Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

This years NC-1034 research symposium Agricultural Research, Intellectual Property and Incentives for Innovation was held in conjunction with the Jenny Lanjouw Memorial Conference at the University of California, Berkeley on March 30-31, 2007. Along with presentations by project participants, the NC-1034 symposium featured a presentation by Dr. Don Siegel on assessing the performance of university technology transfer in the U.S. and the U.K. Dr. Siegel is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Associate Dean of the A. Gary Anderson Graduate School of Management at the University of California at Riverside, a co-editor of the Journal of Technology Transfer, an international journal devoted to the managerial and policy implications of technology transfer. He also serves as President of the Technology Transfer Society, a non-profit organization devoted to the interdisciplinary scholarly analysis of technology transfer from universities and federal laboratories to firms. Dr. Siegel also spoke to symposium participants about Journal of Technology Transfer and the Technology Transfer Society. The Jenny Lanjouw Memorial Conference included presentations by Jenny's academic collaborators and friends, as well as those from the worlds of law, business and government and international institutions whose interests relate to the topics addressed in Jenny's own work. Topics included value of patents, determinants of patent litigation, estimation of inequality in developing countries, and the relation between intellectual property protection and the welfare of citizens in the poorest countries. Please see full conference program in the Publications link of the NC-1034 home page. The NC-1034 Business Meeting was held on March 30. The meeting was attended by formal NC-1034 participants as well as paper presenters from the research symposium. Administrative Advisor Marshall Martin (Purdue) discussed, for the benefit of non-participants, the process to become an NC-1034 member. He noted that depending on the experiment station, participation may serve as a vehicle for Hatch funding. He noted that the project has been recently renewed and will come up for mid-term review in about 2 years. The project will be subject to independently North Central Advisory Committee review. Martin discussed the difference between NC projects and NCCC and NCERA projects. NC projects involve integrated, often interdisciplinary, and multistate activities; have expected outcomes, including original research results; convey knowledge; and are peer reviewed. A key element here is that research is actually carried out collaboratively by participants across states and that the purpose of meeting is more than information sharing. If major activities are primarily information exchange then NCCCs (NC Coordinating Committees) would be the more appropriate form of organization. Alternatively, NCERAs integrate education (academic and/or extension) and research on a particular topic. George Frisvold (Arizona) that (a) much of NC-1034 activities involves collaborative research across two or more states and (b) he could do more to highlight such collaboration in annual reports (please see Accomplishments section of the annual report). Martin discussed three proposals before Congress regarding agricultural research funding. The Administrations USDA 2007 Farm Bill Proposals: Title VIIResearch. www.usda.gov/documents/07finalfbp.pdf calls for re-organizing USDA research agencies and establishing new competitive grant funding mechanisms for national priority areas. It also would establish an annual $50 million Agricultural Bioenergy and Bio-Based Products Research Initiative. A USDA panel led by William Danforth, Chancellor Emeritus of Washington University proposed establishing a National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) within USDA. A draft of the proposal is available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/00000000/NATIONAL.doc . Martin also discussed the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges (NASULGC) proposal, Creating Research, Extension, and Teaching Excellence for the 21st Century (CREATE-21) www.create-21.org/. CREATE-21 would also establish a NIFA, but also provide capacity funding along with increased competitive grant funding. There was then general discussion of levels and mechanisms of funding for agricultural research being proposed for the new farm bill. There was also discussion about the best ways to report impacts of research. Participants also discussed possible themes and venues for the 2008 NC-1034 research symposium. Topics included biofuels and energy, evaluation of natural resource management research, and research on nutrition. A motion was introduced and passed to hold the 2008 NC-1034 research symposium in spring in Washington, DC (possibly at the USDA-Economic Research Service) on the topic of evaluating research on biofuels and renewable energy development. David Zilberman (UC-Berkeley), GianCarlo Moschini (Iowa State University) and John King (USDA-ERS) volunteered to form the symposium planning committee. Finally, motions were introduced and passed to elect George Frisvold (Arizona) president and Jeremy Foltz (Wisconsin) secretary of NC-

This fiscal year the project produced more than 60 peer-reviewed journal articles book chapters, and books (see attached publications list). Of these publications, 20 were co-authored by two or more NC-1003 participants from different institutions, working collaboratively. Revised papers from the 2005 conference were published this year in the edited volume Just, R.E., J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman (eds). The Economics of Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnologies. Springer-Verlag publishers, 2006. Regular edited volumes published by NC-1034 participants, focusing on particular themes is a key way to stimulate member collaboration, obtain peer responses and suggestions, and focus research on specific problem areas. Other examples of collaboration among NC-1034 members include: (1) a special issue of AgBioForum on Innovation and Dynamic Efficiency in Agricultural Biotechnology guest edited James F. Oehmke, Carl Pray, and Anwar Naseem. (2) a pre-conference workshop on Biosciences and Biotechnology Policy convened by Julian Alston and Phil Pardey in conjuction with the International Association of Agricultural Economists 2006 meetings. (3) a special report to the Gates Foundation on biofortification co-authored by C. Juma, R. Paarlberg, C. Pray and L. Unnevehr. (4)Choices article "Winners and Losers: Formula versus Competitive Funding of Agricultural Research," by W.E. Huffman, G. Norton, G. Traxler, G. Frisvold, and J. Foltz. NC-1034 participants have also included multi-disciplinary collaborations with scientists if fields of agronomy, animal science, biochemistry, biotechnology, crop science, entomology, forestry, law, plant biology, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant science, psychology, range science, and weed science.

