Annual/Termination Reports:

[05/06/2015] [04/11/2016] [05/15/2017] [05/21/2018] [05/13/2019]

Report Information

Participants

Banna, Jinan (jcbanna@hawaii.edu), University of Hawaii, Manoa
Cluskey, Mary (cluskeym@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University
Gangana, Prema (pganganna@udc.edu), University of the District of Columbia
Gunther, Carolyn (Gunther.22@osu.edu), Ohio State University
Hongu, Nobuko Kay (hongu@email.arizona.edu), University of Arizona
Jones, Blake L (blakejones@purdue.edu), Purdue University
Lora, Karina R (karina-lora@ouhsc.edu), University of Oklahoma
Misner, Scottie (misner@email.arizona.edu), University of Arizona
Monroe-Lord, Lillie (lmonroelord@udc.edu), District of Columbia Cooperative Extension
Reicks, Marla (mreicks@umn.edu), University of Minnesota
Rice, William (wrice@udc.edu), University of the District of Columbia
Richards, Rickelle (Rickelle_richards@byu.edu), Brigham Young University
Topham, Glade (glade.topham@okstate.edu), Oklahoma State University
Wong, Siew Sun (Siewsun.wong@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2015 annual meeting was held on 3/11-3/14 at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. Meeting host was Jinan Banna. Attendees included:

Banna, Jinan, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Cluskey, Mary, Oregon State University
Gunther, Carolyn, Ohio State University
Misner, Scottie, University of Arizona
Hongu, Nobuko Kay, University of Arizona**
Deborah Maddy, Oregon State University***
Reicks, Marla, University of Minnesota
Richards, Rickelle, Brigham Young University*
Topham, Glade, Oklahoma State University
Wong, Siew Sun, Oregon State University

*2014-5 Chair
**2014-5 Secretary
***Administrative Leader

The following list includes the main accomplishments of this year’s annual W3003 meeting: 1) reviewed findings from pre-pilot study in testing feasibility of using proposed methods (Qualtrics offline app) for collecting Objective 1 data from youth; 2) formed and met in subgroups for developing formal protocol for collecting Objective 1 data from parents and youth (Mary Cluskey, Jinan Banna, Carolyn Gunther, and Siew Sun Wong were in the youth subgroup; Rickelle Richards, Glade Topham, Kay Hongu, Marla Reicks, and Scottie Misner were in the parents subgroup); and 3) created recruitment grid to establish number of parent-youth dyads that need to be recruited at each site for Objective 1, sampling strategy, and refined timeline for Objective 1 data collection and analysis.
Members nominated Carolyn Gunther, Jinan Banna, and Kay Hongu to serve as 2015-16 Chair, Chair-elect, and Secretary, respectively. The next annual meeting is tentatively scheduled for San Diego, CA from April 6-9, 2016.

Accomplishments

Background <br /> <br /> There is limited evidence about how adolescents eat when they are making food choices without the direct influence of their parents, who are primary influencers of their choices and consumption behavior as children (Savage et al., 2007). US children and adults are consuming food more frequently throughout the day and more at each occasion (Popkin and Duffey, 2010); a rise that parallels the rise in obesity and increases in portion sizes (Piernas and Popkin, 2011). That consumption is occurring as primary eating or meal occasions but increasingly as secondary eating which may nor may not be mealtime eating. Additionally, while evidence shows that most families (58%) consume about 5 or more meals/week together, (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 2011), others report the percentage consuming shared family meals decreases among lower SES groups (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2013). The 1994-96 CFSII data reveal a mean of 4.5 daily eating occasions/day (Ritchie, 2012). Adolescents (10-13 years old) who are at the age of becoming more independent are likely making food choice decisions on their own at some of those other daily eating occasions. However, frequency of eating and snacking are both increasing and what and how much food adolescents choose and consume when they are outside of their parental influence is not known. <br /> <br /> The work exploring parental practices and their impact on children’s intakes, weight and eating behaviors is not well established. In particular, a focus on what occurs in those occasions when the child is making independent choices and not in the presence of the parent needs more clarity. What strategies do parents use to model healthy food intake? How can the behavior of modeling or creating rules and expectations be measured and how do those behaviors impact children’s food intake? How often do early adolescents make independent food choices and are there parental expectations for choices that they make? How compliant are they with their parental rules? How do role modeling, food choice rules or expectations and food availability translate into food choices when a child is on their own or with peers or siblings at an eating occasion? How can parents be more motivated and overcome the barriers they perceive to practicing positive eating related parental behaviors? Having a greater understanding of this phenomenon fosters the ability to communicate and promote effective practices and strategies to parents for managing healthy eating among their youth.<br /> <br /> Project Objectives<br /> 1. Explore and identify key parental practices (role modeling, making healthy foods available, and setting rules/expectations and other practices) that may impact eating behaviors and food choices during independent eating occasions and weight among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents.<br /> 2. Examine the association between key parental practices and positive eating behaviors during independent eating occasions among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents<br /> 3. Examine the association between key parental practices and early adolescents’ weight.<br /> 4. Develop communications for parents and nutrition professionals<br /> <br /> Main Accomplishments for 2014-15 <br /> Prior to our annual meetings, several conference calls with a subgroup of W3003 were convened to discuss possible data collection methods for Objective 1 in relation to youth. Using more modern technology apps or software were discussed, researched, and tested for feasibility by a handful of youth aged 10-13 years and by W3003 team members. During the annual meeting, the W3003 team was split into two subgroups – a parent subgroup and child/youth subgroup – to develop/refine protocols for Objective 1 data collection. Suggested protocols were presented in the large group, with suggestions made, and then subgroups reconvened to revise protocols. We also developed our sampling strategy, recruitment grid, and revised the timeline. Since the annual meeting, we have advertised for more investigators to join our multi-state team and have been meeting in subgroups to finalize all research protocols. We anticipate collecting Objective 1 data this coming Jun-Aug (pilot) and Oct-Feb (actual) and organizing the data for analysis (Mar-Apr). Data analysis and establishing writing teams will occur at our next annual meeting.<br />

Publications

No abstracts or publications have been submitted yet for W3003.

