Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

The meeting was opened at 8:01 AM on March 17^th, 2022 by Terry Spurlock and participants did brief introductions. In leu of state reports, Kelsey Andersen Onofre presented an infographic summarizing updates from Wisconsin, Tennessee, Arkansas, Ohio, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Kentucky, Kansas, Indiana, Nebraska, South Dakota, Delaware, Maryland, and Michigan. A majority of states reported below average disease levels for 2021, with stripe rust and Fusarium head blight mentioned as key diseases in multiple states. Terry Spurlock gave a brief overview of the project re-write that was submitted in December, 2021. Multipe members participated in the re-write and the reviews were positive. Alyssa Koehler and Marty Chlivers provided updates about a FHB isolate survey that is being conducted nationally. Severy groups provided research updates. Nathanial White presented work from a survey of QoI resistance in Parastagonospora nodorum and Zymoseptoria tritici in Kentucky. Erick De Wolf provided updates about the new user interface for the FHB forecasting system (wheatscab.psu.edu) along with a project update on stripe rust forecasting efforts. Wanderson Bucker Moraes presented a preliminary report of efficacy of two new fungicide products labeled for FHB control: Sphaerex and Prosaro Pro. Andew Friskop proposed the initiation of a uniform fungicide protocol for foliar diseases of wheat. This initiative received strong support and aligns well with the goals of NCERA-184. The meeting concluded with a business meeting. Ken Obasa will serve as secretary for the coming year. Full meeting minutes are attached.

• Short-term Outcomes:  A multi-state effort is underway, through funding from the US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative, to assess fungicide sensitivity of F. graminearum isolates to the SDHI fungicide active pydiflumetofen. Isoaltes of Parastagonospora nodorum and Zymoseptoria tritici were identified in Kentucky with resistance to QoI fungicides. Fungicide-resistant isolates contained the G143A mutation. A preliminary model for stripe rust is currently being tested in Kansas. Integrated management and fungicide efficacy trials were conducted in multiple states and locations. Members from participating states published more than 25 peer reviewed research articles and more than 90 extension publications in 2021.

• Outputs: Members from participating states shared information through winter meetings, publications, extension publications, radio, television, YouTube, and social media. Members worked together to produce the following outputs: 

  • The 2021 Fungicide Efficacy for Control of Wheat Diseases publication (CPN-3002-W) https://cropprotectionnetwork.s3.amazonaws.com/cpn3002_fungicideefficacywheatdisease_final.pdf
  • Updates to the Fusarium Head Blight forecasting tool http://www.wheatscab.psu.edu/
  • 2021 Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada (https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/publications/wheat-disease-loss-estimates-from-the-united-states-and-ontario-canada-2021)

• Activities: NCERA-184 works under three primary objectives:
  • Objective 1: Better characterize best management practices for Fusairum head blight and leaf diseases of wheat and barley.
    • Current research in participating states has focused on both fungicide efficacy and the integration of variety resistance and well-timed fungicides for the control of Fusarium head blight. This research is part of the multi-state Integrated Management Coordinated Project funded through the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative. Results have indicated the importance of using multiple management strategies to reduce FHB severity and grain DON levels. Research has also indicated that newer fungicides such as Miravis Ace, perform as well or better than previous industry standard fungicides.
  • Objective 2: Conduct fungicide efficacy trials for diseases in small grains
    • Participants of NCERA-184 conduct fungicide efficacy trials anually and discuss fungicide efficacy results within each state. These data are utilized to generate national fungicide efficacy recommendations that enable producers to optimize fungicide decisions. Outputs are shared through web-based publications. 
  • Objective 3: Improve disease management through forecasting tools
    • The NCERA-184 Committee coordinates a national level forecasting effort for FHB in wheat. The forecasting system is supported by the USDA-USWBSI and provides daily estimates of disease risk. User surveys for the FHB forecasting effort indicate that this information has an estimated value of $57 million in 2021. A stripe rust forecasting model is currently being validated in Kansas, with the goal of a future national scale forecasting system. These efforts for forecasting for stripe rust and other diseases of wheat are supported through the National Predictive Model Tool Initiative. 

• Milestones: In year 4 of 5 of this project (2020-2021), data were generated by partner states to compile national recommendations for fungicide efficacy and other best managemnt practices for small grains diseases.

