Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Representatives from AR, CA, FL, LA, MS, MO, and TX conducted research to fulfill this objective.

Management of the rice water weevil with insecticides: In AR, a comparison of gamma-cyhalothrin (Dow AgroSciences), an unregistered pyrethroid insecticide, with insecticides currently registered against the rice water weevil (Karate®, Syngenta Crop Protection; Mustang Max®, FMC Corporation; Icon®, Bayer Cropscience AG) showed that all insecticides tested reduced populations of weevil larvae by at least 70% four weeks after flooding. No significant differences were found among grain yields for any treatment. In CA, zeta-cypermethrin, Dimilin® (Crompton Corporation), Warrior® (Syngenta Crop Protection), Icon®, and gamma-cyhalothrin Provided greater than 90% control of weevils. Two formulations of thiomethoxam also provided some control of weevils. Pre-flood applications of Warrior were as efficacious as post-flood applications of Warrior in large field plots provided that applications were made within a day of flooding. The effects of pre-flood Warrior applications on non-target organisms were investigated, but the results are not yet available. Tests of insecticides against the rice water weevil in LA confirmed the efficacies of Karate®, Icon®, Mustang Max®, and gamma-cyhalothrin. In a drill-seeded comparison of unregistered seed treatments (all Syngenta Crop Protection products), the compound A14006B gave control of larvae similar to the control given by Icon®, whereas thiomethoxam provided less control, and a Karate® seed treatment provided very little control. In MS, several field and small-plot tests were conducted to compare the cost-effectiveness of Dimilin®, Karate®, and Mustang Max® against the rice water weevil. All treatments effectively controlled weevils. Tests of insecticides against the rice water weevil in MO showed. In TX, thiomethoxam and two other insecticides applied as seed treatments performed well against the water weevil. A planting date study showed that all registered insecticides applied at the proper rates and timings were effective against the water weevil. Some phytotoxicity was observed when Mustang-Max and Stam were tank-mixed.

Floating aquatic barrier traps were tested as a monitoring tool for rice water weevil adults in an effort to optimize timing of post-flood insecticide applications against weevils. Bernhardt and Cooperative Extension personnel used the traps in rice fields in nine AR counties and found the traps to be useful for determining the need for insecticide applications. Godfrey in CA also tested the traps in large fields and small plots. A tentative threshold for post-flood insecticide applications was determined. The efficiency of trap capture was determined in small-plot studies. Limited research on the use of floating traps was also conducted in LA and TX. Light trap captures over 14 years were used to develop a degree-day model to predict emergence of rice water weevil adults from overwintering in Crowley, LA.

Management of other rice pests with insecticides: Project scientists from the southern rice-growing states tested a variety of insecticides against the rice stink bug. Mustang Max®, Karate®, and gamma-cyhalothrin provided essentially equivalent control of stink bugs in small-plot tests in LA. Novaluron (Crompton Corporation) did not effectively control stink bugs in a small-plot test. Field demonstration plots in LA confirmed the efficacy of currently-registered insecticides for the rice stink bug. In MS, single applications of Karate® and Mustang Max® at the milk stage of grain development were shown to be cost effective. Methyl parathion, Karate®, and Mustang Max® provided good control of stink bugs in separate experiments. IN TX, a contact study showed that Mustang Max®, Karate®, and Orthene 90S provided good initial control of stink bugs, but only Orthene gave significant residual control. Novaluron gave unsatisfactory control of stink bugs. A graduate student supervised by Way (TX) began research into improving the current sweep-net method for sampling rice stink bugs in rice fields.

Stem borers were added to the Karate® label in winter 2003. An insecticide study in TX demonstrated that two applications of Karate® at panicle differentiation (PD) to PD + 7 and late boot gave good control of stem borers. In LA, pre-boot applications of pyrethroids controlled stem borers.

