NC229: Swine Viral Diseases

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Active

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[01/15/2025] [02/24/2026]

Date of Annual Report: 01/15/2025

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/08/2024 - 12/08/2024
Period the Report Covers: 11/30/2023 - 12/01/2024

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Business Meeting
The 2023 NC229 Special Session was held on December 8th, 2024, from 4:00 pm – 5:30 pm in conjunction with the 2023 NAPRRS/NC229: International Conference of Swine Viral Diseases in the Intercontinental Hotel, Chicago, IL. The meeting was open to all NC229 members. 49 people attended the Business Meeting. The agenda was as follows:
• NC229 Session Opening Remarks, Dr. Pineyro, Iowa State University
• NC229 Multi-state program summary and future perspective, Hiep Vu, University Nebraska-Lincoln.
• USDA-NIFA Research Opportunities for 2025, Michelle Colby, NIFA.
• NC229 Station Representative Updates
o Hiep Vu (Nebraska)
o Kim VanderWaal (Minnesota)
o Federico Zuckermann (Illinois)
o Alex Pasternak (Indiana)
o Xiuqing Wang (South Dakota)
o Jishu Shi (Kansas)

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC229 Annual Business Meeting Summary (2024)

Meeting Details:

Project Title: Detection and Control of PRRSV and Emerging Swine Viral Diseases

Date & Location: December 8, 2024 | Intercontinental Hotel, Chicago, IL

Attendees: 49 members

Key Discussions:

Opening remarks by Dr. Pineyro (ISU)

Multi-state program updates (Dr. Vu, Nebraska)

USDA-NIFA research funding opportunities (Michelle Colby, NIFA)

Reports from station representatives (IL, IN, KS, MN, ND, OH, SD, Canada)

Organizational Updates:

Chair: Dr. Pineyro (2024-2025)

Vice-Chair: Dr. Vu (Nebraska)

Secretary: Dr. Arruda (Ohio State)

Member at Large: Dr. Miller (Kansas State)

Key Research Outcomes:

Objective 1: Virus-Host Interactions

PRRSV fetal resistance studies in Indiana

Development of porcine respiratory organoids (South Dakota)

PRRSV vertical transmission research (USDA, Purdue, Saskatoon)

Microbiome changes during PRRSV infection (Illinois)

Objective 2: Epidemiology & Diagnostics

Whole-genome analysis of PRRSV outbreaks (Minnesota)

Development of point-of-care PCR for swine influenza (Ohio, Minnesota)

Multi-state PRRSV surveillance (Ohio-led)

Objective 3: Immunology & Vaccine Development

ASF vaccine development (Kansas, Ohio, South Dakota)

PRRSV vaccine advancements, including novel recombinant strains (Illinois)

AI-based vaccine design for PCV2 (Iowa State, Biological Mimetics Inc.)

Research Highlights (2023-2024):

PRRSV: Vaccine development, molecular studies, diagnostics

ASFV: Attenuated vaccine candidates, early detection tools

Swine Influenza: Novel vaccine vectors, host-virus interaction research

Emerging Pathogens: PCV3, Torque Teno Virus, cross-species coronavirus transmission

Genomic Studies: Bioinformatics for viral classification, transcriptomic comparisons

Disease Surveillance: Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project (Minnesota)

Training & Outreach: Student education, industry collaborations, conference participation

Accomplishments

<h1>Outcomes</h1>  Objective 1: Etiology, pathogenesis, and virus-host interaction. <ul> <li>Fetal Resistance to PRRSV: Researchers in Indiana have deepened the understanding of how porcine fetuses respond to PRRSV, focusing on factors like gestational age that influence resistance. Collaborative work between Indiana and North Carolina State University explored the spatial transcriptome of the porcine placenta to uncover mechanisms of vertical transmission.</li> <li>Advanced Models for Pathogen Studies: Porcine respiratory organoids were developed in South Dakota to mimic the pig respiratory epithelium, facilitating detailed host-pathogen interaction studies while reducing reliance on live animal models. These models provide critical tools for preclinical testing and vaccine development.</li> <li>Collaborative PRRSV Research: The USDA worked with Purdue University and Saskatoon researchers to study vertical viral transmission in pregnant gilts, identifying key tissues and genes related to fetal resistance, resilience, or susceptibility. Additional work with Ohio State University and Kingfisher Biotech characterized monoclonal antibodies targeting CXCL10, advancing therapeutic options.</li> <li>Microbiome and Viral Interactions: Illinois identified disruptions in mucosal microbial communities during PRRSV infection, correlating microbial diversity with disease markers. Their neonatal piglet model demonstrated how influenza A virus reshapes the nasal microbiome, linking microbial shifts to infection outcomes. These findings suggest microbiome-based mitigation strategies for swine diseases.</li> </ul>  Objective 2: Epidemiological investigation of viral pathogens that affect swine population in the United States. <ul> <li>Minnesota worked on whole genome analyses of clinical outbreaks identified immune escape mechanisms in natural populations, further enhancing understanding of viral dynamics.</li> <li>Diagnostic Advancements and ASF Preparation: The feasibility of portable point-of-care (POC) PCR systems for swine influenza diagnosis was demonstrated with a collaborative effort between Ohio and Minnesota, efforts that could significantly speed outbreak response. Ohio has also completed efforts on adoption of mucosal vaccine technologies in pigs.</li> <li>Multi-State PRRSV Surveillance: Ohio led the compilation and analysis of PRRSV-2 sequences from five states (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia), collaborating with the OH state diagnostic labs and production systems. This work highlighted regional differences in viral transmission.</li> </ul>  Objective 3. Immunology, vaccinology, and antiviral drugs <ul> <li>ASF Vaccine Development: In Kansas, researchers developed two live attenuated ASF vaccines, proven safe and effective for pigs aged four weeks or older. Additionally, they collaborated to create 3D organotypic cultures for respiratory and intestinal mucosa, mimicking natural swine tissues and enhancing the study of respiratory pathogens like influenza A and SARS-CoV-2. Ohio completed initial ASF virus stocks for vaccine formulation testing, coordinating efforts with multiple institutions to improve biosecurity and preparedness.</li> <li>PRRS Vaccine Development: Research in Illinois revealed how high-frequency RNA recombination in PRRSV driving viral adaptability and vaccine resistance. Collaborations visualized recombination hotspots, guiding antiviral strategy development. Illinois also developed a double-mutant PRRSV-2 vaccine candidate that reduces co-infection severity, showcasing its potential as a solution for severe farm outbreaks. Also, a nonpathogenic PRRS strain (G16X) vaccine.</li> <li>Innovative Vaccine Strategies: In North Dakota, a suicidal PCV3 vaccine demonstrated safety and efficacy. Collaboration with Iowa State University advanced assays for Torque teno virus (TTSuV1), while partnerships with Biological Mimetics Inc. applied AI algorithms to design next-generation PCV2 vaccines.</li> </ul>

Publications

Impact Statements

Impact Statement: NC229 – Advancing Swine Viral Disease Research and Control

Date of Annual Report: 02/24/2026

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/16/2026 - 01/17/2026
Period the Report Covers: 11/30/2024 - 12/01/2025

Participants

The 2025 NC229 Special Session was held on January 16th, 2026, from 3:10 pm – 5:10 pm in conjunction with the 2026 NA-PRRS/NC229: International Conference of Swine Viral Diseases in the Intercontinental Hotel, Chicago, IL. The meeting was open to all participants of the symposium. Forty people attended the Business Meeting.
Below are the principal investigators who participated in the Business Meeting.
Pablo E Pineyro-Pineiro, Iowa State University, pablop@iastate.edu
Hiep Vu, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, hiepvu@unl.edu
Andréia Gonçalves Arruda, The Ohio State University, arruda.13@osu.edu
Laura Miller, Kansas State University, lauracmiller@vet.k-state.edu
Renukaradhya J Gourapura, The Ohio State University, gourapura.1@osu.edu
Xiuqing Wang, South Dakota State University xiuqing.wang@sdstate.edu
Diego G. Diel, Cornell Univerity, dgdiel@cornell.edu
Paploski, Igor, University of Minnesota, ipaplosk@umn.edu,
Federico A. Zuckermann, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; fazaaa@illinois.edu
Dongwan Yoo, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, dyoo@illinois.edu
Ying Fang, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, yingf@illinois.edu
Daniel Ciobanu, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, dciobanu2@nebraska.edu
Roman Pogranichniy, Kansas State University, rmp1@vet.k-state.edu
Elisa Crisci, North Carolina State University, ecrisci@ncsu.edu

Other participants were included in the headcount; however, their names and affiliations were not recorded.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The Business meeting started with an introduction from the NC229 Chair, Dr Pineiro, summarizing the overaching goal and the objectives of the project.

