Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Monday, January 3, 2011 8:50 am: Scott Jones, W2188 chair, welcomed the participants and explained the agenda for the meeting. 9:00 am Markus Tuller: Markus presented work on high-resolution micro computed tomography using benchtop scanners. Soil and glass bead samples of different sizes were scanned at different resolutions. An optimized scanning protocol was used to determine porosity and (preliminary) mineral density. Excellent image contrast (phase peak separation) allowed for direct multi-phase segmentation using a 3-D algorithm. 9:30 am Bob Horton: Bob briefly mentioned how he spent his 2010 spring semester sabbatical visiting three institutions in China. He went on to discuss soil evaporation measurements in a corn field using an 11-needle heat pulse sensor. He found that daily evaporation heat pulse estimates compared well with micro-lysimeter and Bowen ratio measurements. Subsequently, Bob discussed laboratory work to measure the water vapor enhancement factor and field work to assess nitrate leaching, biomass production, and CO2 emissions for different cropping systems. Finally, he discussed energy balance closure issues related to the depth of soil heat flux measurements. 10:00 am break 10:30 am Tamir Kamai: Tamir presented a web-based application of model and data analysis for the heat pulse probe where the web browser serves as the graphical user interface. Computational tools were developed in Python. Two methods have been implemented: (1) instantaneous infinite line source and (2) pulse infinite line source. Data analysis can be based on a time series fit or the maximum temperature rise. Both forward and inverse analysis can be conducted. The website may serve as a central location for the heat pulse probe community. 11:00 am Jan Hopmans: Jan briefly summarized a number of projects he has been involved in: heat pulse probe, carbon sequestration, micro-irrigation guidelines, and salinity effects on crops. He then went on to discuss the southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory. The observatory consists of a number of nested watersheds at the transition of snow dominated and rainfall dominated systems. Spatial variability of soil texture and depth to bedrock were analyzed. Sensor arrays were used to study soil moisture dynamics under and in-between selected trees. Jan explained how Hydrus is used to describe the soil-tree coupling. Finally, Jan presented results from a detailed tree root survey where a complete root system was mapped. 11:30 am Thomas Harter: Thomas first mentioned his involvement in a water resources research special issue on sustainable groundwater in agriculture. Thomas then discussed his work on N leaching from large dairy operations in the Central Valley. In the southern portion of the Central Valley unsaturated zones can be deep due to extensive pumping of groundwater. Leaching below corrals, storage lagoons, and irrigated fields was sampled by taking deep soil cores. Thomas presented results for a series of water and soil quality parameters and discussed the underlying transformation and transport processes. 1:00 pm Ahmad Moradi: Ahmad, working with Tamir and Jan, presented his work on neutron imaging of water uptake by roots. He found that water content may decrease with distance from the roots. Also, the soil around the roots had different properties than the bulk soil. He then discussed future experiments to study root water uptake under differential soil water contents. Ahmad proposed to use a growth chamber where the plant has access to wet and dry soil regions separated by a vertical capillary barrier of coarse sand. 1:30 pm Binayak Mohanty: Binayak gave an overview of his work on soil hydrology across scales. Going from small to large spatial scales he identified soil texture, topography, land cover, and climate as the main drivers. Binayak then presented a multi-scale bridging model that uses a scaling parameter that is defined as a function of sand fraction, vegetation index, terrain slope, amount of precipitation, and scale ratio. He finished with an example of topography-based upscaling to predict streamflow for the Little Washita Watershed in Oklahoma. 2:00 pm Zong-Liang Yang (guest speaker): Dr Yang gave an overview of land surface modeling. He identified land use change, dust emissions, cold region hydrology, and volatile organic compounds as being relatively uncertain with regard to climate research. Dr Yang then gave a brief historic overview of land surface models culminating in the 2010 version of the Community Land Model. After defining the different land surface processes he went on to show some examples of soil moisture precipitation interactions. This was followed by a more in-depth look at the strengths and weaknesses of so-called 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation land surface models. With regard, to model calibration, Dr Yang identified 3 needs: (1) data from pure biota, (2) understanding how to define the area average, and (3) making best use of remote sensing data. In the second part of his talk, Dr Yang focused on Community Land Model Version 4, which was released recently. He explained how land use is specified and provided details on the description of soil hydrology and soil temperature in the model. He finished, by showing examples of model validation using soil temperature, eddy covariance, river discharge, and satellite-measured water storage data. 3:00 pm break 3:30 pm Manoj Shukla Manoj first presented his work on root water uptake of Pecan trees. He used depth-wise soil moisture and temperature data in combination with Hydrus to quantify soil liquid water and vapor fluxes both with and without root water uptake. He conducted a sensitivity analysis of root water uptake with and without compensation. Manoj then proceeded with a different study on the effect of sodic wastewater application on soil water infiltration. Results shown included the spatial variability in saturated soil hydraulic conductivity and soil sodicity across the field site. Tuesday, January 4, 2011 8:00 am Business Meeting: Scott Jones (Chair) opened the business meeting and asked for approval of the 2009 activity report and the 2010 meeting minutes. The group approved both the report and the minutes unanimously. Next up was new member nominations. Liang Yang (guest speaker from Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX) and Robert Heinse (Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID) were nominated. Both nominations were unanimously approved by the group. This was followed by nominations for the new W2188 secretary. Manoj Shukla and Tyson Ochsner were nominated. Tyson Ochsner was elected as the new W2188 secretary (Tyson accepted). Subsequently, next years meeting was discussed which will be held in Hawaii. Scott mentioned that Ali Fares (Univ. of Hawaii) has confirmed his willingness to help with organizing the meeting. The idea is to follow the W2188 meeting with a soil moisture sensing conference organized by Ali. Ray Knighton suggested to submit a $5000 proposal to USDA to support both meetings. There was some discussion on the W2188 meeting dates. Wed-Fri 4-6 Jan (Scott), Thu-Sat (Jirka), and Thu-Fri (Tyson) were proposed. Bob suggested having a field trip on Saturday. The sensor conference is scheduled for Mon-Wed Jan 9-11. Fifteen W2188 group members expressed interest in attending both meetings. With regard to our 2013 meeting, Tamir, on behalf of Jan, offered UC Davis as a meeting place. This received wide support from the group with 16 votes in favor. Tyson suggested that Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK could serve as a meeting place in the future. 8:30 am Jeff Jacobsen: Jeff mentioned that the W2188 multi-state research award nomination packet was not successful. In the western region a grape project won, while at the national level a chestnut project won. Review committee members expressed that the W2188 proposal was strong. There were no written review comments. Jeff thanked Scott, Markus, Ray, Mike, and Ole for putting the proposal together and suggested resubmission after some fine tuning with a stronger connection to stakeholders. A successful proposal would result in wide recognition and $15,000 that could be used for guest speakers. Deadline for resubmission is end of March. Jeff inquired about future guest speakers (Jeff is paying for this year's speaker Liang Yang). Ray suggested that co-sponsoring the W2188 and soil moisture sensing conference in Hawaii would help in attracting USDA funds for guest speakers. It was also mentioned that we can exchange speakers between W2188 and the soil moisture conf. in Hawaii so that not all W2188 members have to speak during the W2188 meeting. Last year, Bob asked Jeff about how multi-state funds are actually used by the different experiment stations. This year, Jeff reported on his survey of experiment stations with 12 out of 14 responding from the western region. The results: 10 stations use the funds for faculty salary, 9 to pay for travel, 6 for staff salary, 6 for operations, 5 for students, and 1 for postdocs. During Jeff's presentation there was some group discussion on the length and format of the meeting. Should the meeting be 2 or 3 days? Ole argued in favor of keeping the meeting 3 days, with reference to an historic trend of making the meeting shorter and shorter. Mike suggested that speaking time should be limited and discussion time should be increased. One way of doing this would be to limit slide numbers and to focus on objectives and future plans (Mike). Scott suggested that shorter presentations would require clear instructions. 