities will be calculated to provide estimates of additive and non-additive gene action. Meadow foxtail is winterhardy and one of the first grasses to green up and reach anthesis in the northern Great Plains. It has potential to be harvested for hay in early June and the regrowth stockpiled for grazing during mid summer or during fall and winter. However, resistance to fungal pathogens and lodging need to be improved to protect palatability of stockpiled forage in the fall and winter. This population of meadow foxtail developed from PIs will provide important information on the palatability issue.

The core collection of red clover was recently evaluated for frequency of the no-mark leaflet allele and phenotypic variation for seed color (Bortnem and Boe, 2002, 2003). The sixth cycle of phenotypic recurrent selection for no-mark leaflets and purple seed was completed in 2006. The resulting population will be registered as germplasm and seed will be available for genetic studies in 2007.

Wisconsin (W. Tracy)

In 2006 we screened germplasm from NCRPIS as well as other locations for resistance to MDMV, northern leaf blight (E. turcicum) and common rust (P. sorghi). We will probably release some virus resistant lines this fall or next spring. In 2005 we released 10 sweet corn inbreds derived in part from germplasm maintained by NCRPIS. We also used a collection of pointed pops from NCRPIS to study the origin of Country Gentleman, an important old inbred. The NCRPIS collection was also instrumental in a research on the origin of the sugary1 allele in sweet corn.

Accomplishments of the NCRPIS and Progress of Work

Objective 1 -- Cooperate and participate in the NPGS, a coordinated national acquisition and management program for plant germplasm valuable for agricultural, horticultural, environmental, medical and industrial uses in the North Central Region and the U.S. In this role, promote cooperation among elements of the NPGS, and the SAES of the North Central Region.

1. The NCRPIS now maintains 48,314 accessions, 377 of which were acquired during the period 8/1/2005 - 7/31/2006. These included quinoa, wild and cultivated Helianthus, expired plant variety protected maize inbred lines, chicory, medicinal plants, Daucus and ornamentals. Seventy four percent of the collections are available.
   1. Oilseeds Curator Laura Marek acquired 45 accessions of H. pumilus and one each of H. annuus and H. nuttallii ssp nuttallii; these were collected in Colorado and Wyoming in August, 2005 by Dr. Marek, Dr. Seiler, and Dr. Gulya. Three additional H. pumilus accessions from Colorado were collected by two cooperators and donated in August. Seven H. deserticola accessions were collected in Nevada in July 2005 by a cooperating BLM scientist and donated in August. One H. carnosus accession, collected by botanists from the Bok Historic Sanctuary in Florida, was donated in November 2005. The new sunflower accessions include twelve taxa, five of which previously had no accessions available for distribution. An increased interest by the sunflower research community in wild Helianthus germplasm has resulted in the CGC approved goal of acquiring accessions representative of the complete geographic distribution of all 66 Helianthus taxa. : Seven Brassica napus accessions originally received by the NPGS in 1985 and 1986 from Svalof Weibull AB, Sweden came off PVP protection in 2005 and were received from NCGRP. One Brassica napus still under CSR protection was received from the University of Idaho. One accession of Cuphea carthagenensis was collected in North Carolina by Dr. Joe-Ann McCoy during the fall of 2005.

   2. Medicinal Plants Curator Joe-Ann McCoy, in collaboration with botanists, Dr. Chick Gaddy, Patrick McMillan, and Dr. Richard Porcher, coordinated a trip in September 2005 which resulted in 20 new accessions. This collection trip covered portions of western North Carolina and the coastal plains and Piedmont sections of South Carolina. The main emphasis of the trip was the collection of native Hypericum germplasm; Federally endangered Echinacea laevigata, was also collected.

2. About 1,620 accessions were cultivated for regeneration (and 1,290 were harvested) in Ames, IA, Salinas, CA, Oregon, Parlier, CA, Ponce, PR, Kauai, HI, and St. Croix, Virgin Islands to make this germplasm available to the scientific community. Over 1030 of these were grown in cages using insect pollinators.

