Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

SERAIEG-8 Tall Fescue Toxicosis/Endophyte Workshop Minutes of the 17-19 October, 2004 Meeting at Wildersville, TN Participants attending the 2004 meeting included: Chris Agee, David Barker, Ken Coffey, Dan Colling, Randy Dinkins, Neil Fannin, Henry Fribourg, Jimmy Henning, Chengiun Huo, Karen Jones, James Klotz, Isabelle Kagan, Robert Kallenbach, Clyde Lane, David Lang, Bisoondat Macoon, John Dee Perkins, Tim Phillips, Tina Richards, Craig Roberts, Charles Rosenkrans, Anna Sevold, Lori Smith, Tony Stratton, James Strickland, John Waller, and Chuck West A pre-meeting mixer/social was held on the evening of 17 October, 2004 at the Pin Oak Lodge in Wildersville, TN. Chair Charles Rosenkrans called the meeting to order at 8:15 am on 18 October 2004. Dr. Jimmy Henning was present and provided an administrative update. Following introductions state reports were presented in oral and written form from Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. Written reports were submitted from Georgia, New Zealand, Noble Foundation, North Dakota, and Oregon. A business meeting and discussion was led by Charles Rosenkrans on the morning of 19 October, 2004. John Andrae of Georgia was nominated by a committee consisting of Craig Roberts (Chair), John Waller and David Lang to be the incoming Secretary/Chair elect for the 2005 meeting and elected by acclimation. The time and place committee consisting of David Barker (Chair), Karen Jones, Bisoondat Macoon and Ken Coffey recommend that the 2005 meeting be held at the same location (Pin Oak Lodge within the Natchez Trace State Park in Wildersville, TN) 9-11 October, 2005. Approved unanimously. Discussion followed led by Chair Charlie Rosenkrans. What are the active toxins: Lotrieum, loline, ergot alkaloids? Craig Roberts made the comment that NIR was providing the same standard error (SE) for total ergot alkaloids as HPLC. Other discussion concerned animal preference for tall fescue endophytes. Can they select a preference for non-toxic endophyte containing tall fescue compared with toxic endophyte containing tall fescue? Animals prefer endophyte free tall fescue. Some discussion also concerned paying for grazing schools and tall fescue toxicosis workshops for farmers and cattle producers. Missouri reports that a few prospective participants complained about the fee before the school, but no complaints came from actual participants. Tennessee has a Master Cattlemen Course that charges $ 100 with good participation and few complaints about the fee. Chuck West agreed to work on endophyte terminology and revise his J. Prod. Ag. Article for publication in the online Forage and Grazing Lands Journal. There was discussion with some disagreement about the use and nature of the proceedings and state reports. The website at http://animalscience.ag.utk.edu/SERA-IEG8/default.htm contains the statement of purpose and project titles, personnel and accomplishments, but not the contents of the proceedings. Most of the group felt that the state reports in the proceedings were not citable as a reference although reports were being cited in other publications. It was moved by Craig Roberts and seconded by Karen Jones that the state reports are not to be called proceedings and that they include a disclaimer not for citation or publication and that if used in a manuscript that permission be sought from the authors to include it as a personal communication. This was passed by the majority with a few dissentions. Respectfully submitted by David Lang, Secretary

ARKANSAS ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Numerous ergot alkaloids are contained within tall fescue. Three of the more commonly occurring, commercially available ergot alkaloids were utilized in this study. Ergot alkaloids, at the various concentrations used in the current study should include the range of concentrations that occur in the rumen of cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. There was minimal, if any, affect on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The nutritive content of the stockpiled fescue in the current study was 66% digestible and 12% crude protein, indicating that if dry matter intake is adequate, forage alone could meet the nutritional requirements of cows. Concentrations of ergovaline (mean = 344 ppb) were below the quantity of published values that may induce clinical fescue toxicosis in cattle (M. Craig). Although milk yield and percent milk fat was increased in cows supplemented with SH and grazing stockpiled fescue, adjusted 205-d weaning weights of calves from SH-supplemented cows were not increased. Furthermore, body weights and body condition of cows were not affected by supplementation. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Baseline information about the effects of calf gender and serum metabolites for grazing animals and their subsequent carcass composition has been established. We have demonstrated that ivermectin can help alleviate the toxicity of tall fescue and association with diminished steer gains. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Initial phases of the first year of a multiyear trial were completed in which timing of spring weaning dates of fall-borne calves were compared for animal stress and growth. As was noted in a previous 3-yr. study, weaning fall-born calves in mid-April appears to have negative impacts on their long-term growth and development compared with weaning later in the spring. Delaying weaning until at least mid-May may improve subsequent animal gains and thereby reduce discrimination against "fescue" cattle. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: We provided further evidences of a link between endophyte presence and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and dehydrin expression as possible biochemical mechanisms of endophyte-enhanced tiller survival during drought. GEORGIA ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The presence of the endemic strain of Neotyphodium coenophialum confers resistance to some plant-parasitic nematodes, notably the lesion nematode Pratylenchus scribneri and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne marylandi in tall fescue. However, we recently found that the non-ergot-alkaloid producing strain (AR542) in MaxQ tall fescue does not confer resistance to the lesion nematode (resistance to the root-knot nematode was not tested). Because both low mammalian toxicity and nematode resistance are important traits in tall fescue, our objective was to determine whether other non-ergot producing strains of N. coenophialum confer resistance to the lesion nematode. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Initial viable endophyte content of the seed increased with seed maturity (ie. later harvest dates had higher endophyte infection) (Table 1). Similarly, germination of seed exposed to field conditions increased with seed maturity. Germination and initial endophtye infection levels were similar for MaxQ, Jesup-wild type endophyte, or Kentucky-31 (data not shown). Regardless of when the seed was harvested, seedling plants from all field-exposed seeds had 97% viable endophyte infection. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The traditionally recommended spray-smother-spray method for converting toxic tall fescue pastures to nontoxic cultivars is likely limiting adoption of novel endophyte-infected cultivars. A three year study is currently underway to determine the effectiveness of various fall application intervals of glyphosate (2,4 and 6 weeks) versus a single application or the traditional spray-smother-spray method. Year 1 data indicate that mowing to prevent seed production coupled with two fall glyphosate applications applied 6 weeks apart results in similar toxic tall fescue escapes as the spray-smother-spray method. However, excessive residue from pearl millet in the spray smother spray treatment resulted in significantly lower seedling row occupancy and forage yield during the spring following establishment. Ergot alkaloid concentrations of these plots will be monitored over the next several years to determine long-term stability of toxic and MaxQ mixtures. Year two herbicide applications and planting are complete. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Tall fescue-endophyte association seasonally affected cattle performance and stocking rate. During the first 2.5 years of exposure, heifer performance was greater with nonergot-alkaloid producing endophyte than with wild-type endophyte during all four season, but less dramatically in summer. Heifers grazing all three different tall fescue-endophyte associations performed relatively poorly in summer. Since our objective was to equalize forage availability among all treatments at any one point in time, stocking rate was allowed to fluctuate throughout the year. Stocking rate on wild-type endophyte was greater throughout the year compared with nonergot-alkaloid producing endophyte. KENTUCKY ACCOMPLISHMENTS: E+E in herbage samples from tall fescue plants and from multispecies pastures increased from near zero in late April, peaked in mid May followed by secondary peak in late June. In herbage from pastures with less than 20% tall fescue, the E+E exceeded 0.3 ppm, an accepted threshold for animal response. Environment (precipitation and temperature) and farm management practices play a role in E+E levels and tall fescue content of pastures MISSISSIPPI ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Stand persistence of novel non-toxic endophyte infected tall fescue was similar to toxic E+ tall fescue. Cattle preferred to graze E- tall fescue plots indicating that they could detect and avoid grazing tall fescue that was toxic E+ infected while their preference for NE+ tall fescue was generally intermediate. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The results from this 3-yr study suggest that animal performance on tall fescue pastures, though less than ryegrass, appear to be acceptable for sustainable animal production in an area south of the traditional tall fescue zone of adaptation. The success of tall fescue in pasture-based cattle production this region, however, will depend on its persistence in pastures. NOBLE FOUNDATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Sufficient seed of the eight tall fescue endophyte combinations was produced to allow additional grazing tolerance trials to be planted at three locations (Lubbock, Overton, and Iowa Park, Texas) in 2004. Enough seed is on hand so that grazing trials involving steers can be established in fall, 2005. Data for agronomic and animal performance were collected for a third year. All entries have persisted well at this site, which has a fertile soil with very good moisture holding capacity. Steers gains in spring were greatest for GA-5 MaxQ and Dovey, intermediate for GA-5 E- and GA-5 E+, and least for KY-31 E+. Weight gain did not differ in fall. Body temperatures followed similar patterns, with steers on KY-31 E+ having elevated temperatures in spring. Available forage differed only slightly in spring. Endophyte type and infection levels did not shift over time, with all entries having greater than 80% stands at the conclusion of the study. Thus, tall fescue can persist in the Southern Plains, under moderate grazing pressure, on soils with very good moisture holding capacity. OHIO ACCOMPLISHMENTS: We found that observed endophyte levels for E- at Jackson were 77, 118, and 143% greater than expected in autumn 2001, spring 2002 and autumn 2002, respectively. Observed endophyte levels for E- at Belle Valley were 32, 70, and 39% greater than expected in autumn 2001, spring 2002 and autumn 2002, respectively. Observed endophyte levels in Nontoxic-E at all sites were consistent with the endophyte levels in the seed that was planted, and plants had a negligible concentration of toxic alkaloids. We concluded that, where mechanisms for contamination exist, E- tall fescue stands can be readily contaminated by wild tall fescue and its toxic endophyte. Also, Nontoxic-E tall fescue appears less susceptible to contamination by wild tall fescue. OREGON ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Several research projects further defined the digestive kinetics of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass endophyte alkaloids. Several feeding studies examined the ruminal digestion kinetics of ergovaline and lysergic acid in sheep and cattle. In two trials, sheep and beef steers were fed differing levels of E+ tall fescue. The possible effects of endophyte-infected fescue straw on rumen kinetics were studied as well as the potential role of rumen microbes in the metabolism of ergovaline, lysergic acid, and lolines. Animals on E+ diets showed depressed blood prolactin levels. The appearance of lysergic acid in the feces implies that ergot alkaloids in the feed were degraded to lysergic acid by rumen microbial digestion and degradation in the lower gastrointestinal tract. From this research an HPLC assay for lysergic acid was developed.

TF 2004 Meeting Publications ARKANSAS PUBLICATIONS: Looper, M. L., T. S. Edrington, C. F. Rosenkrans, Jr., C. L. Schultz, T. R. Callaway, G. E. Aiken, R. Flores, and D. K. Brauer. 2004. Effects of the ergot alkaloids dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, and ergotamine on the growth of Escherichia col O157:H7 and Salmonella in vitro. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Neotyphodium/Grass Inter. 503. Looper, M. L., G.E. Aiken, R. Flores, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and D.K. Brauer. 2004. Supplementation influences milk yield and milk components of cows grazing stockpiled tall fescue. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Neotyphodium/Grass Inter. 502. Aiken, G. E., S. F. Tabler, M. L. Looper, D. K. Brauer, and J. R. Strickland. 2004. Management of beef cattle to alleviate fescue toxicosis. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Neotyphodium/Grass Inter. 410. Looper, M. L., G. E. Aiken, R. Flores, and C. F. Rosenkrans, Jr. 2004. Effects of diet on performance, reproduction, and economics of market cows grazing stockpiled fescue. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 2):4. Aiken, G. E., M.L. Looper, S. F. Tabler, and J. R. Strickland. 2004. Recovery of yearling calves from fescue toxicosis. XX Int. Graz. Con., Dublin, Ireland. Burke, J. M., D. K. Brauer, and M. L. Looper. 2004. Use of novel endophyte-infected tall fescue for cow-calf production in Arkansas. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):91. Burke, J. M., D. K. Brauer, and M. L. Looper. 2004. Calving rate and production responses of long-term exposure to endophyte-infected tall fescue. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):90. Looper, M. L., G. E. Aiken, S. F. Tabler, R. Flores, and C. F. Rosenkrans, Jr. 2004. Performance of market cows grazing stockpiled tall fescue. AR Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. (In press). Belesky, D.P., and C.P. West. 2004. Abiotic stresses and endophyte effects. In Tall Fescue Information System. http://forages.oregonstate.edu/. Carson, R.D., C.P. West, B. de los Reyes, S. Rajguru, and C.A. Guerber. 2004. Endophyte effects on dehydrin protein expression and membrane leakage in tall fescue. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper # 202. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. Coblentz, W.K., K.P. Coffey, D.A. Scarbrough, T.F. Smith, K.F. Harrison, J.B. Hum¬phry, B.C. McGinley, D.S. Hubbell III, J.E. Turner, and C.P. West. 2004. Using orchard¬grass and endophyte-free fescue versus endophyte-infected fescue overseeded on bermuda¬grass for cow herds: Four-year summary. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper # 414. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodium/¬Grass Interactions. Coffey, K.P., W.K. Coblentz, T.F. Smith, J.E. Turner, D.S. Hubbell, III, D.A. Scarbrough, B.C. McGinley, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr. 2004. Weaning date and pasture rotation frequency effects on forage measurements and performance by fall-born calves grazing tall fescue pastures. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):24 Coblentz, W.K., K.P. Coffey, D.A. Scarbrough, T.F. Smith, D.S. Hubbell, III, K.F. Harrison, B.C. McGinley, J.E. Turner, and J.B. Humphry. 2004. Using orchardgrass and endophyte-free fescue versus endophyte-infected fescue overseeded on bermudagrass for cow herds: four-year summary of cattle performance. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):91. Coblentz, W.K., K.P. Coffey, D.A. Scarbrough, T.F. Smith, K.F. Harrison, D.S. Hubbell, III, B.C. McGinley, J.E. Turner, and J.B. Humphry. 2004. Using orchardgrass and endophyte-free fescue versus endophyte-infected fescue overseeded on bermudagrass for cow herds: four-year summary of forage characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):92. Gunter, S.A., P.A. Beck, K.S. Lusby, C.P. West, and D.S. Hubbell III. 2004. Comparison of three tall fescues containing novel endophytes for stocker cattle weight gain. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper #418. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. Jennings, J.A., C.P. West, A.S. Moubarak, C.R. Rosenkrans, Jr., D.E. Kratz, M.S. Gad¬berry, and T.R. Troxel. 2004. Endophyte Status of Stockpiled Fescue Demonstrations in Arkansas. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper # 516. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodi¬um/¬Grass Interactions. Nihsen, M.E., E.L. Piper, C.P. West, R.J. Crawford, T.M. Denard, Z.B. Johnson, C.A. Roberts, D.A. Spiers, and C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr. 2004. Growth rate and physiology of steers grazing tall fescue inoculated with novel endophytes. J. Anim. Sci. 82:878-883. Reynolds, J.L., R.K. Ogden, K.P. Coffey, W.K. Coblentz, C.V. Maxwell, and K. VanDevender. 2004. In situ digestibility of tall fescue fertilized with different swine manure treatments and harvested on four dates. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):90. Secks, M.E., M.D. Richardson, C.P. West, and J.B. Murphy. 2004. Carbohydrate profiles of Neotyphodium coenophialum. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper #214. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotypho¬dium/Grass Interactions. Secks, M.E., M.D. Richardson, and C.P. West. 2004. Field performance of novel endo¬phyte/tall fescue combinations under water deficit. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper # 405. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. West, C.P., and S.A. Gunter. 2004. Persistence of HiMag tall fescue inoculated with nontoxic endophytes. In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). In R.L. Kallenbach, C.F. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). Paper #518. Abstracts and Proc. of 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. GEORGIA PUBLICATIONS: Timper, P. and J.H. Bouton. 