Refereed Journal Articles

1. Breunig, M., Chilvers, M.I. Submitted Mar 24, 2021, resubmitted June 16, 2021 Online Jan 12, 2022. Comparison between prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio in poison plate mycelial growth assays of F. graminearum. Plant Health Progress https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-06-21-0087-RS
2. Cinderella J. and Koehler A.M. 2021. Assessment of fungicides and application timings for control of barley head and leaf diseases in Georgetown, DE, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:CF152.
3. Cinderella J. and Koehler A.M. 2021. Assessment of fungicides and application timings for control of wheat head diseases in Georgetown, Delaware, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:CF151.
4. Cruppe, G., De Wolf, E. Jaenisch, B. Andersen Onofre, K., Valent, B., Fritz, A., Lollato, R. 2021. Experimental and producer-reported data quantify the value of foliar fungicide to winter wheat and its dependency on genotype and environment in the U.S. central Great Plains. Field Crops Research 273:108300 (KAES 22-191-J).
5. Duffeck, M.R., A.Y. Bandara, D.K. Weersooriya, A. Collins, P.J. Jensen, G.A. Kuldau, E. Del Ponte, and P.D. Esker. 2021. Fusarium head blight of small grains in Pennsylvania: Unravelling species diversity, toxin types, growth and triazole sensitivity. Phytopathology. (First look, September 2021).
6. Eltaher, S., Mourad, A. M. I., Baenziger, P. S., Wegulo, S., Belamkar, V., Sallam, A. 2021. Identification and validation of high LD hotspot genomic regions harboring stem rust resistant genes on 1B, 2A (Sr38), and 7B chromosomes in wheat.  Front. Genet., 01 October 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.749675.
7. Fulcher, M.R., E.D. Oladipo, J.B. Winans, M. Quan, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2021. Structure and diversity of Fusarium communities inhabiting non-cultivated grass inflorescences in New York State. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 43: 48-55. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060661.2020.1788166 or https://doi-org.proxy.library.cornell.edu/10.1080/07060661.2020.1788166
8. Fulcher, M.R., J.B. Winans, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2021. Fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from wheat and wild grasses in northeastern New York display comparable range of phenotypes, including virulence on crop hosts.  J. Plant Pathol. 103:71-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00717-w  Received Editor’s Choice Designation (https://rdcu.be/ceTTs).
9. Fulcher, M.R., J.B.Winans, D. Benscher, M.E. Sorrells, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2021. Triticum varieties grown as ‘ancient grains’ in New York differ in susceptibility to Fusarium head blight and harbor different Fusarium flora.  Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 159: 693-699.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02183-7   http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-020-02183-7
10. Glover, K.D., Kleinjan, J.L., Graham, C., Ali, S., Byamukama, E., Jin, Y., Ingemansen, J.A., Turnipseed, E.B. and Dykes, L., 2021. Registration of ‘Driver’ hard red spring wheat. J. Plant Regist 2021; 15: 527– 534.  3.
11. Lugo-Torres, A., G.C. Bergstrom, D. Benscher, and M.E. Sorrells. 2021. Evaluation of Fusarium head blight and foliar diseases in spring malting barley varieties in New York, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15: CF150.
12. Lugo-Torres, A., G.C. Bergstrom, D. Benscher, and M.E. Sorrells. 2021. Evaluation of Fusarium head blight and foliar diseases in winter malting barley varieties in New York, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15: CF149.
13. Lugo-Torres, A., G.C. Bergstrom, D. Benscher, and M.E. Sorrells. 2021. Susceptibility of spring oat varieties to crown rust and leaf blotch in New York, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15: CF148.
14. Mills, K. B., Salgado, J. D., Cruz, C. D., Valent, B., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Comparing the temporal development of wheat spike blast epidemics in a region of Bolivia where the disease is endemic. Plant Dis. 105:96-107.
15. Moraes, W. B., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Characterizing heterogeneity and determining sample sizes for accurately estimating wheat Fusarium head blight index in research plots. Phytopathology doi:10.1094/PHYTO-04-21-0157-R.
16. Mueller, B., Groves, C.L., and Smith, D.L. 2021. Chemotype and aggressiveness evaluation of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum isolates from wheat fields in Wisconsin. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1376-RE.