9:00 am Ray Knighton: Ray briefly summarized the current AFRI setup with 5 challenge areas and the foundational program. AFRI is now funding larger more focused research and has moved away from funding discipline oriented research. The air quality and soil processes categories for example are no longer available. The RFA for the foundational program will be released this Friday. Feedback suggests that the research community does not like the new setup and wants to move back to more discipline oriented research where there is something for everyone, despite the low funding rates. The RFA's for the challenge areas have been written up and are currently awaiting approval. The idea is to release the challenge RFAs at 2-week intervals after the foundational RFA has been published. The challenge areas will be the same as last year but less funding is likely available due to budget constraints. Individual RFA's may be retracted if no funds are available. Ole asked about stakeholder feedback to restore funding for soil processes. Ray responded that formal stakeholder input sessions were held last year and that the soil processes program is not likely to return. Funding for soils is now available through the climate change RFA but must be tied to the larger climate topic. Ray stressed that last year most proposals were big (5M$ over 5 years) and that smaller proposals would be appreciated. Don asked about the availability of discipline oriented research. Ray suggested NSF. Feedback from the experiment stations on the current AFRI approach appears to be mixed, with directors liking the new direction (Ray), and directors being worried about the decrease in formula dollars (Jeff). Other programs that might be of interest this year: (1) the specialty crop research initiative (15M$/yr) and (2) the 406 water quality program (12M$). Finally, Ray gave an update on the reorganization of NIFA into for sub-institutes (bioenergy, climate, environment, and plant & animal production). All personnel will be dispersed over these topical units. Each institute will have a director and a principal scientist. The principal scientist may remain connected to his/her institution but has to be physically in Washington, DC. Thomas asked about the upcoming farm bill and the large emphasis on crop management with little attention to emissions. Ray responded that (1) little research is actually being adopted by producers, (2) the bill is dominated by commodity crops, and (3) emissions from cereals, poultry, and southern conifers are included in the climate change RFA. 9:30 am John Nieber: John first summarized his work on the sources of sediment in Minnesota rivers and streams. Results show that fields contribute ~30 % and that near channel sources (bluffs, ravines, and stream banks) need more attention. Of these, bluffs appear to be the largest source of sediments. Research on the increased contribution of near-channel sources to sediment loads is ongoing. Next, John discussed work on the differential response of Minnesota watersheds to climate change. The effects of land use change and water withdrawal are also considered. Streamflow has increased mainly in the south due to vegetation change. The SWAP model will be used to evaluate the effect of vegetation change on groundwater recharge and streamflow. 10:00 am Mike Young: Mike in his capacity as S1 chair mentioned the following two symposium proposals for the SSSA annual meeting in San Antonio: (1) emission of regulated and greenhouse gases: measurement, technology, monitoring, and policy and (2) advances is vadose zone hydrology: contributions of Glendon Gee. He went on to discuss a possible different setup for S1 poster presentations in which posters are only up for a brief period. Mike also asked for input on how to improve the visibility of student contributions (with awards) and how to make soils more forward looking. Program enhancement dollars are available for awards. 10:05 am break 10:30 am Jirka Simunek: Jirka gave an overview of the latest Hydrus developments. The graphical user interface for HP1 (Hydrus + Phreeqc) has been simplified so that it is easier to understand for new users. A report with examples has been posted on the Hydrus website. Jirka is working with different groups to get them going with HP1. The Hydrus model was downloaded 5000 times last year. A new fumigant model has been added to Hydrus. In 2010, Hydrus received a favorable review in the journal Ground Water. The Hydrus 2d/3d professional version update should be done this year and includes general 3d geometries and more flexible boundary conditions. In 2010, Hydrus short courses were organized in Colorado, Netherlands, Argentina, and South Africa. Four new courses are planned for this year. Finally, a book entitled Soil Physics with Hydrus came out this year. 10:45 am Mostofa Amin: Mostafa, visiting with Jirka, presented his work on the simulation of contaminant redistribution due to soil-injected pig slurry manure. Mostafa is particularly interested in the fate and transport of viruses and bacteria. Experimental data from 2 research sites in Denmark are simulated using Hydrus 2-D. Model performance indicators for soil moisture, chloride, ammonia, nitrate, phage, E. coli, estradiol, and estrone distribution were shown. 11:00 am Maria Dragila: Maria presented ongoing work on the impact of salinity and heterogeneity on soil evaporation and on the mechanisms controlling subsurface salt deposition. Laboratory studies were conducted on soil columns with fine sand, coarse sand, and with both fine and coarse sand. A mathematical model was developed to calculate the effect of salinity and heterogeneity on evaporation. CT scans were used to image the top of the columns. Maria concluded that saline evaporation requires a redefinition of the 3 classical evaporation stages. She also concluded that salt will deposit in the smaller pores in heterogeneous media, leaving the larger pores open for vapor transport. 11:30 am Tyson Ochsner: Tyson discussed his work on multi-scale monitoring of soil moisture. At the large scale, he is working on Oklahoma Mesonet data to monitor drought by measuring plant available water. Heat dissipation sensor water potential estimates are converted to water content using soil water retention data. The resulting plant available water estimates are compared to measured data from soil cores. Phase 2 of this project includes the assessment of spatial variability in plant available water across Oklahoma. At the small scale, Tyson is involved in an in-situ sensor testbed in grassland to evaluate cutting edge soil moisture sensing techniques. 1:00 pm Julian Zhu: Julian presented his work on the sensitivity of unsaturated flow and contaminant transport to correlated parameters. Multiple realizations of parameters were used to rank the relative importance of individual model input parameters. Example calculations were conducted for Yucca Mountain. Depth-wise standardized regression coefficients were calculated when input parameters were independent. For correlated parameters, the contribution of individual input parameters to output uncertainty was more difficult to determine. Next, Julian discussed his work on the effect of evapotranspiration on the fractal dynamics of groundwater systems. Groundwater observation well data were used in a detrended fluctuation analysis. 1:30 pm Dave Barnes: Dave first discussed his work on groundwater flow and contaminant transport in oil field gravel pads in Alaska. Polygon patterned ground due to ice wedges may route water below the pads in continuous permafrost regions. In discontinuous permafrost regions the groundwater flow is strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of the permafrost. Next, Dave presented work on PCE vapor intrusion of buildings in cold regions. Both diffusion and advection play a role. The PCE concentrations are highest during summer. The concentrations show a positive correlation with soil temperature at 1 m depth. Measured and predicted indoor air concentrations were shown for different combinations of soil gas flow rate and building air exchange rate. 2:00 pm Robert Heinse: Roberts talk focused on the measurement of soil pipe networks in forested hillslopes using electrical resistance tomography. The soil pipes play an important role in the watershed response to water input. The pipes are characterized pre-burn and post-burn. The pre-burn measurements indicate that below-ground portions of stumps, dead roots, and possibly soil pipes can be identified. Robert then went on to summarize some of his work in (1) archeogeophysics at a former Japanese internment camp, (2) the climate impacts of municipal greening, and (3) the effects of historic terracing on soil properties in forests. 2:30 pm Scott Bradford: Scott presented work on the transport and retention of colloids, micro-organisms, and colloid-associated contaminants in porous media. Part of his work is done at the pore-scale, developing a fundamental understanding of the physics and chemistry involved in the transport and retention. The other part is done at the macroscopic scale to better understand the time and concentration dependent filling of retention sites. Chemical interactions and retention hysteresis are also studied at the macroscopic level using column experiments at different ionic strengths. At the field-scale, Scott is using Comsol to study surface and subsurface transport of pathogens in buffer strips. 