WERA_OLD77: Managing Invasive Weeds in Wheat

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[04/07/2005] [03/30/2006] [01/16/2007] [01/02/2008] [02/03/2009] [05/07/2007]

Date of Annual Report: 04/07/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/18/2004 - 11/18/2004
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2004 - 12/01/2004

Participants

Joe Yenish, Washington State Univ., yenish@wsu.edu;Dale Shaner, USDA-ARS, Ft. Collins, CO., dale.shaner@ars.usda.gov;Todd Gaines, Colorado State Univ., tgaines@lamar.colostate.edu;Brad Hanson, Colorado State Univ., bdhanson@lamar.colostate.edu;Drew Lyon, Univ. Nebraska at Lincoln, dlyon@unlnotes.unl.edu;Lee Sommers, Colorado State Univ., lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu;Dan Ball, Oregon State Univ., daniel.ball@oregonstate.edu;Phil Westra, Colorado State Univ., pwestra@lamar.colostate.edu;Ralph Whitesides, Utah State Univ., ralphw@ext.usu.edu;Jim Parochetti, , USDA-CSREES, jparochetti@csrees.usda.gov;David Belles, Colorado State Univ., dbelles@lamar.colostate.edu;Phil Stahlman, Kansas State Univ., stahlman@ksu.edu;Gaylon Morgan, Texas A & M Univ., gmorgan@ag.tamu.edu;Andrew Kniss, Univ. of Wyoming, akniss@uwyo.edu;Case Medlin, Oklahoma State Univ., mcase@okstate.edu;Darrell Hanavan, Colorado Wheat Admin. Committee, dhanavan@uswest.net

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual meeting was held at the Comfort Suites DIA, Denver, CO on Nov. 18, 2004. The meeting was called to order at 8:00 by Case Medlin.

Phil Stahlman provided an update on the CSREES-USDA Special Grant Research Initiative Proposal Managing Invasive Weeds in Wheat, on behalf of Tony White. A lengthy discussion followed the matter. Carol Mallory-Smith had taken the proposal before the National Association of Wheat Growers (NAWG) and received approval from that group. The proposal was the number one priority of NAWG in 2005. The proposal has moved on to congress and it is not clear of the current status. There was additional discussion on the matter of whether there is a need for a new proposal or if it would be better to continue with an expanded version of the current initiative, Aegilops cylindrical. It was brought up that Washington State University (WSU) may not be in favor of continued housing of the Aegilops cylindrical on an expanded basis. It was also pointed out the there is better chance of continued for expanded funding if the Special Grant Research Initiative remained at WSU. A motion was made, seconded and approved to request to that WSU continue to administer the existing Aegilops cylindrical special grant with the inclusion of the expanded scope and funding of the Management of Invasive Weeds in Wheat proposal developed in 2003.

A discussion followed on the status of a review paper on feral rye. There had been some delays in pulling the information together. However, a publication goal of late 2005 was suggested.

Darrel Hanavan led a discussion on several issues revolving around the current federal budget climate, genetically modified wheat, and wheat export markets. A particular focus was discussioned between U.S. and Canadian grower organizations and Monsanto during the period leading up to Monsantos suspending the development of Roundup Ready wheat.

Lee Sommers gave a report on reorganization of Western Coordinating Committees such as ours and listed several changes. One change of note is that we are now to be referred to as WERA-077 under the new naming guidelines. James Parochetti followed with update on the matter and budget issues from USDA-CREES.

State reports which are listed with greater detail within the Annual Report (SAES-422) followed.

Following state reports it was decided that the 2005 meeting of the WERA-077 would be held at the time of the America Society of America Annual Meeting in November at a location in Salt Lake City, UT. Ralph Whitesides of Utah State University was appointed Chair of the WERA-077 for 2005 with Case Medlin rotating to secretary.

Accomplishments

Kansas State University researchers evaluated tank mixtures of Beyond, Finesse, Clarity, and/or Saber (2,4-D), and the experimental product BAS 777, with and without UAN for weed control and safety to Clearfield Wheat. Beyond and Finesse tank mixes caused the most chlorosis and stunting when applied early in the spring, but injury was reduced as applications were applied later in the spring. Finesse followed by Beyond at two and four week intervals resulted in more injury than Beyond followed by Finesse. Wheat yields were reduced 13, 9, and 10%, respectively when treated with Beyond followed by Finesse at a four week interval, Finesse followed by Beyond at a two week interval and the tank mix of Beyond and Finesse applied at late spring compared to the untreated check. Spring-applied Beyond treatments averaged 36% control of feral rye, with fall-applied applications averaging 92% control. Control was highest with UAN concentrations of 25% or higher. Fifteen to 30% crop injury was observed in tank mixtures of Beyond plus Clarity applied with 25% v/v UAN. Wheat yields were reduced by 26 to 28% with the Beyond plus Clarity tank mix, and the Beyond plus Saber tank mix had a 9% yield reduction. BAS 777 controlled volunteer rye similar to Beyond with no change in response to rate increases. Spring-applied applications controlled volunteer rye 42% or less, while control with fall-applied applications was 80 to 92%. By the end of May, volunteer rye control for most spring-applied BAS 777 and Beyond treatments averaged 37% compared to the average of 84% for most fall-applied treatments. The KSU researchers also compared Olympus Flex to Olympus, Maverick, and Osprey for control of downy brome by rate and time of application. Control was not significantly different between fall and spring applications for Osprey, but for all other treatments the fall application was significantly higher at 73% compared to 63% spring-applied. There was little or no wheat injury from fall treatments but spring-applied treatments stunted wheat growth, with increasing rates causing more stunting. Olympus Flex at rates of 2.13 up to 3.18 oz/A were among the highest yielding for both fall and spring applications. Also evaluated at experiment sites in Kansas were application timings of Finesse Grass and Broadleaf and market standards. The most effective spring treatments for downy brome were: Maverick alone or tank mixed with Finesse at 67 to 73%, or Olympus alone or mixed with Glean or Finesse at 87 to 92%. The fall treatments provided the highest downy brome control. Fall-applied Maverick or Olympus provided 92 to 98% control, while Everest alone or mixed with Glean or Finesse only provided 77 to 88% control. Grain yield, grain moisture, or test weights were not affected. Oklahoma State University researchers concentrated their grassy weed control efforts in winter wheat in two broad areas, (1) control of winter annual grasses in winter tolerant canola cultivars using Assure II, Poast Plus, Select, and Roundup Ultra Max II, and (2) continued development of existing and relatively new herbicides labeled in winter wheat that have reached the market. Experiments were established at Chickasha, Lahoma, Orlando, and Perkins, Oklahoma to investigate combinations of Olympus Flex (i.e. Olympus + Osprey), Finesse Grass & Broadleaf (i.e. Everest + Glean), and Everest + Finesse for control of cheat (Bromus secalinus), and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). In general, Olympus Flex was more consistent from location to location in controlling Italian ryegrass than Finesse Grass & Broadleaf. Olympus Flex controlled Italian ryegrass 91% when applied in the fall. This treatment applied in the spring controlled Italian ryegrass 88%. Finesse Grass & Broadleaf controlled Italian ryegrass 76% when applied in the fall. Finesse Grass and Broadleaf controlled cheat approximately 95% and as well as other herbicide alternatives such as Maverick or Olympus. The biggest advantage of Finesse Grass & Broadleaf seems to be its broadleaf control potential. Finesse Grass & Broadleaf controlled Carolina geranium, henbit, and cutleaf evening primrose at least 98%, which was better than Maverick (which tends to control these weeds 80% to 90%), and much better than Olympus (which controlled these weeds 60%, 94%, and 75%, respectively). Texas A&M University Researchers also evaluated the new herbicide products available for the 2004/05 growing season. Ospreys control of Italian ryegrass did not exceed 70% regardless of adjuvant included in the application. Wild oat control with Olympus was comparable to that of Maverick. Also of importance was the documentation of Hoelon resistant Italian ryegrass in Texas. The location of the resistant ryegrass was contained and further spread should be minimal. Numerous experiments were conducted in eastern Washington in 2004 to evaluate various aspects of winter annual grass control in winter wheat. These projects included; (1) a jointed goatgrass seed longevity study designed to determine how long a grower must rotate to a spring crop to eliminated jointed goatgrass, (2) the second year evaluation of suspected spring annual jointed goatgrass plants (in collaboration with Oregon State Univ.), (3) downy brome population dynamics in facultative spring wheat to evaluate dormant planting of spring wheat following dry autumn weather to determine d. brome pest management, economics and d. brome seed bank dynamics, (4) a Clearfield rotation study to evaluate 2nd and 3rd year rotations with Clearfield wheat included in the rotation at varying intervals to determine risk of developing imazamox resistant populations of jointed goatgrass, and (4) a study to evaluate control methods for rattail fescue, which is being conducted with Oregon State Univ. and the Univ. of Idaho. Researchers at the Univ. of Wyoming conducted several studies to evaluate control of downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye with various herbicide combinations. In general, downy brome (evaluated at 4 studies) was controlled better with fall applications (67%-85%) than spring applications (45%-70%). Downy brome control with Olympus or Maverick was similar when applications were made in the fall and better than Finesse Grass & Broadleaf and Osprey. Downy brome control in the spring was best with Olympus, then Maverick, and then Osprey, while Finesse Grass and Broadleaf was not evaluated in the spring. Jointed goatgrass control was evaluated at one site. BAS 777 controlled jointed goatgrass 95-99% when applied in the fall and 90-95% when applied in the spring. On average jointed goatgrass control with BAS 777 was reduced 10% when Clarity was included in fall applications and 15% when Clarity was included in spring applications. Olympus + Define controlled jointed goatgrass 80% when applied in the fall but less than 5% when applied in the spring. BAS-777 controlled feral rye 15% to 20% better with fall than spring applications. The adjuvant included also impacted control of feral rye with methylated seed oil being best, followed by crop oil concentrate, and non ionic surfactant. Oregon State University graduate researcher assistants from the Corvallis research location reported their results from studies on the dormancy and germination of jointed goatgrass and vernalization requirements in rattail fescue. Results from one year of study indicate that flowering of rattail fescue is delayed without vernalization, indicating that it may be an obligate winter annual grass. Other researchers are studying the impact of wheat cytoplasm on the seed set of jointed goatgrass x wheat hybrids. Trials are also underway to investigate a foot rot disease resistance gene that, under natural field conditions, appears to have moved from wheat (Madison) to JGG. Other findings include results from ALS resistant downy brome biotypes trials. In these trials one biotype was resistant due to metabolism and the other had site based resistance. Oregon State University researchers at Pendleton continue evaluations of downy brome control in winter wheat with propoxycarbazone-sodium (Olympus), mesosulfuron (Osprey), both alone and in combination (Olympus-Flex), flucarbazone-sodium (Everest), and with PRE applications of flufenacet (Define, Axiom). Other trials were designed to evaluate adjuvants and tank mix partners in Clearfield wheat. Addition of UAN solution increased injury of the Clearfield wheat and slightly increased downy brome control. Also evaluated was the tolerance of Clearfield wheat lines to imazamox at multiple locations in eastern Oregon. Advanced lines for proposed release in the PNW had tolerance similar to FS-4 (Fidel). Tolerance to imazamox in 2-gene Clearfield spring wheat was evaluated. Finally, a cooperative study of rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) biology, ecology, and control was initiated with Carol Mallory-Smith, Donn Thill, and Joe Yenish. Germination temperature optima, seed dormancy and longevity in the soil, vernalization requirements, and control in wheat and fallow are being investigated. University of Nebraska researchers are conducting experiments jointly with Stephen Miller at the University of Wyoming to determine best management practices for using Clearfield wheat technology to control jointed goatgrass and minimize the development of imazamox-resistant goatgrass populations. There appears to be a residual effect on jointed goatgrass density in the non-Clearfield wheat crop following a Clearfield wheat crop in the winter wheat-fallow rotation. In other experiments these researchers found that spikelets of jointed goatgrass placed on the soil surface were quickly preyed upon by rodents and remaining spikelets that germinated were short lived. Other experiments were designed to examine the effects of tillage timing, tillage type, and other cultural practices on jointed goatgrass density in winter wheat. Plowing the wheat seedbed prior to planting was effective in eliminating jointed goatgrass and in increasing wheat plant height, wheat stem counts, and wheat grain yields. Burning the seedbed also resulted in a decreased jointed goatgrass population and increased plant height, but lower wheat yields resulted. The emphasis of recent field studies with winter wheat in Utah has been to document the favorable role of alternative crop rotations with respect to managing difficult annual weeds like feral rye, wild oat, jointed goatgrass, and foxtail species. Safflower appears to be the most favorable alternative crop for Utah since a strong market exists for the crop, the same agronomic planting and harvesting equipment serve either wheat or safflower, and selective herbicides that fit well into the rotation are available which are especially active against the annual grass weeds identified above. A further refinement to the rotation has surfaced that makes safflower even more attractive and rests in the observation that safflower can follow immediately behind winter wheat in the cropping sequence to provide an additional cash crop in each six-year period using the winter wheat-safflower-fallow scheme. The grass type annual weeds tend to increase in severity in winter wheat as the wheat-fallow rotation is practiced repeatedly; whereas they quickly decline by practicing the wheat-safflower-fallow for a couple of cycles. Results have shown that the system of including dicot crops in the rotation will likely be even more effective once herbicide-resistant wheat cultivars become available in the Intermountain region. Significant Jointed Goatgrass Extension education efforts were undertaken in Utah during the 2004 cropping season. A stop during the Blue Creek Dryland Farm Field Day on June 30, 2004 was dedicated to winter annual grass control in small grains. In addition to this field day activity, an article on jointed goatgrass management in Utah appeared in the July 2004 edition of the Western Farmer-Stockman magazine. This article outlined the use of safflower as a part of a crop rotation system that was effective in controlling jointed goatgrass in the wheat producing regions of Utah. This magazine article reached farmers and ranchers throughout the west (excluding California) and was a strong effort to put the jointed goatgrass control information into the hands of the farming community.