17. Neves, D. L., Bruening, B., Knott, C. A., Lee, C. D., and Bradley, C. A. 2021. First report of spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana on winter rye in Kentucky. Plant Disease 105:4160. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-21-0428-PDN.
18. Puruker, Chilvers, M.I., Steinke, K. Submitted Mar 10, 2021 Accepted June 2021. Integrating multiple inputs for soft red and white winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 2021:1-17. http://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20790
19. Shah, D.A., De Wolf, E.D., Paul, P.A., and Madden, L.V. 2021. Accuracy in the prediction of disease epidemics when ensembling simple but highly correlated models. PLOS Computational Biology. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008831M (KAES 22-188-J)
20. Starr, J.K., A. Lugo-Torres, G.C. Bergstrom, and P.J. Stachowski. 2021. Evaluation of integrated methods for management of Fusarium head blight and foliar diseases of spring malting barley in New York, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15: CF147.
21. Starr, J.K., A. Lugo-Torres, G.C. Bergstrom, and P.J. Stachowski. 2021. Evaluation of integrated methods for management of Fusarium head blight and foliar diseases of winter malting barley in New York, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15: CF146.
22. Starr, J.K., A. Lugo-Torres, G.C. Bergstrom, and P.J. Stachowski. 2021. Evaluation of integrated methods for management of Fusarium head blight and foliar diseases of winter wheat in New York, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15: CF145.
23. Valent, B., Cruppe, G., Stack, J. P., Cruz, C. D., Farman, M. L., Paul, P. A., Peterson, G. L., and Pedley, K. F 2021. Recovery plan for wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype triticum. Plant Health Progress 22:182-212.
24. Valverde-Bogantes, E., Bianchini, A.,. Wegulo, S. N., and Hallen-Adams, H. E.  2021.  Species and trichothecene genotype of pathogens causing Fusarium head blight of wheat in Nebraska, USA.  Plant Health Prog.  Published Online: 14 Jul 2021 https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0020-RS.
25. Yabwalo, D. Glover, K., Tande, C. and Byamukama, E. 2021. Yield loss due to bacterial leaf streak in moderate field infestation. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:CF247. 2.
26. Yabwalo, D., Tande, C. and Byamukama, E. 2021. Fusarium head blight management with various products in South Dakota. Plant Disease Management Reports. 15:CF248.
27. Zhao, H., Sassenrath, G., Zambreski, Z., Shi, L., Lollato, R., De Wolf, E., and Lin. X. 2021. Predicting winter wheat heading date: a simple model and its validation in Kansas. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology : https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0040.1 (KAES 22-287-J).

Abstracts / Proceedings

1. Albright, A.1, Biggs, M.1, Sjarpe, D.1, Victor, C.1, and Bissonnette, K. M.1. Cost effectiveness of fungicides for FHB control: impacts on FDK and test weight.
2. Bucker Moraes, W., Schwarz, P. B., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Effect of moisture on wheat grain contaminating with zearalenone, an estrogenic metabolite produced by the fungus Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathology 111:S2.70.
3. Bucker Moraes, W., Schwarz, P., B., Baik, B-K, Madden, L. V. and Paul, P. A. 2021. Effects of environmental conditions after Fusarium head blight visual symptom expression on deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside accumulation in wheat In: Canty, S., A. Hoffstetter, and R. Dill-Macky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2021 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum (p. 8). East Lansing, MI: U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative.
4. Bucker Moraes, W., Schwarz, P., B., Baik, B-K, Madden, L. V. and Paul, P. A. 2021. Temperature, moisture, grain development, and harvesting strategy effects on zearalenone contamination of grain harvested from Fusarium head blight affected wheat spikes In: Canty, S., A. Hoffstetter, and R. Dill-Macky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2021 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum (p. 9). East Lansing, MI: U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative.
5. Chilvers, M. Disease management, field presentation at Center of Excellence, Monrenci, MI. Aug 11, 2021. 20 participants.
