Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Members present: Lance Baumgard, Ed DePeters, Tilak Dhiman, Richard Erdman, Vivek Fellner, Mark McGuire, Ronald Pardini, and David Schingoethe. Also attending were Erin Mosely and Aileen Keating. The annual meeting of W-1181 was called to order by chairperson Lance Baumgard at 8:15 a.m. First order of business was to select a secretary. Dave Schingoethe nominated Ed DePeters with a general second by the remaining members. Ed agreed to serve as secretary. Dave then informed the group that this meant that Ed would be chair for next years meeting. The committee reviewed and unanimously accepted the minutes of last year's meeting. The group had a general discussion about next year's meeting. Most members felt that the value of the meeting was "beyond the reports". The discussions that occurred around the reports were of most value to all members. How do we improve attendance at the meeting was discussed. Each member agreed that he/she would work to convince others of the importance in attending the meeting. A goal is to increase attendance at next year's meeting. The group discussed how we can get participation of colleagues from food science. This has been an ongoing point of discussion for years. On occasion we have had a food scientist attend the annual meeting, but it is rare for the person to attend another meeting. Food scientists tend to be funded well by dairy check-off funding so many do not see a benefit to attending the W-1181 meetings. There was no proposed course of action. The group would like to have a speaker at next year's annual meeting, possibly two speakers. Mark suggested that we invite Stu Patton to talk about the history of milk fat. Ed agreed to approach Joe ODonnell of the CA Dairy Research Foundation for funding to support travel and a small honorarium. Lance suggested that we also contact some companies with fat supplements to support speaker travel. If Stu agreed to speak, he would be the lead for day 1 in the morning. A second speaker on a research topic would be selected for the afternoon program. Mark suggested a presentation by Peter Moate on the fat submodel. Mark will be asked to talk with Moate about providing a presentation. The committee emphasized the goal of more graduate student and post-doc participation. Erin Mosely who is completing her doctoral dissertation with Mark attended the meeting and presented the report from Idaho. Aileen Keating, a post doc, represented John Kennelly and the University of Alberta and the University of Vermont. Ron had some opening remarks. In Washington DC there have been discussions to reduce funding support of the Ag Experiment Stations. One proposal would cut funding 50% in the first year and initiate a competitive grant funding structure. Funding to Exp Stations would be reduced to 0% in the second year. The proposal would establish an Institute of Agricultural Research, somewhat like the NIH structure, and involve intramural, extramural, and land grant support. Everything is under discussion and regardless, expect probable changes. Ron emphasized that our W-1181 report must show impact. Impacts to science, stakeholders (e.g. dairy producers, feed industry, etc.) and the discipline are what the group needs to demonstrate. It is also important to emphasize collaborative efforts in the report. Impact can also include outreach activities, for example, (1) presenting research related to W-1181 at field days, (2) presentations to companies, and (3) presentations at nutrition conferences. These activities are demonstrations of transferring information from research activities of W-1181. Station reports began at 9 a.m. Copies of reports were distributed by each presenter. Don Bietz also sent a report, but he could not attend. Submitting annual reports is important since each Ag Experiment Station is receiving funding for the activities. It would be helpful if everyone submitted their reports electronically to Lance Baumgard. If any member is interested in receiving a copy of a specific station report, Lance can distribute it. Mark McGuire volunteered to write a proposal that would compare methodology at various stations. Details are yet to be worked out. As an example, milk fat or butter samples would be sent from Idaho to any station willing to participate. Each station would perform a fatty acid analysis on each sample and send their results back to Mark. This would, for example, allow a comparison of methods. Methylated samples might also be exchange among participants. Another option is for interested participants to collect one or two butter samples from their region and send them to Mark for distribution. This would compare methodology and evaluate regional differences in fatty acids within butter. Mark will distribute the proposal and any station member interested in participating should contact Mark. Mark also agreed to prepare the draft of the publication summarizing the findings of the study. This activity would demonstrate collaboration and hopefully prominently highlight W-1181 in the title. The group discussed again having a speaker. If any members have suggestions for a speaker, please let Ed know. Ron again emphasized that our annual report address impact. Think impact to "cows, society, and environment". Meeting next year will be January 4 & 5, 2007 at University of Nevada, Reno. More information will follow later. We hope to improve participation next year. There were no further discussions. The group decided business was completed and therefore it was not necessary to meet January 6. At 5:45 p.m. Mark McGuire made a motion that the 2006 Annual Meeting of W-1181 adjourn, second by Dave Schingoethe, and unanimously approved by the committee.

