Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Summary of accomplishments across the entire W4190 project period:

Across various states, researchers participating in W4190 acquired external federal funding, developed workshops, created new collaborations, and published multiple papers to address the objectives of W4190. Under the objective 1, which is to characterize water resource and human system response to climatic and anthropogenic perturbations, researchers have made significant strides in understanding and addressing the challenges posed by climate change on water resources and agriculture. In California, studies focused on the impact of drought on agricultural practices and the economic value of treated wastewater for irrigation. Colorado researchers evaluated flood risk and behavioral responses to common pool groundwater resource use, while also studying the impact of invasive species on the sagebrush biome. Kansas scholars estimated climate change's impact on water use and aquifer sustainability. In North Carolina, grant funding was secured to prioritize climate adaptation plans for wastewater infrastructure. Research in Oklahoma developed hydrologic models to assess future water availability, while Indiana studies provided insights into management practices against future climate scenarios. Idaho contributed to understanding the economic risks linked to the changing climate. The US Forest Service produced models estimating water yield across the US, aiming to project impacts on water storage and shortages. Studies in various states like Michigan and Mississippi utilized innovative methods to mitigate climate impacts on water use in agriculture, as well as exploring public perceptions of water quality issues. This collective research has spanned from analyzing current water management practices to projecting future conditions and exploring new policy and management strategies to ensure sustainability and resilience in the face of changing climate conditions.

Under objective 2, which is to “Quantify water demand and value of water in competing and complementary water uses”, the efforts by researchers in W4190 has provided deeper insights into the management and valuation of water resources in agricultural and natural systems amid climate change. Studies have focused on the value generated by irrigation from major dams, the benefits to smallholders, and the adoption of water conservation methods by farmers and households. Researchers have evaluated the effectiveness of demand management programs and the economic outcomes of groundwater curtailment, alongside estimating agricultural water use and nutrient management across various landscapes. Additionally, the impact of climate change on groundwater withdrawals and the preferences for groundwater management have been quantified, with findings presented to inform policy and stakeholder decisions. In tandem, investigations have explored the economic cost of over-irrigation in response to extreme heat, the role of water availability in coupled human-agricultural-ecosystems, and the response of power plants to drought conditions. The marginal value of irrigation water, the effects of water quality on crop choice, and consumer welfare impacts under conservation standards have also been scrutinized. Groundbreaking work has been done to enhance datasets on water use, integrating variables such as weather, crop choices, and water table elevations, supporting the development of more accurate and comprehensive models for water management. Collectively, this research provides a vital foundation for advancing sustainable water use practices, improving the resilience of farming systems, and shaping water policy to address the challenges of a changing climate.

Under objective 3, which is to “Evaluate and compare coordinated/integrated management of water sources and land use practices”, researchers addressed the economic aspects of managed aquifer recharge, assessing its feasibility and exploring the broader economic impacts. The adoption rate of efficient irrigation practices and their interplay with land use, particularly their influence on groundwater depletion, has been one of the key focuses. Additionally, studies have evaluated the use of alternative irrigation practices and their coverage, aiming to inform and optimize resource use in agricultural practices. Parallel efforts have honed in on hydro-economic modeling to predict water use, profitability, and aquifer levels under various management policies, including the impact of insurance policies on groundwater use. Projects have also delved into the effectiveness of Green Infrastructure in urban water management and the economic and ecological trade-offs associated with voluntary water conservation practices in rangelands. Integrated management practices of water sources and land use have been analyzed to gauge their sustainability and regional economic impact which has been crucial in developing strategies for resource conservation, understanding the economic values associated with water use in agriculture, and informing policy for sustainable water management amidst climate change challenges.

Finally, under Objective 4, which is to “Evaluate and compare alternative water quantity and quality management strategies and institutions”,

Research by researchers of the W4190 has focused on the development and assessment of water management strategies and their economic implications. For example, a regional model has been developed to evaluate groundwater management institutions in relation to Managed Aquifer Recharge, aiming to understand the performance and impact of institutions on aquifer sustainability. Efforts have also been made to integrate hydro-economic modeling with willingness-to-pay estimates to gauge the economic benefits of groundwater retirement programs and to assess the potential for conservation spillovers from retired wells. In addition, activities have been carried out to enhance the efficacy of payment programs for water-based ecosystem services and to address the information needs of watershed-based management programs. Collaborative efforts have involved using principles from collective action theories to understand support for water management plans, examining the impacts of water restrictions, and engaging in outreach to inform municipal water utilities about conservation pricing. Studies using hydro-economic models have explored innovative water transfer schemes to balance agricultural needs with environmental conservation. At the same time, researchers have employed game-theoretic tools to manage water allocation during droughts and have worked on assessing stakeholder interest in water demand management programs to meet interstate water-sharing obligations. These comprehensive research initiatives are aimed at optimizing water use, ensuring the sustainability of water resources, and informing policy development in the context of climate change and growing water scarcity.

Current year's report:

Objective 1: Characterize water resource and human system response to climatic and anthropogenic perturbations.

California (Dinar, Mahajan, Yang, Parker, Schwabe, D'odorico)

Several working papers and papers in technical journals were published by teams led (or co-led) by Dinar which characterize system responses with respect to the extent and impacts of both current climate changes and anticipated future climate conditions on water resources (e.g., groundwater), and implications for management interventions (Reference list below). Several of these have been presented in professional conferences (Reference list below).

A ‘Choices magazine’ paper by Libecap and Dinar (Reference list below) summarizes and synthesizes the results from a Chicago University Press book on the ability of US agriculture to sustain climate change.