Insecticidal and chemical control of mosquitoes: Sixteen commercial insect repellents were evaluated in FL as spray formulations for adult knockdown and mortality of female Aedes aegypti, Ae. Albopictus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Fifteen of the sixteen compounds tested caused 100% mortality of at lest two of the mosquito species after 24 h. Twelve of eighteen experimental skin repellents showed significant activities; these same compounds showed significant larvacidal activity. In CA, Lawler conducted a field study on the effects of Warrior on mosquitoes and beneficial predators. Applications of Warrior to fields controlled non-resistant Culex pipiens mosquitoes for 18 d, but a resistant strain of this mosquito species was not affected. Populations of predatory arthropods partially recovered by three weeks. Strong potential for selection of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes was found. Also in CA (Walton), long-term selection studies involving the evolution of resistance to toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis isrealensis and Bacillus sphaericus were completed. The inference from these studies is that improved bacterial insecticides, with lower risk for resistance development and enhanced toxicity, could be produced by incorporating the toxin Cyt1Aa into transgenic bacteria. Olson (TX) continued to conduct insecticide susceptibility monitoring on select populations of Culex quinquefasciatus. All populations were highly susceptible to resmethrin and permethrin, and most were adequately susceptible to malathion and naled. A proprietary IGR was shown to be effective against three mosquito species. In AR, a series of aerial optimization experiments were conducted in large fields to test the effectiveness of different active ingredients, formulations, and droplet sizes. Four insect growth regulator formulations (Aquaprene) were evaluated in small plots of rice. Excellent control was obtained, but only the pellet formulation provided acceptable control 14 days post-treatment.

A small-plot experiment was conducted in LA to investigate interactions between control measures taken for pest and mosquito control in rice. Populations of mosquito larvae were low in April and May, when control measures for the rice water weevil weretypically taken. High populations of mosquitoes in rice fields coincided with movement of rice stink bugs into rice at the heading stage (July/August). Preliminary results suggested that measures taken specifically to control mosquito larvae in rice (applications of BT or methoprene) have little effect on rice water weevils or rice stink bugs.

Objective 2: To determine the best non-chemical tactics to use in riceland systems to manage problems with rice pests, weeds, and mosquitoes.

Non-chemical control of rice pests: Evaluation of existing commercial varieties and/or other rice genotypes for resistance to rice water weevils, rice stink bugs, and rice stem borers was conducted in AR, CA, LA, and TX. In LA, the resistance to infestation and tolerance of 19 genotypes of rice to the rice water weevil were evaluated, and a breeding program for weevil resistance was initiated. In TX, screenings of commercial varieties for resistance to the rice water weevil and to stem borers (Mexican rice borer and sugarcane borer) were performed. In CA, selected varieties were compared with respect to their susceptibility and response to the rice water weevil. Varieties were screened for tolerance and susceptibility to weevils, stink bugs, and stem borers on three planting dates in AR. In all plant resistance studies, significant differences among varieties in resistance to one or more pests were found.

Early planting as a management strategy for the rice water weevil was investigated in AR, LA, and TX. Early planting was associated with higher yields and reduced weevil problems in all three states. Mid-season applications of nitorgen did not alleviate weevil damage in AR, although weevil populations were low. In LA, rice plants were found to be susceptible to oviposition and larval infestation throughout the seedling and vegetative stages, and plants in the early reproductive phases were also susceptible. Peak susceptibility was found in the tillering phase of development. Seasonal flight activity of weevils was monitored in CA, LA, and AR.

An experiment to test the effects of timing of flooding and different levels of fertilizer applications on mosquito populations was conducted in CA (Lawler). Very few mosquitoes were present in the field used for this study, rendering the results inconclusive.

In MO, Boyd cooperated with the MU Delta Center plant pathologist (Dr. Allen Wrather) on some preliminary research for an aerial surveillance project. The intent of the project was to determine if any interactions of nitrogen fertility with plant development and pest pressure can be detected with aerial surveillance of the plots. There was a poor correlation of variable nitrogen rates with rice water weevil larval counts in the research plots for 2003.

Novak (IL) initiated a study in Kenya to develop and implement new microbial pesticides that will work in conjunction with natural regulatory organisms to manage immature populations of Anopheles and thus reduce the impact of malaria.