Objective 2 -- Conserve seed or vegetative stock of more than 1900 plant taxa and 330 genera.

1. Over 1,620 accessions were grown for regeneration. One annual teosinte, the only active accession in NPGS of Zea nicaraguensis was made available.

2. The seed viability of 3,991 accessions was tested, or about 8% of the collection.

3. Approximately 964 accessions were backed up in at the National Center for Genetic Resource Preservation (NCGRP) in Ft. Collins, CO; 78% of the collection is now backed up.

4. Seed storage personnel stored 1,865 accessions and reviewed inventory counts of another 6,049.

5. The NCRPIS' regeneration program was assisted by the following entities:
   1. Maize - Dupont / Pioneer Hi-Bred in Kauai; ICIA, Ponce, PR; Carlos Hernandez, C&H Farms, Ponce, PR; USDA-ARS, St. Croix, Virgin Islands.

   2. Daucus - Rob Maxwell, Seminis Seeds, ID; Roger Freeman, Nunhems Inc. (formerly Sunseeds), OR; Phil Simon, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI.

   3. Spinacia - Larry Gautney, Sakata Seed America, Inc., CA.

   4. Petroselinum - Phil Simon, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI.

   5. Helianthus - Maria Jenderek, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA.

Objective 3 -- Within the North Central Region, throughout the U.S. and internationally, encourage the use of a broad diversity of germplasm to reduce crop genetic vulnerability. Through characterization and evaluation activities, provide information to enhance the value and utility of the collections

1. Distributions:
   1. 7,272 accessions (12,514 items) were distributed (external to the NCRPIS) to 545 domestic recipients. Of 746 domestic orders, 341 were distributed to recipients in the NC CSREES region, 76 to the NE region, 197 to the S region, and 132 to the W region.

   2. Internationally, 7,276 accessions (8,948 items) were distributed to 181 recipients (218 orders).

   3. Combined external domestic and international distributions were made of 12,766 accessions (21,462 items) to 726 recipients.

   4. Internal to the NCRPIS, 8,339 unique accessions were utilized viability testing, observation, regeneration, phytosanitary testing, and backup.

2. Internally, 1,826 accessions were observed and evaluated for various characteristics. Over 28,273 data point observations were loaded to the Germplasm Resource Information Network, or GRIN, database.

3. Digital images were captured on 4,050 accessions, and over 1,722 were transferred to GRIN, facilitated by new automated image capture and loading software. While newly captured images are transferred soon after capture, a backlog of older images require transfer.

4. The CDs of the Races of Maize Monograph Collection have been completed and will be sent out upon request by Curator Mark Millard. This version includes the Spanish version of the Races of Maize for Mexico, Raza de Maiz en México.

5. Curator Joe-Ann McCoy completed development of a database which catalogs cited medicinal uses of plant taxa from a variety of sources and availability from plant genetic resource collections. This database will be publicly available in fall of 2006.

6. Maize was evaluated by our plant pathologist, Charlie Block, for Stewarts wilt, gray leaf spot, anthracnose, and other diseases as opportunities allowed. Dupont/Pioneer Hi-Bred Intl. tested a portion of the maize holdings in their ear mold screen trials in CA, and in corn rootworm and Northern Leaf Blight resistance screening trials in IA.

7. D. Kovach, Agronomist, collaborated with SharonMcClurg of NCRPIS and Susan Stieve of OPGC to test the utility of x-ray digital imagery in estimating the degree of chalcid infestation in coriander seed. Correlations between results obtained via image analysis and fruit dissection were significant. They also demonstrated that use of liquid nitrogen treatment methods effectively destroy chalcids in coriander seed.

8. Preliminary experiments were conducted on breaking seed dormancy in wild Helianthus and Echinacea. Some promising results were seen for seed using smoke water and GA3. However, these treatments were not promising for wild Helianthus seed.

9. Vegetable Curator Kathy Reitsma and Pathologist Charlie Block continue to monitor the effectiveness of the cage program in reducing the incidence of and/or delaying the transmission of squash mosaic virus and other insect vectored diseases in the cucurbits.