6. Chilvers, M. Disease management, field presentation at Covered Bridge, Three Rivers, MI. Aug 17, 2021. 30 participants
7. Chilvers, M. Disease update – wheat smut/bunt and tar spot of corn. MSUE IPM meeting, central MI. Jan 7, 2021, 50 participants
8. Chilvers, M. Fusarium head scab management. MSUE Virtual Breakfast. 127 participants (and posted to streaming platforms)
9. Chilvers, M. GLEXPO pest panel discussion. Diseases of sweet corn, corn, dry bean, wheat and soybean. Grand Rapids, MI Dec 9, 2021. 100 participants
10. Chilvers, M. MSUE IPM meetings SE regional meeting. Wheat bunts and smuts, head scab and tar spot of corn. Jan 26, 2021. 43 participants
11. Chilvers, M. MSUE IPM meetings SW regional meeting. Wheat bunts and smuts, SDS and SC of soybean, and tar spot of corn. Jan 29, 2021. 63 participants
12. Chilvers, M. MSUE IPM meetings Thumb region. Wheat bunts and smuts, head scab and tar spot of corn. 48 participants
13. Chilvers, M. Wheat disease management. Virtual wheat field day. Jun 9, 2021. 138 participants
14. Cinderella J. and Koehler A.M. 2021. Evaluation of fungicides for management of head diseases in malting barley. APS National Meeting, Virtual.
15. Cinderella J., K. Andersen Onofre, G.C. Bergstrom, W.W. Bockus, C.A. Bradley, M. Breunig, E. Byamukama, M.I. Chilvers, C. Cowger, T.R. Faske, A.J. Friskop, J. Kelly, N.M. Kleczewski, S. Mideros, P.A. Paul, T. Price, N. Rawat, J. Rupp, S. Shim, J. Stevens, D. Telenko, and Koehler A.M. 2021. Baseline fungicide sensitivity to pydiflumetofen in Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat across 16 states. 2021 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum, Virtual.
16. Cinderella, J. A., Anderson, K., Bergstrom, G. C., Bockus, W. W., Bradley, C. A., Breunig, M., Byamukama, E., Chilvers, M. I., Cowger, C., Faske, T. R., Friskop, A. J., Kelly, J., Kleczewski, N. M., Mideros, S., Paul, P. A., Price, T., Rawat, N., Rupp, J., Shim, S., Stevens, J., Telenko, D., Koehler, A. M. 2021. Baseline Fungicide Sensitivity to Pydiflumetofen in Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat across 16 states In: Canty, S., A. Hoffstetter, and R. Dill-Macky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2021 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum (p. 10). East Lansing, MI: U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative.
17. Cinderella, J. A., Anderson, K., Bergstrom, G. C., Bockus, W. W., Bradley, C. A., Breunig, M., Byamukama, E., Chilvers, M. I., Cowger, C., Faske, T. R., Friskop, A. J., Kelly, J., Kleczewski, N. M., Mideros, S., Paul, P. A., Price, T., Rawat, N., Rupp, J., Shim, S., Stevens, J., Telenko, D., and Koehler, A. M. 2021. Baseline fungicide sensitivity to pydiflumetofen in Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat across 16 states. Page 10. Proceedings of the 2021 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum.
18. Cinderella, J.A., Anderson, K., Bergstrom, G.C., Bockus, W.W., Bradley, C.A., Breunig, M., Byamukama, E., Chilvers, M.I., Cowger, C., Faske, T.R., Friskop, A.J., Kelly, J., Kleczewski, N.M., Mideros, S., Paul, P.A., Price, T., Rawat, N., Rupp, J., Shim, S., Stevens, J., Telenko, D., and Koehler, A.M. Baseline fungicide sensitivity to pydiflumetofen in Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat across 16 states. Proceedings of the 2021 National FHB Forum. Virtual. US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative.
19. Cucak, M., F. Dalla Lana, O.M. Shittu, V.C. Garnica, P. Ojiambo, E. De Wolf, D. Shah, P. Paul, and P. Esker. 2021. Development and integration of the new-age decision support in crop disease protection. 2021 APS Annual Meeting Research On-Demand.
20. Fulcher, M.R., and G.C. Bergstrom. 2021. Genome sequences from Alternaria species in section Alternariae. Botany 2021 Conference. Mycological Society of America Annual Conference. http://2021.botanyconference.org/engine/search/423.html
21. Jahan, N., Zhang, Z., Liu, Z., Friskop, A., Flores, P., Mathew, J., and Das, A.K. 2021. Using images from handheld camera to detect wheat bacterial leaf streak severities. 2021 ASABE Virtual International Meeting. Paper Number: 2100112.