Impact Statements

1. 1. Specific (2014-5): Protocols for collecting data from parent-youth dyads in Objective 1 were developed, with some pre-pilot testing occurring to test feasibility of using technology (smartphone apps) to collect data from youth. This will allow us to more innovatively collect data from subjects and provide us with ideas/strategies that make some parents successful in getting their youth to consume healthy foods during independent eating occasions. This information will then be used to create communication materials that could be used with less-successful parents (in getting their children to consume healthful foods at independent eating occasions) and by nutrition professionals working with parents. To diversify our sampling ability, we were also able to secure new members in our W3003 multi-state team.
2. 2. Broad: In the proposed project we plan to explore how parental practices might impact obesogenic energy-dense and low-nutrient dense food choices and unhealthy eating behaviors of early adolescents during independent eating occasions. Identifying associations between positive parental practices and obesogenic behaviors will provide a rationale for education and communications that encourage the use of those parental practices. Ultimately, all efforts to better understand and promote adolescent healthy eating behaviors are important in the prevention of obesity. With the results of this 5-year project, we aim to provide parents of early adolescent children with strategies that can lead to healthier eating among their children.

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Report Information

Participants

Anderson, Alex, University of Georgia (call in)
Banna, Jinan, University of Hawaii @ Manoa
Cluskey, Mary, Oregon State University
Leon Guerrero, Rachael T., University of Guam (call in)
Gunther, Carolyn, Ohio State University
Hongu, Nobuko Kay, University of Arizona
Jones, Blake, Purdue University
Lora, Karina, Oklahoma State University (call in)
McElwain, Alyssa, University of Wyoming (call in)
Monroe-Lord, Lillie, District of Columbia Cooperative Extension
Misner, Scottie, University of Arizona
Reicks, Marla, University of Minnesota
Richards, Rickelle, Brigham Young University
Topham, Glade, Oklahoma State University
Wong, Siew Sun, Oregon State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2016 W3003 annual meeting was held from Wed 04/06/2016 to Sat 04/09/2016 – immediately following the 2016 Experimental Biology meeting – at the Sheraton Hotel in San Diego, CA. The meeting host was Siew Sun Wong. Attendees included:

 

Anderson, Alex, University of Georgia (call in)

Banna, Jinan, University of Hawaii @ Manoa¹

Cluskey, Mary, Oregon State University

Leon Guerrero, Rachael T., University of Guam² (call in)

Gunther, Carolyn, Ohio State University³

Hongu, Nobuko Kay, University of Arizona⁴

Jones, Blake, Purdue University

Lora, Karina, Oklahoma State University (call in)

McElwain, Alyssa, University of Wyoming (call in)

Monroe-Lord, Lillie, District of Columbia Cooperative Extension

Misner, Scottie, University of Arizona

Reicks, Marla, University of Minnesota

Richards, Rickelle, Brigham Young University⁵

Topham, Glade, Oklahoma State University

Wong, Siew Sun, Oregon State University

 

¹2015-16 Chair-Elect, ²Administrative Advisor, ³2015-16 Chair, ⁴Secretary, ⁵Past Chair

 

Main accomplishments:

• We reviewed findings from the pre-pilot study for objective 1; using these data, we worked to draft the final research protocol documents – both the child and parent protocols. The child working group included: Jinan Banna, Mary Cluskey, Carolyn Gunther, Blake Jones, Lillie Monroe-Lord, and Siew Sun Wong. The parent working group included: Kay Hongu, Karina Lora, Scottie Misner, Marla Reicks, Rickelle Richards, and Glade Topham. 


• We revised the recruitment grid for objective 1 to add new members, and stratify not only by child race/ethnicity, but also sex of child. Each member is expected to recruit up to 5 parent-child dyads. We also assigned site and participant ID numbers (to be used in the upcoming Objective 1 study) and developed a data management plan.


• The study timeline was reviewed and modified:

 

Revised Timeline (April 2016)
Submit IRB amendment (Objective 1)	April to May 2016
Recruit and collect data	June to September 30 2016
Data entry, checking, cleaning; sharing; analysis	September 2016 to March 2017
Objectives 2 and 3	2017-2018
Objective 4, develop next multistate proposal	2018-2019

 

• W3003 group bylaws, which outline member expectations, were developed based on the bylaws document from the previous W2003 project.


• Topics for papers from Objective 1 were discussed and writing groups assigned.


• Developing a USDA AFRI proposal (to be submitted in the upcoming call for applications), led by Glade Topham (in PI role), was discussed. The topic would align directly with the W3003 project.


• Members nominated Jinan Banna (Chair), Blake Jones (Chair-Elect), and Scottie Misner (Secretary) to serve in leadership positions for the 2016-17 term. Carolyn Gunther will serve as Past Chair. The next annual meeting is scheduled for University of HI @ Manoa from March 15-19, 2017. Jinan Banna will serve as meeting host and Blake Jones will chair the meeting.