D’Odorico: AI methods were developed to relate groundwater levels in the Central Valley of California to snow cover and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada (May-Lagunes, in press) and infer groundwater response to precipitation trends and declines in snow cover. Similarly, Machine Learning approaches were used to map the expansion of greenhouses for Berry production in Mexico (Hartman et al., 2022). The social impacts of climate change impacts on water resources were explored with respect to migration (Wolde et al., 2023) and urban conflict (Sardo et al., 2023). The coupled dynamics of user behavior and common pool resources were investigated both empirically and theoretically, finding that cooperation emerges in the presence of (a) feedback between resource level and decisions; (b) the presence of shared goals within groups of users (Tu et al., 2020). The impact of climate change on dryland ecosystems and agriculture was analyzed in Wang et al (2022)

Colorado (Goemans, Eiswerth, Suter)

Suter Initiated a new cooperative agreement with the USFS to analyze the impacts of wildfire on community drinking water systems. The research will evaluate demographic characteristics of impacted communities as well as wildfire impacts on drinking water quality and costs.

Kentucky (Buck)

Conducted research on the measurement of extreme weather events relevant to winter wheat yields in Kentucky.  Studied how projections of extreme weather events under climate change projections may impact wheat yields.  Presented the initial results and value of the analysis to the Kentucky Small Grain Growers’ Association. 

Michigan (Asher, Nejadhashemi, O'Neil, Wolfson, Seedang)

Nejadhashemi: Through the application of multi-objective optimization techniques, we identified several data-driven strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change and variability on water usage as related to crop production.

Asher and O’Neil: Modeled the combined effects of climate and urbanization on stream flows, E. coli formation. Developed an online decision support tool and network of low-cost water stage stream sensors to assist local planners and stakeholders in the Clinton River watershed with managing stormwater discharge and E. coli contamination.  https://iwr.msu.edu/clintonriver/

Wolfson: Assessed attitudes and perceptions of people on private wells versus those using public water systems concerning PFAS and other contaminants in their drinking water. Statistics are currently being run to understand how awareness translates into risk perception and what barriers exist to well testing.

Mississippi (Quintana)

Employing well-level water use data obtained from Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality and enriched with weather and land use data, we estimated the potential for off-season precipitation to offset in-season groundwater pumping in the Delta region of Mississippi that overlies the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer. Preliminary results indicate that precipitation pattern shifting towards off-season would alleviate rate of depletion, all else equal, but not sufficiently to overcome increased in-season irrigation pumpage needs. In contrast, greater conservation potential and aquifer sustainability appear ensured with runoff capture, storage and reuse. In another working paper exploiting this dataset, we identify that farmers over-irrigate in days with extreme heat regardless of soil moisture conditions and provide an estimate of the excess groundwater pumped and its economic cost–these costs can be expected to worsen with climate change.

Texas (Rouhi Rad)

Was awarded a USDA-NIFA grant with Hrozencik to study the adaptation of irrigators and irrigation organizations.

Developed a working paper with Hrozencik (USDA), Uz (UNR) and Li (TAMU) studying the effects of climate change on electricity use for groundwater wells across the US

USDA (Peck, Warziniack, Hrozencik, Potter)

Potter and Hrozencik have developed a working paper, which was presented at AAEA, exploring how changes in snowpack translate into agricultural outcomes at the county level.  This work highlights the importance of non-local weather in determining the profitability and climate resilience of western agriculture.  

Warziniack and colleagues at the US Forest Service recently released the Resource Planning Act Assessment, a report on the status and trends of the nation’s renewable natural resources. The Water Assessment, led by Warziniack, includes projections of water use, supply, and shortage based on climate and socioeconomic futures. The report can be found here https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/inventory/rpaa/2020.

Wyoming (Hansen)

Hansen (along with other UW researchers, Extension professionals, and community college faculty) conducted scenario planning focus groups with rural agricultural community members to determine impacts of temperature and precipitation changes on local communities and their likely responses.

Hansen and UW researcher/Extension colleagues conducted focus groups of Technical Service Providers (personnel from UW Extension, conservation districts, FSA, NRCS, State Engineer’s Office, BLM, etc.) to assess their current capacity for assisting the Wyoming agricultural community deal with weather/climate variability; and to identify knowledge/resource gaps.

Hansen submitted a grant to USDA-NIFA (key partners: Northern Plains Climate Hub, Wyoming State Climate Office, NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System, NOAA Western Watershed Assessment) to facilitate improved agricultural decision-making around weather and climate in Wyoming.

Objective 2: Quantify water demand and value of water in competing and complementary water uses.

California (Dinar, Mahajan, Parker, Schwabe, Nemati, D'odorico)

In a series of research work in Africa, Dinar co-advised 3 PhD students from the University of Cape Town and produced works, published as working papers, and presented in professional conferences. These works include adoption of water conservation methods by farmers, and by households (Reference list below).

The value generated by irrigation in agriculture was estimated for the commend areas of major irrigation dams built in Africa this century for different crop distribution scenarios. The extent to which smallholders benefit from such irrigation schemes was also evaluated (Tatlhego et al., 2022).

Colorado (Goemans, Suter, Eiswerth)

(Goemans) Completed and published paper exploring heterogeneity in the effectiveness of social comparisons demand management programs.

(Suter) Worked with groundwater irrigators and state representatives in the Republican River Basin to write state-level legislation that appropriates funding for a study of the impact of mandated groundwater curtailment on regional economic outcomes. 

Idaho (Maas):

• Estimated total agricultural water use for all groundwater management areas in the East Snake Plain Aquifer.
• Estimated alignment of nutrient (NPK) imbalance between cropland requirements and Dairy CAFOs manure production across southern Idaho.

Kansas (Hendricks, Sampson)

Published a paper that estimates how climate change is projected to change groundwater withdrawals in Kansas.

Gave a keynote speech for Kansas Department of Agriculture on the value of groundwater and producer preferences for groundwater management.

Gave a track session presentation for the AAEA Annual Meeting on the land market value of water right allocations and seniority status.

Kentucky (Buck)

Conducted research on water availability the value of water for coupled human-agricultural-natural systems in the context of land-use and residential water demand.  Supported a graduate student exchange to the University of California, Riverside.  measurement of extreme weather events relevant to winter wheat yields in Kentucky.  Studied how projections of extreme weather events under climate change projections may impact wheat yields.  Presented the initial results and value of the analysis to the Kentucky Small Grain Growers’ Association. 