22. Lux, L.R., Halvorson, J.M., Hansen, B.C., Meyer, S., Fitterer, S., Carruth, D., and Friskop, A. 2021. Effect of fungicide and variety resistance on the suppression of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in dryland hard red spring wheat. Proceedings of the 2021 National FHB Forum. Virtual. US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative.
23. Ng, S. J., Bucker Moraes, W., Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2021. Rainfastness of fungicides for Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol reduction in soft red winter wheat. Phytopathology 111:S2.58.
24. Paul, P. A. 2021. Pre-flowering fungicide applications for Fusarium head blight management in wheat In: Canty, S., A. Hoffstetter, and R. Dill-Macky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2021 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum (p. 9). East Lansing, MI: U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative."
25. Singla, S., Duray, Z., Dill-Mack, R., O’Neill, P., Bernhardson, L., Tatineni, S., Sattler, S., Wegulo, S., and Funnell-Harris, D.  2021. Phenylpropanoid-based resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat.  Page 54 in: Bjerkness, M., A. Hoffstetter, and R. Dill-Macky (Eds.), 2021 NFHB Forum Proceedings. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Inititiative.
26. Wang, F., Baenziger, P. S., Wegulo, S., Stevens, J., Belamkar, V., and Frels, K.  2021.  Breeding for Fusarium head blight resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by marker-assisted selection and genomic selection.  Page 54 in: Bjerkness, M., A. Hoffstetter, and R. Dill-Macky (Eds.), 2021 NFHB Forum Proceedings. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative.
27. White, N., Vaillancourt, L. J., and Neves, D. 2021. Identification of quinone outside inhibitor fungicide-resistant Parastagonospora nodorum isolates from Kentucky wheat fields. Phytopathology 111:S2.20.

Extension / Outreach

1. 2020 Plant disease summaries for small grains.  South Dakota State University Extension Publication #P-00194.
2. 2021 Drought Conditions Minimize Fusarium Head Blight Impact Across the U.S. https://scabusa.org/pdfs/2021_FHB_DiseaseImpactUpdate.pdf
3. 2021 South Dakota Pest Management Guide – Soybean. South Dakota State University Extension.  4.
4. Andersen Onofre, K. and De Wolf, E. D. 2021. Foliar fungicide efficacy ratings for wheat disease management 2021. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Pub No. EP-130.
5. Andersen Onofre, K. and DeWolf, E. Outlook for stripe rust in the 2021 Kansas wheat crop. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/kansas-winter-wheat-disease-summary-for-2020-424-1
6. Andersen Onofre, K. and DeWolf, E. Stripe rust distribution and risk assessment - April 29, 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/stripe-rust-distribution-and-risk-assessment-april-29-2021-440-5
7. Andersen Onofre, K. Fusarium head blight outlook and fungicide recommendations. May 18th, 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/fusarium-head-blight-outlook-and-fungicide-recommendations-443-1
8. Andersen Onofre, K. Lollato, R., Michaud, J.P., and Lancaster, S. Wheat streak mosaic virus: It is critical to stay on top of volunteer wheat this year. July 22nd 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/wheat-streak-mosaic-virus-it-is-critical-to-stay-on-top-of-volunteer-wheat-this-year-453-1
9. Andersen Onofre, K. Time to start scouting wheat for stripe rust: First reports in southeast Kansas. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/time-to-start-scouting-wheat-for-stripe-rust-first-reports-in-southeast-kansas-438-1.
10. Andersen Onofre, K. Updated wheat fungicide publication for 2021 now available. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/updated-wheat-fungicide-publication-for-2021-now-available-438-2
11. Andersen Onofre, K. Wheat disease update- May 6th 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/wheat-disease-update-may-6-2021-441-3
12. Andersen Onofre, K. Wheat harvest: identifying disease problems and setting harvest priorities. June 10th, 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/wheat-harvest-identifying-disease-problems-and-setting-harvest-priorities-447-4
13. Andersen Onofre, K., De Wolf, E., Lollato, R., and Whitworth, J. 2021 Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Rating publication. August 20th, 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/2021-wheat-variety-disease-and-insect-rating-publication-457-3
14. Andersen Onofre, K., Lancaster, S., Lollato, R. Spring-emerged volunteer wheat: Should producers worry about wheat streak mosaic virus and the green bridge? https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/spring-emerged-volunteer-wheat-should-producers-worry-about-wheat-streak-mosaic-virus-and-the-green-bridge-436-4
15. Arkansas Wheat Update 2021, MP154 Arkansas Plant Disease Control Products Guide
16. Byamukama, E. and Ali, S. 2021.  Use Fusarium head blight risk prediction tools for better disease management.  South Dakota State University Extension. Published online 6/08/2021.