Station Reports: Tom Jenkins - Clemson University: Data indicate that oleic acid biohydrogenation results in 10-hydroxy and 10-keto stearic acids and that the conversion was directly related to the amount of oleic acid input. Methods of protecting PUFA from ruminal biohydrogenation were also evaluated and preliminary results indicate that a formaldehyde-treated protein capsules substantially reduced fatty acid loss to biohydrogenation Dale Bauman - Cornell University: Identified two new CLA isomers that reduces milk fat synthesis (trans-9, cis-11 and cis-10, trans-12 CLA). Methods of evaluating rumen protection were also evaluated and results indicate most of the available methods are equally effective (<40%). Butter enriched with vaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol in the Golden Syrian hamster (a coronary heart disease model). Don Beitz - Iowa State University: Results from 233 cows demonstrate that milk fatty acid composition is highly variable, but this variability provides an opportunity to market products such as spreadable butter to niche markets. Vivek Fellner - North Carolina State University: Cows on ryegrass pasture had lower levels of linoleic acid and increased concentrations of linolenic acid and cis-trans methylene isomers. David Schingoethe - South Dakota State University: The effects of condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) on milk fatty acid composition will be determined in 2006. Lance Baumgard - University of Arizona: Preliminary evidence suggests that all mammary most lipogenic genes are down regulated equally within 12 hr after trans-10, cis-12 I.V. infusion suggesting that CLA is acting through a global gene regulator such as SREBP. Ed DePeters - University of California Davis: A novel method of protecting PUFA from rumen biohydrogenation was evaluated. Preliminary evidence suggests that a whey protein gel complex is very effective at protecting linoleic and linolenic acid from biohydrogentation. Richard Erdman - University of Maryland & James Drackley  The University of Illinois: Principle component analysis and multivariate analysis suggests that trans-10 18:1 as well as trans 6-8 18:1 may be involved with milk fat depression. This analysis also suggests that trans-7, cis-9 CLA may also cause milk fat depression. Microarray data indicate that milk fat depression is associated with complex changes in mammary transcript expression patterns. Tilak Dhiman - Utah State University: The CLA and TVA contents of milk from cows fed fresh green chopped alfalfa forage can be enhanced up to 60% by feeding 475 g/d of linseed oil plus menhaden fish oil at a 65:35 ratio without any negative effects on feed intake, milk yield or milk composition. The best combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a calcium salt supplement was 66:34, respectively for optimum productivity and fatty acid profile of milk from dairy cows. Collaborations: A variety of collaboration and key discoveries have resulted from relationships generated and fostered at the W-1181 meeting (see accomplishments and publication lists). Accomplishments Objective 1. Characterize the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Regulation of milk fat synthesis by trans-10, cis-11 CLA involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for lipogenic enzymes and this appears to occur within 12 hr after infusion. The regulation of milk fat synthesis by trans-10, cis-12 CLA is direct and does not involve a downstream metabolite (i.e. conjugated triene). Trans-9, cis-11 and cis-10, trans-12 CLA both reduce milk fat synthesis. Trans-7, cis-9 CLA is negatively associated with milk fat synthesis. Specific trans monoenes (10, 6, 7 & 8) are negatively associated with milk fat production. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep in a manner comparable to lactating cows when the CLA dose is compared on a metabolic body weight basi. Objective 2. Enhance absorption of desired fatty acids for milk fat synthesis through manipulation of diet and lipid transformation by gut microorganisms. Oleic acid is the source of 10-hydroxy stearic acid and 10-keto stearic acid and the rate of production depends on the amount of oleic acid in the rumen. Altering the dietary safflower and fish oil combinations increases the milk fat content of 20:5 and 22:5 but these changes were biologically small. Feeding diets containing high levels of plamitc acid reduced the milk trans-monoene content and created a harder milk fat. Adding pasture (10-30%, ryegrass) to a TMR ration can support high milk yields and decreases and increases, respectively the milk fat contents of linoleic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Objective 3. Develop quantitative models for evaluation of preharvest strategies for production of milk with greater nutritional value. Large variation exists in milk fatty acid composition and this variation influences the atherosclerosis index. Yogurt made from milk with a low atherosclerosis index had similar organoleptic qualities as normal milk. Butter naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid resulted in lower plasma LDL-cholesterol in Golden Syrian hamsters. Flavor and susceptibility to the development of oxidized off-flavors were not altered in 2% fat pasteurized milk that had an 8-fold increase in the cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid contents. Research involving animal models and published epidemiological data indicate that adverse health effects associated with trans fatty acids are associated with industrial sources (partial hydrogenation) rather than ruminant sources. Nutrition and individual variation were major factors affecting cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels and desaturase index of milk fat whereas milk yield and milk fat content and yield had only minimal effects. Milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA increases with advancing lactation, but the magnitude is small, especially compared to changes induced my nutrition alterations. Outreach: Information generated by this group is disseminated to the general public and agricultural communities via a variety of routes. Most, if not all of the W-1181 participants present their results at regional industry targeted conferences (Cornell Nutrition Conference, Intermountain Nutrition Conference, California Nutrition Conference, Northwest Nutrition Conference, Southwest Nutrition Conference, etc..) and producer orientated meetings (field days etc.). This allows for immediate transfer of Academic knowledge to the agriculture industry.