Mississippi (Quintana Ashwell)

Employing well-level water use data, we estimate the excess groundwater pumped and the economic cost of farmers in the Delta region of Mississippi who attempt to cope with extreme heat by applying excess irrigation. Lower-bound estimates indicate that over half-million acre-feet of groundwater is being misused for this purpose with an approximate $25 million of excess pumping costs across the Delta.

North Carolina (Edwards)

Worked with colleagues at Duke University and Clemson University to publish a paper on teaching how to teach about the economics of urban water use and pricing. Created teaching materials for inclusion with the article.

Built a dataset to understand the US power plant response to drought and the interaction of water rights and market/non-market electricity grid operating regions.

Oklahoma (Lambert)

• Completed research on the marginal value of irrigation water in the Oklahoma Panhandle region. Under development of a working paper.
• Interviewed farmers and stakeholders in southwest Oklahoma to quantify drought severity and impacts on Oklahoma’s rural communities. Also worked with undergraduate rural scholars on developing a travel cost method study on Lake Lugert of Southwest Oklahoma.

Tennessee (Perez Quesada)

Perez-Quesada published a paper (with Nathan Hendricks) focusing on the economic cost of groundwater depletion in the High Plains Aquifer. This work estimates how changes in groundwater stocks affect the returns to agricultural land in the High Plains Aquifer and avoids bias from feedback effects by exploiting hydrologic variation in predevelopment saturated thickness.

Perez-Quesada has developed a working paper (with Nathan Hendricks), which was presented at UCOWR, exploring how observed differences in the stock of groundwater affect corn and wheat production in the High Plains Aquifer. To account for the endogeneity of groundwater stock, this study exploits variation in current saturated thickness due to variation in pre-development saturated thickness.

USDA (Warziniack, Hrozencik, Potter)

Potter and Hrozencik published an ERS report focusing on the quantities of water delivered by irrigation organizations in the U.S. This report leverages data from the 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations to detail regional surface water demand by sector and how that demand compared to total freshwater availability.

Warziniack and colleagues at the US Forest Service recently published projections of freshwater use throughout the United States based on climate and socioeconomic futures. The work was published in Earth’s Future.

Wyoming (Hansen)

As part of Wyoming’s Track 1 EPSCoR project on water and climate change, Hansen and an MS student conducted a survey of anglers to identify their preferences for fishing experiences under alternative climate scenarios in the Snake River headwaters.

Objective 3: Evaluate and compare coordinated/integrated management of water sources and land use practices.

California (Dinar, Mahajan, Yang, Parker, Schwabe, Nemati, D'odorico)

Dinar led (co-led) two studies in California and in Spain addressing negative land subsidence consequences of groundwater over-pumping. Presentations have been made in professional conferences (Reference list below) and papers have been submitted.

(D’Odorico) A new study (Ricciardi et al., 2022) investigated the hydrological impacts of afforestation projects for climate change mitigation worldwide. It was found that in most areas suitable for tree growth afforestation would enhance water scarcity in adjacent or downstream agricultural regions as a result of decreasing streamflow or groundwater recharge.

Colorado (Suter, Eiswerth, Kroll)

(Suter) Worked on a USDA-NIFA funded project with Mani Rouhi Rad (Texas A&M) to evaluate the costs of salinity in Colorado’s Lower Arkansas Basin and the benefits associated with coordinated salinity management using an integrated hydro-economic modeling framework.

Michigan (Asher, Srivastava, O'Neil, Wolfson, Sears)

(Sears) Leading project on valuing irrigation in Michigan, estimating land use changes given changes in irrigation management policies. Three related outreach presentations to agricultural stakeholders in Michigan. Leading two projects on agricultural production changes under declining water quality (salinity) conditions in California. Co-PI on NASA project in Serbia on agricultural land use changes based on soil moisture projections under climate change scenarios (2030-2050).

Oklahoma (Mirchi, Lambert)

(Lambert)

• Published research on Oklahoma grower competition in corn production concerning irrigation and fertilizer application.
• Published research on landowners management for wildlife habitat.
• Supported graduate student research and thesis on dryland double cropping systems risk analysis.
• Submitted two grant proposals to USGS: 1) Understanding the dynamics of water storage in farm ponds and their effects on streamflow in semi-arid regions; 2) Statues and outlook of the southern great plains water economy.
• Submitted AFRI-SAS proposal on ‘Satellite to sustainable water management-strategizing transitions from irrigated to rainfed production and promoting peer-led adaptation”

Rhode Island (Guilfoos)

Completed surveys on J. Suter (Colorado) and K. Schoengold (Nebraska) evaluating mental stress on preferences for groundwater management.  This study led to a recent publication which connects salience to prices and water availability to changes in support for groundwater management. 

Texas (Rouhi Rad, Sheng)

(Rouhi Rad):

Developed a hydro-salinity-economic model to study the management of salinity in the Lower Arkansas River Valley of Colorado with Suter (Colorado)

A working paper was developed with a MS student that shows that “Water Scarcity Exacerbates the Negative Effects of Salinity on Irrigated Agriculture.”

Objective 4: Evaluate and compare alternative water quantity and quality management strategies and institutions.

California (Dinar, Mahajan, Parker, Schwabe, Nemati)

Dinar led a paper on water quality management in the Central Valley of California, as part of a special issue: “Decision Support Tools for Water Quality Management” that was co-guest-edited by several colleagues. The special issue was also published as a book (Reference list below).

Dinar (in a project led by Nemati and with a postdoc–Crespo) completed the design and application of a hydro-economic model for the entire Colorado river basin, published a working paper (Reference list below), presented it in several conferences (Reference list below), and submitted a proposal to NIFA for funding of policy runs and a user friendly interface.

Dinar co-advised a PhD student from South Africa and published one of the PhD papers on regulation of nonpoint pollution (Reference list below).

Colorado (Goemans, Suter, Eiswerth, Kroll)

(Goemans) Modified existing water allocation model (one based on the South Platte and one pure simulation) to explore the relative effectiveness of land use (where development occurs, intensity of use, and return flow percent) and demand management policies under a range of climate change scenarios. Co-authored two working papers related to this work.