Accomplishments

<p><em>Background</em></p><br /> <p>There is limited evidence about how adolescents make food choices without the direct supervision of their parents, who are primary influencers of their choices and consumption behavior (Savage et al., 2007). US children and adults are consuming food more frequently throughout the day and more at each occasion (Popkin and Duffey, 2010); a rise that parallels the rise in obesity and increases in portion sizes (Piernas and Popkin, 2011). That consumption is occurring as primary eating or meal occasions but increasingly as secondary eating which may or may not be mealtime eating. Additionally, while evidence shows that most families (58%) consume about 5 or more meals/week together, (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 2011), others report that the percentage consuming shared family meals decreases among lower SES groups (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2013). The 1994-96 CFSII data reveal a mean of 4.5 daily eating occasions/day (Ritchie, 2012). Adolescents (10-13 years old) who are becoming more independent are likely making food choice decisions on their own at some of those other daily eating occasions. However, frequency of eating and snacking are both increasing and what and how much food adolescents choose and consume when they are outside of their parental influence is not known. The work exploring parental practices and their impact on children&rsquo;s intakes, weight and eating behaviors is not well established. In particular, a focus on what occurs in those occasions when the child is making independent choices and not in the presence of the parent needs more clarity. What strategies do parents use to model healthy food intake? How can the behavior of modeling or creating rules and expectations be measured and how do those behaviors impact children&rsquo;s food intake? How often do early adolescents make independent food choices and are there parental expectations for choices that they make? How compliant are they with their parental rules? How do role modeling, food choice rules or expectations and food availability translate into food choices when a child is on their own or with peers or siblings at an eating occasion? How can parents be more motivated and overcome the barriers they perceive to practicing positive eating-related parental behaviors? Having a greater understanding of this phenomenon fosters the ability to communicate and promote effective practices and strategies to parents for managing healthy eating among their youth.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><em>Project Objectives</em> 1. Explore and identify key parental practices (role modeling, making healthy foods available, and setting rules/expectations and other practices) that may impact eating behaviors and food choices during independent eating occasions and weight among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents. 2. Examine the association between key parental practices and positive eating behaviors during independent eating occasions among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents 3. Examine the association between key parental practices and early adolescents&rsquo; weight. 4. Develop communications for parents and nutrition professionals.</p><br /> <p><em>Main Accomplishments for 2015-16</em></p><br /> <p>The main accomplishment of the W3003 group in 2015-16 was developing, testing, and finalizing the research protocols to be used in Objective 1 of the project. Progress on this task was facilitated through monthly conference calls in which we reviewed pilot test progress, discussed and worked to resolve issues, and devised &lsquo;next steps.&rsquo; In addition to the monthly conference calls, the child and parent protocol subgroups met on an as-needed basis to work on the protocol revisions. The work invested in developing and testing the protocols has positioned us to launch data collection for Objective 1 with a seamless approach that will enhance our data collection efforts. Another major accomplishment was the publication of the <em>Nutrients</em> review article, which highlighted the need for more information that characterizes independent eating occasions among preadolescents and the influence of parents. Worth noting, this paper was published in a special issue focused on childhood obesity prevention and treatment, which was chaired by Dr. Nicole Larsen, a leading national scholar in the area.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>In addition, understanding the need to expand and diversify our group, with support from our new Administrative Leader, Dr. Rachael Leon Guerrero, we successfully recruited and integrated multiple new members:&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Dr. Alex Anderson, University of Georgia, Foods and Nutrition</p><br /> <p>Dr. Blake Jones, Purdue University, Human Development and Family Studies</p><br /> <p>Dr. Ruth Litchfield, Iowa State University, Food Science and Human Nutrition</p><br /> <p>Dr. Lillie Monroe-Lord and colleagues, University of the District of Columbia, Nutrition and Dietetics</p><br /> <p>Dr. Alyssa McElwain, University of Wyoming, Human Development and Family Sciences</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Finally, at the 2016 annual meeting, as outlined above, we completed the final revisions to the research protocols (Objective 1), prepared for launching Objective 1 (revised recruitment grid, assigned site and participants ID numbers, developed data management plan), reviewed and revised the study timeline, developed an outline of manuscripts (and accompanying writing groups) that will come from Objective 1. We also strategized a plan to submit a USDA AFRI grant, reviewed the W3003 bylaws, and elected the new 2016-17 leadership.</p>

Publications

<p>Reicks M, Banna J, Cluskey M, Gunther CW, Hongu NK, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS. (2015) Influence of parenting practices on eating behaviors of early adolescents during independent eating occasions: implications for obesity prevention. Nutrients. 7:8783-8801.</p><br /> <p>Banna J, Reicks M, Gunther C, Richards R, Bruhn B, Cluskey M, Wong SS, Misner S, Hongu N, Johnston NP. (2016) Perceived effects of emotion-based messages on motivation of Hispanic and Asian parents of early adolescents to engage in calcium-rich food and beverage parenting practices. Nutr Res Pract. 10:e26.</p><br /> <p>Martinez Y, Bellajos M, Bruhn C, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Johnston P, Misner S, Reicks M, Richards R, Wong SS, Banna JC. Evaluation of Messages to Motivate Parents to Promote Intake of Calcium-Rich Foods in Early Adolescents. Accepted at Community Scholarship and Engagement.</p><br /> <p>Vyduna JL, Boushey CJ, Bruhn CM, Reicks M, Auld GW, Cluskey M, Edlefsen M, Misner S, Olson B, Schram J, Zaghloul S. Field testing a questionnaire to identify parental psychosocial factors related to consumption of calcium-rich foods of their early adolescent children. Ecol Food Nutr. 2016;55(1):1-15.</p><br /> <p>Cluskey M, Wong SS, Richards R, Ballejos M, Reicks M, Auld G, Boushey C, Bruhn C, Misner S, Olson B, Zaghoul S. Dietary sources of calcium among parents and their early adolescent children in the United States by parent race/ethnicity and place of birth. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(2):432-440.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Impact Statements

1. Broad: In the current project, we explore if and to what extent certain parental practices impact the eating patterns of early adolescents during independent eating occasions, which may be used in future education and social marketing initiatives aimed at supporting parents of early adolescent children to facilitate healthier eating among their children.