Publications

Ball, D. A. 2004. Biology and management of rattail fescue in direct-seed systems. Pg. 93-97 in: NW Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conf. Proceedings. Jan. 7-9, 2004, Pendleton, OR. Ball, D. A., J. Peterson, and L. H. Bennett. 2004. CLEARFIELD" wheat varietal tolerance to imazamox application rates and timings. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Res. Prog. Rpt. 146. Ball, D. A., L. H. Bennett, and L. Lutcher. 2004. Agronomic considerations for chemical fallow. In: 2004 Columbia Basin Ag. Res. Ctr. Annual Rpt. OSU Ag. Exp. Stn. Spec Rpt. 1054. Pg. 15-19. Ball, D. A., L. H. Bennett, S. M. Frost, and E. Jacobsen. 2004. Post-harvest tillage is inconsistent for managing jointed goatgrass. In: 2004 Columbia Basin Ag. Res. Ctr. Annual Rpt. OSU Ag. Exp. Stn. Spec Rpt. 1054. Pg. 77-83. Ball, D. A., S. M. Frost, and A. I. Gitelman. 2004. Predicting timing of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seed production using growing degree-days. Weed Science 52:518-524. Frihauf, J. and S. Miller. 2003. Clearfield winter wheat system: a new technology for selective control of winter annual grasses. Reflections 13:16-17. Gallagher, R. S., K. J. Steadman, A. D. Crawford. 2004. Alleviation of dormancy in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seeds by hydration and after-ripening. Weed Sci. 52:968-975 Kroiss, L., P. Tempalli, J.L. Hansen, M.I. Vales, O. Riera-Lizarazu, R.S. Zemetra, and C.A. Mallory-Smith. 2004. Marker-assessed retention of wheat chromatin in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical) backcross hybrids. Crop Sci. 44:1429-1433. Lyon, D. J. 2003. Olympus herbicide released for downy brome control in wheat. Crop Watch No. 2004-23:216. Available online at http://cropwatch.unl.edu/. Lyon, D. J., S. D. Miller, and S. Seifert-Higgins. 2003. MON 37500 soil residues affect rotational crops in the High Plains. Weed Technol. 17:792-798. Medlin, C.R., D.S. Murray, and T.F. Peeper. 2005. 2005 Weed Control Guidelines for Oklahoma. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Bulletin E-978. Miller, S., C. Alford, and W. Stump. 2004. Feral rye - a serious threat to high quality wheat. WY Coop. Ext. Bull 1175, 8 pp. Morgan, G.D. and P.A. Baumann. 2003. Weed Management Guide for Wheat. Texas Coop. Ext. Park, K.W. and C.A. Mallory-Smith. 2004. Physiological and molecular basis for ALS inhibitor resistance in Bromus tectorum biotypes. Weed Research 44:71-77. Park, K. W., C. A. Mallory-Smith, D. A. Ball, and G. W. Mueller-Warrant. 2004. Ecological fitness of acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant and susceptible downy brome (Bromus tectorum) biotypes. Weed Science. 52:768-773. Park, K.W., L. Fandrich, and C.A Mallory-Smith. 2004. Absorption, translocation and metabolism of propoxycarbazone-sodium in ALS-inhibitor Bromus tectorum biotypes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 79:18-24. Rainbolt, C., D. A. Ball, D. Thill, J. Yenish. 2004. Management Strategies for Preventing Herbicide-Resistant Grass Weeds in Clearfield Wheat Systems. PNW Extension Publication (PNW 572). p. 8. Rainbolt, C. R., D. C. Thill, and F. L. Young. 2004. Control of Volunteer Herbicide-Resistant Wheat and Canola. Weed Technol. 18:711-718. Rainbolt, C. R., D. C. Thill, J. Yenish, and D. A. Ball. 2004. Herbicide-resistant grass weed development in imidazolinone-resistant wheat: Weed biology and herbicide rotation. Weed Technology 18 (3): 860-868. Stone, A.E. and T.F. Peeper. 2004. Characterizing jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) x winter wheat hybrids in Oklahoma. Weed Sci. 52:742-745. White, A.D., P.W. Geier, P.W. Stahlman, and J.C. Friahuf. 2004. Nitrogen, adjuvant, and application timing effects on imazamox efficacy in wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 57:75-76. White, A.D., P.W. Stahlman, and F.E. Northam. 2004. Impact of integrated management systems on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) populations. Weed Sci. 52: 1010-1017. Yenish, J. P. and F. L. Young. 2004. Winter wheat competition against jointed goatgrass as influenced by wheat plant height, seeding rate, and seed size. Weed Sci. 52:996-1001. Young, F. L. 2004. Symposium: Long-term weed management studies in the Pacific Northwest. Weed Sci. 52:897-903. Young, F. L. and M. E. Thorne. 2004. Weed-species dynamics and management in no-till and reduced-till fallow cropping systems for the semi-arid agricultural region of the Pacific Northwest. Crop Protect. 23:1097-1110.

Impact Statements

Safflower appears to be the most favorable alternative crop for Utah since a strong market exists for the crop, the same agronomic planting and harvesting equipment serve either wheat or safflower, and selective herbicides that fit well into the rotation are available which are especially active against the annual grass weeds.
Hoelon resistant Italian ryegrass was found in Texas but the resistant ryegrass was contained and further spread should be minimal.
Results enable growers to optimize use of herbicides in control of winter annual grasses in wheat.

Date of Annual Report: 03/30/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/10/2005 - 11/10/2005
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2005 - 12/01/2005

Participants

Joe Yenish, Washington State Univ., yenish@wsu.edu
Lynn Fandrich, Colorado State Univ.
Drew Lyon, Univ. Nebraska at Lincoln, dlyon@unlnotes.unl.edu
Don Lee Sommers, Colorado State Univ., lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu
Phil Westra, Colorado State Univ., pwestra@lamar.colostate.edu
Ralph Whitesides, Utah State Univ., ralphw@ext.usu.edu
Jim Parochetti, , USDA-CSREES, jparochetti@csrees.usda.gov
Gaylon Morgan, Texas A & M Univ., gmorgan@ag.tamu.edu
Andrew Kniss, Univ. of Wyoming, akniss@uwyo.edu
Don Morishita, University of Idaho, don@uidaho.edu
Tony White, Kansas State University, tbwhite@warpdriveonline.com
Alex Ogg, National Jointed Goatgrass Program Leader, ogga@tctwest.net
Bob Zemetra, University of Idaho, rzemetra@uidaho.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting
Welcome and Introductions. After introductions, room cost was discussed and Lee Sommers, who joined the group for a period during the meeting, said he would take care of the expenses with the Tri-Societies. Sommers also queried the group as to whether attaching this meeting to the end of another meeting was desirable. It was decided that since the Tri-Societies will not be meeting in the west for the next few years, that the group would meet in Denver as has been done previously.

Sommers also discussed the formula (Hatch) funding situation and pointed out that the experiment station directors are studying the formula funding issue. Jim Parochetti said that CSREES is looking at this too. The basic threat is from the Office of Management and Budget where there is consideration to make the formula funds a competitive process. The problem with going to competitive grants from formula funds is the loss of faculty and staff in many states who are currently employed by these funds. Most institutions have an on-going need for formula funds, although some states, such as California have less. Only 3% of Californias budget is from formula funds. There are some states that favor making these funds competitive. It is important for us to show the impact from the use of formula funds in our reporting, such as CRIS reports.

Sommers also reminded the group that an annual report will need to be submitted soon. Annual reports are to be sent to Case Medlin in the next 30 days after the annual meeting because the report is to be submitted 60 days after the annual meeting.

Jointed Goatgrass Discussion- Alex Ogg and Tony White
Funding for FY06. Alex explained the money came as a result of the wheat growers going to Washington, D.C. to lobby for funds for the new grass weeds project. They realized they could not get money for the new project, but could get additional money for the jointed goatgrass project. Consequently, $355,000 has become available for one more years for the jointed goatgrass project.

If the new grass weed project goes forward, we need to develop new plans for what we want to do. Also, some state(s) other than Washington must be willing to take the lead, since WSU has been the lead institution for managing jointed goatgrass funds. It would be best if one of the states has a senator on the Appropriations Committee or Ag Appropriations Committee. We, as a group, need to see who is on these committees to see if one of our states involved in WERA-77 can take the lead. Alex Ogg pointed out that if a new project is to go forward, several states that can provide political assistance need to support this. We will need to come up with a new name for this project. One that Jim Parochetti suggested was: Wheat and Invasive Weeds- A National Consortium (followed by a listing of all the states involved).

Parochetti also pointed out that 2008 is the earliest we can expect to get funding for the new project because 2007 budget is already submitted.

Research Data Gaps. Ogg provided a handout that listed some of the data gaps that still exist in the jointed goatgrass project. He will update the list based on input from the group and will be sending it out with the call for proposals. Some data gaps discussed included: 1) environmental effects on the development of seed dormancy in jointed goatgrass; 2) use of livestock for managing jointed goatgrass; and 3) impact of mechanical or chemical treatments on plant survival and seed production. Several in attendance expressed an interest in seed dormancy effects.

A few states will continue their long-term cropping systems studies for another one or two years.

Technology Transfer Ideas. Some discussion on technology transfer focused on how we can best deliver information to those who need it. Also, what about conducting an accurate survey? Doing a survey could provide information about other grass weeds in wheat as well.

State Reports.
Colorado- Westra presented an overview of his jointed goatgrass studies and downy brome in riparian areas research that is just beginning.

Idaho- Morishita discussed the preliminary results of the Idaho portion of the Intermountain States BMP project that was just completed. Have also submitted a jointed goatgrass manuscript for review in Weed Technology.

Kansas- White discussed some of the jointed goatgrass research and extension activities in Kansas.

Montana- no report

Nebraska- Lyon reported he is in the last year of a jointed goatgrass study being conducted in cooperation with Wyoming. He also is doing some work with downy brome. Gail Wicks technician is finishing up 2 studies that Gail had been working on. Re-filling Gails position is currently on hold, but they hope to fill it next year.