17. Byamukama, E., Caffe-Treml, M., Ali, S., and Kleinjan, J. 2021.
18. Byamukama, E., Langham, M., and Strunk, C. 2021. Wheat streak mosaic of wheat. South Dakota State University Extension Publication #P-00223
19. Byamukama, E., Sehgal, S., and Ali, S. 2021.  Stripe rust starting to develop in winter wheat. South Dakota State University Extension. Crops Newsletter. Produced 6/1/2021. 
20. Byamukama, E., Strunk, C., Ali, S., and Caffe-Treml, M. 2021. Crown rust of oats. South Dakota State University Extension Publication #P-0017
21. Byamukama, E., Strunk, C., Ali, S., and Varenhorst, A. 2021. Differentiating between wheat head diseases and disorders. South Dakota State University Extension Crops Newsletter. Published online 6/25/2021
22. Byamukama, E., Strunk, C., Mathew, F. 2021.  Be aware of fungicide resistance in field crops. South Dakota State University Extension. Crops Newsletter. Produced 8/13/2021. 
23. Byamukama, E., Yabwalo, D., and Strunk, C. 2021.
24. Byamukama, E., Yabwalo, D., Strunk, C., Hangamaisho, A., and Ali, S. 2021. Scout for tan spot in winter wheat. South Dakota State University Extension. Published online 5/14/2021.
25. Byamukama, E.., Varenhorst, A., and Strunk, C. 2021.
26. Collins, A., and P. Esker. 2021. Heads up, barley heads are out! Field Crop News – Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/heads-up-barley-heads-are-out.
27. Creech, C., Easterly, A., Frels, K., Baenziger, P. S., Maust, B., and Wegulo, S.  2021.  2021 Fall Seed Guide. Nebraska Extension Circular EC103.
28. Don’t Delay Wheat Harvest - L. Lindsey and P. A. Paul. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-18.
29. Esker, P., A. Collins, A. Murillo-Williams, H. Reed, and B. Clark. 2021. The home stretch: Evaluating your small grain crop. Field Crop News – Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/the-home-stretch-evaluating-your-small-grain-crops.
30. Esker, P., A. Collins, and A. Murillo-Williams. 2021. 2021 Wheat fungicide ratings available. Field Crop News – Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/2021-wheat-fungicide-ratings-available.
31. Esker, P., and A. Collins. 2021. Assessing winter wheat stands and snow molds. Field Crop News – Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/assessing-winter-wheat-stands-and-snow-molds.
32. Esker, P., and A. Collins. 2021. Low risk for Fusarium head blight in wheat. Field Crop News – Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/low-risk-for-fusarium-head-blight-in-wheat.
33. Friskop, A. Abiotic Spots in Wheat. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 7.
34. Friskop, A. Disease Observations in Wheat. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 10.
35. Friskop, A. Durum Symptoms in Western ND. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 14.
36. Friskop, A. Early Season Fungicide Decision in Wheat. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 5.
37. Friskop, A. Fungicide Seed Treatment in Wheat. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 2.
38. Friskop, A. Heading Small Grains and Scab Risk. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 8.
39. Friskop, A. Scab Risk Remains Low in ND. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 9.
40. Friskop, A. Stripe Rust Situation in USA. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 5.
41. Friskop, A. Wheat Disease Publications and Updates. 2021 Crop and Pest Report No. 4.
42. Friskop, A., Bergstrom, G., Bradley, C., Kleczewski, N., Marshall, J., Smith, D., Tenuta, A., and Wise, K. 2021. An Overview of Fusarium Head Blight. CPN 3005. Crop Protection Network. doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20211109-0.
43. Friskop, A., Bergstrom, G., Bradley, C., Kleczewski, N., Marshall, J., Smith, D., Tenuta, A., and Wise, K. 2021. An Overview of Fusarium Head Blight. Crop Protection Network. CPN-3005.
44. Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat (Scab) in Louisiana https://www.lsuagcenter.com/articles/page1628783805876#title3
45. Head Scab Risk Low - L. Lindsey and P. A. Paul and A. Wilson. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021
46. Klein, R., Creech, C., Bradshaw, J., Wegulo, S., Hein, G., and McMechan, J.  2021.  Do You Need to Control Volunteer Wheat to Protect the Next Season’s Winter Wheat Crop?  CropWatch, June 29, 2021.
47. Knezevic, S. Z.,…..Wegulo, S. N., …et al. 2021.  2021 Guide for Weed, Disease, and Insect Management in Nebraska. Nebraska Extension Circular EC130.
48. Koehler A.M. Fusarium Head Blight Management, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 4.2.21
49. Koehler A.M. Fusarium Risk Tool Available for 2021 Season, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 4.16.21
50. Koehler A.M. Observation Times for Common Small Grain Diseases in the Mid-Atlantic,  Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 3.5.21
51. Koehler A.M. Preparing for 2022: Small Grains Disease Management, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 9.24.21
52. Koehler A.M. Scouting Fields for Fusarium Head Blight, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 5.21.21
53. Koehler A.M. Small Grain Disease Updates, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 4.30.21
54. Koehler A.M. Small Grain Disease Updates, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 5.14.21
55. Koehler A.M. Small Grain Disease Updates, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 5.28.21
56. Koehler A.M. Small Grain Disease Updates, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 5.7.21
57. Koehler A.M. Wheat and Barley Disease Updates, Delaware Weekly Crop Update. 4.23.21
58. Koehler, A., Langston, D., Markell, S., Marshall, J., Martinez-Espinoza, A., Paul, P., Robertson, A., Smith, D., Telenko, D., and Vincelli, P. 2021. Fungicides are More Than a Plant Disease Management Tool. CPN-4009. Crop Protection Network. doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20211011-000.
59. Late Wheat Harvest and Grain Quality Concerns - L. Lindsey and P. A. Paul. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-22.
60. Lollato, R. De Wolf, E. D., Andersen Onofre, K. May 13th, 2021. Possible causes for white heads in wheat. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/possible-causes-for-white-heads-in-wheat-442-1
61. Lollato, R., Andersen Onofre, K., De Wolf, E., Haag, L., Duncan, S., Pedreira, B. 2021. Wheat Rx: Wheat Variety Selection. Pub No. MF3587.
62. Lollato, R., Andersen Onofre, K., DeWolf, E., Haag, L., Duncan, S., Pedreira, B. New publication on selecting the optimal wheat variety. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/new-publication-on-selecting-the-optimal-wheat-variety-457-2
63. Lollato, R., Andersen Onofre, K., DeWolf, E., Redmond, C., Knapp, M. Risk of freeze injury to Kansas wheat for April 20-22, 2021. https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/article_new/risk-of-freeze-injury-to-kansas-wheat-for-april-20-22-2021-439
64. Mueller, B. and Smith, D.L. 2021. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for control of Fusarium head blight of ‘Harpoon’ wheat in Wisconsin, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15:CF095.
65. Mueller, B. and Smith, D.L. 2021. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for control of Fusarium head blight of ‘Kaskaskia’ wheat in Wisconsin, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15:CF096.
66. Mueller, D., Wise, K., Bradley, C., Sisson, A., Smith, D., Hodgson, E., Tenuta, A., Friskop, A., Conley, S., Faske, T., Sikora, E., Giesler, L., and Chilvers, M. 2021. Fungicide Use in Field Crops. Crop Protection Network. CPN 4008. Doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20210329-0
67. Mueller, N., Wegulo, S., and Broderick, K.  Track Stripe and Leaf Rust in Winter Wheat Across Nebraska.  CropWatch, April 29, 2021.
68. Murillo-Williams, A., K. Borelli, P. Esker, and A. Collins. 2021. Grain quality is key for malting barley production and marketing. Field Crop News – Penn State Extension.      
69. Oat crown rust inoculum low this year.  South Dakota State University Extension. Published online 6/11/2021.
70. Pre-harvest Sprouting and Falling Number - P. A. Paul, L. Lindsey, and W. B. Moraes. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-22.
