Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/03/2008] [03/05/2009] [04/07/2010] [04/06/2011] [02/16/2012] [04/23/2013]

Report Information

Participants

"Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu)-University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture"; "Taylor, David (dave.taylor@ars.usda.gov)- USDA"; "Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu)- Louisiana State University"; "Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu)- North Carolina State University"; "Martin, Gregory (gpm10@psu.edu) - Penn State University"; "Hinkle, Nancy (NHinkle@uga.edu)- University of Georgia"; "Berkebile, Dennis (dberkebile1@unl.edu)- University of Nebraska-Lincoln"; "Geden, Chris (chris.geden@ars.usda.gov)- USDA"; "Rutz, Don (dar11@cornell.edu)- Cornell University"; "Brewer, Gary (gbrewer2@unl.edu)-University of Nebraska-Lincoln"; "Johnson, Greg (gdj@montana.edu)- University of Montana"; "Lofton, Kelly (kloftin@uaex.edu)- University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension"; "Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu)- Kansas State University"; "Olafson, Pia (pia.olafson@ars.usda.gov)- USDA"; "Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu)- University of Minnesota"; "Gerhardt, Reid (rgerhard@utk.edu)- University of Tennessee-Knoxville"; "Strickman, Daniel (Daniel.strickman@ars.usda.gov)- USDA"; "Kaufman, Phil (pkaufman@ufl.edu)- University of Florida"; "Broce, Alberto (abroce@ksu.edu)- Kansas State University"; "Hogsette, Jerry (jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu)- USDA, University of Florida".

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting called to order at 8:30 by Wes Watson, Chair.


Minutes of SDS-322 were approved. A round of self-introduction followed. In Attendance: David Taylor, Lane Foil, Wes Watson, Gregory Martin, Nancy Hinkle, Dennis Berkebile, Chris Geden, Don Rutz, Gary Brewer, Greg Johnson, Kelly Loftin, Ludek Zurek, Pia Olafson, Roger Moon, Reid Gerhardt, Daniel Strickman, Phil Kaufman, Alberto Broce, and Jerry Hogsette.


Opening comments were made by Rick Roeder, Administrative Advisor. Local arrangements were outlined. There was a reminder that the minutes are due within 60 days. Directors have requested impact statements within the annual report which is due within 60 days. Reports from participants are due to objective leaders by 1 Feb. and objective leaders will compile reports due to Wes Watson on 15 Feb. The final report will be sent to Dr. Roeder before 1 Mar.


Dan Strickman, ARS National Program Staff, made some general remarks about funding potentials. DOD is proposing to have a workshop on fly control. Active requests for applications include: Integrated Organic (IO), Pest Management Alternatives (PMAP), Crops at Risk (CAR), Risk Avoidance Mitigation Program (RAMP), and Biotechnology Risk Assessment (BRAG). All listed have application to animal agriculture and submissions are welcomed.


Dave Taylor started the meeting on Objective 1. Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal.


Dennis Berkebile is using emergence cages and Alsynite traps to locate larval habitats in Nebraska. Reported capture in mid April for 2004-7 for Alsynite traps with two peaks per year. Emergence traps were deployed in March and had first emergence in May following egg laying in early April. No overwintering flies were found. Alternate developmental larval habitats around mineral stations and waterers were sampled but no developmental sites were found.


Roger Moon presented a 16 year stable fly trapping study in Iowa and there was no pattern consistent among years. Using a day degree model to predict generation times and southerly wind fronts to question whether the first flies were from overwintering larvae or immigrating adults. The analysis showed evidence for immigration of adult flies. The random patterns of adult catches is being probed to determine if climatic data is correlated to population levels and generation times.


Dave Taylor presented data on stable fly mitochondrial DNA variability. Taylor is finding lower variability than Krafsur recently found. Microsatellite loci have also been described and there is high variability in 8 loci, which indicates that microsatellites will be a good tool to identify populations. X-ray fluorescence was used for elemental analysis and the technique was able to differentiate flies from different States using sulfur, chlorine, potassium, zinc, and calcium.


Alberto Broce talked about how to determine overwintering sites by filling railroad tie frames with different media. Larvae were added and the media will be examined next spring.


Future plans: Alberto Broce talked about using neutron activation spectral analysis to determine if elemental profiles can be used to determine origins of flies. This study will be conducted in at least six states. Dave Taylor has need for flies from different states for genetic studies and also plans more work on finding alternate larval habitats.


Objective 1.2 Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments.


Chris Geden compared 9 different house fly traps in 2006 and found that the Terminator was superior. In 2007, Terminator was compared to Flies-be-gone and each trap was best with the attractant that was provided with the trap, but the Terminator was better. Molasses was found to be a good fly attractant and a modification of a bottle trap that could be used by the military was presented.


Nancy Hinkle presented information on control of house flies using traps in three states. The Z-9-tricocene levels of flies in the states were different, which indicated that commercial traps might work differently in different areas. Age structure of flies was compared to control efficacy. Control was achieved in California and younger flies were collected during that period of control.


Future research plans: Greg Martin will be looking at dispersal of house flies among poultry houses and between dairies, possibly using mark-release-recapture techniques and commercial fly traps. There was considerable discussion about techniques for marking and capturing house flies. Greg also will be comparing traps for monitoring house fly populations.


Objective 2. Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens.


Chris Geden fed glowing bacteria to flies and looked at the flies in a flat bed scanner. The green fluorescent bacteria were rapidly transferred to the eyes and guts, and this technique could be used as a method to show movement of pathogens in confined experiments.


Gregory Johnson presented information on WNV in pelicans in Montana. Stable flies were found feeding on moribund chick pelicans, particularly on the head and around the eyes. The stable flies also were shown to be WNV positive by culture.


Wes Watson presented information on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS) transmission by stable flies. Stable flies were fed active and inactivated virus and virus isolation and RT-PCR were used for virus detection. Live virus was detected by PCR and culture at 24 hrs but only by PCR after 24 hours. Flies were fed virus and did not transmit the virus nor was mechanical transmission demonstrated.


Ludek Zurek presented studies on ecology of food-borne pathogens E coli, MRSA, and enterococci. The program deals with habitats of house flies that contribute to pathogen dispersal. Ready to eat food was evaluated for enterococci and whether the bacteria were antibiotic resistant. Prevalence of bacteria was higher in the summer rather than in the winter. Antibiotic resistance was up to 60% for tetracylines. Approximately 97% of collected house flies were positive for bacteria and up to 60% of the flies had antibiotic resistant strains.


Future studies: Ludek will be collecting flies at dairies and screening flies for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Wes will be examining fly specs for bacteria using PCR techniques. He will focus on antibiotic resistant bacteria movement. Chris Geden will release flies with Salmonella contaminated chickens and transfer to control birds to determine the number of flies required to transmit the bacteria. Gregory Johnson will follow the survival of WNV in stable flies.


Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies.


Objective 3.1 Stable flies


Control of immature flies: Don Rutz talked about stable fly management in calf coveralls using parasitoids and showed successful M. raptor and M.raptorellus parasitism of stable flies and reduction of stable fly populations.


Lane Foil talked about larval habitat control using nematodes and permethrin. The nematodes were not effective, but permethrin was effective at the appropriate volume and concentration.


Adult control: Lane Foil presented information on development of treated targets for adult stable fly control. This technology appears promising for integration into IPM of stable flies. Don Rutz showed data indicating a rapid impact on stable flies feeding on cattle after deployment of treated targets but no change in the number of flies on alsynite traps. A general discussion followed about the possibility that female flies feeding on cattle were not sampled by alsynite traps.


Future studies: The use of treated targets to control stable flies feeding on cattle shows promise, but the correct placement of targets relative to the location of cattle remains an area that needs development. Participants for testing targets were solicited.


Objective 3.2 House flies


Biological control: Ptreromalid parasitoids. Kelly Loftin reported on releases in 3 states. In 2006, emeregence was low, but in 2007 emergence was up to 75%. The 2006 problem was commercial quality control. The follow up surveillance with sentinels is underway. Considerable discussion about techniques for parasitoid release and quality control issues followed. Chris Geden talked about using other parasitoids specifically T. zealandicus, a larval parasitoid introduced from New Zealand. Recent surveys show this parasitoid widely distributed in the eastern U.S. Don Rutz reported parasitoid releases in calf coveralls and showed successful parasitism rates in three different years. The fly control levels were promising and producer acceptance was high. This should be a good application for organic farmers. Considerable discussion followed regarding selection of appropriate parasitoid species.


Chemical control: Chris Geden talked about treated targets for house fly control. Imidicloprid treated blue fabric with an olfactory lure were developed. Targets were placed at two farms and olfactory lures tripled the number of flies killed. Future studies are planned to try to establish if the targets can be used as interception devises. Don Rutz reported on baits with B. bassiana. Average spot counts showed that the baits were having an effect on fly populations. This should be a good product for use with resistant flies and for organic farm use. Phil Kaufman followed up on the Beuvaria studies using 2 strains and found promise for a new second strain other than the Cornell strain.


Nationwide survey surveillance is going to be coordinated by Don Rutz. Phil Kaufman has some funding for baseline studies for imidicloprid resistance and has found 30-fold resistance for flies in poultry house. Also Phil has found that 10% of the flies are resistant to field applications. Don indicated that the survey is possible. The protocol has been provided for the participants and those who would like to participate should contact Don. There were several volunteers for the project.


Future studies: Dave Taylor would like to have parasitoids from different areas. There will be several follow up studies on parasitoids.


Business meeting: the next meeting will be in LSU Baton Rouge, La. Jan 14 and 15, 2009. Meeting adjourned on time.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments. <br /> <br /> <br /> Subobjective 1: Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal.<br /> <br /> <br /> a. Larval habitats of stable flies. Adult stable fly emergence was monitored at five feeding sites over three fly seasons with emergence traps. At the base of each trap, a metal barrier was inserted into the waste hay to restrict the movement of stable fly larvae into the sample plots. <br /> <br /> <br /> Stable flies begin laying eggs at these sites in April, soon after the first adult flies are observed in the spring. Adult stable flies begin to emerge in May. The number of stable flies emerging from this material varies between years and between sites. Numbers produced may be dependent upon the length of time cattle are fed at the location, the proximity of the site to cattle later in the season, and the type of hay fed to the cattle. Few stable flies arise from these sites after July 1st. <br /> <br /> <br /> It takes over 50 days for the first oviposited eggs at these sites to develop to the adult stage. As temperatures increased, developmental time decreased to less than 2 weeks. An increase in developmental time was observed in July at 4 of the 5 sample sites, a possible response to the changing habitat. <br /> <br /> <br /> Potential larval development habitats in the pasture were examined and sampled early to mid-June. Areas where cattle congregated and manure accumulated (e.g around mineral feeders and watering stations), and low areas with moisture and decaying vegetation were examined. No immature stable flies were found. <br /> <br /> <br /> b. Climatic factors affecting stable fly populations. We analyzed a 16-year data set from a beef facility in Iowa to gain insights into whether founding stable fly populations overwinter locally or immigrate from the south, and if density dependence and weather could account for variation in population growth during the breeding season. Abundance of stable flies was measured with white sticky traps operated continuously at fixed stations. Trapping each year was done at 1-3 d intervals from late winter until autumn when weather became too cold. Abundance was indexed as no. flies caught per 10 day-degrees (DDs) above a flight threshold of 5 C. A grand total of 56,550 flies were trapped on the 10 traps during 2,233 trapping intervals spanning the 16 years. <br /> <br /> <br /> Dates when adults were first trapped ranged from 4 April (1986) to 25 May (1995), and averaged 25 April (SD = 14 d). Initial numbers were always low. Average DD from 1 Jan to first date was 98.4 (SD = 56). Frequency of days with southerly wind events increased from none 2 or more weeks before first date to ~ 40% during week of first date. Mean no. southerly wind events up to first date was 3.6 (SD = 2.6). First dates were mildly correlated with dates when DDs reached 98.4, but were more strongly correlated with interpolated dates when no. wind events reached 3.6. By both measures, appearance in 1991 was exceptionally late. Evidence for southern immigration was stronger than for local overwintering. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hierarchical mixed models indicated population growth depended negatively on density of mothers, positively on rainfall when daughters were pupae, positively on temperatures when daughters were pupae, and negatively on temperatures when daughters were nulliparous females. Temperature and rainfall experienced by mothers and daughters were otherwise uninformative. Trends in growth rates also varied significantly among years. The latter may have reflected variation in supply and quality of larval breeding media, which was not assessed during this study. <br /> <br /> <br /> To the extent results from Iowa can be generalized regionally, livestock managers can expect stable flies to be continuously present from date of appearance to late autumn every year. Date of first appearance can be predicted to occur when southerly wind events exceed three. Densities thereafter will rise most quickly and remain high when spring and summer weather is relatively warm and wet. <br /> <br /> <br /> c. Dispersal of Stable Flies. Thirty microsatellite loci were identified, fifteen of which appear to be polymorphic. Preliminary analysis of flies from Florida, California, New York, Minnesota and Nebraska with 8 loci have revealed moderate levels of variation within populations and low levels of differentiation between populations. Mean number of alleles per locus was 7.5 and global Fst was 0.065. <br /> <br /> <br /> In a preliminary study to determine the potential for using X-ray Fluorescence to develop elemental composition fingerprints for geographically isolated stable fly populations, 8 flies from each of 7 populations (California, Florida (2 populations), Georgia, Kansas and Texas) were analyzed. X-ray Fluorescence was able to quantify 27 elements. The technique can do non-destructive analysis of individual stable fly heads. Concentrations of 14 elements differed significantly in 1 or more populations. <br /> <br /> <br /> d. Overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the appearance of stable flies in early spring in the Midwest USA: the overwintering of immatures in silage/manure mounds versus the migration of adults riding southerly winds ahead of approaching synoptic cold fronts. Answer to this question is essential to developing managing programs for the early populations that will eventually become economically important. To evaluate the possible dynamics of overwintering in silage/manure mounds, a study was initiated by building mounds of silage, manure, and manure mixed with two levels of hay. Temperature at various depth levels of the mounded materials was recorded and 1st instars introduced, with plans for adult emergence recording. <br /> <br /> <br /> Temperature of mounded materials was monitored and compared to that of the ambient air. Temperature at the different depths differed significantly, with silage offering the most insulation whereas pure manure offered the lowest insulation. By the middle of Dec. 2007, temperatures of manure, and manure/hay mixtures had already reached that of soil, indicating the mounds were frozen throughout, thus offering little insulation value to larvae. These results might be indicative of an unexpected and not accounted for factor: The compaction of mounded materials. These findings will be used as basis for further study in 2008. <br /> <br /> <br /> Subobjective 2: Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments. <br /> <br /> <br /> a. Trapping Methods. Nine different house fly traps were compared in 2006 with the Terminator" proving to be the superior trap. In 2007, the Terminator trap was compared to a Flies-be-gone" trap with each trap having various attractant substances, including the attractants provided with each trap. Each trap worked best with the attractant that was provided with the trap, while overall the Terminator was the better trap design and collected the greatest number of flies. Molasses was found to be a good fly attractant and a modified bottle trap using molasses has peaked the interest of the military. <br /> <br /> <br /> b. Dispersal and Behavior. House flies in three states (CA, GA, and MN) were captured at resting, feeding, and oviposition sites on diaries to determine age and sex specific behavior of the flies. House flies were shown to spend pre-dawn hours primarily in easily identified overnight resting sites. During the day, males and females were equally abundant at feeding sites, while females were more abundant than males at immature development sites (especially in late afternoon). Age structure of flies was compared to control efficacy. Control was achieved in CA and younger flies were collected during that period of control. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mating pairs of house flies were also collected at all three states. The median age of mating females ranged from 2.5-4 days, while mating male flies were estimated to be much younger (<2 days old). Also, 99.2% of female flies were mating for the first time as evidenced by analysis of their ovaries and spermathecae. <br /> <br /> <br /> The total hydrocarbon profile of mating flies differed regionally, with flies in California having the greatest concentration of hydrocarbons despite being the smallest flies. Of particular note, the concentration of the female house fly sex pheromone (Z-9-tricosene) found on an individual fly varied considerably even with a site. The California collection sites had the greatest proportion of flies with detectable levels of Z-9-tricosene. However, there were mating female flies at all locations lacking detectable levels of this pheromone. This might have implications for control as this hydrocarbon is routinely added to fly baits to increase attraction. <br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens <br /> <br /> <br /> a. Human Pathogens. The main reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the digestive tract of cattle; however, the ecology of this food-borne pathogen is poorly understood. House flies (Musca domestica L.) might play a role in dissemination of this pathogen in the cattle environment. Eight calves were individually exposed to house flies that were orally inoculated with a mixture of four strains of nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 (NalREcO157) for 48 hours. Another eight calves were individually exposed to uninoculated flies and served as the control. Fresh cattle feces (rectal sampling) and drinking water were periodically sampled and screened for NalREcO157 up to 19 days after the exposure. At the end of the experiment, all calves were euthanized and the lumen contents of rumen, cecum, colon, and rectum as well as swab samples of gall-bladder mucosa and the recto-anal mucosa were screened for NalREcO157. On day 1 after the exposure, fecal samples of all 8 calves and drinking-water samples of 5 of 8 calves exposed to inoculated flies tested positive for NalREcO157. The concentration of NalREcO157 in feces ranged over time from detectable only by enrichment (< 102) to up to 1.1 x 106 CFU per gram. Feces of all calves remained positive for NalREcO157 up to 11 days after the exposure and 62% were positive until the end of experiment. Contamination of drinking water was more variable and all samples were negative on day 19. At necropsy, the highest prevalence of NalREcO157 was in the recto-anal mucosa region, followed by rectal and colonic contents. House flies are likely to play a role in the ecology of this organism in the cattle environment. <br /> <br /> <br /> Recent studies strongly indicate that house flies carry a large population of antibiotic resistant enterococci in the agricultural as well as residential environment and therefore may play a major role in the ecology of antibiotic resistant strains and resistance genes. Laboratory bioassays showed that very few house flies can greatly contaminate ready-to-eat food with enterococci within a short period of time. In this study, the potential of field collected house flies to contaminate ready-to-eat-food (RTEF) with enterococci was assessed by laboratory bioassays. House flies were collected in a cattle feedlot and exposed to a beef patty for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 24 hours. The exposure of RTEF to flies resulted in 100% contamination with enterococci in all bioassays regardless of the number of HF and the length of the exposure time. Even a short-time exposure (0.5 hour) with 5 HF resulted in heavy food contamination. In another study, three RTEFs were sampled from five fast-food restaurants five-times in summer and winter. The prevalence of enterococci was significantly higher in summer (92.0% salad and 64.0% burger) when HF are commonly present than in winter (64.0% salad and 24.0% burger). In these studies, ready-to-eat food was frequently contaminated with antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococci. House fly management should be integrated into pre-harvest as well as post-harvest food safety strategies. <br /> <br /> <br /> Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen causing meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. It has been suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L., are a vector/reservoir of this pathogen. Studies assessed the a) vector competence of adult stable flies (SF) for E. sakazakii, b) effect of E. sakazakii on SF development, and c) survival of E. sakazakii during SF development and colonization of the digestive tract of newly emerged flies. Results indicated that in the colony, adult SF can maintain E. sakazakii for at least 20 days regardless of the food source (blood or sugar) and contaminate the food source. The concentration of the pathogen per individual SF ranged from 1.8 x 105 to 6.4 x 106 CFU. E. sakazakii supported development of immature SF in sterilized cattle manure and sterilized artificial medium (78.3 and 76.7% SF survival to adult stage, respectively). In addition, E. sakazakii survived during SF development and colonized the gut of emerging adult SF. This study shows that SF adults have a potential to carry E. sakazakii for an extended period of time. E. sakazakii supports SF development, and can survive during SF pupation and then colonize the gut of newly emerged flies. This research also indicated that the vertical transfer of bacterial symbionts plays an important role in the oviposition behavior and new habitat selection for stable flies. <br /> <br /> <br /> b. Animal Pathogens. House flies (Musca domestica) and little house flies (Fannia canicularis) were examined for their ability to take up and harbor a velogenic strain of exotic Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus, ENDV). Laboratory reared flies were allowed to feed on evaporated milk containing ENDV at a virus concentration of 108.3 egg infectious dose (EID)50/0.1 ml or poultry feces containing an ENDV titer of 105.8EID50/0.1 g . Flies exposed to either infectious food source for 24 h became transiently infected with virus. Virus persisted predominantly in the mid- and hindgut with relatively little virus isolated from the remainder of the fly body. Virus persisted similarly in both fly species fed evaporated milk containing ENDV, with a maximum ENDV titer of 105.98EID50/fly for house fly and 104.78EID50/fly for little house fly at 1 d post-exposure with titers decreasing on subsequent days to 102.38EID50/fly for house fly and e1EID50/fly for little house fly at 5 d post-exposure. Both fly species acquired viral titers greater than the infective dose for a susceptible chicken (103.0EID50 - 104.0EID50) and flies fed evaporated milk containing a high titer of ENDV maintained viral titers above the infective dose for up to 4 days post-exposure to the infectious food source. Flies fed on infective feces retained a chicken infective dose for only one day. The decrease in viral titer over time was significantly explained by logistic regression for both fly species (p<0.05). The slope of the regression line was not different for the two fly species (p< 0.05) indicating a similar rate of virus loss. <br /> <br /> <br /> To assess the impact of a 2007 WNV epizootic in an American white pelican colony Medicine Lake NWR in northeast Montana, counts of dead pre-fledged pelicans were being made twice weekly from July through mid-August. During a mid-July assessment, flies were observed feeding on moribund pre-fledges and were collected from the birds and identified as stable flies. A total of 1,291 stable flies (83% male, 17% female) were collected. Eight percent of the flies were blood fed (i.e., had visible blood in their abdomen). Flies without visible blood were pooled (60 pools each containing up to 20 flies) and assayed for WNV. Eighteen of 60 pools were positive for WNV. This represents the first report of stable flies feeding on pelicans and first detection of WNV in stable flies. <br /> <br /> <br /> Nucleic acid of PRRS virus, the causative agent of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome in pigs, was detected by RT-PCR in stable flies fed blood treated with live or chemically inactivated virus. Detectable virus declined over time suggesting that virus was not replicating in the fly. Active virus was detected up to 96h after a single feeding. Although live virus was isolated from insect mouthparts, stable flies did not transmit PRRS virus to pigs. These results suggest the mouthparts carried insufficient quantities of virus to cause an infection without an infusion of macrophage cells to the feeding area. <br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies. <br /> <br /> <br /> a. Biological Control. A multi-state (Arkansas, Mississippi and North Carolina) southern region SARE project to evaluate commercial pteromalid wasp releases against filth flies will be completed in 2008. Baseline data indicate that 12, 13 and 15 pteromalid wasp species occur naturally in Arkansas, Mississippi and North Carolina dairies, respectively. Despite the low percent (<30% Muscidifurax zaraptor and M. raptorellus) emergence of commercial parasitoid shipments released in 2006, positive impact on parasitism rates was noted. Although preliminary, 2007 data from commercial parasitoid shipments (Muscidifurax zaraptor, M. raptorellus and Trichomalopsis sarcophagae) indicate an emergence rate of ca. 75%, resulting in the target release rate (200-250 per cow per week). Also in 2007, house fly abundance was lower in Arkansas dairies receiving releases. Processing and dissection of 2007 sentinel and naturally occurring pupae are too preliminary to discuss. <br /> <br /> <br /> Parasitoids are an essential component of a successful dairy calf coverall house and stable fly IPM program in New York. In the first year of this three-year study, individual species parasitoid releases were compared. During years 2 and 3, the best individual parasitoid from Year 1 (M. raptorellus) was compared to a 50:50 ratio of M. raptor and M. raptorellus. Overall successful parasitism averaged 2% on the no-release farms, 54% on M. raptorellus farms and 44% on M. raptor/M. raptorellus farms during the release period. While total parasitism averaged 15% on no-release farms, 67% on M. raptorellus-release farms and 53% on M. raptor/M. raptorellus-release farms. Based on the results from this three year study, releases of M. raptorellus alone when compared to a 50:50 mix with M. raptor consistently provided better control of house and stable fly populations in dairy calf coveralls in New York State. In addition, when releasing only M. raptorellus, it costs less than half of what it would to release a 50:50 mix with M. raptor. <br /> <br /> <br /> A new commercially-available Beauveria bassiana bait was tested in dairy stanchion barns in New York. This bait provided excellent house fly control and, therefore, holds considerable promise as a greatly needed additional insecticide in our house fly IPM arsenal. Furthermore, this bait is also currently being reviewed for an organic label which would have tremendous application as the number of our dairies converting from conventional to organic continues to greatly increase. <br /> <br /> <br /> b. Chemical control <br /> <br /> <br /> Treated targets consisting of imidacloprid treated blue fabric with an olfactory lure were developed. Targets were placed at two farms and olfactory lures tripled the number of flies killed. Future studies are planned to try to establish if the targets can be used as interception devises to control dispersing flies. <br /> <br /> <br /> A nationwide survey of house fly resistance has been initiated, with standard procedures developed in New York. Baseline studies for imidacloprid resistance have shown 30-fold resistance for flies in some Florida poultry houses. Additionally, 10% of field flies in Florida are resistant to field applications. In California, imidacloprid resistance is also increasing due to overuse; with resistance being highest at a dairy that has used fly bait with imidacloprid continuously for the past three years and lowest at a poultry operation about 2 miles away from the dairy. Flies collected from residential areas between these two locations showed intermediate levels of resistance. <br />