(Suter) Conducted analysis with C. Goemans and Mani Rouhi Rad that uses a hydro-economic model to estimate the economic tradeoffs associated with implementing an incremental subsidy for groundwater conservation relative to groundwater rights retirement for a study area in Finney County, KS.

Kansas (Hendricks, Sampson)

Published a paper that estimates how farmers adapted to a restriction in water use where the stringency of the restriction differed by water right seniority.

Gave an outreach presentation that shared results on producer preferences for groundwater management.

Awarded grant from National Science Foundation to identify the barriers to adoption of microbial soil amendments for improved water availability in agriculturally relevant soils. 

Michigan (Asher, Ghane, O'Neil, Wolfson)

(Ghane) published five papers to quantify water quality at the edge of the field. Developed a new decision-support tool (drainage coefficient calculator) that estimates the water capacity of a subsurface drainage system. Michigan offered one 3-day Drainage Workshop and one drainage field day in 2022. Wrote one new Extension bulletin to quantify the water-quality benefit of conservation practices at the edge of the field.

(Asher and Wolfson) Conducted floating wetland research to determine the effectiveness of various plants at removing phosphorus from agricultural tile drains. Held two field demonstrations, generated two promotional videos, presented at four conferences, generated a final report, and are working on a publication.

(Asher and O’Neil) Modeled land cover changes and agricultural BMPs on groundwater recharge with the goal of improving fish habitat in the Maple River watershed. Developed an online tool to estimate recharge and enroll producers in a Regional Conservation Partnership program to cost-share BMP implementation and then quantified the groundwater recharge benefit through the tool.

Mississippi (Quintana)

Research on the benefits of irrigation and pluvial runoff capture and re-use is ongoing. A model is being enriched to account for the positive externalities associated with sediment and nutrient retention that result from tailwater recovery, storage and reuse. Preliminary results indicate that between 30 and 150 million tons (US) of nitrogen can be retained on the fields over the life of the aquifer under the sustainable level of on-farm runoff capture and storage.

Nebraska (Mittelstet, Schoengold)

(Schoengold) Completed two surveys to measure preferences for ecosystem services from ag conservation incentives program. One of the attributes included is water quality improvements. Respondents were the public for the first survey and farmers for the second survey. Results from the public survey were presented at AAEA and at two invited seminars. Results show that respondents value improvements in water quality (measured in WTP), and that the value is higher for a program in one’s own state versus another state. Results from the farmer survey were presented by Schoengold’s PhD student at WAEA and AAEA and show that farmers don’t want to pay for ag conservation programs.

(Brozovic) Along with DWFI researcher R. Rimŝaitė, Brozovic published a report that explains the rules governing groundwater transfers for seven of Nebraska’s Natural Resources Districts. Groundwater trading rules are locally determined, and the report provides a comprehensive and consistent summary of those rules for a large portion of the Nebraska section of the High Plains Aquifer.

North Carolina (Edwards)

Worked with researchers at Kansas State (Sampson and Hendricks) to improve understanding of the role of appropriative water rights to groundwater in addressing common pool resource problems. Project created a new dataset of linked water right data and land value data in Kansas.

Worked with researchers at San Diego State University and Arizona State University to model dust pollutant effects of dried lakebed playa as a result of agricultural water diversions in the Salton Sea.

Tennessee (Perez Quesada)

Perez-Quesada has developed a working paper (with Nathan Hendricks) exploring the factors that influence farmers preferred reductions in groundwater use through a water conservation program implemented by a Groundwater Management District in Kansas. This study uses unique data obtained from consequential stated preference surveys on preferences of farmers for mandatory reductions in water use through the establishment of a LEMA.

Texas (Rouhi Rad, Sheng)

(Rouhi Rad): Developed a working paper studying the evolution of surface water rights in the southeastern US

USDA (Peck, Warziniack, Hrozencik, Potter)

Hrozencik and Potter published an ERS report focusing on institutions of groundwater management in the U.S. This report uses data from the 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations to describe how these entities manage groundwater resources and the resource concerns informing their management decisions.

Warziniack and colleagues at the US Forest Service participated in drafting the National Strategy for Environmental Economic Statistics. The USFS leads the development of forest accounts, including an assessment of water provided by forests throughout the United States. During the past year, a draft implementation plan was completed and pilot accounts have begun.

Wyoming (Hansen)

Hansen has been working with research, extension, and stakeholder partners from across the western U.S.(including other W4190 members)  to form the Western Water Network, whose mission is to advance collaborative, proactive, science-based water decision-making that supports dynamic human and natural systems in the West. The WWN held a Workshop in June 2023 (with UCOWR annual meeting). The workshop resulted in a Vision Paper that identifies ways that land-grant and agency researchers and extension can act to advance water security in the western United States and a case study publication on network formation. At the request of a congressional aide, the WWN provided input on potential federal legislation related to the 2023 Farm Bill.

Hansen and two MS students began work examining agricultural and municipal responses to changes in water supply availability in the Wyoming portion of the Colorado River Basin, as part of an assessment (regional economic impacts, value of storage) of voluntary conservation/water transfers and mandatory cutbacks in the Wyoming portion of the Colorado River Basin.

Arkansas (Kovacs)

California (Dinar, Mahajan, Yang, Parker, Schwabe, Nemati, D'odorico)

Peer-reviewed and Policy Publications:

Quinn, W. T. N., A. Dinar, I. Kan and V. K. Sridharan (Eds.), Decision Support Tools for Water Quality Management. MDPI (2023), https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/7403-decision-support-tools-for-water-quality-management. 

Libecap, G. and A. Dinar, American Agriculture Can Adapt to Climate Change-Induced Water Extremes. Choices, Volume 38, Quarter 4.

Apio, A. T., D. R. Thiam and A. Dinar, Farming Under Drought: An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Farmers' Multiple Adoption of Water Conservation Practices to Mitigate Farm-level Water Scarcity. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, (Accepted for publication June 14, 2023).