The meeting proceeded with five 15-minute presentation from five station representatives (or personnel from their team): Illinois, North Carolina, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kentucky.

Lastly, the NC229 Secretary, Dr Arruda, gave an overview of the information captured through this report, and updated the group on on-going discussions regarding future meeting time and location. A survey was made available for all meeting attendees to contribute their preferences. Lastly, the station reps voted to elect a new Member-at-Large member, namely Dr Mariana Kikuti from the University of Minnesota.

Accomplishments

Short-Term Multi-State Outcomes Objective 1: Etiology, pathogenesis, and virus-host interaction 1a. Virus evolution, mechanisms of tropism and virulence <ul> <li>Global SVA Genetic Diversity & Control Strategies (NY + Federal Univ. of Pelotas, Brazil): New York collaborated with Brazil to characterize Senecavirus A (SVA) genetic diversity, informing improved global control strategies and surveillance priorities.</li> <li>Determinants of SVA Virulence & Persistence (NY): NY identified SVA virulence determinants and mechanisms of persistence, supporting development of safer vaccine candidates for industry use.</li> <li>PRRSV Genome Variation in U.S. Outbreaks (UMN): Minnesota investigated genome variation in highly pathogenic PRRSV from U.S. outbreaks, enhancing insight into variant emergence and spread.</li> <li>Predictive Modeling of PRRSV Spread (UMN): UMN developed an algorithm to predict which PRRSV genetic variants are likely to become more widespread, enabling proactive risk management.</li> <li>Experimental Evidence of Vaccine-Driven Viral Evolution (UMN): UMN published data demonstrating that PRRSV vaccine use can accelerate viral evolution across pig-to-pig infection chains, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies.</li> <li>PEDV Evolutionary Trends & Recombination (UMN): UMN quantified current evolutionary trends of PEDV in the U.S., identifying whole-genome recombination and two dominant contemporary clades.</li> <li>PoAStV4 proof of primary pathogen (NCSU, UC Santa Cruz, USDA-ARS): reproduction of respiratory lesions in CDCD pigs inoculated with PoAstV4 positive tissue homogenate.</li> </ul> 1b. Viral gene-protein structure and function, replication <ul> <li>ASFV p30 Immunogenic Epitope Mapping (NY): NY demonstrated that ASFV p30 is highly immunogenic and identified a dominant epitope responsible for most antibody responses—advancing prospects for a DIVA marker vaccine with major industry benefits.</li> <li>PRRSV Glycoprotein Structural Diversity & Neutralization (UMN): UMN showed that structural diversity in glycoproteins did not significantly influence cross-neutralization between wild-type PRRS strains.</li> <li>Bacteria-Free PRRSV Reverse Genetics System (UIUC): Illinois developed a simple, fast reverse genetics system for PRRSV that avoids bacterial amplification, improving genetic stability and construction fidelity for PRRSV mutants in vitro.</li> <li>Interferon Antagonism & Host Tropism in PDCoV (UIUC): UIUC identified multiple PDCoV proteins that counteract host interferon responses, providing mechanistic insight into broad host range and informing antiviral design.</li> </ul> 1c. Host mechanisms associated with resistance, resilience, and susceptibility <ul> <li>Host Signatures of PRRSV Infection & Persistence (IL + ISU): Illinois, in collaboration with Iowa State, identified host signatures associated with PRRSV infection and persistence to inform biomarkers and intervention targets</li> <li>Mechanisms of PRRSV Virulence Variation (IL + ISU + Midwest Practitioners): IL is collaborating with ISU and swine practitioners across Midwest states to elucidate determinants underlying variation in PRRSV virulence in field settings.</li> <li>Flow Cytometry Assay for Infection & Necroptosis (SDSU): South Dakota State University established a double-staining flow cytometry protocol to simultaneously detect PRRSV infection and cell death, with published procedures enabling detailed necroptosis analyses in porcine macrophages.</li> <li>Pathogenic mechanism of PRRSV-2 NC strains (NCSU): NCSU evaluated the pathogenic mechanism of different NC PRRSV-2 strains by focusing on the alteration of mitochondrial function in primary lung macrophages during early infection and highlighted the response of different macrophage populations to distinct NC PRRSV-2 strains.</li> <li>Characterization of swine trophoblast organoids (NCSU + Duke + Kentucky University): NCSU collaborated with Duke and KU for the first characterization of swine trophoblast organoids model and identified novel markers for porcine uterus and placenta using omics approaches. This new organoid model will be used to study PRRSV-placenta interactions and mechanism of vertical transmission.</li> </ul> Objective 2: Epidemiological investigation of viral pathogens affecting the U.S. swine population 2a. Diagnostics and surveillance <ul> <li>Metagenomics & Targeted WGS Assays (NY + KS; NYS VDL): NY collaborated with Kansas to develop viral metagenomics and targeted whole-genome sequencing assays for SVA, FMDV, ASFV, and CSFV; these were implemented at NYS VDL to enhance preparedness and early detection.</li> <li>ASF Diagnosis and Reporting (KS + private industry): Kansas State University and an App developer in Colorado developed a “Rapid, Sensitive, User-friendly, and Field-deployable AI Tool for Enhancing African Swine Fever Diagnosis and Reporting”.</li> <li>Emergence of Strain 1H.18 (UMN + Industry/Veterinarians): UMN, with production systems and swine veterinarians, detected, reported, and characterized a newly emergent strain, 1H.18.</li> <li>Global ASF Surveillance Network (UMN + Swine Industry): Through the Swine Disease Global Surveillance project, UMN monitored the evolution and global spread of ASF with industry collaboration.</li> <li>Smartphone-Linked Field Test for ASFV (IL + KS): Illinois and Kansas validated a smartphone-linked, field-deployable ASFV diagnostic in BSL-3, supporting rapid response capacity.</li> <li>DNA Aptamer Nanosensor for PEDV/PDCoV (IL + ISU): Illinois and Iowa State validated a DNA aptamer-based nanosensor for on-farm detection of PEDV and PDCoV.</li> <li>Portable POC PCR for Influenza (OSU): OSU optimized avian and mammalian influenza primers (including highly pathogenic strains) for the Kalix portable RT-PCR system and benchmarked sensitivity relative to standard lab RT-PCR—accelerating field diagnostics.</li> <li>Processing Fluids/Tongue Tips Pooling Strategies (UMN): UMN evaluated how pooling processing fluids and tongue tips and aggregating litters influence PRRSV detection in breeding herds.</li> <li>Viability PCR for PRRSV in Grow-Finish Farms (UMN): UMN assessed detection of viable PRRSV using a recently developed viability PCR test in growing pig farms.</li> <li>Near-Real-Time National Variant Reporting (UMN): UMN built a national surveillance report to identify, flag, and track variants with indicators of wider spread, linking to near-real-time site-level data.</li> <li>PEDV & Swine IAV in Growing Pigs (UMN): UMN investigated occurrence patterns of PEDV and swine influenza A virus in growing pigs to inform control measures.</li> <li>Avian Influenza Investigations in Bangladesh (UMN): UMN supported investigations of H5N1 and H9N2 in live bird markets and among market workers in Bangladesh, reinforcing One Health surveillance.</li> <li>Enriched Long-Read Sequencing for Co-Circulating Viruses (UMN): UMN developed and optimized an enriched long-read sequencing approach to resolve co-circulating viruses in pigs.</li> <li>PRRSV in Air Emissions from Grow-Finish Farms (UMN): UMN reported detection of PRRSV in farm air emissions, informing airborne transmission mitigation.</li> <li>Post-Mortem Blood Sampling Method for PRRS RT-PCR (UMN): UMN validated a new methodology to obtain post-mortem blood for PRRS RT-PCR to expand diagnostic windows.</li> </ul> 2b. Spatial-temporal pattern and risk factors <ul> <li>Midwest Swine Movement & Risk (OH + MI): Ohio and Michigan are collaborating to map movements across commercial, exhibition, and small-scale sectors to improve spread risk estimates and mitigation planning.</li> <li>ASF Outbreak Dynamics Abroad (UMN + National Veterinary Services): UMN evaluated ASF outbreaks and drivers in the Philippines and the Dominican Republic in collaboration with official veterinary services.</li> <li>SVA Incidence Trends in U.S. Breeding Herds (UMN): UMN described temporal and regional distribution of SVA incidence across the past decade.</li> <li>PRRSV Cross-Border Spread (UMN): UMN analyzed PRRS spread dynamics between Canada and the U.S., identifying pathways and timelines.