10. A 2-year observation planting of all available Cichorium accessions was direct seeded in the spring of 2006 so that the collection may be characterized and accession taxonomy verified.

11. Pathologist Block collaborated with researchers at ISU and the Univ. of GA to develop immuno-magnetic capture (IMS) and RT-PCR identification of Pantoea stewartii and Acidovorax avenae from intact, washed seeds.

12. Horticulturist Mark Widrlechner is developing descriptor lists for Calendula, a crop with ornamental, medicinal, and industrial uses, and for Potentilla.

13. Coriandrum germplasm evaluation project was conducted by P. Lopez which utilized AFLP-marker systems to study patterns of genetic diversity, and, with T. Isbell, USDA-NCAUR, IL, evaluated fatty-acid composition in its seed oils.

14. Curator Brenner released two ornamental amaranth varieties for cut flower use, Pillar Orange and Pillar Red; these varieties do not shed seeds due to a rare trait -- the seed cases lack an abscission zone at the equator, thus remaining closed. Please see http://= www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/cad/amaranth.html.

Objective 4 -- Contribute to understanding of plant-environment interactions.

1. The NC-7 Horticultural Trial network evaluated five new accessions of trees and shrubs in 18 environments for adaptation, aesthetic, and growth habit, and made recommendations as to suitability of plants from past trials for landscape use or need for further evaluation. These five accessions were also shared with 11 public gardens. Much of the evaluation work is conducted by SAES personnel, and the evaluation data are used to match landscape plants with appropriate sites, and to inform us about the climatic and edaphic factors that influence woody plant adaptation.

2. Horticulturist Mark Widrlechner provided technical oversight for a team charged with developing the new US Plant Zone Hardiness Map.

3. Given the serious threat caused by the introduction of Emerald Ash Borer to the North Central Region, additional attention is being given to collection and conservation strategies and regeneration of Fraxinus germplasm.

4. Management of tropical maize germplasm in Ames, IA is challenging. As tropically adapted materials are moved north of their area of adaptation, daylength and other seasonal factor differences can result in very tall, spindly plants that are extremely difficult to pollinate, lodge or do not flower until the daylength shortens in September. Maize Curator Millard and the GEM Project Coord., M. Blanco, conducted shading/daylength control field experiments to determine if height and time to flowering can be reduced to manage and regenerate plant germplasm in Ames.

5. V.M. Cruz completed research with associated molecular markers with reproductive life forms of annual and biennial Brassica napus.

6. V. Cruz determined that pollen flow occurs between regeneration cages of B. napus at a low frequency; resulting progeny fall within AOSCA seed purity standards.

Objective 5 -- Educate students, scientists and the general public regarding plant germplasm resource issues. Utilize outreach opportunities, publications and presentation targeted for scientific, industry, and popular audiences.

1. Tours were conducted for over 300 station visitors in 2005, including students of all ages, researchers, educators, and international agricultural officials. Tours were provided to 30 ISU students enrolled in the Botany 202 classes to educate them on the importance of germplasm collections.

2. Outreach activities included field days and classroom presentations in grade school and secondary school science classes by a variety of personnel. The Iowa Honey Producers meeting was held at the Plant Introduction Station in July. Over fifty honey producers were educated on the effectiveness of Russian Honeybees resistance to mites.

3. Research results were published in a variety of scholarly and peer-reviewed journals.

Objective 6 -- Conduct research and develop institutional infrastructure needed to attain the preceding objectives efficiently and effectively.

1. IT Specialist Peter Cyr and Maize Curator Mark Millard released a software application which automates the capture of digital images and loading to the GRIN database to all interested NPGS users; this tool greatly simplifies the processes and saves time.

2. P. Cyr developed a prototype Accession Performance Reporting system which enables genetic resource requestors to report on the quality of the materials, research findings and impacts via a web interface.

3. P. Cyr developed software applications which enable transfer of data from handheld PCs directly to GRIN, and enable curators to request pollinator insect addition/removal in regeneration cages and the entomology staff to monitor status of needed pollinator services.