Objective 3: To develop a database on the bionomics of rice pests, riceland mosquitoes, and beneficial aquatic fauna associated with harvested rice fields flooded during the winter.

No work was conducted on this objective in 2003.

Objective 4. To update and refine existing databases on the local distribution, genetic relationships and disease vector potential of mosquito species occurring in rice-producing areas of the U.S.

An assessment of the effects of temperature and humidity on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs was continued in TX. Ae. aegypti were more tolerant of dessication. A study of distribution patterns of the An. quadrimaculatus species complex in TX was initiated. An. quadrimaculatus (species A) was found to be most wide-spread in occurrence. Mosquitoes in 7 of the 17 counties considered to be part of the Texas rice belt were confirmed to be carrying Wes Nile virus during 2003.

In AR, mosquitoes were collected at sites where horses had tested positive for West Nile Virus. All mosquito samples were negative for the virus.

The temporal pattern of abundance of mosquito species in a riverine wetland in southern CA was similar to that observed in CA rice fields. Mosquito populations were affected by presence of vegetation, by measures taken for vegetation management, and by timing of flooding. In FL, the bionomics of benthic macroinvertebtrates was studied in Lake Jesup. Distribution patterns in relation to substrate type, organic carbon content, and other environmental factors were investigated.

Bernhardt, J. L., K. A. K. Moldenhauer, and J. W. Gibbons. 2003. Screening rice lines for susceptibility to rice stink bug: Results from the Arkansas Rice Performance Tests. Pages 177-184. In B. R. Wells Rice Research Studies, 2002, Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 504.

Castro, B. A. and M. J. Stout. 2003. Evaluation of selected insecticides and a tank-mixture for management of rice stink bug and reduction of pecky rice, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests 28: (F84).

Davis, C. T., D. W. C. Beasley, H. Guzman, P. Raj, M. D. Anton, R. J. Novak, T. R. Unnasch, R. B. Tesh, and A. D. T. Barrett. 2003. Genetic variation among temporally and geographically distinct West Nile Virus isolates, Untied States, 2001, 2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9: 1423-1429.

Dennett, James A., John L. Bernhardt and Max V. Meisch. 2003. Effects of fipronil and lambda - cyhalothrim against Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae and non-target aquatic mosquito predators in Arkansas small riceplots. Journal of American Mosquito Control Assn. 19 (1) 23:25.

Gerberg, E. J., Novak, R. J. 2002. Insect repellents and mosquito bites. New England Journal Medicine 347, 1719-1720.

Godfrey, L. D. and R. R. Lewis. 2003. Development of a Refined Understanding of Rice Water Weevil Biology to Optimize Management Efficacy. Proc. 3rd International Temperate Rice Conference, 12 pages.

Godfrey, L. D., R. R. Lewis, K. C. Windbiel. 2003. Management of Rice Water Weevil through cost-effective and environmentally acceptable means. Calif. Rice Experiment Station Field Day Report. pp 30-31.

Godfrey, L. D. and R. R. Lewis. 2003. Research advances on rice anthropoid pest biology and management. Calif. Rice Experiment Station Field Day Report. pp 15-17.

Godfrey, L. D. and R. R. Lewis. 2002. Annual report comprehensive research on rice, RP-3. pp. 105-132.

Godfrey, L. D. 2002. 34th Annual report to the California rice growers. Protection of rice from invertebrate pests. pp. 30-33.

Gu, Weidong, R. Lampman and R. J. Novak. 2003. Problems in Estimating Mosquito Infection Rates using Minimum Infection Rate. J. Medical Entomology, 40:595-596.

Hix, R., D. T. Johnson, and J. L. Bernhardt. 2003. Antennal sensory structures of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) with notes on aquatic adaptations. Coleopterists Bull. 57(1): 85-94.

Heinz-Taheny, K. M., J. J. Andrews, M. J. Kinsel, A. P. Pessier, M. E. Pinkerton, K. Y. Lemberger, R. J. Novak, G. Dizikes, N. Komar, E. Edwards. 2003. West Nile virus Infection in Free-ranging Squirrels in Illinois. J. Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. In Press.