Publications

Ahmad, A., T. G. Nagaraja, and L. Zurek. 2007. Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to cattle by house flies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 80: 74-81.<br /> <br /> <br /> Butler, S. M., A. C. Gerry, and B. A. Mullens. 2007. House fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Activity near Baits Containing (Z)-9-tricosene and Efficacy of Commercial Toxic Fly Baits on a Southern California Dairy. Journal of Economic Entomology. 100(4): 1489 1495.<br /> <br /> <br /> Chakrabarti, S., D. J. King, C. Afonso, D. Swayne, C. J. Cardona, D. R. Kuney, and A. C. Gerry. 2007. Detection and Isolation of Exotic Newcastle Disease Virus from Field-Collected Flies. Journal of Medical Entomology 44(5): 840-844.<br /> <br /> <br /> Deacutis, J. M., C. A. Leichter, A. C. Gerry, D. A. Rutz, W. D. Watson, C. J. Geden, and J. G. Scott. 2006. Susceptibility of field collected house flies to spinosad before and after a season of use. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 23(2): 105-110.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C.J. and P.E. Kaufman. 2007. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on live house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae and pupae killed by heat shock, irradiation and cold. Environmental entomology. Environmental Entomology 36: 34-39.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden C. J., V. Lietze, and D.G. Boucias. 2008. Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies (Diptera:Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 42-51.<br /> <br /> <br /> Holt, P. S., C. J. Geden, R. W. Moore, and R. K. Gast. 2007. Isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteriditis from houseflies (Musca domestica) found in rooms containing Salmonella serovar enteriditis-challenged hens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 6030-6035.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., A. C. Gerry, D.A. Rutz, and J.G. Scott. Monitoring house fly susceptibility to imidacloprid in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology (Accepted 10/07).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E., C. Strong, and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Susceptibility of lesser mealworm (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae exposed to two commercial insecticides on unpainted plywood panels. Pest Management Science 64: 108-111.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lietze, V., C. J. Geden, P. Blackburn, and D G. Boucias. 2007. Effects of salivary gland hypertrophy virus on the reproductive behavior of the housefly, Musca domestica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 6811-6818.<br /> <br /> <br /> Macovei, L. and L. Zurek. 2007. Influx of enterococci and associated antibiotic resistance and virulence genes from ready-to-eat food to the human digestive tract. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 6740-6747.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mramba F., A. Broce, and L. Zurek. 2007. Vector competence of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) for Enterobacter sakazakii. Journal of Vector Ecology 69: 671-673.<br /> <br /> <br /> Macovei, L., B. Miles, and L. Zurek. 2008. The potential of house flies to contaminate ready-to-eat food with antibiotic resistant enterococci. Journal of Food Protection (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Quinn, B., U. R. Bernier, C. J. Geden, J. A. Hogsette, and D. A. Carlson. 2007. Analysis of extracted components in blackstrap molasses. Journal of Chromatography, Series A. 1139: 279-284.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rinkevich, F.D., R.L. Hamm, C.J. Geden and J.G. Scott. 2007. Dynamics of insecticide resistance alleles in house fly populations from New York and Florida. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37:550-558.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., D. R. Berkebile, and P. J. Scholl. 2007. Stable fly population dynamics in eastern Nebraska in relation to climatic variables. Journal of Medical Entomology 44: 765-771.<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W., C. K. Boohene, and S. S. Denning. 2007. Tank Mixes: Reducing fly and bacteria populations using insecticide and disinfectant mixtures. Journal of Applied Poultry Research (Accepted). <br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W., E. Lastro, K. Rochon, S. Denning, L. Smith and J. Guy. 2007. Role of house flies in the transmission of Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Medical Entomology 44: 666-671.<br /> <br /> <br /> Extension Publications:<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. and N. G. Peterson. 2007. Stable Flies and March Rains. Progressive Dairyman Magazine. March Issue. pp. 1-2.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., B. A. Mullens, and N. G. Peterson. 2007. Predicting and Controlling Stable Flies on California Dairies. Oakland: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Publication 8258. pp. 1-11.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tomberlin, J.K. and G.L. Schuster. 2004. Suppression of arthropod pests on small flocks of domestic fowl in Texas. Texas Cooperative Extension, September 1, 2204, EEE-00011.<br /> <br /> <br /> Presentations:<br /> <br /> <br /> Berkebile, D. R., and D.B. Taylor. Emergence of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) from winter feeding sites of hay during the spring and summer. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA; Dec. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Butler, S. M., R. D. Moon, N. C. Hinkle, J. G. Millar, J. S. McElfresh and B. A. Mullens. "Age distribution and amount of (Z)-9-tricosene on wild house flies collected from dairies." Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Lexington, KY, Jun. 10-14, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Chakrabarti, S., D. J. King, C. J. Cardona, C. L. Afonso, D. W. Swayne, and A. C. Gerry. "Flies and exotic Newcastle disease virus (ENDV)". Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Lexington, KY. Jun. 14, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Dennis J. and D. A. Rutz. Confinement dairy fly IPM. Amish Farmer Training Program Eden, NY. Jul., 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferrero, K. M. and C. J. Geden. 2007. The effect of behavioral conditioning on determining host choice in a parasitoid of filth flies, Trichopria nigra. 51st Livestock Insect Workers' Conference and 9th International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, Lexington, Kentucky, Jun. 10-14, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferrero, K.M. and C. J. Geden. 2007. Learning and host preference in a parasitoid of filth flies, Trichopria nigra. ESA National Meeting, Dec. 2007, San Diego, CA.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2007. New attractants in fly trapping and control, in Filth Flies session, Department of Defense Pest Management Workshop, Jacksonville, Florida, Feb. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2007. Fly traps and treated targets, in Deployed WarFighter Protection Research Program session, Department of Defense Pest Management Workshop, Jacksonville, Florida, Feb. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, J. J., B. A. Quinn, U. R. Bernier and J. A. Hogsette. 2007. An attractant for house flies based on components identified in blackstrap molasses. 51st Livestock Insect Workers' Conference and 9th International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, Lexington, Kentucky, Jun. 10-14, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2007. Attractants, visual targets and traps for fly control. In symposium Deployed War Fighter Protection Program Research Activities at the Mosquito and Fly Research Unit, USDA, ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL. Annual meeting of the Florida Entomological Society, Sarasota, Florida, Jul. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2007. Impact of protozoans on parasitic Hymenoptera, in symposium Effect of Infection on Infection,ESA National Meeting, Dec. 2007, San Diego, CA.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2007. Update on fly traps, targets, and baits, DWFP Research Program Review, Nov. 27-28, 2007, Oxford, Mississippi.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. and B. A. Mullens. "Canyon Flies: An emerging problem". Mosquito and Vector Control Association Continuing Education Series. Visalia, CA. Mar. 7, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Nuisance Flies as Mechanical Vectors of Animal Pathogens". Mosquito and Vector Control Association Continuing Education Series. Visalia, CA. Mar. 7, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Vector management at poultry facilities: Current practices and future directions", California Poultry Federation Annual Quality Assurance Seminar Series, Modesto, CA. Aug. 16, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hambley, J., G. Schuster, M. Brown, C. Pouce, J. Talley, D. Britten, and J. Tomberlin. 2006. Efficacy of Diflubenzuron, an Insect Growth Regulator, for Control of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Confined Feeding Dairy Facilities. TAMU Agriculture Program, College Station.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Food Animal Health and Safety: the Georgia Experience." University of California, Riverside, Department of Entomology, departmental seminar, Nov. 5, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C. "Animal Pests: Insects and Their Eight-Legged Relatives that Affect Livestock, Poultry, and Pets." Winter School, Rock Eagle 4-H Center, Putnam Co., Georgia, Jan. 16-18, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C. "Fly Control." Southeast Georgia Master Cattlemen's Program, Screven County, Feb. 27, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C. "Cattle and Horse Pests - Flies." White County Cattlemen's Association, Cleveland, GA, Mar. 22, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C. "Effective Fly Control." Saluda County Cattlemen's Association, Hollywood, SC, Apr. 26, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C. "External Parasites." Northwest Georgia Master Cattlemen's Program, Walker County, Nov. 1, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C. and T. W. Wilson. "Livestock and Poultry Pest Management Options." Southeastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America 81st Annual Meeting, Knoxville, TN, Mar. 4-7. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C., T. W. Wilson, and P. C. Worley. "Comparison of Endosulfan (Avenger) and Diazinon-Chlorpyrifos Combination (Warrior) Cattle Ear Tags for Horn Fly Control." Georgia Entomological Society annual meeting, Athens, GA, May 17-18, 2007. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. C., T. W. Wilson and P. C. Worley. "Horn fly suppression: Field comparison of Avenger (endosulfan) and Warrior (diazinon-chlorpyrifos) ear tags." Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Lexington, KY, Jun. 10-14, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E. and L. A. Wood. 2007. Diversity of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) in North Central Florida Cattle Pastures. 55th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, San Diego, CA. <br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. Techniques for Evaluating Insecticide Resistance in Filth Flies. 2007 DoD Pest Management Workshop, Jacksonville, FL. February 14, 2007. Kaufman, P. E., J. K. Waldron and D. A. Rutz. Dairy Fly IPM  National Webcast. May 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E., D. A. Rutz and C. Strong. Susceptibility of lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae exposed to two commercial insecticides on unpainted plywood panels. Joint Meeting of the LIWC and the ISEP, Lexington, KY. Jun. 10, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> King, D. J., S. Chakrabarti, C. Cardona, C. L. Afonso, D. E. Swayne, and A. C. Gerry. Isolation of Exotic Newcastle Disease Virus (ENDV) from Field Collected Flies and Experimental ENDV Infections of Three Arthropod Species". American Association of Avian Pathologists, Washington, D. C. Jul. 14, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K., Sheri Brazil , Tanja McKay, Wes Watson , Justin Edwards, Dayton Steelman, Allen Szalanski, Jodie Pennington, Kark VanDevender and Scott Willard, House fly (Musca domestica) parasitism following sustained releases of pteromalid wasps in southern dairies Entomological Society of America  Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, Dec. 9-12, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K., J. Pennington, S. Brazill, D. Steelman, A. Szalanski, K. VanDevender. T. McKay, W. Watson, S. Willard and J. Edwards. 2007. Using parasitic wasps as an IPM approach to manage filth flies in southern dairies. LIWC ISEP Meeting Lexington, KY. Jun. 10-14. <br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2007. Managing Flies in Organic Milk Production. Organic Milk Production Meetings. Fayetteville, Damascus, Cane Hill and Siloam Springs, AR.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2007 Using a Walk-through Trap to Control Horn Flies. Organic Milk Production Meetings. Fayetteville, Damascus, Cane Hill and Siloam Springs, AR.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2007 Project Update: Using Parasitoids in an IPM Approach to Control Flies on Dairies Dairy field day in Beebe, AR.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loneragan, S., G. Schuster, G. H. Loneragan, L. M. Chichester , and D.J. Kunze 2006. Flies as Potential Vectors of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria in Feedlots. TAMU Agriculture Program, College Station.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. and E. S. Krafsur. Overwintering, density dependence and weather effects in dynamics of stable fly in Iowa. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA; Dec. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pennington, J., S. Brazil, K. Loftin, D. Steelman, A. Szalanski, K. VanDevender, T. McKay, W. Watson and S. Willard , Using parasitic wasps as an IPM approach to manage filth flies in southern dairies Southern Dairy Conference, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 29-31, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Roberts, J., J. Ward, J. Foltz, P. Kaufman, C. Daniels, J. Donahue, C. Schuman and L. Harrison. Fall equine abortion associated with exposure to walnut caterpillars, Datana integerrima (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in Pasco County Florida. Joint Meeting of the Livestock Insect Workers Conference and the International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, Lexington, KY. Jun. 13, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rutz, D.A. Biological control of house flies and stable flies through releases of Muscidifurax raptor and Muscidifurax raptorellus in dairy calf coveralls. NOFA-NY Teleconference, Dec., 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rutz, D. A., P. E. Kaufman, C. Strong and J. K. Waldron. A self-contained automated sprayer system for control of flies on pastured dairy cattle. Joint Meeting of the LIWC and the ISEP, Lexington, KY. Jun. 10, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Schuster, G. L., S. J. Loneragan, L. M. Chichester, D. J. Kunze, and G. H. Loneragan. 2006. Flies as potential vectors of resistance determinants in feedlots International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE) Conference, Cairns, Australia, Aug. 6-11, 2006, Pg. 453.<br /> <br /> <br /> Schuster, G., K. McDonald, and S. Presley. 2006. Impact of coat color, gender, and weather on the attack rate of mosquito populations on horses in the Texas Panhandle. International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE) Conference, Cairns, Australia, Aug. 6-11, 2006, Pg. 439.<br /> <br /> <br /> Talley, J. A. Wayadande, J. Fletcher, S. Gililand, and A. C. Gerry. "Survey of insect fauna in leafy green production areas near livestock pastures". Entomological Society of America. San Diego, CA. Dec. 11, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B. D. Marx, and D. R. Berkebile. Spatial dynamics of a Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) population in eastern Nebraska. Poster. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA; Dec. 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Waldron, J. K. and D. A. Rutz. Dairy pasture fly IPM. NOFA-NY Meeting, Warsaw, NY Aug., 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Waldron, J. K. and D. A. Rutz. Dairy pasture fly IPM. NOFA-NY Meeting, Oneonta, NY. Sep., 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Waldron, J. K., P. E. Kaufman, C. Strong and D. A. Rutz. Comparison of trap efficacy to enhance management of horse, deer and stable flies affecting dairy animals on northeast US pastures. Joint Meeting of the Livestock Insect Workers Conference and the International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, Lexington, KY. Jun. 10, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2007. Fly-borne mechanical transmission of Newcastle and Turkey Corona Viruses. Invited speaker. Symposium: Vector-borne Pathogens of Livestock and Wildlife. SOVE Sep. 16-20. Springfield, IL.<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W., MaryAnne Drake, Steve Washburn, and Jerry Butler. 2007. Detection and quantification of an insect repellent in bovine milk. LIWC ISEP Meeting Lexington, KY. Jun. 10-14. <br /> <br /> <br /> Media Contacts:<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N. "Be a Good Neighbor." Alaina Burt, Beef Magazine, Apr. 1, 2007. (http://beef-mag.com/mag/good_neighbor/index.html)<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Why did the chicken cross the road? - To escape deadly exotic disease" (article on END isolation from flies associated with poultry manure). UCANR News. Jun. 20, 2007. <br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Flies suspected in transmitting deadly poultry disease." Central Valley Business Times. Jun. 20, 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Fly management strategies on dairies." Ag Alert Weekly Newspaper, California Farm Bureau. Aug. 29, 2007.<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies (SF) and house flies (HF) and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments. Our studies indicate SF populations arise locally and by immigration. Local SF emergence from animal feeding sites occurs from May to July. Date of 1st appearance of migrating SF can be predicted to occur after three southerly wind events. SF densities will rise quickly and remain high with favorable spring and summer weather. Mating and age structure analysis indicates 99% of the female HF had mated once and most flies were <4 days of age. The fly pheromone, Z-9 tricosene, was highly variable among wild HF populations. More work is needed to fully understand HF chemical ecology.
2. Establish extent of fly-born dispersal of human and animal pathogens. Our studies indicate the HF and SF contribute to the transmission of enteric bacteria including E. coli O157H7, antibiotic resistant enterococci and Enterobacter sakazakii; and animal viruses causing; Exotic Newcastle, West Nile and Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome. Prevalence of enterococci was higher on ready to eat foods during the summer when flies were more abundant. Data indicated flies carry virus over time and may disseminate animal viruses in the environment. These studies stress the role of flies in human and animal health.
3. Improve Management tactics for SF and HF. Biological and chemical control plays an integral role in the integrated management of flies. Augmentative release of parasitoids from commercial sources is a common practice. Cost effective biological control can be achieved by releasing the parasitoid, Muscidifurax raptorellus. The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana is a promising biocontrol agent for use in organic livestock production. Novel use of insecticide treated targets reduced flies and may limit dispersal. A nationwide survey of insecticide resistance to existing chemistries is planned.

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Report Information

Participants

Roeder, Rick (rroeder@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@csrees.usda.gov); Taylor, David (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University; Boxler, Dave (dboxler1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Geden, Chris (cgeden@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu)- University of Florida, Gainesville; Loftin, Kelly (kloftin@uaex.edu) - University of Arkansas; Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) -University of Minnesota; Hogsette, Jerry (jhogsette@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu) - University of Florida, Gainesville; Li, Andrew (andrew.li@ars.usda.gov); Guerrero, Felix (felix.guerrero@ars.usda.gov); Olafson, Pia (Pia.Olafson@ars.usda.gov); Ferguson, Holly (hferguson@wsu.edu) - Washington State University; Zhu, Jerry (Jerry.Zhu@ars.usda.gov); Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University; Kaufman, Phil (pkaufman@ufl.edu) - University of Florida; Gerry, Alec (alec.gerry@ucr.edu) -University of California, Riverside; Broce, Alberto (abroce@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Butler, Sarah (SButler@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University; Becker, Mike (MBecker@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order at 8:11 by Wes Watson, Chair

Local Arrangements Committee was Lane Foil, Sarah Butler, Mike Becker and Van Hilbun and Lacy Inman

A round of self introductions followed. In attendance were Rick Roeder, Rick Meyer, David Taylor, Lane Foil, Dave Boxler, Chris Geden, Kelly Loftin, Ludek Zurek, Roger Moon, Jerry Hogsette, Andrew Li, Felix Guerrero, Pia Olafson, Holly Ferguson, Jerry Zhu, Wes Watson, Phil Kaufman, Alec Gerry, Alberto Broce, Sarah Butler, Mike Becker.

Rick Meyer, CSREES representative, presented updates on the new Farm Bill and its impacts on CSREES. CSREES will be replaced by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). NIFA will function under the direction of a politically appointed Director reporting to the US Secretary of Agriculture, Tom Vilsack. NIFA will be established by 10/1/09. Research coordination across agencies in the REE mission area will be through an Office of Research, Education and Extension (REEO). REEO is charged with developing a roadmap for agricultural research, extension, and education. The Road map will be completed by 9/15/09. NIFA will continue the same capacity or formula funding programs (Hatch, Smith-Lever). Funding levels are likely to be about the same in the coming year.

The National Research Initiative (NRI) has been replaced with the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) is required to offer >30% of funding for integrated research (research, extension, education)  must have two of the three areas in the proposal. Most proposals that have been received through current integrated programs address research and extension issues with fewer proposals that have a higher education component. The addition of education components may give a proposal an advantage! Funding is broken down as 60% fundamental research, 30% multi-disciplinary teams. An EPSCOR-like program (Experimental Program for Stimulating Competitive Research) will continue under AFRI. Release of AFRI has been delayed by uncertainty caused by the legal definition of a Hispanic Serving Agricultural Program included in the Farm Bill.

Almost all of the current programs will continue under the new Farm Bill, including three traditional funding opportunities used by this group; Crops at Risk (CAR), Risk Avoidance and Mitigation Program (RAMP) and Pest Management Alternatives Program (PMAP). Funding levels will, in all probability, be similar to those in the past.

Rick Roeder, Administrator for S-1030, provided timelines for completed reports of annual activities by 3/1/09. Minutes are due in 60 days from the meeting date. Rick will work with Wes, Lane and Roger to nominate S-1030 group for award. Nomination letter due by 2/27/09.

Objective 1. Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments.

1. Dennis Berkebile (NE), Taylor presenting - Immature stable fly special distribution was examined around hay bale feeders. Immature habitat was characterized by 3 zones, each being beneath the selected body regions (1) head, (2) belly and (3) rump. Samples were taken with a golf cup cutter. Most larvae/pupae are found in top 5 cm. Most larvae were in the rump zone and pupae were more common in zone 2 and 1.

2. Dave Taylor (NE) - Stable fly dispersal. Diffusion with disappearance model to estimate the proportion of dispersing populations (Turchin & Thoeny 1993). About 50% of flies dispersed less than 2.25 km from the point of origin. Nearly all flies disperse in an area of < 10 km. Direction of dispersal was random.

Taylor further described the use of Hemoccult tests to identify the presence of blood in the stable fly gut through 8 days after a single feeding. Hemoccult tests were superior to visual methods which fail to detect the presence of blood in the gut after 2 d post-feeding. Anthrone tests were used to identify sugar feeding by stable flies. Stable flies use nectaries for sustenance in the absence of blood. Valuable information may be acquired by combining physiological age grading using pterin analysis and blood meal and sugar data.

Taylor will continue to work on the economic analysis examining the impact of stable flies on the livestock industry. Taylor is seeking feedback on the economic analysis model upon request.

3. Roger Moon (MN) reviewed the project data set examining the first occurrence of stable flies in specific regions from 1986-2001. Using mathematical models of DD development (Lysyk 1998) and NAAPFAST an internet system for the weather based mapping of plant pathogens (Magarey et al. 2007) or the NOAA Hysplit modeling system (Draxler and Hess 1997) using air movement as predictors of first stable fly collections. A handout showing results was distributed.

4. Phil Kaufman (FL) - Presented stable fly sampling data on horse ranches near Ocala, Florida. His student project has been to monitor adult seasonal activity using alsynite traps, identify development sites on the farms and determine blood meal source using PCR (Kent and Norris 2005). Blood meals were identifiable to host up to 48 hr. Additional data was presented on insecticide resistance in the fly populations. Permethrin resistance was noted.

5. Alberto Broce (KS) - stable fly larvae were found to overwinter deep in silage mounds. Stable fly overwintering is moisture dependent, with moisture levels highest in corn silage and lowest in manure. Survival of flies was good in high straw and highest in corn silage. Emerging flies appeared correlated to flies captured on Broce alsynite traps. Further discussion of using neutron activation spectral analysis to identify elemental profiles to determine origins of flies.

6. Jerry Zhu (NE) - Stable fly chemical ecology effort is directed to examining volatile odors as repellent/attractant compounds. Identification of chemoreceptors on the labium and labellum of stable flies and house flies. The goal is to identifiy compounds to employ in push pull strategies to manipulate stable fly behavior. Zhu is currently conducting GC-MS studies of oviposition media in collaboration with Ludek Zurek (KS). Exploring catnip extract for repellents for stable flies and to some extent house flies.

Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies

7. Lane Foil Lab - Sarah Butler, Mike Becker and Van Hilburn presented brief reports ongoing at LSU. Is bigger really better? Determine if the activity of blue/black treated targets developed at LSU is size dependent. A stable fly can see a 1 meter square target from 50 meters distance. Targets improved alsynite trap capture when placed in close proximity. No difference was found in trap catches in large fields with or without cows, but capture was increased when traps were placed very close to cows. Pterin analysis (Mail et al. 1983) was used to help define physiological characteristics of stable fly behaviors; older flies were found to be closely associated with cattle and younger flies were found in areas away from cattle. Permethrin treatment of cattle legs can provide good control. Inclusion of treated targets in push pull strategies with permethrin treatments may be useful.

8. Jerry Hogsette (FL) - Wind damage to treated targets has been a recurrent problem. He examined target shape and blue/black composition for effectiveness against stable flies. Composition (# panels) and shape (cylinders) did not change capture numbers.

9. Dave Boxler (NE) - In remote pastures, mist blower applications for stable fly control on pastured cattle was effective with permethrin providing the best control. Mist blowers mounted in the bed of a pickup truck were considered an efficient and easy application method by Nebraska cattle producers. Blue/black treated targets developed by LSU maintained insecticidal activity for > 110 days. Trap placement is very important. AvengerTM (endosulfan) ear tags did not control stable flies.

10. Jeff Scott (NY) could not attend in his absence Kaufman presented an update on the national house fly resistance survey. House flies from CA, MN, NM, MT and NE were tested in 2008. Variable resistance of flies from different states to cyfluthrin  all collections resistant to Methomyl and Permethrin. In 2009, house fly collections from FL, LA, OK, NC, KS, NY, PA and TX are requested. Pesticide use history is essential for a full understanding of the results. Scott is currently working on genotyping the sodium channel and P-450 genes to identify resistance alleles.


11. Chris Geden (FL) - Molasses and volatile component blend baits were tested in central Florida hotel rooms with 5,000 released house flies. House fly baits comprised of the 5 component blend was as attractive as 7 component blends. Patent application has been filed on blends. Results of Egyptian field trials were poor.

Geden presented findings of research in Denmark; located Tachinaephagus zealandicus parasitoids in muscid flies from several locations confirming that this wasp is cosmopolitan and not limited to southern latitudes. He also, confirmed endophilic nature of the parasitoid. Recovered salivary gland hypertrophy virus from numerous Danish flies.

He discussed house fly trapping program using blue cloth and alsynite traps with instantaneous fly counts on scudder grid. Cloth targets were treated with imidacloprid. Use of traps was successful at reducing fly numbers, though not as dramatically as was hoped.

Objective 2. Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens

12. Ludek Zurek (KS) - Continues work to demonstrate the potential of flies as mechanical vectors of drug resistant Enterococci. Found sewage waste facilities that produce ample flies and may lead to drug resistance.

13. Wes Watson (NC) - stable flies attracted to swine facility volatiles; they accumulate in greatest number near outflow fans. PRRS virus was not transmitted to swine by infected stable flies  virus did not penetrate fly midgut barrier. However PRRSV remained viable for many days following intrathorasic inoculation. Examined repellent effect of geraniol and undecanone for house fly. Efficacy for geraniol was dose dependent for the house fly. Similarly, undecanone repellent was most efficacious at 20% over the 24 hr test period. Lower doses of both repellents lost efficacy over a few hours. May be useful in push-pull fly management program.

14. Andrew Li (TX) - Provided update on resistance studies related to horn flies. Section is moving focus of research to molecular biology and physiology of biting flies. Methods developed in the horn fly resistance studies may be useful in determining resistance mechanisms in the stable fly

15. Alec Gerry (CA) - Presented work on house fly feeding on and attraction to honeydew. Study to examine house fly monitoring at dairies using spot cards, developed spot card reader software (FlySpotter) to have a computer count scanned cards. Insecticide resistance testing showed that house flies from 3 locations (dairy, urban, poultry) were equally resistant to permethrin but variably resistant to imidacloprid with resistance matching pesticide use history. Flies with physiological resistance to imidacloprid were strongly behaviorally resistant.

Business Meeting. Next year the agenda will be adjusted with topic species, all stable fly topics together and all house fly topics together to maintain a common thread.

Motion by Nancy Hinkle (GA) and Carl Jones (TN) to combine S-1030 meeting with LIWC. Questions about how these meetings might be combined; added to or part of? Some members favored combining the meetings due to limited funding and time. Many opposed due to fear of altering flavor of meeting (informal, small discussion) and problems with integrating into LIWC or making the meeting to long by attaching to the end. Motion tabled to next meeting due to absence of authors and question of combining with LIWC or appending to LIWC. The proposal to combine the meetings will need to be discussed with LIWC membership.

Next meeting will be held in Riverside, California. Plan for Jan 13-14 2009. More information to follow from Gerry as dates and costs are confirmed.

Meeting adjourned at 10:40 on 1-15-09

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> 1.1: Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal<br /> <br /> a. Larval habitats of stable flies. Hay rings have been identified as a primary source of stable flies in pastures. Hay rings were divided in three zones, each 2 m wide starting at the edge of the feeder. Although no significant differences were observed in larval density among the zones, a clear trend towards higher densities of larvae in zone 3 and higher densities of pupae in zone 2 was observed. Virtually all larvae and pupae were found in the top 5cm of the core samples and none were found below 10cm.<br /> <br /> b. Climatic factors affecting stable fly populations. <br /> We reanalyzed a 16-yr data set from a beef facility in Iowa to gain insights into mechanisms that determined when flies appeared and how abundant they were during the fly breeding season. Abundance of stable flies on white sticky traps was measured at 1-3 day intervals each year, from late winter until autumn, and indexed as number of flies caught per 10 degree-days above a flight threshold of 5oC. <br /> <br /> A new program used daily weather records to convert calendar to generation time, assuming a generation required 317 degree-days above a base of 10.8o C. Daily wind trajectories were examined with HYSPLIT 4.8. A day was counted as having a southerly wind event if its 12-hr backwards daytime air parcel trajectory was at least 50 km south of Ames, and its temperature exceeded 15oC for at least 1 h. Alternative definitions were also evaluated. Population growth was analyzed by grouping dates into "slices" of time one-third generation (106 degree-days) wide. Log catch rates averaged within slices, as were matching air temperatures and precipitation rates. We fit mixed regression models with lme in R to analyze growth between successively paired mothers and daughters a generation later.<br /> <br /> Dates when stable fly adults were first trapped ranged from 4 April (1986) to 25 May (1995), and averaged 25 April (SD = 14 d). Initial numbers were always low. Average accumulated degree-days from 1 Jan to first date was 98.4 (SD = 56). Frequency of days with southerly wind events increased from none 2 or more weeks before first date to ~ 40% during week of first date. Mean no. southerly wind events up to first date was 3.6 (SD = 2.6). First dates were mildly correlated with dates when DDs reached 98.4, but were more strongly correlated with interpolated dates when no. wind events reached 3.6. By both measures, appearance in 1991 was exceptionally late, and careful inspection of daily weather records suggests trapping in that year may have begun too late to detect flies when they actually first appeared. Based on Akiake information criterion (AIC), evidence for southern immigration was stronger than for local overwintering.<br /> <br /> Hierarchical mixed models indicated population growth depended negatively on density of mothers, positively on rainfall when daughters were pupae, positively on temperatures when daughters were pupae, and negatively on temperatures when daughters were nulliparous females. Temperature and rainfall experienced by mothers and daughters were otherwise uninformative. Trends in growth rates also varied significantly among years. The latter may have reflected variation in supply and quality of larval breeding media, which was not assessed during this study.<br /> <br /> c. Dispersal of Stable Flies. The statistical analysis of the 2005 mark release study indicate a mean dispersal distance of 1.2 km and a median distance of 0.9 km. The dispersal distances differed among the 3 marking sites but did not differ between male and female flies. Blood fed flies dispersed further than those with no visual indications of having blood fed and females with the initiation of yolk deposition dispersed further as well. Dispersal appeared to be non-directional as the mean dispersal positions did not differ from the origins. Dispersal data were fitted to the Diffusion with Disappearance model of Turchin & Thoeny (1993). Fifty percent of the flies dispersed less than 2.18 km, 95% less than 7.19 km, and 99% less than 10.44 km.<br /> <br /> Montana State University has an ongoing study of the impact of stable flies on livestock and wildlife. Stable flies were collected between April 13 and October 24, 2008 from four different locations in and around the Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge in north east Montana including areas where pelicans have been significantly impacted and nearby cattle ranches. <br /> <br /> Stable flies were abundant from mid-July through August. The range of stable flies collected on August 14, the peak of stable fly abundance, was from 10 to 1276 flies per card, with the latter collected on cards from the Schmidt Farm. Spatially, stable fly collections were similar among sites. More males were captured than females with a male/female ratio of 7:1 early in the season and 2:1 mid to late season. Less mature flies (physiological age <1.0) were collected from cattle sites and older flies (physiological age >2.0) were captured from the pelican site. Cattle leg counts ranged from 0 to 68 flies per animal.<br /> <br /> Alsynite trap collections are generally sex biased (approximately 70% males). However, when we collected flies directly from the legs of cattle, the sex ratio was 33% males and 67% females. The age stable flies collected using different techniques was estimated by pterin analysis. For alsynite captures, the mean age of male flies near cattle (6.31 d) and away from cattle (4.0 d) did not differ significantly but mean age of females was significantly higher for females collected on panels near the cattle (6.57 d) compared to females collected away from cattle (1.98 d). Female stable flies netted directly off cattle were significantly older (mean 5.04 d) compared to females collected on the same day from alsynite traps (1.59 d) located in pastures without cattle.<br /> <br /> Stable fly feeding habits. A cooperative study between the USDA and UF focused on pollen identification recovered from the exoskeletons of stable flies captured at an equine facility. The pollen was identified as Carolina willow, Salix caroliniana. Although pollen on stable flies can be useful for determining their source, S. caroliniana is ubiquitous in the southeastern U.S.<br /> <br /> Hemoccult method for detecting blood in stable flies. A method, based upon commercially available kits for detecting Fecal Occult Blood, was developed by the USDA (NE), to detect the remnants of blood meals in stable flies beyond the time period that blood meals could be detected visually. Flies are sexed and placed in 48-well-plates. Fifty ¼l of distilled water was added to each well and the flies were crushed. A small (5 mm x 5 mm) piece of Hemoccult paper was placed in each well to absorb the homogenate. Papers were then placed on the lid of the plate in the same pattern as the wells. Three ¼l of developer solution (H2O2) was placed on each and papers were scored for the appearance of blue coloration within 2 min. We were able to detect the remnants of blood meals in more than 90% of the stable flies up to 8 d after blood feeding. Using the visual technique, we were able to see the remnants of blood meals in less than 10% of the flies over 24 hours after blood feeding. In one analysis of field collected stable flies, blood was observed visually in the gut of less than 1% of the flies. The Hemoccult method indicated that over 40% of the flies had blood fed previously. The Hemoccult method is compatible with the Anthrone technique for detecting sugars in stable flies allowing us to rapidly screen large numbers of field collected stable flies for both blood and nectar feeding.<br /> <br /> Species specific bloodmeal analysis: To support the studies identifying the dispersal of stable flies underway, we (FL, NC) utilized blood meal analysis to determine if adult stable flies are arriving on equine farms from non-equine sources. A successful Polymerase Chain Reaction technique that can identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle, pigs and dogs has been developed at FL and NC. This technique now allows us to test flies to determine where they have obtained their blood meals. The advantage of this is in effectively managing this highly annoying pest by potentially identifying sources of breeding. Flies that have been collected on equine and mixed livestock facilities will be tested for source blood meals. If flies at specific sites have blood from other hosts strongly suggests that the flies originated elsewhere.<br /> <br /> d. Overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA. Two proposed hypotheses may explain the appearance of stable flies in early spring in the Midwest: overwintering of immatures in silage/manure mounds or the migration of adults riding southerly winds ahead of approaching cold fronts. To evaluate the possible dynamics of overwintering in silage/manure mounds, a study was initiated by building mounds of silage, manure, and manure mixed with two levels of hay. Temperatures were monitored at various depth within the mounded materials and 1st instars introduced, with plans for adult emergence recording. <br /> <br /> Temperature at the different depths differed significantly, with silage offering the most insulation whereas pure manure offered the least insulation. By the mid-winter temperatures of manure, and manure/hay mixtures had reached freezing and offered little insulation value to larvae. A proposal to evaluate stable fly emergence in a south to north cline is under development.<br /> <br /> 1.2. Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> a. Monitoring Methods. Fly spot cards were perhaps the most reliable method for monitoring numbers of house flies at large dairy operations. However, the use of the cards for monitoring fly abundance was limited by the time required for a dairy operator to visually count fly spots on the cards. A computer program (FlySpotter) using face recognition software was developed to count fly spots on a typical white or lined index card. The software ignores spots or marks that fall outside the normal range of size, shape, and color of fly spots deposited by wild flies. The program counts correlate to human counts of spots on the cards, with an approximately 20% loss of total spots counted. Because it is the change in spot numbers not the actual number of spot numbers that is important to a fly monitoring program, this loss of efficiency is unimportant especially considering the time savings provided by the program. Spot cards can now be scanned and counted by computer in just a few minutes, providing real time data that can be used to determine appropriate control efforts. The increased efficiency provided by the automation of the spot counting process will make this monitoring tool more acceptable to dairy operators.<br /> <br /> b. Dispersal Characteristics. House flies were recognized in the field to be strongly associated with homopteran infested trees and plants in an urban environment. Following colonization of field flies, flies were offered several homopteran honeydew food sources. Flies readily consumed honeydew which increased their survival relative to water alone. Surprisingly, honeydew feeding provided the necessary nutrients for oocyte development and egg laying as well, although development is delayed considerably beyond the normal period for a fly fed on a source of both sugar and protein. Under laboratory conditions, flies were offered numerous food choices and were shown to be strongly attracted to insect honeydew than to other food sources. This attraction is likely to be responsible for the large number of filth flies found in association with urban trees and agricultural crops infested with homopteran pests. <br /> <br /> Immuno-marking techniques were developed for marking dung-breeding flies. Dung pats were sprayed with egg whites, and flies emerging from these pats were captured on alsynite-style sticky traps. Recaptured flies were analyzed for the presence of egg protein with an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay (ELISA). Marker degradation was followed by analyzing marked dung pat crust samples collected over time for the marker. The marker persisted on pats for about 11 days and then degraded rapidly. In laboratory studies, flies also failed to pick up marker on pats older than 11 days. In an enclosed single pat arena, face flies emerging from the dung pat were tested for their ability to pick up marker. About 77% of emerging flies acquired marker. With the cooperation of a local beef producer, we fenced off a small area of his pasture to conduct a small scale mark/recapture experiment with field populations of face fly, spraying fresh dung pats with egg white marker and recapturing flies with sticky traps. We captured 384 flies over three months; two were positive for the marker. In the same pasture, with the herd removed, large, replicated treated and control plots were set up and dung pats of all ages were sprayed. A total of 12 flies were captured; one was positive for marker. The low marking rate in both field experiments was probably due to marker degradation which occurred in the 18-25 day interval between marker application on fresh dung pats and adult face fly emergence from the pats. <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens<br /> <br /> a. Human Pathogens. Assess the potential of house flies to contaminate ready-to-eat food with antibiotic resistant enterococci. It was shown previously that house flies (HF) in fast-food restaurants commonly carry antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococci. In this study, the potential of field collected house flies to contaminate ready-to-eat-food (RTEF) with enterococci was assessed by laboratory bioassays. House flies were collected with a sweep net in a cattle feedlot and exposed in groups of 5, 10, 20, and 40 to a RTEF beef patty for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 24 hours. The exposure of RTEF to flies resulted in 100% contamination with enterococci in all bioassays regardless of the number of HF and the length of the exposure time. In addition, increasing number of HF and exposure time, increased the concentration of enterococci in RTEF. Even a short-time exposure (0.5 hour) resulted in food contamination, ranging from 3.1 x 103 CFU/g (5 HF) to 8.4 x 104 CFU/g (40 HF). The analysis of 23 randomly selected enterococcal isolates from RTEF after the fly exposure revealed a single species - Enterococcus faecalis. In contrast, four species including E. faecalis (57.1%), E. gallinarum (19.1%), E. hirae (14.3%), and E. faecium (9.5%) represented 21 randomly selected and identified isolates from HF. Phenotypic screening showed that E. faecalis isolates from RTEF were resistant to ciprofloxacin (17.4%), tetracycline (13.0%), erythromycin (13.0%), and chloramphenicol (4.3%). This study demonstrates a great potential of HF from a cattle feedlot to contaminate RTEF with enterococci in a short period of time. <br /> <br /> The capacity of adult HF to carry various bacteria, including potential human pathogens has been well established. However, only very few studies have assessed the potential of house flies to transmit pathogens or contaminate food and other substrates and in those cases, flies were artificially inoculated by the specific bacterial strains of interest.<br /> <br /> In this study, ready-to-eat food (RTEF) - hamburger patties were examined for contamination with enterococci after the exposure to wild house flies collected from a cattle feedlot. Our data show that house flies from a cattle feedlot have a great capability to contaminate RTEF with bacteria. Consequently, this insect likely plays a role in contamination of food and drinks with multi drug-resistant enterococci. IPM approach should be incorporated to post-harvest food-safety strategies, including to facilities where food is stored and consumed. <br /> <br /> b. Animal Pathogens. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a globally significant swine disease, resulting in pneumonia and late-term abortions in sows. The link between outbreaks on farms within an area despite biosecurity measures remains unclear. We investigated the vectorial potential role of stable flies in the transmission of PRRSV in the field and under laboratory conditions. <br /> <br /> Stable flies were collected around PRRS-negative boar stud barns in North Carolina and tested for presence of the virus. Significantly more stable flies were collected on traps placed near the exhaust fan of the close-sided buildings, indicating blood seeking flies are attracted by olfactory cues. None of the flies collected were positive for PRRS virus. <br /> <br /> In direct pig to pig transmission experiments stable flies failed to cause PRRSV infection in naïve pigs. Measurable quantities of PRRSV on the fly mouthparts were below detectable levels 1 hour post exposure. We conclude that the volume of blood contained in the closed mouthparts of the stable fly is insufficient to deliver an infective dose of the virus. <br /> <br /> Stable flies acquired PRRS virus by feeding on an infective bloodmeal. Active PRRS virus was recovered from the flies up to 24h post-feeding using cell culture. Measurable quantities of virus within the flies declined with time. Our studies indicate that virus does not replicate in fly digestive tissues. Occasionally the midgut barrier may be compromised, allowing the pathogen to enter the insect's circulatory system and increasing the potential of the insect to transmit disease. Adult stable fly bodies were inoculated intrathorasically with a PRRS virus solution and the virus persisted for 10 days. Detectible virus levels were 9,500 times greater in the fly when compared to detectible levels in the digestive tract. <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies <br /> a. Biological Control. This project evaluated commercial pteromalid wasp releases against filth flies. Baseline data indicated that at least 15 pteromalid species occurred naturally on dairies in the southern region. Natural populations were augmented with releases of commercially reared parasitoids. Although the emergence of commercial shipments of parasitoids were low initially (30% Muscidifurax zaraptor and M. raptorellus) an impact on parasitism rates was noted. Data from subsequent commercial parasitoid shipments (M. zaraptor, M. raptorellus and Trichomalopsis sarcophagae) indicated a significant increase in emerging parastioids (75%) resulting in the target release rate (200-250 per cow per week). Studies on the usefulness of freeze-killed house fly pupae to serve as effective, distance parasitoid sampling tool have been completed.<br /> <br /> The parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus was assumed to be an exotic species to the US and kept under quarantine. However it was determined that this species had entered the US from the southern hemisphere naturally. In 2008 a survey of T. zealandicus was undertaken to determine the range of dispersal. This parasitoid was found in three states in the US, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois and in Northern Europe (DN).<br /> <br /> Salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) of house flies is a nonoccluded, enveloped, rod-shaped double-stranded DNA virus, first discovered in fly populations in Florida. Infected flies regardless of sex display enlarged salivary glands and virus particles are thought to be deposited when infected flies feed. Healthy flies acquire the infection when feeding on contaminated substrates. SGHV from Danish house fly populations were submitted for sequencing and virulence testing.<br /> <br /> Adult house flies of various ages were exposed to three strains of Beauveria bassiana. Flies were exposed to moistened filter paper treated with either a low or high doses (104 or 105 conidia/cm2) of each strain for 6 h. Strain (447) was superior to the two house fly-derived strains in inducing host infection and mortality. Potential applications of these results in integrated house fly management programs are discussed. A fly bait containing B. bassiana was evaluated for the control of house flies on dairies. With application in both conventional and organic dairy farms, fly baits containing entomopathogenic fungi offer an excellent alternative to traditional insecticide baits.<br /> <br /> b. Chemical control<br /> <br /> Targets consisting of insecticide treated blue and black fabrics were developed as a tool in the management of stable flies. Studies were conducted to compare attractiveness of 3 configurations of blue/black cloth targets for stable fly control. There was no significant difference in mean numbers of flies attracted to flat or cylindrical targets. Targets in the cylindrical conformation may prove to be better at withstanding higher wind conditions than targets in the flat configuration. We evaluated the effects of target size on the number of stable flies captured with 0.5m2, 1.0 m2, and 1.5 m2 electrified BK targets. Treatments were randomly deployed among the three sites and rotated until 5 rotations were completed. The mean number of flies collected per hour with the large (574), medium (449), and small (171) targets were not significantly different due to location effects. We also measured the effects of the three target sizes on alsynite trap collections. The eight treatments were a small, medium, and large target plus one alsynite; a small, medium, and large target plus two alsynites, an alsynite alone, and two alsynites alone.<br /> In Nebraska, applications of 0.05 % permethrin and 0.06 % prolate were applied to cow/calf pairs with a mist blower. Stable fly reductions ranged from 67 to 96 percent with permethrin and 17 to 57 percent with prolate. In year two, stable fly reductions ranged from 46 to 91 percent with applications of 0.05% permethrin. <br /> <br /> Bird netting treated with insecticides was tested to determine its potential as a barrier technique to reduce fly dispersal into and out of animal facilities. During the summer, samples of bird netting treated with insecticide were hung in the sunlight and shade. Treatments consisted of label-rate concentrations of four pesticides (beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and pyrethrins) and sun versus shade exposures. Both face flies and house flies were bioassayed on netting samples taken at up to 14 weeks post-deployment. Even after 14 weeks in full sun, the netting treated with beta-cyfluthrin resulted in 100% mortality within for face flies and house flies. For pyrethrins, the greatest mortality was only 40% after 24 hours for the netting that was sun-exposed for 1 week. Other treatments are currently being assayed. Use of treated netting may have utility as a perimeter barrier in beef and dairy operations. Pyrethrin is not a suitable candidate for this barrier technique because of its rapid degradation in the sunlight. A perimeter of imidacloprid-treated visual targets provided partial protection of a Florida calf barn from immigrating flies. <br /> <br /> c. Resistance Survey<br /> A national survey of house fly resistance has been initiated, with standard procedures developed in New York. Studies are currently underway examining the insecticide resistance status of house flies to commercially-available chemicals and fly baits. <br /> <br /> In CA resistance to imidacloprid is widespread in house flies with significant field failures during 2008. Resistance developed rapidly in CA house flies and was probably due to the almost complete reliance of animal agriculture facility operators on this one product for the last 5 years. We have begun to examine behavioral resistance relative to physiological resistance and are finding that behavioral resistance (avoidance behavior) appears to be the dominant means of resistance for fly populations in the field.<br /> <br /> In Florida, house flies from four farms have been colonized and studies are nearly complete with imidacloprid, nithiazine, permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin. Resistance is present in house flies from Florida for all insecticides tested. House flies collected from local dairies demonstrate resistance to imidacloprid and nithiazine bait insecticides. To identify the higher levels of resistance, a new technique for presentation of the insecticide has been developed. Resistance to imidacloprid is considerably greater than to nithiazine. This reflects the much greater use-pattern of the imidacloprid baits. Additionally, these flies also are highly resistant to permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin. That beta-cyfluthrin resistance has approached permethrin suggests that this much newer insecticide may no longer be effective on Florida dairies, further straining control efforts and community relations.<br /> <br /> d. Economic Impact of Stable Flies. <br /> An explicit and dynamic model for estimating the economic impact of stable flies on cattle production was developed. Based upon USDA-NAS data from January 2008, commodity prices from May 2008, and injury levels derived from the literature, we estimate the economic impact of stable flies on cattle production systems to be approximately $2 billion per year.<br /> <br /> A survey of cattle producer pest and pesticide use assessment was conducted at the University of Florida. Despite the widespread distribution of surveys, very few were returned. Responses were obtained from beef cattle producers with operation sizes from 10 animals to 1,000 animals. Most producers (58%) applied pesticides once per season for flies on pastured animals. Approximately 78% of producers treated for cattle grubs and 70% treated for lice. Producers identified flies on pastured animals and fire ants (damaged equipment) as their major pests. Additionally, stable flies have been colonized and determination of Lethal Concentration analysis on these flies has been completed. Selection pressure on the colony is underway.<br />