3:00 pm Break 3:30 pm Todd Skaggs: Todd first presented his work on critical path analysis using cylindrical and slit-shaped pore networks. He developed new critical path results by adding a coefficient. Results from Monte Carlo calculations for 3-d networks showed improvement over the classical critical path model. Todd then went on to discuss new work to measure soil moisture effects on the diurnal variation of diazinon volatilization. A large vertical soil column was instrumented with temperature, moisture, potential, and heat pulse probes. Evaporation is measured directly by placing the column on a balance. The experiment will be redesigned in the coming weeks. 4:00 pm Gerard Kluitenberg: Gerards talk focused on his development of a new semi-analytical solution for the dual-probe heat-pulse method that accounts for the presence of the probe. Both probes are treated as perfect conductors. First a solution is developed for the heater probe with finite diameter, then a solution is developed for both the heater and thermistor probes. Derivations in the Laplace domain are followed by numerical inversion using the Stehfest algorithm. Results for dry sand, wet sand, and water are compared to finite element model solutions. The comparison is good with a slight time shift due to epoxy not being a perfect conductor. The new solution should eliminate overestimation of heat capacity and water content in dry media as is frequently observed using the line source solution. 4:30 pm Thijs Kelleners: Thijs presented his work on the measurement and modeling of CO2 production and transport in rangeland soils. A numerical soil water flow, heat transport, and CO2 transport model was calibrated by optimizing the soil profile CO2 production using an inverse algorithm. The model performance was best for soil temperature, and poorest for ecosystem respiration. Measured depth-wise soil water content, temperature, and CO2 concentration were also used directly to calculate depth-wise soil CO2 production and flux. Wednesday, January 5, 2011 8:00 am Fred Zhang: Fred discussed his work on instrument performance for long-term deep vadose zone monitoring in Hanfords radioactive tank farms. The work focused on the T tank farm where a surface barrier consisting of compacted soil, geotextile fabric, and polyurea liner was installed to limit downward migration of a radioactive plume from a 1973 leak. Soil water content (capacitance probe and neutron probe), and water potential (heat dissipation sensor) were monitored to assess the soil water regime with and without the surface barrier. The heat dissipation sensors performed well, requiring almost no maintenance. The capacitance sensors had issues due to corrosion and loose contacts. The neutron probe gave reliable data but needed to be operated manually. 8:30 am Masaru Sakai: Masaru, working with Scott, presented his work on the numerical evaluation of subsurface soil water evaporation derived from the sensible heat balance. Synthetic data were generated for sand, silt, and silty clay by simulating liquid water, water vapor, and heat transport using Hydrus-1d with constant and diurnal atmospheric boundary conditions. The generated data were subsequently used to evaluate subsurface evaporation as determined by the heat-pulse method using a penta-needle probe. Results indicated that improved evaporation estimates can be obtained by minimizing the near-surface undetectable zone and by incorporating depth-specific thermal conductivity. 9:00 am Ole Wendroth: Oles presentation focused on soil water content behavior in internal drainage experiments. He used a joint space-time state-space approach to improve field soil hydraulic properties estimates. The idea is to describe the process of soil water redistribution in the temporal domain while updating temporal predictions in the spatial domain. The new method will be tested on data from 25 Oxisol profiles from Brazil. The spatial domain module is completed while the time domain module is in progress. Finally, Ole briefly mentioned the completed theses of three of his graduate students. 9:30 am Todd Caldwell: Todd presented results from 3 of his projects. His work on soil hetergeneity in arid shrublands showed that saturated hydraulic conductivity decreases as the soil ages and that the reduction in canopy-interspace conductivity is due to abiotic processes. His work on hydraulic gradients and dust emissivity along a Playa to Distal fan transect using a portable in-situ wind erosion lab showed that the Playa fringes had the highest dust emissions. Finally, Todd summarized ongoing work on global military operating environments where soil sensors are used to assess the soil environment in support of military operations and testing. 10:00 am Break 10:30 am Navin Twarakavi: Navin discussed a stochastic-experimental approach to study the effect of macropores on water flow and solute transport. In particular, he is looking at macropore development by Mole Crickets. Of particular interest are macropore size distribution and connectivity under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Navin presented laboratory experiments with artificial macropores in glass beads to study solute breakthrough in saturated systems. He is also interested in the effect of macropore coating on water flow and solute transport. 11:00 am Markus Berli: Markus presented work on the unraveling of rhizosphere physics using X-ray mircotomography. Roots and the surrounding soil are imaged non-destructively. Segmented images were used to construct a finite element mesh for soil moisture distribution calculation around the root. Separately, deformation of inter-aggregate pores due to root growth was simulating using COMSOL. Markus is currently considering going back to simpler geometries in order to validate the finite element model calculations. 11:30 am: Scott Jones closes the meeting. Respectfully submitted, Thijs J. Kelleners 2010 W2188 Secretary

Short-term outcomes W2188 members mentored 28 MS students, 33 PhD students, and 11 Postdocs. They graduated 8 MS students, 5 PhD students, and 1 Postdoc. A total of $7,032,000 in external grants was reported. Arizona developed a new algorithm for multiphase segmentation of X-Ray CT data of porous media with potential for real time segmentation and applicability in biomedical research. Arizona also showed that 3-D numerical simulations predict liquid behavior in greenhouse substrates reasonably well and can be used to optimize irrigation frequency and discharge rates for typical growth bags. Idaho imaged soil pipes formed by the combustion of tree roots on forested hillslopes as part of efforts to better quantify available water resources. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is used to measure and quantify soil pipe existence, depth, geometry and connectivity. Data have been collected at three sites (625 points each) as well as EMI maps generated prior to a prescribed burn in late October. Idaho participated in an archeological survey of the former WWII Japanese internment camp near Kooskia. Geophysical overview maps were generated and a detailed 3D GPR survey of three sites was made. The aim was to identify former internee gardens. A new research project was started on Microclimatic Impacts of Green Spaces. This study will provide multiple scale metrics for addressing and responding to climate change and energy efficiency issues. Work continued on the use of time-lapse ERT measurements to characterize snowmelt fluxes and infiltration patterns linked to vegetation structures together with Scott Jones (USU). Work continued on the use of geophysics to characterize mine tailings. A statistical co-kriging methodology was developed to map slurry deposits from electric and electromagnetic surveys. Iowa constructed a new 11-needle heat pulse sensor to further test the heat pulse method of measuring soil water evaporation with time and depth. The sensor provided accurate measurements of soil water evaporation in a corn field. Low connectivity of intragranular pores results in scale-dependence of intragranular accessible porosity, tortuosity, and diffusivity. Through use of a pore network model, with diffusion modeled using random walks, it was shown that in a system with low connectivity, intragranular pores can be treated as a percolation problem. A new method was developed for determining soil thermal vapor enhancement factors. The vapor enhancement factor was shown to be soil texture dependent, and it should be measured for specific soils. The soil, water, and air environmental impacts of various ligno-cellulosic biomass producing cropping systems was determined. New Mexico collected and analyzed data and results were shared with the wastewater authorities for designing better wastewater irrigation techniques. Further analysis of soil and water samples is underway. Oklahoma submitted a grant proposal to the Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute. The proposal was successful, providing $50,000 in new research funding. This work also resulted in an oral presentation at the Oklahoma Water Resources Research Symposium. The presentation served to inform ~100 stakeholders about the potential to use Mesonet for drought monitoring. The work also led to