Keiper, J. B., J. A. Jiannino, M. R. Sanford, and W. E. Walton. 2003. Effect of vegetation management on the abundance of mosquitoes at a constructed treatment wetland in southern California. Proceedings of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association California 70: 35.

Kent, Rebecca, Laurie D. Lacer and M. V. Meisch. 2003. Initiating Arbovirus Surveillance in Arkansas in 2001 Journal of Medical Entomology. 40(2):223-229.

Lampman, Richard, Nina Krasavin, Patrick Halbig, Adam Ringia, Marshall Van de Wyngaerde, Hyun-Young Koo, and Robert Novak. 2003. West Nile Virus in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Reports, Winter 2003, No. 374, p. 1 and p. 8.

Lampman, Richard and Robert Novak. 2002. West Nile virus: Why Illinois? Illinois Mosquito and Vector Control Association Newsletter, Spring 2002. 12(1): 3.

Lampman, Richard, Patrick Halbig, Nina Krasavin, Marshall Van de Wyngaerde, and Robert Novak. 2003. Mosquito species in Illinois positive for West Nile virus-RNA during the 2002 Outbreak. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. In Press.

Lawler, S. P., D. A. Dritz and L. D. Godfrey. 2004. Effects of the agricultural insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior?) on mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 19:430-432.

Leyse, K. E., S. P. Lawler and T. Strange. In press. Effects of an alien fish, Gambusia affinis, on an endemic California fairy shrimp, Linderiella occidentalis: implications for conservation of diversity in fishless waters. Biological Conservation.

Lichtensteiger, Carol A., Kathleen Heinz-Taheny, Tanasa S. Osborne, Robert J. Novak, Beth A. Lewis, and Margaret L. Firth. 2003. Fatal West Nile Virus Encephalitis and Myocarditisin Two Canids (Wolf and Dog). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9:1303-1306.

Marra, Peter F., Sean Griffing, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Carolee Caffrey, Robert McLean, Christopher Brand, Alan P. Dupuis, Laura Kramer and, Robert Novak. 2004. West Nile Virus and Wildlife. Bioscience, In Press.

Mejia-Ford, O. I., M. O. Way and J. K. Olson. 2003. Comparative biology of chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) [Hemiptera: Lygaeidae], in rice and sorghum. Southwestern Entomologist. (accepted).

Novak, Robert J. and Richard L. Lampman. 2003. West Nile Virus: An IPM Challenge in Illinois. Proc. Illinois Crop Protection Tech. Conf., 2003. Urbana, IL, Univ. IL, Jan. 7-8. pp 37-43.

Novak, R. J., J. Shililu, G. Tewolde, E. Brantly, J. Githurie, C. Mbogo, J. Beier, and R. Lampman. 2002. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. isrealensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea. Proc. Third International Conference biopesticides, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April 2002. pp. 102-111.

Rashid, T., D. T. Johnson, and J. L. Bernhardt. 2003. Feeding preference, fecundity, and egg hatch of rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on artificial diet, rice, and alternate host grasses. Pages 191-199. In B. R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002, Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Series 504.

Reagan, T. E., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, B. L. Legendre, M. Sétamou, and M. O. Way. 2003. Resistance to the Mexican rice borer among Louisiana and Texas sugarcane varieties. In Sugarcane Research Annual Progress Report. Louisiana Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA. pp. 102-103.

Reagan, T. E., M. O. Way, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and F. R. Posey. 2003. Monitoring the movement of the Mexican rice borer toward sugarcane and rice in the upper Texas rice belt and western Louisiana. In Sugarcane Research Annual Progress Report. Louisiana Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA. pp. 99-101.

Reay-Jones, F. P. F., M. O. Way, M. Sétamou, B. L. Legendre and T. E. Reagan. 2003. Resistance to the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) among Louisiana and Texas sugarcane cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1929-1934.

Sanford, M. R., J. B. Keiper and W. E. Walton. 2003. The relationship of drying period for harvested wetland vegetation to the abundance of mosquitoes and other invertebrates. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19: 361-366.