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Report Information

Participants

Anderson, Alex, University of Georgia (video call in)
Cluskey, Mary, Oregon State University
Gangana, Prema, University of the District of Columbia
Leon Guerrero, Rachael , University of Guam(2)
Gunther, Carolyn, Ohio State University(5)
Hongu, Nobuko Kay, University of Arizona
Jones, Blake, Purdue University(1)
Lora, Karina, Oklahoma State University (video call in)
Monroe-Lord, Lillie, University of the District of Columbia
Misner, Scottie, University of Arizona(4)
Reicks, Marla, University of Minnesota,
Richards, Rickelle, Brigham Young University
Topham, Glade, Oklahoma State University

(1)2017-18 Chair-Elect
(2)Administrative Leader
(3)2016-17 Chair
(4)Secretary
(5)Past Chair

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2017 W3003 annual meeting was held on Wed 03/15/2017 to Sat 03/18/2017 at the University of Hawaii at Manoa (as well as the New Otani Kaimana Hotel in Honolulu), which was the home university to the 2016 chair - Jinan Banna.

The following list includes the main accomplishments of this year’s annual W3003 meeting:

1. We reviewed findings from the pilot study data collection for Objective 1. Members of the team at the various locations each collected data from approximately 5 parent-child dyads this past year and we ended up with a dataset that included information from 50 families (100 individuals).  Using these data, we organized into several groups to assess the different types of data collected and begin working on manuscripts in subgroups, as well as coding the data to develop the surveys that will be used in Objective 2. The quantitative data (survey responses, anthropometrics, and context around child eating occasion photos) group consisted of Rickelle Richards, Blake Jones, and Kay Hongu. The Methods group (took the lead in writing the methods section for manuscripts) consisted of Lillie Monroe-Lord, Prema Gangana, Alex Anderson, and Karina Lora. The qualitative group (parent and child interview data) consisted of Glade Topham, Mary Cluskey, Martha Reicks, and Carolyn Gunther. Jinan Banna and Siew Sun Wong were both absent due to health issues, but will also help with the qualitative group going forward. Scottie Misner was present at the meeting and took notes for all of the groups. She will now be retiring from the group.


2. We revised the recruitment grid for objective 2 to add new members, and stratify not only by child race/ethnicity, but also sex of child.  Each member is expected to recruit up to 40 parent-child dyads, for a total of up to 480 families.  We also assigned site and participant ID numbers (to be used in the Objective 2 study) and developed a data management plan.


3. The study timeline was reviewed and modified:
   
   
   
   • April to July 2017 — Survey development (based on qualitative interviews and feedback from parents)
   
   
   • August 2017 — Pilot testing new surveys
   
   
   • September 2017 to January 2018 — Data collection for Objective 2
   
   
   • January 2018 — Data entry
   
   
   • February to March 2018 — Data cleaning
   
   
   • March 2018 — Annual meeting, and analyze data
   
   
   • 2017 to 2018 — Objectives 2 & 3
   
   
   • 2018 to 2019 — Objective 4, develop next multistate proposal
   
   
   
   


4. W3003 group bylaws, which outlines member expectations, was developed referencing the bylaws document from the previous W2003 project


5. Topics for papers from Objective 1 were discussed and writing groups were assigned to 8 specific papers that we are working on for publication. Each of these papers are assigned to a primary first author, with small subgroups assigned to help with analyses and writing.


6. We discussed developing a USDA AFRI proposal (to be submitted in the upcoming call for applications). The topic would align directly with the W3003 project.


7. Members nominated Blake Jones (Chair), Glade Topham (Chair-Elect), and Karina Lora (Secretary) to serve in leadership positions for the 2017-18 term. Jinan Banna will serve as Past Chair.  The next annual meeting is scheduled for the University of Georgia from March 21-24, 2018. Alex Anderson will serve as meeting host and Glade Topham will chair the 2018 meeting.

Accomplishments

<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Accomplishments</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> for 2016-2017</span></strong></p><br /> <p><em>Background</em> There is limited evidence about how adolescents eat when they are making food choices without the direct influence of their parents, who are primary influencers of their choices and consumption behavior as children (Savage et al., 2007). US children and adults are consuming food more frequently throughout the day and more at each occasion (Popkin and Duffey, 2010); a rise that parallels the rise in obesity and increases in portion sizes (Piernas and Popkin, 2011). That consumption is occurring as primary eating or meal occasions but increasingly as secondary eating which may or may not be mealtime eating. Additionally, while evidence shows that most families (58%) consume about 5 or more meals/week together, (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 2011), others report the percentage consuming shared family meals decreases among lower SES groups (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2013). The 1994-96 CFSII data reveal a mean of 4.5 daily eating occasions/day (Ritchie, 2012). Adolescents (10-13 years old) who are at the age of becoming more independent are likely making food choice decisions on their own at some of those other daily eating occasions. However, frequency of eating and snacking are both increasing and what and how much food adolescents choose and consume when they are outside of their parental influence is not known. The work exploring parental practices and their impact on children&rsquo;s intakes, weight and eating behaviors is not well established. In particular, a focus on what occurs in those occasions when the child is making independent choices and not in the presence of the parent needs more clarity. What strategies do parents use to model healthy food intake? How can the behavior of modeling or creating rules and expectations be measured and how do those behaviors impact children&rsquo;s food intake? How often do early adolescents make independent food choices and are there parental expectations for choices that they make? How compliant are they with their parental rules? How do role modeling, food choice rules or expectations and food availability translate into food choices when a child is on their own or with peers or siblings at an eating occasion? How can parents be more motivated and overcome the barriers they perceive to practicing positive eating related parental behaviors? Having a greater understanding of this phenomenon fosters the ability to communicate and promote effective practices and strategies to parents for managing healthy eating among their youth.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;<em>Project Objectives</em> 1. Explore and identify key parental practices (role modeling, making healthy foods available, and setting rules/expectations and other practices) that may impact eating behaviors and food choices during independent eating occasions and weight among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents. 2. Examine the association between key parental practices and positive eating behaviors during independent eating occasions among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents 3. Examine the association between key parental practices and early adolescents&rsquo; weight. 4. Develop communications for parents and nutrition professionals</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;<em>Main Accomplishments for 2016-2017&nbsp; </em>The main accomplishment of the 2016-2017 of the W3003 group was collecting the pilot data for Objective 1. The various sites each collected data from approximately 5 parent-child dyads, including parent surveys, child surveys, anthropometric measurements (heights, weights, waist circumferences), parent interviews, and child interviews. This yielded an initial sample of over 50 parent-child dyads, with rich, in-depth data from interviews and pictures of foods eaten, as well as surveys and objective anthropometric measurements. Progress on this task was facilitated through monthly conference calls in which we reviewed IRB approval processes, and data collection progress, discussed and worked to resolve issues, and devised &lsquo;next steps.&rsquo;&nbsp; The work invested in developing and testing the protocols has positioned us to launch data collection for Objective 1 with a seamless approach that will enhance our data collection efforts.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;At the 2017 annual meeting, we organized all of our data files from Objective 1 and put them into a master file. We discussed data collection challenges and issues that came up, as well as specific data from both the qualitative and quantitative datasets. We broke up into groups to begin coding the data and looking for themes to help develop our Objective 2 surveys that we are working on now. We made decisions on the details for the Objective 2 study (revised recruitment grid, assigned site and participants ID numbers, developed data management plan), reviewed and revised the study timeline, and developed an outline for 8 new manuscripts (and accompanying writing groups) that will come from Objective 1.&nbsp; We also strategized a plan to submit a USDA AFRI grant, reviewed the W3003 bylaws, and elected the new 2017-18 leadership.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;In addition, with Scottie Misner retiring from the group and having several other members choose to withdraw (such as Ruth Litchfield, William Rice, and Alyssa McElwain) we will likely seek to add a couple of replacements to the group. One example of this is the addition of Vanessa da Silva (at the University of Arizona, where Scottie Misner is located). Dr. da Silva is an Extension Specialist and will work with the group going forward.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Publications