the creation of a new cooperative project with USDA-ARS funded at $15,000 per year. The objective of that project is to create an in situ sensor testbed for evaluating existing and emerging soil moisture sensing technologies. Oregon improved understanding of fundamental processes controlling saline evaporation from heterogeneous porous media. This understanding will benefit not only the soil science community, but is applicable in many areas of material sciences including construction, engineering, and protection of architectural monuments. UC Davis (Hopmans) continued development of (1) multi-functional soil sensors for soil moisture and nitrate that may lead to easy-to-use and low-cost soil moisture sensors based on the heat pulse concept; (2) a wireless soil moisture network in a remote forested ecosystem; (3) new root water and nutrient uptake models that allow for compensated water uptake and passive and active nutrient root uptake. The initial findings of (3) were instrumental in obtaining a new grant from BARD that will also investigate root water and nutrient uptake mechanisms. The workgroup on leaching requirement under saline soil conditions concluded that the present guidelines based on steady-state analyses over-estimate the negative consequences of irrigating with saline waters. This error is particularly large at low leaching fractions. This is a fortuitist finding because irrigating to achieve low leaching fractions is desirable for the purpose of reducing the transport of chemicals that degrade groundwater quality and also provides for a more efficient use of limited water supplies. The feasibility of using saline waters for irrigation is also enhanced. UC Riverside shifted focus from water quantity issues towards water quality. Progress was made on: (i) geochemical modeling, (ii) development and application of models capable to consider preferential/nonequilibrium flow and transport, (iii) application of numerical models to evaluate various micro-irrigation and fertigation schemes, (iv) transport of various contaminants, (v) developing and applying models for coupled transport of water, vapor and energy, and (vi) development of new website for HYDRUS models. The HP1 model that resulted from coupling of the flow and transport code HYDRUS with a geochemical model PHREEQC developed by USGS can simulate low-temperature biogeochemical reactions in water, soil and ground water systems including interactions with minerals, gases, exchangers, and sorption surfaces, based on thermodynamic equilibrium, kinetics, or mixed equilibrium-kinetic reactions. Version 2.0 was released and the HYDRUS GUI upgraded so that it can fully support HP1. Training was provided in using HP1 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, and Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa. Existing models capable of simulating preferential flow and transport using various dual-porosity and dual-permeability models were applied at both laboratory and field scales. Numerical models were used to analyze various micro-irrigation schemes involving fertigation. The distribution of salinity under a drip irrigation system was simulated and compared to experimental data. The HYDRUS-1D model was applied to simulate the transport of bacteria and colloids. Models that consider simultaneous movement and transport of water, vapor, and energy, including the mass and energy balance at the soil surface were developed and applied. The website for HYDRUS and related models was improved. This website offers new tools, including discussion forums, FAQ, public library of projects, references, etc. Wyoming continued automated monitoring of soil-state variables such as water content and temperature in irrigated fields, dryland cropped fields, rangeland, and forest ecosystems as part of several ongoing projects. A numerical soil water flow, heat transport, and CO2 transport model was expanded to include the Ball-Berry description of leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Outputs W2188 members (co-)authored 67 journal articles, 1 book, 2 book chapters, and 62 abstracts in 2010.Arizona developed an advanced Bayesian image classification algorithm based on Markov Random Fields (MRF) for 3-D segmentation of X-Ray CT data of porous media. This algorithm can be directly applied to segment reconstructed multiphase images, eliminating the need for dual-energy or wet/dry scans and associated image alignment and subtraction analysis that are commonly applied in synchrotron Micro-CT. To speed up segmentation of large 3-D datasets the MRF algorithm is implemented in CUDA" to run on a NVIDIA® Tesla" desk side GPU computing systems. The algorithm is expanded for real time segmentation and applications in biomedical engineering. Motivated by recent advances in Micro-CT, a SkyScan® 1172 benchtop Micro-CT system (SkyScan, Belgium) was evaluated and calibrated. This was a collaborative project with Carlos Vaz from EMBRAPA, Brazil. It was found that with proper scanning protocol, the evaluated scanner provided excellent data that are at least of the same quality as data obtained with synchrotron-based systems. For multiphase systems excellent contrast between aqueous and gaseous phases was achieved when 1% sodium iodine solution or tab water were used. Idaho developed and taught a new course on Environmental Geophysics. This graduate-level course consists of two lectures per week and weekly laboratory sessions. Laboratory sessions alternated between field-data collection using geophysical instrumentation, and data processing and interpretation in the computer lab. Students were further introduced to the use of Matlab, and were given a compendium of scripts for future use. Collaborations with USU (Scott Jones) and UA (Markus Tuller) on space soil physics and mine tailing re-cultivation continued. In addition, collaboration has been established with NMT (White) and UNR (Saito) on the development of novel approaches to identify triggers of drastic environmental change. Kansas conducted a laboratory experiment to study the effect of probe deflection on thermal conductivity estimates using the dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) method in collaboration with UC Davis (Hopmans). It was concluded that estimates of thermal conductivity obtained with the DPHP method are largely unaffected by changes in probe spacing and other errors resulting from inward or outward deflection of the heater and temperature probes. In collaboration with John Knight (Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia) and California (Hopmans) a new semi-analytical solution was derived to account for the finite diameter and finite heat capacity of the probes. The new theory allows for the possibility of using more robust sensors with probes of larger diameter. In collaboration with California (Hopmans), laboratory experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of a robust DPHP sensor for measuring soil water content. In a separate study, the hydrologic balance of a claypan soil was quantified and the effect of tillage on water balance components determined. It was part of an ongoing project in Labette County, Kansas, in which no-till and chisel tillage plots had been maintained since 1995. A sorghumsoybean rotation was initiated in 2003, with both crops grown each year in a randomized complete block design. The water balance for the full growing season was not significantly affected by tillage, despite the fact that the tillage treatments had been in place for more than 10 years. Drainage from the claypan soil was negligible. Work on the estimation of ground-water savings achieved through Salt Cedar control is being conducted in collaboration with J. J. Butler, Jr., and D. O. Whittemore of the Kansas Geological Survey. The primary objective is to use water-table fluctuations to estimate the impact of various salt-cedar control activities on the ground-water resources of the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer at a site in Clark County, Kansas. Application of control measures began in March 2005 and is continuing. The relative ground-water savings gained through control activities is being estimated with a ratio method specifically developed for this project. In related work, efforts to develop analytical solutions for strip-sinks with periodic forcing are ongoing. These solutions are being developed to gain insight into spatial variations in water-table fluctuations in vegetated riparian zones. Kentucky submitted a report to the Kentucky Small Grain Growers Association entitled: Winter Wheat Development, Grain Yield and Soil Water and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Farmers Field in Western Kentucky. New Mexico submitted an annual completion report to WRRI. One manuscript was submitted for publication to a peer-reviewed Journal. Research was presented at the Water Conference at Socorro and at the Soil Science Society America Conference at Long Beach. North Dakota completed a reconnaissance of estrogen at a farm. Soil cores were taken near manure sources, which are potential sources of estrogens. Also, cores were taken in two fields before and after manure had been applied. Laboratory soil batch experiments were used to identify the effect of manure-derived colloidal (COC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the binding of estrogen to soil. Additionally, soil batch laboratory experiments with sulfate conjugates of estrogens were