Publications Alston, J.M., K.J. Bradford, and N. Kalaitzandonakes. The Economics of Horticultural Biotechnology. Journal of Crop Improvement (special volume entitled Transgenic Approaches for Horticultural/Ornamental Crop Improvement) 18,2 (2006): 413-431. Alston, J.M., S. Dehmer, and P.G. Pardey. International Initiatives in Agricultural R&D: The Changing Fortunes of the CGIAR. Chapter 12 in Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and R.R. Piggott eds., Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Too Little, Too Late? Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006. Alston, J.M., R.E. Just and D. Zilberman. What Have We Learned, and Where Do We Go From Here? Chapter 30 of R.E. Just, J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman (eds). Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy. New York: Springer-Verlag publishers, 2006. Alston, J.M. and P.G. Pardey. Agricultural productivity. From Part D.a, Economic Sectors, agriculture (Olmstead, Alston, Gardner, Pardey, Rhode, and Sumner, eds.) in Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present, Carter, Gartner, Haines, Olmstead, Sutch, and Wright, eds. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 4.19 to 4.27, 2006. Alston, J.M. and P.G. Pardey; A.K.A. Acquaye, contributor. [Tables] Productivity and investment. From Part D.a, Economic Sectors, agriculture (Olmstead, Alston, Gardner, Pardey, Rhode, and Sumner, eds.) in Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present, Carter, Gartner, Haines, Olmstead, Sutch, and Wright, eds. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 4.193 to 4.225, 2006. Alston, J.M. and P.G. Pardey. Developing-Country Perspectives on Agricultural R&D: New Pressures for Self-Reliance? Chapter 2 in Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and R.R. Piggott eds., Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Too Little, Too Late? Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006. Alston, J.M., P.G. Pardey, and R.R. Piggott. Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Synthesis of Themes and Policy Issues. Chapter 13 in Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and R.R. Piggott, eds. Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Too Little, Too Late? Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006. Alston, J.M., P.G. Pardey, and R.R. Piggott. Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Introduction and Overview. Chapter 1 in Pardey, P.G., R.R. Piggott, and J.M. Alston, eds. Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Too Little, Too Late? Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006. Bradford, K.J., J.M. Alston, and N. Kalaitzandonakes. Regulation of Biotechnology for Horticultural Crops. Chapter 29 of R.E. Just, J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman (eds). Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy. New York: Springer-Verlag publishers, 2006. Bulut, H. and Moschini, G., "Patents, Trade Secrets and the Correlation among R&D Projects," Economics Letters 91(2006):131-137. Butt, T.A., B.A. McCarl, and A.O. Kergna, "Policies For Reducing Agricultural Sector Vulnerability To Climate Change In Mali," Climate Policy, Volume 5, 583-598, 2006. Chen, Zhuo and Wallace Huffman. "County-level Agricultural Production Efficiency in China: A Spatial Analysis," in Xiao-Yuan Dong, Shufeng Song and Xiaobo Zhang, Eds., China's Agricultural Development, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing 2006. Chen, Zhou, W.E. Huffman, and S. Rozelle, Farm Technology and Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Four Regions in China. Iowa State University, Department of Economics Working Paper # 06022, May 2006. Edwin, J. and W.A. Masters, "Genetic Improvement and Cocoa Yields in Ghana" (2005). Experimental Agriculture, 41(4, Oct.): 491-503. Frisvold, G. Bt Resistance Management: The Economics of Refuges. In R. Just, D. Zilberman, and J. Alston (eds.) Economics of Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnologies. Norwell, MA: Springer. 2006. Frisvold, George, Jeanne Reeves, and Russell Tronstad. Bt Cotton Adoption in The United States and China: International Trade and Welfare Effects 2006 AgBioForum, 9(2): 69-78. Frisvold, George, Russell Tronstad and Jeanne Reeves. International Impacts of Bt Cotton Adoption. In R. E. Evenson and V. Santaniello (eds.) International Trade and Policies for Genetically Modified Products. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing, 2006, pp. 191-199. Gouse, Marnus Carl Pray, David Schimmelpfennig, & Johann Kirsten. (2006). Three seasons of subsistence insect-resistant maize in South Africa: Have smallholders benefited?. AgBioForum, 9(1), 15-22. Graff, Gregory, Roland-Holst, David, and David Zilberman. 