Publications

Ascunce, M. S., S. Yang, C.J. Geden and D.D. Shoemaker. 2008. Twenty-three new microsatellite loci in the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Mol. Ecol. Resources (in press).<br /> <br /> Bernier, U. R., D. F. Hoel, J. A. Hogsette, H. A. Hanafi, and D. L. Kline. 2008. Effect of lures and trap placement on sand fly and mosquito traps, pp. 171-175. In W.H. Robinson, W. H. and D. Bajomi, D. [eds.], Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, OOK-Press Kft., Budapest, Hungary.<br /> <br /> Floate, K.D., Coghlin, P.C. and Taylor, D. B.. 2008. An update on the diversity of Wolbachia in Spalangia spp. (Hymneoptera: Pteromalidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 733 - 739.<br /> <br /> Geden, C. J., D. E. Szumlas and T.W. Walker. 2008. Evaluation of commercial and field-expedient baited traps for house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Vector Ecol. (in press).<br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. and R.D. Moon. 2008. Host ranges of gregarious muscoid fly parasitoids: Muscidifurax raptorellus (Kogan and Legner) (Hymenoptera: Pteromlaidae), Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenopter: Encyrtidae), and Trichopria nigra (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Environ. Entomol. (in press)<br /> <br /> Geden C. J., V. U. Lietze, and D. G. Boucias. 2008. Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies (Diptera : Muscidae) J. Med. Entomol. 45: 42-5.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A., A. Nalli and L. D. Foil. 2008. Evaluation of Different Insecticides and Fabric Types for Development of Treated Targets for Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Control. J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 1034-1038.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2008. House fly (Diptera: Muscidae) ultraviolet light traps: Design affects attraction and capture, pp. 193-196. In W.H. Robinson, W. H. and D. Bajomi, D. [eds.], Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, OOK-Press Kft., Budapest, Hungary.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J.A., H. A. Hanafi, U. R. Bernier, D. L. Kline, E. Y. Fawaz, B. D. Furman and D. F. Hoel. 2008. Discovery of diurnal resting sites of phlebotomine sand flies in a village in southern Egypt. J. Am. Mosq. Cntrl. Assn. 24: 601-603.<br /> <br /> Jarzen, D. A. and J. A. Hogsette. 2008. Pollen recovered from the exoskeleton of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Palynology 32: 77-81.<br /> <br /> Kaufmann, P. E., A. C. Gerry, D. A. Rutz, and J. G. Scott. 2008. Monitoring susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica L.) in the United States to Imidacloprid. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 23(4): 195-200.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., L.A. Wood, J.I. Goldberg, S.J. Long and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Host age and pathogen exposure level as factors in the susceptibility of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Beauveria bassiana. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 841-847.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E. and C. J. Geden. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenopter: Pteromalidae) on live and freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. Submitted to Florida Entomologist Dec. 16, 2008.<br /> <br /> Lietze, V.U., K. Sims, T. Z. Salem, C. J. Geden, and D. G. Boucias. 2009. Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), via salivary secretions and excreta. Submitted to J. Invertebr. Pathol. Dec 2, 2008.<br /> <br /> Lloyd, A. M., D. L. Kline, J. A. Hogsette, P. E. Kaufman and S. A. Allen. 2008. Evaluation of two commercial traps for the collection of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Am. Mosq. Cntrl. Assn. 24: 253-262.<br /> <br /> Linthicum, K., S.A. Allan, D.R. Barnard, J.J. Becnel. U.R. Bernier, D.A. Carlson, G.G. Clark. C.J. Geden, J.A. Hogsette, D.L. Kline. 2008. Overview of the mosquito research programs at the Unites States Department of Agriculture  Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology. Wing Beats 19 (1):31-36.<br /> <br /> Quinn, B. Q., U. R. Bernier and J.A. Hogsette. 2008. Chemical analysis and identification of compounds present in stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) feces. Proceedings of the 56th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, June 1-5, 2008, Denver, CO.<br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B. and Berkebile, D. R. 2008. Sugar feeding in adult stable flies. Environ. Entomol. Environ. Entomol. 37: 625-629.<br /> <br /> Wood, L.A. and P.E. Kaufman. 2008. Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Tribe Coprini): Its presence and relative abundance in cattle pastures in Northcentral Florida. Florida Entomologist, 91: 128-130.<br /> <br /> Invited Chapters:<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. and Leslie A. Hickle. 2008. External Parasites and Poultry Pests. Chapter 26 in Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition, Mo Saif, ed., Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, Ames, IA.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. and J. Amendt. 2008. Flies, pp. 209-237. In X. Bonnefoy, H. Kampen and K. Sweeney [eds.], Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. World Health Organization Regional Office Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, xiv + 570 pages, English.<br /> <br /> Student theses & dissertations:<br /> <br /> Ferrero, K. M. 2008. "Life history, host choice and behavioral plasticity of Trichopria nigra, a parasitoid of higher Diptera". MS thesis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida.<br /> <br /> Rochon K. 2008. Vector Potential of Stable Flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) for the<br /> Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University.<br /> <br /> Research Presentations:<br /> <br /> Berkebile, D. R. and D. B. Taylor. The effect of preservatives in rearing media on stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) survival. Poster. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV; November 2008.<br /> <br /> Butler, Sarah, Roger Moon, Nancy Hinkle, Jocelyn Millar, Steve McElfresh and Brad Mullens. "Age, Gonotrophic State, and Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles of Mating House Flies Collected on Dairies." 52nd Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kansas City, MO, June 15-18, 2008.<br /> <br /> Doyle, M. A. and C. J. Geden. 2008. Longevity of house flies maintained on food resources collected from dairy farms. Livestock Insects Workers Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2008. Discovery of novel pathogens and parasitoids of muscoid flies. Seminar presented at the Royal Veterinary Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, August 2008.<br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2008. Diapriid and viral natural enemies of stable flies in the U.S. and Denmark. Seminar presented at Aarhus University, Denmark, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2008. Status of the larval parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus in the U.S. Livestock Insects Workers Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2008. "Dr Richard Axtell some reflections on mentoring, macrochelids, and manure." In symposium "Metamorphosis Through Mentoring in Medical and Veterinary Entomology---Highlights from the Career of R.C. Axtell", ESA national meeting, November 2008, Reno, Nevada.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Nuisance fly identification, control, and resistance management". US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine Professional Training Series, Ft. Lewis, WA. January 31, 2008.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., S. Butler, B. A. Mullens. "Evaluating and Managing Pesticide Resistance in House Flies". Symposium: Efficacy Validation and Resistance Management. Annual Conference of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California. Palm Springs, CA. January 15, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. and P.C. Worley. Horn flies on beef cattle: seasonality and host individual variation. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Jacksonville, FL, March 2-5, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Nuisance Fly Biology, Ecology and Management, an International Approach. Koppert Biological Systems International Fly Mini-symposium, February 14-22, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Flying Insects in the Commercial Environment. Waltham Chemical's Bi-annual Exposition, Waltham, MA, March 10-14, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Stable fly management. 5th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Workshop, St. Augustine, FL, March 26-28, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Comparison of the Attractiveness of Three Different Conformations of Blue-Black Cloth Targets to Stable Flies. 52nd Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kansas City, MO, June 15-18, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Ultraviolet Light Traps: Design Affects Attraction and Capture. 6th International Conference on Urban Pests, Budapest, Hungary, July 13-16, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Fly Traps  Different traps for different situations. 11th Annual Force Health Protection Meeting, Joint Operational Entomology Workshop (JOEW), Albuquerque, NM, August 10-11, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Impacts of insects on livestock and crops in developing countries. Symposium: An Entomological Perspective Addressing Challenges in the Developing World: New Frontiers in Food and Bio-Security. Entomological Society of America Meeting, Reno, NV, Nov 16-19, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Increasing Problems with Filth Flies and Small Flies. 73rd Annual Purdue University Pest Management Conference, West Lafayette, IN, January 5-9, 2009.<br /> <br /> Lietze, V. U., C. J. Geden, and D. G. Boucias. 2008. "Here's spitting at you, kid - Oral transmission of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) via salivary secretions", Annual meeting, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Warwickshire, U.K. July 2008.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K., T. McKay, J. Pennington, D. Steelman, W. Watson, K. VanDevender, <br /> S. Willard and S. Brazil. 2008. Survey and release of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Annual ESA meeting, Reno, NV.<br /> <br /> Rochon, K., W. Watson, A. Perez de Leon, I. Gimeno, M. McCaw and R. Baker. 2008. Vector potential of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) for transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). International Congress of Entomology, Durban, South Africa. <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., A. Broce, and D. R. Berkebile. Detection of Blood in Stable Flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) with Hemoccult® Test Strips. Poster. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV; November 2008.<br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B. and D. R. Berkebile. Economic Impact of Stable Flies. Livestock Insect Workers Conference. Kansas City, MO; July 2008.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. M., J. P. Evans, R. E. Miracle, M. A. Drake, S. P. Washburn, and D. W. Watson. 2008. Presence of geraniol in bovine milk following topical application as a natural insecticide. J. Dairy Sci. 91, E - Suppl. 1: 216 (Abstr.) http://adsa.asas.org/meetings/2008/abstracts/0215.PDF<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. Flies and Disease: Blind Alleys and Open Roads. NCSU Department of Entomology Seminar Series.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. Push-pull management of horn fly, Haematobia irritans, using botanically derived insect repellents. Symposium, National ESA Meeting, Reno, NV.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J., D. R. Berkebile, and L. Zurek. Novel approaches using Push-Pull strategy for stable fly control. Livestock Insect Workers Conference. Kansas City, MO; July 2008.<br /> <br /> Extension publications:<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 714-715.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 716-730.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 731-744.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Cattle Ear Tags." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 745.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Swine - External Parasite Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 746-748.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Horses - External Parasite Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 749-750.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Fly Control in Horse Facilities." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 751-752.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Sheep and Goats - External Parasite Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 753-754.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Poultry - Fly Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 755-757.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Poultry External Parasite Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 758.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2008. "Poultry Housing Pest Control." 2008 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 759.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K., S. Brazil and J. Pennington. 2008. Fly Control for Organic Dairies. Univ. of Ark. Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service Pub. FSA 7072-PD-2-08N.<br /> <br /> Stringham, S. M., and D. W. Watson. 2008. Insect control for livestock and poultry. In the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. CALS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.<br /> <br /> Waldron, J.K., P.E. Kaufman and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Expanding livestock integrated pest management in the Northeast: An IPM training opportunity for Northeast US Animal Agriculture Industry Personnel. Project Reports 2007-2008, Agricultural and Community IPM, NYS IPM Pub. No. 506. pp. 102-109.<br /> <br /> Extension Presentations:<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Fly management for the pest management professional". Urban Pest Management Conference. Riverside, CA. March 27, 2008.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Biology and control of little house fly (Fannia femoralis)". Yucaipa City Managers Panel on Fly Control at Poultry Operations. Yucaipa, CA. May 28, 2008.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Canyon fly biology and control". San Gabriel Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District. Azusa, CA. August 11, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Controlling Pests on Cattle and Horses." Franklin County Cattlemens Association, Carnesville, GA, February 11, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Flies: Biology and Management Update." Target Anaheim Seminar and Exhibit, Anaheim, CA, February 19, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Flies 101: Biology and Habits." Target Annual Winter Workshop, San Marcos General Pest Workshop, San Marcos, CA, February 21, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Fly Control on Georgia Beef Herds." Laurens County Cattlemens Association, Dudley, GA, June 19, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Control Darkling Beetles & Flies in and Around Poultry Houses." Dawson and Lumpkin Counties Extension Offices, Dawson County Rock Creek Park, Dawsonville, GA, August 5, 2008.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. "Poultry Pests." California Poultry Federation Quality Assurance Seminar, Modesto, CA, Sept. 4, 2008.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2008. Recognizing Flies Associated with Dairy Production. Regional Dairy Conference. Bee Branch, AR Mar. 13.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2008. Fly Control for Dairies. Regional Dairy Conference. Bee Branch, AR Mar. 13.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2008. IPM and manure breeding flies. NWA dairy field day at the <br /> Prairie Grove, AR. April 30.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2008. Pasture Fly Management and Anaplasmosis. Crawford County Cattlemans Association. Chester, AR. May 20. <br /> <br /> Loftin, K. 2008. Fly IPM in Organic and Convention Dairies. Regional dairy<br /> producer meetings/in-service trainings in Beebe, Evansville, Formosa and Green<br /> Forest, AR. Oct. 24, Oct. 31, Nov. 5, and Dec. 9. <br /> <br /> Watson, D.W. 2008. External Parasite and Premise Fly Control. Blue Ridge Stocker Conference. Sept. 11, 2008.<br /> <br /> Watson, D.W. 2008. Pasture fly management: Innovative research at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems. Dairy Grazing Workshop. July 17, 2008.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. Novel Fly Management Strategies for 2008. Guilford Co. Cattleman's Association. April 15. Greensboro, NC.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. Pasture Fly Management Strategies. Rockingham Co. Cattlemans Association. April 10. Reidsville, NC.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. New Pasture Fly Management Strategies for 2008. Wautaga Co. Cattleman's Association. April 8. Boone, NC.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. Fly Management Strategies. Johnston Co. Cattleman's Association. March 11. Smithfield, NC.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2008. New and Novel Fly Management Strategies. NC Statewide Beef Conference. Jan 3. Statesville, NC.<br /> <br /> Trade journal articles:<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2008. How do external parasites impact dairy cattle? Progressive Dairyman. January, Issue 1. pp. 31-35.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Stable flies cause $2 billion per year in losses to the industry.
2. Stable flies arise locally in pastures and regionally from southern immigration.
3. House flies contaminate foods with multi drug-resistant enterococci, but stable flies are inefficient vectors of viruses.
4. New biological control agents include exotic parasitoids and viruses of house flies.
5. Insecticide treated fabrics help manage stable flies and house flies.
6. A national survey of house fly resistance has been initiated.

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Report Information

Participants

Berkebile, Dennis (dberkebile1@unl.edu)- USDA-ARS Lincoln, NE; Brewer, Gary (gbrewer2@unlnotes.unl.edu)- University of Nebraska; Donahue, Bill (srl@clearwire.net)- Consultant California; Ferguson, Holly (hferguson@wsu.edu)- Washington State University; Geden, Chris (cgeden@nervm.nerdc.ufl.edu)- USDA-CMAVE Gainesville, FL; Gerry, Alec (alec.gerry@ucr.edu)- University of California-Riverside; Hinkle, Nancy (nhinkle@uga.edu)- University of Georgia; Hogsette, Jerry (Jerry.Hogsette@ars.usda.gov)- USDA-CMAVE Gainesville, FL; Hung, Kim (kim.hung@ucr.edu) University of California-Riverside; Johnson, Greg (gdj@montana.edu)- Montana State University; Kaufman, Phil (pkaufman@ufl.edu)- University of Florida; Li, Andrew (Andrew.Li@ars.usda.gov)- USDA-ARS Kerrville, TX; Loftin, Kelly (kloftin@uaex.edu)- University of Arkansas; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@csrees.usda.gov)- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA);
Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu)- University of Minnesota; Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu)- University of Arkansas; Scott, Jeff (jgs5@cornell.edu)- Cornell University; Solorzano Torres, Cesar (cesards@okstate.edu)- Oklahoma State University; Strickman, Dan (Daniel.Strickman@ars.usda.gov)- USDA; Talley, Justin (justin.talley@okstate.edu)- Oklahoma State University; Taylor, Dave (dtaylor1@unl.edu)- USDA-ARS Lincoln, NE; Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu)- North Carolina State University; Zhang, Diane (diane.zhang@ucr.edu) University of California-Riverside; Zhu, Jerry (Jerry.Zhu@ars.usda.gov)- USDA-ARS Lincoln, NE; Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu)-Kansas State University;

Brief Summary of Minutes

January 13, 2010:

0812 - Meeting brought to order. Introduction by Chair (Wes Watson) and Meeting Host (Alec Gerry).


0829 - Rick Roeder: Report due 60 days following the end of the meeting. Year 3 requires an impact statement. USDA Scientists are being instructed to gain more funding from competitive grants. Experiment Station directors have expressed concern that this puts more pressure on these limited funds.


0839 - Dan Strickman: Changes at USDA are in flux. Flies are the #1 arthropod problem in livestock industries. ARS scientists are certainly interested in collaborations with university and private researchers.


0845 - Objective Reviews:
Dave Taylor (Review of Objective 1.1)
a. Stable flies developed best in laboratory media but oviposition on alfalfa media was higher in the field than oviposition on laboratory media.
b. Moon and Berkebile working on degree day model of stable fly from egg to adult. Eggs reared at many locations nationally. Model will assist with confirming development models. To date, SF are developing a bit faster than the current model would predict.
c. Berkebile trapping emerging stable flies to detect first emergence in hay circles. House flies are absent from these hay circles in Nebraska (Apr-Aug). First emergence in May. Single peak emergence generally in mid-June. Alsynite traps show 2 peaks, first peak associated with peak emergence, 2nd peak comes from unknown developments sites or immigration.
d. Kaufman showed SF captured on large horse farms primarily have evidence of recent cattle feeding. Cattle are 0.5 to 1 mi away from capture site. This appears to give evidence that SF are migrating after feeding on cattle. Horse manure may be more attractive than cattle manure for oviposition.
e. Moon continued modeling first date of SF detection. Calendar date of first detection is associated with latitude. Southerly wind events were the best predictor of first SF detection.


Alec Gerry (Review of Objective 1.2)
a. Ferguson continued to work on immuno-marking techniques using egg proteins. Face flies emerging from marked pats were marked 77% of the time in lab assays. The marker persisted for 11 days. An additional study examined persistence of lambda-cylothrin on netting used in the field for management of face flies. This insecticide proved relative persistent (2-12 weeks).
b. Watson worked on push-pull strategy to drive marked flies from swine barn treated with 3% geraniol. Work was preliminary and will continue through the coming year.
c. Geden assessed the effect of trap height on the capture of house flies using a terminator jug trap. Traps closest to the ground caught the greatest number of HF. A second study examined HF attraction to fermented molasses. HF captures were reduced at fermented molasses relative to unfermented molasses.
d. Gerry continued work testing a software program that would count spots on spot cards after scanning the card with a common scanner.
e. Zurek used DNA fingerprinting to examine HF dispersal from cattle feedlots to nearby urban areas. Found that HFs throughout the region were genetically similar indicating significant genetic exchange. Also found that antibiotic resistant bacteria were readily moved by HF from feedlots to urban sites > 3 km away.


Ludek Zurek (Review of Objective 2)
a. Talley and Gerry published work on filth fly association with E. coli in lettuce and spinach fields. High prevalence E. coli O157 in filth flies captured in lettuce fields. Expose e. coli carrying flies to spinach plants and plants would become inoculated with e. coli.
b. Shuster and collaborators examined E. coli bioluminescent protein using biophotomic system with E. coli inoculated into autoclaved manure to track bacteria in larvae developed in inoculated manure. House fly larvae were ingesting E. coli bacteria in the manure. Bioluminescent marker may be another useful technique to look at the ecology of bacteria in relation to flies as mechanical vectors.
c. Moon inoculated pigs with Porcine Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) and found house flies in the same pig house containing PRRSV. On some occasions, flies were also found infected with PRRSV in an adjacent pig facility (120 m away). Pigs in the adjacent facility also become infected with PRRSV.
d. Zurek examined the transfer of resistant genes from resistant to susceptible bacteria within the house fly. This transfer occurred frequently in flies infected with both bacteria. Second study looked at microbes from waste water treatment facilities. Waste sludge is attractive to flies. Bacteria in the sludge is showing up in house flies and there may be some movement of these flies to restaurants 1 or more km away. Third study examined whether house flies can contaminate cattle feed (steam flaked corn) which in turn may infect cattle across the feed lot. Fourth study examined whether infection of house fly larvae on E. coli inoculated manure differed when the manure was sterilized or not. Preliminary data shows that E. coli inoculation of house flies is higher on sterilized manure with E. coli than on manure containing many other natural bacteria (unsterilized manure). E. coli in pupae is high, but E. coli in adults is very low indicating that emerging adults have lost their E. coli contaminants with most of the bacteria probably left in the puparium space.


Alec Gerry (Review of objective 3.1 - for Lane Foil)
a. Foil tested repellency of lambda-cyhaolothrin to SF resting on treated cloth targets (TT). SF were not repelled and rested on TT > 30 sec resulting in sufficient exposure for mortality.
b. Foil demonstrated that SF near cattle were older than SF captured away from cattle. Host fidelity?
c. Foil examined TT efficacy and determined that 1 TT per acre was an appropriate trap density. The presence of steers in test pastured significantly increased TT capture.
d. Brewer and Boxler estimated control efficacy using the TT system in an open pasture setting. There was no reduction in SF between treated and untreated pastures - perhaps related to low density of traps. TT treated with lambda-cyhaolothrin were still efficacious in lab studies following up to 82 days of field exposure.


Phil Kaufman (Review of objective 3.2)
a. Watson examined fly production in swine hoop barns. Beneficials present but not keeping flies below threshold levels.
b. Moon examined house fly production in calf pens with different media. Straw bedding produced many more house flies relative to saw dust and shavings. The only beneficials captured from this site were Spalangia spp.
c. Geden examined the parasitoid species attacking HF in Denmark. Sentinel bag captures. Common parasitoids were Nasonia vitripennis and Aphaereta minuta (a braconid). Could not find Tachinaephagus or Trichopria. Second study examined salivary gland hyperplasia virus (SGH) in different fly species and found only HF are fully susceptible. SF mortality was high following infection. SGH virus appears to be found worldwide. Examining means of transmitting virus to uninfected flies.
d. Kaufman examined fly parasitism at horse farms in Florida. Most common parasites were Spalangia spp. (cameroni and nigroaenea).
e. Rutz used a Beauveria product (BalEnce) on dairy farms. No impact on fly populations. Similar results in 2008 using Beauveria bait.
f. Loftin developed outputs of S-IPM funded project including a Moodle course to teach a course in fly IPM.
g. Geden examined sugar/imidacloprid mixture applied to camo netting placed around an attractive source. Next study looked at application of pyriproxifen to adult mosquitoes moving the product to larval sites.
h. Gerry examined acidification of larval habitats to control larval flies. Acidification was shown to kill larval flies.
i. Li conducted lab bioassays with tolfenpyrad for control of horn, stable, and house flies. This product had LD values close to permethrin.
j. Li, Olafson, Shuster, Swiger will be looking at insecticide use and resistance in cattle feed lots in Texas.
k. Gerry examined house fly resistance to imidacloprid and found that very high doses were ineffective to kill resistant populations. Choice studies showed that behavioral resistance was at least as important as physiological resistance.
l. Ferguson examined resistance to cyfluthrin and cyhaolotrhin of house and face flies. Significant resistance was shown to both with resistance higher in house flies.
m. Kaufman examined susceptibility of stable flies in Florida and found moderate resistance of flies at the UF dairy as well as nearby horse farms. Using diagnostic doses, the horse farms had good survival of stable flies at the 1X and 3X diagnostic doses. Second study attempted to select resistance in susceptible SF colonies. Selected SF over multiple generations by selecting at 70% mortality. An examination of the genetic mechanism for this resistance showed a genetic change to acquire a kdr mutation (leucine to histidine). The dairy farm in Fl also showed a lack of homozygous susceptible alleles.
n. Scott examined the insecticide susceptibility of HF from multiple locations nationally for multiple chemicals. Susceptibility patterns varied by state. Sodium channel mutation (kdr) frequencies were examined with variation again by state for kdr and super-kdr mutations. Metabolism mutations are widespread. Both genes are often common in the same population.