<p>Banna JC, Reicks M, Gunther C, Richards R, Bruhn C, Cluskey M, Wong SS, Misner S, Hongu N, Johnston NP. (2016). Evaluation of emotion-based messages designed to motivate Hispanic and Asian parents of early adolescents to engage in calcium-rich food and beverage parenting practices. Nutr Res Pract. 10:456-463.</p><br /> <p>Martinez Y, Bellajos M, Bruhn C, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu, N, Johnston P, Misner S, Reicks M, Richards R, Wong SS, Banna JC. (2016). Evaluation of messages to promote intake of calcium-rich foods in early adolescents. J Community Engagement and Scholarship. 9:109-119.</p>

Impact Statements

1. The protocols developed to characterize independent eating occasions in practical and meaningful ways may eventually be used by other investigators doing similar research

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Report Information

Participants

Anderson, Alex (fianko@uga.edu), University of Georgia
Banna, Jinan (jcbanna@hawaii.edu), University of Hawaii @ Manoa
Cluskey, Mary (cluskeym@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University
da Silva, Vanessa (vdasilva@email.arizona.edu), Arizona State University
Gunther, Carolyn (gunther.22@osu.edu), Ohio State University
Hongu, Nobuko Kay (hongu@email.arizona.edu), University of Arizona
Jones, Blake (blakejones@purdue.edu), Purdue University
Lora, Karina R (karina-lora@ouhsc.edu), University of Oklahoma
Monroe-Lord, Lillie (lmonroelord@udc.edu), University of the District of Columbia
Reicks, Marla (mreicks@umn.edu), University of Minnesota
Richards, Rickelle (Rickelle_richards@byu.edu), Brigham Young University
Topham, Glade (gtopham@ksu.edu), Kansas State University
Wong Siew Sun (Siewsun.wong@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2018 W3003 annual meeting was held on Wed 03/21/2018 (to Sat 03/24/2018) at the University of Georgia, which was the home university to Alex Anderson (2018-2019 secretary elect)

 

Attendees included:

Anderson, Alex, University of Georgia

Banna, Jinan, University of Hawaii @ Manoa (video call in)⁴

Cluskey, Mary, Oregon State University (video call in)

da Silva, Vanessa (vdasilva@email.arizona.edu), Arizona State University

Gunther, Carolyn, Ohio State University

Jones, Blake, Purdue University²

Lora, Karina, Oklahoma State University (video call in)³

Reicks, Marla, University of Minnesota,

Richards, Rickelle, Brigham Young University

Topham, Glade, Kansas State University¹

Wong Siew Sun, Oregon State University

 

¹2017-18 Chair-Elect, ²2017-18 Chair, ³2017-2018 Secretary, ⁴Past Chair

 

1)   The qualitative methods team (Glade Topham, Mary Cluskey, Martha Reicks, Carolyn Gunther, and Jinan Banna) presented the results of the qualitative analyses conducted this past year on Objective 1 data and presented the draft of associated items for the surveys.  The quantitative team (Rickelle Richards and Blake Jones) reviewed the child data from Objective 1 and made decisions regarding how to present the food data and how to structure the data base. The methods team (Karina Lora, Alex Anderson and Siew Sun Wong)  reviewed and updated the methods used in Objective 1 to be extracted for use in papers to be published from this work.

2)   We reviewed and revised rough drafts of items for the parent and child surveys. We discussed the process and timeline of conducting cognitive interviewing to test surveys and made assignments for conducting these interviews.

3)   We discussed plans for pilot testing the surveys via Qualtrics after cognitive interviews and edits are made. We will pilot the measures with 100 parent-child dyads at two time points. We agreed to move child eligibility from ages 10-13 to 11-14 due to the fact that older children are more likely to be able to answer the FFQ accurately.

4)   We reviewed and revised the list of papers and authors to be worked on this next year and discussed upcoming conference presentation deadlines and ideas.

5)   We assigned a core writing team and began to develop objectives for the project renewal (W-4003).