Aina, I., D. Thiam and A. Dinar, 2023. Economics of Household Preferences for Water-Saving Technologies in Urban South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 339, article 117953, (Accepted for publication April 14, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117953. 

Wang, Z., M. Nemati, J. Wang, and A. Dinar, 2023. Does Farm Size Matter for Participation in a Land Fallowing Policy? Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy (Accepted for Publication January 18, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2023.2171494. 

Nemati, M, and A. Dinar, 2023. Teaching Principles of Water Economics to Non-Economists: Lessons from California. Applied Economics Teaching Resources (AETR), 5(2):1-13, (Accepted for Publication January 9, 2023).

Aina, I., D. Thiam and A. Dinar, 2023. Substitution of Piped Water and Self-supplied Groundwater: The case of residential water in South Africa. Utilities Policy, 80:101480 (Ac-cepted for Publication December 21, 2022).

May Lagunes, G., V. Chau, E. Ellestad, L. Greengard, P. D’Odorico, P. Vahabi, A. Todeschini, M. Girotto,“Forecasting Groundwater Levels Using Machine Learning Methods: The Case of California’s Central Valley”, J. Hydrol., in Press.

Wolde S.G., P. D’Odorico, and M.C. Rulli (2023). “Environmental drivers of human migration in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Global Sustainability, y 6, e9, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2023.5.

Sardo, M., I. Epifani, P. D’Odorico, N. Galli, and M.C. Rulli (2023). “Exploring the water-food nexus reveals the interlinkages with urban human conflicts in Central America”, Nature Water,  doi 10.1038/s44221-023-00053-0.

Tu, C., P. D’Odorico, Z. Li, S. Suweis (2023). “The emergence of cooperation from shared goals in the governance of common pool resources”, Nature Sustainability,  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01008-1.

Hartman, S., M. Farfan, J. Hoogesteger, P. D’Odorico (2022), “Mapping the widespread expansion of berry greenhouses onto Mexico’s ejido lands”, Environmental Research Letters, 17 (2022) 115004, doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9ac8.

Wang, L., W. Jiao, N. MacBean, M.C. Rulli, S. Manzoni, G. Vico, and P. D’Odorico (2022), “Dryland productivity under a changing climate”, Nature Climate Change, Nature Climate Change, 12, 981–994 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01499-y.

Beltran- Peña, A. and P. D’Odorico (2022). “Future Food Security in Africa under Climate Change”, Earth’s Future, 10, e2022EF002651, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002651.

Ricciardi, L., P. D’Odorico, N. Galli, D.D. Chiarelli, M.C. Rulli (2022). “Hydrological implications of large-scale afforestation in tropical biomes for climate change mitigation”. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 377: 20210391. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0391.

Tatlhego, M., D.D. Chiarelli, M.C. Rulli, P. D’Odorico (2022). “The value generated by irrigation in the command areas of new agricultural dams in Africa “, Agric. Water. Management., 264, 107517, doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107517.

Working Papers:

Divya Prakash, Mehdi Nemati, Ariel Dinar, Scott MacKenzie, Cory Struthers, Matthew S. Shugart, Advancements to The Ricardian Analysis in the Past Quarter of the Century. UCR SPP Working Paper Series, February 2023 WP#23-01. 

(https://live-ucr-spp.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2023-03/02282023_spp-wp_advancements-to-the-ricardian-analysis.pdf). 

Crespo, D. M. Nemati, A. Dinar, Z. Frankel, and N. Halberg, 2023 Hydro-Economic Analy-sis of the Colorado River Basin: A Comprehensive Framework for Water Management. UCR SPP Working Paper Series, February 2023 

(WP#23-02. https://live-ucr-spp.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2023-09/Hydro-Economic%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Colorado%20River%20Basin_0.pdf.)

Presentations:

Apio, A.  (Presenter) T., D. R. Thiam, A. Dinar, and J. Meyerhoff. Farmers’ willingness to accept compensation to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the Limpopo River Basin of South Africa. Paper presented at the African Economic Conference, Balaclava, Mauritius, 9-11 December 2022.

Crespo, D. (Presenter), M. Nemati, A. Dinar, Z. Frankel, and N. Halberg, Policies to Achieve Sustainability in the Colorado River Basin under Climate Change Conditions and Growing Demand: A Hydro-economic Analysis. Paper presented at the EGU-General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria & Online, 23–28 April 2023.

Crespo, D. (Presenter), M. Nemati, A. Dinar, Z. Frankel, and N. Halberg, Policies to Achieve Sustainability in the Colorado River Basin under Climate Change Conditions and Growing Demand: A Hydro-economic Analysis. Paper presented at the 2023 UCOWR/NIWR Annual Water Resources Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, 12-14 June, 2023.

Wang (Presenter), Z., M. Nemati, Jinxia Wang, A. Dinar, Seasonal Land Fallowing Policy as a Strategy for Sustainable Management of Groundwater: Evidence from China. Poster presented at the 2023 UCOWR/NIWR Annual Water Resources Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, 12-14 June, 2023.

Esteban, E. (Presenter), A. Dinar, E. Calvo, J. Calatrava, J. Albiac, G. Herrera, P. Teatini, R. Tomás, Y. Li, and P. Ezquerro. Modeling the Optimal Management of Land Subsidence Due to Aquifer Overexploitation. Paper presented at the 2023 EAERE Conference, Nicosia, Cyprus, June 27 – 30, 2023.

Crespo, D. (Presenter), M. Nemati, A. Dinar, Z. Frankel, and N. Halberg, Policies to Achieve Sustainability in the Colorado River Basin under Climate Change Conditions and Growing Demand: A Hydro-economic Analysis. Poster presented at the 2023 AAEA Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, July 23-25, 2023.

Aina, I. (Presenter), D. Thiam and A. Dinar, Hydro-economic Modelling of irrigated Agriculture Water Use: Evidence from an inter-basin transfer scheme in Southern Africa.” Paper presented at the 2023 AAEA Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, July 23-25, 2023.