Peer-Reviewed Manuscripts 1. Litherland, N. B., S. Thire, A. D. Beaulieu, C. K. Reynolds, J. A. Benson, and J. K. Drackley. 2005. Dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. J. Dairy Sci. 88:632-643. 2. Cohen-Zinder M., E. Seroussi, D. M. Larkin, J. J. Loor, A. Everts-van der Wind, J.-H. Lee, J. K. Drackley, M. R. Band, A. G. Hernandez, M. Shani, H. A. Lewin, J. I. Weller, and M. Ron. 2005. Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ABCG2 gene with a major effect on the QTL on chromosome 6 affecting milk yield and composition in Holstein cattle. Genome Research 15:936944. 3. Dann, H. M., D. E. Morin, M. R. Murphy, G. A. Bollero, and J. K. Drackley. 2005. Prepartum intake, postpartum induction of ketosis, and periparturient disorders affect the metabolic status of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3249-3264. 4. Loor, J. J., H. M. Dann, R. E. Everts, R. Oliveira, C. A. Green, N. A. Janovick- Guretzky, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. K. Drackley. 2005. Microarray analysis of liver from dairy cows during the dry period through early lactation reveals complex adaptive mechanisms in hepatic gene expression. Physiol. Genomics 23:217-226. 5. Lynch, J.M., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, R. Norbaksh, D.M. Barbano, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 88:489-498. 6. Sæbø, A., J.W. Perfield II, P. Delmonte, M.P. Yurawecz, P. Lawrence, J.T. Brenna, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milk fat synthesis is unaffected by abomasal infusion of the conjugated diene 18:3 isomers cis-6, trans-10, cis-12 and cis-6, trans-8, cis-12. Lipids. 40:89-95. 7. de Veth, M.J., S.K. Gulati, N.D. Luchini, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Comparison of calcium salts and formaldehyde-protected conjugated linoleic acid in inducing milk fat depression. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1685-1693. 8. Lock, A.L., D.E. Bauman, and P.C. Garnsworthy. 2005. Short Communication: Effect of production variables on the cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content of cows milk. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2714-2717. 9. Delmonte, P., A. Kataoka, B.A. Corl, D.E. Bauman, and M.P. Yurawecz. 2005. Relative retention order of all isomers of cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid FAME from the 6,8 to 13,15 positions using silver ion HPLC with 2 different elution systems. Lipids 40:509-514. 10. Lock, A.L., C.A.M. Horne, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid alters tissue fatty acids and improves the plasma lipoprotein profile in cholesterol-fed hamster. J. Nutr. 135:1934-1939. 11. Kay, J.K., W.J. Weber, C.E. Moore, D.E. Bauman, L.B. Hansen, H. Chester-Jones, B.A. Crooker, and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of week of lactation and genetic selection for milk yield on milk fatty acid composition in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3886-3893. 12. McCaughey, K.M., E.J. DePeters, S.J. Taylor, P.H. Robinson, J.E.P. Santos, and J.W. Pareas. 2005. Impact of feeding whole Upland cottonseed, with or without cracked Pima cottonseed with increasing addition of iron sulfate, on milk and milk fat composition of lactating dairy cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123/124:667-685. 13. Morimoto, K.C., A.L. Van Eenennaam, E.J. DePeters, and J.F. Medrano. 2005. Hot Topic: Endogenous production of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in mammalian cells. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1142-1146. 14. Khanal, R. C., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, C. P. Brennand, R. L. Boman, and D. J. McMahon. 2005. Consumer acceptability of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched milk and Cheddar Cheese from cows grazing on pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1837-1847. 15. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, D. Cornforth, and K. C. Olson. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid content of beef from cattle fed diets containing high grain, CLA or forages. Livestock Prod. Sci. 91:117-128. 16. Tiffany, M.E., V. Fellner, and J. W. Spears. 2005. Influence of cobalt concentration on vitamin B12 production, and fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous culture flow-through fermentors. J. Anim. Sci. In Press. 17. Kay, J.K., E.S. Kolver, N.A. Thomson, J.R. Roche and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on production and fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Res. 72:322-332. 18. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on heat stressed Brown Swiss and Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1732-1740. Reviews 1. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. (Eds. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell) Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, NY. pp. 235-238. 