6)   The study timeline was reviewed and modified: 

 

Revised timeline (March 2018)
Finalize surveys	End of March 2018
Conduct cognitive interviewing training	April 2018
Submit IRB amendments	May 2018
Conduct cognitive interviews	May 2018
Revise surveys and add food frequency and demographic items	June 2018
Pilot surveys via Qualtrics	July 2018
Revise surveys	August 2018
Background for W4003 completed	September 2018
Methods for W4003 completed	October 2018
Full data collection	October 2018
Data cleaning	November to December 2018
Submission of W4003 Proposal	January 15, 2019
Analyses and manuscript development	Spring 2019
Plan and develop future intervention components targeting independent eating occasions.	2020
Design, implement and evaluate pilot interventions	2021
Share educational materials and resources with others in cooperation with state partners	2022

 

7)   Members nominated Glade Topham (Chair), Karina Lora (Chair-Elect), and Alex Kojo Anderson (Secretary) to serve in leadership positions for the 2018-19 term. Blake Jones will serve as Past Chair.  The next annual meeting is scheduled for the Arizona State University March 13-16, 2018. Vanessa da Silva will serve as meeting host and Glade Topham will chair the 2019 meeting.

 

 

Accomplishments

<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p><br /> <p><em>Background.&nbsp; </em>There is limited evidence about how adolescents eat when they are making food choices without the direct influence of their parents, who are primary influencers of their choices and consumption behavior as children (Savage et al., 2007). US children and adults are consuming food more frequently throughout the day and more at each occasion (Popkin and Duffey, 2010); a rise that parallels the rise in obesity and increases in portion sizes (Piernas and Popkin, 2011). That consumption is occurring as primary eating or meal occasions but increasingly as secondary eating which may or may not be mealtime eating. Additionally, while evidence shows that most families (58%) consume about 5 or more meals/week together, (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 2011), others report the percentage consuming shared family meals decreases among lower SES groups (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2013). The 1994-96 CFSII data reveal a mean of 4.5 daily eating occasions/day (Ritchie, 2012). Adolescents (10-13 years old) who are at the age of becoming more independent are likely making food choice decisions on their own at some of those other daily eating occasions. However, frequency of eating and snacking are both increasing and what and how much food adolescents choose and consume when they are outside of their parental influence is not known. The work exploring parental practices and their impact on children&rsquo;s intakes, weight and eating behaviors is not well established. In particular, a focus on what occurs in those occasions when the child is making independent choices and not in the presence of the parent needs more clarity. What strategies do parents use to model healthy food intake? How can the behavior of modeling or creating rules and expectations be measured and how do those behaviors impact children&rsquo;s food intake? How often do early adolescents make independent food choices and are there parental expectations for choices that they make? How compliant are they with their parental rules? How do role modeling, food choice rules or expectations and food availability translate into food choices when a child is on their own or with peers or siblings at an eating occasion? How can parents be more motivated and overcome the barriers they perceive to practicing positive eating related parental behaviors? Having a greater understanding of this phenomenon fosters the ability to communicate and promote effective practices and strategies to parents for managing healthy eating among their youth.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><em>Project Objectives</em>. Explore and identify key parental practices (role modeling, making healthy foods available, and setting rules/expectations and other practices) that may impact eating behaviors and food choices during independent eating occasions and weight among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents. 2. Examine the association between key parental practices and positive eating behaviors during independent eating occasions among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents 3. Examine the association between key parental practices and early adolescents&rsquo; weight. 4. Develop communications for parents and nutrition professionals</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><em>Main Accomplishments for 2017-2018</em></p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>The main accomplishment of the 2017-2018 of the W3003 group was cleaning and analyzing data from Objective 1. For Objective 1 we collected data from approximately 5 parent-child dyads, including parent surveys, child surveys, anthropometric measurements (heights, weights, waist circumferences), parent interviews, and child interviews at each site. This yielded a sample of over 50 parent-child dyads, with rich, in-depth data from interviews and pictures of foods eaten, as well as surveys and objective anthropometric measurements. The quantitative team developed methods for entering food data and built, cleaned, and conducted analyses on the quantitative data set. Two researchers independently coded the children&rsquo;s food photos into broader categories, which were then used for data analyses for professional meeting abstracts.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>The qualitative team independently coded several of the same parent interview transcripts in order to establish interrater agreement using the codebook developed by the team. After coding the transcript, team members discussed codes and updated the code book. This was repeated until satisfactory interrater agreement was achieved. Next, each of the five qualitative team members coded 10 transcripts, one after the other so each would have the most up to date code book when coding. After the coding was complete and themes were identified, two team members were assigned to create items for each theme, with a primary item developer and a secondary reviewer who suggested edits or additional items. The team then reviewed all items and made edits together to the items in preparation for the annual meetings and survey development. Two researchers also reviewed the child interview transcripts to ensure consistency between parent and child themes.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>The methods team collated the methods employed in data collection, coding and analyses into one document. Progress throughout the year was facilitated through monthly web conferences with the full group and additional sub group meetings as necessary.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Publications