Oklahoma- no report

Oregon- Fandrich reported on the results of some of the work being done in Oregon. This included jointed goatgrass dormancy, outcrossing rates, spring crop impact on jointed goatgrass biology, presentations at professional meetings and field days, publishing several articles in Weed Science, and re-wrote a PNW bulletin.

South Dakota- no report

Texas- Morgan presented work they are doing on ryegrass, wild oats, and some brome species. Has worked with several different herbicides in wheat for the control of each of the weed species. He is also nearing revision of an ALS resistant ryegrass manuscript.

Utah- Whitesides reported that they have completed the last harvest from the BMP study and the results are being assembled. Is doing some work with jointed goatgrass and downy brome in non-crop. Corey Ransom is replacing Jack Evans and will begin January 2, 2006.

Washington- Yenish reported they are continuing jointed goatgrass cropping systems research projects. Had a bus tour last summer to look at some of the jointed goatgrass research projects. Has Roland Schirman working as the Assistant Jointed Goatgrass Extension Coordinator. Will have a jointed goatgrass seminar in Coeur dAlene, Idaho in coordination with the tri-state grain growers meeting. He also is doing some work on Italian ryegrass. Announced that Rob Gallagher is leaving WSU and they will be advertising his position soon.

Wyoming- Kniss presented information about several studies in winter wheat to evaluate control of feral rye, downy brome, and jointed goatgrass.

Other business.

Gaylon Morgan agreed to serve as chair of the 2006 meeting.

It was agreed upon unanimously by the group to meet in Denver on November 7-8, 2006. As in previous years, the meeting will begin the afternoon of November 7 and conclude the morning of November 8.

Meeting was adjourned at 1:30 pm.
Respectfully submitted,
Don W. Morishita

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: WERA-77 State Report for Texas 2004-05 Conditions for winter wheat in Texas were good across much of the state for the fall 2004; however, a dry spring and heavy foliar disease pressure lead to below normal yields. Additionally, in the Blacklands of Texas, only about 50% of the wheat acreage was planted due to excessive fall moisture. The state-wide wheat acreage remained relatively stable for the 2004-05 season; however, more of the wheat was used as a dual-use crop because of good cattle prices and good fall wheat growth. Weed management trials were conducted by scientists at College Station, San Angelo, Vernon, Commerce, and Amarillo. The report below will be a summary of the weed management trials. The excessive moisture in the Blacklands provided sub-optimal conditions for the wheat crop but good growing conditions for Italian ryegrass. The trials in the Blacklands focused primarily on Italian ryegrass management with numerous new compounds, including Osprey, Olympus Flex, Axial, Achieve, Finesse Grass and Broadleaf, and the more standard treatments. A summary of the research results are described below. Detailed results of these trials are available upon request. Each herbicide was visually rated for percent efficacy and crop injury. Numerous adjuvants (MSO, MSO blend, NIS+UAN) were used with Osprey to determine the impact on efficacy for Italian ryegrass. Osprey provided greater than 90% control with all the adjuvant treatments for small Italian ryegrass (<3 leaf). Olympus Flex (premix of Olympus + Osprey) also provided greater than 85% control of Italian ryegrass; however, the Olympus Flex efficacy was lower than Osprey and was increased by tankmixing with other Italian ryegrass herbicides. Finesse Grass and Broadleaf also provided good control of the Italian ryegrass at the early growth stages. Axial (pinoxaden) by Syngenta, a Lipid Syntheses Inhibitor provided very good control of Italian ryegrass and also provides producers with a non-ALS inhibitor herbicide. A Clearfield wheat trial was also initiated in the Blacklands, and Beyond herbicide was evaluated for Italian ryegrass control. Beyond herbicide provide good control of Italian ryegrass; however, the control was less consistent than other labeled herbicides. Wild oat trials were conducted by Todd Baughman and Billy Warrick at Vernon and San Angelo, Texas, respectively. Many of the same herbicides (Osprey, Olympus Flex, Finesse Grass + Broadleaf) that were evaluated for Italian ryegrass control were also evaluated for wild oat control. The timeliness of the application was also crucial for adequate wild oat control. In areas where weather prevented timely applications of Finesse Grass + Broadleaf, many producers were not satisfied with the efficacy. Todd Baughman reported good control of wild oats with Olympus. WERA-77 State Report for Washington 2004-05 Numerous experiments were conducted in eastern Washington in 2005 to evaluate various aspects of winter annual grass control in winter wheat. Jointed Goatgrass Seed Longevity Study (Frank Young) Project initiated, determine if tillage systems impacts how long a grower must rotate to a spring crop to eliminate jointed goatgrass. Plots established 2003. Downy brome population dynamics in facultative spring wheat (Frank Young) Evaluating dormant planting of spring wheat following dry autumn weather to evaluate if downy brome pest management, economics and downy brome seed bank dynamics. Clearfield rotation study- (Joe Yenish and Frank Young) Evaluating 2 and 3 year rotations with Clearfield wheat included in the rotation at varying intervals to determine risk of developing imazamox resistant populations of jointed goatgrass. The project is entering the fourth year and beginning the second round of the rotations. No results on the development of resistance as yet. Rattail fescue control - (Joe Yenish) Project initiated with Oregon State University and the University of Idaho to determine methods to control rattail fescue. Second year of study. Winter annual weed control in winter wheat (Joe Yenish) Studies evaluating various herbicides for jointed goatgrass, downy brome, and Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat. WERA-77 State Report for Wyoming 2004-05 Winter wheat Five studies were conducted to evaluate control of winter annual weeds in winter wheat. Mild fall and winter temperatures resulted in heavy feral rye emergence after fall herbicide treatments. The resulting rye population choked out much of the wheat crop on the research farm, including research trials. No herbicide treatment provided commercially acceptable control of rye, and consequently,no yield data was collected. Nearly half of the research farm production wheat was bailed to avoid feral rye seed production. Under extremely heavy rye density, imazamox/MCPA or imazamox provided 10-15% control when applied in the fall (October 21) compared to 20-30% in the spring (March 28). Under lighter rye pressure with spring treatments, imazamox/MCPA controlled feral rye from 28 to 40% as rate increased from 0.281 to 0.422 lbs/A. Sulfosulfuron (0.031 lbs/A) provided 23% control, and flucarbazone (0.027 lbs/A) provided only 3% control. All spring treatments provided excellent control (>98%) of downy brome, likely aided by rye competition. Procarbazone provided 57% control of jointed goatgrass with spring treatments. Pinoxaden, a new grass herbicide from Syngenta, had no jointed goatgrass activity. Spring Wheat In spring wheat, thifensulfuron at 0.028 and thifensulfuron + tribenuron at 0.019 + 0.009 showed slight antagonism (5%) on wild oat when added to procarbazone and 11 to 18% antagonism when added to flucarbazone. Bromoxynil/MCPA caused some antagonism to fenoxaprop on wild oat as well (7%). Imazamox, BAS 777, and pinoxaden provided e98% control of wild oat in Clearfield spring wheat. Mesosulfuron (4.5 WDG) caused up to 51% injury to spring wheat. Head density, height, 200 seed weight, and yield were reduced 24, 28, 29, and 58% by this treatment. Mesosulfuron reduced yield 19%. Jointed goatgrass ecology Jointed goatgrass viability was near zero at all 6 sites after 1.5 years of a burial study, regardless of depth. Predation of goatgrass seeds by rodents seems to be heavily dependent on the amount of ground cover. WERA-77 State Report for Nebraska 2004-05 Winter annual grasses were a problem in winter wheat fields in western Nebraska in 2005. Most of the weed emergence occurred in late fall and over the winter. This resulted in a lot of spring herbicide applications. Unfortunately, the spring was dry and many treatments performed poorly. Even Beyond applied to jointed goatgrass, which has worked very well in the past, did not perform well in the spring of 2005. Research. Research has focused on herbicide treatments for winter annual grass control in winter wheat. I looked at feral rye control with BAS777 and Beyond herbicides in Clearfield wheat. In my studies, both products worked well when applied in the fall, but Beyond did not perform at an acceptable level when applied in the spring. I did not look at BAS777 applied in the spring. Growers continue to have highly variable results with Beyond for feral rye control. This is a topic that needs further research. I also looked at various herbicide treatments for downy brome control in winter wheat. Olympus, Olympus Flex, and Maverick provided very good control of downy brome when fall-applied. Tank mixes of Everest with Glean and/or Finesse did not look promising in 2005. This fall, I have initiated a study to look at Prowl for downy brome control in winter wheat. It involves several application timings in the fall and early spring. While this would be an inexpensive treatment, Im a bit skeptical about its potential due to the unpredictable nature of rainfall in western Nebraska. The sixth and final wheat seeding in the UNL-UW cooperative jointed goatgrass study located at Lingle, WY was seeded in the fall of 2005. This study will conclude with the 2006 wheat harvest. Poor jointed goatgrass control with Beyond herbicide was observed for the first time in the spring of 2005. How this will affect the results from this 7-year study are unknown at this time. Extension. Several news releases and newsletter articles were written in the spring and fall of 2005 on how to control winter annual grasses in winter wheat. Nebraska released its first Clearfield wheat variety (Infinity) in 2005, but very little seed was available for growers to plant in the fall of 2005. Ample seed supply is expected for the fall of 2006. No major Extension programming efforts were devoted to the winter annual grasses in winter wheat during 2005.

Publications

Publications: Belles, D., P. Westra, and B. Hanson. 2005. Managing imazamox resistant wheat in crop rotations for jointed goatgrass control. Proc. WSWS 58:22. Gaines, T., P. Byrne, P. Westra, and S. J. Nissen. 2005. Estimation of landscape level gene flow in wheat and jointed goatgrass. Proc. WSWS 58:15. Gaines, T. A., C. Preston, P. F. Byrne, S. J. Nissen, D. L. Shaner, W. Brien Henry, and P. H. Westra. 2005. Detecting gene flow from imidazolinone resistant wheat to conventional wheat varieties. Proc. NCWSS: In Press. Hanson, B. D., D. L. Shaner, P. Westra, S. J. Nissen, and D. S. Belles. 2005. Do environmental stresses affect Clearfield wheat response to imazamox? Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 58:29. Maxwell, Rick. 2005. Evaluation and Characterization od Herbicide Resistance in Ryegrass Cultivars to Hoelon Herbicide. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M Commerce. Sterling, Reginald. Examining the effectiveness of imazamox using laboratory and field studies in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and annual grasses. MS Thesis. Colorado State University. 90 pages. Tucker, K., S. Senseman, T. Miller, P. Baumann, and G. Morgan. 2005. Identification, Distribution, and Control of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Ecotypes with Varying Levels of Sensitivity to Triasulfuron in Texas. Weed Tech. In review. Westra, P., Brad D. Hanson, David S. Belles, and Todd Gaines. 2005. Jointed goatgrass by winter wheat hybrid dynamics in Colorado wheat fields. Proc. WSWS 58:22. Westra, P., Pat Byrne, Todd Gaines, Scott Nissen, Dale Shaner, Brien Henry, and Christopher Preston. 2005. Landscape-level gene flow from Clearfield winter wheat to conventional wheat over three years. Proceedings NCWSS: In Press

Impact Statements

Improved weed management knowledge of scientists, and in turn their clientele, for controlling grasses in wheat production regions of the United States.

Date of Annual Report: 01/16/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/07/2006 - 11/08/2006
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2005 - 09/01/2006

Participants

Fabian Menalled - Montana State University; Corey Ransom - Utah State University; Andy Hulting - Oregon State University; Steve Miller - University of Wyoming; Andrew Kniss - University of Wyoming; Todd Gaines - Colorado State University; Gaylon Morgan - Texas A&M University; Phil Stahlman - Kansas State University; Drew Lyon -University of Nebraska; Case Medlin - Oklahoma State University; Doug Schmale - Jointed Goatgrass Outreach; Lee Sommers - Colorado State University AES Representative; Jim Parochetti - USDA-CSREES Representative

Brief Summary of Minutes

Welcome and Introductions:
Gaylon Morgan, 2006 Chair of the WERA-077 Committee, brought the meeting to order at approximately 1:05 PM on November 7, 2006. Everyone introduced themselves and the state they were representing. Several new representatives were present, including Fabian Menalled, Corey Ransom, Andrew Hutlig, and Doug Schmale.