</li> <li>PRRSV Variant Emergence & Regional Lag Times (UMN): UMN estimated lag times between variant emergence in one region and dispersal to others to inform preparedness windows.</li> <li>NC PRRSV-2 strains evolution (NCSU+UMN): NCSU collaborated with UMN for NC PRRSV-2 strains evolution, classification and by sharing NC PRRSV-2 strains. NCSU also collaborated with Cambridge Technologies (MN) for whole genome sequencing and NC PRRSV-2 annotations in NCBI GenBank.</li> </ul> 2c. Outbreak investigations <ul> <li>PRRS Outbreak Source Analysis (OH + Neighboring states): Ohio conducted PRRS outbreak investigations (including opportunities extended to IN, PA, etc.) to identify farm-specific risks and mitigation strategies.</li> <li>Microevolution Driving Clinical Re-Breaks (UMN): UMN evaluated the relationship between clinical PRRSV re-breaks and whole-genome microevolution on previously exposed farms.</li> <li>MSHMP Network Sequence Analytics (UMN): UMN continues sequence analysis of PRRSV outbreaks via the MSHMP network, enhancing situational awareness.</li> <li>Characterizing Emerging PRRS Variant 1C.5.32 (UMN): UMN acquired funding to characterize the epidemiology and immunology of PRRS variant 1C.5.32 causing widespread Midwest outbreaks. </li> </ul> 2d. Disease prevention, control, and elimination <ul> <li>Producer Education on ASF/FMD in Puerto Rico (OH + PR): Ohio collaborated with Puerto Rico to educate producers on ASF/FMD transmission risks, improving early recognition and reducing future spread risk on the island.</li> <li>Toward Recombination-Resistant PRRS Vaccines (IL + OH): Illinois and Ohio demonstrated potential resistance of PRRSV to genomic RNA recombination—informing design of recombination-resistant vaccine candidates.</li> <li>Biosecurity Gaps in Carcass Management & Rendering (UMN): UMN characterized biosecurity vulnerabilities related to dead animal management and rendering for PRRSV and PEDV.</li> <li>HPAI H5N1 Threats & One Health Gaps (UMN): UMN reported emerging threats of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in swine and highlighted knowledge gaps in One Health contexts.</li> <li>Electrostatic Precipitation to Reduce Airborne Virus (UMN): UMN evaluated an electrostatic precipitator to remove viruses from air, mitigating transmission risk.</li> <li>Aerosol Particle Size & Viral Load During H1N1 Infection (UMN): UMN quantified the size distribution and viral load of influenza virus–laden airborne particles emitted from pigs over the course of H1N1 infection.</li> <li>Trailer Contamination at Harvest Plants (UMN): UMN confirmed market hog trailers become contaminated (PRRSV, coronaviruses, Senecavirus) during unloading at harvest plants—informing cleaning/disinfection protocols.</li> <li>PRRS Incidence in Filtered vs. Unfiltered Herds (UMN): UMN quantified PRRS incidence over 15+ years in filtered and unfiltered breeding herds to guide investment in air filtration.</li> <li>The Rapid AccessBiosecurity (RAB) app™ (NCSU) has significantly expanded its footprint, now benefiting 36 states and utilized by 121 companies. The platform currently hosts data for over 9,946 swine farms, with 7,325 farms having active, standardized Secure Pork Supply (SPS) biosecurity plans. This widespread adoption allows State Animal Health Officials (SAHOs) to visualize biosecurity infrastructure and compliance in real-time, drastically improving the U.S. swine industry's readiness for Foreign Animal Diseases (FADs).</li> <li>NCSU+ SHIC completed a cost-benefit analysis of vehicle rerouting strategies. This work provided the industry with actionable data on how rerouting live-haul vehicles can minimize the dissemination of endemic and emerging diseases between farms. </li> </ul> 2e. Production/Economic impact <ul> <li>Cost of PRRSV to U.S. Swine Industry (UMN + ISU): Using MSHMP data, UMN contributed to quantifying the economic burden of PRRSV nationally, supporting cost–benefit analyses of interventions.</li> <li>Vaccine needs (KSU, ISU, industry partners): Kansas State University worked with experts at Iowa State University and Carthage Veterinary Service in Illinois to determine the types of swine viral and bacterial vaccines that need to be developed in order to reduce the use of antimicrobials used on swine farms to control bacterial infections.</li> </ul> Objective 3: Immunology, vaccinology, and antiviral drug development 3a. Immunology <ul> <li>ASFV Antigen Discovery for Subunit Vaccines (NY + KS): NY identified and characterized several immunogenic ASFV proteins and is leveraging these findings to design subunit vaccine formulations in collaboration with Kansas.</li> <li>T-Cell Epitope Landscape Evolution (UMN + EpiVax): In collaboration with EpiVax, UMN quantified how T-cell epitope landscapes evolve across space and time.</li> <li>Neutralizing Antibody Correlates & Protection (UMN): UMN continued investigations into mechanisms of immune protection and correlates of immunity, with emphasis on neutralizing antibodies.</li> <li>Machine Learning for PRRSV2 Cross-Reactivity (UMN): UMN developed an in silico ML algorithm predicting cross-reactivity from PRRSV2 genetic sequences to guide vaccine and antibody design.</li> <li>GP5-Specific Antibody Profiling (UMN): UMN analyzed GP5-targeted antibody responses against homologous and heterologous viruses to inform breadth of immunity.</li> <li>PRRSV-2 immunity in the context of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) (NCSU+ISU): NCSU collaborated with ISU VDL to conduct a comprehensive study correlating both the anti-PRRSV immune response and 21 secondary infectious agents involved in the severity of PRDC. The study underscored the potential of NanoString technology for comprehensive pathogen surveillance.</li> <li>PRRSV-Vit D research (NCSU+ISU): NCSU is collaborating with ISU to study the impact of dietary vitamin D on both acute PRRSV infection as well as immune response to PRRSV MLV vaccination.</li> </ul> 3b. Vaccinology <ul> <li>ASFV Vaccine Candidate Evaluation (NY + KS): NY and Kansas are assessing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ASFV vaccine candidates</li> <li>Broadly Protective Influenza Platforms (NY + OH): NY collaborated with Ohio to develop and evaluate broadly protective vaccine platforms for swine influenza—benefiting animal and public health.</li> <li>Broad mRNA Vaccines Against Swine IAV (IL + SDSU + KS): Illinois, South Dakota, and Kansas collaborated to develop broadly protective mRNA vaccines against swine influenza A viruses.</li> <li>Custom Influenza Vaccines Reduce Weaning Prevalence (UMN): UMN reported reduced IAV prevalence in pigs at weaning following deployment of custom-made influenza vaccines in breeding herds of an integrated system.</li> <li>M2-Based Influenza Vaccine Development (IL + UIUC Biochemistry): IL labs are collaborating with Dr. Stephen Sligar (UIUC Biochemistry) to develop a broadly protective swine influenza vaccine based on Matrix protein 2 (M2).</li> <li>Highly Efficacious Swine Influenza Vaccine Prototype (UNL): UNL developed a new, safe, and highly efficacious vaccine prototype for swine influenza, advancing control options.</li> <li>PRRSV Molecular Epidemiology & Fitness–Virulence Tradeoffs (IL + MN): Illinois and Minnesota are jointly studying molecular epidemiology and fitness–virulence tradeoffs across pathogen, pig, and population scales for PRRSV variants.</li> <li>PRRSV Tropism Insights (UNL): Research at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln provided new insights into PRRSV biology, including tropism, informing novel intervention development.</li> <li>PRRSV Vaccine Candidate (KSU, Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS-Beltsville Animal Research Center, and Tennessee State University): The team performed a swine efficacy study where replication-competent recombinant PRRSV expressing Interferon- ω5 was shown to be an effective modified live virus vaccine against NADC-34 challenge. This work provides a new vaccine candidate to improve swine health.</li> <li>NCSU established a PRRSV-2 Immune Biobank for vaccine immunogenicity prediction using In Vitro and In Silico methods (NCSU+ EpiVax): The PRRSV-2 immune biobank demonstrated potential as a tool for predicting vaccine immunogenicity against different NC PRRSV-2 strains and EpiCC (EpiVax) provided additional information on T cell epitope cross conservation</li> </ul> 3c. Antiviral drugs <ul> <li>Evaluation of different organic and inorganic selenium compounds as antivirals and immunomodulators (NCSU): NCSU evaluated the differential effects of organic and inorganic selenium compounds on mitochondrial function in PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages and their antiviral capacity against PRRSV-2. Selenium treatment did not reduce PRRSV-2 viral replication in porcine alveolar macrophages. Organic DL-selenomethionine exerted beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, and the potential for reducing oxidative stress.