conducted to identify the potential of sulfate conjugates of contributing estrogens to the environment. Soil column experiments were conducted in which water was transferred through the column, then a sulfonamide antibiotic was applied and transported through the column. The experimental results of the column transport experiments were modeled. As a laboratory classroom experience, field measurements were made near a roadside to identify Hg concentrations as affected by automobile traffic. A new technique to simultaneously identify and quantify, at low concentrations, 14 sulfonamide antibiotics in various environmental matrices (i.e., water, manure slurry, and soils) was developed. Additionally, two methods to synthesis sulfate and glucuronide 14C radio-labeled 17beta-estradiols were developed. Field experiments were conducted to identify the effect of manure composting on the concentration of estrogens in the manure. An extension publication was completed to disseminate information about how to use multiple years of crop yield data to develop zones for prescribing soil nutrients for precision agriculture. Oklahoma measured soil water retention characteristics to facilitate monitoring of plant available water via the Oklahoma Mesonet. Sampling was completed at every accessible Mesonet site, resulting in over 1000 soil samples. Laboratory measurements have been completed for ~500 of these samples. A computer program has been written for the Mesonet system resulting in preliminary maps of plant available water across the State. UC Davis (Harter) organized a number of short courses including a two-day introductory course on Groundwater and Watershed Hydrology and a three-day short course on Groundwater Flow and Transport Modeling. Supporting material for these short courses is available at http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu. UC Davis organized and chaired a first International Conference Toward Sustainable Groundwater in Agriculture  Bringing together Science and Policy near San Francisco in June 2010. The conference had 70 invited speakers and over 130 oral presenters with nearly 300 in attendance. The interdisciplinary conference highlighted the broad array of technical, management, and regulatory issues at the groundwater-agriculture interface and brought together scientists, managers, and policy makers from around the globe. A conference website and post-conference website http://ag-groundwater.org was developed. A special issue in Water Resources Research on the conference theme is in the works. UC Davis (Hopmans) obtained a patent: 1. Tuli, A., J.W. Hopmans, T. Kamai, and B.D. Shaw. 2009. In-situ soil nitrate ion concentration sensor. US patent application serial no. 12/267,895. Pub. No.: US2009/0166520 A1. A new course on environmental monitoring was developed. The environmental monitoring course includes sections on sensors and wireless techniques. Collaboration occurred with UCR (Simunek) and KSU (Kluitenberg), continuing the development of alternative laboratory and field methods for the estimation of soil physical properties using inverse modeling and parameter optimization across spatial scales. In addition, recent BARD funding made possible the collaboration with UCR (Simunek) on development of innovative approaches to model the compensated and active uptake of water and nutrients by plant roots. Collaborations are ongoing with various UCs (Irvine, Merced, Berkeley, Santa Barbara) through the CZO project, and with companies like Decagon Inc. to improve soil moisture measurement techniques. In another study, the multi-step outflow experiment for estimation of soil hydraulic properties was modified, largely simplifying laboratory procedures and reducing costs and time. Whereas values of saturated water content, qs, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks must be measured independently, the remaining functional parameters are estimated using inverse solution of a transient drainage experiment using multiple suction steps and a hanging water column, with drainage outflows measured during drainage. A 6-person team completed a position paper on the need of improved guidelines for managing soil salinity and crop salt tolerance under micro-irrigation conditions. With colleagues at Arizona State University and others, a retrospective was written on the impacts of water developments in the southwestern US, funded by NSFs NCEAS (National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis), on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the book Cadillac Desert by Marc Reisner. The analysis provides strong scientific support for many of Reisners claims, except the notion that reservoir storage is imminently threatened by sediment. More broadly, it was estimated that the equivalent of nearly 75% of streamflow in the Cadillac Desert region is currently appropriated by humans, and this figure could rise to > 84% under a doubling of the regions population. The analysis provides recommendations on how to achieve a reduction in region-wide human appropriation of streamflow to a target level of 60%. Utah launched a new website for the TW Daniel Experimental Forest (http://danielforest.usu.edu) June 14, 2010. The website provides information regarding current weather conditions at the site, a map indicating its location, details about the site history, historical data download, outlines of research objectives, a list of 28 participants (faculty, staff and students) and a picture gallery. Major features of the website include a detailed data storage archive available for download and viewing online. We also worked on development of analytical tools to process dense eddy covariance data to determine water and carbon fluxes at the site. Utahs exploration of novel fluid flux determination approaches included theoretical as well as experimental paths. Numerical modeling exercises were continued to understand and test the energy balance involved in using heat pulse measurements for subsurface evaporation estimation. Numerical simulations were carried out to demonstrate the capabilities of the heat balance approach to subsurface evaporation estimates. A master student was recruited to continue work on the subsurface evaporation project. An updated sensor design includes the possibility to use the sensor in assessment of subsurface evaporation (USDA-funded project with Markus Tuller at UA). An array of heat pulse sensors are being developed for this application with the new boards under testing. Wyoming Soil moisture and temperature dynamics in dryland winter wheat fields in southeastern Wyoming were analyzed. Results showed that the traditional 14 month-fallow period used is inefficient in storing water. Maximum fallow efficiency was 14 %, indicating that only 14 % of the fallow period precipitation is stored in the soil. A numerical soil water flow, heat transport, and CO2 transport model was calibrated for a rangeland soil in southeastern Wyoming. The calculated annual carbon budget yielded a gross primary production of 267, an ecosystem respiration of 215, and a net ecosystem exchange of 52 g Carbon m-2 yr-1, indicating that the rangeland acted as a carbon sink during 2009-2010. Automated sensor data for the rangeland soil were also used to calculate depth-wise soil CO2 production and transport. Results showed that a relatively fine-textured soil layer at 7.5-15 cm depth produced the most CO2. Activities Arizona continued work on geophysical characterization of mine tailings in collaboration with Scott Jones (USU) and Robert Heinse (UI). The ability to sustain native vegetation on inactive mine tailings mitigates numerous environmental issues such as mass movement due to wind and water, leaching of hazardous chemicals, as well as aesthetic concerns. To develop strategies for optimizing hydrological conditions in mine tailings in the arid Southwest electromagnetic induction (EMI) surface surveys are applied to characterize spatial heterogeneity of physical and mineralogical tailings properties. Interesting correlations were found between EMI measured resistivity, texture and mineralogical composition of the tailing material. Experimental and numerical studies continued to optimize root zone fluid fluxes in novel greenhouse substrates. In 2010, comprehensive laboratory experiments were conducted under well-controlled initial and boundary conditions with foamed glass, a relatively new greenhouse substrate. It was shown that HYDRUS 3-D is capable of predicting observed behavior reasonably well, and can be used to optimize irrigation frequency and discharge rates for typical growth bags. Work was conducted on physicochemical controls on initiation and evolution of desiccation cracks in bentonite-sand liners by means of X-ray CT and stochastic modeling in collaboration with Teamrat Ghezzehei (UC Merced). Idaho chaired a session on 'characterizing soil moisture dynamics and plant-soil-water interactions' with co-chairs Nigel Crook (Stanford) and Tyson Ochsner (OSU) at the 2009 Fall Meeting of AGU. Idaho co-organized a session on 'detecting thresholds of ecosystem resilience in a changing climate' together with Amanda White (NMT), Li Dong (UNM), and Caiti Steele (USDA-ARS) for the 2010 Fall Meeting of AGU. Responsibilities included proposing, advertising and reviewing submitted abstracts. Kentucky chaired the Precision Resources Management Committee, College of Agriculture, Univ. of Kentucky. Program development and review of PRM