Nemati, M. (Presenter), M. Sneed and A. Dinar, Impact of Land Subsidence on Housing Sales Value: Evidence from California. Paper presented at the 2023 Annual Meeting of The Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists, Portland Oregon, September 20-22, 2023.

Colorado (Goemans, Suter, Eiswerth, Kroll)

Lurbé, S., Burkhardt, J., Goemans, C., Manning, D., & Hans, L. (2023). Further evidence on social comparison and residential water use. Water Resources and Economics, 41, 100214.

Gharib, A. A., Blumberg, J., Manning, D. T., Goemans, C., & Arabi, M. (2023). Assessment of vulnerability to water shortage in semi-arid river basins: The value of demand reduction and storage capacity. Science of The Total Environment, 871, 161964.

Blumberg, J., Goemans, C. and Manning, D. (2022) “Perceived Water Scarcity and Irrigation Technology Adoption.” American Agriculture, Water Resources, and Climate Change, ed. Gary D. Libecap and Ariel Dinar. University of Chicago Press. URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14698 (forthcoming)

Suter, J.F., T. Guilfoos, K. Schoengold. 2023. Seasons, Stress, Salience, and Support for Cooperative Groundwater Management. Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

Hrozencik, A., J.F. Suter, P.J. Ferraro, N. Hendricks. 2023. Social Comparisons and Groundwater Use: Evidence from Colorado and Kansas. American Journal of Agricultural Economics.  

Meiselman, B.S., C. Weigel, P.J. Ferraro, M. Masters, K.D. Messer, O.M. Savchenko, and J.F. Suter. 2022. Lottery Incentives and Resource Management: Evidence from the Agricultural Data Reporting Incentive Program (AgDRIP). Environmental and Resource Economics. 82(4), 847-867.

Ahsanuzzaman, A., L.H. Palm-Forster, and J.F. Suter. 2022. Experimental Evidence of Common Pool Resource Use in the Presence of Uncertainty. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 194, 139-160.

Idaho (Maas)

Burton, K., Maas, A., & Lee, K. (2022). A Case Study in Contamination: Persistent Home Value Losses Associated with the Elk River Spill. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), 697-712.

Adhikari, K., Maas, A., & Trujillo-Barrera, A. (2023). Revisiting the effect of recreational marijuana on traffic fatalities. International Journal of Drug Policy, 115, 104000.

Kansas (Hendricks, Sampson)

Earnhart, D. and N.P. Hendricks. 2023. “Adapting to Water Restrictions: Intensive versus Extensive Adaptation over Time Differentiated by Water Right Seniority.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 105(5): 1458-1490.

Obembe, Oladipo, Nathan P. Hendricks, and Krishna Jagadish. 2023. “Changes in Groundwater Irrigation Withdrawals Due to Climate Change in Kansas.” Environmental Research Letters 18: 094041.

Presentations

Hendricks, N.P. “Preferences for Groundwater Management: A Survey of Kansas Irrigators” Governor’s Conference on the Future of Water in Kansas, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2022.

Hendricks, N.P. “The Value of Water in Kansas” Kansas Ag Growth Summit. Kansas Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, August 17, 2023.

Edwards, E., N.P. Hendricks, and G.S. Sampson. “Agricultural Land Market Value of Prior Appropriation Water Rights.” Track Session Presentation, 2023 AAEA Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. July 23 – 25.

Michigan (Asher, Srivastava, Nejadhashemi, Ghane, O'Neil, Wolfson, Sears, Seedang)

1. B. Dialameh, E. Ghane. 2023. Investigation of phosphorus transport dynamics using high-frequency monitoring at a subsurface-drained field in the Western Lake Erie Basin. Journal of the Great Lakes Research. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2023.04.005
2. Y. AbdalAal, E. Ghane. 2023. Comparison of newly proposed and existing design criteria for saturated buffers. Journal of the ASABE. 66, 431-440. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15246
3. G.W. Feyereisen, E. Ghane, T. Schumacher, M. Williams, B. Dalzell. 2023. Can woodchip bioreactors be used at a catchment scale? Nitrate performance and sediment considerations. Journal of the ASABE. 66, 367-379. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15496
4. G.W. Feyereisen, H. Wang, P. Wang, E.L. Anderson, J. Jang, E. Ghane, J.A. Coulter, C.J. Rosen, M.J. Sadowsky, S. Ishii. 2023. Carbon supplementation and bioaugmentation to improve denitrifying woodchip bioreactor performance under cold conditions. Ecological Engineering. 191, 106920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.106920
5. M.S.B. Shokrana, E. Ghane, Z. Qi. 2023. Calibration and validation of RZWQM2-P model to simulate phosphorus loss in a clay loam soil in Michigan. Journal of the ASABE. 65(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.13031/ja.15283
6. * Kropp, I., A. P. Nejadhashemi, P. Jha, J. S. Hernandez-Suarez, 2022. Agricultural innovization: An optimization-driven solution for sustainable agricultural intensification in Michigan, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 199: 107143. 
7. Chikafa, M., A. P. Nejadhashemi, K. Moller, H. Razavi, J.C. Bizimana. 2023. Multidimensional Evaluation of the Impacts of Agricultural Interventions to Achieve Food Security in Malawi. Food and Energy Security, 00:e486, 1-17.
8. Steinman, A.D.; Uzarski, D.; Lusch, D.; Miller, C; Doran, P.J; Zimnicki, T.; Chu, P.; Allan, J.; Asher, J.; Bratton, J.; Carpenter, D.; Dempsey, D.; Drummond, C.; Esch, J.; Garwood, A.; Harrison, A.; Lemke, L.D.; Nicholas, J.; Ogilvie, W.; O’Leary, B.; Sachs, P.; Seelbach, P.; Seidel, T.; Suchy, A., and Yellich, J. Groundwater in Crisis? Addressing Groundwater Challenges in Michigan as a template for the Great Lakes. Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3008;. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053008. 
9. Thomas, M.; Asher, J. O’Neil, G.; Allan, J. 2022. A Decision Support Tool for Measuring and Tracking the Social Benefits of Water Resources in Michigan Coastal Communities. Journal of Great Lakes Research, Volume 48, Issue 6, 2022, Pages 1401-1416, ISSN 0380-1330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.07.005. 