<p>Reicks M., Davey, C., Anderson, A. K., Banna J., Cluskey M., M., Gunther, C., Jones, B., Richards, R., Topham, G. L., Wong, S. S. (Under review). Frequency of Eating Alone among Adolescents is Associated with Dietary Intake, Perceived Parent Support and Weight Status: Cross-sectional FLASHE Study Results. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Papers and posters presented last year:</span></p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Suzuki A, Anderson A, Choi SY, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Jones B, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Penicka C, Reicks M, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS, Banna JC<strong>. </strong>Characterizing Eating Behaviors of Adolescents Ages 10-13 in Hawaii While Eating Alone. University of Hawai&lsquo;i College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Research Symposium. Honolulu, Hawai&lsquo;i; 2018, oral presentation by Asuka Suzuki (PhD student).&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Suzuki A, Anderson A, Cluskey M, Ganganna P, Gunther C, Hongu N, Jones B, Litchfield R, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Penicka C, Reicks M, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS, Banna JC. Characterizing eating behavior during independent eating occasions among early adolescents in Hawaii. East-West Center International Graduate Student Conference. Honolulu, Hawai&lsquo;i, 2018, oral presentation by Asuka Suzuki (PhD student).&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Papers and Posters to be Presented During the Upcoming Yea</span>r</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Richards R, Jones B, Anderson A, Banna JC, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS. Parental practices and its impact on 10-13 year-old children. Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo, 2018, Washington, D.C., presentation by Rickelle Richards.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Suzuki A, Anderson A, Choi SY, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Jones B, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Penicka C, Reicks M, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS, Banna JC. Characterizing eating behavior during independent eating occasions among early adolescents in Hawaii. Nutrition 2018, Boston, Massachusetts, poster presentation by Asuka Suzuki (PhD student).&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Banna JC, Richards R, Jones B, Anderson A, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS, Lim E. Describing independent eating occasions among low-income adolescents ages 10-13 in the United States: a multi-state study. Nutrition 2018, Boston, Massachusetts, poster presentation by Jinan Banna.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Anderson AK, Richards R, Jones B, Banna J, Gunther C, Hongu N, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS. Challenges in collecting pictorial data and identifying foods in dietary assessment of early adolescents. Dietary Intake 2018: Workshop on Innovative Technologies for Dietary Intake Measurements. September 17, Imperial College, United Kingdom, presentation by Alex Anderson</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Reicks M, Davey C, Anderson AK, Banna J, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Jones B, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS. Frequency of eating alone among adolescents, perceptions of parenting practices, and dietary intake: results from the FLASHE Study. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior Annual Meeting July 2018, Minneapolis.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Impact Statements

1. 4. We utilized the secondary FLASHE data to examine adolescent independent eating occasions (paper under review). Findings make an important contribution to what we know about the correlates of independent eating. We found that adolescents who ate alone more frequently were more likely to eat meals from a box, eat more junk food and sugary drinks, have fewer fruits and vegetables in the home, and to be overweight/obese. In addition, adolescents who ate alone more frequently were less likely to report that their parents supported healthy eating.

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Report Information

Participants

Anderson, Alex (fianko@uga.edu), University of Georgia
Banna, Jinan (jcbanna@hawaii.edu), University of Hawaii @ Manoa
Cluskey, Mary (cluskeym@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University
da Silva, Vanessa (vdasilva@email.arizona.edu), Arizona State University
Gunther, Carolyn (gunther.22@osu.edu), Ohio State University
Hongu, Nobuko Kay (hongu@email.arizona.edu), University of Arizona
Jones, Blake (blake.jones@byu.edu), Brigham Young University
Lora, Karina R (klora@email.gwu.edu), George Washington University
Monroe-Lord, Lillie (lmonroelord@udc.edu), University of the District of Columbia
Reicks, Marla (mreicks@umn.edu), University of Minnesota
Richards, Rickelle (Rickelle_richards@byu.edu), Brigham Young University
Topham, Glade (gtopham@ksu.edu), Kansas State University
Wong Siew Sun (Siewsun.wong@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Annual Meeting Accomplishments:

• We reviewed progress on papers from Objective 1 and next steps toward publication.


• We made refinements to the parent and youth questionnaires for Objective 2, reducing the number of items and selected existing measures to be included.


• We had experts in online survey methodology and item response theory call into the meeting to provide consultation to the group on best practices.


• Mary Kay Wardlaw provided an administrative update via telephone and answered questions relative to timelines moving forward.


• We discussed potential papers and authorship for the Objective 2 data.


• Members nominated Karina Lora (Chair), and Alex Kojo Anderson (Chair-Elect), and Lillie Monroe-Lord (Secretary) to serve in leadership positions for the 2019-20 term. Glade Topham will serve as Past Chair. The next annual meeting is scheduled for the University of Hawaii March 11-14, 2020. Jinan Banna will serve as meeting host and Karina Lora will chair the 2020 meeting.

 