proposals was undertaken. In addition Kentucky served as associate editor for Soil Science Society of America Journal and Vadose Zone Journal, and as editorial board member for Soil and Tillage Research and Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. In 2010, 46 manuscripts were reviewed. New Mexico organized field trips to conduct in-situ infiltration tests and collect soil and water samples. North Dakota returned from a sabbatical in July 2010 after working in Wexford Ireland with Dr. Karl Richards in Teagasc at their Agricultural and Environmental Research Group at Johnstown Castle. Oklahoma completed soil sampling for the Mesonet project and generated prototype maps of plant available water across Oklahoma. Bioenergy cropping systems field experiments were initiated in five locations. SMAP In Situ Soil Moisture Sensor Testbed was initiated. Finally, field experiments were conducted to determine impacts of crop residue harvest on soil properties. Oregon did laboratory work to investigate the role of internal boundaries on evaporation and salt deposition processes and fieldwork to investigate the role of heterogeneity on location of salt deposition. Three graduate students working on various aspects were mentored or co-mentored. Graduate courses on soil physics and undergraduate hydrology were taught. UC Davis (Harter) supported irrigation and water district personnel, local agency personnel, state and federal agency personnel, farm advisors, farm industry representatives, environmental stakeholders, and county extension directors on issues regarding groundwater use and protection in rural and agricultural areas. The integrated basic and applied research program can be divided into three categories: A) groundwater resources modeling, B) understanding of contaminant transport at the laboratory and field scale, and C) basic and applied research on modeling flow and transport in heterogeneous systems. The program includes a rigorous assessment of the impacts of agricultural water management practices on short-term and long-term land subsidence in the Tulare Lake Basin of California. Investigations are ongoing on potential water management scenarios to improve streamflows in the Scott River Valley, where the Scott River is one of the key salmon spawning grounds in the Klamath River system. A groundwater-surface water model was developed that will be calibrated for the 1991-2009 period and used for evaluating conjunctive use management options in the Scott River Valley. At the surface watergroundwater interface, vernal pools (seasonal wetlands) are a much smaller, but equally important ecological system of which the hydrological functioning is poorly understood. Several vernal pool sites in the Central Valley were instrumented to investigate hydrologic fluxes and biogeochemical processes in the pools. Utah made 3 international visits, one to China under USUs International development project, a second to Denmark as an invited speaker and participant in a SOIL FUTURE research conference, and the third to Israel. The China Agricultural University was visited in June. The main goal of the trip was to visit Yurui Sun, one of the leading experts worldwide on electromagnetic instruments for agricultural application. The US embassy in Beijing was visited to learn more about NSF funding in China. Utah was invited to the Embassy meeting by another collaborator, Liming Yang, who is coordinating work with USU and the UTAH-TAIHU Institute. Utah is among a large group of collaborators on a Danish National Research Foundation proposal titled, Center of Excellence for Soil Functional Architecture: SOIL FUTURE. A travel grant was used to support a visit to Israel in July 2010, aimed at developing research collaboration with Dr. Shmulik P. Friedman and Grisha Communars (Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute). A proposal was submitted to the Binational Agricultural Research Foundation (BARD). Wyoming participated in ongoing data collection for the following multi-investigator projects at the University of Wyoming: (1) Soil water and nutrient dynamics in dryland wheat fields in southeastern Wyoming; (2) crop-range-livestock farm research in southeastern Wyoming; and (3) runoff generation in snow-dominated mountainous forest ecosystems in southeastern Wyoming. A new multi-investigator project was started on Wyoming rangeland drought issues using existing data from a state-wide soil moisture network (Agricultural Experiment Station funding). Milestones Kentucky derived the spatial range of representativity for bromide tracer concentration at the field scale. It was found that the higher the rainfall intensity, the lower the amount of rainfall, the longer the time between surface chemical salt and subsequent rainfall, the shallower the leaching depth of surface-applied salt. For wheat research in Kentucky it was found that crop indices monitored in spring time have a closer relationship to crop yield variability than deterministic model-based predictions. Kentucky established a new graduate course PLS 655 in Spatial and Temporal Statistics. New Mexico completed the first phase of the wastewater project and all samples were collected for the second phase. For the Pecan project, most of data collection for years 1 and 2 is completed. Oklahoma will develop a scientifically-sound procedure for interpolating plant available water between Mesonet sites and create and release a new daily plant available water map for drought monitoring in Oklahoma. Oklahoma will also discover the similarities and differences between plant available water and other significant drought indicators. Oregon began a new series of laboratory saline evaporation tests within an environmentally controlled chamber. UC Davis (Harter) secured funding for comprehensive assessment of groundwater nitrate sources, source reduction, groundwater nitrate remediation options, treatment options in drinking water supplies, alternative water supplies in communities currently relying on contaminated groundwater, comprehensive economic analysis, and policy development for the State of California. Research was completed on occurrence, fate, and transport of antibiotics and other pharmaceutical in animal farming facilities. Utah: Characterizations of different electromagnetic sensors as to their dielectric measurement capability and measurement frequency in soils and other reference media has been achieved and publications for both reference media and sensor comparisons are being developed by UA and USU. Wyoming is planning to apply a soil water flow and heat transport model to study the water and energy balance of dryland wheat fields and snow-dominated mountainous forest in southeastern Wyoming.

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Effect of tillage on the hydrology of a claypan soil in Kansas. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74:2109-2119. Das, N.N., B.P. Mohanty, Y. Efendiev. 2010. Characterization of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Agricultural Field Using Karhunen-Loève Expansion with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo Technique. Water Resources Research. 46, 10.1029/2007WR007100. Das, N.N., B.P. Mohanty, E.G. Njoku. 2010. Profile Soil Moisture Across Spatial Scales Under Different Hydroclimatic Conditions. Soil Science 175(7):315-319. DeSutter, T., E. Viall, I. Rijal, M. Murdoff, A. Guy, X. Pang, S. Koltes, R. Luciano, X. Bai, K. Zitnick, S. Wang, F. Podrebarac, F. Casey, and D. Hopkins. 2010. Integrating Field-Based Research into the Classroom: An Environmental Sampling Exercise. J. Nat. Resour. Life Sci. Educ. 39:132-136. Elsadek A., M. Bleiweiss, M.K. Shukla, S. Guldan and S. Fernald. 2010. Alternative climate data sources for distributed hydrologic modeling on a daily time step. Hydrological Processes Journal. 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Radke, 2010. Effect of sulfonamide antibiotics on microbial diversity and activity in a Californian Mollic Haploxeralf, J. Soils and Sediments 10(3):537-544, DOI: 10.1007/s11368-009-0168-8. Han, X., M. Shao, and R. Horton. 2010. Estimating van Genuchten model parameters of undisturbed soils using an integral method. Pedosphere 20:55-62. He, W., H. Liu, Y. Xing, and S.B. Jones. 2010. Comparison of three soil-like substrate production techniques for a bioregenerative life support system. Advances in Space Research 46:1156-1161. Heitman, J.L., R. Horton; T.J. Sauer, T. Ren and X. Xiao. 2010. Latent heat in soil heat flux measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150:1147-1153. Iassonov, P. and M. Tuller, 2010. Application of Image Segmentation for Correction of Intensity Bias in X-Ray CT Images. Vadose Zone J., 9:1-5, doi:10.2136/vzj2009.0042. Jia, X., M. Shao, X. Wei, D. She, X. Li, and R. Horton. 2010. Estimating total net primary productivity of managed grasslands by a state-space modeling approach in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma. 2010.09.016. Jiang, S., L. Pang, G. D. Buchan, J. Simunek, M. J. Noonan, and M. E. Close. 2010. Modeling water flow and bacterial transport in undisturbed lysimeters under irrigations of dairy shed effluent and water using HYDRUS-1D, Water Research, special issue, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.039, 44:1050-1061. Johnson, J., W. Wilhelm, D. Karlen, D. Archer, B. Wienhold, D. Lightle, D. Laird, J. Baker, T. Ochsner, J. Novak, A. Halvorson, F. Arriaga, and N. Barbour. 