Jointed Goatgrass Discussion:
The discussion was led by Doug Schmale and focused primarily on data gaps and future research. Doug is working on a bulletin on controlling JGG, and pointed out the tillage is still biggest unknown. Doug asked the group, what should recommendation be for tillage in JGG infested fields? Based on discussion, there appears to be no association between JGGR and shallow tillage, which is why we still don't know what the best recommendation should be. Another question raised by Doug and discussed by the group was how to manage JGG after wheat harvest, tillage versus chemical applications. It was pointed out by Drew that these may not necessarily be a data gaps, but rather questions with no good answer. It was discussed that most research being completed from JGG project deal with long-term Clearfield management and risk assessments, and some cultural control questions are quite complex and vary geographically and may be dependent on annual precipitation. Doug also expressed the opinion that there is a still a need for printed extension material on JGG that is short and concise.
There was little discussion on funding of future JGG projects because funding of new projects will not occur. Some on-going research will continue to be funded through 2007.

Discussion of a survey for JGG and other invasive weeds was brought up by Gaylon, based on some discussion from the 2005 meeting. The general discussion from the group was to conduct a good survey should be conducted to assess the impact of the weed species, if funding could be found for an invasive weeds in wheat (IWW) project. Conversely, it may be easier to justify funding for the IWW project if good survey data were collected. Several different survey techniques were discussed regarding the expense of the survey, the accuracy of the survey, and feasibility of the survey. Based on this discussion, a committee was formed (Corey Ransom, Andrew Hulting, and Case Medlin) investigate survey methods and costs to accomplish the committees goals.
Further discussion on potential funding brought up the question. Is rye and ryegrass the potential 'disaster' that JGGR was when the original project received funding? The IWW project will need the support of the NAWG before future funding is likely. Everyone agreed that the chance of receiving funding for IWW project may be reduced if a clear need is not felt by wheat growers. This is where a survey and additional information on yield losses by these weed species will be useful to make a case to the wheat producers. Due to the lack of urgency for managing other invasive weeds, compared to JGG, maybe we should move the IWW group's focus to something that is not a hot button issue currently, but probably will be in the future, such as Roundup Ready wheat.

Lee Sommers AES update
President's budget has proposed repeatedly a shift from Hatch dollars (formula funding) to competitive grant program. It was rejected by congress in 2005 and will likely be rejected again. At this time, it is believed that Hatch funds will continue although formula funding has decreased the last 20 years. There is a proposal that would coordinate numerous agencies (AES, Extension, ARS, and Forest Service) to accomplish better impact. The goal of the multi-agency would be to double the funding over the next five years, including a 30% increase in infrastructure and 70% increase in competitive grants. All AES and Extension directors have voted on the proposal and 87% supported it. Also, Lee and Steve brought to the committees attention a research study that documented the benefits to society for Hatch funds vs. competitive funding. Steve offered to provide copies of the research paper to anyone who was interested.

State Reports
State reports were provided by each of the committee members attending the meeting. You can refer to the final annual report for details on research, education, and publications related to managing invasive weeds in wheat.

Discussion of next year's meeting
Lee was not going to be present on November 8th, so the committee decided to discuss the 2007 meeting while Lee was present. Gaylon asked the question, where should we meet? Lee offered to make arrangements for Denver again. Due to the convenience and minimal cost associated with travel to Denver, everyone agreed to the 2007 meeting in Denver. Lee offered to check other hotels in the vicinity for better room rates and closer proximity to more restaurants. For the date and time, we decided to work around the ASA meetings which are the week of Nov. 4 in New Orleans. The second week of November proposed and agreed upon. (Tuesday, Nov. 13th at 1:00pm to Wednesday, Nov. 14 at Noon). Lee S. will make the hotel arrangements for next year's meeting. Lee also recommended to the committee to decide on a specific topic, and focal point, and maybe bring in a few experts to make presentations to the group. It was agreed that this would be a good idea. See below for the topic for the 2007 meeting.

NIMSS Website
The WERA 077 section of NIMSS website (http://www.nimss.umd.edu/homepages/home.cfm?trackID=5275) was introduced and discussed for members of the group unaware of its presence. The website contains our statement of issues and justification, as well as annual reports and current list of state representatives. Some updates need to be made to the list of members. The committee agreed that photos should be added to the NIMSS website; such as aerial photos of CSU gene flow research, and Wyoming's predation photos. All participants are encouraged to send photos to Lee Somers to post to the WERA077 website. Discussion ensued about what type of 'publications' should be listed on the website. It was agreed that all citable publications, including peer-reviewed publications (journal articles and bulletins, proceedings/abstracts, and all publications that could be obtained by other interested individuals, including newsletters, popular press articles, webpage publications, etc.

Future collaborative efforts
If we will go forward for funding of the IWW project, we need to decide on baseline information, and a timeline for generating survey data, determining research need areas, etc. It was decided to set up a discussion at JGGR meeting in March to discuss and decide on survey data, based on the sub-committees findings. Meeting is in Portland, OR. Fabian pointed out that with the NC regional group, common protocols have been distributed to gain more information on seed degradation, and asked if there was interest from this group in a similar project. Several participants brought up similar projects that have been done in this group in the past. Drew mentioned previous discussion on the effect of spray volume on imazamox efficacy, and asked for interest in a simple regional project to investigate this factor. Drew also suggested the possibility of looking at the genetic diversity in feral rye populations on a regional basis, as we have no idea about the genetics involved since it went 'feral'. Gaylon mentioned that a similar knowledge gap exists for ryegrass. A multi-site common garden approach was suggested, with a collection from each state collected by the investigator. Todd G. mentioned that CSU is currently running a similar common garden study with JGG, and CSU might be an ideal location for the common garden. Jim P. thought this study would fit well with the objectives of NRI, and so a funding source may be available. Making the collections prior to submitting the NRI grant would likely strengthen the proposal. Carol Mallory-Smith, Culvinder Gill, Phil Westra, Sarah Ward, Lynn Fandrich, and Todd Gaines were identified as potential resources for putting together a good proposal, as they have experience with similar studies. Andy Hulting and Todd Gaines will contact the above resources and have discussion points for March JGGR meeting. CSREES project manager is holding a half day meeting with NRI PI's at WSSA this year. Around the JGGR-WSWS meeting in Portland, we will meet and discuss survey data and rye and ryegrass genetics project.

Focus topic for next year's meeting
It was suggested on 11/7/06 by Lee Sommers that the committee identify a focus topic for next year's meeting. Inclusion of researchers outside of the typical group that attend this meeting might broaden the discussion and we could potentially gain some additional insight. For example, Stephen Enloe from Wyoming and researchers at CSU have large research projects on downy brome management and ecology in natural and non-agricultural ecosystems. Andrew K. will talk to Stephen Enloe, and Todd G. will talk to Cynthia Brown to determine if there is interest in attending this meeting next year.

Election of new officers
Gaylon asked the question, should chair position be a two year commitment? Gaylon felt that after one year, it is difficult to get a handle on the responsibilities and volunteered to be chair again for 2007. Gaylon recommended electing a secretary to assist with committee responsibilities, including taking the minutes of the meeting. It was discussed and agreed that the secretary will become the chair following a one year term as secretary. This system should provide some consistency from year to year. Phil Stahlman nominated Cory Ransom for Secretary position. Gaylon asked for a second and Drew seconded the nomination. Participants voted unanimously for Cory R. becoming Secretary for 2007, and then move into the Chair position for 2008. Drew Lyon presented a motion that Gaylon Morgan be retained as Chair for 2007. Phil Stahlman seconded. Participants voted unanimously for Gaylon M. remaining chair for 2007.

Other business
Cory wants to use his new spray chamber, so he suggested in addition to a common garden approach, to do a common herbicide dose response to evaluate biotype differences with respect to herbicide efficacy.

Meeting adjournment
It was moved and seconded that the meeting be adjourned. Meeting was adjourned at 10:30 AM on November 8, 2006.