1500 - Objective groups discussed critical needs remaining to be addressed in their objective areas and identify project participants to address these needs. Funding sources discussed.


1700 - Meeting adjourned for the day


January 14, 2010


0800 - Meeting brought to order


0820 - Transfer of S-1030 Leadership (Justin Talley takes Chair position)


0825 - Suggested date for 2011 meeting is 12-13 January 2010 in San Antonio, TX. Hosts will be the USDA Cattle Fever Tick Laboratory.


0830 - Rick Meyer: Uncertainty in how the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) is shaping up. It looks like their will be 4 divisions (institutes) within NIFA. RFA for the AFRI programs should be out by the end of January, with CAR and RAMP programs coming out in the next few months. CAR/RAMP would like to see more Education/Extension proposals. Rick indicated that he could arrange for Dan Cotton from eXtension to attend the next multi-state meeting to discuss opportunities with this group. Lots of discussion about how we might collaborate with eXtension and develop a pictorial key to arthropods including IPM information on these pests.


0900 - Rick Roeder: Discussed the need to start thinking about a development committee for the next multi-state project. January 2011 need to put the development committee together.


0930 - Bill Donahue: Spoke about industry collaboration with researchers and some of the needs of industry that we might be able to support. The group indicated that we appreciated the participation of industry and would welcome future industry participation.


1000 - Objective groups gathered again to discuss specific projects for the next year and develop collaborations to develop proposals.


1100 - Objective groups presented their goals for the next year including proposal concepts and possible funding sources. Participants with project ideas developed collaborations with other participants interested in the same project goals.


1200 - Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> Subobjective 1: Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal<br /> <br /> <br /> a. Larval habitats of stable flies. Stable flies developed best in laboratory media but oviposition on alfalfa media was higher in the field than oviposition on laboratory media. <br /> <br /> <br /> b. Climatic factors affecting stable fly populations. Degree day development of stable flies is currently being examined seasonally at numerous locations across the county in order to model development under varying environmental conditions. This work will continue through summer 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> c. Dispersal of Stable Flies. Stable flies captured on large horse farms in Florida have evidence of recent cattle feeding, with few apparently biting the nearby horses. Cattle are 0.5 to 1 mi away from capture site, providing evidence that stable flies are dispersing after feeding on cattle. Horse manure may be more attractive than cattle manure for oviposition resulting in the accumulation of stable flies on the horse farms.<br /> <br /> <br /> d. Overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA. First emergence of stable flies was noted in May using emergence traps placed at cattle hay circles, with a single emergence peak generally in mid-June. Alsynite traps were used to monitor adult stable fly abundance and showed two peaks; the first peak was associated with the mid-June emergence from the hay circles, while the second adult abundance peak must be due to stable fly development at unknown sites or to immigration of stable flies. In the Midwest, southerly wind events were the best predictor of first detection of adult stable flies, and the calendar date of first detection was associated with latitude.<br /> <br /> <br /> Subobjective 2: Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> a. Trapping Methods. Trap height was assessed on the capture of house flies using a Terminator jug trap, with traps closest to the ground catching the greatest number of house flies. House fly attraction to fermented molasses was evaluated given past results showing positive response to unfermented molasses. However, relative to unfermented molasses, the number of house flies captured using fermented molasses was reduced.<br /> <br /> <br /> b. Dispersal and Behavior. Immuno-marking techniques were evaluated for marking face flies (should also work for house flies) using egg proteins to mark flies emerging from treated manure. The marker persisted on marked flies for up to 11 days, certainly long enough for mark-release-recapture studies. <br /> DNA fingerprinting was used to examine house fly dispersal from cattle feedlots to nearby urban areas. It was discovered that house flies throughout the region were genetically similar, indicating significant genetic exchange and thus dispersal between rural and urban environments. It was also noted that antibiotic resistant bacteria were being readily moved by house flies from feedlots to urban sites > 3 km away.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens<br /> <br /> <br /> a. Human Pathogens. Work continues on the role that filth flies might play with transmitting human pathogenic bacteria to leafy green vegetables. It was noted that there was a high prevalence of E. coli O157 in filth flies captured in lettuce fields at a California field site. Laboratory studies showed that flies exposed to E. coli O157 could inoculate spinach plants with the bacteria when placed into a container with the plants.<br /> Biophotonics may be a useful real-time model to evaluate the ecology of bacteria in relation to flies as mechanical vectors. In one laboratory study, E. coli which had been transformed with the XEN-14 plasmid was inoculated into autoclaved manure to confirm that house fly larvae were ingesting and retaining E. coli. Ingestion of the bacteria was noted using the real time model of biophotonic's; which detects bacterial presence based upon the emission of photons from the transformed bacteria (E. coli).<br /> <br /> <br /> Under laboratory conditions, the transfer of resistant genes from resistant to susceptible bacteria within the house fly was evaluated. This transfer occurred frequently in flies infected with both bacteria. Recombination events may occur commonly between bacteria being harbored by house flies; perhaps this is one of the mechanisms for the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria associated with animal agriculture. <br /> <br /> <br /> Perhaps not surprisingly, waste sludge was shown to be attractive to flies, and bacteria in waste sludge can be found associated with flies captured in the vicinity of the waste with some indication that these bacteria may be transported to restaurants 1 or more km away from the waste sludge site. A related study showed that inoculation of house flies with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli is decreased when flies make contact with manure containing many natural bacteria relative to manure that has been sterilized and inoculated with the same amount of E. coli. Larval feeding on the E. coli results in contamination of the pupae, but the bacteria is lost during adult eclosion, so adults must contact infectious material to pick up new pathogenic bacteria.<br /> <br /> <br /> b. Animal Pathogens. Pigs inoculated with Porcine Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) were capable of transmitting the virus to house flies in the same pig house. On some occasions, house flies were also found infected with PRRSV in an adjacent pig facility (120 m away), with pigs in the adjacent facility also becoming infected with PRRSV. This study provides additional evidence that flies are capable of harboring, dispersing, and transmitting pathogenic organisms under natural conditions.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies.<br /> <br /> a. Biological Control. The parasitoid species attacking house flies in Denmark were examined using sentinel bags of fly pupae placed at animal facilities throughout the country. Common parasitoids that emerged from the fly pupae were Nasonia vitripennis and Aphaereta minuta (a braconid). Neither Tachinaephagus nor Trichopria spp. were recovered from sentinel pupae. In contrast, the most common fly parasites in Florida and Minnesota, USA were Spalangia cameroni and Spalangia nigroaenea.<br /> <br /> <br /> Fly susceptibility to salivary gland hyperplasia virus (SGH) was determined for different fly species, with only house flies being fully susceptible. Stable fly mortality was high following infection. Surveys for this virus proved that SGH virus could be found worldwide.<br /> <br /> <br /> Field trials using a fungal (Beauveria) product (BalEnce) on dairy farms, failed to produce any measureable reduction in fly numbers. These results mirrored those in a 2008 field trial using Beauveria bait.<br /> <br /> <br /> b. Chemical control. Electrocution techniques were used to determine if stable flies would land on and remain on cloth targets for a long enough time to absorb a lethal dose from an insecticide impregnated surface. In a series of two experiments, a half blue and half black (UK) 1 m2 target constructed of trigger cotton poplin in an electrocution device (UK grid) was determined to be acceptable for development studies. In the first experiment, an average of 350 stable flies per hr (maximum 794 flies in 1 hr) was collected using the UK grid. A time-delayed circuit trial using untreated UK grids demonstrated that stable flies remained on the targets for at least 30 seconds. Two experiments were conducted with time-delayed circuits and UK grids treated with 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin and showed that the treated targets (TT) were not repellent. The number of flies collected with UK grids was 6.1-fold higher than that for Alsynite trap (AT) in two experiments. <br /> <br /> <br /> Studies were conducted to determine the influence of weather, time, fabric type, insecticide type, and insecticide concentration on the mortality of stable flies from a susceptible laboratory colony exposed for 30 sec to TT. We found that 100% of the flies exposed to trigger targets that were treated with 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin and placed outdoors in Gainesville, FL, for up to three months, were dead within 30 min of exposure. The results of this study support the concept that TT can be developed for stable fly control. <br /> <br /> <br /> The question of how many targets will be needed to protect livestock in different pasture sizes will be the foremost issue. Gou et al (1998) made the observation that Alsynite traps (AT) caught significantly more stable flies when they were proximal to cattle pens. We have made similar observations. The number and sex ratio of adult stable flies collected on electrocution grids placed near and away from cattle was determined. Two UK grids were set up in a 64 m x 316.2 m pasture; one grid was positioned in the center of the pasture; the second grid was placed along the fence line approximately 75 m away. The grids were run for a 30 min period in the morning and then again in the afternoon. Twenty cows were held near the grid placed in the center of the pasture in morning, and then near the grid at the fence line in the afternoon. The mean number of flies killed on grids near cattle (510.5 ± 16.5) versus on grids away from cattle (120.5± 23.5) was significantly different (paired t-test, t = 54.86, P = 0.01), and the ratio of females increased from 34% female: 66% male when cattle were absent to 44% female: 56% male when cattle were present. Stable flies were also collected at the same time with AT placed in pastures near cattle and without cattle and the age of 30 male and 30 female from each collection was determined. Pterin concentration in fly heads was measured using methods described by Butler et al. (2009). The mean age in days for females and males collected near cattle was 6.57 ± 0.85 and 6.39 ± 1.13, respectively; the age for females and males collected away from cattle was 1.98 ± 0.42 and 3.78 ± 1.03, respectively. These data suggest that there is a significant population of older flies in close association with livestock. <br /> <br /> <br /> There could be several explanations that would explain this phenomenon including: 1) older flies have obtained multiple bloodmeals and are more fit to find and attack cattle 2) the flies remain close to the cattle after they have had a successful bloodmeal 3) the flies leave after a bloodmeal but return to the same pastures later. <br /> <br /> <br /> Blue-black targets with Alsynite traps (UKAT) were placed around pastures of different sizes to determine if more flies could be attracted when cattle were present. No difference in the number of flies captured was observed when the cattle were present in 10 acre pastures, but capture increased in smaller 1 to 5 acre pastures when cattle were present. We intend to repeat these studies, but our data indicate that four TT could be used in 3-4 acre pastures to affect a high number of flies associated with the cattle. For now, a TT per acre would be a good starting place for demonstration studies. The distance between the cattle and the targets is likely the most important variable, and to be effective the targets should never be more than 100 meters from the cattle. Future studies are planned to test that hypothesis. <br /> <br /> <br /> A short trial at the end of the stable fly season evaluated treated targets (TT) to protect cattle from stable fly attack. Two groups of steers in an intensive grazing experiment being conducted by another researcher using 1.5 acre pastures were used. The average number of stable flies per leg pretreatment was 12 to 17, and both groups were exhibiting bunching behavior and not grazing. Four treated targets were deployed around one group and four untreated targets around the other. The fly populations were fluctuating due to the time of year, but the number of flies on the cattle with TT dropped to zero flies after 8 days and averaged less than one per leg for the next five days. This reduction was associated with a lack of bunching and defensive behavior. <br /> The average number of flies per leg on the control group was 6, 1, 7 and 10 on days 8, 10, 11 and 13, respectively, and there was continued defensive behavior and occasional bunching. <br /> <br /> <br /> The use of TT traps in large open pasture lands in Nebraska failed to reduce stable fly numbers, perhaps due to low trap density as the TT with lambda-cyhalothrin were still efficacious in lab studies for up to 82 days of field exposure. Similarly, lambda-cyhalothrin proved persistent for up to 12 weeks on insect netting maintained under field conditions during summer in the state of Washington.<br /> <br /> <br /> An acidifier, sodium bisulfate (SBS), used to reduce odors associated with animal manures was evaluated as a means of chemical control of larval house flies. The addition of SBS to manure resulted in a dramatic drop in manure pH, resulting in a reduction in available bacteria following by a reduction in the number of flies developing in the manure.<br /> <br /> <br /> c. Insecticide Resistance Management. A new compound, tolfenpyrad was used in susceptibility assays for control of horn, stable, and house flies. LD values for this product were similar to those for permethrin. Field populations of house flies were shown to be resistant to imidacloprid in California, and cyfluthrin and cyhalothrin in Washington state. Choice feeding studies showed that flies were exhibiting a behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in addition to a weaker physiological resistance. House fly susceptibility to insecticides varied by state, but resistance was noted nationally to a number of insecticides from a variety of chemical classes. Sodium channel mutation (kdr) frequencies were examined with variation again by state for kdr and super-kdr mutations. Metabolism mutations are also widespread, and often found in conjunction with kdr mutations in the same fly population.<br /> <br /> <br /> Stable flies were also shown to be resistant to permethrin in Florida, with evidence that resistance in these flies is similarly due to a kdr mutation.<br />

Publications

Research Publications<br /> <br /> <br /> Ahmad, A. and L. Zurek (2009). Evaluation of metaflumizone granular bait for management of house flies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 23: 167-169.<br /> <br /> <br /> Akhtar, M., H. Hirt, and L. Zurek (2009). Horizontal transfer of the tetracycline resistance gene tetM mediated by pCF10 among Enterococcus faecalis in the house fly alimentary canal. Microbial Ecology 58: 509-518.<br /> <br /> <br /> Arika, C., J. L. Nieber, D. L. Wyse and R. D. Moon. 2009. Implementation of methodology for weed management practices - Phase II. Final report. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Research Services Section. 95 pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ascunce, M. S., S. Yang, C.J. Geden and D.D. Shoemaker. 2009. Twenty-three new microsatellite loci in the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Mol. Ecol. Resources 9, 271273.<br /> <br /> <br /> Berkebile, D.R., Weinhold, A.P., Taylor, D.B. 2009. A New Method for Collecting Clean Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae of Known Age. Southwestern Entomologist. 34: 469-476.<br /> <br /> <br /> Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Prevalence and population dynamics of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on north central Florida dairy farms. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Butler, S.M., R.D. Moon, N.C. Hinkle, J.G. Millar, J.S. McElfresh and B.A. Mullens. 2009. Characterization of age and cuticular hydrocarbon variation in mating pairs of house fly, Musca domestica, collected in the field. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 23: 426-442.<br /> <br /> <br /> Calvo, M.S., A. C. Gerry, J. McGarvey, T. L. Armitage, F. M. Mitloehner. 2010. Acidification of calf bedding reduces fly development and bacterial abundance. Journal of Dairy Science. 93:1059-1064.<br /> <br /> <br /> Crane, D. M. and R. D. Moon. 2010. Checklist of mosquitoes in Savanna Portage State park, north central Minnesota. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. submitted.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J., D. E. Szumlas and T.W. Walker. 2009. Evaluation of commercial and field-expedient baited traps for house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Vector Ecol. 34(1): 99-103.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. and R.D. Moon. 2009. Host ranges of gregarious muscoid fly parasitoids: Muscidifurax raptorellus (Kogan and Legner) (Hymenoptera: Pteromlaidae), Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenopter: Encyrtidae), and Trichopria nigra (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Environ. Entomol. 38(3): 700-707.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry A, Zhang D. 2009. Behavioral resistance of house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Imidacloprid. Army Med Dept J. July-September 2009: 54-59.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hamm, R. L., Gao, J.-R., Lin, G. G.-H. and Scott, J. G. 2009. Selective advantage for IIIM males over YM males in competition over 12 generations in Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) Environ. Entomol. 38: 499-504.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hamm, R. L. and Scott, J. G. 2009. A high frequency of male determining factors in male house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), from Ipswich, Australia. J. Med. Entomol. 46: 169-172.<br /> <br /> <br /> Higginbotham, G. E., L. N. Pereira, and A. C. Gerry. 2009. Improving IPM of house flies at commercial dairy operations through pest monitoring and determination of nuisance threshold. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 413, E-Suppl. 1.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hoffmann, W. C., M. Farooq, T. W. Walker, B. Fritz, D. Szumlas, B. Quinn, U. R. Bernier, J. A. Hogsette, Y. Lan, and Y. Huang. 2009. Canopy penetration and deposition of barrier sprays from electrostatic and conventional sprayers. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assn. 25: 323-331.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. and C.J. Geden. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenopter: Pteromalidae) on live and freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. Florida Entomologist, 92: 492-496.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., S. Nunez, R.S. Mann, C.J. Geden and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Management Science 66: 290-294.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E. and C. J. Geden. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenopter: Pteromalidae) on live and freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. Florida Entomologist 92: 492-496<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E., S. Nunez, R. S. Mann, C. J. Geden and M. E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Manag Sci 66: (in press)<br /> <br /> <br /> Kozaki, T., Brady, S. and Scott, J. G. 2009. Frequencies and evolution of organophosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase alleles in laboratory and field populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 95: 6-11.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lee, K. V., R. D. Moon, E. C. Burkness, W. D. Hutchison, and M. Spivak. 2010. Practical sampling plans for Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies and apiaries. J. Econ. Entomol. accepted, in revision.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lietze, V.U., K. Simms, T. Z. Salem, C. J. Geden, and D. G. Boucias. 2009. Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), occurs via oral secretions and excreta. J. Invertebrate Pathol. 101:49-55.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2009. Chapt. 16. Muscid flies (Muscidae) (revised), pp. 267287 in: Mullen, G. and L. Durden (eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2nd ed., Academic Press, NY. 720 pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2010. Design of tables and figures for display of scientific data. Chapter 2, in Scientific Communication for Natural Resource Professionals, American Fisheries Society, in revision.<br /> <br /> <br /> Paluch, G., J. Coats, J. Zhu and L. Bartholomay. Amyris and Siam-wood Essential Oils: Insect Activity of Sesquiterpenes 2009. American Chemistry Society. pp 1-16. <br /> <br /> <br /> Pitkin A, Deen J, Otake S, Moon R, Dee S. 2009. Further assessment of houseflies (Musca domestica) as vectors for the mechanical transport and transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions. Can J Vet Res. 73(2):91-96. <br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak and S.A. TenBroeck. 2009. Identification of blood meals from stable flies collected at four equine facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Prompiboon P, Lietze VU, Denton JS, Geden CJ, Steenberg T, Boucias DG. 2010. Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus, a globally distributed insect virus that infects and sterilizes female houseflies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 994-998<br /> <br /> <br /> Rochon, K., R. B. Baker, G. W. Almond and D. W. Watson. <br /> Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J. Med. Entomol.**<br /> <br /> <br /> Romero, A., J. A. Hogsette and A. Coronado. 2010. Distribution and abundance of natural parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) populations of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) at the University of Florida Dairy Research Unit. Neotropical Entomol. (Accepted Dec, 2009).<br /> <br /> <br /> Scott, J. G., Liu, N., Kristensen, M. and Clark, A. G. 2009. A case for sequencing the genome of the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46: 175-82.<br /> <br /> <br /> Talley J., A. Broce, and L. Zurek (2009). Characterization of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larval developmental habitat at round hay bale feeding sites. Journal of Medical Entomology 46: 1310-1319<br /> <br /> <br /> Talley, J. L., A. C. Wayadande, L. P. Wasala, A. C. Gerry, J. Fletcher, U. DeSilva, and S. E. Gilliland. 2009. Association of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with filth flies (Muscidae and Calliphoridae) captured in leafy greens fields and experimental transmission of E. coli O157:H7 to spinach leaves by house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Food Protection. 72(7): 1547-1552.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., R. D. Moon and D. R. Mark. 2010. Economic impact of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on cattle production. J. Med. Entomol submitted.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., R. D. Moon, J. B. Campbell, D. R. Berkebile, P. J. Scholl, A. B. Broce and J. Hogsette. 2010. Dispersal of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from larval development sites in a Nebraska landscape. Environ. Entomol. submitted.<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu, Junwei J., X. Zeng, D. Berkebile, H. Du, Y. Tong, and K. Qian. Efficacy and safety of catnip (Nepeta cataria) as a novel filth fly repellent. 2009 Medical and Veterinary Entomology 23:209-216.<br /> <br /> <br /> Extension Publications:<br /> <br /> <br /> Berkebile, D. and D. Taylor. 2009. Comparison of developmental substrates of the immature stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). Poster presentation. ESA Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN. December 12-16.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. 2009. Attraction of house flies to homopteran honeydew. MVCAC Quarterly Newsletter, Spring 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. and B. A. Mullens. 2009. Efficacy of dimilin for control of house flies in poultry and dairy manure, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests. In Press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. and D. Zhang. 2009a. House fly resistance to imidacloprid in California, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests. 34:K1.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. and D. Zhang. 2009b. House fly resistance to permethrin in California, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests. 34:K2.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 740-741.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 742-756.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 757-771.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Cattle Ear Tags. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 772.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Swine - External Parasite Control. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 773-776.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Horses - External Parasite Control. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 777-779.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Fly Control in Horse Facilities. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 779-780.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Sheep and Goats - External Parasite Control. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 781-782.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2009. Poultry - Fly Control. 2009 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 783-785.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J.A., P.G. Koehler and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Pesticide Safety Around Animals. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. DLN: IG128 (Revised).<br /> <br /> <br /> Juneau, K.J. and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Little Blue Cattle Louse, Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae). Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. EENY-422 (IN798). <br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites Around Animal Facilities. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 10 pp. DLN: IG054 (Revised).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites of Dairy Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG050 (Revised). <br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites on Horses. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG139 (Revised).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. Management of External Parasites with Forced-Use Dust Bags. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 7 pp. DLN: IG135 (Revised). <br /> <br /> <br /> Koehler, P.G. and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Horn Flies. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 3 pp. DLN: IG137 (Revised).<br /> <br /> <br /> Talley, J.L. 2009. Fly Control for Suburban or Small Acreage Horse Owners. Stillwater, OK: EPP-7018. 4 pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> Talley, J.L. and D. Sparks. 2009. External Parasites of Goats. Stillwater, OK: EPP-7019. 8 pp. <br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. and S. M. Stringham 2009. Fly and Fire Ant Management Strategies. Franklin Co. Nov. 20, 2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. and S. M. Stringham 2009. Pasture Pest Control Strategies. Bladen Co. Dec. 1, 2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. and S. M. Stringham 2009. Fly and Fire Ant Management in the Piedmont of NC. Lexington, NC. Dec. 9, 2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. and S. M. Stringham 2009. Pasture Fly and Fire Ant Management Strategies. Chatham Co. Dec. 11, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Presentations:<br /> <br /> <br /> Burrus, R. G., Hogsette, J. A., Kaufman, P. E., Maruniak, J. E., Mai. V. and Simonne, A. H. 2009. House fly, Musca domestica, (Diptera: Muscidae) dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in North Central Florida. Student Competition for Presidents Prize, SVPHS: Veterinary and Stored Products Pests. Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN, December 14. (First Prize Winner)<br /> <br /> <br /> Butler, S. and L. Foil. Potential use of treated targets for control of stable flies. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 13, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Foil, L., S. Butler, V. Hilbun and M. Becker. Evaluating the effect of target size on numbers of stable flies captured at targets: Do larger targets attract more stable flies? S-1030 Multi-state workshop. Riverside, CA. January 14, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C.J. 2009. Status of our understanding of SGH virus transmission in Musca domestica. Invited presentation, IAEA Workshop, Improving SIT for Tsetse Flies through Research on their Symbionts and Pathogens, February 16-20, 2009, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2009. Prospects for development of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of Musca domestica as a population management tool. Invited Presentation, 5th International Conference on Biopesticides: Stakeholders' Perspectives, New Delhi, India, April 26-30, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2009. Fly control update - treated targets and traps, Florida Mosquito Control Association Fall Meeting, Nov 8-11, 2009, Tampa, FL.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2009. Attractants, traps, treated targets and insecticides for fly control, Sixth Annual Review of the Deployed War Fighter Protection Research Program, Dec 1-3, 2009, College Station TX.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Manure management considerations relative to house fly production. Western Dairy Air Quality Symposium. Albuquerque, NM. March 24, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. About those flies & Canyon fly ecology. Santa Lucia Conservancy, Carmel, CA. May 21, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Highlights in veterinary entomology. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 13, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. and Zhang, D. Behavioral resistance to insecticides exhibited by house flies. Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America. San Diego, CA. March 29, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Higginbotham, G. E., L. N. Pereira, and A. C. Gerry. Improving IPM of house flies at commercial dairy operations through pest monitoring and determination of nuisance threshold. American Dairy Science Association. Montreal, Canada. July 12, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2009. Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. Georgia Pest Control Association Annual Winter Conference, Athens, GA, January 13-15, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2009. Updates on Beef Cattle Fly Control. Saluda County Cattlemen's Association, Hollywood, SC, June 8, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2009. External Parasites of Livestock in Georgia. 2009 Northeast Georgia Master Cattlemen's Program, Elberton, GA, November 9, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Nuisance Flies and International Significance. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Jan 22.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Discovery of diurnal resting sites of phlebotomine sand flies in a village in southern Egypt. International Symposium of Ectoparasites of Pets, Toulouse, France, Jun 3-5.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Stable fly biology, ecology and control. 53rd Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN, Jun 21-24.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. The house fly: Synanthropic behavior enhances vector competency. USDA-ARS Symposium. 113th Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association and the 52nd Annual Conference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, San Diego, CA, October 8-14.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Air curtains for restricting mosquito and fly entry into or exit from aircraft. 81st Annual Florida Mosquito Control Meeting, Tampa, FL, Nov 2.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Evaluation of traps for house flies, stable flies and phlebotomine sand flies in Egypt. Deployed War Fighter Protection Program Annual Review, College Station, TX, Nov 30-Dec 3.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Nuisance flies and international (mis)-adventures. Member Symposium. Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN, Dec 13-16.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2009. Blue and black cloth targets: status of target development and stable management programs. SVPHS Section Symposium, Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN, Dec 13-16.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, Roger. 2009. What's the harm in a few flies? A meta-analysis of economic effects of stable flies on dairy and beef cattle. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, Roger. 2009. Dynamics in some multivoltine muscid fly populations. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, Roger. 2009. Overwintering dynamics of stable flies in North America. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D, E. S. Krafsur and S. E. Weisberg. 2009. Timing of spring reappearance by stable flies in temperate North America. Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, Roger and D. E. Taylor. 2009. Economic impact of stable flies on cattle production. Section symposium, Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. 15 December.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, Roger and D. E. Taylor. 2009. Overwintering and spring dispersal of stable flies. Section symposium, Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. 15 December.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B, P.E. Kaufman, and C. J. Geden. 2009. Hymenopteran pupal parasitoids attacking filth flies in Florida. ESA National Meeting, December 2009, Indianapolis, Indiana.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B. 2009. Flies in Livestock Production. Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska - Lincoln. <br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B. 2009. Evaluation of Solarization for control of stable flies in hay feeding circles. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B., R.D. Moon. 2009. Economic Impact of Stable Flies. In Symposium Celebration of Entomology: Advances in Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) Research. Entomological Society of America Meeting. Indianapolis, IN December 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wasik, D. and A. C. Gerry. House fly behavioral resistance to imidacloprid. Southern California Conference of Undergraduate Research. Northridge, CA. November 12, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu, J. 2009. ESA, Section Symposium, Celebration of Entomology-Advances in stable fly research, titled - "New advances in stable fly chemical ecology and its potential practical control".<br /> <br /> <br /> Zhu, J. 2009. 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Chemical Ecology, Oct. 26-30 (Honolulu, Hawaii). Symposium, Semiochemical research and application in agriculture, Forestry, Urban, Veterinary and Military uses titled "Development of novel strategies for integrated biting fly management".<br /> <br /> <br /> Media Contacts:<br /> <br /> <br /> Jarzen, D. and J. Hogsette. 2009. A novel approach to fly control. Equus. Issue 381 (June 2009): 18.<br /> <br /> <br /> Thomas, H. S. Flies and Bugs, & The Horse. January 1, 2009. (http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=13344&src=SV<br />

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Report Information

Participants

"Clymer, Bill (billclymer@dishmail.net) - Ag Training and Technology, Inc."; "Ferguson, Holly (hferguson@wsu.edu) - Washington State University"; "Foil, Lane (linmom2agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University"; "Gerry, Alec (alec.gerry@ucr.edu) - UC Riverside"; "Hogsette, Jerome (jerry.hogsette@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-CMAVE"; "Kaufman, Phillip (pkaufman@ufl.edu) - University of Florida"; "Kim, Andrew (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Li, Andrew (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Liu, Samuel (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Loftin, Kelly (kloftin@uaex.edu) - University of Arkansas"; "Meyer, Hendrik (hmeyer@3nifa@usda.gov) - National Institute of Food and Agriculture"; "Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota"; "Penn, Sinthya (christen@insectary.com) - Beneficial Insectary, Inc."; "Penn, Tyler (christen@insectary.com) - Beneficial Insectary, Inc."; "Perez, Adalberto (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Pia, Andrew (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Pitzer, Jimmy (jpitzer@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University"; "Roeder, Richard (poxford@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas"; "Rutz, Don (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Swiger, Sonja (slswiger@ag.tamu.edu) - Texas Agrilife Extension Service"; "Taylor, David (dave.taylor@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Mgmt"; "Temeyer, Kevin (roger.sorenson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS"; "Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University"; "Zhu, Junwei (jerry.zhu@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Mgmt"; "Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University"

Brief Summary of Minutes

San Antonio, TX. 12-13 January 2011. Hosted by the USDA-ARS Livestocks Insect Research Laboratory.


January 12, 2011


Meeting called to order at 0800 by Chair Justin Talley,


Thanks to Andrew Li and Beto Perez de Leon for local arrangements.


Keynote Speaker -- Dr. Lloyd Wilson, Professor of Entomology, Texas A&M. Intricacies of multidisciplinary and multicenter proposals funded by NIFA.


Rick Roeder -- 60 days to get annual report into the system. Email to Pamela Oxford at Arkansas (Ricks assistant). Time to put together a writing committee to start work on a new project for Oct 1st 2012. Needs to be written by January 1, 2012.


Dave Taylor -- Objective 1.1 presentation.


1. Zurek/Doud -- biosolid fields are producing stable flies as well as house flies.


2. Taylor/Berkebile -- emergence of SF from hay rings. Significant numbers of SF before emergence from hay rings and after hay ring development is over. No house flies from hay rings.


3. Moon -- SF rearing under field conditions by 19 collaborators to determine development time. Estimated 234 DD for SF Development (according to Lysyk). Moon estimated 369 DD at >3.7 ºC. Seasonal differences probably due to microclimate variation. Modeled SF life history using 16 yrs of data accumulated by Elliot Krafsur.


4. Taylor -- MRR of SF at various ages. Some differences in distance traveled between blood fed and sugar fed or unfed flies. Overall, a similar dispersal pattern. Released flies are moving to where animals are housed.


Alec Gerry -- Objective 1.2 presentation


1. Ferguson/Peck -- tested fly marking system using egg white protein sprayed onto fly pats to mark face flies emerging from the pats. Captured flies were tested using ELISA to identify presence of protein. Marked flies were recovered up to 7 days post treatment of manure pats.


2. Gerry -- house flies were monitored at three large dairies using several monitoring techniques. Spot cards and bait traps proved to be the most useful. Software to count spot cards was developed to make this monitoring option more practical and acceptable to producers. A beta version of this software is available at no cost through UC ANR.


3. Kaufman/Burrus -- flies were marked and released at a dairy. Flies were captured using Alsynite traps placed up to 4 km away over the following 7 days. In 2008, flies were captured within 0.5 km of the release site. In 2009, flies were captured up to 2 km from the release site.


Ludek Zurek -- Objective 2 presentation


1. Kaufmann/Burrus -- Flies collected from dairy barns and screened for E. coli. Flies were homogenized and plated for screening. 15.8% of flies were carrying E. coli. Did not recover E. coli from manure samples, but Ludek indicates this is likely because samples needed enrichment. Prevalence was higher at dairies than at nearby restaurants. Prevalence can be fairly high with PCR testing.