Mississippi (Quintana Ashwell, Paz)

Publications:

Maher, A.T., Quintana-Ashwell, N.E., Tanaka, J.A., Ritten, J.P. and Maczko, K.A., 2023. Financial barriers and opportunities for conservation adoption on US rangelands: A region-wide, ranch-level economic assessment of NRCS-sponsored Greater Sage-grouse habitat conservation programs. Journal of Environmental Management, 329, p.116420.

Nelson, A.M., Quintana Ashwell, N.E., Delhom, C.D. and Gholson, D.M., 2022. Leveraging Big Data to Preserve the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer: A Blueprint for the National Center for Alluvial Aquifer Research. Land, 11(11), p.1925.

Quintana-Ashwell, N.E. and Gholson, D.M., 2022. Optimal Management of Irrigation Water from Aquifer and Surface sources. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 54(3), pp.496-514.

Quintana-Ashwell, N., Gholson, D., Kaur, G., Singh, G., Massey, J., Krutz, L.J., Henry, C.G., Cooke III, T., Reba, M. and Locke, M.A., 2022. Irrigation water management tools and alternative irrigation sources trends and perceptions by farmers from the delta regions of the lower Mississippi River basin in South Central USA. Agronomy, 12(4), p.894.

Russell, D., Singh, G., Quintana-Ashwell, N., Kaur, G., Gholson, D., Krutz, L.J. and Nelson, K.A., 2023. Cover crops and furrow irrigation impacts on soybean production in sub-humid climate. Agricultural Water Management, 284, p.108347.

Sehgal, A., Singh, G., Quintana, N., Kaur, G., Ebelhar, W., Nelson, K.A. and Dhillon, J., 2023. Long-term crop rotation affects crop yield and economic returns in humid subtropical climate. Field Crops Research, 298, p.108952.

Singh, B., Kaur, G., Quintana-Ashwell, N.E., Singh, G., Lo, T.H. and Nelson, K.A., 2023. Row spacing and irrigation management affect soybean yield, water use efficiency and economics. Agricultural Water Management, 277, p.108087.

Presentations:

Roberts, C., Gholson, D.M., Locke, M.A., Pieralisi, B., Crow, W., Spencer, D. and Quintana-Ashwell, N., 2023, October. Cover Crops Affect in-Season Soil Moisture in Cotton. In ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting. ASA-CSSA-SSSA.

Nebraska (Mittelstet, Schoengold, Brozovic)

Papers:

Balasubramanya, S., Brozović, N., Fishman, R., Lele, S., & Wang, J. (2022). Managing irrigation under increasing water scarcity. Agricultural Economics, 53(6), 976-984.

Garrick, D., Balasubramanya, S., Beresford, M., Wutich, A., Gilson, G. G., Jorgensen, I., ... & Mendoza, K. V. (2023). A systems perspective on water markets: barriers, bright spots, and building blocks for the next generation. Environmental Research Letters, 18(3), 031001.

Rimšaitė, R., & Brozović, N. (2023). Groundwater Development Paths in the US High Plains. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science.

Rimšaitė, R., & Brozović, N. (2023). Groundwater Transfers in Nebraska. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute Report.

Suter, J., Guilfoos, T., & Schoengold, K. (2023). Seasons, stress, salience, and support for cooperative groundwater management. Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

Presentations:

Essakkat, K., & Schoengold, K. (2023). Producers’ Willingness-to-Pay for Policy-Driven Soil Health Enhancement: A Comparative Analysis of Location Preferences. WAEA Annual Conference, Whistler, BC, Canada, July 17-19.

Essakkat, K., & Schoengold, K. (2023). How much are producers willing to pay for ecosystem services that promote soil health?. AAEA Annual Conference. Washington, D.C. July 23 – 25.

Melkani, A., Mieno, T., Hrozencik, R. A., Rimsaite, R., Brozovic, N., & Kakimoto, S. (2023). Economic Impact of Groundwater Regulation in Nebraska: A Hedonic Price Analysis. AAEA Annual Conference. Washington, D.C. July 23 – 25.

North Carolina (Edwards)

Papers:

• Sanchez, L., Edwards, E.C., Leonard, B. Paper Water, Wet Water, and the Recognition of Indigenous Property Rights. In press at Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
• Edwards, E.C., Hassett, A., Sutherland, S.A. Teaching Elasticity of Demand and Marginal Analysis Using Water Utility Pricing. In press at Applied Economics Teaching Resources.

Presentations:

• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Environmental Justice in Agriculture-to-Urban Water Transfers. Conference on Economics of Inequity in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Systems, Minneapolis, MN, May 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales. Colorado School of Mines Economics Department Seminar. April 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales. San Diego State University Economics Department Seminar. April 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales. University of California San Diego Economics Department Seminar. April 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Creating American Farmland: Institutional Evolution and the Development of Agricultural Drainage. Iowa State University Department of Economics Seminar. January 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales. University of California Davis Ag and Resource Economics Department Seminar. January 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2023. Paper Water, Wet Water, and the Recognition of Indigenous Property Rights. University of Wyoming Department of Economics Seminar. January 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. 2022. Left in the Dust? Environmental and Labor Effects of Rural-Urban Water Sales. University of Rhode Island Environmental and Resource Economics Department Seminar, November 2022.
• Edwards, E.C. and Ferraro, G. 2023. The potential for coordination within SWISLR and agricultural research. SWISLR Webinar, February 2023.
• Edwards, E.C. The Economics of Water Management: Coordination in Irrigation and Drainage. 2022 Mid-Atlantic Crop Management School. November 2022.
• Edwards, E.C. 2022. The Economic Impact of North Carolina’s Commercial Fishing Industry. North Carolina Coastal Conference. November 2022.
• Edwards, E.C. 2022. Water Conservation Pricing, Basics and Emerging Issues. Western North Carolina Water Quality Conference. October 2022.
• Edwards, E.C. 2022. Economic Issues in Agriculture and the Environment. NC Extension Annual Conference. October 2022.