Accomplishments

Colorado State University - Phil Westra, Pat Byrn, and Lynn Fandrich, and Todd Gaines(graduate student) Colorado was involved in several research projects in 2006 that relate to the objectives of the WERA 77 project. Study 1. 2006 was the final year of field research on gene flow from Clearfield winter wheat to conventional wheats and to jointed goatgrass. The Clearfield herbicide resistance trait was used to screen for outcrossing events. Outcrossing rates to convention wheats varied by distance from the pollen source, and was influenced by the relative maturity category of the conventional wheat. Outcrossing to jointed goatgrass appears to be very low, but it can occur. We are using molecular markers to determine of gene flow has actually come from Clearfield wheat as opposed to spontaneous gene mutations. We plan to do further research to evaluate the amount of gene flow from wheat to jointed goatgrass in the field, and to evaluate the potential impact of such gene flow on the biology and survival of jointed goatgrass. Todd Gaines completed his MS degree in 2006 on this project. Study 2. This study involved the evaluation of an early generation Clearfield double gene (2 copies of the ALS resistance gene) wheat with much improved tolerance to imazamox herbicide. Imazamox treatments were made at rates as high as 18 fluid ounces per acre with no signs of crop injury. These higher herbicide application rates would be useful for feral rye control since current labeled imazamox rates in single gene wheats do not always provide total control of feral rye. It may be time to consider a collaborative project to evaluate the genetic diversity of feral rye in wheat production areas of the western US. Study 3. 2006 allowed us to complete another year of research with two wheat producers in eastern Colorado where we are evaluating the integration of Clearfield wheat and crop rotations with spring crops for long-term management of jointed goatgrass. Imazamox applied at 4 ounces in the spring provides nearly 100% control of jointed goatgrass. At one site, this rate also provided excellent control of Russian thistle and kochia. This project will terminate after crop harvests in 2007. Kansas State University -Phil Stahlman Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of two winter cultivars possessing one or two genes conferring tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. The same herbicide treatments were applied to each cultivar in separate experiments on different dates, and experiments were repeated. The one-gene cultivar was KS03HW6-1 hard white winter wheat and the two-gene cultivar was P112-282 soft red wheat. Imazamox and a premixture of imazamox&MCPA were applied at three rates at two growth stages. Imazamox rates were 70, 105, and 157 g/ha representing 2X, 3X, and 4.5X the minimum recommended imazamox use rate. Imazamox&MCPA rates were 53&393 g/ha, 70&561 g/ha, and 105&841 g/ha; equivalent to 1.5X, 2X, and 3X the minimum imazamox use rate. All herbicide treatments included 0.25% (v/v) non-ionic surfactant and 2.5% (v/v) urea-ammonium nitrate. The two-gene cultivar exhibited considerably greater herbicide tolerance than the one-gene cultivar. Crop response increased with increasing imazamox rate, especially in the one-gene cultivar and when premixed with MCPA. Imazamox&MCPA caused four- to six-times greater stand loss and biomass reduction in the one-gene cultivar than equal rates of imazamox in the absence of MCPA. Visible crop response was slightly greater when treatments were applied at the earlier growth stage in 3 of 4 experiments; the opposite growth stage response occurred in the remaining experiment. Imazamox, BAS 77703H, and BAS 77703H in combination with other wheat herbicides were applied postemergence in fall. All herbicide treatments included UAN and NIS and the experiment was repeated. Regardless of rate, treatments of imazamox or BAS 77703H controlled flixweed and henbit ~98%; Japanese brome 93% or more; and downy brome 85% or more. Tank mixing triasulfuron&dicamba with 170 g/ha BAS 77703H reduced downy brome control ~10% initially, and residual control declined an additional 15% over time. Tank mixing propoxycarbazone-sodium, propoxycarbazone-sodium&mesosulfuron-methyl, or chlorosulfuron&metsulfuron with BAS 77703H did not affect initial or residual downy brome control. BAS 77703H at 170 g/ha caused significantly more crop injury than imazamox at 113 g/ha (equivalent imazamox rate), and injury increased as BAS 77703H rate increased from 170 to 213 or 255 g/ha. Tank mixing chlorosulfuron&metsulfuron with BAS 77703H increased crop injury and yield loss compared to BAS 77703H alone. University of Nebraska Annual Report - Drew Lyon We completed a seven-year field study on the use of Clearfield wheat in a winter wheat-fallow rotation on jointed goatgrass control. This was a joint project with Dr. Stephen Miller at the University of Wyoming. We are currently working with the data and trying to discern what we learned from the study. Unfortunately, the last two years of the study did not go well. In 2005, the spring application of Beyond did a poor job of controlling jointed goatgrass, and in 2006, extremely dry conditions resulted in very little emergence of jointed goatgrass. Despite these problems, we feel there is valuable information to be garnered from this study. For example, we are currently verifying the presence of imazamox-resistant jointed goatgrass found in the plots in 2006. A seedling from a plant collected from the field plots were grown in the greenhouse and appear to be resistant to Beyond herbicide. This plant was collected from a plot that had been planted to Clearfield wheat and sprayed with Beyond herbicide in 2002, 2004, and 2006, i.e., every time wheat was grown in this winter wheat-fallow rotation. A paper on this work will be prepared and presented at the WSWS annual meeting in Portland, OR. Completion of a seven-year field study on the use of Clearfield wheat suggests that there is a real danger of developing jointed goatgrass populations resistant to imazamox if the Clearfield wheat technology system is used every year that wheat is grown in a winter wheat-fallow rotation. Jointed goatgrass densities were frequently reduced in standard wheat treatments that followed a Clearfield wheat treatment from the previous winter wheat crop. Growers should be advised to rotate the use of Clearfield wheat and standard wheat varieties in winter wheat-fallow rotations. Oklahoma State University - Case Medlin and Tom Peeper The drought during the fall of 2005 and the spring of 2006 drastically impacted wheat production acres across much of the southern Great Plains. Much of Oklahoma went without rainfall from December 2005 until May 2006. Due to this drought, there was little fall wheat forage for grazing and many cattle owners began selling cattle in the fall of 2005 whereas in a typical year, the cattle would not have been sold until March of the following spring. Due to the lack of rainfall needed to produce a crop, weed management was not a priority for most wheat producers. Sales of winter annual grass control herbicides were down regardless of product being sold. Similarly, the number of trials maintained by OSU extension personnel was reduced. Dr. Peeper and the Small Grains Weed Science Research Program managed to irrigate several trials during the year and come away with some data. In several trials conducted by the OSU Small Grains Weed Science Research Program, pinoxaden (currently being sold as Axial by Syngenta Crop Protection) controlled Italian ryegrass as good as or better than mesosulfuron and imazapic. Pinoxaden is also labeled for wild oat control, however, OSU has not evaluated wild oat control with pinoxaden. Rescuegrass control with chlorsulfuron + flucarbazone-sodium when applied with up to 50% UAN carrier and 0.5% v/v NIS was as good as or better than the industry standards of sulfosulfuron or propoxycarbazon-sodium, but control was still only 70 to 80%. Other activities include evaluating control of winter annual grasses in winter wheat / winter canola rotations, which prove to be effective. We are also evaluating long-residual ALS inhibiting herbicides applied in the summer prior to planting wheat for residual control of jointed goatgrass. These trials were established in the fall of 2006 and will be reported on as data are collected. Oregon State University - Dr. Dan Ball The following are current trials relevant to the study of winter annual grass weeds in wheat conducted in eastern Oregon: -Continuing field trials to evaluate downy brome control in winter wheat comparing standard materials applied at fall and spring timings. This is an on-going demonstration of efficacy comparisons between postemergence compounds such as sulfosulfuron, propoxycarbazone-sodium, mesosulfuron, imazamox, alone and in combinations (i.e. Olympus-Flex). Various adjuvant systems and tank mix combinations reported to improve efficacy on downy brome are being evaluated. -Control of downy brome with preplant and preemergence herbicides treatments including triallate, trifluralin, pendimethalin, and flufenacet in winter wheat are being evaluated. Focus is being placed on the need for incorporation of these compounds in direct-seed situations. Gowan has acquired compounds containing triallate and trifluralin and is pursuing expanded use of these materials. Bayer is moving slowly toward a section 3 label for flufenacet, prompting continued evaluation of flufenacet, which is highly effective for rattail fescue control. -Application timing influence on feral rye control in imazamox-resistant winter wheat. A demonstration for eastern Oregon wheat growers to emphasize the importance of early application for improved rye control. -Evaluation of advanced 2-gene, imazamox-resistant spring wheat, shows greater crop tolerance to imazamox than previous imi-wheat varieties. -Soil persistence of imazamox herbicide in tilled and direct-seeded dryland winter wheat cropping systems in cooperation with Donn Thill and Joe Yenish (USDA-CSREES-STEEP). -Impact of N fertility on crop tolerance and downy brome control with imazamox in imazamox-resistant winter wheat varieties. N stressed imi-wheat has shown increased crop injury and reduced weed control from imazamox applications. -A long-term crop rotation study is underway in Moro, OR in a 12 in. precip. Zone to help develop profitable and sustainable cropping systems for central Oregon and Washington. Weed population assessments, again, demonstrate the benefits of diversified crop rotations on reducing winter annual grasses. Project web site has available information on winter annual grass weed management research in eastern Oregon: http://oregonstate.edu/weeds/ Texas A&M University - Drs. Gaylon Morgan and Todd Baughman Several weed management trials were initiated in the Rolling Plains and Blacklands of Texas for wild oats and Italian ryegrass management, respectively. However, due to extreme drought conditions, only two locations in the Blacklands provided adequate crop stands and weed pressure for reliable data. Weed management trials in the Blacklands focused on managing Italian ryegrass with several new and older herbicides. Finesse Grass and Broadleaf® was evaluated for efficacy on Italian ryegrass at several different rates of the active ingredients and also several rates of liquid fertilizers. Overall efficacy of this product was marginal in this trial; however, reduced efficacy may have been exacerbated by moisture stress. Olympus Flex® and Osprey® were evaluated for Italian ryegrass control at another location. At this location, all ALS herbicides provided less than 10% control; however, both Axia®l and Holeon® provided greater than 85% control. Due to the low efficacy of the ALS herbicides, we suspect some herbicide resistance in this Italian ryegrass population. Italian ryegrass seed was collected from the site and is currently being tested for resistance to several ALS herbicides by both university and industry. University of Wyoming - Drs. Steve Miller and Andrew Kniss Jointed goatgrass seed predation and burial studies were completed and are in preparation for publication. Mice and rabbits were identified as the major predators of jointed goatgrass seed. Timing of greatest predation tended to occur prior to wheat ripening in wheat strips, and following wheat harvest in fallow strips indicating that seed predators may move to areas where cover is the greatest. The final year of the long-term Clearfield management study in cooperation with Dr. Drew Lyon at the University of Nebraska was completed in 2006. As the final two years were somewhat disappointing with respect to jointed goatgrass control (2005) and density (2006), soil samples were collected and are currently being analyzed for jointed goatgrass seed density. As a part of the yearly sampling process, jointed goatgrass seed heads were collected along transects from each plot, and grown for resistance screening in the greenhouse. A single goatgrass plant has survived two applications of imazamox applied at 0.032 lbs/A. The plant was collected from a plot that had received imazamox in all three of the cropping years. The potentially resistant plant has been transplanted to a large pot and will be grown to produce seed for further study. In addition, we are discussing plans for returning to the study area to screen for additional resistant plants in 2007.

Publications

White, A. D., D. J. Lyon, C. Mallory-Smith, C. R. Medlin, and J. P. Yenish. 2006. Feral rye (Secale cereale) in agricultural production systems. Weed Technol. 20:815-823. Baenziger, P. S., B. Beecher, R. A. Graybosch, D. D. Baltensperger, L. A. Nelson, J. M. Krall, Yue Jin, J. E. Watkins, D. J. Lyon, A. R. Martin, Ming-Shun Chen, and Guiha Bai. 2006. Registration of Infinity CL wheat. Crop Sci. 46:975-977. Klein, R. N., and D. J. Lyon. 2006. Fall weed management in winter wheat. Available at: cropwatch.unl.edu/archives/2006/crop23/wheat_weeds.htm. Lyon, D. J. 2006. Plant clean wheat seed; watch for jointed goatgrass. Available at: cropwatch.unl.edu/archives/2006/crop21/goatgrass.htm. Tucker, K., G.D. Morgan, S.A. Senseman, T.D. Miller, and P.A. Baumann. 2006. Identification, Distribution, and Control of Triasulfuron-resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Central Texas. Weed Technology. 20:245-250. Morgan, G.D., P.A. Baughman, T. A. Baughman, and B. Bean. 2006. Weed Control Recommendations in Wheat. Texas Cooperative Extension. B-6139.

Impact Statements

Completion of a seven-year field study on the use of Clearfield wheat suggests that there is a real danger of developing jointed goatgrass populations resistant to imazamox if the Clearfield wheat technology system is used every year that wheat is grown in a winter wheat-fallow rotation. Jointed goatgrass densities were frequently reduced in standard wheat treatments that followed a Clearfield wheat treatment from the previous winter wheat crop. Growers should be advised to rotate the use of Clearfield wheat and standard wheat varieties in winter wheat-fallow rotations.
Application timing influence on feral rye control in imazamox-resistant winter wheat was determined. A demonstration for eastern Oregon wheat growers was conducted to emphasize the importance of early application for improved rye control.

Date of Annual Report: 01/02/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/13/2007 - 11/14/2007
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2006 - 09/01/2007