2. Watson et al. -- stable flies can acquire Staph. aureus up to 12 hrs from an infective food source in the lab. Fly consumption may have resulted in varied concentration of bacteria acquired. Field trials resulted in no SF with Staph bacteria but some Staph recovered from horn flies.


3. Watson et al. -- Salmonella and Campylobacter in house flies. Mark-Release-Recapture studies (MRR)to monitor movement of flies between barns. Flies readily moved between hoop barns (approx. 30 m apart). Prevalence of Campylobacter was 6.5%. A few Salmonella positive house flies collected from one barn. Positive samples where not surface sterilized. More evidence that flies are picking up bacteria from the environment and can then move these pathogens around the environment.


4. Wayadande, Talley -- House flies exposed to E. coli and bacteria is retained on the surface for up to 13 days. Testing by PCR. Conducted SEM to view bacteria on surface of cuticle, mouthparts, tarsi. Examined fly deposition of E. coli onto spinach leaf surface. Flies exposed to E. coli and manure commonly contaminated spinach surface. Bacteria increased on plant surface following regurgitation by house flies.


5. Zurek -- dependence of HF larvae on bacteria. Want to know what the bacteria are providing that HFs require. Single-gene deletions of E. coli K-12 with nearly 4,000 mutants with gene deletions. HF eggs are surface sterilized and larvae transferred to agar with E. coli mutants, then examine for development and survival. Getting adult flies even from E. coli with vitamin production deficiencies. Project is ongoing.


6. Ahmad, Schal, Zurek -- HF and cockroaches collected from swine farms and examined for enterococci. Resistance profiles of HF, cockroaches, and manure isolates are similar. Resistant bacteria recovered routinely. Essentially insects are simply a mirror of the resistance pattern in the swine manure.


7. Zurek -- beginning to examine HF response to pathogens through expression of AMP and lysozyme.


Jimmy Pitzer -- Objective 3.1 (for Lane Foil)


1. Pitzer, Kaufman - Evaluated pupal parasitoids of SF. Released parasitoids into rearing cups containing SF larva. Released S. cameroni, S. endius, Muscidifurax. No difference in parasitism between parasitoids in open cups (at surface). When looking at pupae at depth of media, there was a significant difference with Muscidifurax have very low parasitism. Seems to validate field collections where few Muscidifurax where recovered from pupae collected in the field.


2. Foil -- examined the number of target traps are needed to achieve control in cattle pastures. Future studies to compare high/low volume treatments of cattle.


3. Pitzer, Kaufman -- examined SF resistance to insecticides. Selection against wild collected SF, selection every other generation. In 5 generations, selected for highly resistant flies. Field collected SF were found to be 1-10X resistance. Anything over 3X is associated with insecticide failure in the field. Resistance in SF is common from FL to CA.


4. Brewer, Boxler -- ear tags for fly control. New Bayer tags reduced flies 70-90%. Mist blowers used to apply permethrin and spinosad treatments to cattle. Treated animals showed a reduction in flies relative to control animals.


Chris Geden -- Objective 3.2 (for Phil Kaufman)


1. Calvo, Gerry -- acidification of manure reduced bacterial concentrations and reduced HF survival.


2. Geden -- pyriproxyfen (JH analog) was topically applied as a liquid. Need a dust product. Mixed diatomaceous earth with liquid to make a dust. When applied to fly rearing media, resulted in reduced HF adults. All pyriproxyfen products worked well when formulated as a dust. Reductions in next generation fly production when gravid females were exposed to pyriproxyfen and then allowed to oviposit. Gravid females can transfer product to media. Goal to develop better application methods.


3. Furgusen, Peck -- netting with pyrethroids was exposed to sunlight. Beta-cyfluthrin and Lambda-cyhalothrin were applied to nets and persisted for some weeks after treatment. BC residue changed very little over time, but LC changed more rapidly in sun.


4. Gerry -- resistance studies documenting behavioral resistance of house flies to imidacloprid.


5. Kaufman, Scott -- national resistance survey. Looking at allele frequencies to examine if resistance alleles can be identified. One genotype (TCT) appears to be primarily responsible for resistance.


6. Geden -- new method for looking for SF parasitoids. Mixing fly larvae and pupae in open trays. Found some new parasitoid species including Spalangia drosophilae group and a diapriid.


7. Geden -- examining the effect of house fly salivary gland hypertrophy virus in stable fly. Has an effect on fly ovaries.


Critical Needs Assessment Discussion


Alec Gerry -- facilitator


1. Meeting format discussed


a. Old format focused on more time on the objective discussions


b. New format allows more time for group collaborations


2. House fly monitoring and IPM


a. Bring a monitoring system that producers can utilize


b. Standardizing methods of sampling for CAFO's


c. Provide a recommendation for sampling


d. Are techniques of sampling the same across the nation?


3. Current project plan or future plan for the development committee


4. Nuisance threshold verses economic threshold


5. Public health department needs for a sampling technique for sampling house flies


6. Utilizing eXtension since most states do not have strong extension presence for veterinary entomology


a. Communities of practice participation


7. Manure/Source reduction as a control technique


8. Marketing pest management for filth flies


9. Extension education for producers


10. Research standpoint on niche partitioning between stable flies and house flies

a. Ecology of larval development sites


b. Oviposition site selection


c. Focus effort on larval habitat reduction


11. Are hay circles the main source for stable fly development?


12. Need for more chemical options


a. Contacts for new chemistry development for fly pesticides


13. Environmental issues with CAFO and how they can relate to pest management needs


14. Form collaborations with non-entomologists that are specialists within animal agriculture


15. The need to focus on other fly species i.e. horn flies


16. Disease transmission


a. Disease potential for transmission


b. Microbial ecology of pathogens within flies


c. Modification of microbial community within flies


d. How does manure modification affect microbial ecology of pathogens being picked up by flies


e. Contamination of food by flies by two broad concepts


i. Pre-harvest contamination of food by flies


ii. Contamination of ready-to-eat foods at restaurants


f. Focus on food safety issues for flies for funding


17. Modeling issues


a. Acquisition, dispersal, and retention of pathogens


b. Vectorial capacity


c. Landscape phenomena affecting dispersal


d. What type of models should be utilized


18. Adult fly control with treated targets/traps


a. Experimental implementation of utilizing these targets


19. Alternatives of controlling flies without treating animals


20. Develop management techniques for organic livestock programs


a. Source reduction


b. Point sources that could contribute to a larger impact for fly populations


c. Plant source material used as repellents for flies in cattle


21. Things to do for the current project:


a. Collaboration with Lane Foil for treated targets


i. Conduct a collaborative project with a more systematic approach


b. stable fly rearing -- collaboration with Roger Moon to develop a degree day model


c. Food safety -- collect flies at CAFO's with steam flaked corn


d. Fly distribution from pasture to pasture without treated animals


Discussion of Critical Needs Assessment:


1. House Flies


a. House fly monitoring -- standardize monitoring system acceptable to public health people and producers. Create an artificial sheltered structure on which to place spot cards to evaluate aspects such as height and directional placement. Several participants agreed to participate in the collaborative effort.


b. Fly movement and dispersal -- Justin Talley will continue with this line of inquiry. Justin also will be moving forward with evaluation of artificial corridors or barriers that would affect fly movement/dispersal.


c. Control of immatures -- Chris Geden will continue discovery of new parasitoids. Several participants agreed to assist with pan placement to capture parasitoids nationally. Interest in looking into chemical communication with parasitoids.


d. Mortality composting -- this is something to discuss for the next 5 year project. Mortality composting is becoming more common, but the effect of this mortality handling on fly production is untested.


e. Adult control -- need for new active ingredients (e.g. botanicals). Need for new attractants. Jerry Zhu will provide some leadership in this area.


f. Push-pull techniques -- for the next 5 yr project. Examine new methods for developing these management options. Assess new products and novel application techniques.


g. Who to send proposals to: WSARE for the fly monitoring grant (or perhaps Regional IPM).


h. Effect of feeds on fly production. Plants high in tannins may reduce parasites and fly production in manure. With efforts to evaluate new feeds, piggyback studies on fly production.


2. Stable Flies


a. Monitoring -- relating monitoring techniques to pest population. Currently, nothing that involves the entire group.


b. Management of Adult and Larvae -- adult insecticide resistance. Pia has identified genes for pyrethroid resistance. Pia would like to get stable flies shipped on dry ice for genetic analysis to examine resistance frequency. Pia will send out a protocol. Also, explore idea of testing efficacy of treated targets for management of adult flies. Larval management  nothing was identified for the group to participate in.


c. Larval Habitat and Ecology -- catalog where stable fly larvae are collected.


d. For next 5 yr project -- laundry list of ideas. Will need to be developed by writing committee.


3. Microbial Ecology


a. Food Safety -- Moon pledged to review data on pathogen prevalence and house fly dispersal to see if some sort of risk analysis could be developed. OSU (Talley and Wayadande) will continue studies to examine how house flies contaminated food crops with bacterial pathogens.


b. Contamination of Fresh Steam Flaked Corn -- will examine if this feed is a sink for contamination on the farm by sampling flaked corn over time following steam flaking.


c. Fly immunity to microbes -- assess the role of fly immunity to protection from pathogens. Standardize methods for isolation and identification of E. coli. Evaluate mortality composting sites for production of flies contaminated with pathogens.


d. These projects will continue into the next 5 yr project cycle.


January 13, 2011


Discussion of websites in use by various universities and agencies.


Announcement of joint AAVP, LIWC, and ISEP meeting from 16-19 July 2011 to be held in St. Louis, MO.


The 2012 S-1030 meeting will be held in Orlando, Fl. Hosted by Jerry Hogsette, Phil Kaufman. Tentatively will plan for 11-12 January 2012.


Rick Meyer -- NIFA is undergoing a dramatic reorganization. Most of our veterinary entomology contacts will be housed in the Institute of Food Production and Sustainability. New budgets are unclear -- continuing budget resolution through March 4, 2011. However, funding is unclear for the coming year. Contact the National Program Leader about their programs to see if you fit in their program. Investments at NIFA are focused on 5 areas -- read the NIFA RFA for more information. See website at www.nifa.usda.gov


Craig Wood (eXtension) -- Collaboration, engagement, and networks. For information go to about.extension.org . Start a community at people.extension.org . Call for communities of practice each year with funding for setting this up, annual leadership funds. RFA may come out in March/April -watch for it! Lots of discussion about ways that S1030 members may get involved.


Project Development


1. Gerry -- HF monitoring using spot cards to identify a standard spot card placement. Will develop rough draft of project idea and send out to group.


2. Geden -- parasitoid collections. Asked for assistance to deploy pupae for collection of parasitoids.


3. Pia -- Would like to get SF nationally (along with insecticide usage information if possible). Send to Kerrville lab on dry ice or in 90% alcohol for genetic analysis.


4. Kaufman -- still interested in getting SF for resistance testing using a bottle assay. Contact Phil for more information.


5. Brewer, Talley -- pasture studies to examine SF sampling (trap location and sampling effort). Will send out a call for assistance following the meeting.


6. Taylor -- Asked that if you uncover SF larvae, please record the location and report that back to Dave for inclusion in a database.


7. Moon -- SF development at various media depths. Will develop this further and get it out to the group.


Next 5 yr Development Committee -- Ludek will volunteer to organize for food safety. Need progression in goals and objectives or new project. Gerry will volunteer as the Chair and project author. Title: Fly Management on Managed Animal Agriculture Systems. Rick Roeder needs a statement of justification and broad outline (next few months). Gerry will send out project outlines over the next few months to develop project ideas and assign leadership to write sections.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> Subobjective 1: Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal<br /> <br /> a. Larval habitats of stable flies. Dewatered biosolids (biosolid cake) stored at a wastewater treatment facility supported larval development of numerous Diptera, in particular stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) (80.2% of emerging flies), house flies (Musca domestica) (18.0%) and calliphorid flies (Lucilia spp.) (2.6%). Captures of stable flies and house flies peaked around mid-July each year and a second, smaller peak was observed among stable flies 5-8 weeks later. Total emergence was estimated at 551,404 flies/yr for stable flies and 108,188 flies/yr for house flies; overall fly production in biosolids was estimated at 670 stable flies/m2 and 143 house flies/m2. This study provides valuable insights in to the utility of biosolid cake as a larval development substrate for stable flies and house flies. <br /> <br /> The structure of the horse manure bacterial community changes over time and likely plays an important role in the oviposition behavior of stable flies (SF). A series of two-choice bioassays were conducted using two-week old horse manure (standard) and aging horse manure (fresh to five weeks old and tested on weekly basis) to evaluate the effect of manure age on SF oviposition. The microbial community structure of all manure samples (fresh to five weeks old) were analyzed by 16S rDNA PCR with universal primers followed by 454 pyrosequencing. Preliminary analysis of comparing ~5,000 good quality sequences from each manure type revealed great differences in the microbial community structure with a major shift from strict anaerobes (Clostridium, Eubacterium, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Prevotella spp) in fresh manure to facultative anaerobes or strict aerobes (Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas, spp.) in 1 to 4 week old manure. Overall diversity of the bacterial community was very high in fresh manure (OTU [3%] =1,458; H=6.2) and greatly declined in aged manure (OTU [3%] = 796; H=4.6). Assessment of the effect of the microbial community structure on SF behavior and further steps to establish a platform for a paratransgenic approach for management of SF are in progress. <br /> <br /> The temporal and spatial patterns of adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), emergence from six sites where large round baled hay had been provided to pasture cattle as winter feed were studied using emergence traps. The substrate at these sites, consisting of waste hay mixed with bovine manure and urine, provided an excellent developmental habitat for immature stable flies. Stable flies were the most frequently collected fly emerging from these sites with a yearly average of 1,581 emerging per square meter. Stable fly emergence from these sites began in early May (235 annual accumulated Day-Degree 10° C [DD10]), peaked in late June and early July (400-900 DD10) and then dropped to very low levels in late July (>900 DD10). The temporal pattern of stable fly emergence from the hay feeding sites differed from that of adult populations measured with sticky traps. Adult populations increased in the spring before significant emergence from the hay feeding sites was observed, dipped in mid-summer soon after the hay feeding sites became nonproductive, and then rebounded in the late summer when emergence from the hay feeding sites was very low. The drop in productivity of the hay feeding sites appeared to be due to endogenous factors associated with decomposition of the substrate rather than temperature or precipitation. Winter hay feeding sites appear to be primary sources of stable flies during the early summer, however, they are not responsible for late summer and fall stable fly populations. <br /> <br /> Overall, the inner most 2 meter annulus of the hay feeding sites was the most productive, however, spatial variation among sites was observed. The sex ratio of emerging flies did not differ from 1:1 and the temporal pattern of emergence was similar for males and females. Although several other species of flies were collected emerging from the hay feeding site substrate, house flies (Musca domestica L.) were notably absent.<br /> <br /> b. Climatic factors affecting stable fly populations. Degree day development of stable flies is currently being examined seasonally at numerous locations across the county in order to model development under varying environmental conditions. This work will continue through summer 2011. <br /> <br /> c. Dispersal of Stable Flies. Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br /> d. Overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA. Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br /> Subobjective 2: Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> a. Trapping and Monitoring Methods. Monitoring of house fly activity using spot cards was previously shown to be a preferred method (at least for large dairies in California). Software (FlySpotter ©) to automate the spot card counting process was developed and tested. A beta version of this software is currently undergoing some redevelopment for eventual marketing to private industry.<br /> <br /> b. Dispersal and Behavior. Immuno-marking techniques were evaluated for marking face flies emerging from dung pats in the field. Flies emerging from dung pats sprayed with egg whites were captured and tested for the marker using ELISA. Although 77% of face flies emerging from treated manure in the lab contained the marker, in the field only 16% of flies emerging from marked pats contained the egg white marker.<br /> <br /> Bird netting treated with insecticide was assessed as a barrier to fly dispersal. Treated bird netting left in direct sunlight retained toxic concentrations of pesticide when treated with beta-cyfluthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin through 12 weeks of exposure, while pyrethrins and bifenthrin showed rapid loss of toxicity to house flies. Treated netting continues to be tested as a barrier treatment around confined animal operations.<br /> <br /> A multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was used to identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs. Our results suggest that 64% of flies collected on equine facilities had fed on cattle blood within 24 hr. That cattle were not on or near the premise strongly suggests that the flies originated elsewhere and subsequently moved to the horse farms. <br /> <br /> The potential of house flies to disperse from rural to urban areas and distribute antibiotic-resistant bacteria was examined by: (i) quantification of the dispersal rate of house flies from farms (rural areas) into a city (urban area) using multilocus DNA fingerprinting and (ii) profiling of the antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci harbored by house flies collected in rural and urban environments. The population genetic analysis indicated that there was considerable dispersal between rural and urban habitats. Although there was a significant difference in allele frequency between the urban and rural samples, genetic divergence was low (mean FST 5 0.07) and migration rate relatively high (Nm 5 3 individuals per generation). Almost 95% of the genetic diversity occurred within populations, suggesting a nearly panmictic population. Profiling of antibiotic resistance of enterococci isolated from house fly guts showed that house flies collected in all five urban sites carried substantial numbers of antibiotic-resistant enterococci, supporting the results of the population genetic analyses. The results of this study imply that house flies, because of their dispersal behavior and capacity to transport antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pose a serious threat to public health.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens<br /> <br /> a. Human Pathogens. Filth flies are known mechanical vectors of human enteric bacteria in hospital and restaurant settings. However, the role of flies in the movement of human pathogens to pre-harvest food plants is largely unknown. The fate of an attenuated strain of E. coli O157:H7 acquired by the house fly, Musca domestica, from contaminated manure and deposited on spinach via regurgitation spots was studied by molecular methods and scanning electron microscopy. Retention of bacteria on fly body parts was studied by relative quantitative PCR analysis of the eae gene, indicating increased bacteria through day 4 followed by decreasing counts in subsequent days. Manure-acquired E. coli O157:H7 was more capable of replication on the spinach surface than bacteria acquired from LB-ampicillin plates. Retention of bacteria on tarsi and labellae of flies exposed to E. coli O157:H7 contaminated manure was determined by microbiological assays and confirmed by end point PCR, with detection of bacteria up to 13 days post-exposure. Olfactometer trials have begun to assess the attraction of homopteran honeydew to house flies. Honeydew collected from laboratory colonies and from field sites has been utilized to develop a two-choice olfactometer which provides a rapid assessment of house fly response to compound volatiles. Initial work on volatile separation and house fly response to extracted volatiles has commenced.<br /> <br /> Studies with E. coli sampling on dairy farms in Florida suggest that utilization of house flies for sample detection was more reliable than the use of cattle manure and spilled feed. In separate dispersal studies, marked house flies from a farm were collected as far as 3 km distant in a community.<br /> <br /> Extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the livestock industry constitutes strong selection pressure for evolution and selection of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Insects such as house flies (Musca domestica) and German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) can move freely between animal waste and food and may play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria within and between animal production farms and from farms to residential settings. Enterococci from the digestive tract of house flies (n = 162), and feces of German cockroaches (n = 83) and pigs (n = 119), collected from two commercial swine farms were isolated, quantified, identified, and screened for antibiotic resistance and virulence. The majority of samples (93.7%) were positive for enterococci with concentrations 4.2 ± 0.7 x 104 CFU/house fly, 5.5 ± 1.1 x 106 CFU/g of cockroach feces, and 3.2 ± 0.8 x 105 CFU/g of pig feces. Among all the identified isolates (n=639) Enterococcus faecalis was the most common (55.5%), followed by E. hirae (24.9%), E. faecium (12.8%), and E. casseliflavus (6.7%). E. faecalis was most prevalent in house flies and cockroaches, and E. hirae was most common in pig feces. Our data showed that multi-drug (mainly tetracycline and erythromycin) resistant enterococci were common from all three sources and frequently carried antibiotic resistance genes including tet(M) and erm(B) and Tn916/1545 transposon family. E. faecalis frequently harbored virulence factors gelE, esp, and asa1. PFGE analysis of selected E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates demonstrated that cockroaches and house flies shared some of the same enterococcal clones that were detected in the swine manure indicating that insects acquired enterococci from swine manure.<br /> <br /> b. Animal Pathogens. House flies collected from each of 5 hog barns in North Carolina were examined for the presence of Campylobacter coli and Salmonella. Results indicate that house flies collected from swine barns carried Campylobacter coli and Salmonella was rarely collected. Although the prevalence of these bacteria was relatively low, these data illustrate that house flies may disseminate bacteria from within farm and likely are a source of contamination regardless of biosecurity efforts between farms. Furthermore these experiments suggest that house flies may function as a means to spread pathogenic bacteria between vertebrate hosts, i.e. swine to cattle or swine to poultry. This is particularly a concern for diversified farms that raise a variety of animals. Future studies are going to focus on the potential role of house flies in the dissemination of antibiotic or antimicrobial resistant bacteria among antibiotic free swine herds.<br /> Staphylococcus aureus mastitis among horn flies and stable flies collected on NC dairies.<br /> <br /> The horn fly is closely linked to the harborage and transmission of S. aureus, a common cause of bovine mastitis in North Carolina. The prevalence of mastitis, both clinical and subclinical infections and the difficulty of eradication of S. aureus from dairy herds motivated this inquiry into the stable fly as an alternate vector of S. aureus. Stable flies were readily infected with S. aureus in the laboratory and the bacterium was recovered from stable flies up to 12 hours and occasionally at 24 hrs post exposure. In field studies no S. aureus was isolated from farm collected stable flies, yet S. aureus was isolated from horn flies collected the same day on the same farms. In contrast to the laboratory study, fly collections from local farms displayed a lack of persistence and harborage of S. aureus in the stable fly. <br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies.<br /> <br /> a. Biological Control. The effect of Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) on selected fitness parameters of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans [L.]) was examined in the laboratory. Virus-injected stable flies of both genders suffered substantially higher mortality than control flies. Fecundity of control flies on days 6-9 was 49-54 eggs deposited per live female per day, whereas virus-injected flies produced 4-5 eggs per female on days 6-7 and <1 egg per female per day thereafter. Infected flies produced about 26% as many fecal spots as healthy flies. Virus-injected stable flies did not develop symptoms of salivary gland hypertrophy. PCR demonstrated virus replication in injected stable flies. MdSGHV in stable flies displayed tissue tropism similar to that observed in house fly hosts, with higher viral copy numbers in fat body and salivary glands compared to ovaries. Virus titers were 100x higher in house fly than in stable fly hosts, and this difference was probably due to the absence of salivary gland hypertrophy in the latter species.<br /> An improved method for surveying stable fly and house fly parasitoids was tested on Florida dairies. The method, which involves the use of pans of larvae in medium as well as pupae, was sensitive to species that are rarely collected using sentinel house fly pupae such as diapriids and small Spalangia species in the drosophilae group.<br /> <br /> b. Chemical control. House flies were shown to be both physiologically and behaviorally resistant to imidacloprid. Behavioral resistance was demonstrated following direct contact with sugar treated with imidacloprid. Resistant flies departed from treated sugar more rapidly than susceptible flies while consuming far less of the sugar-toxicant mix. It is hypothesized that contact with the material results in irritation to the flies which decreases feeding behavior and increases food abandonment behavior.<br /> <br /> Three new-to-science chemistries were identified and patents were filed. These chemistries (beta-damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur) have been shown to be effective against house flies and stable flies.<br /> <br /> House fly immatures were found to be highly sensitive to the JH analogue pyriproxyfen. Laboratory tests demonstrated that adult flies could be used as autodissemination vehicles to transfer pyriproxyfen to oviposition sites.<br /> <br /> To compliment chemical control, attractants and repellents are being evaluated in caged studies and in the field. Tests to determine the active compounds in stable fly feces, shown previously to be a relatively strong attraction to adults, are underway as are tests to determine the effectiveness of the feces when used in conjunction with the blue/black cloth targets.<br /> <br /> c. Insecticide Resistance Management. Studies have been completed on selection for resistance to imidacloprid, an insecticide used in house fly baits. Following >70% mortality selection pressure for 5 consecutive generations, imidacloprid resistance in a wild-caught, multi-source house fly colony reached 331-fold. Following each selection, survival in flies exposed to the commercial bait product in both choice and no-choice assays increased.<br /> <br /> A wild-caught stable fly colony was selected for resistance to permethrin over 5 alternate generations reaching 15-fold resistance. This colony was subjected to genetic analysis and the resistance mechanism has been determined as a sodium channel mutation.<br />