Shang, H. W., M. J. Stout, Z. T. Zhang, R. C. Pousson, and Q. R. Chu. 2002. Reproductive biology and survival of rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 474-479.

Shililu, J., Tewolde Ghebremeskel, S. Mengistu, H. Fekadu, M. Zeron, C. Mbogo, J. Githure, E. Brantly, R. J. Novak and J. C. Beier. 2003. High seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in Eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in Africa. American J. tropical Medicine Hygiene, 69: 607-613.

Shililu, Josephat, Tewolde Ghebremeskel, Fessahaye Seulu, Solomon Mengistu, Helen Fekadu, Mehari Zerom, Asmelash G. E., David Sintasath, Gustavo Bretas, Charles Mbogo, John Githure, Eugene Brantly, Robert Novak and John C. Beier. 2003. Larval Habitat Diversity and Ecology of Anopheline Larvae in Eritrea. J. Medical Entomology, 40:921-929.

Shililu, Josephat, Tewolde Ghebremeskel, E. Brantly, J. I. Githure, C. M. Mbogo, J. C. Beier, R. Fusco and R. J. Novak. 2003. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea. J. American Mosquito Control Assoc, 19:251-258.

Shililu, Josephat, Tewolde Ghebremeskel, Solomon Mengistu, Helen Fekadu, Mehari Zerom, Charles Mbogo, John Githure, Eugene Brantly, Weidong Gu, Robert Novak and John C. Beier. 2003. Distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Eritrea. Am. J. Tropical Medicine Hygiene, 69:295-302.

Shililu, J., Tewolde Ghebremeskel, S. Mengistu, H. Fekadu, M. Zeron, C. Mbogo, J. Githure, E. Brantly, J. C. Beier and R. J. Novak. 2003. Seasonal distribution, resting behavior, and host-feeding patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes at eight villages in Eritrea. J. American Mosquito Control Association, In Press.

Stout, M. J. and M. R. Riggio. 2003. Variation in susceptibility of rice lines to infestation by the rice water weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 19: 205-216.

Stout, M. J., R. Pousson, and B. A. Castro. 2002. Comparison of insecticides for control of the rice water weevil. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 468-469.

Stout, M. J., R. C. Pousson, and B. A. Castro. 2002. Methyl parathion rate study. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 470-471.

Stout, M. J. and R. C. Pousson. 2002. Timing of Karate applications for control of the rice water weevil. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 472-473.

Stout, M. J. and R. C. Pousson. 2002. Comparative effectiveness of Icon in drill- and water-seeded cultural systems. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 464-465.

Stout, M. J. and R. C. Pousson. 2002. Timing of karate applications for control of the rice water weevil. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center (in press).

Tindall, K. V. and M. J. Stout. 2002. Comparison of Karate and Fury for control of the rice stinkbug in North Louisiana. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 462-463.

Tindall, K. V. and M. J. Stout. 2003. Use of common weeds of rice as hosts for the rice water weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 32: 1227-1233.

Vodkin, M. H., Krasavin, N. M., Borrageiro, L. A. and Novak, R. J. 2002. Comparison of commercial Dot Blot Elisa to the RT-PCR for detecting St. Louis Encephalitis virus. Annals Medical Entomology, 10: 14-20.

Vodkin, M. H., R. J. Novak, and G. L. McLaughlin, 2003. 30. Database searches with multiple oligopeptides containing ambiguous residues. In, BioComputing: Computer Tools for Biologists, Stuart M. Brown, Ed., BioTechniques Press, Eaton Publishing, Westborough, MA pp. 245-249.

Walton, W. E. 2003. Managing mosquitoes at surface-flow constructed treatment wetlands. Publ. No. 8117. Univ. of Calif. Div. Agric. & Nat. Resources IPM Program, Davis. 11 pp.

Way, M. O., R. G. Wallace, M. S. Nunez, L. J. Vawter, G. N. McCauley, V. B. Langston. 2003. Insecticide screening for rice water weevil, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:F89.

Way, M. O., R. G. Wallace, M. S. Nunez, L. J. Vawter, G. N. McCauley, V. B. Langston. 2003. Evaluation of novel insecticides for rice water weevil control, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:F90.