Participants

Allan Helm - Colorado State University;Phil Westra - Colorado State University;Andrew Kniss - University of Wyoming;Andy Hulting - Oregon State University;Corey Ransom - Utah State University;Joe Yenish - Washington State University;Drew Lyon - University of Nebraska;Gaylon Morgan - Texas A&M University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Colorado State University We are focused this year on feral rye control with imazamox, trying to understand the interaction between rye vernalization and control in the field. We continue to work on gene flow issues between jointed goatgrass and winter wheat; this on-going research is being supported by a new grant proposal that was funded for 3 years. We are wrapping up the research that was funded by the National Jointed Goatgrass program. University of Nebraska In field studies conducted in the Nebraska Panhandle on feral rye, Clearmax provided similar to slightly better control of feral rye than Beyond herbicide. Clearmax also provided slightly better control of tumble mustard in one year when it was present with the rye (data not shown). In a 2006/2007 study conducted near Sidney, liquid fertilizer (32-0-0) was used at three rates (2.5, 25, and 50% v/v) with Beyond and Clearmax herbicides applied in the fall and spring. Herbicide treatments were applied in 10.9 gallons/acre of spray solution. The higher rates of fertilizer reduced feral rye control with Beyond, particularly the spring applications. However, feral rye control with Clearmax was not reduced with increasing fertilizer rates. Crop injury was slightly greater with Clearmax than with Beyond. In North Platte, a study that examined the effect of tillage method and burning in fallow to reduce jointed goatgrass in a winter wheat-fallow rotation has come to a close with the harvest of the final winter wheat crop this summer. The use of plowing with complete inversion almost eliminated jointed goatgrass by burying seed too deep to germinate. Burning significantly decreased the incidence of jointed goatgrass by destroying the seed on the surface. Disking was ineffective at decreasing the incidence of jointed goatgrass. The use of Clearfield wheat 'Above' combined with application of Beyond herbicide reduced the density of jointed goatgrass compared to tillage alone. Downy brome control was evaluated in 2006-2007 at North Platte. Best control was achieved with a fall application of Olympus at 0.9 oz/acre or a split fall/spring application of Olympus with 0.6 oz/acre followed by 0.6 oz/acre. Extension. Two NebGuides on winter annual grass weed control in winter wheat were updated 2007. The major changes involved adding new information on the use of the Clearfield production system to control these weeds. An article on the control of winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat was published in the UNL newsletter Crop Watch (cropwatch.unl.edu/archives/2007/crop5/wheat_weeds.htm). No specific extension programming focused on winter annual weeds in winter wheat in 2007. Texas A&M University Several weed management trials for grass weeds were initiated in the Rolling Plains and Blacklands of Texas. These research trials included several relatively new chemistries that are focused on various grass weeds. Weed management trials in the Blacklands focused on managing Italian ryegrass with several new and older herbicides. Finesse Grass and Broadleaf® was evaluated for efficacy on Italian ryegrass at several different rates of the active ingredients and also several rates of liquid fertilizers. Overall efficacy of this product was marginal in 2006 but was acceptable in 2007. The increased efficacy was associated with two factors. First the Italian ryegrass plants were smaller and the weeds were actively growing in 2007. Olympus Flex®, Osprey®, and Axial® were evaluated for Italian ryegrass and wild oat control at two locations. All these herbicides provide sufficient control of 1-2 tiller Italian ryegrass and wild oats. However, the efficacy of the Osprey and Olympus Flex was lower than Axial on larger plants in the plots. Todd Baughman evaluated pyroxsulam (Dow Agro-Science) for managing rescuegrass in wheat. Based on this trial, pyroxsulam at three different rates provided better control when applied in the fall; however, the fall application only resulted in 60-80% control. A follow-up study was conducted on the ALS resistant Italian ryegrass that was reported in 2006. Seed from the ALS resistant ryegrass was evaluated for resistance to Osprey®. Based on the research conducted by Drew Ellis and Tom Mueller, the bio-type was highly resistant to Osprey, despite the fact that Osprey had never been applied in the field. Oregon State University-Corvallis Given increasing winter wheat acreage in the Willamette Valley (at the expense of mostly perennial ryegrass acreage) , several on-farm demonstration trials that showcase best sequential Italian ryegrass control in herbicide resistant and non-resistant populations have been completed. Long-term grass seed growers have selected for very little resistance in Italian ryegrass and are using older standards such as diuron followed by diclofop effectively. In other areas with multiple resistant Italian ryegrass populations flufenacet + metribuzin (Axiom) or flufenacet (Define) applications followed by pinoxaden or mesosulfuron can sometimes be ineffective (60-80 % control). Current recommendation for these Italian ryegrass populations is: delayed wheat planting with multiple tillage or glyphosate burndowns, EPOST Axiom or Define followed by POST pinoxaden or mesosulfuron depending on grass spectrum present or do not rotate to winter wheat. Becoming over reliant on Group 15 flufenacet. Evaluation of KIH-485 (Kumiai) for winter annual grass control in winter wheat. Lower injury potential than Axiom treatments in 2007. Evaluation of built in surfactant formulation of pinoxaden in spring wheat. Evaluation of pinoxaden and mesosulfuron compatibility with bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole in spring wheat. Longer-term cropping system studies initiated in Fall 2006 where the goal is to quantify evolution of resistance in Italian ryegrass to Group 1 and Group 2 herbicides. Combinations of two and three year crop rotations specific to the Willamette Valley-winter wheat, spring wheat, clover (seed crop), and canola. Confirmed glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass related to glyphosate overuse in filbert orchards. Three other sites suspected. Working on the mechanism of resistance. It is unknown as to how this may or may not impact small grain and grass seed cropping systems. Utah State University New herbicides were evaluated in winter wheat for broadleaf weed and wild oat control. Wild oat herbicides were evaluated alone and in tank mixtures with herbicides having broadleaf activity. Combinations of graminicides with herbicides for broadleaf weed control can antagonize wild oat control. Specific herbicide combinations can be selected to avoid antagonism. A bulletin on best management practices for jointed goatgrass control was completed in cooperation with other States. University of Wyoming Dr. Steve Miller is now on an administrative appointment, and Dr. Andrew Kniss began as agronomic weed scientist in August. Two studies were initiated in the fall looking at downy brome control with split applications (fall/spring) of several herbicides. A manuscript summarizing 6 years of research on jointed goatgrass management in imazamox-resistant wheat was recently submitted to Crop Science. This research was conducted cooperatively with Dr. Drew Lyon at the University of Nebraska.

Publications

Quinn, M., D. Morishita, J. Evans, R. Whitesides, and T. White. 2007. Jointed Goatgrass Best Management Practices (BMP) Intermountain Region. Washington State University Extension Bulletin, EB2003. Gaines, T., P.F. Byrne, P. Westra, S.J. Nissen, W.B. Henry, D.L. Shaner, and P.L. Chapman. 2007. An empirically derived model of field-scale gene flow in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 47:2308-2316. Gaines, T., C. Preston, W. Brien Henry, P. Byrne, and P. Westra. 2007. Adventitious presence of herbicide resistant wheat in certified and farm-saved seed lots. Crop Sci. 47:479-454. Gaines, T., W.B. Henry, P.F. Byrne, P. Westra, S.J. Nissen, and D.L. Shaner. 2008. Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) by imidazolinone-resistant wheat hybridization under field conditions. Weed Sci. 56:32-36 Lyon, D. J., R. N. Klein. 2007. Controlling jointed goatgrass. NebGuide G1252, University of Nebraska Lyon, D. J., and R. N. Klein. 2007. Rye control in winter wheat. NebGuide G1483, University of Nebraska. Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Their Management. PNW 437. Carol Mallory-Smith, Oregon State University; Andy Hulting, Oregon State University; Donn Thill, University of Idaho; Don Morishita, University of Idaho; Jen Krenz, Oregon State University Quinn, M., D. Morishita, J. Evans, R. Whitesides, and T. White. 2007. Jointed Goatgrass Best Management Practices (BMP) Intermountain Region. Washington State University Extension Bulletin, EB2003.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 02/03/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/11/2008 - 11/12/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2007 - 09/01/2008

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting called to order by Chair Corey Ransom. Corey Ransom welcomed the group and asked Lee Sommers to provide information about the current status of the WERA-077 project. Lee Sommers in formed the group that we must submit application for renewal of project by January 15 or May 15 in order to be reviewed. The goals of the project may be similar to the current group, provided it is agreed that the goals of the group should be the same. We must find some agreement of what the objectives should be. Objectives for the new project should be posted to the website soon, so that Lee can send to other AES directors. All present agreed that the project should continue into the future. Lee Sommers suggested that outreach and education could be strengthened in a new proposal. Joe Yenish would like some help with the new website to make it a nice central repository of information on grass weeds in wheat.

Corey Ransom asked what the focus of the new project should be. Phil Westra mentioned that the Jointed Goatgrass Research (JGGR) group was one of the most important things to have happened for ag research since it stimulated cooperative research, provided a small source of funding, and resulted in a large amount of quality research. The JGGR project was a direct result of discussions from the WCC-77 project.

Corey Ransom asked whether the group should be expanded to all weeds in wheat, rather than just grass weeds in wheat. Joe Yenish pointed out that grass weeds remain the most difficult and expensive to control. Corey Ransom suggested keeping the name "Invasive weeds in wheat" to keep the focus broad enough to not exclude any research avenues in the future. Phil Westra emphasized that it is important to keep in mind the separation between the coordinating committee (WERA 077) and the JGGR project. Joe Yenish pointed out that the JGGR project (as well as any future NRI grants) are products from the group. Drew Lyon also mentioned the feral rye publication as an output of the group. Phil Westra suggested that if we plan to create/revise objectives to continue the group, we should focus on creating draft objectives at this meeting. All agreed that the bulk of this annual meeting should be spend outlining potential future directions for the WERA 077 group.

Lee Sommers updated the group on some relevant events at the Federal level, including: restructuring of USDA with added focus on conveying the need for agricultural research; new farm bill; and creation of the National Institiute of Food & Agriculture, patterned after NSF, with a trained scientist as the head of the program. Potential research and extension funding sources include: specialty crop research, organic research, small farms, and biomass production. One office will oversee NIFA, ARS, ERS, FWS in order to increase the resources available for formula funding (capacity programs) as well as competitive grants. Capacity programs seem to be safe at the moment. There is a heavy focus on integrated research and extension projects. Lee Sommers expects to see guidelines or details soon with respect to AFRI (matching, indirect costs, etc.), but likely a 30d turnaround on the actual RFA. Weed science societies could potentially put input into the comment times for RFAs, as all have a comment period.

There was a brief discussion on the current status of the JGGR Initiative.

Andy Hulting suggested working on draft objectives for the WERA77 renewal while Lee Sommers and Phil Westra are present.

As of this meeting, the current objectives for WERA 077 are:
1. Coordinate research regarding the biology, ecology, and genetics of ryegrass, feral rye, and other invasive weeds in wheat.
2. Coordinate the evaluation of new management and wheat breeding technologies for controlling invasive weeds, development of best management practices (BMPs), and assessment of herbicide resistance management strategies in various cropping systems .
3. Develop educational outreach programs based on research findings regarding invasive weeds in wheat, including programs initiated by the National Jointed Goatgrass Research Program, targeting producers, crop consultants, extension personnel, or professional scientists.
4. Merge information from research studies into an effective technology transfer program to illustrate how these invasive species can affect net profits and to reduce the economic impact of ryegrass, feral rye and other invasive weed species in wheat.
5. Conduct surveys to monitor the extent and spread of weeds in wheat through surveys or similar methods.

Phil Westra thought that when other researchers (not just applied weed researchers) are involved with grants, potential for success increases. He suggested adding some more basic components of research as an objective for the new project.

After much discussion, the following objectives were proposed as a starting point to discuss at the 2009 WERA 077 meeting:
1. Coordinate research into the discovery, development, and integration of management technologies for controlling invasive weeds in wheat.
2. Coordinate research regarding the biology, ecology, and herbicide resistance of invasive weeds in wheat, integrating applied, genetic, and molecular approaches.
3. Integrate educational outreach programs and research findings regarding invasive weeds in wheat, targeting producers, crop consultants, grain merchandisers, grain processors, extension personnel, and other scientists.

Andy Hulting provided a summary of the decision on the Italian ryegrass proposal submitted to NRI last year. The review panel saw several positives in the proposal, and it seems that the proposal is worth revising and resubmitting.

Joe Yenish provided a copy of the letter of intent for the feral proposal, and informed the group that the proposal was not invited for a full proposal. The group discussed how the letter could be improved for future submission.

Corey Ransom asked for other ideas for on collaborative research that might be fundable. Drew Lyon suggested a possible proposal for organic control of winter annual weeds in wheat. Organic and Integrated proposals may be a niche with good funding potential for this group. Joe Yenish suggested carbon sequestration, fixation, climate change, fertilizer (carbon) use of rye vs.wheat. Andy Hulting suggested biofuel production. All agreed that it is imperative that we have a good turnout at the upcoming 2009 meeting in order to stimulate discussion about collaborative research projects. We should begin advertising the meeting soon in order to allow participants to make travel plans in conjunction with the WSWS meeting. Discussion about the agenda for the March meeting, and goals for the meeting were discussed.

The group solicited nominations for secretary for 2009. Andrew Kniss nominated Andy Hulting. The nomination was seconded by Phil Westra. The vote was unanimous in favor of Andy Hulting becoming secretary in 2009. Andrew Kniss will move from secretary to chair at the conclusion of the 2008 meeting. At 5:00pm, the meeting was adjourned for the evening, and set to reconvene at 8:00am November 12.

Discussion about feral rye AFRI proposal. Joe Yenish agreed he would write a first draft of a Letter of Intent for the proposal, and send it out to interested parties for review.

Brief reports were given by participants. Andrew Kniss suggested that due to the short time between 2008 and 2009 meetings (since moving meeting to coincide with WSWS in March), that full state reports could be postponed until the 2009 meeting and cover research and extension activities for 2008.