Publications

Ahmad A, A. Ghosh, C. Schal, and L. Zurek (2010). Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community. BMC Microbiology 11:23.<br /> <br /> <br /> Calvo, M.S., Gerry, A., McGarvey, J., Armitage, T.L., Mitloehner, F.M. 2010. Acidification of calf bedding reduces fly development and bacterial abundance. Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 93: p.1059-1064.<br /> <br /> <br /> Chakrabarti, S, S. Kambhampati, and L. Zurek (2010). Assessment of house fly dispersal between rural and urban habitats in Kansas, USA. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society 83:172-188.<br /> <br /> <br /> Doyle, M. S., B.N. Swope, J.A. Hogsette, H.M. Savage, and R.S. Nasci. 2010. Vector Competence of the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) for West Nile virus. J. Med. Entomol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J., T. Steenberg, V.-U. Lietze, and D. G. Boucias. 2010. Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in Denmark: Prevalence, host range, and comparison with a Florida isolate. J. Vector Ecol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden,C. J., A. G. Maruniak, V.-U. Lietze, J. Maruniak, and D. G. Boucias. 2011. Impact of house fly salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) on a heterologous host, stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). J. Med. Entomol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., Wayadande, A. C., Talley, J. L., Wasala, L. P. 2010. Protecting food crops from contamination with filth fly transmitted human pathogens. HortScience 45(8). p.S 33. Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Palm Springs, CA. <br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A.C., Mullens, B.A.Efficacy of dimilin for control of house flies in poultry and dairy manure. Arthropod Mangement Tests 35. (Submitted 11/15/2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A., Higginbotham, G., Pereira, L., Lam, A., Shelton, C. 2010. Evaluation of Surveillance Methods for Monitoring House Fly (Musca domestica) Abundance and Activity on Large Commercial Dairy Operations. Journal of Economic Entomology. (Submitted 10/20/2010.) <br /> <br /> <br /> Higginbotham, G., Gerry, A., Collar, C., Reed, L. 2010. Nuisance fly production capacity of three types of manure handling systems. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1. p.610. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A., R. Urech, P. E. Green, A. G. Skerman, M. M. Elson-Harris, R. L. Bright, and G. W. Brown. 2010. Nuisance flies on Australian cattle feedlots: Immature populations. J. Med. Vet. Entomol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance. Pest Management Science 67: 26-35.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. E., S. Nunez, R. S. Mann, C. J. Geden and M. E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Manag. Sci 66: 290294.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Selection for resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 1937-1942.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lietze, V-U., A. M. M. Abd-Alla, M. Vreysen, C. J. Geden, and D. G. Boucias. 2011. Salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (SGHVs): a novel group of insect pathogenic viruses. Annual Review of Entomol. 56:63-80. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mann, R.S., P.E. Kaufman, and J.F. Butler. 2010. Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science 66: 816-824.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mohr, R., Mullens, B. A., Gerry, A. 2010. Diel Patterns of Female Host-Seeking, Male Swarming, and Sugar Feeding in the Canyon Fly, Fannia conspicua (Diptera: Muscidae) in Southern California. Journal of Medical Entomology. (Accepted 10/13/2010. 27 manuscript pages.) <br /> <br /> <br /> Mohr, R., Mullens, B. A., Gerry, A. 2010. Evaluation of ammonia, human sweat, and bovine blood as attractants for the Canyon Fly, Fannia conspicua (Diptera: Muscidae), in southern California. Journal of Vector Ecology. (Submitted 05/27/2010.) <br /> <br /> <br /> Mullens, B. A. , Gerry, Alec. , Diniz, A. N. 2010. Field and Laboratory Trials of a Novel Metaflumizone House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Bait in California. Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 103: 2 p.550-556. <br /> <br /> <br /> Peck, G. W., H. J. Ferguson, J. T. LePage, V. R. Hebert, S. D. ONeal, and D. B. Walsh. 2011. Evaluation of sunlight-exposed pyrethroid-treated netting for control of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Entomol. (submitted)<br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J. B., P. E. Kaufman, C. J. Geden, and J. A. Hogsette. 2011. The ability of selected pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate. Environ. Entomol. 40: 88-93.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J. B. P. E. Kaufman, J. A. Hogsette, C. J. Geden and S. H. TenBroeck. 2010. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. J. Econ. Entomol. (in press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Prompiboon P., V-U Lietze J. S. Denton, C.J. Geden, T. Steenberg and D. Boucias. 2010. Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus, a globally distributed insect virus that infects and sterilizes female houseflies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 994-998. <br /> <br /> <br /> Rochon, K, R. B. Baker, G. W. Almond and D. W. Watson. 2010. Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J. Med. Entomol. In Review.<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B., and D. R. Berkebile. 2011. Phenology of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae in Round Bale Hay Feeding Sites in Eastern Nebraska. Environ. Entomol. [in press].<br /> <br /> <br /> Schole, L.A., D.B. Taylor, and D.R. Brink. 2011. Response of growing calves to stable flies. The Professional Animal Scientist. [in press].<br /> <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., R. D. Moon, J. B. Campbell, D. R. Berkebile, P. J. Scholl, A. B. Broce and J. Hogsette. 2010. Dispersal of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from larval development sites in a Nebraska landscape. Environ. Entomol. 39: 1101-1110.<br /> <br /> <br /> Turell, M. J., D. J. Dohm, C. J. Geden, J. A. Hogsette, K. J. Linthicum. 2010. Potential for stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 26:445-448.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wasik, D., Gerry, A. 2010. Behavioral adaptations of house flies (Musca domestica L.) to avoid the insecticide imidacloprid. Undergraduate Research Journal, Vol. IV. . University of California, Riverside. p.39-43. (Refereed) Website: http://ugrj.ucr.edu/. <br /> <br /> <br /> Extension Publications:<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. 2010. Estimating horn fly density in your cattle herd. Washington Animal Agricultural Team Round-Up summer e-newsletter and Washington Cattlemens Association September newsletter Ketch Pen.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. Livestock: Beef cattle pests. Revised section for 2011 Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, (http://uspest.org/pnw/insects (also available in hard-copy)<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. 2010. New cattle ear tag for horn fly management. California UC Cooperative Extension Newsletters. <br /> <br /> <br /> Golombeski, G., J. Starcevich and R. D. Moon. 2010. Impact of bedding source on calf performance during summer. Dairy Star Newsletter. 1 p.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 30-31.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 32-46.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 47-61.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Cattle Ear Tags. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 62.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Swine  External Parasite Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 63-66.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Horses  External Parasite Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 67-69.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Fly Control in Horse Facilities. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 69-70.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Sheep and Goats  External Parasite Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 71-72.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Poultry  Fly Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 73-75.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Poultry External Parasite Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 76.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2010. Poultry Housing Pest Control. 2010 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 77-78.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2010. Arthropod Pests of Equines (MP 484), University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service Pub. MP484-PD-6-10N, 14 pages. (http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/MP484.pdf) <br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. 2010. Animal Insect Control 2011 Insecticide Recommendations for Arkansas (MP144). Edited by Glenn Studebaker, pp. 27-56. (http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/MP144/MP-144.asp)<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. 2010. Face Flies Appear on Cattle in North Arkansas. University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Pest Management News May 31, 2010. (http://www.aragriculture.org/News/pestmgmt/default.htm) <br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. 2010. New Insecticide Ear Tags. University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Pest Management News July 31, 2010. (http://www.aragriculture.org/News/pestmgmt/default.htm).<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2010. Fly and pest control. 2010 Horse Owners Education Program, St. Paul, MN, 2 October.<br /> <br /> <br /> Thomas E., D. A. Rutz and J. K. Waldron. 2010. Integrated Pest Management Guide for Organic Dairies. NYS IPM Pub # 323, 23pp<br /> <br /> <br /> Presentations:<br /> <br /> <br /> Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2009. House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in north central Florida. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 14, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2010. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on north-central Florida dairies with comparison of prevalence rates from house flies, manure and grain. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Burrus, R.A., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2010. House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in North Central Florida. 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop. St. Augustine, FL. March 23, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Doyle, M.S., B.N. Swope, J.A. Hogsette, H.M. Savage and R.S. Nasci. 2010. Potential for mechanical and biological transmission of West Nile virus by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). 76th Annual meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Lexington, KY, March 28- April 1, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferguson, H., D. Walsh, S. ONeal. Estimation of horn fly abundance with digital photography. Symposium paper. Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch Entomological Society of America. Boise, ID, April 13, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. Integrated pest management for livestock on the small farm. Fair University, Central Washington State Fair, September 24 and October 2, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. IPM for cattle in Washington State: Summary of research and extension programs 2005-2010. Annual Meeting of the Washington Cattlemens Association. Cle Elum, WA, November 11, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ferguson, H., G. Peck, D. Walsh, and S. ONeal. Estimation of horn fly abundance with digital photography. Poster at the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. San Diego, CA, December 15, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2010. House fly SGHV: Prevalence in Denmark, host range, comparison of Florida and Danish isolates, and update on transmission. IAEA Workshop Improving SIT for Tsetse Flies through Research on their Symbionts and Pathogens, July 26-30, 2010, Nairobi, Kenya.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2010. Traps, attractants, targets and insecticides for house flies. DoD Pest Management Workshop, February 2010, Jacksonville, FL.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J., T. Steenberg, V-U. Lietze, and D. G, Boucias. 2010. Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in Denmark: prevalence, host range, and comparison with a Florida isolate. Livestock Insects Workers Conference, June 2010, Knoxville, TN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. and M. A. Doyle. 2010. Feeding ecology of house flies on dairies. Society of Vector Ecology Annual Meeting, Sept 26-30, 2010, Raleigh. NC.<br /> <br /> <br /> Geden, C. J. 2010. Impact of salivary gland hypertrophy virus on higher Diptera of medical and veterinary importance. Society of Vector Ecology Annual Meeting, Sept 26-30, 2010, Raleigh. NC.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. "Waiter there is a fly in my soup". 19th Annual Urban Pest Management Conference. Riverside, CA. March 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., G. E. Higginbotham, and C. Collar. Nuisance fly production in dairy wastewater holding systems. Livestock Insect Workers Conference. Knoxville, TN. June 2010.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., Wayadande, A. C., Talley, J. L., Wasala, L. P. Protecting food crops from contamination with filth fly transmitted human pathogens. Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Palm Springs, CA. August 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Research update on arthropod pests of poultry. California Poultry Federation. Tulare, CA. September 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Management of nuisance flies at confined animal facilities. San Joaquin Co. Environmental Health Dept. Stockton, CA. October 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A., J. Talley, and A. Wayadande. Filth fly attraction to honeydew increases risk of pathogen contaminated food crops. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. San Diego, CA. December 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. IPM of house flies on commercial dairies: monitoring changes in house fly activity. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. San Diego, CA. December 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Guisewite, L., D. Bermudez, E. Susick, S. Thakur, and D. W. Watson. 2010. Potential of houser flies to transmit Salmonella and Campylobacter in an antibiotic free swine system. SOVE Meeting, Sept. 26, Raleigh, NC.<br /> <br /> <br /> Higginbotham, G. E., L. Periera, and A. C. Gerry. Nuisance fly production capacity of three types of manure handling systems. American Dairy Science Association. Denver, CO. July 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2010. Poultry Ectoparasites and Environmental Pests. Georgia International Poultry Course, Athens, GA, February 3, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2010. Flies and Other External Parasites of Livestock in Georgia. 2010 Southeast Georgia Master Cattlemens Program, Douglas, GA, February 22, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2010. What Can I Do About Flies on My Cattle This Year? Lexington County Cattlemens Association, Gilbert, SC, May 17, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2010. What Can I Do About Flies on My Cattle and Horses This Summer? Richland County Cattlemens Association, Hopkins, SC, May 18, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2010. Fly Control. Pasture and Hay Land Management Educational Field Day, Lilburn, GA, September 7, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2010. Flies and External Parasites. 2010 Northwest Georgia Master Cattlemens Program, Newnan, GA, October 19, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. Not Just for the Birds: Poultry Pests and Community Consternation. Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Alabama Vector Management Society, Auburn, AL, March 17-18, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. and Tanya McKay. The Future of Cooperative Extension and its Relationship with the Agricultural Experiment Station Scientist as Related to Control of Arthropods Affecting Livestock. 54th Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN, June 27-30, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. Houseflies May Contribute to Cases of Foodborne Illness. April Reese Sorrow, FACES, April 12, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. What are the best traps and methods to kill a fly? in the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Equipment Committee Symposium: Evaluation of fly traps under desert conditions. 2010 DoD Pest Management Workshop (Tri-Service Meeting), Jacksonville Naval Air Station, February 8-12, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Fly Biology (1 hr lecture), and Fly Management (1-hr lecture). Rose Pest Solutions Conference, Eagle Crest Conference Resort, Ypsilanti, MI, March 3-5, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Update on blue-black cloth targets for stable fly management: Size matters, or does it? 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop, St. Augustine, FL, March 23- 25, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Consultation Report for the Equipment, Pesticides and Medical Entomology Committees. 190th Armed Forces Pest Management Board Meeting, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Forest Glen Annex, Silver Spring, Maryland, April 20-22, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Survey and Management of Stable Flies at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park. 54th Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27-30, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Survey and Management of Stable Flies at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park. 7th International Congress of Dipterology, San Jose, Costa Rica, August 8-13, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Co-organized (with Chris Geden) the symposium Ecology of Higher Diptera in relation to Emerging Human and Animal Health Issues and presented the paper Complex of higher Diptera associated with livestock and poultry in Europe and the US and implications for transmission of zoonotic diseases in the symposium. Society for Vector Ecology, 42nd Annual Conference, Raleigh, NC, Sept 26-30, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Biology, ecology and control of Stomoxys calcitrans in the agricultural environment. XVI Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Campo Grande, Brazil, October 8-18, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. 2010. Co-organized (with Justin Talley) the Section Symposium Tapping into the Diversity of Universities and USDA to Collaboratively Tackle Formidable Pests of Livestock through a Regional Project and presented the Summary and Conclusions for the symposium. Entomological Society of America, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, December 12-15, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2009. Integrated pest management of house flies, Musca domestica L., on livestock facilities. 6th Asian-Pacific Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China. October 19-21, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2010. The role and future of universities in animal health product evaluations. 54th Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 27, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., and J.B. Pitzer. 2009. Celebrating a lack of insecticide resistance in stable flies! 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, R.S. Mann, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance in house flies from Florida dairies. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 29, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Selection for resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 29, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P. 2010. Insecticide resistance and management of house flies. 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop, St. Augustine, FL. March 23, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2010. Dung beetle diversity and ecology on Florida cattle pastures following the introduction of several exotic species. Departmental Seminar, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. March 18, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Horn Flies: Importance, Biology and Management. Four-States Agriculture Expo. Texarkana, AR. Feb. 11, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Management of Pasture and Premise Breeding Flies. University of Arkansas  Monticello. Monticello, AR Feb. 16, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Arthropod Pests of Beef Cattle. Hempstead County Cattlemens Association. Hope, AR. April 26, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Identification and Management of Cattle Pests. New Agriculture Agent Core Training. Pottsville, AR. May 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Organic Fly Control Options. Southern Region SARE PDP Organic Dairy Study Tour. Beebe, AR. June 21, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Management of Pasture Breeding Flies. Sebastian County Conservation District. Mansfield, AR. July 19, 2010. <br /> <br /> <br /> Loftin , K/M. Horn Flies, Face Flies and Pinkeye. Carroll County Cattlemens Association. Berryville, AR. July 26, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2010. Process-based approaches to analysis of population dynamics data. Entomological Society of America, San Diego, CA.<br /> <br /> <br /> Moon, R. D., D. B. Taylor and J. A. Hogsette. 2010. Dispersal of adult stable flies on a Nebraska landscape. Entomological Society of America, San Diego, CA.<br /> <br /> <br /> Olafson, P., P.E. Kaufman, and J.B. Pitzer. 2009. Selecting for pyrethroid resistance in stable flies: screening the sodium channel for mutations associating with the resistant phenotype. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Olfson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2010. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Periera, L., G. E. Higginbotham, and A. C. Gerry. Improving IPM of house flies at commercial dairy operations through pest monitoring and determination of nuisance threshold. 31st Annual Central California Research Symposium. Fresno, CA. April 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.A. TenBroeck. 2010. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and S.A. TenBroeck. 2010. Permethrin resistance status of the stable fly in Florida. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and C.J. Geden. 2009. Hymenopteran pupal parasitoids attacking filth flies in Florida. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 14, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rutz, D.A., P.E. Kaufman, and J.K. Waldron. 2009. Delivering scientific information in applied terms to our stakeholder colleagues. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rutz, D. A. Fly Control in and around Animal Facilities: Current Challenges and Solutions to an Age Old Problem. Regional Spring Dairy Producer Meeting. Penn Yan, NY. March 10, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rutz, D. A. Fly Control in and around Animal Facilities: Current Challenges and Solutions to an Age Old Problem. Regional Spring Dairy Producer Meeting. Geneva, NY. March 17, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Schuster, G., K. E. Moulton, P. R. Broadway, S. Willard, J. Behrends, and T. B. Schmidt. 2010. Use of a biophotonic E. coli XEN-14 to determine time of contamination in the life cycle of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). 2010 ADSA®-PSA-AMPA-CSAS-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting, July 11-15, 2010, Denver, CO. http://adsa.asas.org/meetings/2010/.<br /> <br /> <br /> Starcevich , J., R. Moon, B. Clymer, H. Chester-Jones and D. Ziegler . 2010. Choice of bedding material affects production of pestiferous stable flies and house flies in replacement heifer housing. 21st Annual (MOSES) Organic Farming Conference, 25-27 February, LaCrosse, WI.<br /> <br /> <br /> Waldon, J. K. and D. A. Rutz. Fly Camp I Video Conference with Penn State University. April 20, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Waldron, J. K. and D. A. Rutz. Fly Camp II Webinar with Penn State University. June 18, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Waldron. J. K. and D. A. Rutz. Pasture Fly IPM on Organic Dairies. Sherman Farms, Dryden, NY. Sponsored by the Northeast Organic Farming Association. June 11, 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wasik, D. and A. C. Gerry. Behavioral adaptation of house flies (Musca domestica L.) to avoid the insecticide imidacloprid. Fourth Annual UCR Symposium of Undergraduate Research. Riverside, CA. May 2010.<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W., S. Denning, R. Lyman, and K. Anderson. 2010. Mastitis in dairy heifers: Prevalence of Staphyloccus aureus genotypes among NC horn fly (Haematobia irritans) populations. SOVE Meeting, Sept. 26, Raleigh, NC<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2010. Pest management for goats and sheep. Feb. 27. NC Goat Producers, CVM.<br /> <br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2010. Fly Management in the Piedmont of NC. Lee Co. Cattlemans Assoc. Sanford, NC. Nov. 9, 2010.<br />

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

"Gerry, Alec (alec.gerry@ucr.edu) - University of California, Riverside"; "Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas"; "Hinkle,Nancy (nhinkle@uga.edu) - University of Georgia, Athens", "Ferguson, Holly (hferguson@wsu.edu) - Washington State University"; "Geden, Chris (Chris.Geden@ars.usda.gov) - USDA"; "Taylor, Dave (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska, Lincoln"; "Strickman, Dan (Daniel.Strickman@ars.usda.gov) - USDA"; "Loftin, Kelly (kloftin@uaex.edu) - University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension"; "Zhu, Jerry (Jerry.Zhu@ars.usda.gov) - USDA"; "Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota"; "Li, Andrew (Andrew.Li@ars.usda.gov)- USDA"; "Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University"; "Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University"; "Kaufman, Phil (pkaufman@ufl.edu) -University of Florida"; "Hogsette, Jerry (Jerry.Hogsette@ars.usda.gov) - USDA"; "Wayadande, Astri (a.wayadande@okstate.edu) - Oklahomas State University"; "Beresford, David (davidberesford@trentu.ca) - Trent University, Canada"; "Rutz, Don (dar11@cornell.edu) - Cornell University"; "Nayduch, Dana (dnayduch@georgiasouthern.edu) - Georgia Southern University"; "Olafson, Pia (Pia.Olafson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA"; "Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University"; "Boxler, Dave (dboxler1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska, Lincoln"; "Hale, Kristina (Kristina.Hale@ars.usda.gov) - USDA"

Brief Summary of Minutes

Attached to this summary of minutes for 2012....is the Five Year Final report (2007 - 2012).

Thanks to Jerry Hogsette for serving as the Local Arrangements Chair!

January 10, 2012:

Introductions of group members (27 participants)

Dan Strickman for Herb Bolton - hbolton@nifa.usda.gov. NIFA and ARS have taken approx. 13% cuts over the last few years. Dr. Rick Meyer retired in 2011 (previous USDA-NIFA NPL for multi-state project. Dr. Bolton is the new NPL. Four regional IPM centers are returned to 2010 funding. Smith-Lever funding remains the same as the past year. NIFA is waiting on guidance to determine 2012 funding levels. To find grants, take advantage of USDA-NIFA search engine to get updates on grant programs. We are on a continuation of the old Farm Bill which means that the Specialty Crops Research Initiative continues in the current year - very nice funding if your research area fits well. Herb is a proponent of extension - mentioned that there were Communities of Practice with possible links to the interests of those in S-1030.

Dan Strickman for USDA-ARS - four programs including screw worm program in Central America. Laboratory in Lincoln has expanded research aims to flies beyond stable flies. Kerrville program continues fly research with connections to Cattle Tick Fever program. Florida group has a new CRIS project with aims specifically to higher flies. New laboratory in Kansas (BSL3 containment) is co-located with Kansas State. Kansas also selected as the site for the new BSL4 animal diseases facility (replacement for Plum Island facility) to open in 2020.

Rick Roeder (S1030 Advisor) - land grant universities funding comes mainly through state (80%) with Hatch allocation providing perhaps 20% of funding. Hatch allocation has not changed this year. The current 5 year project is coming to a close. Need to submit paperwork to begin a new 5 yr project. Rick suggested that the S1030 group submit for the 2012 Experiment Station Section Award. Appoint a few senior members to work with Rick to submit for this award. Application due by Feb. 29th.

Objective 1.1

Roger Moon - Interest in focusing on stable fly development sites during critical times to provide some source reduction in the spring. Interest in developing critical management time. National survey of SF development under local conditions. Participants from many US states. Developed a temperature dependent growth model. Determined lower and upper temperature thresholds. Recommends use of NAPPFAST weather reporting stations - locations across the continent. Will further this work in the next project.

Lane Foil - presented work conducted in Brazil. Stable fly problems associated with ethanol production in Matto Grosso de Sol. As part of the EtOH production process, there is a liquid byproduct (Vinhata) that is sprayed onto untilled post-harvest fields. Flies are produced in sugar cane residues as well as in fields sprayed with the Vinhata.

Dave Taylor - measured electrical conductivity, water content, pH, total carbon, etc&. associated with hay circles. EC was highly correlated with most of the soil variables. Another study utilized GPS collars on cattle to measure distance between animals during SF activity season. Idea was to evaluate effect of SF on bunching of animals. Continuing interest to characterize larval habitat of SF. Continuing interest in dispersal.

Objective 1.2

Alec Gerry - demonstrated FlySpotter software to enumerate house fly activity at animal facilities using spot cards.

Jerry Hogsette - discussed aircraft disinsection. Utilized air curtains and screens to prevent egress of insects from airplanes arriving from areas where importation of pests or vectors is a concern. Additionally discussed work using traps (Farnam traps) in trapping systems. No effect on control when using single traps. Multiple traps provided better reduction in fly numbers; but, how many are needed?

Wes Watson - movement of house flies among livestock facilities. Recovered antibiotic resistant bacteria in pigs and flies on facilities that do not utilize antibiotics. Looked at fly movement between facilities as a source of introducing antibiotic resistant bacteria. Captured flies using nithiazine baited traps. Reared flies marked with fluorescent dusts and then released at a single site. Flies marked with different colors for release at different sites. Recaptures at 24 and 72 hr. Showed movement between at least a nearby swine and beef facility, but not between these facilities and the dairy.

Objective 2

Astri Wayadande - filth flies as disseminators of human pathogens to plants. Bacteria can multiply on the plant surface following deposition in fly regurgitant. Examined differential deposition of two bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella) on flies and from flies to lettuce plants. Appear to show variation, but not significant - more trials needed. With Justin Talley, examined fly dispersal at a feedlot. With Alec Gerry, examining house fly response to volatiles associated with honeydew infested plant material in the field. Also examined the ability to trace back fly production site using stable isotope analysis. Will continue describing inoculation of plant material by contaminated flies. Will also continue looking at fly response to honeydew volatiles and fly dispersal through dispersal corridors.

Jerry Zhu - looking at stable fly response to volatiles associated with oviposition media (horse manure). Found response to octenol in the lab. In the field, adding attractant lures to media resulted in increased oviposition. Also, looking at botanical-based repellents/deterrents. One repellent identified is acting as both a contact as well as a spatial repellent. Looked at inhibition of larval growth by individual bacteria.

Dana Nayduch - interactions between house flies and microbes. Fed flies GFP-labeled pathogens to examine these interactions and how fly immune response impacts pathogen survival. Looked at species and dose-specific results. Looked at different bacterial doses as well as species to contrast their interactions with flies. Species and dose specific fates. Persistence by some bacteria within the flies. Colonization in the peritrophic membrane as well as movement into the crop for some species. Looked at humoral immune response of defensin, cecropin and diptericin.

Ludek Zurek - Interest in pre-harvest food strategies to minimize bacterial contamination in beef facilities. House flies known to carry E. coli. Sampled steam flaked corn at 0, 4, and 6 hours to determine the presence and abundance of fecal coliforms. Flies and corn shared at least a few bacteria with identical PFGE response indicating identical clones. Steam flaked corn is colonized after just a few hours even in the absence of flies in the winter.

Objective 3.1

Dave Taylor - efficacy of cyromazine in hay feeding sites. Used granular formulation of cyromazine. Significant reduction in stable fly numbers in locations where cyromazine was used. Reduced fly production lasted for 60+ days. Article on economic impact of stable flies is in the January issue of J. Med. Ent.

Andrew Li - pyriproxyfen and buprofezin inhibition of SF egg hatching. Used larval manure assay and topical assay against adults. High concentrations of pyriproxyfen reduced pupation rate and emergence rate. Buprofezin did not work as effectively. Pyriproxyfen also provided good control of adult flies while buprofezin was not as effective. Pyriproxyfen reduced the number of viable eggs in treated adults as well as the hatch rate of eggs laid, but only young adult females not older adult females - the effect is apparently occurring on the developing oocytes.

Dave Beresford - sampled SF on dairies in Canada. Found Coroplast (real estate sign plastic) to work as or more effectively than Alsynite. Examined trap height and found counts highest at lower trap heights. SF population growth is exponential with adjusted degree day models used to linearize the data. Modeled a colonization event and shape of the population growth in Canada. Pattern similar between climatic zones. Coroplast catches primarily nulliparous flies so could be used to sample this population. Study to test whether SF management could reduce the number of SF (change in slope of catch per adjusted degree day). No difference in growth rate between farms when no SF treatments applied. However, when SF management is applied there was a reduction in the rate of growth (rate of SF activity increase). For more information on using adjusted degree days for modeling rate of activity increase look at manuscript in Oikos 118: 115-121.

Dave Boxler - evaluated whether pasture location affected fly population. Compared a 1 sq ft.North Plattetrap with a Broce trap. Currently evaluating data. Also conducted ear tag (Corathon) study to estimate reduction of horn fly, stable fly, and face fly. Treated animals had a 76% reduction in horn flies per cow. Will repeat study this year and look at calf weight gains. A study at a second site showed 60% reduction in SF numbers with some reduction in weight gains. Examined the knockdown and repellency of lemon grass oil. Water-based formulation had no effect, but a mineral based formulation might have some value. Worked with leg band targetsusing the blue-black cloth design of Lane Foil with small swatch of cloth wrapped around the hind leg of a horse.

Jerry Hogsette - third year looking at stable fly management at the Washington National Zoo using treated targets. Worked with Vestergaard Frandsen treated barrier fence (deltamethrin) to reduce biting flies of livestock.

Lane Foil - varying pasture size with and without cattle to evaluate treated targets. Pasture sizes less than 10 acres are needed to see a reduction in flies when using 4 treated targets at the pasture edge. Treated targets attract older female flies. Animal behavior proved to be a good way to assess stable fly activity. Tested various target cloth materials. Lab tests with the Vestergaard Frandsen fabrics - killed stable flies quickly. Treated larval habitats surrounded with treated VF netting. Treated fencing around larval habitats significantly reduced the number of adult flies captured on Alsynite traps placed within the treated fence area.

Roger Moon - study effects of SF on growing dairy calves insuper hutches. Did not see an effect on weight gain at SF numbers up to 5 flies per leg. Video taped animal behaviors over 12 hr periods to analyze behavior changes with changing SF release rates. Interested in density dependent feeding behaviors.

Chris Geden - student just finished Masters on Spalangia cameroni foraging behaviors locating host larvae. Will continue this work for a Ph.D. project. Working with Lincoln ARS to look at methods for collecting parasitoids. Salivary gland hypertrophy virus work is nearly at an end. The virus is very likely transmitted in the field, but in the lab, infection rates remain low. Worked with drugs to increase susceptibility of flies by affecting the peritrophic matrix, but these seem to kill the flies. Looking at thermal regulators of behavior. Also, looking at effects of fungal pathogens on virus-infected flies.

Don Rutz - Beauveria studies with JABB of the Carolinas. First year trials appeared promising. The second year did not give good results. Jim redeveloped the bait stations. Used first 5, then 10 bait stations and finally sprayed twice per week. Did not get control of flies.

Phil Kaufman - UF still has the homozygous resistant (permethrin) colony of SF if anyone is looking for one. House flies studies. Selected an imidacloprid resistant colony from field flies. Selected using a 70% mortality selection process for next generation to get rid of susceptible flies. Initially used technical imidacloprid and now using QuickBayt. Scoring feeding in choice or no-choice treatments every 15 minutes. Mortality assessed out to 96 hrs. Saw reductions in percent mortality in later generations of flies on choice assays in particular. Appears to be some difference in mortality between males and females - male mortality is higher in the choice treatments.

Chris Geden - examined pyriproxyfen dusts for control of house flies. Adults were significantly reduced when larval habitat was treated. Flies treated directly with PPX dust produced fewer surviving offspring. Gravid flies were allowed to contact a dust treated cloth and there was some suppression of the next generation of flies when flies oviposited on untreated media. Examined autodissemination - dust flies, allow them to lay eggs, clean the eggs, and then allow to develop - no effect, thus no direct affects to the developing fly exclusive of dust transfer to oviposition sites by treated adult males. With high concentration formulations, control reaches the 93+% level. Testing autodissemination station designs to infect adult female flies. Looked at efficacy of a mix of Rosemary and Mint oils (EcoExempt). Pretty good activity against adults in treated containers, very little effect to larvae. Showed repellency from oviposition medium when EcoExempt was added to the oviposition media. Efficacy does not last long.

Dan Strickman - Dr. Alexandra Chaskopoulou, working at USDS ARS lab in Thessaloniki, Greece, tested fly trap developed by Joe Diclaro and Phil Koehler, University of Florida. The trap maximizes visual cues to attract house flies to imidacloprid Maxforce sugar bait. She was able to demonstrate good control of flies for protection of people near a cow barn.

Business Meeting:

1. Next S1030 Meeting will be hosted by Lane Foil at LSU.

2. Rick Roeder would like to nominate S1030 for Experiment Station Award. Roger Moon, Nancy Hinkle, Chris Geden volunteered to work with Rick to develop the award nomination.

3. It was recognized that we did not need to elect a new Chair and Vice Chair at this time. Rather what we needed was a Proposal Development Committee. Seeing that we had already roped a number of folks into writing sections of a replacement proposal for our multi-state group, we simply decided that these folks would constitute the Proposal Development Committee. They are: Alec Gerry, Wes Watson, Jeff Scott, Ludek Zurek, Dave Taylor, Don Rutz, Holly Ferguson, Nancy Hinkle

January 11, 2012:

General discussion of the S1030 replacement project objectives. Specific objectives and subobjectives were discussed and decided upon. These are indicated below:

Fly Management in Animal Agriculture Systems and Impacts on Animal Health and Food Safety:

1. New technologies for management of biting and nuisance flies in organic and conventional systems (lead author - W. Watson)
a. Novel push-pull strategies (Watson, Gerry, Zhu, Foil, Boxler, Loftin)
b. Evaluation of improved monitoring systems (Gerry, Moon. Hogsette, Talley, Ferguson, Geden, Trout-Fryxell, Beresford)
c. Novel toxicants and delivery systems (Li, Geden, Zhu, Talley, Boxler)
d. Non-pesticide management options (biological, cultural and mechanical) (Kaufman, Watson, Moon, Geden, Hogsette, Loftin, Ferguson, Taylor, Zhu, Gerry, Rutz, Weeks, Pitzer, Beresford)
2. Insecticide resistance detection and management (lead author - J. Scott)
a. Assessment of insecticide resistance (Scott, Kaufman, Watson, Gerry, Moon, Ferguson, Li, Foil, Boxler, Olafson, Pitzer)
b. Leveraging the Stomoxys and Musca genomes for novel control measures (Scott, Olafson, Zurek)
3. Microbial ecology and epithelial immunity of biting and nuisance flies (lead author - L. Zurek)
a. Identification of the role of key bacterial strains and their metabolites on the biology of biting and non-biting flies (Zhu, Zurek, Wayadande, Hale)
b. Investigation of the midgut epithelial immunity of flies (Olafson, Nayduch, Zurek)
c. Pathogen acquisition, dispersal and deposition by flies (Watson, Talley, Wayadande, Kaufman, Gerry, Zurek, Moon, Nayduch)
4. Characterize population biology of biting and nuisance flies (lead author - D. Taylor)
a. Characterize effects of climate and landscape features on dispersal (Kaufman, Gerry, Hogsette, Beresford, Talley, Taylor, Boxler, Watson, Li)
b. Phenological and environmental effects on biting and nuisance fly populations (Moon, Taylor, Beresford)
c. Larval developmental habitat source identification (Taylor, Hogsette, Beresford, Moon)
5. Community and stakeholder engagement (Lead authors - Rutz, Ferguson, Hinkle)
a. Commodity meeting presence (All)
b. Electronic and print communications (individual & collaborative) (All)

Accomplishments

ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING 2011:<br /> <br /> Objective 1: Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> Subobjective 1: Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal<br /> <br /> a. Larval habitats of stable flies. <br /> <br /> A spatial analysis of biological (microbial respiration rate), chemical (pH, electrical conductivity [EC], total nitrogen [N] and carbon [C], ammoniacal nitrogen [NH4-N], extractable phosphorus [P]), and physical (depth, temperature, water content) properties of substrates associated with winter hay feeding sites was completed. Hay feeding sites had a circular footprint with residues extending H7 m from the feeder. With the exception of extractable P and total N, all substrate properties exhibited spatial patterns centered on the feeder location. Adult stable fly emergence densities were correlated with substrate microbial respiration rate, NH4-N concentration, EC, total C concentration, pH, and moisture content. Logistic regression indicated that all of those parameters were correlated with EC and that EC best predicted the probability of stable flies emerging from a substrate. The other properties did not provide additional information.<br /> <br /> Studies were initiated to assess temporal variation in microbial communities associated with winter hay feeding site substrates.<br /> <br /> b. Climatic factors affecting stable fly populations. <br /> <br /> Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br /> c. Dispersal of Stable Flies. <br /> <br /> A multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs has been further refined and results suggest that there is a relationship between adult reproductive capability and temporal detection limits of the assay.<br /> <br /> A series of studies was conducted to determine appropriate targets and target placement for achieving stable fly control with treated targets. A electric grid study was also conducted to compare the attraction of solid blue and solid black cloth targets to our standard blue/black target. Overall, the mean number of flies collected per hour for black and blue/black were not different. Electric grid studies were also used to determine if the height that targets were placed above ground influenced the number of flies collected, and found that targets need to be placed at ground level. The number of targets per acre that would be required to kill stable flies closely associated with cattle was assessed with optimal target density determined to be two targets per acre. A preliminary study to protect cattle from stable fly attack using treated targets was performed, and results showed that the number of flies per animal and the number of stomps per group were lower for herds with treated targets.<br /> <br /> d. Overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA. <br /> <br /> Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br /> Subobjective 2: Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> a. Trapping and Monitoring Methods. <br /> <br /> FlySpotter software developed to count fly spots on white index cards has been upgraded with new reporting and graphing features to improve user acceptance. The software has been copyrighted by the University of California at Riverside, and we are currently looking for a commercial partner to sell this software. Additional testing of the accuracy and user acceptance of this software has been ongoing, and will continue into 2013.<br /> <br /> During the 2011 season in Washington State, face fly and horn fly abundance were monitored with digital photography in six cow-calf herds to determine the efficacy of commercially available ear tags against these fly species. Counting face flies on cattle face photos proved to be easier and less time-consuming than counting horn flies on side views of cattle. Adjustments to settings on the camera (e.g., increased resolution and aperture priority options) helped to mitigate the poor light conditions during the late morning photo shoots. <br /> <br /> Terminator traps were placed at three dairies in north central Florida to evaluate trap performance against house flies when deployed individually and in groups of two or three. Although fly means compared favorable between individual traps and groups of traps, means among groups of traps were significantly different. This demonstrates the problems associated with trap placement even within relatively small areas. Additional testing will be done to determine if trap placement can be improved by relating it to an index of flies recoded at the time the traps are set. <br /> <br /> b. Dispersal and Behavior. <br /> <br /> Completed second year of a multi- year study to evaluate the possibilities that pasture location has a bearing on pasture fly populations. During 2011, two new pasture sites were added due to flooding issues at two of our 2010 study sites. Data from 2011 study is waiting analysis.<br /> <br /> A demonstration of the air curtain system for preventing flies and mosquitoes from entering commercial aircraft was conducted at the Accra (Ghana) International Airport in cooperation with Delta Airlines and the US Department of Transportation. The positive aspects of the demonstration were that the air curtain system could be installed on the truck-mounted stairs used at many airports and the net doors could be easily mounted on the doors used by catering and cleaning crews. An unexpected negative aspect was that the electrical systems on the truck-mounted stairs were not designed to handle the extra power required to operate the air curtain units. Auxiliary generators have been purchased and are being installed on the trucks for ample supplemental electrical power.<br /> <br /> Objective 2: Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens<br /> <br /> a. Human Pathogens. <br /> <br /> See section 2b below.<br /> <br /> b. Animal Pathogens. <br /> <br /> Enterococcus faecalis is an important nosocomial pathogen and house flies have been implicated in the dissemination of this bacterium. In this study, GFP-expressing E. faecalisOG1RF:pMV158 was used to track the fate of the bacterium in the digestive tract of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) to assess the vector potential of this insect for E. faecalis. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts were obtained from viable fluorescing E. faecalis recovered from mouthparts and digestive tract regions (labelum, foregut, midgut, and hindgut) at 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the bacterial exposure. Bacterial counts were signicantly highest in the midgut at 1 h and 4 h and declined during the first 24 h. In the labelum, E. faecalis concentrations were low within the first 24 h and then greatly increased. Bacterial counts and direct observations of the digestive tract under a dissecting microscope with ultra violet light revealed that E. faecalis peaked in the crop after 48 h and remained high until the end of the experiment. Concentrations of E. faecalis in the hindgut were low when compared with other parts of the digestive tract. Microscopy and CFU counts suggest that E. faecalis was digested in the midgut but proliferated in the crop. Both drinking water and feed (flaked corn) sampled at the end of the assay (96 h) were contaminated by fluorescing E. faecalis, demonstrating that the flies disseminated E. faecalis. Our data support the notion that house flies can act as a bioenhanced vector for bacteria. <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies.<br /> <br /> a. Biological Control. <br /> <br /> The seasonality and abundance of pteromalid parasitoids have been documented on Florida equine facilities. Parasitoids from the genus Spalangia were abundant, with negligible other species recovered from naturally-occurring fly pupae. The impact from this research indicates that equine owners should only release parasitoids from this genus, avoiding species that do not do well in Florida conditions.<br /> <br /> b. Chemical control. <br /> <br /> The University of Florida submitted a patent for a novel trapping technology which attracts and kills house flies when combined with a toxic fly spot bait. The device is now available commercially as the Florida-Fly Baiter. In 2011 field trials were initiated in Greece to optimize the usage of the commercial version of the product in the field at various conditions. Small scale field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of the house fly killing device with Maxforce bait to control house fly populations in a heavily infested environment (i.e. open animal facilities) and an environment of a low/medium infestation (i.e. household or restaurant facilities in proximity to animal facilities). Initial data indicated excellent performance of the traps in reducing house fly populations in residential areas in proximity to animal facilities. However, efficacy was significantly reduced when traps were deployed within animal facilities. <br /> <br /> Ear tag efficacy trials were performed from June to October 2011 in Washington State, using one control herd and five treated herds. While up to three months of control for horn flies was achieved with all three tested ear tags, the same ear tag treatments showed much lower efficacy against face flies. Field-collected horn flies and face flies were evaluated for insecticide resistance against synergized zeta-cypermethrin, synergized abamectin, and diazinon, using a petri dish/filter paper assay. In horn fly, a low level of resistance was found for synergized zeta-cypermethrin, while a moderate level of resistance was found for diazinon. No resistance factors could be calculated for face fly because there are no published LC50s for susceptible face fly populations. Based on the LC50s determined for face fly, levels of resistance are presumed similar to what was found for the local horn fly populations. While synergized abamectin was efficacious against horn fly (LC50=6.12 µg/cm2), no mortality was seen for face flies even at the highest concentration tested (100 µg/cm2). No resistance was detected for synergized abamectin for either fly species.<br /> <br /> An essential oil, lemongrass (water-based formulation) was evaluated as a knockdown and as a vapor against stable flies. Studies indicated that a water-based formulation provided significantly less mortality than an oil-based formulation. Final year investigating the effects of plant essential oils on stable fly electrophysiology and behavioral repellency, and as a toxicant. The morphology of antennal sensilla thought to be involved in stable fly detection of essential oils were described. <br /> <br /> Four different insecticide ear tags from the Y-TEX Corporation were evaluated against horn flies, face flies, and stable flies. Results from this study indicated that the XP-820 insecticide ear tag continues to provide the greatest degree of efficacy against horn fly numbers. Initiated a two year study with Bayer Animal Health to evaluate the impact of Corathon" insecticide ear tags on pasture fly control and evaluate that added effect of fly control on calf and stocker weight gains.<br /> <br /> Preliminary work was initiated to design and evaluate a stable fly leg patch for the control of stable fly numbers on pastured cattle. Initial studies focused on patch size, shape and adherence properties.<br /> <br /> The year of stable fly management trials was completed in November, 2011, at the Washington National Zoo. Blue-black cloth targets impregnated with 1% deltamethrin were used intermittently to effect a short-term reduction in populations. Data are still being analyzed. Many stable flies were captured with the parasitic mite, Trichotrombidium muscarum, attached, thus indicating they had originated from semi-permanent habitats. No fly breeding sites have been found at the zoo grounds. Management trials will continue in 2012.<br /> <br /> Designed studies to manage stables flies, tsetse flies and tabanids around swine and dairy zero grazing units and visited study sites in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda for Vestergaard-Frandsen, Lausanne, Switzerland. Studies are in various stages of initiation and will be conducted through the next reporting period. <br /> <br /> The efficacy of a granular formulation of cyromazine (Neporex 2SG) to control immature stable flies developing in winter hay feeding sites was assessed. A single application of granular cyromazine in May provided 97% reduction in the number of adult stable flies emerging from sites. Stable fly control did not decline during the 12 wk season. A small decline in control was observed relative to anthomyiid, sarcophagid, and syrphid flies developing in the sites. However, none of those flies are considered to be pests and e 50% control of those flies was maintained for 65 d after application.<br /> <br /> c. Insecticide Resistance Management.<br /> <br /> Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br />