2010. Nutrient removal as a function of corn stover cutting height and cob harvest. BioEnergy Research 3:342-355. Joshi, C. and B.P. Mohanty. 2010. Physical controls of nearsurface soil moisture across varying spatial scales in an agricultural landscape during SMEX02. Water Resources Research., doi:10.1029/2010WR009152. Joshi, C., B.P. Mohanty, J. Jacobs, and A.V.M. Ines. 2010. Spatiotemporal analyses of soil moisture from point to footprint scale in two different hydroclimatic regions. Water Resources Research. doi:10.1029/2009WR009002. Kamai, T., A. Tuli, G.J. Kluitenberg, and J.W. Hopmans. 2010. Correction to Soil water flux density measurements near 1 cm d-1 using an improved heat pulse probe design. Water Resources Research 46: doi:10.1029/2010WR009423. Kandelous, M. M. and J. Simunek. 2010. Numerical simulations of water movement in a subsurface drip irrigation system under field and laboratory conditions using HYDRUS-2D, Agricultural Water Management 97:1070-1076. Kandelous, M. M. and J. Simunek. 2010. Comparison of numerical, analytical and empirical models to estimate wetting pattern for surface and subsurface drip irrigation. Irrigation Sci., 28(5), 10.1007/s00271-009-0205-9:435-444. Kelleners, T.J. and A.K. Verma. 2010. Measured and modeled dielectric properties of soils at 50 MHz. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74:744-752. Kelleners, T.J., D.G. Chandler, J.P. McNamara, M.M. Gribb, and M.S. Seyfried. 2010. Modeling runoff generation in a small snow-dominated mountainous catchment. Vadose Zone J. 9:517-527. Kluitenberg, G. J., T. Kamai, J. A. Vrugt, and J. W. Hopmans. 2010. Effect of probe deflection on dual-probe heat-pulse thermal conductivity measurements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74:1537-1540. Ko, J., L.R. Ahuja,, B. Kimball, A. Ruane, S.A. Anapalli, L. Ma, T.R. Green, G. Wall, P. Pinter, and D. Bader. 2010. Simulation of free air CO2 enriched wheat growth and interactions with water, nitrogen, and temperature. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150:1331-1346. Kodeaová, R., J.Simunek, A. Nikodem, and V. Jirko. 2010. Estimation of the dual-permeability model parameters using tension disk infiltrometer and Guelph permeameter, Vadose Zone Journal, Special Section: "Preferential Flow", doi:10.2136/vzj2009.0069, 9(2):213-225. Krueger, E.S., T.E. Ochsner, M. Kantar, C. Sheaffer, and P.M. Porter. 2010. Growth stage at harvest of a winter rye cover crop influences soil moisture and nitrogen. Crop Management. Laird, D.A, P. Fleming, D.L. Karlen, D.D. Davis, R. Horton, and B. Wang. 2010. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 158:443-449. Laird, D.A., P.D. Fleming, B. Wang, R. Horton, and D.L. Karlen. 2010. Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 158:436-442. Lee J, Hopmans J.W., Rolston D.E., et al. 2010. Determining soil carbon stock changes: Simple bulk density corrections fail. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 138 (3-4):355-355. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.016. Li, Y., R. Horton, T. Ren and C. Chen. 2010. Prediction of annual reference evapotranspiration using climatic data. Agricultural Water Management 97:300-308. Li, Y., R. Horton, T. Ren and C. Chen. 2010. Investigating time scale effects on reference evapotranspiration from Epan data in north China. doi: 10.1175/2009JAMC2130.1. J. Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49:867-878. Logsdon, S., T.R. Green, M. Seyfried, and J. Bonta. 2010. Comparison of electrical and thermal conductivities for soils from five states. Soil Sci. 175:573-578. Logsdon, S., T.R. Green, M. Seyfried, S.R. Evett, and J. Bonta. 2010. Hydra probe and twelve-wire probe comparisons in fluids and soil cores, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 74(1):5-12. Lü, H., Z. Yu, R. Horton and Y. Zhu. 2010. The retrieval of the root zone soil moisture by the H-infinity filter assimilation procedure. Hydro. Process. 24: 3648-3660. Miller, J.O., A.D. Karathanasis, and O.O.B. Wendroth. 2010. In-situ colloid generation and transport in 30 year old mine soil profiles receiving biosolids. Intl. J. Mining, Reclam. Environ. 24:95-108. Nippert, J. B., J. J. Butler, Jr., G. J. Kluitenberg, D. O. Whittemore, D. Arnold, S. E. Spal, and J. K. Ward. 2010. Patterns of Tamarix water use during a record drought. Oecologia 162:283-292. Pontedeiro, E. M., M. Th. van Genuchten, R. M. Cotta, J. Simunek. 2010. The effects of preferential flow and soil texture on the risk assessments of a NORM waste disposal site, Journal of Hazardous Materials, doi:10.1016/j. jhazmat.2009.09.100, 174(1-3), 648-655. Ochsner, T.E., K.A. Albrecht, T.W. Schumacher, J.M. Baker, and R.J. Berkevich. 2010. Water balance and nitrate leaching under corn in kura clover living mulch. Agron. J. 102:1169-1178. Sabo, J.L., T. Sinha, L.C. Bowling, G. H. W. Schoups, W.w. Wallender, M.E. Campana, K.A. Cherkauer, P. Fuller, W.L. Graf, J.W. Hopmans, J.S. Kominoski, C. Taylor, S.T. Trimble, R. H. Webb, and E.E. Wohl. 2010. Climate Change and Water in Southwestern North America Special Feature: Reclaiming freshwater sustainability in the Cadillac Desert PNAS. 107(50):21263-21269. San Jose Maartinez, F., M.A. Martin, F.J. Caniego, M. Tuller, A. Guber, Y. Pachepsky, and C. Garcia-Gutierrez. 2010. Multifractal analysis of discretized X-ray CT images for the characterization of soil macropore structures. Geoderma, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.01.004. Schaapp, M.G., and M. Tuller, 2010. Quantitative Pore-Scale Investigations of Multiphase Bio/Geo/Chemical Processes. Vadose Zone J., 9:573-575, doi:10.2136/vzj2010.0090. Shelver, W.L., H. Hakk, G.L. Larsen, T.M. DeSutter, and F.X.M. Casey. 2010. Development of an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-residue sulfonamide method and its application to water, manure slurry, and soils from swine rearing facilities. J. Chromatog. A 1217:1273-1282. Sartori, F., T. L. Wade, J. L. Sericano, B.P. Mohanty, and K. A. Smith. 2010. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil of the Canadian River Floodplain in Oklahoma. J. Environmental Quality. 39:568-579. Sharma P., M.K. Shukla and T. Sammis. 2010. Predicting soil temperature using air temperature and soil and meteorological parameters. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 26(1):47-58. Sowder, J.T., T.J. Kelleners, and K.J. Reddy. 2010. The origin and fate of arsenic in coalbed natural gas produced water ponds. J. Environ. Qual. 39:1604-1615. Torkzaban, S., H., N. Kim, J. Simunek, and S. A. Bradford. 2010. Hysteresis of colloid retention and release in saturated porous media during transients in solution chemistry, Environ. Sci. and Technol., 44(5):1662-1669. Twarakavi, N. K. C., J. Simunek, and M. G. Schaap. 2010. Can texture-based classification optimally classify soils with respect to soil hydraulics?, Water Resour. Res., 46, W01501, doi:10.1029/2009WR007939. Twarakavi, N. K. C., H. Saito, J. Simunek, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2010. Inverse modeling of vadose zone flow processes using squared e-insensitivity loss function, Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 58(3):188-200. Venterea, R.T., M.S. Dolan, and T.E. Ochsner. 2010. Urea decreases nitrous oxide emissions compared with anhydrous ammonia in a Minnesota corn cropping system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74:407-418. Wang, L., R. Horton, and Z. Gao. 2010. Comparison of six algorithms to determine the soil apparent thermal diffusivity at a site in the Loess Plateau of China. Soil Science 175:51-60. Watanabe, N., B. A. Bergamaschi, K. A. Loftin, M. T. Meyer, and T. Harter, 2010. Use and environmental occurrence of antibiotics in freestall dairy farms with manure forage fields, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (17): 6591-6600, DOI:10.1021/es100834s. (free public access). Wei, X., M. D. Hao, X. H. Xue, P. Shi, R. Horton, A. Wang, and Y. F. Zang. 2010. Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization. Biogeosciences, 7: 3301-3310. Wei, X., M. Shao, X. Fu, and R. Horton. 2010. Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen after 28 years grassland afforestation: Effects of tree species, slope position and soil order. Plant and Soil 331:165-179. Wei, X., M. Shao, J. Zhuang, and R. Horton. 2010. Soil iron fractionation and availability at selected landscape positions in a loessial gully region. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 56: 617-626. Yakirevich, A., T. J. Gish, J.Simunek, M. Th. van Genuchten, Y. A. Pachepsky, T. J. Nicholson, and R. E. Cady. 2010. Potential impact of a seepage face on solute transport to a pumping well, Vadose Zone Journal, 9(3),686-696. Books Radcliffe, D., and J. Simunek. 2010. Introduction to Soil Physics with HYDRUS: Modeling and Applications, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN-10: 142007380X, ISBN-13: 9781420073805, pp. 373. Book Chapters Hakk, H., F.X.M. Casey, Z. Fan and G.L. Larsen. 2009. A Review of the Fate of Manure-Borne, Land-Applied Hormones. In Keri Henderson and Joel Coats, eds. Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Pg. 11-26. Am. Chem. Soc. Symposium Series 1018. Washington, DC. ISBN: 978-0-8412-6962-0 Heinse, R. (2011). Space Soil Physics. In: Encyclopedia of Agrophysics (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series), Jan Glinski, Jozef Horabik, Jerzy Lipiec (eds.) Springer. Abstacts Adhikari P., M. K. Shukla, and J. G. Mexal. 