Discussion of grass weeds in wheat website. http://jointedgoatgrass.wsu.edu/index.htm Joe Yenish needs help getting the site up to date and content added to the site. The JGGR portion of the site has a fair amount of information, but the other species need information. It was decided to bring this topic up at the 2009 meeting and ask for volunteers to take an 'ownership' role for a species. It would help tremendously in getting support for this project if a small funding source were available to help find information to post to the sites. Possible funding sources for this project include WSWS or a small IPM grant.

Plans for the 2009 Meeting
It was agreed that we should send an announcement about the 2009 meeting to the WSWS membership to be sure everyone interested in participating may make appropriate travel plans, since the meeting will be held in conjunction with WSWS. Corey Ransom will get an announcement out to the WSWS. Andy Hulting will contact Carol Mallory-Smith to ask about meeting arrangements. Andrew Kniss will begin work on the renewal information. Prior to the 2009 meeting, Andrew Kniss will send the renewal information to the WERA077 listserv and let them know that review and approval of the information will be an agenda item at the 2009 meeting.

Potential Agenda Items:
" Renewal of project (approval of objectives, etc.)
" Potential future meeting times (WSWS or WSSA or other)
" Discussion of research and extension activities - divided by species? indicate information on the topic that will be presented at the upcoming meeting
" Ask for state reports prior and have individuals lead discussion on various topics (species, regions, etc.)
" Discussion of website
" Review of the purpose of the group, previous accomplishments
" Invite the current CSREES rep to speak briefly
" Potential speakers to present information... such as Roger Sheley, or other range management perspective
" Coordinated grant efforts
" Election of new secretary/chair

Accomplishments

The committee will meet in the future with the Western Society of Weed Science at a spring meeting. Detailed reports on state accomplishments will be presented at the meeting in March, 2009.

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 05/07/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/09/2009 - 03/09/2009
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2008 - 09/01/2009

Participants

Lee Sommers, Colorado State University;Phil Westra, Colorado State University ;Andy Hulting, Oregon State University;Joe Yenish, Washington State University ;Andrew Kniss, University of Wyoming ;Corey Ransom, Utah State University;Drew Lyon, University of Nebraska ;Lee Van Wychen, Science Policy Director, National and Regional Weed Science Societies;Fabian Menalled, Montana State University;Thomas Peeper, Oklahoma State University;Phil Stahlman, Kansas State University;Dallas Peterson, Kansas State University;Doug Schmale, Jointed Goatgrass Extension Coordinator;Monte Anderson, Bayer Crop Science;Seth Gersdorf, Bayer Crop Science

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual meeting was held on March 9th, 2009, in conjunction with the WSWS annual meeting at the Embassy Suites, Albuquerque, NM. Meeting was called to order by Chair Andrew Kniss and Secretary Andy Hulting. Andrew welcomed the group and gave an overview of the meeting agenda.

Discussion of Grass Weeds in Wheat website- http://jointedgoatgrass.org. Joe Yenish continues to need the groups help in adding content to this website. The jointed goatgrass portion of the site has a fair amount of information, but authors are needed to fill in scientific content for the other species as well as provide information related to the economic impact of each of the weed species. There was discussion about intent of the website and whether or not the site should be developed as a reference site for public land managers. Most in the group thought that this was not a direction that should be followed and that the focus of the website should remain on invasive grass weeds in wheat-based cropping systems. There was discussion on eventually adding other species to the website including cheat, Japanese brome, rescuegrass and possibly wild oat. The following suggestions on authors to take ownership for particular species were made. Joe Yenish will work with these authors to get content uploaded to the site over time. Joe Yenish-Jointed Goatgrass, Dan Ball-Rattail Fescue, Andy Hulting-Downy Brome, Drew Lyon and Colorado St. Group-Feral Rye.

With respect to the jointed goatgrass series of extension publications, Doug Schmale indicated that many paper copies of some of the publications remain and are available for distribution. Contact Doug if there is a need for paper copies. Doug also encouraged those with Extension appointments to coordinate with him to make sure their respective university Extension Communications/Publishing Groups had access and were linking up to electronic versions of the jointed goatgrass publications.

Lee Sommers provided information about the current status of the WERA-077 project. Lee informed the group that we must submit an application for renewal of project by May 15 in order to be reviewed. Andrew Kniss and Andy Hulting agreed to compile the necessary state report information and update the renewal application language that is currently posted on the WERA 077 website and to work with Lee on the renewal effort.

Three revised objectives for the WERA 077 renewal effort were formalized and approved and currently read as follows:

1. Coordinate research into the discovery, development, and integration of management technologies for controlling invasive weeds in wheat-based cropping systems.

2. Coordinate research regarding the biology, ecology, and herbicide resistance of invasive weeds in wheat, integrating applied, genetic, and molecular approaches.

3. Integrate educational outreach programs and research findings regarding invasive weeds in wheat, targeting producers, crop consultants, grain merchandisers, grain processors, extension personnel, and other scientists.

Each member present contributed a brief state report and discussed current research and extension activities related to weed management in wheat. Detailed information related to these activities was later provided by several members and is included below in this report.
Andy Hulting provided a summary of the decision on the Italian ryegrass proposal submitted to AFRI last year. The review panel saw several positives in the proposal, and it seems that the proposal is worth revising and resubmitting. Andy will coordinate this group effort in 2009.
Joe Yenish informed the group that the letter of intent related to feral rye research was not invited for a full proposal in 2008. The group discussed how the letter could be improved for future submission. However, after much discussion, the group decided not to move forward on resubmitting a letter of intent related to feral rye work without further clarification of research objectives from the group.

The group solicited nominations for secretary for the remainder of 2009. Drew Lyon was nominated and the nomination was seconded. The vote was unanimous in favor of Drew Lyon becoming secretary for the remainder of 2009. Andy Hulting moved from secretary to chair at the conclusion of the meeting.
Plans for the 2010 Meeting-It was agreed that we should send an announcement about the 2010 meeting to the WSWS membership to be sure everyone interested in participating may make appropriate travel plans, since the meetings will now be held in conjunction with WSWS annual meetings for the near term.