71. Pre-plant wheat streak mosaic disease management strategies. South Dakota State University Extension. Published online 8/27/2021
72. Prevent Plant Winter Wheat… What to Do With Your Seed - L. Lindsey, A. Lindsey, P. A. Paul, A. Michel, and C, Young. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-36.
73. Rainy Weather and Wheat Straw Quality - P. A. Paul. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-23.
74. Ransom, J., Baldwin, T.., Horsley, R., McMullen, M., Schwarz, P., Friskop, A., Schatz, B., Zwinger, S., Ostlie, M., Martin, G., Rickertsen, J., Eriksmoen, E., Hanson, B., and Gautam, P. 2021. North Dakota Barley, Oat and Rye Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. North Dakota Extension Publication A1049-21.
75. Ransom, J., Marais, F., Simsek, S., Friskop, A., Rickertsen, J., Eriksmoen, E., Hanson, B., Martin, G., Ostlie, M., Pradhan, G. 2021. North Dakota Hard Red Winter Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. North Dakota Extension Publication A1196-21.
76. Rozeboom, P., Johnson, P., Vos, D., Alms, J. Wrage, L. J., Varenhorst, A. J. Wagner, P. M.,
77. Sooty mold: A saprophytic fungi observed in wheat. South Dakota State University Extension. Published online 7/23/2021
78. Spanish version: La calidad del grano es clave para el mercadeo y producción de cebada malteada. Field Crop News – Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/la-calidad-del-grano-es-clave-para-el-mercadeo-y-produccion-de-cebada-malteada.
79. Strunk, C., Byamukama, E., Bauder, S., Varenhorst, A. 2021
80. Telenko, D. 2021. Keeping an eye on foliar diseases of wheat and Fusarium head blight risk. Pest and Crop. Issue 2021.8
81. Telenko, D. E. P. 2021. Applied Research in Field Crop Pathology for Indiana 2020. BP-216-W. Purdue Extension.
82. Wegulo, S.  2021.  Trace to Low Levels of Fusarium Head Blight Observed in Wheat Fields in South-central and Southeast Nebraska.  CropWatch, June 10, 2021.
83. Wegulo, S.  2021. Scout Wheat Fields for Early Disease Detection.  CropWatch, April 28, 2021.
84. Wegulo, S.  2021. Wheat Disease Update.  CropWatch, June 18, 2021.
85. Wegulo, S.  2021. Wheat Disease Update.  CropWatch, May 20, 2021.
86. Wegulo, S.  2021. Wheat Disease Update.  CropWatch, May 27, 2021.
87. Wegulo, S.  2021. Wheat Disease Update.  CropWatch, May 6, 2021.
88. Wegulo, S., Mueller, N., and Bartels, M.  Stripe Rust Confirmed in 11 Counties in Southeast and South-central Nebraska.  CropWatch, May 13, 2021.
89. Wegulo, S., Mueller, N., and Broderick, K.  Wheat Disease Update: Stripe Rust, Leaf Rust, and Fusarium Head Blight.  CropWatch, June 4, 2021.
90. What’s on my wheat. Volume 10 – Wheat Wisdom – July 3, 2021
91. Wheat Between Feekes 8 and 10 and Disease Concerns - P. A. Paul, M. Duffeck, and M. Luis. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-12.
92. Wheat Disease Risk and Fungicide Application Programs - P. A. Paul, M. Luis, and M. Duffeck. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-15.
93. Wheat Growth Stages and Associated Management - Feekes 6 through 9 - L. Lindsey, P. A. Paul, and E. Lentz. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-06.
94. Wheat Variety Performance and Production Practices in Louisiana https://www.lsuagcenter.com/articles/page1631888869494#title9
95. Winter Management for Fall 2021 - L. Lindsey, P. A. Paul, and E. Lentz. C.O.R.N Newsletter: 2021-30.
96. Wise, K., Brewer, M., Bradley, C., Mueller, D., Sisson, A., Tenuta, A., Allen, T., Bergstrom, G., Bissonnette, K., Byamukama, E., Chilvers, M., Dufault, N., Faske, T., Friskop, A., Kelly, H., Koehler, A., Langston, D., Markell, S., Marshall, J., Martinez-Espinoza, A., Paul, P., Robertson, A., Smith, D., Telenko, D., and Vincelli, P. 2021. Fungicides are More Than a Plant Disease Management Tool. CPN-4009. Crop Protection Network. doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20211011-000.