Publications

Ahmad A, A. Ghosh, C. Schal, and L. Zurek. 2011. Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community. BMC Microbiology 11:23.<br /> <br /> Anderson, K. L., R. Lyman, K. Moury, D. Ray, W. Watson, and M.T. Correa. In Review. Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Science.<br /> <br /> Diclaro, II J.W., L.W. Cohnstaedt, R.M. Pereira, S.A. Allan, P.G. Koehler, 2012. Behavioral and physiological response of Musca domestica to colored visual targets. Journal of Medical Entomology. Vol. 49: p. 94-100.<br /> <br /> Diclaro, J.W., J.C. Hertz, R.M. Welch, P.G. Koehler, and R.M. Pereira. 2011. Integration of fly baits, traps, and cords to kill house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and reduce annoyance. Journal of Entomological Science (in press). <br /> <br /> Doud C.W., and L. Zurek. 2012. Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pMV158 survives and proliferates in the house fly digestive tract. Journal of Medical Entomology 9:15-155.<br /> <br /> Doyle, M. S., B.N. Swope, J.A. Hogsette, H.M. Savage and R.S. Nasci. 2011. Vector competence of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) for West Nile virus. J. Med. Entomol. 48: 656-668.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., G. Higginbotham, L. Pereira, A. Lam, and C. Shelton. 2011. Evaluation of Surveillance Methods for Monitoring House Fly Abundance and Activity on Large Commercial Dairy Operations. Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 104: 3 p.1093-1102.<br /> <br /> Hertz, J.C., R.M. Pereira, P.G. Koehler, 2011. House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) resting preference on various cords and potential of fipronil- or indoxacarb- impregnation on cords for fly control. Journal of Entomological Science. Vol. 46: p. 325-334.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A., R. Urech, P. E. Green, A. G. Skerman, M. M. Elson-Harris, R. L. Bright, and G. W. Brown. 2012. Nuisance flies on Australian cattle feedlots: Immature populations. Med. Vet. Entomol. 26: 46-55.<br /> <br /> Mohr, R., B. A. Mullens, and A. C. Gerry. 2011. Diel Patterns of Female Host-Seeking, Male Swarming, and Sugar Feeding in the Canyon Fly, Fannia conspicua (Diptera: Muscidae) in Southern California. Journal of Medical Entomology. Vol. 48: p.188-195.<br /> <br /> Mohr, R., B. A. Mullens, and A. C. Gerry. 2011. Evaluation of ammonia, human sweat, and bovine blood as attractants for the female canyon fly, Fannia conspicua (Diptera: Muscidae), in southern California. Journal of Vector Ecology. Vol. 36: 1 p.55-58. <br /> <br /> Müller, G. C., J. A. Hogsette, V. D. Kravchenko, E. E. Revay and Y. Schlein. 2011. New records and ecological remarks regarding the tribe Stomoxyini (Diptera: Muscidae) from Israel. J. Vector Ecol. 36: 468-470.<br /> <br /> Müller, G. C., J. A. Hogsette, E. E. Revay ,V. D. Kravchenko and Y. Schlein. 2011. New records for the horse fly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Jordan with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. J. Vector Ecol. 36: 447-450.<br /> <br /> Müller, G., J. A. Hogsette, J. C. Beier, S. F. Traore, M. B. Toure, M. M. Traore, S. Bah, S. Doumbia, Y. Schlein.. 2012. Attraction of Stomoxys sp. to various flowers and fruits in Mali. Med. Vet. Entomol. 26: DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.01001.x.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., S. E. Dowd, and K.H. Lohmeyer. 2010. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from a significant livestock pest, the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), identified transcripts with a putative role in chemosensation and sex determination. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. Vol. 74: p. 179-204.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol 104:1 p. 250-257.<br /> <br /> Parks, C., R. Lyman, W. Watson, and K. Anderson. (In Review). Evaluation of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) as a potential vector of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Science.<br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, C.J. Geden, and J.A. Hogsette. 2011. The ability of selected pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate. Environmental Entomology 40: 88-93.<br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.H. TenBroeck. 2011. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 1108-1115.<br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, S.H. TenBroeck, and J.E. Maruniak. 2011. Host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between livestock facilities. Journal of Medical Entomology. 48: 53-60.<br /> <br /> Rochon, K, R. B. Baker, G. W. Almond and D. W. Watson. 2011. Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J. Med. Entomol. 48: 876-883.<br /> <br /> Schole, L.A., D.B. Taylor, and D.R. Brink. 2011. Response of growing calves to stable flies. The Professional Animal Scientist 27: 133-140.<br /> <br /> Tangtrakulwanich, K., H. Chen, F. Baxendale, G. Brewer, and J. J. Zhu. 2011. Characterization of olfactory sensilla of Stomoxys calcitrans and electrophysiological responses to odorant compounds associated with hosts and oviposition media. Med. Vet. Entomol. 25 (3): 327-336.<br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B., and D. R. Berkebile. 2011. Phenology of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae in Round Bale Hay Feeding Sites in Eastern Nebraska. Environ. Entomol. 40: 184-193.<br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B., R.D. Moon, and D.R. Mark. 2012. Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Cattle Production. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 198-209. <br /> <br /> Urech, R., R. L. Bright, P. E. Green, G. W. Brown, J. A. Hogsette, A. G. Skerman, M. M. Elson-Harris, D. G. Mayer. 2012. Temporal and spatial trends in adult nuisance fly populations on Australian cattle feedlots. Australian J. Entomol. (Accepted 13 October 2011). (in press)<br /> <br /> Zhu, J., D. Berkebile, C. Dunlap, A. Zhang, D. Boxler, K. Tangtrakulwanich, R. Behle, F. Baxendale, G. Brewer. 2011. Nepetalactones from essential oil of Nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and ovipositional repellent. Med. Vet. Entomol. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00972.x.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J., A. Y. Li, S. Pritchard, K. Tangtrakulwanich, F. P. Baxendale, and G. Brewer. 2011. Contact and fumigant toxicity of a botanical-based feeding deterrent of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 (18): 10394-10400.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. 2011. Contact and spatial repellency from catnip essential, Nepeta cataria, against stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and other filth flies, pp 79-96. in Recent Developments in Invertebrate Repellents (eds. Coats and Paluch). Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 1090 (Peer-Reviewed Book Chapter). <br /> <br /> Extension Publications:<br /> <br /> Anderson, M., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Common green bottle fly, sheep blow fly, Lucillia sericata (Meigen) (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae). Featured Creatures. 4 pp. EENY-406. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/flies/lucilia_sericata.htm<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. 2011. Do You Have an Effective Fly Control Program In Place. Tri-State Livestock News.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. 2011. Revision of Nebraska Management Guide for Arthropod Pests of Livestock and Horses - EC1550.<br /> <br /> Diaz, L.A., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. A flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Marquart (Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Featured Creatures. 6 pp. EENY-503. http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm<br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. 2011. Livestock: Beef cattle pests. Revised section for 2012 Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, (http://uspest.org/pnw/insects (also available in hard-copy).<br /> <br /> Fitzpatrick, D. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus) Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae). Featured Creatures. 7 pp. EENY-490 (IN885) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in885<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities.2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 728-729.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control.2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 730-744.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 745-758.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Cattle Ear Tags.2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 759.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Fly Control in Horse Facilities.2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 766-767.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Poultry - Fly Control.2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 770-772.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Where Are All of those Flies Coming From? The Answer May Surprise You. Proceedings of the Florida Equine Institute & Allied Trade Show. Ocala, FL. 09/15/2011.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. University of Florida Veterinary Entomology program web site: http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/kaufman/vetentlab/<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler, and J.F. Butler. 2011. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_ig130<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. 2011. Animal Insect Control and Pasture Chapters of the 2011 Insecticide Recommendations for Arkansas (MP 144), Glenn Studebaker (editor), 23 pp. <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2011. Arthropod Pests of Equines (MP 484). University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service Pub. MP484-PD-6-10N, 14 pages. <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F Corder. 2011. Controlling Horn Flies on Cattle (FSA 7031). University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service Pub. FSA 7031 PD 12-09RV. 6 pp.<br /> <br /> Machtinger, E. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Eye gnats, grass flies, eye flies, fruit flies, Liohippelates spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Chloropidae). 6 pp. EENY-485 (IN485). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in884.<br /> <br /> Sowerby, M. E. and J. A. Hogsette. 2011. Effectiveness of fly traps and baits at three primary fly sites on Florida dairy farms. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 1: 733.<br /> <br /> Sowerby, M.E. and J.A. Hogsette. 2011. Strategies for Converting Dairy Farms into Low (House) fly Zones. Proceedings of the 25th Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference, Macon, GA (November 2, 2011), pp. 77-81.<br /> <br /> Presentations:<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. Rangeland Fly Control Strategies. University of Nebraska Ranching for Profitabiltiy  Educational Programs. Febraury-March 2011. Five Programs.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. The Significance of a Pasture Fly Control Program. University of Nebraska, Barta Brothers Ranch Field Day. June 28, 2011.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. The Importance of a Pasture Fly Control Program. University of Nebraska, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory Open House. August 24, 2011.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. Fly Control Strategies in Feedlots, Dairies, and Pastures. University of Nebraska, Cropping System Practicum. June 23, 2011.<br /> <br /> Broce, A. B., J. A. Hogsette (presenter) and J. S. Drouillard. Overwintering of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., populations in the Midwest USA. Livestock Insects Workers Conference, in conjunction with the AAVP and ISEP, July 16-19, St Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> Corder, R.F., and K.M. Loftin. Evaluation of the essential oil, geraniol, as a horn fly repellent on cattle. Arkansas Entomological Society Annual Meeting. Little Rock, AR. Presented on 10/14/2011.<br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. Integrated pest management for beef cattle. Controlling pests in alfalfa. Central Klickitat Conservation District Annual Meeting. Feb. 17, 2011. Centerville, WA.<br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. Integrated pest management for beef cattle. Benton County Cattlemens Association monthly meeting. April 12, 2011. Prosser, WA.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Monitoring house fly activity on commercial dairy operations: the start of a dairy IPM program. Annual Meeting. Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Waikoloa, HI. Presented on 03/2011.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Management of flies associated with food preparation areas. Integrated Pest Management for School Facilities. CA Department of Pesticide Regulation. Norwalk, CA. Presented on 10/2011.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Management of Urban Flies. MVCAC Seminar Series. Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California. San Leandro, CA. Presented on 11/2011.<br /> <br /> Guisewite, L. M., S. S. Denning, and D. W. Watson. 2011. Susceptibility of vinegar flies, Drosophila repleta, to two strains of Beauveria bassiana isolated from house flies. Entomological Society of America. 59th Annual Meeting, Reno, Nevada.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Flies: Biology and Control.Winter School, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (via Wimba), January 5, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Poultry Ectoparasites and Pests.Georgia International Poultry Conference, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, February 1, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Pastured Cattle: External Parasites.Southwest Georgia Master Cattlemens Program, Blakely, GA, February 7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Flies and External Parasites of Cattle.Franklin County Cattlemens Association, Carnesville, GA, February 14, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Basic Insect Management.Georgia National Guard Training, University of Georgia, Athens, February 15, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Insect Management on Small Ruminants.Georgia National Guard Training, University of Georgia, Athens, February 15, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011.Poultry Pest Management.Georgia National Guard Training, University of Georgia, Athens, February 16, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Fly Control on Cattle and Horses. Hart County Cattlemens Association, Hartwell, GA, April 14, 2011. <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. External Parasites.2011 Northeast Georgia Master Cattlemens Program, Madison, GA, September 6, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Fly Control on Georgia Cattle. Coffee County Cattlemen, Douglas, GA, November 29, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Poultry Pest Control: Mites, Flies and Darkling Beetles. Coffee County Poultry Producers, Douglas, GA, November 29, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Midges and Gnats - Some Bite and Some Don't (1 hr lecture). 73rd Annual Purdue Pest Management Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Jan 9-11, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Behavior and Management of Pest Flies (1 hr lecture). North Carolina Pest Management Association, PCT School, North Raleigh/Midtown Hilton, Raleigh, NC, Jan 18-19, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Co-taught [with Dan Kline (Culicoides) and Jim Cilek (Tabanids)] the stable fly portion of the course Biting Flies at the Dodd Short Course, Ocala Hilton, Ocala, FL, Jan 27, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Biology and Management of House Flies and Bottle Flies (1 hr lecture). McCloud Pest Invasion, Pest Seminar for the Food Industry, Stonegate Conference Center, Hoffman Estates IL, Mar 15, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. A Summary of the USDA Mosquito and Fly Research Unit Research Program. Southeast Branch, Entomological Society of America, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 19-22, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. House flies: Specific traps for specific locations on farms. 8th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop, Anastasia Island Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, FL, March 29-31, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Management of Nuisance Flies (1 hr lecture). Wal-Mart Corporate headquarters, Bentonville, AR, Sept 6-7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Management of house flies (Musca domestica) on dairies by strategic placement of traps. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, Nevada, November 13-16, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Management of house flies (Musca domestica) on dairies by strategic placement of traps. Deployed War Fighter Program Review, Beltsville, MD, November 26-December 2, 2011.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Using Traditional Techniques and Modern Tools to Answer Rural:Rural and Rural:Urban Interface Questions in Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Dermatological reactions to insect bites and associated diseases. Dermatology Grand Rounds at Shands Medical Plaza, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Applied Management of Fly Control. Florida Beef Cattle Short Course. Gainesville, FL.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Performance of novel semiochemicals in the control of veterinary pests. Joint meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, the Livestock Insect Workers Conference and the International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, St. Louis, MO. <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal activity of novel compounds against pests of medical and veterinary importance. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV.<br /> <br /> Koehler, P.G. and J.W. Diclaro. Development of a novel fly control device. Arbovirus Conference, St. Augustine, FL. Presented on 03/2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Controlling pasture flies on cattle. Calhoun County Cattlemen's Association Annual Meeting, Hampton, AR. Presented on 10/ 3/2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. External Parasites of Cattle. Four-States Agriculture Expo, Texarkana. Arkansas. Presented on 2/10/2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Managing Arthropod Pests of Beef and Dairy Cattle. Beef IQ Short Course. Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope, AR. Presented on 5/16/2011.<br /> <br /> Moon, R., D. Berkebile, H. Ferguson, P. Tobin, L. Zurek, G. Johnson, S. Butler, N. Hinkle, and others. 2011. Winter debris-cleanup deadlines based on a ground-truthed degree-day model. 55th Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference. July 16-19. St. Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> Moon, R., D. Berkebile, H. Ferguson, P. Tobin, L. Zurek, G. Johnson, S. Butler, and N. Hinkle. 2011. Phenology of spring emergence by first generation stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in North America. Poster at national ESA annual meeting. Nov. 13-16. Reno, NV.<br /> <br /> Mullens, B. A. and A. C. Gerry. The Remarkable Canyon Fly. Annual Conference. American Mosquito Control Association. Anaheim, CA. Presented on 03/2011.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Selecting for pyrethroid resistance in the stable fly: Screening the stable fly sodium channel coding sequence for mutations that associate with permethrin non-susceptibility. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, presented on 12/2009.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2010. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Annual Livestock Insects Workers Conference, presented on 6/2010.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., S. Liu, A.Y. Li, and S.E. Dowd. 2010. Insight into stable fly larvae: Salivary gland-specific polypeptides and evidence for genes that may have a role in the stable fly innate immune system. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, presented on 11/2010.<br /> <br /> Scott, J. G. 2011. Molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance in insects. Advances in the knowledge of parasite resistance of ruminant hosts and parasites, Embrapa, San Carlos, Brazil.<br /> <br /> Scott, J. G. 2011. Have high resolution molecular analyses offered new insights into the evolution of insecticide resistance? Plenary Lecture, AAVP-LIWC-ISEP Joint Conference, St. Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> Scott, J. G. 2011. Unraveling the mystery of spinosad resistance in insects. University of Florida, Department of Entomology, Gainesville, FL.<br /> <br /> Starcevich , J., R. Moon, B. Clymer, H. Chester-Jones and D. Ziegler. Choice of bedding material affects production of pestiferous stable flies and house flies in replacement heifer housing. 21st Annual (MOSES) Organic Farming Conference, 25-27 February, 2011, LaCrosse, WI. <br /> <br /> Starcevich , J. and R. Moon. Filth flies and associated beneficial wasps on organic dairy farms in east-central Minnesota and west-central Wisconsin. 21st Annual (MOSES) Organic Farming Conference, 25-27 February, 2011, LaCrosse, WI. <br /> <br /> Starcevich , J., R. Moon, B. Clymer, H. Chester-Jones and D. Ziegler. Filth fly production and parasitism in heifer rearing pens bedded with straw, hardwood sawdust, or pine shavings. 66th Annual Meeting, North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America. March, 2011, Minneapolis, MN. <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., K. Hale, and K. Sievert. Efficacy of cyromazine for the control of immature stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) developing in winter hay feeding sites. Poster. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV; November 2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. Flies on Pastured Cattle: What's the buzz? Northeast Organic Farm Association Annual Conference. Saratoga, NY. Presented 1/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. Flies on Pastured Cattle? What's the Buzz? Farming for the Future Conference - Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture. State College, PA. Presented 2/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and D. A. Rutz. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Washington County, Greenwich, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and D. A. Rutz. NY Livestock IPM Update. 2011 AAV, ISEP and National Meeting Livestock Insect Workers Conf. St. Louis, MO. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and D. A. Rutz. Pasture Fly IPM eOrganic Webinar. National. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Clinton County, Pavilion, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Essex County, Port Henry, NY. Presented 7/20111.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Pasture Fly IPM Field Day. Pavilion, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Pasture Fly IPM Field Day. Chester, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Columbia County, Valatie, NY. Presented 8/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Dutchess County, Millbrook, NY. Presented 8/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Fly IPM. N. Haverhill, NH. Presented 8/2011. <br /> <br /> Watson, D.W. 2011. Integrated Pest Management in Livestock Systems. Louis Jackai, NC A&T., April 5, 2011.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Fly and Darkling Beetle Management. Poultry Supervisors Short Course. Monroe, NC. April 14, 2011<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Pest management for pastured cattle. June 23-24. Orangeburg Cattlemans Assoc. Orangeburg, SC.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Pasture Fly Management, NCSU Agent Training Program, An. Sci. May 18, 2011.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Fly management in Organic Dairy Systems. Illuminate Discussion, eOrganic. J. K. Waldron and D. A. Rutz. Hosted by Cornell University. July 6, 2011.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. DWFP prospectus on fly research. DWFP-5th Annual Review. Gainesville, presented on Dec. 2008. <br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Push-Pull strategy for stable fly control. 52nd Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kansas City, presented on June, 2008.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Novel technology development for stable fly management. Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, presented on May, 2009.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. New Advances in stable fly chemical ecology and its potential in practical control, ESA Meeting, Indianapolis, presented on Dec, 2009.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Novel approaches for integrated fly management. Kansas State University, Manhattan, presented on Feb, 2010.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Progresses in research for stable fly control via Push-Pull strategy, ESA Meeting, San Diego, presented on Dec, 2010.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Infochemical interactions between microbial community and pest flies: Oviposition Selection, APACE Annual Meeting, Beijing, China, presented on Oct, 2011.<br /> <br /> Other Extension:<br /> <br /> Coats, J., G.E. Schultz, and J. Zhu. 2011. Biorational repellents obtained from terpenoids for use against arthropods. (US Patent Number: 7,939,091).<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. Fly Control on Cattle, interviewed by Eddie McGriff, Coffee County, GA, Extension Coordinator, for On the Farm radio program Nov. 30, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Regional Science Fair Judge, Middle School and High School Zoology Projects, Santa Fe College, Gainesville, FL, Jan 28, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Manned USDA Entomology booth at the Florida State Fair, Tampa, Feb 11, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Interviewed by Brittany Risher, Associate Editor, Women's Health Magazine, about house fly pathogen transmission when flies land on food, March 2, and 7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. State Science Fair Judge, Middle School and High School Zoology Projects, Orlando Convention Center, Orlando, FL, Mar 24, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Attended Armed Forces Pest Management Board Meeting to consult with the Equipment Committee on traps for fly management and projects being conducted cooperatively with military personnel. Silver Spring, MD, April 4-7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Attended Armed Forces Pest Management Board Meeting to consult with the Equipment Committee on traps for fly management and projects being conducted cooperatively with military personnel. Silver Spring, MD, November 1-3, 2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2011. Fly IPM on Dairies (FY 11, on-line Moodle training course). University of Arkansas, Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service. Little Rock, AR<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2011. Insect Pests of Livestock portion of Animal Science Core Training (FY 11, on-line Moodle and field training course). University of Arkansas, Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service. Little Rock, AR.<br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2011. Manure management to prevent fly infestations. Minnesota Horse Expo 2011, St. Paul, MN, April 29 and 30.<br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2011. Manure management to prevent fly infestations. Horse Owners Education Program, St. Paul, MN, 15 October.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. Pest and Disease Management in Dairy Ecosystems. Center for Environmental Farming Systems Intern Program, 2011. Patrick Miles, NC A&T; Jamie Berger, UNC; Beth Chapman, NDSU; & Sindhu Siva, U. Delaware.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Interviewed and wrote info (2010-2011) for scientific journals and magazines on stable fly research (American Chemistry Society News Press, Chemical Education, USDA NewsMaker, MidWest Producer, Feed-Lot Magazine, The IPM Practitioner, The Horse magazines, etc).<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Interviewed (2010-2011) By Radio stations on biting fly management and botanical-based repellent development (Canada Discovery Channel, Voice of America, Meredith National Radio, and WALO-Puerto Rico).<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

"Gerry, Alec (alec.gerry@ucr.edu) - University of California, Riverside; " "Hinkle, Nancy (nhinkle@uga.edu) - University of Georgia;" "Ferguson, Holly (hferguson@wsu.edu) - Washington State University;" "Geden, Chris (cgeden@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Taylor, Dave (dtaylor1@unl.edu) - University of Northeast Louisiana;" "Loftin, Kelly (kloftin@uaex.edu) - University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension;" "Zhu, Jerry (Jerry.Zhu@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Moon, Roger (rdmoon@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota;" "Watson, Wes (wes_watson@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University;" "Zurek, Ludek (lzurek@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University;" "Kaufman, Phil (pkaufman@ufl.edu) - University of Florida;" "Hogsette, Jerry (Jerry.Hogsette@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Wayadande, Astri (a.wayadande@okstate.edu) - Oklahoma State University;" "Beresford, David (davidberesford@trentu.ca) - Trent University, Canada;" "Rutz, Don (dar11@cornell.edu) - Cornell University;" "Hale, Kristina - Montana State University;" "Warner, Bill (wwarner@central.com);" "Nayduch, Dana (dnayduch@georgiasouthern.edu);" "Olafson, Pia (Pia.Olafson@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Foil, Lane (lfoil@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University;" "Boxler, Dave (dboxler1@unl.edu) - University of Northeast Louisiana;" "Roeder, Richard (rroeder@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas;" "Bolton, Herb (hbolton@nifa.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Perez de Leon, Adalberto (beto.perezdeleon@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Guerrero, Felix (felix.guerrero@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Li, Andrew (Andrew.Li@ars.usda.gov) - USDA;" "Lohmeyer, Kim (lohmeyer@ktc.com);"

Brief Summary of Minutes

Herb Bolton  NIFA Program Leader
Lost 7-8% of NIFA staff during 2012.

Mary Purcell Miramontes  AFRI
Bob  RIPM projects
Monte Johnson  PMAP, IR4

Sunny Ramaswamy  sworn in as NIFA director in May. Visit to President's Council for Science and Technology, developed a report that is now published (as well as Nature article). Made point that agricultural research has been underfunded for many years and productivity is showing the effects of this lack of attention. PCAST report indicates that investments must be increased. Need to manage new pests, pathogens, and invasive pests.

Priorities of Office of Science and Technology includes agricultural research.

Budget continuing resolution to March 22nd. Farm Bill is extended for 9 months. Taxpayer relief act only delays decisions until March. Did not fund several of the mandatory programs (e.g. OREI).

Look at NIFA update for changes to RFAs:
NIFA Fellowships Program
RIPM Grants (Regional)  not out yet but within 1-2 months
RIPM Centers have mini-grant and partnership grants
Food Security RFA  open now? Maybe?

Extension keeps this opportunity in mind to post materials that are suitable for extension.

Rick Roeder  Administrative Advisor

S-temp 2882 (6-8 months to get project through the system). Goal to have a new project by next January.

Close to final draft in March.

February 1  final version from objective leaders
February 15  final version of the entire project.

Look up page submission requirements - Gerry
Review steps 

Bullet points to identify prioritities of the group in the introduction. Consensus of the group. In talking with our stakeholders, these are the areas to be addressed. Tie this in with the 2003 IPM priorities.

Just passed food security ready to eat vegetables, Proactive pest management plan. Implementation horizon is long (3-5 yrs), needs to be addressed in the next few years.

Include some language in the introduction tieing the fly studies together.  Different fly species but each serve as potential mechanical vectors. Avenues for research and methods utilized are similar.

Jettison the discussion of each specific fly species.

Larval development sites are not well defined for many fly species of interest in this proposal. Efforts are needed to characterize larval development sites, including the microbiota and associated volatiles associated with preferred oviposition and larval development sites.

Should I change names to states participating?