Accomplishments

The following information represents a list of project activities, accomplishments and resulting publications and presentations related to invasive weed management in wheat-based cropping systems by individuals from states active in the coordinating committee. Colorado: Colorado continues to maintain a large research program on invasive weeds in winter wheat with a special focus on jointed goatgrass and feral rye. We have a large federal grant funded to evaluate the ancillary DNA that accompanies the Clearfield gene when it moves from Clearfield wheat to jointed goatgrass. This project is designed to help understand issues associated with gene flow from transgenic crops to other plants. Our work with feral rye is focused on trying to understand the impact of vernalization and/or cold stress on the control of feral rye with imazamox in Clearfield wheat. We continue to evaluate herbicides for downy brome control in conventional wheat varieties. Finally, we collaborate with our CSU wheat breeder in the development of new Clearfield wheat varieties including varieties with the double gene Clearfield trait. Kansas: Huskie for broadleaf weed control in winter wheat. Two trials were conducted to evaluate broadleaf weed control and crop tolerance to POST-applied Huskie alone and in combination with MCPA ester, Banvel, or Ally compared to Finesse or Rave. Huskie treatments controlled blue mustard, flixweed, and henbit as well or better than Finesse or Rave. Huskie treatments caused minor crop chlorosis but the wheat recovered. Herbicide treatment increased wheat grain yields significantly. Differences in yield between herbicide treatments were not significant. PowerFlex versus standards in winter wheat. Four trials are summarized as follows: (1) Osprey at 1X use rate caused as much crop response as 2X use rates of PowerFlex, GF-1847, or Olympus. However, grain yield was not adversely affected. Fall POST-applied herbicides were generally more efficacious on flixweed than spring-POST treatments at 41 DA-B, but by DA-B, all herbicides controlled flixweed completely. (2) PowerFlex generally controlled downy brome better than Olympus or Olympus Flex. Fall applications were more effective than spring applications. The addition of AMS or UAN had little or no affect on downy brome control with PowerFlex applied in fall, but UAN increased downy brome control 5% when PowerFlex was applied in spring; AMS did not affect control. PowerFlex stunted wheat less than Olympus Flex. Grain yields did not differ significantly. (3) Fall-applied Maverick controlled downy brome 20-30% better than Olympus, Olympus Flex, or PowerFlex. Regardless of herbicide, delaying application into late fall or spring reduced downy brome by 10 to 25% compared to early fall POST. (4) Mixing AMS, UAN, MCPA or 2,4-D with PowerFlex increased crop response compared to PowerFlex alone. However, when Headline fungicide was added to PowerFlex plus MCPA and AMS, crop response was decreased by 50% compared to the same herbicide treatment without Headline. Crop and weed response to two saflufenacil formulations mixed with 2,4-D amine or bentazon POST in winter wheat. Trials conducted at two locations in each of two years indicated a water dispersible granule (WG) formulation of saflufenacil caused less crop response than an emulsifible concentrate formulation and that foliar crop response was further reduced by tank mixing 2,4-D amine with either formulation. The research showed that safufenacil at the optimum rate of 25 g/ha has potential for POST use in winter wheat without negatively affecting grain yields despite temporary crop response. Saflufenacil mixed with growth regulator herbicides. Trials conducted at two locations in each of two years indicated 25 g/ha of saflufenacil was required in tank-mixtures with dicamba or 2,4-D amine to consistently control flixweed greater than 90%. Saflufenacil at 13 g/ha with COC also effectively controlled blue mustard and flixweed but wheat response tended to be greater compared to saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine or dicamba. No herbicide treatment adequately controlled henbit (<60%). POST-applied saflufenacil at 13 or 25 g/ha mixed with dicamba or 2,4-D amine caused little leaf necrosis (0 to 13%) or stunting (0 to 9%). Montana: Our research focused on several areas related to weed biology, ecology, and management. Among them: Patterns and functional importance of weed diversity in Montana's cropping system. Although research conducted in non-crop systems suggests that the diversity of plant communities may have important implications for ecosystem services, the ecological relevance of agricultural weed communities is not well understood. During 2008 we concluded our research aimed at assessing the functional importance of weed community structure. Specifically, we evaluated how cropping systems impact weed communities characteristics and how crop-weed competition varies, in turn, with weed density and diversity. Development integrated weed management practices. Although much research on weed management has been focused on reactive single-tactic approaches, weeds represent major burden in agroecosystems in wildlands. Using Canada thistle as a model species,we evaluated how a better understanding of weed biology and ecology can be incorporated into the development of integrated multi-tactic management practices. This research is aimed at 1) gaining insight into Canada thistles vegetative reproductive biology by manipulating roots, moisture, and burial depth and 2) developing an integrated management strategy based on chemical and biological tactics that include the use of insects and plant pathogens. Assessment of multi-trophic pest management interactions in agroecosystems. The evaluation of multi-trophic interactions in agroecosystems is a relatively new research topic. Because these interactions are exceedingly complex, they should be studied through a combination of experimental studies and mathematical modeling. In collaboration with entomologists, plant pathologists, and statisticians we are 1) assessing the role of wheat variety, weed biotype, and stress on virus transmission and crop-weed competitive interactions and 2) determining the joint impact of several easy-to-adopt management practices on the combined management of wheat stem sawfly, Fusarium crown rot, and weeds. Evaluation of new and existing herbicides for weed management and crop safety. Every year, new herbicides and re-formulations of existing products are released into the market. We continue evaluating new and existing herbicides for weed management and crop safety. Nebraska: Two winter annual grass weed control studies were initiated this fall at the High Plains Ag Lab near Sidney. One was a repeat of a 2006-2007 study to investigate the effect of different liquid fertilizer rates as part of the herbicide carrier on the activity of imazaox (Beyond) and imazamox + MCPA ester (Clearmax) on feral rye control. Andrew Kniss is repeating this study at Lingle, WY this year and Phil Westra conducted the study in Colorado in 2007-2008. We hope to be able to publish the results in 2009 or 2010. The second study is looking at pyroxsulam (PowerFlex) for downy brome control in winter wheat. The study compares fall and spring applications of pyroxsulam to sulfosulfuron (Maverick) and propoxycarbazone-sodium (Olympus). Drew Lyon co-authored a paper with Andrew Kniss and Steve Miller, both with the University of Wyoming, on the management of Clearfield wheat technology in winter wheat-fallow cropping systems. This study was partially funded by the national jointed goatgrass initiative. The NebGuide on downy brome control was updated to include information on new herbicides, including PowerFlex and Beyond. The jointed goatgrass best management practices bulletin for the central Great Plains was completed in 2008. This regional bulletin was funded by the national jointed goatgrass initiative and published by Washington State University. Wyoming: Field studies were conducted in winter wheat for control of downy brome. Extremely dry winter weather prevented data collection from fall-applied herbicide treatments in 2008. Spring herbicide treatments of PowerFlex, Olympus, and Olympus flex provided marginal downy brome control, most likely due to the advanced stage of downy brome growth at the time of application. Maverick provided poor control of downy brome. Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate interaction between imazamox and MCPA-ester for control of feral rye. These studies were initiated in conjunction with Dr. Drew Lyon at the Universtiy of Nebraska based on field studies conducted in Sidney, Nebraska. Preliminary results indicated that MCPA-ester was synergistic with imazamox for control of feral rye. Additional field and greenhouse studies are underway to confirm and elucidate this interaction. These results were presented at the Western Society of Weed Science annual meeting in March, 2009. A six year study on use of imazamox-resistant winter wheat for control of jointed goatgrass was published in the journal Crop Science. This research was a collaboration between the University of Nebraska and University of Wyoming. Results indicated that use of imazamox in imazamox-resistant winter wheat reduced jointed goatgrass density both in the year of application and the following wheat crop. Washington: Various research and extension activities were done in the past year. Grass weed control research included studies evaluating pyroxulam for control of downy brome and other annual weeds along with a study evaluating efficacy and crop safety of mesosulfuron as affected by residual herbicides. There does appear to be elevated crop injury when mesosulfuron is applied under cool conditions with herbicides have an emulsifiable concentrate formulation. Additionally, field research on the development of imazamox resistant jointed goatgrass as affected by Clearfield wheat rotation was concluded during 2008. Dr. Frank Young is currently evaluating the degree of resistance of certain biotypes which survived imazamox applications during the 7 years of the rotation studies. Long-term research was also initiated this past year to develop a data-base of grass weed control and crop yield by an all inclusive list of grass herbicides in winter wheat. The objective is to develop the data base over several years to better allow growers to select grass control herbicides in winter and spring wheat. Extension activities continued in Washington through direct contact with growers at meetings, though various publications, and the expansion of the jointed goatgrass website to include additional grass weed species. Extension publications over the past year included a production on the integrated management of jointed goatgrass in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon: A statewide effort focusing on evaluation of new herbicide products coming to the wheat market over the next few years was undertaken in 2008. These products include saflufenacil (Kixor) from BASF, MAT28 from DuPont, pyroxasulfone (KIH-485) from Kumiai, pyraflufen-ethyl (ET) from Nichino, and florasulam + MCPA (Orion) from Syngenta. In addition, expanded uses for pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil (Huskie), a newly registered HPPD inhibitor broadleaf herbicide with good activity on several broadleaf weeds species including sulfonylurea and imidazolinone resistant weeds, were investigated. Pyroxsulam (PowerFlex) from Dow has recently been registered for grass control in wheat, but with very little data from our area. A new federal label for flufenacet (Define) required demonstrations of product efficacy and crop safety under Oregon environments. During the 2008 field season, there were 8 wheat herbicide studies conducted in western Oregon, and another 15 field trials in eastern Oregon. Eastern Oregon trials focused on improving effectiveness of downy brome control with PowerFlex, PrePare, FarGo, and on interactions between downy brome herbicides with various tank mix combinations. Improved control of feral rye in Clearfield wheat was evaluated for a second year at Moro. Split applications of Beyond at reduced rates can improve control of feral rye, but cost and weed resistance development may be a concern. Several broadleaf herbicide trials were conducted, including evaluations of Vida (ET), Huskie, and experimental, new formulations of 2,4-D. Prickly lettuce control with Huskie may provide needed assistance with that increasing weed problem in eastern Oregon. Wheat varietal injury potential from Osprey herbicide was investigated under eastern Oregon conditions. All wheat varieties tested exihibited injury if Osprey was applied under adverse (cold) conditions. Addition of Bronate increased the potential for wheat injury. Trials on the preplant effectiveness of Sharpen herbicide (BAS 800) in spring and winter wheat were continued. This product use may offer limited utility for spring wheat growers in direct-seed systems. Trials in western focused on improving Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat with preemergence herbicides and evaluation of new broadleaf herbicides, including Huskie, Vida (ET) and new formulations of several sulfonylurea products, in both winter and spring wheat. In western Oregon, preliminary results indicate that pyroxasulfone (KIH-485) applied preemergence or early postemergence can be equally or more effective than Define (flufenacet) applied early postemergence on Italian ryegrass, downy brome, oats and ivy leafed speedwell, but less injurious to winter wheat than Define. Additionally, PowerFlex (pyroxsulam) appears to provide good control of California and downy brome, Italian ryegrass and a wide spectrum of broadleaf weed species. In the second year of studies conducted at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center near Pendleton, evaluations of herbicide efficacy using an optical sensor controlled spot sprayer (WeedSeeker) were made in chemical fallow systems. In these trials, the dominant broadleaf weed species were tumble pigweed, Russian thistle, and prickly lettuce. Several treatments in combination with reduced rates of glyphosate provided acceptable weed control through the OSC sprayer. Exceptions were bromoxynil (Buctril) and 2,4-D (Unison) in combination with a lower rate of glyphosate, which did not improve control over high rates of glyphosate, alone. At this time, alternatives to glyphosate for fallow weed control with an OSC sprayer appear to exist for the broadleaf weeds encountered at these sites. Continued studies with Sharpen (BAS 800) and Huskie in chemical fallow indicate that these materials may provide improved late-season fallow control of Russian thistle and prickly lettuce when mixed with glyphosate, thereby reducing the reliance on the high rates of glyphosate used alone. Investigations of MAT 28, a DuPont experimental herbicide, indicate a significant problem with carryover to wheat when used the previous season for residual weed control in chemical fallow. Further testing of this experimental compound will be limited due to this finding. Three wheat tolerance trials have been planted each with a different cultivar of wheat. Tubbs 06 was planted as the standard wheat, Goetze, and a cultivar 301 that is near release by the Oregon State University wheat breeding program, were planted to evaluate any potential injury issues. The tolerance trials were treated with 18 herbicide treatments, including registered pre and postemergence treatments as well as new wheat herbicide products, and continue to be evaluated for crop response. Thus far, no injury has been documented on the Goetze or the other two wheat varieties. Extension efforts have been ongoing throughout 2008-09 and have included research update presentations at several industry winter grower meetings and Extension meetings across the state and field tours of research plots at Hyslop farm, and at the Columbia Basin Ag. Research Center. Publication of an Extension bulletin on rattail fescue management and biology is underway. Two Ph.D. students are continuing studies on jointed goatgrass, looking at differences among populations of jointed goatgrass to identify competitiveness traits and survey wheat fields for herbicide resistant hybrids produced by crossing of Clearfield wheat with jointed goatgrass. Several projects are also conducted in cooperation with researchers at Washington State University and the University of Idaho. Combined results from these studies improve the reliability of findings and are complimentary for the broad range of PNW dryland cropping environments.

Publications

Dyer, W.E. 2008. Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis and elongation. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 37:132. Featured article, American Society of Agronomy, August, 2008 web page (https://www.agronomy.org/). Dyer, W.E. 2008. Herbicide discovery and screening. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education. 37:132. Gaines, T., W.B. Henry, P.D. Byrn, P. Westra, S.J. Nissen, and D.L. Shaner. 2008. Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical) by Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat Hybridization Under Field Conditions. Weed Science. 56:32-36. Jasieniuk, M., M. Taper, N. Wagner, M. Brelsford, and B. Maxwell. .2008. Selection of a barley yield model using information-theoretic criteria. Weed Sci. 56: 628-636 Pollnac, F.W., L Rew, B. Maxwell, and F. Menalled. 2008. Spatial patterns, species richness, and cover in weed communities of organic and conventional no-tillage spring wheat systems. Weed Res. 48:398-407. Kniss, A.R. D.J. Lyon, and S.D. Miller. 2008. Jointed Goatgrass Management with Imazamox-Resistant Cultivars in a Winter Wheat-Fallow Rotation. Crop Sci. 48:2414-2420. Jemmett, E. D., D. C. Thill, T. A. Rauch, D. A. Ball, S. M. Frost, L. H. Bennett, J. P. Yenish, and R. J. Rood. 2008. Rattail Fescue (Vulpia myuros) Control in Chemical-Fallow Cropping Systems. Weed Technol. (22:435-441) Young, F. L., L. S. Bewick, E. Zakarison, J. P. Yenish, and J. W. Burns. 2008. Effect of No-till, Deep Plowing, and Herbicide-resistant Winter Wheat on Jointed Goatgrass Population Dynamics. Proc. West. Soc. of Weed Sci. 61:27. Fandrich, L., C. A. Mallory-Smith, A. D. White, T. F. Peeper, A. Roberson, J. P. Yenish. 2008. Environmental and Genetic Effects on Seed Dormancy and Germination in Jointed Goatgrass. Proc. West. Soc. of Weed Sci. 61:54. Yenish, J. P., R. Rood, and J. Nelson. 2008. 2006 eastern Washington weed control report. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Tech. Rep. 06-1, 98pp. Yenish, J. P., R. Rood, and J. Nelson. 2008. 2005 eastern Washington weed control report. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Tech. Rep. 06-1, 91pp. Rood, J. R., T. A. Rauch, D. C. Thill, B. Shafii, R. J. Rood, J. P. Yenish, D. A. Ball, and L. Bennett. 2008. Tillage affects imazamox carryover in yellow mustard. 2008 Res. Prog. Rep. West. Soc. Weed Sci., p.128-130. Rood, J. R., T. A. Rauch, D. C. Thill, B. Shafii, R. J. Rood, J. P. Yenish, D. A. Ball, and L. Bennett. 2008. Tillage affects imazamox persistence in soil (Year 2). 2008 Res. Prog. Rep. West. Soc. Weed Sci., p.131-134. Scheinost, P., M. Stannard, T. Prather, J. Yenish. 2008. Ventenata. EB2038E, 2pp. McVay, K. M. Burrows, C. Jones, K. Wanner, and F. Menalled. 2009. Montana barley production guide. Montana State University Extension Service. Menalled, F., T. Bass, D. Buschena, D. Cash, M. Malone, B. Maxwell, K. McVay, P. Miller, R. Soto, and D. Weaver. 2008. An introduction to the principles and practices of sustainable farming. MT200813AG issued 11/08 Menalled, F. C. Jones, D. Buschena, and P. Miller. 2009. From conventional to organic cropping: what to expect during the transition years. MT 200901Ag issued 2/09 Menalled, F. J. Mangold, and E. Davis. 2008. Cheatgrass: identification, biology and Integrated management. MT200811AG issued 10/08 Menalled, F. 2008. Weed seedbank dynamics and integrated management of agricultural weeds. MT200808AG issued 7/08 Schonbeck, M and F. Menalled. 2008. Manage the weed seedbank - minimize "deposits" and maximize "withdrawals". eOrganic available on-line at http://eorganic.info/node/2806. Klein, R. N., D. J. Lyon, and R. G. Wilson. 2008. Downy brome control. (G422). Available at: http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/g422/build/g422.pdf. Schmale, D., R. Anderson, D. Lyon, and R. Klein. 2008. Jointed goatgrass: best management practices central Great Plains. EB2033. Washington State Univ., Pullman. Available at: http://jointedgoatgrass.wsu.edu/jointedgoatgrass/pdf/EB2033.pdf.