Oklahoma (Mirchi, Lambert, Alian)

(Lambert)

Publications

Lambert, LH, HE Shear, & J Warren (2023). Grower Production and Economic Efficiency in Semi-Arid Southern Great Plains. Journal of ASFMRA. https://www.asfmra.org/resources/asfmra-journal/2023journal 

Na-Yemeh, DY, TA Legg*, & LH Lambert (2023). Economic Value of a Weather Decision Support Systems for Oklahoma Public Safety Officials. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 113(2):549-565.

Welch, K, LH Lambert, DM Lambert, & D Shideler. (2023). Multi-State Economic Contribution and Multi-Congressional District Impact Analysis of the Inland Waterway Disruption. Journal of Case Studies on Transport Policy 13:101043. doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101043

Westbrook, L, DM Lambert, AD Hagerman, LH Lambert, EA DeVuyst, & CA Maples. (2023). Should Producers of Rainfed Wheat Enroll in Agricultural Risk Coverage or Price Loss Coverage? Choice 38:4. https://www.choicesmagazine.org/UserFiles/file/cmsarticle_867.pdf

Mishra, B, J Omkar, W Rodney, B Chapagain, & LH Lambert (2023). Intentions of Landowners towards Active Management of Ecosystem for Deer Habitat. Environmental Management 72: 529-539.  

Presentations: 

Yao, YQ, Lambert, LH, Levers, L. (2023). “Dynamic Hydro-economic Optimization Model for Sustainable Agricultural Water Management: A Case Study of Oklahoma Panhandle Region”. The University Council on Water Resources (UCOWR), June 13-15, Fort Collins, CO.

Welch, KL, Lambert, DM, Hagerman, A, Krueger E., Lambert, LH, Ochsner, T, & Weckler, P. (2023). “Quantifying Drought Impacts on Oklahoma’s Rural Communities.” Western Agricultural Economics Association (WAEA) Annual Meeting, July 18-20, Whistler, BC. 

Boateng, M, LH Lambert, DM Lambert, & C Jones (2023). “Are Rainfed Double Cropping Systems Preferred by Risk-Averse Producers?” Selected paper. Southern Agricultural Economic Association (SAEA), February 5-7, Oklahoma City, OK. 

Rhode Island (Guilfoos)

Suter, J., Guilfoos, T., & Schoengold, K. (2023). Seasons, stress, salience, and support for cooperative groundwater management. Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

Texas (Wilcox, Rouhi Rad, Sheng)

(Rouhi Rad):

Nix, H.B. and Rad, M.R., 2023. An Introduction to Consumptive Use of Water in South Carolina. Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, 9(1), p.10.

Hrozencik, R.A., Rouhi Rad, M. and Uz, D., 2023. Electricity Demand by the Irrigated Sector in Response to Climatic Shocks.

Bahrami, S., Rouhi Rad, M. and Nayga, R.M., 2023. Saving the Colorado River Through Conservation Payments to Irrigated Agriculture.

USDA (Peck, Warziniack, Hrozencik, Potter)

Hrozencik, R. A., Suter, J. F., Ferraro, P. J., & Hendricks, N. (2022). Social comparisons and groundwater use: Evidence from Colorado and Kansas. American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

Hrozencik, A., Gardner, G., Potter, N., & Wallander, S. (2023). Irrigation Organizations: Groundwater Management. USDA, Economic Research Service. EB-34

Potter, N., Hrozencik, A., & Wallander, S. (2023). Irrigation Organizations: Water Inflows and Outflows. USDA, Economic Research Service. EB-34

Caldwell, P. V., Martin, K. L., Vose, J. M., Baker, J. S., Warziniack, T. W., Costanza, J. K., ... & Mihiar, C. M. (2023). Forested watersheds provide the highest water quality among all land cover types, but the benefit of this ecosystem service depends on landscape context. Science of The Total Environment, 882, 163550.

Sanchez, L., Warziniack, T., & Knowles, M. (2023). The inequitable exposure of socially vulnerable groups to water shortages across the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 18(4), 044022.

Blachly, B., Sims, C., & Warziniack, T. (2023). Natural Capital Externalities: Evidence from Over 700 US Watersheds. Available at SSRN 4329537.

Warziniack, T., Arabi, M., Brown, T. C., Froemke, P., Ghosh, R., Rasmussen, S., & Swartzentruber, R. (2022). Projections of freshwater use in the United States under climate change. Earth's Future, 10(2), e2021EF002222.

Wyoming (Hansen)

Bennett, D.E., M. Lewis, H. Mahowald, M. Collins, T. Brammer, H. Byerly Flint,L. Thorsness, W. Eaton, K. Hansen, M. Burbach, and E. Koebele. 2023. Agricultural Water Users’ Preferences for Addressing Water Shortages in the Colorado River Basin. September, 2023. 40 pages.

Hansen, K., S. Brodnax, R. Coupal, J. Lamb, A. MacKinnon, G. Paige, E. Peterson, M. Purcell. Wyoming Conservation Exchange: A Case Study in Grassroots Conservation Program Design. Journal of Extension. Forthcoming.

Hansen, K., S. Buck, D. Godwin, A. Fernald, B. Gaolach, G. Paige, T. Warziniack, R. Heinse, and H. Braithwaite. 2023. The Western Water Network: A Vision for the Future of Water Management in the West. A Vision Paper prepared by members of the Western Water Network 2023 Workshop Organizing Committee.

Hansen, K. and R. Heinse. 2023. Water Resilience in Agriculture. In: Zhang, Q. (eds) Encyclopedia of Smart Agriculture Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89123-7_192-3.

Warziniack, T., R. Heinse, A. Fernald, M. Gaffney, K. Hansen, B. Hess, L. Houglum, G. Paige, and Q. Zhang. 2023. “Western Water Network: A Case Study in Water Network Formation.” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 178: 47-56.