</li> </ul> Outputs <ul> <li>Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness for Viral Diseases of Concern: Ohio State University collaborated with the University of Puerto Rico, Ana Mendez School of Veterinary Medicine, USDA, and Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture to deliver workshops and a tabletop exercise on ASF and FMD across the island. Data collected during these activities will inform future reports and publications.</li> <li>ASFV and CSFV Whole Genome Sequencing (NY + KS): NY partnered with Kansas to develop targeted whole genome sequencing methods for ASFV and CSFV using the MinION portable platform (published work). This innovation enhances rapid genomic characterization during outbreaks.</li> <li>Influenza Immunology Collaboration (NY + OH): NY collaborated with Ohio to characterize effector antibody functions elicited by influenza A immunization in pigs (published work). Findings inform vaccine design and immune response optimization.</li> <li>Cross-Species Influenza Susceptibility (NY + KS): NY and Kansas investigated swine susceptibility to bovine-derived HPAI H5N1, publishing results in Emerging Microbes and Infections (2025). This work informs One Health risk assessments for emerging influenza strains.</li> <li>Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines (UIUC): Illinois constructed candidate antigens and delivery vehicles for swine influenza vaccines, published efficacy data, and filed a patent on this technology.</li> <li>PRRSV Variant Classification System (UMN + ISU + SDSU + KSU): UMN collaborated with diagnostic labs to adopt and maintain a PRRSV-2 variant classification system, updated quarterly. UMN also produces monthly reports on variants requiring close monitoring and hosts a web platform for sequence classification.</li> <li>PRRSV Persistence Mechanisms (UIUC): Illinois identified candidate host cell types, differentially expressed genes, and viral mutations associated with PRRSV persistence, informing strategies to reduce chronic infection.</li> <li>PRRSV Virulence Biotyping (UIUC): Illinois is characterizing highly virulent PRRSV strains (Lineage 1, Type 2) and submitted a progress report to SHIC.</li> <li>Nebraska Advances in PRRSV Biology and Vaccinology: Nebraska demonstrated PRRSV infection of spermatogonial stem cells and peritoneal macrophages, expanding knowledge of viral tropism. The station also established a cost-effective Oxford Nanopore sequencing protocol for complete PRRSV genomes and developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated DNA vaccine against swine influenza, effective even in piglets with maternal antibodies.</li> <li>Senecavirus A Research and Publications (NY): New York submitted multiple manuscripts currently under review, including studies on SVA genetic diversity in Brazil and the impact of stem-loop I mutations on replication and virulence. These outputs will provide crucial information to advance global understanding of SVA evolution and pathogenicity.</li> <li>National Monitoring Programs (UMN): The University of Minnesota continues leadership in the Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project (MSHMP), covering 55% of the U.S. breeding herd and 12% of the growing pig herd. Weekly epidemiological reports reach hundreds of stakeholders nationwide.</li> <li>Next-Generation Diagnostic Tools (UIUC): Illinois advanced biosensor-based diagnostics, developing two platforms: a smartphone-linked ASFV field test and a DNA aptamer nanosensor for PEDV and PDCoV detection on farms. These tools enable rapid, on-site disease detection.</li> <li>Bacterial vaccine needs (KSU + ISU + University of Missouri + industry partners): A peer reviewed paper on the bacterial vaccines that need to be developed to control bacterial infections in swine farms</li> <li>Field-Deployable App (KSU + App developer in Colorado): A patent application was filed for a "Rapid, Sensitive, User-friendly, and Field-deployable Diagnostic App for ASF Control" (KSURF Disc. NO.: 2025-019; Provisional Patent Application No.: 63/704,903).</li> <li>Comparative platforms for Influenza (KSU + ISU): Development of Porcine Air-Liquid Interface Organoids as a comparative platform to study Influenza A Virus infection</li> <li>Annotation of 8 whole genome sequences of NC PRRSV-2 isolates (NCSU+UMN+ Cambridge technologies). This has enabled more precise spatial-temporal tracking of PRRSV-2 evolution within NC swine production region and US.</li> <li>PRRSV immunity in the context of PRDC (NCSU+ISU): Identification of PCMV and PRRSV-2 as key drivers of clinical severity, together with PPIV-1, B. Bronchiseptica and M. hyorhinis. The approach provides producers with specific targets for multifaceted disease management. Molecular tests performed at ISU VDL had significant positive correlation with NanoString data, underscoring the potential of NanoString technology for comprehensive pathogen surveillance.</li> <li>Establishment of the swine trophoblast organoids model for studying viral vertical transmission and reproductive pathology in pigs (NCSU+KU+Duke).</li> <li>Establishment of the PRRSV-2 Immune Biobank for prediction of PRRSV vaccine immunogenicity (NCSU+EpiVax). By combining in vitro assays and in silico T cell epitope mapping (EpiCC), the project provides a measurable framework for predicting vaccine immunogenicity against diverse PRRSV field strains in US.</li> <li>PoAstV4 proof of primary pathogen (NCSU, UC Santa Cruz, USDA-ARS): reproduced respiratory lesions in CDCD pigs inoculated with PoAstV4 positive tissue homogenate. A shedding curve has been defined as well as the humoral immune response to infection.</li> <li>Software (RABapp™)(NCSU): A licensed technology (NCSU innovation number 2021-137) now used by 36 states to map and manage biosecurity plans for the swine industry, covering over 9,900 swine premises.</li> <li>Software (MHASpread) (NCSU): An open-source R package (version 0.1.0) for multi-host animal disease spread modeling. Available at: https://github.com/machado-lab/MHASpread-model</li> <li>Reports/Data (NCSU+ Missouri): Standardized biosecurity plans for swine producers in Missouri (NADPRP funded), creating a harmonized data structure for interstate disease response.</li> </ul> Multi-State Activities <ul> <li>ASFV Detection in Boars and Semen (SDSU + ISU): South Dakota and Iowa State investigators completed an ASFV challenge study at Canada’s National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases to identify optimal sample types and PCR protocols for early ASFV detection in boars, semen, oral fluids, and blood. Results are under evaluation for publication.</li> <li>ASF Diagnosis Research (KSU + App developer): Kansas State University and App developer in Colorado developed a deep learning diagnostic tool for image analysis of a lateral flow assay is described. The tool employs an artificial intelligence model that is trained for image classification of images of lateral flow assays. Images of completed lateral flow assays are captured by a camera carried by a mobile device and delivered to the model for image classification as either positive or negative. The results can then be displayed on the mobile device, including the generation of a map that displays the locations of positive results.</li> <li>ASFV Protective Antigen Research (NY + KS): New York and Kansas are investigating ASFV proteins involved in protective immune responses to inform subunit vaccine design.</li> <li>PRRSV Genetic Variability Analysis (SDSU): SDSU analyzed 225 contemporary PRRSV field strains from the Upper Midwest, identifying L1C.5 as the most prevalent variant in Minnesota and South Dakota. Findings revealed multiple nonsynonymous mutations in immunogenic regions, likely contributing to immune evasion and vaccine escape.</li> <li>Novel PRRSV Vaccine Development (SDSU + UMN): SDSU and UMN developed a PRRSV vaccine candidate using a Pichinde virus (PICV) vector. Animal trials demonstrated strong neutralizing antibody responses, reduced viremia and shedding, and less severe lung lesions compared to controls. Cytokine profiling indicated controlled inflammation and enhanced Th1-mediated clearance, positioning this platform for multivalent vaccine development.