2. Lock, A.L., P.W. Parodi, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. The biology of trans fatty acids: implications for human health and the dairy industry. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 60:134-142. 3. Palmquist, D.L., A.L. Lock, K.J. Shingfield, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. (Ed. by S.L. Taylor). Elsevier Inc., San Diego, CA. Volume 50, pp. 179-218. 4. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lock, B.A. Corl, C. Ip, A.M. Salter, and P.W. Parodi. 2005. Milk fatty acids and human health: Potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids. In: Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. (Eds. K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund and M.O. Nielson). Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 523-555. 5. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Regulation of milk fat production. In: Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. (Eds. K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund and M.O. Nielson). Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 383-411. 6. Dhiman, T. R., S. Nam, and A. L. Ure. 2005. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and meat. Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45:436-482. 7. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., M. B. Riley, E. E. Thies, and T. C. Jenkins. 2005. Dilution rate and pH effects on the conversion of oleic acid to trans C18:1 positional isomers in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4334-4341. 8. Baumgard, L.H. J.K. Kay, C.E. Moore, M.J. VanBaale and R.P. Rhoads. 2005. Mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis: potential on-farm applications of basic science. New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 65:33-39. Conference Proceedings 1. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lock, and J.W. Perfield II. 2005. The role of trans fatty acids in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Proc. Intermountain Nutr. Conf. pp. 85-96. 2. Lock. A.L., K.J. Harvatine, I. Ipharraguerre, M. Van Amburgh, J.K Drackley, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. The dynamics of fat digestion in lactating cows: What does the literature tell us? Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 83-94. 3. Perfield II, J.W. and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Current theories and recent advances in the biology of milk fat depression. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 95-106. 4. Lock, A.L., L.A. Sinclair, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milk fat synthesis and its regulation in dairy sheep. Proc. 11th Great Lakes Dairy Sheep Symposium. pp. 67-80 5. Beitz, D.C. 2005. Contributions of animal products to healthy diets. Proc. 2005 Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 117-126. 6. Odens, LJ., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Managing and improving energy balance through the transition period. Reunioin Internacional Sobre Produccion De Carne Y Leche En Climas Calidos. Mexicali, Baja California pp. 66-86. 7. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Calculating and improving energy balance during times of nutrient limitation. Proc. Southwest Nutr. Conf: 173-185. Abstracts and Reports 1. Kadegowda, A. K. G., L. S. Piperova, and R. A. Erdman Principal component and multivariate analysis of milk fatty acid composition data from experiments designed to induce dietary milk fat depression in lactating cows. 2005. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):176. 2. Loor, J. J., L. Piperova, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, J. K. Drackley, R. A. Erdman, and H. A. Lewin. 2005. Mammary gene expression profiling in cows fed a milk-fat depressing diet using a bovine 13,000 oligonucleotide microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):120. 3. Moutsioulis, A.A., D.C. Rule, C.M. Murrieta, D.E. Bauman, A.L. Lock, D.M. Barbano, and G.B. Cary. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid appearance in human breast milk. The FASEB Journal 19 (No. 4), A436. 4. Sims, H.M., C. Major, A.L. Lock, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturases activity induces hypercholesterolaemia in cholesterol-fed hamsters. Nutrition Society Summer Meeting, June 28  July 1, Norwich, UK. 5. Ryan, K.J.P., C. Major, A.L. Lock, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase activity on lipogenic gene expression. Nutrition Society Summer Meeting, June 28  July 1, Norwich, UK. 6. Sinclair, L.A., A.L. Lock, J.W. Perfield II, B.M. Teles, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. The effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep. Proc. Brit. Soc. Animal Sci. (No. 92). 