The TERMINATION REPORT is Attached

Accomplishments

<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Accomplishments for 2017-2018</span></strong></p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><em>Background.&nbsp; </em>Parents are primary influencers of adolescent food choices and consumption behaviors (Savage et al., 2007). However, there is limited evidence about how adolescents eat when they are making food choices without the direct influence of their parents. US children and adults are consuming food more frequently throughout the day and more at each occasion (Popkin and Duffey, 2010); a rise that parallels the rise in obesity and increases in portion sizes (Piernas and Popkin, 2011). That consumption is occurring as primary eating or meal occasions but increasingly as secondary eating which may or may not be mealtime eating. Additionally, while evidence shows that most families (58%) consume about 5 or more meals/week together, (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), 2011), others report the percentage consuming shared family meals is lower among lower SES groups (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2013). The 1994-96 CFSII data reveal a mean of 4.5 daily eating occasions/day (Ritchie, 2012). Adolescents (10-13 years old) who are at the age of becoming more independent are likely making food choice decisions on their own at some of those daily eating occasions. However, frequency of eating and snacking are both increasing and what and how much food adolescents choose and consume when they are outside of their parental influence is not known. The work exploring parental practices and their impact on children&rsquo;s intakes, weight and eating behaviors is not well established. In particular, a focus on what occurs in those occasions when the child is making independent choices and not in the presence of the parent needs more clarity. What strategies do parents use to model healthy food intake? How can the behavior of modeling or creating rules and expectations be measured and how do those behaviors impact children&rsquo;s food intake? How often do early adolescents make independent food choices and are there parental expectations for choices that they make? How compliant are they with their parental rules? How do role modeling, food choice rules or expectations and food availability translate into food choices when a child is on their own or with peers or siblings at an eating occasion? How can parents be more motivated to overcome the barriers they perceive to engaging in positive food parenting practices? Having a greater understanding of this phenomenon fosters the ability to communicate and promote effective practices and strategies to parents for managing healthy eating among their youth.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><em>Project Objectives</em>. Explore and identify key parental practices (role modeling, making healthy foods available, and setting rules/expectations and other practices) that may impact eating behaviors and food choices during independent eating occasions and weight among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents. 2. Examine the association between key parental practices and positive eating behaviors during independent eating occasions among low-income, multi-ethnic early adolescents 3. Examine the association between key parental practices and early adolescents&rsquo; weight. 4. Develop communications for parents and nutrition professionals</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><em>Main Accomplishments for 2018-2019</em></p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>The main accomplishment of the 2018-2019 project year of the W3003 group was the development and pilot testing of parent and adolescent questionnaires for collection of quantitative data as part of Objective 2 of the project, which includes further data collection from 400 parent-teen dyads from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. The focus of the questionnaires is how caregivers and youth approach independent eating occasions. Most of the questionnaire items were developed by the team based on the qualitative interviews with parents and teens conducted as part of Objective 1 of the study in prior years. Following development of the questionnaires, items were compared with existing measures targeting eating occasions when caregivers are around and some language from these measures were used to adjust wording in the project questionnaires. In addition, items that were similar to others were removed to reduce the length of the questionnaires to reduce respondent burden. Next, team members conducted cognitive interviews with ethnically diverse caregiver-teen dyads while they completed the draft questionnaires to discern where items were unclear and/or youth or parents understood them differently than intended. A subgroup revised the questionnaires based on these interviews. An additional review by the full team was used to continue to reduce the number of items and to identify what existing measures would be included with the project developed questionnaires.</p><br /> <p>The questionnaires were pilot tested with 206 parent/adolescent dyads recruited from a Qualtrics Panelist Database. Exploratory factor analysis was completed to identify 5-6 parallel factors for parents and youth with acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factors included parenting practices that could influence food choices during adolescents&rsquo; independent eating occasions based on teaching, modeling, making foods/beverages available, monitoring and setting expectations for intake. The items within each factor will comprise scales that will be studied in relation to adolescent-reported intake during independent eating occasions and in relation to their overall dietary intake in further survey data collection from 400 parent-adolescent dyads as part of W3003 Objective 2.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Progress throughout the year was facilitated through monthly web conferences with the full group and additional sub group meetings as necessary.</p>

Publications

<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Publications</span></strong></p><br /> <p>Reicks M., Davey, C., Anderson, A. K., Banna J., Cluskey M., M., Gunther, C., Jones, B., Richards, R., Topham, G. L., Wong, S. S. (2019). Frequency of Eating Alone among Adolescents is Associated with Dietary Intake, Perceived Parent Support and Weight Status: Cross-sectional FLASHE Study Results. Public Health Nutrition, (1), 1-12.</p><br /> <p>Gunther, C., Reicks, M., Banna, J., Suzuki, A., Topham, G. L., Richards, R., Jones, B., Lora, K., Anderson, A. K., Pernicka, C., Hopkins, L. C., Cluskey, M., Hongu, K., Monroe-Lord, L., Wong, S. (Under review). Food parenting practices that influence adolescents&rsquo; food choices during independent eating occasions. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. &nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Papers and posters presented last year:</span></p><br /> <p>Richards R, Jones B, Anderson A, Banna JC, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS. Parental practices and its impact on 10-13 year-old children. Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo, 2018, Washington, D.C., presentation by Rickelle Richards.</p><br /> <p>Suzuki A, Anderson A, Choi SY, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Jones B, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Penicka C, Reicks M, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS, Banna JC. Characterizing eating behavior during independent eating occasions among early adolescents in Hawaii. Nutrition 2018, Boston, Massachusetts, poster presentation by Asuka Suzuki (PhD student). &nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Banna JC, Richards R, Jones B, Anderson A, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS, Lim E. Describing independent eating occasions among low-income adolescents ages 10-13 in the United States: a multi-state study. Nutrition 2018, Boston, Massachusetts, poster presentation by Jinan Banna.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Anderson AK, Richards R, Jones B, Banna J, Gunther C, Hongu N, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS. Challenges in collecting pictorial data and identifying foods in dietary assessment of early adolescents. Dietary Intake 2018: Workshop on Innovative Technologies for Dietary Intake Measurements. September 17, Imperial College, United Kingdom, presentation by Alex Anderson</p><br /> <p>Reicks M, Davey C, Anderson AK, Banna J, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Jones B, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS. Frequency of eating alone among adolescents, perceptions of parenting practices, and dietary intake: results from the FLASHE Study. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior Annual Meeting July 2018, Minneapolis, poster presentation by Marla Reicks.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p><br /> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Papers and Posters to be Presented During the Upcoming Yea</span>r&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Banna J, Richards R, Jones B, Anderson A, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu NK, Lora K, Misner S, Monroe-Lord L, Reicks M, Topham G, Wong SS, ^&nbsp;Lim E. (in preparation). Describing independent eating occasions among low-income adolescents ages 10-13 in the United States A multi-state study.</p>

Impact Statements

1. The team interviewed 50 ethnically diverse, low-income parents about adolescent independent eating occasions and found the most common strategies that parents reported to promote positive eating behaviors in their adolescents when they were not around were setting rules and expectations regarding eating behaviors and managing availability and accessibility of foods. Other parenting practices included teaching positive behaviors, pressuring to eat, monitoring (texting or calling), and modeling healthy behaviors when in the presence of the adolescent. Impact: Because low-income families are busy with limited time and financial resources for meal planning and food preparation, knowledge of the most common strategies to promote healthy eating among early adolescents during these occasions will be beneficial for those involved in developing and implementing family-based nutrition education programs. These programs can help low-income parents choose and apply parenting practices that are most likely to promote healthy eating by early adolescents during independent eating occasions within the context of having limited resources and time.

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