</li> <li>PRRSV Variant Classification and Nomenclature (UMN + ISU + USDA): UMN updates the PRRSV classification system quarterly with new sequence data from MSHMP and collaborates with ISU and USDA to establish a PRRSV-2 nomenclature advisory group for global diversity tracking.</li> <li>PRRSV Biotyping and Influenza Vaccine Optimization (Illinois): Illinois optimized methods to determine PRRSV biotypes and conducted pig trials to refine influenza A vaccine formulations using M2 protein nanodiscs.</li> <li>PRRSV Tropism and Sequencing Advances (Nebraska): Nebraska identified viral determinants of PRRSV tropism, established a cost-effective Oxford Nanopore sequencing protocol for whole-genome assembly, and developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated DNA vaccine against swine influenza, effective even in piglets with maternal antibodies.</li> <li>Influenza A virus evolution, mechanisms of tropism and virulence (KSU + ISU): Kansas State University in collaboration with Iowa State University used a novel ALI-PREC model to comparatively investigate the infection dynamics and early host gene expression responses to human-, swine-, and avian-lineage IAVs. The objectives include identifying key determinants of productive infection, characterizing lineage-specific host responses, and exploring host factors that modulate viral replication.</li> <li>Systems Vaccinology Research (KSU + USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS-Beltsville Animal Research Center + Tennessee State University): The large team leveraged systems vaccinology and transcriptomic profiling to evaluate the swine immune responses resulting from vaccination with prototype PRRSV vaccines that co-express Type 1 interferons (IFNs). We hypothesized that these IFNs would enhance antiviral immunity and improve vaccine efficacy.</li> <li>Next-Generation Sequencing Leadership (NY): Cornell advanced genomic surveillance by developing and validating viral metagenomics and targeted whole-genome sequencing assays. SOPs created in collaboration with KS, TX, and CA were distributed to NAHLN labs, with training provided to over 20 laboratories nationwide.</li> <li>Reagent and Diagnostic Support (SDSU): SDSU continued providing monoclonal antibodies and diagnostic assay support to collaborating universities, stations, and industry partners for research and diagnostic applications.</li> <li>National Disease Monitoring (UMN): The Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project (MSHMP) continues to deliver weekly disease occurrence reports to industry stakeholders, covering 55% of U.S. breeding herds and supporting preparedness for foreign animal disease emergencies.</li> <li>Field-Deployable Diagnostics (Illinois + KS + ISU): Illinois developed a smartphone-linked ASFV test validated by Kansas in BSL-3 labs and a DNA aptamer nanosensor for PEDV and PDCoV detection, with Iowa State providing field samples and qRT-PCR validation.</li> <li>Advanced Genomic and Vaccine Research (Illinois + SDSU + KS): Illinois performed animal experiments and scRNAseq, with Iowa State conducting bioinformatics and full-genome analysis. Illinois and SDSU designed vaccine constructs, Illinois generated constructs for testing, and Kansas synthesized nanoparticles for vaccine delivery.</li> <li>NanoString technology for comprehensive pathogen surveillance in field conditions (NCSU + ISU): validation of NanoString technology in bronchoalveolar lavage and comparison with VDL molecular tests.</li> <li>PRRSV – Vitamin D research (NCSU+ISU): NCSU is studying the impact of dietary vitamin D on both acute PRRSV infection as well as the immune response to PRRSV MLV vaccination. ISU supports these efforts by carrying out PRRV neutralizing antibody assays as well as the growth and titration of challenge virus. NC State handles the running of pig experiments as well as cellular and humoral immune analysis and pathology interpretation.</li> <li>International Training Workshops (NCSU- South America): Conducted capacity-building</li> <li>workshops on the use of MHASpread for Animal Health Officials from Chile, Panama, El Salvador, Brazil, and Bolivia. These workshops fostered international collaboration on transboundary disease modeling relevant to ASF and FMD.</li> <li>NCSU collaboration with State Officials: Ongoing direct collaboration with State Animal Health Officials in 36 states (including key swine producing states like IL, TX, OK, MN, NE, SD, PA,and NC) to implement and refine the RABapp system for real-time biosecurity mapping and movement permitting of swine premises.</li> </ul> Milestones <ul> <li>Swine Movement Analysis Completed (Ohio + Michigan): Ohio researchers, in collaboration with Michigan, have completed data collection on swine movements—including commercial operations and small producers. Analysis is underway for dissemination of results.</li> <li>Vaccine Testing in Animal Models (Illinois + SDSU): Illinois will collaborate with South Dakota to complete testing of vaccine constructs in animal models.</li> <li>ASF Workshop and Swine Disease Conferences (KSU, ISU, IL, OSU): KSU in collaboration with Iowa State University and University of Illinois organized one international ASF workshop. KSU in collaboration with Illinois and Ohio State University obtained funding for different conferences on disease infection in pigs and other species.</li> <li>ASFV Protective Protein Identification (NY + KS): New York and Kansas completed an immunization challenge study to identify ASFV proteins critical for protective immunity, informing subunit vaccine development.</li> <li>ASFV Vaccine Development (KSU + international collaborators): KSU in collaboration with international collaborators developed and tested two safe and efficacious vaccines for ASF.</li> <li>ASFV Biosensor Assay Validation (Illinois + KS): Illinois researchers will collaborate with Dr. Jishu Shi (Kansas) to complete validation of biosensor assays for ASFV detection in BSL-3 laboratories.</li> <li>ASF Detection (KSU, USDA): KSU, in collaboration with USDA-ARS, Cornell has developed detection and sequencing technology for ASF.</li> <li>Emerging PRRSV-2 Variant Isolation (UMN + Illinois): Minnesota and Illinois are sharing field samples to isolate and characterize emerging PRRSV-2 variants for genomic and phenotypic analysis.</li> <li>PRRSV Epitope Mapping via Immuno-Informatics (UMN): UMN applied immuno-informatic tools to systematically identify T-cell epitope content across diverse PRRSV-2 strains, advancing understanding of antigenic diversity.</li> <li>PRRS Vaccine (KSU, USDA, TSU): KSU, in collaboration with USDA-ARS and TSU, has successfully evaluated the vaccine efficacy of a prototype Interferon-Augmented PRRSV Vaccine against NADC-34 challenge, a key step in developing novel systems vaccinology approaches for swine health.</li> <li>Multivalent SIV Vaccine Challenge Study (NY + OSU): New York, in collaboration with Ohio State, will complete an immunization challenge study to assess the efficacy of a multivalent swine influenza vaccine (H1 + H3) using broadly protective platforms.</li> <li>scRNAseq and Genome Analysis (Illinois + ISU): Illinois will collaborate with Iowa State to finalize bioinformatic analysis of scRNAseq data and full-length PRRSV genome sequencing.</li> <li>PEDV/PDCoV Nanosensor Validation (Illinois + ISU): Illinois researchers will collaborate with Dr. Jianqiang Zhang (Iowa State) to validate DNA aptamer-based nanosensor tests for PEDV and PDCoV detection.</li> <li>SVA Vaccine Candidate Development (NY): New York identified a persistence marker in Senecavirus A and is leveraging this discovery to develop a non-persistent SVA vaccine candidate.</li> <li>Characterization of swine trophoblast organoids (NCSU, Duke, and Kentucky University): new model for studying vertical transmission of swine viruses (PRRSV etc).</li> <li>Validation of NanoString technology for multi-pathogen surveillance in pig production (NCSU+ ISU), facilitating the identification of pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex.</li> <li>PoAstV4 proof of primary pathogen (NCSU,UC Santa Cruz,USDA-ARS): reproduced respiratory lesions in CDCD pigs inoculated with PoAstV4 positive tissue homogenate. A shedding curve has been defined as well as the humoral immune response to infection.</li> <li>NCSU - SHIC Project Completion: Completed the epidemiological framework necessary to reconstruct vehicle movement networks and finalized the cost-benefit analysis for vehicle rerouting (2024-2025).</li> <li>NCSU Tool Deployment: Released MHASpread version 0.1.0 and provided comprehensive training to international stakeholders, achieving the milestone of equipping South American partners with U.S.-developed modeling tools to combat swine diseases like ASF.</li> </ul>