7. Salter, A.M., A.L. Lock, C.A.M. Claire, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Effect of butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid on plasma lipoproteins the cholesterol-fed hamsters. 2nd European Symposium on Dietary Fatty Acids and Health. Euro. Fed Lipid. Frankfurt, Germany. 8. Salter, A.M., A.L. Lock, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Absorption and tissue accumulation of conjugated linoleic acid: A comparison of butter fat and a free fatty acid supplement. 2nd European Symposium on Dietary Fatty Acids and Health. Euro. Fed Lipid. Frankfurt, Germany. 9. Sæbø, A., P.-C. Sæbø, K.J. Shingfield, D.E. Bauman, L. Granlund, J.I. Pedersen, P. Delmonte, and J.M. Griinari. 2005. Identification of novel CLA isomers with anti-lipogenic effect. The 23rd Noridic Lipid Symposium. Reykjavík, Iceland. 10. Castaneda-Gutierrez, E., W.R. Butler, M.J de Veth, A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, D. Luchini, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Effect of supplementation with Ca-salts of fish oil on omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):179-180. 11. McConnell, C., A.L. Lock, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Rumen vs. abomasal infusion of fish oil as a novel approach to determine the extent of rumen biohydrogenation of omega-3 fatty acids and their transfer into milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):180. 12. Lock, A.L., J.W. Perfield II, B.M. Teles, D.E. Bauman, and L.A. Sinclair. 2005. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):210. 13. Perfield II, J.W., A.L. Lock, S. Sæbø, J.M. Griinari, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Trans-9, cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):211. 14. Lock, A.L., C.A.M. Horne, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Effect of vaccenic acid/conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter on plasma lipoproteins in the cholesterol-fed hamster. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):290. 15. Bauman, D.E., J.W. Perfield II, E. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, K.J. Harvatine, and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants: Functional food implications and agricultural applications. Proc. 26th World Congress of International Society for Fat Research, September 2528, Prague, Czech Republic. pp. 55. 16. Chardigny, J.-M., F. Destaillats, C. Malpuech-Brugère, F. Enjalbert, D.E. Bauman, D.M. Barbano, B. German, R.P. Mensink, N. Combe, P. Chaumont, F. Guiffrida, J.-B. Bezelgues, I. Cristiani, J. Moulin, Y. Boirie, F. Dionisi, P.-A. Golay, and J.-L. Sébédio. 2005. Comparative effect of the two different sources of trans fatty acids (milk fat vs hydrogenated oil) on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. First International Symposium on Trans Fatty Acids and Health. Rungstedgaard. Copenhagen, Denmark. 17. Dhiman, T. R., Poulson, C. S., Ure, A. L. and D. Cornforth. 2005. Feed forages enhance CLA and vitamin E content in beef. Feedstuffs Sept. 19:14-17. 18. Dhiman, T. R., S. A. Hagos, J. L. Walters, and S. Tamminga. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega fatty acids in milk from cows fed green chopped forage. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):276. 19. Dhiman, T. R., A. L. Ure, and S. Nam. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk and meat products and its intake in humans. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):181. 20. Vibart, R., V. Fellner, J. Burns, and M. Gumpertz. 2005. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed rations and pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1) : 94. 21. Myers. P. J., S. E. Ellis, K.J.L. Burg, and T. C. Jenkins. 2005. Use of formaldehyde-treated protein capsules as a means to protect conjugated linoleic acid from ruminal biohydrogenation. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1): 83:97. 22. Jenkins, T. C., A. A. AbuGhazaleh, E. J. Thies, and M. B. Riley. 2005. Conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxy and 10-keto stearic acids in vitro and their accumulation in milk of cows fed added fat. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):371. 23. Rhoads, M.L., R.P. Rhoads, L.J. Odens, R. Burgos, S.H. Baker, B.C. Pollard, C.E. Moore, J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of dietary CLA on thermogenesis and body temperature indices in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88. Suppl. (1):211. 24. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, R.P. Rhoads and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. A comparison of trans-10, cis-12 CLA effectiveness at reducing milk fat synthesis in early vs. established lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 88. Suppl. (1):210-211 25. Baker, S.H., S.R. Sanders, S. Zibadi, R.R. Watson and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on whole animal body composition parameters in geriatric mice. FASEB J. 19:A45-46.