Way, M. O., R. G. Wallace, M. S. Nunez, H. B. Harper, G. N. McCauley. 2003. Timing of Fury application for rice water weevil control, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:F91.

Way, M. O., R. G. Wallace, M. S. Nunez, G. N. McCauley. 2003. Evaluation of rice insecticides labeled for rice water weevil control, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:F92.

Way, M. O., R. G. Wallace, M. S. Nunez and G. N. McCauley. 2003. Comparison of rice water weevil damage in a stale or conventional seedbed. Proceedings Conservation Tillage Cotton and Rice Conference. 6:49.

Way, M. O. and R. G. Wallace. 2002. Update on new management tools for the rice water weevil. Proceedings of the Second Temperate Rice Conference. Eds. J. E. Hill and B. Hardy. Los Banos (Philippines). IRRI. pp. 365-368.

Way, M. O., R. G. Wallace, M. S. Nunez and C. D. Tribble. 2003. 2001 Entomology Research BeaumontCenter. 163 pp. (also on Beaumont Center website).

Way, M. O., B. M. Drees and J. K. Olson. 2003. Insect Management Alternatives. In: 2003 Rice Production Guidelines. B-6131. pp. 31-44.

Way, M. O. 2003. Rice Water Weevil. Texas Rice. vol. III, no. 1. pp. 11-12. (March issue).

Way. M. O. 2003. Rice Water Weevil Control. Rice Production Update. vol. 16, no. 1. pp. 1-2. Feb. 3.

Way, M.O. 2003. Rice Insect Control Update. Rice Production Update. vol. 16, no. 2. p. 1. Mar. 17.

Way, M. O. 2003. Rice Insect Control Update. Rice Production Update. vol. 16, no. 3. p. 3. May 1.

Way, M. O. 2003. Special Bulletin Rice Insect Control Update. Rice Production Update. vol. 16, no. 3a. p. 1. May 12.

Way, M. O. 2003. Rice Insect Control Update. Rice Production Update. vol. 16, no. 4. pp. 2-3.

Way, M. O. 2003. Entomology Research and Extension Program. Texas Rice. vol. III, no. 4. p. 11.(June issue).

White, W. H., D. Adamski, J. Brown, T. E. Reagan, J. A. Villanueva-Jimenez, M. M. Lopez and M. O. Way. 2003. Survey results for the sugarcane pest, Blastobasis graminea (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), in Texas and Louisiana. Southwestern Entomologist. (accepted).

Wirth, M. C., W. E. Walton and A. Delécluse. 2003. Deletion of the Cry11A or the Cyt1A toxin from BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS subsp. ISRAELENSIS: effect on toxicity against resistant CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 82: 133-135.

Workman, P. W. and W. E. Walton. 2003. Larval behavior of four CULEX (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with treatment wetlands in the southwestern United States. Journal of Vector Ecology 28(2): 213-228.

Yaremych, S. A., R. E. Warner, M. T. Van de Wyngaerde, A. M. Ringia, R. Lampman and R. J. Novak, 2003. West Nile Virus in American Crows. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9: 1319-1321.

Yaremych, S. A., R. E. Warner, P. C. Mankin, J. D. Brawn, A. J. Raim, R. J. Novak. 2003. West Nile virus causes high mortality in a free-ranging population of American Crows. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10 (4), 6 pp.

Zou, L., M. J. Stout, and D. R. Ring. Density-yield relationships for rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus on rice for different varieties and under different water management regimes. In press, Crop Protection.

Zou, L., M..J. Stout, and R. Dunand 2004. Effects of feeding by the rice water weevil on the growth and yield components of rice. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 6: 1-7.

Zhang, Z. T., M. J. Stout, R. Pousson, and H. Shang. 2002. Attraction of both sexes to each other in the rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 480-482.

Zou, L. and M. J. Stout. 2002. Yields of two rice varieties differing in tolerance to the rice water weevil under a reduced-insecticide regime. Ann. Res. Rpt., Rice Res. Stn., LSU Agricultural Center 94: 466-467.