Publications

<ol> <li>Alvarez-Norambuena J, Quinonez A, Corzo CA, Goyal SM. (2025). Comparative adsorption of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus variants to Minnesota soils. Viruses. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010058.</li> <li>Alvarez-Norambuena J, Rovira A, Corzo CA, Kikuti M. (2025). In vitro evaluation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) ORF5 sequences in samples containing PRRSV modified-live vaccine and wild-type strains. J Vet Diagn Invest. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387251340342.</li> <li>Arunsiripate TT, Groeltz-Thrush J, Saeng-Chuto K, Guo B, Michael A, Siepker C, Derscheid RJ, Rahe MC, Zhang JQ, Burrough E, Pineyro P. Diagnostic investigation of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus as potential pathogen associated with respiratory clinical signs and pulmonary lesions in pigs. Microb Pathog. 2025 Jun;203:107493. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107493.</li> <li>Alexander Fonseca-Martinez, J. Hernandez-Cuevas, K. Shaw. (2025) Small pig stakeholders’ knowledge of foreign animal diseases: baseline knowledge and impact of an outreach session. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 239; 106517.</li> <li>Baker, J.P., A. Rovira, K. VanderWaal. (2025). Repeat offenders: PRRSV-2 clinical re-breaks from a whole genome perspective. Veterinary Microbiology, 302:110411.</li> <li>Bakke, H., Perez, A.D., Perez, A.M., Miclat-Sonaco, R., and Schambow, R.A. (2025). Mental health impacts of African Swine Fever outbreaks on veterinarians in the Philippines. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1519270.</li> <li>Bashki A., Stetson J., Wang L., Shi J., Caragea D., Miller L.C. (2025).* Towards a Rapid, Sensitive, User-friendly, and Field-deployable AI Tool for Enhancing African Swine Fever Diagnosis and Reporting. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 86, S27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.10.0305">https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.10.0305</a>.</li> <li>Byrne J, Bourne C, Eguiluz S, Langel SN, Crisci E* (2025) High-throughput 96-well plate-based porcine antibody isolation protocol. PLOS ONE 2025 20(3): e0320501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320501</li> <li>Chandra S, Cezar G, Rupasinghe K, Magalhaes E, Silva GS, Almeida M, Crim B, Burrough E, Gauger P, Madson D, Thomas J, Zeller M, Zhang J, Main R, Rovira A, Thurn M, Lages P, Corzo C, Sturos M, VanderWaal K, Naikare H, Matias-Ferreyra F, McGaughey R, Retallic J, McReynolds S, Gebhardt J, Pillatzki A, Greseth J, Kersey D, Clement T, Christopher-Hennings J, Thompson B, Perkins J, Prarat M, Summers D, Bowen C, Boyle J, Hendrix K, Lyons J, Werling K, Arruda AG, Schwartz M, Yeske P, Murray D, Mason B, Schneider P, Copeland S, Dufresne L, Boykin D, Fruge C, Hollis W, Robbins R, Petznick T, Kuecker K, Glowzenski L, Niederwerder M, Huang X, Linhares DCL, Trevisan G. (2025). Harnessing sequencing data for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): tracking genetic evolution dynamics and emerging sequences in US swine industry. Front Vet Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1571020.</li> <li>Chepkwony MC, Makau DN, Yoder C, Corzo C, Culhane M, Perez A, Perez Aguirreburualde MS, Nault AJ, Mahero M. (2025). A scoping review of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in swine farm biosecurity in North America. Front Vet Sci, 12:1507704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1507704.</li> <li>Chepkwony MC, Yoder C, Culhane MR, Aguirreburualde MSP, Perez AM, Corzo CA, Makau DN, Mahero MW. (2025). Beliefs, Behaviors, and Practices of Farm Biosecurity in the Midwestern U.S. Swine Operations. Animals, 15(17):2515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15172515.</li> <li>Chia-Hui Hsu J., Schambow R.A., Humphreys J., Montenegro M., Artz J., Perez A.M. (2025). Perspective: Challenges and research opportunities to enhance African Swine Fever control in the Philippines. Front Vet Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1675095.</li> <li>Deka, A., Galvis, J.A., Fleming, C., Safari, M., Yeh, C., and Machado, G. "Modeling the transmission dynamics of African swine fever virus within commercial swine barns: Quantifying the contribution of multiple transmission pathways." Epidemics (2025). DOI:10.1016/j.epidem.2025.100828</li> <li>Diaz, A.N., Diel, D.G. Senecavirus A: Overview of the emergence, infection dynamics, and Pathogenesis. In: Wang L. (eds) Veterinary Virology of Domestic and Pet Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54690-7_87-1.</li> <li>Durazo-Martinez K, Chaudhari J, Sherry LM, Webster DA, Martins K, Bostrom JR, Carlson DF, Sonstegard TS, Vu HLX*. (2025). Modification of the splice acceptor in CD163 exon 7 of pigs is insufficient to confer resistance to PRRSV. Vet Microbiol, 304:110450.</li> <li>Durazo-Martinez K, Osorio FA, Delhon G, Hernandez J, Vu HLX. (2025). New insights into the testicular tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Microbiol Spectr, 13:e0296424.</li> <li>Fang W, Yoo D, Li W, Vu H. (2025). Toward a better understanding of genetic diversity and more effective control strategies of major swine viral diseases. Virology, 601:110480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2025.110480.</li> <li>Fang, Y., Kenney, S., Pineyro-Pineiro, P. E., Rowland, R., & VanderWaal, K. (2025). Introduction to veterinary microbiology special issue featuring advance in swine viral disease research. Veterinary Microbiology, 308:110649.</li> <li>Fleming, C., Mills, K., Cardenas, N.C., Galvis, J.A., Corzo, C., and Machado, G. "Enhancing U.S. swine farm preparedness for infectious foreign animal diseases with rapid access to biosecurity information." Preventive Veterinary Medicine (2025). DOI:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106765</li> <li>Galvis JA, Corzo CA, Machado G. (2025). Mitigating between-farm transmission through simulating vehicle rerouting and enhanced cleaning and disinfection protocols. Prev Vet Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106650.</li> <li>Galvis, J.A., Corzo, C.A., and Machado, G. "Mitigating between-farm disease transmission through simulating vehicle rerouting and enhanced cleaning and disinfection protocols. "Preventive Veterinary Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106650</li> <li>Galvis, J.A., Deka, A., and Machado, G. "Evaluating sampling strategies for effective detection of African swine fever in growing pig population in the U.S." Preventive Veterinary Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106740</li> <li>Galvis, J.A., Satici, M.Y., Sykes, A.L., O’Hara, K.C., Rochette, L., Roberts, D., and Machado,G. "Estimating sampling and laboratory capacity for a simulated African swine fever outbreak in the United States." Preventive Veterinary Medicine (2025). DOI:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106529</li> <li>Garrido-Mantilla J, Sanhueza J, Alvarez J, Pittman JS, Davies P, Torremorell M, Culhane MR. (2025). Reduction of influenza A virus prevalence in pigs at weaning after using custom-made influenza vaccines in the breeding herds of an integrated swine farm system. Viruses, 17(2):240. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020240.</li> <li>Gaulke GA, Yuan F, Yang L, Duan L, Connolly MG, Hsiao S, Antonson AM, Fang Y. (2025). Maternal vaccination partially protects piglets against influenza A virus associated alteration of the microbiome and hippocampal gene expression. Vet Microbiol, 306:110544.</li> <li>Gebhardt J.T., Mwangi W., Shi J., Richt J.A. (2025). Kansas State University: Impactful research advancing African swine fever virus prevention, control, and response. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 86(9). <a href="https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.05.017">https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.05.017</a>..</li> <li>Gelalcha BD, Chepkwony MC, Corzo CA, Yoder C, Perez A, Perez Aguirreburualde MS, Makau DN, Mahero MW. (2025). Education and economic factors shape clusters of biosecurity beliefs and practices: insights from an exploratory survey of Midwest US swine producers. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111080.</li> <li>Guillermo Arcega Castillo, Michelle Schultze, Rachael Schulte, Andres Perez, Rachel A. Schambow, Luis Pablo Hervé-Claude, and Emilio León. (2025). African Swine Fever Incursion Risks in Latin America and the Caribbean: Informal and Legal Import Pathways. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1587131.</li> <li>Harrison O., Bai J., Larson M., Pogranichniy R., Domingues F., Holcombe N., Lopez O., Jones C.K. (2024a). PSI-4 Evaluation of chemical mitigants when soybean meal was inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus, and Seneca Valley virus 1. Journal of Animal Science, 102, 349–350.</li> <li>Herrera da Silva, J. P., Rossow, S., Paploski, I. A. D., Kikuti, M., Corzo, C. A., & VanderWaal, K. (2025). Complete Genome and Recombination Analysis of a Novel Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (Variant 1H.18) Identified in the Midwestern USA. Viruses, 17(6):863. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060863.</li> <li>Herrera da Silva, Joao P.; N. Pamornchainavakul; M. Kikuti; X. Yue; C.A. Corzo; VanderWaal, Kimberly. (2025). Current Evolutionary Dynamics of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in the U.S. a Decade After Introduction. Viruses, 17(5):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050654.</li> <li>Hsu CH, Montenegro M, Miclat-Sonaco R, Torremorell M, Perez AM. (2025). Validation of the effectiveness of pig farm repopulation protocol following African swine fever outbreaks in the Philippines. Front Vet Sci, 11:1468906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1468906.</li> </ol> <ol start="33"> <li>Huang, J., Krishna, V.D., Paploski, I.A.D., VanderWaal, K., Schroeder, D.C., Cheeran, M.C.J. (2025). Characterization of Glycoprotein 5-Specific Response in Pigs Vaccinated with Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine Derived from Two Different Lineages. Vaccines, 13(3):247.</li> <li>Huang, J.; Krishna, V.D.; Paploski, I.A.D.; VanderWaal, K.; Schroeder, D.C.; Cheeran, M.C.J. (2025). Characterization of Glycoprotein 5-Specific Response in Pigs Vaccinated with Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine Derived from Two Different Lineages. Vaccines. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030247.</li> <li>Katwal, P., S. Aftab, E. Nelson, M. Hildreth, S. Li, X. Wang. (2025). Interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) restricts PRRSV replication via post-entry mechanisms. Microorganisms 13(8):1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081737.</li> <li>Kikuti M, Yue X, Melini CM, Vadnais S, Corzo CA. (2025). Senecavirus A incidence in U.S. breeding herds: A decade of surveillance data. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111650.</li> <li>Lai DC, Nguyen TN, Poonsuk K, McVey DS, Vu HLX*. (2025). Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated DNA vaccine encoding African swine fever virus p54 antigen elicits robust immune responses in pigs. Vet Microbiol, 305:110508.</li> <li>Lai DC, Nguyen TN, Trinh GP, Steffen D, Vu HLX*. (2025). Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated DNA vaccine induces balanced antibody and T-cell responses in pigs with maternally derived antibodies. Journal of Virology, e0112325.</li> <li>Lakshmanappa YS, Shang P, Renu S, Dhakal S, Hogshead B, Xiao Y, Wang T, Fang Y*, Renukaradhya GJ*. (2025). Concurrent but consecutive vaccination of modified live PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 provides better protection in nursery pigs. Vet Microbiol, 302:110391.</li> <li>Lee H, Li S, Liu L, Wang W, Ayupova T, Tibbs J, Kim C, Fang Y, Do MN, Cunningham BT. (2025). Physically grounded deep learning-enabled gold nanoparticle localization and quantification in photonic resonator absorption microscopy for digital resolution molecular diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron, 281:117455.</li> <li>Li C, Meliopoulos V, Rendahl A, Schultz-Cherry S, Torremorell M. (2025). Naturally occurring influenza reassortment in pigs facilitates the emergence of intrahost virus subpopulations with distinct genotypes and replicative fitness. mBio, 16(1):e0192424. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01924-24.</li> <li>Li D., Zhang X., Apley M.D., Gebhardt J.T., Karriker L., Connor J.F., Bromfield C., Lubbers B., Kittana H., Pendell D., Madera R., Muro N., Craig A., Shenkenberg B., Li Y., Wang L., Shi J. (2025). Viral Vaccines as an Alternative to Antimicrobials: A Perspective from Swine Veterinarians on Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Pathogens, 14(12), 1259. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/Pathogens14121259">https://doi.org/10.3390/Pathogens14121259</a>..</li> <li>Li J., Adeyemi O., Miller L.C., Sang Y. (2025).* Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Novel and Differential Circular RNA Responses Underlying Interferon-mediated Antiviral Regulation in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. Viruses, 17(10), 1307. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101307">https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101307</a>.</li> <li>Lugo-Mesa V, Sobhy NM, Luqman MM, Ramirez-Camba CD, Corzo CA, Goyal SM. (2025). Stability of five strains of PRRSV in tap water at different temperatures. Vet Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110472.</li> <li>Martinez M, Corzo CA, Machado G, Ekiri AB, Deza-Cruz I, Prada JM. (2025). Truck cleaning and disinfection and the risk of PRRSV dissemination in multi-site pig production systems in the United States: A network-epidemiological model approach. Prev Vet Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106539.</li> <li>McCutcheon CR, Caldwell A, Yang L, Crisci E, Pasternak JA, Coyne CB. Defining Cellular Diversity at the Swine Maternal-Fetal Interface Using Spatial Transcriptomics and Organoids. PLoS Biol 2025 Aug 28;23(8):e3003302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003302. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003302</li> <li>McDowell, C. D., Kwon, T., Assato, P., Mantlo, E., Trujillo, J. D., Gaudreault, N. N., Caserta, L. C., Morozov, I., Souza-Neto, J. A., Pogranichniy, R. M., Diel, D. G., Richt, J. A. (2025). Targeted Whole Genome Sequencing of African Swine Fever Virus and Classical Swine Fever Virus on the MinION Portable Sequencing Platform. Pathogens. 14(8):804. doi: 10.3390/pathogens14080804.</li> <li>Melini, C. M., Kikuti, M., Torremorell, M., VanderWaal, K., Rossow, S., Torrison, J., & Corzo, C. A. (2025). Evaluation of the infectivity of three porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) variants. Veterinary Research, 56(1):158.</li> <li>Melini, C.M.; Kikuti, M.; Yue, X.; Paploski, I.A.D.; Canturri, A.; Rossow, S.; Leuwerke, B.; Stone, S.; Corzo, C.A. (2025). Assessment of Diagnostic Value of Post Mortem Tongue Tip Fluids for Disease Detection in Growing Pigs. Animals, 15(16):2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162434.</li> <li>Mena-Vasquez J, Marco-Fuertes A, Culhane M, Torremorell M. (2025). Emerging threats of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in swine: knowledge gaps and the imperative for a One Health approach. Front Vet Sci, 12:1648878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1648878.</li> <li>Meneguzzi M, Bravo J, Gaire TN, Ferm PM, Torremorell M, Boucher C, Noyes NR. (2025). Enriched Long-Read Sequencing of Co-circulating Viruses in Complex Samples. 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Veterinary Microbiology, 301, 110366. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110366">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110366</a></li> <li>Miller L.C., Anderson S.J., Buckley A., Schirtzinger E.E., Hasan M., Sarlo Davila K.M., Fleming D., Lager K.M., Li J., Sang Y. (2025).* Vaccine Efficacy of a Replication-Competent Interferon-Expressing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus Against NADC-34 Challenge. Vaccines, 13, 413. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040413">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040413</a>.</li> <li>Montecillo A.D., Baybay Z.K., Ferrer J.B.C., Cariaso W., Pantua A., Jose J.P., Madera R., Shi J., Doysabas K.C., Dargantes A., Dargantes K.A.T., Boongaling A.R.A., Manglicmot A.P., Villegas L.C., Pantua H.D. (2025). Genetic Profiles of Ten African Swine Fever Virus Strains from Outbreaks in Select Provinces of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, Philippines, Between 2021 and 2023. 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Impact Statements