Chair  Alec Gerry
Vice Chair  Kristina Hale
Secretary  Chris Geden

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> Subobjective 1: Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal<br /> <br /> a. Larval habitats of stable flies. <br /> <br /> A spatial analysis of biological (microbial respiration rate), chemical (pH, electrical conductivity [EC], total nitrogen [N] and carbon [C], ammoniacal nitrogen [NH4-N], extractable phosphorus [P]), and physical (depth, temperature, water content) properties of substrates associated with winter hay feeding sites was completed. Hay feeding sites had a circular footprint with residues extending H7 m from the feeder. With the exception of extractable P and total N, all substrate properties exhibited spatial patterns centered on the feeder location. Adult stable fly emergence densities were correlated with substrate microbial respiration rate, NH4-N concentration, EC, total C concentration, pH, and moisture content. Logistic regression indicated that all of those parameters were correlated with EC and that EC best predicted the probability of stable flies emerging from a substrate. The other properties did not provide additional information.<br /> <br /> Studies were initiated to assess temporal variation in microbial communities associated with winter hay feeding site substrates.<br /> <br /> b. Climatic factors affecting stable fly populations. <br /> <br /> Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br /> c. Dispersal of Stable Flies. <br /> <br /> A multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs has been further refined and results suggest that there is a relationship between adult reproductive capability and temporal detection limits of the assay.<br /> <br /> A series of studies was conducted to determine appropriate targets and target placement for achieving stable fly control with treated targets. An electric grid study was also conducted to compare the attraction of solid blue and solid black cloth targets to our standard blue/black target. Overall, the mean number of flies collected per hour for black and blue/black were not different. Electric grid studies were also used to determine if the height that targets were placed above ground influenced the number of flies collected, and found that targets need to be placed at ground level. The number of targets per acre that would be required to kill stable flies closely associated with cattle was assessed with optimal target density determined to be two targets per acre. A preliminary study to protect cattle from stable fly attack using treated targets was performed, and results showed that the number of flies per animal and the number of stomps per group were lower for herds with treated targets.<br /> <br /> d. Overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA. <br /> <br /> Objective completed during the previous year.<br /> <br /> Subobjective 2: Improve understanding of house fly dispersal and behavior, and develop methods for monitoring them in indoor and outdoor environments.<br /> <br /> a. Trapping and Monitoring Methods. <br /> <br /> FlySpotter software developed to count fly spots on white index cards has been upgraded with new reporting and graphing features to improve user acceptance. The software has been copyrighted by the University of California at Riverside, and we are currently looking for a commercial partner to sell this software. Additional testing of the accuracy and user acceptance of this software has been ongoing, and will continue into 2013.<br /> <br /> During the 2011 season in Washington State, face fly and horn fly abundance were monitored with digital photography in six cow-calf herds to determine the efficacy of commercially available ear tags against these fly species. Counting face flies on cattle face photos proved to be easier and less time-consuming than counting horn flies on side views of cattle. Adjustments to settings on the camera (e.g., increased resolution and aperture priority options) helped to mitigate the poor light conditions during the late morning photo shoots. <br /> <br /> Terminator traps were placed at three dairies in north central Florida to evaluate trap performance against house flies when deployed individually and in groups of two or three. Although fly means compared favorable between individual traps and groups of traps, means among groups of traps were significantly different. This demonstrates the problems associated with trap placement even within relatively small areas. Additional testing will be done to determine if trap placement can be improved by relating it to an index of flies recoded at the time the traps are set. <br /> <br /> b. Dispersal and Behavior. <br /> <br /> Completed second year of a multi-year study to evaluate the possibilities that pasture location has a bearing on pasture fly populations. During 2011, two new pasture sites were added due to flooding issues at two of our 2010 study sites. Data from 2011 study is waiting analysis.<br /> <br /> A demonstration of the air curtain system for preventing flies and mosquitoes from entering commercial aircraft was conducted at the Accra (Ghana) International Airport in cooperation with Delta Airlines and the US Department of Transportation. The positive aspects of the demonstration were that the air curtain system could be installed on the truck-mounted stairs used at many airports and the net doors could be easily mounted on the doors used by catering and cleaning crews. An unexpected negative aspect was that the electrical systems on the truck-mounted stairs were not designed to handle the extra power required to operate the air curtain units. Auxiliary generators have been purchased and are being installed on the trucks to provide supplemental electrical power.<br /> <br /> An eight week study was performed to evaluate the movement of flies among facilities on a diversified farm housing dairy cattle, swine and beef cattle. The distance from the dairy to the swine facility was about 700m, and the distance from the swine unit to the beef facility was 500m. Fly traps equipped with house fly pheromone lures were placed at each location. One additional fly trap was placed half the distance between the dairy and swine unit and another half way to the beef unit. Laboratory reared house flies, 1000 each, were marked with day glow colored powders, green (dairy), orange (swine), pink (beef). Marked flies were released weekly at designated locations. Collections were made 24 and 72 hours post-release. About 1-2% of the released flies were captured in the traps. The trap at the beef facility recovered the most marked house flies, although the dairy produced the most unmarked flies. Fly movement from the beef to the swine unit was evident, few flies moved from the swine unit to the beef unit. No flies moved from the dairy to the swine or beef units.<br /> <br /> Objective 2: Establish extent of fly-borne dispersal of human and animal pathogens<br /> <br /> a. Human Pathogens. <br /> <br /> See section 2b below.<br /> <br /> b. Animal Pathogens. <br /> <br /> Enterococcus faecalis is an important nosocomial pathogen and house flies have been implicated in the dissemination of this bacterium. In this study, GFP-expressing E. faecalisOG1RF:pMV158 was used to track the fate of the bacterium in the digestive tract of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) to assess the vector potential of this insect for E. faecalis. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts were obtained from viable fluorescing E. faecalis recovered from mouthparts and digestive tract regions (labelum, foregut, midgut, and hindgut) at 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the bacterial exposure. Bacterial counts were signicantly highest in the midgut at 1 h and 4 h and declined during the first 24 h. In the labelum, E. faecalis concentrations were low within the first 24 h and then greatly increased. Bacterial counts and direct observations of the digestive tract under a dissecting microscope with ultra violet light revealed that E. faecalis peaked in the crop after 48 h and remained high until the end of the experiment. Concentrations of E. faecalis in the hindgut were low when compared with other parts of the digestive tract. Microscopy and CFU counts suggest that E. faecalis was digested in the midgut but proliferated in the crop. Both drinking water and feed (flaked corn) sampled at the end of the assay (96 h) were contaminated by fluorescing E. faecalis, demonstrating that the flies disseminated E. faecalis. Our data support the notion that house flies can act as a bioenhanced vector for bacteria. <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies.<br /> <br /> a. Biological Control. <br /> <br /> The seasonality and abundance of pteromalid parasitoids have been documented on Florida equine facilities. Parasitoids from the genus Spalangia were abundant, with negligible other species recovered from naturally-occurring fly pupae. The impact from this research indicates that equine owners should only release parasitoids from this genus, avoiding species that do not do well in Florida conditions.<br /> <br /> b. Chemical control. <br /> <br /> The University of Florida submitted a patent for a novel trapping technology which attracts and kills house flies when combined with a toxic fly spot bait. The device is now available commercially as the Florida-Fly Baiter. In 2011 field trials were initiated in Greece to optimize the usage of the commercial version of the product in the field at various conditions. Small scale field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of the house fly killing device with Maxforce bait to control house fly populations in a heavily infested environment (i.e. open animal facilities) and an environment of a low/medium infestation (i.e. household or restaurant facilities in proximity to animal facilities). Initial data indicated excellent performance of the traps in reducing house fly populations in residential areas in proximity to animal facilities. However, efficacy was significantly reduced when traps were deployed within animal facilities. <br /> <br /> Ear tag efficacy trials were performed from June to October 2011 in Washington State, using one control herd and five treated herds. While up to three months of control for horn flies was achieved with all three tested ear tags, the same ear tag treatments showed much lower efficacy against face flies. Field-collected horn flies and face flies were evaluated for insecticide resistance against synergized zeta-cypermethrin, synergized abamectin, and diazinon, using a petri dish/filter paper assay. In horn fly, a low level of resistance was found for synergized zeta-cypermethrin, while a moderate level of resistance was found for diazinon. No resistance factors could be calculated for face fly because there are no published LC50s for susceptible face fly populations. Based on the LC50s determined for face fly, levels of resistance are presumed similar to what was found for the local horn fly populations. While synergized abamectin was efficacious against horn fly (LC50=6.12 µg/cm2), no mortality was seen for face flies even at the highest concentration tested (100 µg/cm2). No resistance was detected for synergized abamectin for either fly species.<br /> <br /> An essential oil, lemongrass (water-based formulation) was evaluated as a knockdown and as a vapor against stable flies. Studies indicated that a water-based formulation provided significantly less mortality than an oil-based formulation. Completed a final year investigating the effects of plant essential oils on stable fly electrophysiology and behavioral repellency; also examined essential oils as toxicants. The morphology of antennal sensilla thought to be involved in stable fly detection of essential oils was described. <br /> <br /> Four different insecticide ear tags from the Y-TEX Corporation were evaluated against horn flies, face flies, and stable flies. Results from this study indicated that the XP-820 insecticide ear tag continues to provide the greatest degree of efficacy against horn fly numbers. Initiated a two year study with Bayer Animal Health to evaluate the impact of "Corathon" insecticide ear tags on pasture fly control and evaluate that added effect of fly control on calf and stocker weight gains.<br /> <br /> Preliminary work was initiated to design and evaluate a stable fly leg patch for the control of stable fly numbers on pastured cattle. Initial studies focused on patch size, shape and adherence properties.<br /> <br /> The year of stable fly management trials was completed in November, 2011, at the Washington National Zoo. Blue-black cloth targets impregnated with 1% deltamethrin were used intermittently to effect a short-term reduction in populations. Data are still being analyzed. Many stable flies were captured with the parasitic mite, Trichotrombidium muscarum, attached, thus indicating they had originated from semi-permanent habitats. No fly breeding sites have been found at the zoo grounds. Management trials will continue in 2012.<br /> <br /> Designed studies to manage stables flies, tsetse flies and tabanids around swine and dairy zero grazing units and visited study sites in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda for Vestergaard-Frandsen, Lausanne, Switzerland. Studies are in various stages of initiation and will be conducted through the next reporting period. <br /> <br /> The efficacy of a granular formulation of cyromazine (Neporex 2SG) to control immature stable flies developing in winter hay feeding sites was assessed. A single application of granular cyromazine in May provided 97% reduction in the number of adult stable flies emerging from sites. Stable fly control did not decline during the 12 wk season. A small decline in control was observed relative to anthomyiid, sarcophagid, and syrphid flies developing in the sites. However, none of those flies are considered to be pests and e 50% control of those flies was maintained for 65 d after application.<br /> <br /> Experiments were conducted to determine if the monoterpene geraniol was an effective contact repellent or spatial repellent for house flies and stable flies in a Petri dish bioassay. Geraniol in water was applied to one half of a filter paper with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% solution. The opposing half of the filter paper was untreated. House and stable fly activity was restricted to the untreated portion of the filter paper. House flies were sensitive to 2 and 3% geraniol while stable flies were most sensitive to 1 and 2% geraniol. House flies and stable flies exposed to 4% and 3% geraniol were anesthetized, respectively. House flies (50%) became anesthetized after 160 minutes and 50% of the exposed stable flies were knocked down in 54 minutes. In a second choice experiment, female flies were allowed to select for oviposition substrates treated with or without geraniol at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%. Flies were deterred from ovipositing on substrates treated with 4% geraniol.<br /> <br /> c. Insecticide Resistance Management.<br /> <br /> Objective completed during the previous year.<br />

Publications

Research Publications:<br /> <br /> Ahmad, A., A. Ghosh, C. Schal, and L. Zurek. 2011. Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community. BMC Microbiology 11:23.<br /> <br /> Anderson, K. L., R. Lyman, K. Moury, D. Ray, W. Watson, and M.T. Correa. In Review. Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Science.<br /> <br /> Diclaro, II J.W., L.W. Cohnstaedt, R.M. Pereira, S.A. Allan, and P.G. Koehler. 2012. Behavioral and physiological response of Musca domestica to colored visual targets. Journal of Medical Entomology. Vol. 49: p. 94-100.<br /> <br /> Diclaro, J.W., J.C. Hertz, R.M. Welch, P.G. Koehler, and R.M. Pereira. 2011. Integration of fly baits, traps, and cords to kill house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and reduce annoyance. Journal of Entomological Science (in press). <br /> <br /> Doud, C.W., and L. Zurek. 2012. Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pMV158 survives and proliferates in the house fly digestive tract. Journal of Medical Entomology 9:15-155.<br /> <br /> Doyle, M. S., B.N. Swope, J.A. Hogsette, H.M. Savage and R.S. Nasci. 2011. Vector competence of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) for West Nile virus. J. Med. Entomol. 48: 656-668.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C., G. Higginbotham, L. Pereira, A. Lam, and C. Shelton. 2011. Evaluation of Surveillance Methods for Monitoring House Fly Abundance and Activity on Large Commercial Dairy Operations. Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 104: 3 p.1093-1102.<br /> <br /> Hertz, J.C., R.M. Pereira, P.G. Koehler, 2011. House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) resting preference on various cords and potential of fipronil- or indoxacarb- impregnation on cords for fly control. Journal of Entomological Science. Vol. 46: p. 325-334.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A., R. Urech, P. E. Green, A. G. Skerman, M. M. Elson-Harris, R. L. Bright, and G. W. Brown. 2012. Nuisance flies on Australian cattle feedlots: Immature populations. Med. Vet. Entomol. 26: 46-55.<br /> <br /> Mohr, R., B. A. Mullens, and A. C. Gerry. 2011. Diel Patterns of Female Host-Seeking, Male Swarming, and Sugar Feeding in the Canyon Fly, Fannia conspicua (Diptera: Muscidae) in Southern California. Journal of Medical Entomology. Vol. 48: p.188-195.<br /> <br /> Mohr, R., B. A. Mullens, and A. C. Gerry. 2011. Evaluation of ammonia, human sweat, and bovine blood as attractants for the female canyon fly, Fannia conspicua (Diptera: Muscidae), in southern California. Journal of Vector Ecology. Vol. 36: 1 p.55-58. <br /> <br /> Müller, G. C., J. A. Hogsette, V. D. Kravchenko, E. E. Revay and Y. Schlein. 2011. New records and ecological remarks regarding the tribe Stomoxyini (Diptera: Muscidae) from Israel. J. Vector Ecol. 36: 468-470.<br /> <br /> Müller, G. C., J. A. Hogsette, E. E. Revay ,V. D. Kravchenko and Y. Schlein. 2011. New records for the horse fly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Jordan with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. J. Vector Ecol. 36: 447-450.<br /> <br /> Müller, G., J. A. Hogsette, J. C. Beier, S. F. Traore, M. B. Toure, M. M. Traore, S. Bah, S. Doumbia, Y. Schlein.. 2012. Attraction of Stomoxys sp. to various flowers and fruits in Mali. Med. Vet. Entomol. 26: DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.01001.x.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., S. E. Dowd, and K.H. Lohmeyer. 2010. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from a significant livestock pest, the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), identified transcripts with a putative role in chemosensation and sex determination. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. Vol. 74: p. 179-204.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol 104:1 p. 250-257.<br /> <br /> Parks, C., R. Lyman, W. Watson, and K. Anderson. (In Review). Evaluation of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) as a potential vector of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Science.<br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, C.J. Geden, and J.A. Hogsette. 2011. The ability of selected pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate. Environmental Entomology 40: 88-93.<br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.H. TenBroeck. 2011. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 1108-1115.<br /> <br /> Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, S.H. TenBroeck, and J.E. Maruniak. 2011. Host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between livestock facilities. Journal of Medical Entomology. 48: 53-60.<br /> <br /> Rochon, K, R. B. Baker, G. W. Almond and D. W. Watson. 2011. Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J. Med. Entomol. 48: 876-883.<br /> <br /> Schole, L.A., D.B. Taylor, and D.R. Brink. 2011. Response of growing calves to stable flies. The Professional Animal Scientist 27: 133-140.<br /> <br /> Tangtrakulwanich, K., H. Chen, F. Baxendale, G. Brewer, and J. J. Zhu. 2011. Characterization of olfactory sensilla of Stomoxys calcitrans and electrophysiological responses to odorant compounds associated with hosts and oviposition media. Med. Vet. Entomol. 25 (3): 327336.<br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B., and D. R. Berkebile. 2011. Phenology of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae in Round Bale Hay Feeding Sites in Eastern Nebraska. Environ. Entomol. 40: 184-193.<br /> <br /> Taylor, D.B., R.D. Moon, and D.R. Mark. 2012. Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Cattle Production. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 198-209. <br /> <br /> Urech, R., R. L. Bright, P. E. Green, G. W. Brown, J. A. Hogsette, A. G. Skerman, M. M. Elson-Harris, D. G. Mayer. 2012. Temporal and spatial trends in adult nuisance fly populations on Australian cattle feedlots. Australian J. Entomol. (Accepted 13 October 2011). (in press)<br /> <br /> Zhu, J., D. Berkebile, C. Dunlap, A. Zhang, D. Boxler, K. Tangtrakulwanich, R. Behle, F. Baxendale, G. Brewer. 2011. Nepetalactones from essential oil of Nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and ovipositional repellent. Med. Vet. Entomol. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00972.x.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J., A. Y. Li, S. Pritchard, K. Tangtrakulwanich, F. P. Baxendale, and G. Brewer. 2011. Contact and fumigant toxicity of a botanical-based feeding deterrent of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 (18): 10394-10400.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. 2011. Contact and spatial repellency from catnip essential, Nepeta cataria, against stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and other filth flies, pp 79-96. in Recent Developments in Invertebrate Repellents (eds. Coats and Paluch). Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 1090 (Peer-Reviewed Book Chapter). <br /> <br /> Extension Publications:<br /> <br /> Anderson, M., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Common green bottle fly, sheep blow fly, Lucillia sericata (Meigen) (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae). Featured Creatures. 4 pp. EENY-406. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/flies/lucilia_sericata.htm<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. 2011. Do You Have an Effective Fly Control Program In Place. Tri-State Livestock News.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. 2011. Revision of Nebraska Management Guide for Arthropod Pests of Livestock and Horses  EC1550.<br /> <br /> Diaz, L.A., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. A flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Marquart (Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Featured Creatures. 6 pp. EENY-503. http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm<br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. 2011. Livestock: Beef cattle pests. Revised section for 2012 Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, (http://uspest.org/pnw/insects (also available in hard-copy).<br /> <br /> Fitzpatrick, D. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus) Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae). Featured Creatures. 7 pp. EENY-490 (IN885) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in885<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Animals: Fly Control in Livestock Facilities. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 728-729.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Beef Cattle External Parasite and Grub Control. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 730-744.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Dairy Cattle External Parasite and Cattle Grub Control. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 745-758.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Cattle Ear Tags. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, p. 759.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Fly Control in Horse Facilities. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 766-767.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, N.C. 2011. Poultry  Fly Control. 2011 Georgia Pest Management Handbook, pp. 770-772.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Where Are All of those Flies Coming From? The Answer May Surprise You. Proceedings of the Florida Equine Institute & Allied Trade Show. Ocala, FL. 09/15/2011.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. University of Florida Veterinary Entomology program web site: http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/kaufman/vetentlab/<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler, and J.F. Butler. 2011. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_ig130<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. 2011. Animal Insect Control and Pasture Chapters of the 2011 Insecticide Recommendations for Arkansas (MP 144), Glenn Studebaker (editor), 23 pp. <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2011. Arthropod Pests of Equines (MP 484). University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service Pub. MP484-PD-6-10N, 14 pages. <br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F Corder. 2011. Controlling Horn Flies on Cattle (FSA 7031). University of Arkansas Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service Pub. FSA 7031 PD 12-09RV. 6 pp.<br /> <br /> Machtinger, E. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Eye gnats, grass flies, eye flies, fruit flies, Liohippelates spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Chloropidae). 6 pp. EENY-485 (IN485). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in884.<br /> <br /> Sowerby, M. E. and J. A. Hogsette. 2011. Effectiveness of fly traps and baits at three primary fly sites on Florida dairy farms. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 1: 733.<br /> <br /> Sowerby, M.E. and J.A. Hogsette. 2011. Strategies for Converting Dairy Farms into Low (House) fly Zones. Proceedings of the 25th Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference, Macon, GA (November 2, 2011), pp. 77-81.<br /> <br /> <br /> Presentations:<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. Rangeland Fly Control Strategies. University of Nebraska Ranching for Profitabiltiy  Educational Programs. Febraury-March 2011. Five Programs.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. The Significance of a Pasture Fly Control Program. University of Nebraska, Barta Brothers Ranch Field Day. June 28, 2011.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. The Importance of a Pasture Fly Control Program. University of Nebraska, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory Open House. August 24, 2011.<br /> <br /> Boxler, D. J. Fly Control Strategies in Feedlots, Dairies, and Pastures. University of Nebraska, Cropping System Practicum. June 23, 2011.<br /> <br /> Broce, A. B., J. A. Hogsette (presenter) and J. S. Drouillard. Overwintering of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., populations in the Midwest USA. Livestock Insects Workers Conference, in conjunction with the AAVP and ISEP, July 16-19, St Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> Corder, R.F., and K.M. Loftin. Evaluation of the essential oil, geraniol, as a horn fly repellent on cattle. Arkansas Entomological Society Annual Meeting. Little Rock, AR. Presented on 10/14/2011.<br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. Integrated pest management for beef cattle. Controlling pests in alfalfa. Central Klickitat Conservation District Annual Meeting. Feb. 17, 2011. Centerville, WA.<br /> <br /> Ferguson, H. J. Integrated pest management for beef cattle. Benton County Cattlemens Association monthly meeting. April 12, 2011. Prosser, WA.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Monitoring house fly activity on commercial dairy operations: the start of a dairy IPM program. Annual Meeting. Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Waikoloa, HI. Presented on 03/2011.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Management of flies associated with food preparation areas. Integrated Pest Management for School Facilities. CA Department of Pesticide Regulation. Norwalk, CA. Presented on 10/2011.<br /> <br /> Gerry, A. C. Management of Urban Flies. MVCAC Seminar Series. Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California. San Leandro, CA. Presented on 11/2011.<br /> <br /> Guisewite, L. M., S. S. Denning, and D. W. Watson. 2011. Susceptibility of vinegar flies, Drosophila repleta, to two strains of Beauveria bassiana isolated from house flies. Entomological Society of America. 59th Annual Meeting, Reno, Nevada.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Flies: Biology and Control. Winter School, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (via Wimba), January 5, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Poultry Ectoparasites and Pests. Georgia International Poultry Conference, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, February 1, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Pastured Cattle: External Parasites. Southwest Georgia Master Cattlemens Program, Blakely, GA, February 7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Flies and External Parasites of Cattle. Franklin County Cattlemens Association, Carnesville, GA, February 14, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Basic Insect Management. Georgia National Guard Training, University of Georgia, Athens, February 15, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Insect Management on Small Ruminants. Georgia National Guard Training, University of Georgia, Athens, February 15, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Poultry Pest Management. Georgia National Guard Training, University of Georgia, Athens, February 16, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Fly Control on Cattle and Horses. Hart County Cattlemens Association, Hartwell, GA, April 14, 2011. <br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. External Parasites. 2011 Northeast Georgia Master Cattlemens Program, Madison, GA, September 6, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Fly Control on Georgia Cattle. Coffee County Cattlemen, Douglas, GA, November 29, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. 2011. Poultry Pest Control: Mites, Flies and Darkling Beetles. Coffee County Poultry Producers, Douglas, GA, November 29, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Midges and Gnats  Some Bite and Some Dont (1 hr lecture). 73rd Annual Purdue Pest Management Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Jan 9-11, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Behavior and Management of Pest Flies (1 hr lecture). North Carolina Pest Management Association, PCT School, North Raleigh/Midtown Hilton, Raleigh, NC, Jan 18-19, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Co-taught [with Dan Kline (Culicoides) and Jim Cilek (Tabanids)] the stable fly portion of the course Biting Flies at the Dodd Short Course, Ocala Hilton, Ocala, FL, Jan 27, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Biology and Management of House Flies and Bottle Flies (1 hr lecture). McCloud Pest Invasion, Pest Seminar for the Food Industry, Stonegate Conference Center, Hoffman Estates IL, Mar 15, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. A Summary of the USDA Mosquito and Fly Research Unit Research Program. Southeast Branch, Entomological Society of America, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 19-22, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. House flies: Specific traps for specific locations on farms. 8th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop, Anastasia Island Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, FL, March 29-31, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Management of Nuisance Flies (1 hr lecture). Wal-Mart Corporate headquarters, Bentonville, AR, Sept 6-7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Biology, Ecology and Management of the Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (1 hr seminar). National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda, Sept 22, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Management of house flies (Musca domestica) on dairies by strategic placement of traps. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, Nevada, November 13-16, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Management of house flies (Musca domestica) on dairies by strategic placement of traps. Deployed War Fighter Program Review, Beltsville, MD, November 26-December 2, 2011.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Using Traditional Techniques and Modern Tools to Answer Rural:Rural and Rural:Urban Interface Questions in Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Dermatological reactions to insect bites and associated diseases. Dermatology Grand Rounds at Shands Medical Plaza, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Applied Management of Fly Control. Florida Beef Cattle Short Course. Gainesville, FL.<br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Performance of novel semiochemicals in the control of veterinary pests. Joint meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, the Livestock Insect Workers Conference and the International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, St. Louis, MO. <br /> <br /> Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal activity of novel compounds against pests of medical and veterinary importance. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV.<br /> <br /> Koehler, P.G. and J.W. Diclaro. Development of a novel fly control device. Arbovirus Conference, St. Augustine, FL. Presented on 03/2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Controlling pasture flies on cattle. Calhoun County Cattlemens Association  Annual Meeting, Hampton, AR. Presented on 10/ 3/2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. External Parasites of Cattle. Four-States Agriculture Expo, Texarkana. Arkansas. Presented on 2/10/2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. Managing Arthropod Pests of Beef and Dairy Cattle. Beef IQ Short Course. Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope, AR. Presented on 5/16/2011.<br /> <br /> Moon, R., D. Berkebile, H. Ferguson, P. Tobin, L. Zurek, G. Johnson, S. Butler, N. Hinkle, and others. 2011. Winter debris-cleanup deadlines based on a ground-truthed degree-day model. 55th Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference. July 16-19. St. Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> Moon, R., D. Berkebile, H. Ferguson, P. Tobin, L. Zurek, G. Johnson, S. Butler, and N. Hinkle. 2011. Phenology of spring emergence by first generation stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in North America. Poster at national ESA annual meeting. Nov. 13-16. Reno, NV.<br /> <br /> Mullens, B. A. and A. C. Gerry. The Remarkable Canyon Fly. Annual Conference. American Mosquito Control Association. Anaheim, CA. Presented on 03/2011.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Selecting for pyrethroid resistance in the stable fly: Screening the stable fly sodium channel coding sequence for mutations that associate with permethrin non-susceptibility. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, presented on 12/2009.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2010. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Annual Livestock Insects Workers Conference, presented on 6/2010.<br /> <br /> Olafson, P.U., S. Liu, A.Y. Li, and S.E. Dowd. 2010. Insight into stable fly larvae: Salivary gland-specific polypeptides and evidence for genes that may have a role in the stable fly innate immune system. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, presented on 11/2010.<br /> <br /> Scott, J. G. 2011. Molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance in insects. Advances in the knowledge of parasite resistance of ruminant hosts and parasites, Embrapa, San Carlos, Brazil.<br /> <br /> Scott, J. G. 2011. Have high resolution molecular analyses offered new insights into the evolution of insecticide resistance? Plenary Lecture, AAVP-LIWC-ISEP Joint Conference, St. Louis, MO.<br /> <br /> Scott, J. G. 2011. Unraveling the mystery of spinosad resistance in insects. University of Florida, Department of Entomology, Gainesville, FL.<br /> <br /> Starcevich, J., R. Moon, B. Clymer, H. Chester-Jones and D. Ziegler. Choice of bedding material affects production of pestiferous stable flies and house flies in replacement heifer housing. 21st Annual (MOSES) Organic Farming Conference, 25-27 February, 2011, LaCrosse, WI. <br /> <br /> Starcevich, J. and R. Moon. Filth flies and associated beneficial wasps on organic dairy farms in east-central Minnesota and west-central Wisconsin. 21st Annual (MOSES) Organic Farming Conference, 25-27 February, 2011, LaCrosse, WI. <br /> <br /> Starcevich, J., R. Moon, B. Clymer, H. Chester-Jones and D. Ziegler. Filth fly production and parasitism in heifer rearing pens bedded with straw, hardwood sawdust, or pine shavings. 66th Annual Meeting, North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America. March, 2011, Minneapolis, MN. <br /> <br /> Taylor, D. B., K. Hale, and K. Sievert. Efficacy of cyromazine for the control of immature stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) developing in winter hay feeding sites. Poster. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV; November 2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. Flies on Pastured Cattle: Whats the buzz? Northeast Organic Farm Association Annual Conf.. Saratoga, NY. Presented 1/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. Flies on Pastured Cattle? What's the Buzz? Farming for the Future Conference  Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture. State College, PA. Presented 2/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Washington County, Greenwich, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. NY Livestock IPM Update. 2011 AAV, ISEP and National Meeting Livestock Insect Workers Conf. St. Louis, MO. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and D. A. Rutz. Pasture Fly IPM eOrganic Webinar. National. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Clinton County, Pavilion, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Essex County, Port Henry, NY. Presented 7/20111.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Pasture Fly IPM Field Day. Pavilion, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Pasture Fly IPM Field Day. Chester, NY. Presented 7/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Columbia County, Valatie, NY. Presented 8/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Pasture Fly IPM. Dutchess County, Millbrook, NY. Presented 8/2011.<br /> <br /> Waldron, K. and K. Wise. Dairy Cattle Fly IPM. N. Haverhill, NH. Presented 8/2011. <br /> <br /> Watson, D.W. 2011. Integrated Pest Management in Livestock Systems. Louis Jackai, NC A&T., April 5, 2011.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Fly and Darkling Beetle Management. Poultry Supervisors Short Course. Monroe, NC. April 14, 2011<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Pest management for pastured cattle. June 23-24. Orangeburg Cattlemans Assoc. Orangeburg, SC.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Pasture Fly Management, NCSU Agent Training Program, An. Sci. May 18, 2011.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. 2011. Fly management in Organic Dairy Systems. Illuminate Discussion, eOrganic. J. K. Waldron and D. A. Rutz. Hosted by Cornell University. July 6, 2011.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. DWFP prospectus on fly research. DWFP-5th Annual Review. Gainesville, presented on Dec. 2008. <br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Push-Pull strategy for stable fly control. 52nd Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kansas City, presented on June, 2008.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Novel technology development for stable fly management. Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, presented on May, 2009.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. New Advances in stable fly chemical ecology and its potential in practical control, ESA Meeting, Indianapolis, presented on Dec, 2009.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Novel approaches for integrated fly management. Kansas State University, Manhattan, presented on Feb, 2010.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Progresses in research for stable fly control via Push-Pull strategy, ESA Meeting, San Diego, presented on Dec, 2010.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Infochemical interactions between microbial community and pest flies: Oviposition Selection, APACE Annual Meeting, Beijing, China, presented on Oct, 2011.<br /> <br /> <br /> Other Extension:<br /> <br /> Coats, J., G.E. Schultz, and J. Zhu. 2011. Biorational repellents obtained from terpenoids for use against arthropods. (US Patent Number: 7,939,091).<br /> <br /> Hinkle, Nancy C. Fly Control on Cattle, interviewed by Eddie McGriff, Coffee County, GA, Extension Coordinator, for On the Farm radio program Nov. 30, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Regional Science Fair Judge, Middle School and High School Zoology Projects, Santa Fe College, Gainesville, FL, Jan 28, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Manned USDA Entomology booth at the Florida State Fair, Tampa, Feb 11, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Interviewed by Brittany Risher, Associate Editor, Women's Health Magazine, about house fly pathogen transmission when flies land on food, March 2, and 7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. State Science Fair Judge, Middle School and High School Zoology Projects, Orlando Convention Center, Orlando, FL, Mar 24, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Attended Armed Forces Pest Management Board Meeting to consult with the Equipment Committee on traps for fly management and projects being conducted cooperatively with military personnel. Silver Spring, MD, April 4-7, 2011.<br /> <br /> Hogsette, J. A. Attended Armed Forces Pest Management Board Meeting to consult with the Equipment Committee on traps for fly management and projects being conducted cooperatively with military personnel. Silver Spring, MD, November 1-3, 2011.<br /> <br /> Loftin K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2011. Fly IPM on Dairies (FY 11, on-line Moodle training course). University of Arkansas, Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service. Little Rock, AR<br /> <br /> Loftin, K.M. and R.F. Corder. 2011. Insect Pests of Livestock portion of Animal Science Core Training (FY 11, on-line Moodle and field training course). University of Arkansas, Div. of Ag. Coop. Ext. Service. Little Rock, AR.<br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2011. Manure management to prevent fly infestations. Minnesota Horse Expo 2011, St. Paul, MN, April 29 and 30.<br /> <br /> Moon, R. D. 2011. Manure management to prevent fly infestations. Horse Owners Education Program, St. Paul, MN, 15 October.<br /> <br /> Watson, D. W. Pest and Disease Management in Dairy Ecosystems. Center for Environmental Farming Systems Intern Program, 2011. Patrick Miles, NC A&T; Jamie Berger, UNC; Beth Chapman, NDSU; & Sindhu Siva, U. Delaware.<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Interviewed and wrote info (2010-2011) for scientific journals and magazines on stable fly research (American Chemistry Society News Press, Chemical Education, USDA NewsMaker, MidWest Producer, Feed-Lot Magazine, The IPM Practitioner, The Horse magazines, etc).<br /> <br /> Zhu, J. J. Interviewed (2010-2011) by radio stations on biting fly management and botanical-based repellent development (Canada Discovery Channel, Voice of America, Meredith National Radio, and WALO-Puerto Rico).<br /> <br />

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