2006. "Agricultural Biotechnology and Poverty Reduction in Low-Income Countries." World Development 34, no. 8: 1430-1445. Hareau, Guy G, Bradford Mills, and George W. Norton, The Potential Benefits of Herbicide Resistant Transgenic Rice in Uruguay: Lessons for Small Developing Countries, Food Policy, 31 (2006): 162-179. Heisey, P. and David Schimmelpfennig. 2006. "Regulation and the Structure of Biotechnology Industries", Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy, R.E. Just, J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman, eds. Springer Publishers: New York, NY. Hennessy, D., and Moschini, G., "Regulatory Actions under Adjustment Costs and the Resolution of Scientific Uncertainty," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88(2)(May 2006):308-323. Huang, Jie, Ruifa Hu, Carl E. Pray, and Jikun Huang. "Application for Protection of New Plant Variety in China and the Determinant Factors." (in Chinese) Chinese Rural Economy. Vol 5, 2005 (Serial No.245) pp. 47 - 53. Huffman, W.E. and R.E. Evenson. Do Formula or Competitive Grant Funds Have Greater Impacts on State Agricultural Productivity? Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 88(2006):783-798. Huffman, W.E., G. Norton, G. Traxler, G. Frisvold, and J. Foltz. "Winners and Losers: Formula versus Competitive Funding of Agricultural Research," Choices 21(4), 4th Quarter 2006, pp. 269-274. Huffman, W.E. and R.E. Evenson. Science for Agriculture: A Long Term Perspective, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing 2006. Foreword to 2nd edition: V.W. Ruttan. Huffman, W.E. and M. Rousu. Consumer Attitudes and Market Resistance to Biotech Products. In R.E. Just, Julian Alston, and D. Zilberman, Eds. Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business 2006, pp. 201-226. Huffman, W.E. Economics of Intellectual Property Rights in Plant Materials. Iowa State University, Department of Economics Working Paper #06016. April 6, 2006. Johnson, M.E., W.A. Masters and P.V. Preckel, "Diffusion and Spillover of New Technology: A Heterogeneous-Agent Model for Cassava in West Africa" (2006), Agricultural Economics, 35(2), 119-129. Juma, C., Paarlberg, R., Pray, C. and Unnevehr, L. Introducing Biofortified Foods into Developing Countries: An Analysis of the Political Landscape, POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Report to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, November 2006. Just, David R., Wolf, Steven A., and David Zilberman. 2006. "Effect of Information Formats on Information Services: Analysis of Four Selected Agricultural Commodities in the USA." Agricultural Economics 35, no. 3: 289-301. Just, R.E., J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman (eds). Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy. Washington DC: Kluwer-Verlag, 2006. Just, R.E., J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman. Introduction and Overview. Chapter 1 of R.E. Just, J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman (eds). Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy. New York: Springer-Verlag publishers, 2006. Kalaitzandonakes, N., Alston, J.M., and K.J. Bradford. Compliance Costs for Regulatory Approval of New Biotech Crops. Chapter 3 of R.E. Just, J.M. Alston, and D. Zilberman (eds). Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy. New York: Springer-Verlag publishers, 2006. Kazianga, H. and W.A. Masters, "Property Rights, Production Technology and Deforestation: Cocoa in Cameroon" (2006), Agricultural Economics, 35(1), 19-26. Kostandini, Genti, Bradford Mills, and George W. Norton, Potential Impact of Tobacco Bio-Pharming: The Case of Human Serum Albumin, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88 3(2006): 671-679. Lambert, David K., and Eric DeVuyst. The Expected Value of Genetic Information in Livestock Feeding (Abstract). Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 31(December 2006):687. Lambert, David K., Eric A. DeVuyst, and Charles B. Moss. The Expected Value of Genetic Information in Livestock Feeding. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report No. 576. January 2006. Liu, Q. and C.R. Shumway. Geographic Aggregation and Induced Innovation in American Agriculture. Applied Economics, 38 (April 10, 2006):671-82. Mamaril, Cezar B. and George W. Norton, Economic Evaluation of Transgenic Pest-Resistant Rice in the Philippines and Vietnam, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 45, 2(2006): 127-144. Masters, W.A. "Paying for Prosperity: How and Why to Invest in Agricultural Research and Development in Africa" (2005), Journal of International Affairs, 58(2): 35-64. Masters, W.A. "Research Prizes: A New Kind of Incentive for Innovation in African Agriculture" (2005), International Journal of Biotechnology 7(1/2/3): 195-211. Moschini, G., "Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Traits in Genetically Modified Crops: Coexistence with Conventional Agriculture," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88(5)(2006), 1184-1192. Moschini, GianCarlo and Harvey Lapan, "Labeling Regulations and Segregation of First- and Second-Generation GM Products: Innovation Incentives and Welfare Effects," Book chapter in: Just, Zilberman and Alston, Economics of Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnologies, New York, Springer Publishers, 2006 Naseem, A., Oehmke, J.O., Schimmelpfennig, D. 2005. "Does plant variety intellectual property protection improve farm productivity? Evidence from cotton varieties," AgBioForum, 8(2&3), 100-107. Nevitt, J., Mills, B.F., Reaves, D.W., & Norton, G.W., Public perceptions of tobacco biopharming. AgBioForum, 9(2)(2006): 104-110. Norton, G., J. Alwang and W.A. Masters, Economics of Agricultural Development (2006). New York: Routledge. Norton, G.W. and S.R. Francisco, Seed System, Biotechnology, and Nutrition, Chapter 5 in A. Balasacan and L. Sebastian, (eds), Ensuring Rice Security for All: Issues, Constraints, and Policy Directions, SEARCA, Los Banos, Philippines, 2006. Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, C. Chan-Kang, E.C. Magalhães, P.G. Pardey, and S.A. Vosti. International and Institutional R&D Spillovers: Attribution of Benefits Among Sources for Brazils New Crop Varieties. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88(1)(February 2006): 104-123. Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and N.E. Beintema. Agricultural R&D Spending at a Critical Crossroads. Farm Industry Journal 3(1)(February 2006): 1-10. Pray, Carl E., Ramu Govindasamy and Ann Courtmanche (2006) "The Importance of Intellectual Property Rights in the International Spread of Private sector Agricultural Biotechnology." The ICFAI Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol III, No.3, July 2006, 7-21. Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and R.R. Piggott. Shifting ground: Agricultural R&D worldwide. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 6 pp, 2006. Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and R.R. Piggott eds. Agricultural R&D Policy in the Developing World: Too Little, Too Late? Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006. Pray, Carl E., Bharat Ramaswami, Jikun Huang, Prajakta Bengali, Ruifa Hu and Huazhu Zhang (2006) "Costs and Enforcement of Biosafety Regulation in India and China. International Journal of Technology and Globalization. Vol.2, Nos.1/2. 2006. 137-157. Pray, Carl E., Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu, Qihuai Wang, Bharat Ramaswami, and Prajakta Bengali Benefits And Costs Of Biosafety Regulation in India and China" in R.E. Just,. J.M. Alston, D. Zilberman (Eds.) Regulating Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics and Policy Springer: New York, 2006. Qaim, Matin, Subramanian, Arjunan, Naik, Gopal, and David Zilberman. 2006. Adoption of Bt Cotton and Impact Variability: Insights from India." Review of Agricultural Economics 28, no. 1: 48-58. Roberts, Michael and David Schimmelpfennig How Public Information Creates Value: A Case Study of USDAs Soybean Rust Coordinated Framework Amber Waves April 2006. Schimmelpfennig, David E., Christopher J. ODonnell, and George W. Norton, Efficiency Effects of Agricultural Research in the United States, Agricultural Economics, 34 3 (2006): 273-280. Schneider, U.A., and B.A. McCarl, "Appraising Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potentials: Effects of Alternative Assumptions," Agricultural Economics, 35, 277-287, 2006. Smith, P., D. Martino, Z. Cai, D. Gwary, H.H. Janzen, P. Kumar, B.A. McCarl, F. O'Mara, C. Rice, R. Scholes, O. Sirotenko, M. Howden, T. McAllister, S.M. Ogle, G. Pan, V. Romanenkov, U.A. Schneider, and S. Towprayoon, "Influence of climate and non-climate policy on implementation of agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation options," Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118, 6-28, 2006. Traxler, Greg The GMO experience in North and South America, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 2006 - Vol. 2, No.1/2 pp. 46  64. Wright, Brian D. and Philip G. The evolving rights to intellectual property protection in the agricultural biosciences, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 2006 - Vol. 2, No.1/2 pp. 12  29. Wright, Brian D. and Philip G. Pardey Changing intellectual property regimes: implications for developing country agriculture, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 2006 - Vol. 2, No.1/2 pp. 93  114.