• Research collaborations have strengthened foreign animal disease preparedness through stakeholder engagement and evidence-based strategies for vaccination, supporting informed decision-making in the field. • Multi-state collaborations, particularly on PRRSV and ASF diagnostics/vaccines, are translating omics research into improved swine health by developing interferon-augmented vaccines and AI-powered field diagnostics. This work improves swine health, diagnostics, and vaccine development and is being disseminated through publications and speaker engagements, including the Swine Health Blackbelt Podcast (reaching over 300K followers globally). • Multi-state collaborations, particularly on PCV2 and ASF diagnostics/vaccines, are translating omics research into improved swine health by developing of diagnostic tools for ASF and PCV2 vaccine, contamination of the feed with swine viruses and mitigation. • Validated next-generation sequencing assays for viral metagenomics and whole-genome sequencing improve diagnostic preparedness and outbreak response. • Continued provision of monoclonal antibodies and diagnostic reagents supports collaborative research and accelerates diagnostic capabilities across institutions and industry. • Broadly protective influenza vaccine platforms under development promise enhanced protection against variant strains, reducing economic losses from respiratory disease. • International outreach through the Allen D. Leman Swine Conference delivered science-driven solutions to nearly 800 participants from 27 countries, while securing Minneapolis as the venue for the 2028 International Pig Veterinary Society (IPVS) meeting. • Safe and efficacious ASF vaccines that can be used to protect pigs from the current strains of ASFV circulating in Asia and Caribbeans • Improved PCR methods for ASFV detection in boars and semen reduce transmission risks associated with artificial insemination, enhancing biosecurity. • Development of a novel viral-vectored PRRSV vaccine using a Pichinde virus platform offers new options for disease control and improved herd immunity. • Genomic surveillance and bioinformatics analyses of PRRSV strains provide insights into genetic variability and evolutionary trends, informing vaccine design and disease management. • Standardized PRRSV-2 nomenclature improves communication and collaboration among researchers, diagnostic laboratories, and practitioners. • Testing of electrostatic precipitators offers innovative strategies to mitigate airborne transmission of PRRSV between farms in high-density regions. • Research on PRRSV persistence mechanisms and cell-specific factors advances understanding of chronic infection and informs control strategies. • Improved methods for determining PRRSV biotypes and novel influenza vaccine formulations help practitioners respond effectively to outbreaks and minimize financial losses. • Nanotechnology-enabled diagnostic tools for ASFV and respiratory pathogens enable rapid, cost-effective detection at the point of use, strengthening surveillance systems. • Field-based evaluation of custom influenza vaccines provides real-world data on vaccine performance and informs future strain selection. • Development of broadly protective mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus enhances preparedness for HPAI outbreaks and cross-species transmission risks. • A new swine influenza vaccine prototype offers practical solutions for herd-level disease control and improved productivity. • Precision Vaccinology: The NCSU PRRSV Immune Biobank moves the industry toward precision medicine. Stakeholders will be able to use in vitro and in silico approaches to select vaccines immunogenicity and matching them to specific regional strains to mitigate PRRSV outbreaks. • Diagnostics for pig disease surveillance: NCSU and ISU collaborate to validate a diagnostic approach (NanoString) by implementing diagnostic panels rather than single-pathogen testing. This will lead to more effective surveillance, control and elimination strategies for pig diseases. • Viral vertical transmission and reproductive pathology: the characterization of the maternal-fetal interface and the development of organoid models provide the necessary foundation for studying vertical transmission of PRRSV and other relevant pig viruses, aiming to reduce the devastating economic impact of reproductive failure in the breeding herd. • National Biosecurity Standardization (NCSU): The widespread adoption of the RABapp has created a unified digital infrastructure for U.S. swine biosecurity. By harmonizing data across 36 states and over 120 companies, the project has removed data silos that previously hindered rapid response. This long-term impact ensures that in the event of an ASF outbreak, state and federal officials can instantly access standardized biosecurity data for nearly 10,000 swine farms to make decisions on movement permitting, potentially saving the industry billions in lost trade and production. • Global Disease Defense (NCSU- South America): By training international partners (Chile, Brazil, Bolivia) in advanced disease modeling (MHASpread), the lab has strengthened the "buffer zone" against FADs in the Americas. Enhanced surveillance and control capacity in South America directly reduces the risk of disease introduction to the U.S. swine herd.