2004. Effect of endophtye status and tall fescue cultivar on reproduction of lesion and stubby root nematodes. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions, R. Kallenbach, C. Rosenkrans, Jr., and T.R. Lock (eds.). University of Arkansas Press #406. Timper, P., R.N. Gates, and J.H. Bouton. 2005. Reproduction of Pratylenchus spp. in tall fescue infected with different strains of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum. Nematology 7: submitted. Hill, N.S., J.H. Bouton, E.E. Hiatt, III and B. Kittle. 2004. Seed maturity, germination, and endophyte relationships in tall fescue. Crop Sci. (In press) C.E. Realini, S.K. Duckett, N.S. Hill, C.S. Hoveland, B.G. Lyon, J.R. Sackman and M.H. Gillis.2004 Effect of endophyte type on carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of beef cattle grazing tall fescue. J. of Anim. Sci. (In Press) R. C. Youngblood, N. M. Filipov, B. J. Rude, D. L. Christiansen, R. M. Hopper, P. D. Gerard, N. S. Hill, B. P. Fitzgerald and P. L. Ryan. 2004. Effects of short-term exposure to endophyte-infected tall fescue diets on the plasma catecholamine metabolite (DOPAC) in mares during early gestation. J. of Animal Sci. (In Press) Franzluebers, A.J. and N.S. Hill. 2004. Soil carbon, nitrogen, and ergot alkaloids with short- and long-term exposure to endophyte-infected and free tall fescue. SSSA (In press) C.A. Roberts, H.R. Benedict, N.S. Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2004. Determination of ergot alkaloid content in tall fescue by near-infrared spectroscopy. Crop Science (in press). Andrae, J.G. 2004. Replacing endophyte-infected tall fescue stands. Vol 13. American Forage and Grassland Council Proceedings. Roanoke, VA. Pg 131-137. Barker, David J., Nicholas S. Hill, and John G. Andrae. 2003 Measuring endophyte in tall fescue- plants, fields and farms. Chapter VI Tall Fescue Information System. In review. Lacy, Curt, John D. Anderson, and John Andrae. 2003. Economic analysis of replacing wild-type endophyte infected tall fescue with novel endophyte-infected tall fescue. Selected paper prepared for presentation at Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Mobile AL, February 1-5 2003. Posted at http://www.agecon.lib.umn.edu/. 17 pgs. Roberts, C. and J. Andrae. 2004. Chapter 18: Public Education on Tall Fescue Toxicosis. In: Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. In press. Roberts, C.A., and J.G. Andrae. 2004. Tall Fescue Toxicosis and Management. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2004-0427-01-MG. Online. Posted at: http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/cm/management/2004/toxicosis/Roberts.pdf Stuedemann JA, Seman DH. 2004. Integrating genetics, environment, and management to minimize animal toxicoses. In: Roberts CA, Spiers DA (Editors), Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses, ASA Monogr. (in press). Franzluebbers AJ, Hill NS, Jenkins MB, Zuberer DA, Humayoun SB, Stuedemann JA. 2004. How does soil respond to wild-type endophyte infection? Paper #310. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Neotyphodium/Grass Interaction, 23-26 May 2004, Fayetteville AR. Stuedemann JA, Seman DH. 2004. Integrating genetics, environment, and management to minimize animal toxicoses. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Neotyphodium/Grass Interaction, 23-26 May 2004, Fayetteville AR. ILLINOIS Jones, K.L., C.R. McCleary, S.S. King, G.A. Apgar, K.E. Griswold. 2004. Consumption of toxic fescue impairs bull reproductive parameters. Prof Anim Sci. 20:1-6. KENTUCKY Long, W., J. C. Henning, B. Coleman, L. Lawrence, C. Peterson, and A. Reinowski. 2002. Overview of the mare reproductive loss syndrome monitoring program for 2002. in Proc. First Workshop on Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome, 2003; 102-112. Univ Kentucky, AES, SR-2003-1 Schultz, C. and L. P. Bush. 2002. The potential role of ergot alkaloids in mare reproductive loss syndrome. in Proc. First Workshop on Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome, 2003; 60-63 Univ Kentucky, AES, SR-2003-1 MISSISSIPPI Macoon, B., R.C. Vann, B.J. Boyd, S.E. Howell, and F.T. Withers, Jr. 2002. Forage production and animal performance on non-toxic endophyte tall fescue. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI.. Macoon, B., R.C. Vann, B. Boyd, S. Howell, and F.T. Withers, Jr. 2003. Evaluation of novel-endophyte tall fescue under grazing conditions. MAFES Information Bull. 399:34. Macoon, B., R.C. Vann, B. Boyd, and F.T. Withers, Jr. 2002. Evaluation of novel-endophyte tall fescue under grazing conditions. MAFES MSU-ES Information Bull. 387:31. Macoon, B., R.C. Vann, J.D. Perkins III, and F.T. Withers, Jr. 2004. Steer performance and forage production on novel-endophyte fescue compared to ryegrass pastures. p. 504. In R. Kallenbach, C. Rosenkrans, and T. Ryan Lock (eds.). Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. Fayetteville, AR., 23-26 May 2004. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Macoon, B., R.C. Vann, J.D. Perkins III, and F.T. Withers, Jr. 2004. Evaluation of novel-endophyte tall fescue under grazing conditions. MAFES Information Bull. 406:37. MISSOURI PUBLICATIONS: Roberts, C.A., H.R. Benedict, N.S Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Determination of ergot alkaloid content in tall fescue by near-infrared spectroscopy. Crop Sci. 45:(in press). Roberts, C.A., and J.A. Andrae. 2004. Tall fescue toxicosis and management. Online. Crop Managm. doi. 10:1094/CM-2004-0427-01-MG. Roberts, C.A., C.P. West, and D.A. Spiers (eds.) 2005. Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. 392 p. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA. (in press) Roberts, C.A., and J.A. Andrae. 2005. Public education in tall fescue toxicosis. p. 359-377. In C.A. Roberts, et al. (eds.) Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA. (in press) Wen, L., J.E. Williams, R.L. Kallenbach, C.A. Roberts, P.R. Beuselinck, and R.L. McGraw. 2004. Cattle preferentially select birdsfoot trefoil from mixtures of tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2004-0924-01-RS. Lock, T. R., R.L. Kallenbach, D.G. Blevins, T.M. Reinbott, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, R.J. Crawford, Jr., M.D. Massie, and J.W. Tyler. 2004. Phosphorus fertilization of tall fescue pastures may protect beef cows from hypomagnesaemia and improve gain of nursing calves. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2004-0608-01-RS. NORTH DAKOTA PUBLICATIONS: N.W. Shappell and D.J. Smith. Ergovaline transport across human gastrointestinal cells (Caco-2). J. Animal Science Vol. 82, Suppl.1, p. 181,T71. N.W. Shappell and L.O. Billey. Assessment of Tasco and YCWP on Ergovaline Toxicity in Caco-2 Cells. J. Animal Science Vol. 82, Suppl.1, p. 181,T72. OHIO PUBLICATIONS: Barker, D. J., R. M. Sulc, T. L. Bultemeier, J. McCormick, R. Little, C. D. Penrose, D. Samples. 2004. Contrasting toxic-endophyte contamination between endophyte-free and nontoxic-endophyte tall fescue pastures. Crop Science (accepted) Barker, D.J., L. Rhodes, M. Burgess, R. Lewandowski, T. Noyes, D. Slates. 2004. Factors affecting the occurrence of endophyte in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue in Ohio dairy pastures. Proceedings of the American Forage and Grasslands Congress 13: 505. Hume D.E. and Barker D.J. 2005. Growth and Management of Endophytic Grasses in Pastoral Agriculture. p. 199-225. In C.A. Roberts, C.P. West, and D.E. Spiers (eds.) Neotyphodium in cool-season grasses. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. 23-26 May 2004. Barker, D.J., N.S. Hill, and J.G. Andrae. 2004. Measuring endophyte in tall fescue - plants, fields and farms. Chapter 6 in the online e-book Tall Fescue Information System http://forages.oregonstate.edu/is/tfis/ Barker, D.J., Penrose, C.; Sulc, R.M.; Little, R.; Samples, D. 2003. Persistence of non-toxic endophyte fescue in S.E. Ohio. Proceedings of the National Assoc of County Ag Agents (NACAA) 88:38-39. Sulc, R.M., McCormick, J.S., Rhodes, L.H., Barker, D.J., Hammond, R.B. 2003. Ohio Forage Performance Trials 2003. OREGON PUBLICATIONS: Blythe L, Craig AM, Pielstick L. Outbreak of fescue foot in Eastern Oregon cattle: A case study. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Bangkok, Thailand. November 9-13, 2003. Lehner AF, Craig AM, Blythe LL, Tobin T. Fescue toxicosis originating from minor peptide alkaloids. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Bangkok, Thailand. November 9-13, 2003. Aldrich-Markham S, Pirelli G, Craig AM. Endophyte Toxins in Grass Seed Fields and Straw Effects on Livestock. Extension Communication EM 8598. Oregon State University Extension Service. August 2003. Fisher MJ, Bohnert DW, Ackerman CJ, Schauer CS, DelCurto T, Craig AM, Vanzant ES, Harmon DL, Schrick FN. Evaluation of Perennial Ryegrass Straw as a Forage Source for Ruminants. Journal of Animal Science. 2004; 82:2175-2184. Hermes JC, Nakaue HS, Craig AM, The Effect of Feeding Endophyte-Infected Feed and Bedding on the Performance of Broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2004; 13:71-76. DeLorme M, Lodge-Ivey SL, Craig AM. Effects of feeding Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue straw on lamb performance. Proceedings of the Western Sectional, American Society of Animal Science Vol 45:393-396 and Poster. Corvallis, OR. June 16-18, 2004. TENNESSEE PUBLICATIONS Blalock, H.M., and C.J. Richards. 2004. 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