2010. Spatial variability of infiltration rate and soil chemical properties of desert soils: Implications for management of irrigation using treated wastewater. New Mexico Water Research Symposium, New Mexico Tech Socorro, NM, August 3, 2010. Adhikari P., M. K. Shukla, and J. Mexal. 2010. Spatial variability of soil properties in an arid ecosystem irrigated with treated municipal and industrial wastewater. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting held in Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov 3, 2010. Bai, X., F.X.M. Casey, T. DeSutter, H. Hakk, P. Oduor and E. Khan. 2010. Sorption and Degradation of 17²-Estradiol-17 Sulfate in Agricultural Soils. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Carlisle, J., P. Szafruga, V. Mahat, B. Mace, K. Schreuders, S.B. Jones, D.G. Tarboton, L. Hipps and J.L. Boettinger. 2010. Instrumentation Enhancement and Data Processing at the T.W. Daniel Experimental Forest: A Drought Management Initiative Project. Combined Western Snow Conference and Spring Runoff Conference, April 19-22, Logan, UT. Casey, F.X.M., and K.G. Richards. 2010. Assessing Persistence and Transport of Manure-Borne Estrogens with Passive Capillary Lysimeters. In Ecotrons & Lysimeters Conference. 29 to 31 March. Palais des Congres, Nancy France. Chen-Lopez, J.C., M. Tuller, G.A. Giacomelli, and P. Waller, 2010. Numerical Simulations of Root Zone Fluid Fluxes in Greenhouse Substrates. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Deb S., M.K. Shukla and P. Sharma. 2010. Numerical Analysis of Coupled Liquid Water, Water Vapor, and Heat Transport in a Sandy Loam Soil. 19th World Congress of Soil Science. Brisbane, Australia.1-6 August. Deb, S. K., M. K. Shukla, and J. G. Mexal. 2010. Soil moisture depletion patterns for some irrigated pecans. Technical Presentation, the 2010 New Mexico Section ASABE Meeting, April 23, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. Deb S., M. K. Shukla and J. Mexal. 2010. Water fluxes in the unsaturated zone of a mature pecan orchard in arid southern New Mexico. The 2010 New Mexico Water Research Symposium: Resource Interdependence, August 03, 2010, Macey Center, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico. Deb S. and M. K. Shukla. 2010. Numerical modeling of water vapor fluxes in the unsaturated zone of mature pecan orchards in arid southern New Mexico. The 2010 International Annual Meetings, ASA, CSSA and SSSA, Oct 31-Nov 04, 2010, Long Beach, CA. Dontsova, K., E. Hunt, D. L. Gosch, S. Taylor, J. Simunek, J. Chorover, and T. E. Huxman, Dissolution of Unfired and Fired Propellants and Transport of Released Nitroglycerine, 2,4-Dinitrotoluine, and Nitroguanidine in Soils, Abstract H33E-1215 presented at Fall Meeting, AGU San Francisco, 13-17 December 2010. Ducas, L., J. Leffler, R. Ryel, and S.B. Jones. 2010. Associations of near-surface soil moisture and annual plant community dynamics. 16th Wildland Shrub Symposium. Utah State University, Eccles Conference Center, May 19. Ferre, T.P.A., and M. Tuller, 2010. Monitoring the Seawater Interface with Simple Resistance Measurements. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Gebrenegus, T., T. Ghezzehei, and M. Tuller, 2010. Physicochemical Controls on Initiation and Evolution of Desiccation Cracks in Sand-Bentonite Mixtures: X-Ray Imaging and Stochastic Modeling. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Gonzalez A. and M. K. Shukla. 2010. Transport of Nitrate and Chloride in Saturated Soil Columns. The 2010 New Mexico Water Research Symposium: Resource Interdependence, August 03, 2010, Macey Center, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico. Gonzalez A. and M. K. Shukla. 2010. Coupled Transport of Nitrate and Chloride in Unsaturated porous Media. 2010 International annual meetings, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010, Long Beach, CA. Guber, A., M. Tuller, F. San Jose Martinez, P. Iassonov, and M.A. Martin, 2010. The Through Porosity of Soils as the Control of Hydraulic Conductivity. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia, August 1-6. Hanson, B. R., D. M. May, J. W. Hopmans, and J. Simunek, Drip irrigation as a sustainable practice under saline shallow ground water conditions, 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1-6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia (extended 4 pp abstract), Published on CDROM. Heinse, R. and S.B. Jones. 2010. Identifying Thresholds for Water Storage and Transmission In Montane Watersheds From the Soil up. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4. Hopmans, J. W., P. Hartsough, J. A. Vrugt, J. Simunek, and P. Nasta, Root Water Uptake Modeling, XVIII International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources, CMWR 2010, Barcelona, Spain, June 21-24, 2010. Jacques, D., J. Simunek, D. Mallants, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Simulating variably-saturated water flow, heat and solute transport and biogeochemistry in porous media using HP1, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-4623, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Jacques, D., C. Smith, J. Simunek, and D. Smiles, Absorption of artificial piggery effluent by soils: Inverse optimization of hydraulic, solute transport, and cation exchange parameters using HP1 and UCODE, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-4639, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Jacques, D., J. Simunek, D. Mallants, M. Th. van Genuchten, Reactive transport modelling for variably-saturated flow and contaminant transport problems: Recent HP1 developments, SSSA annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, Nov. 1-4, 2010. Jones, S.B., Dani Or, Robert Heinse and Markus Tuller. 2010. Beyond Earth: Designing root zone environments for reduced gravity. 1st International Conference and Exploratory Workshop on Soil Architecture and Physico-Chemical Functions "CESAR". Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum, Denmark, Nov. 30-Dec. 2. Jones, S.B., M. Sakai and G. Kluitenberg. 2010. Exploring Limits of Near-Surface Water Flux Determination from Penta-needle Heat Pulse-Based Measurements. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4. Jones, S.B., M. Sakai and M. Tuller. 2010. Snowmelt Infiltration and Soil-Water Evaporation Estimates using Heat-Pulse Measurements and Energy Balance Modeling. Combined Western Snow Conference and Spring Runoff Conference, April 19-22, Logan, UT. Kamai, T., G. J. Kluitenberg, and J. W. Hopmans. 2010. An alternative heat pulse sensor design. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Kamai, T., A. Ngo, G. J. Kluitenberg, and J. W. Hopmans. 2010. Evaluation of robust heat pulse probes for water content measurement. Abstract H33E-1181. In Abstracts, Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA [CD-ROM]. December 13-17, 2010. Kandelous, M. M., J. Simunek, M. Th. van Genuchten, and K. Malek, Evaluation of soil water content distribution in the subsurface drip irrigation system: field measurement and numerical simulation, SSSA annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 1-4, Abstract 300-7 (59877), 2010. Kandelous, M. M., T. Kamai, J. A. Vrugt, J.Simunek, B. Hanson, and J. W. Hopmans, An optimization model to design and manage subsurface drip irrigation system for alfalfa, Abstract H53a-0982 presented at Fall Meeting, AGU San Francisco, 13-17 December 2010. Kluitenberg, G. J., J. H. Knight, T. Kamai, and J. W. Hopmans. 2010. A semi-analytical solution for the dual-probe heat-pulse method that accounts for the presence of the probes. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Lassabatere, L., D. Yilmaz, R. Angulo-Jaramillo, J. M. S. Ugalde, I. Braud, and J. Simunek, Numerical evaluation of inverse modelling methods for 1D and 3D water infiltration experiments in homogeneous soils, 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1-6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia (extended 4 pp abstract), Published on CDROM. Lazarovitch, N., L. Krounbi, and J. Simunek, Models for root water uptake under deficit irrigation, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-6272, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Morari F., I. Coletto, M. Drigo, M. L. Menandro, J. Simunek, and M. Martini, Transport and deposition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Enterococcus faecalis in three Italian soils, 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1-6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia (extended 4 pp abstract), Published on CDROM. Neumann, L. E., J. Simunek, F. J. Cook, and D. Jacques, Implementation of quadratic upstream interpolation schemes and monotonic maintenance for evaluating reactive solute transport in HYDRUS-1D and HP1, SSSA annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 1-4, Abstract 302-1 (59275), 2010. Peyrard, S., L. Lassabatere, R. Angulo-Jaramillo, and J.Simunek, An analytical model for cumulative infiltration into a dual-permeability media, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-7787, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Ramos, T. B., J. Simunek, M. C. Gonçalves, J. C. Martins, A. Prazeres, N. L. Castanheira, and L. S. Pereira, Field evaluation of a multicomponent solute transport model in soils irrigated with saline waters, SSSA annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 1-4, Abstract 297-5, 2010. Resurreccion, A.C., P. Moldrup, M. Tuller, T.P.A. Ferre, K. Kawamoto, and T. Komatsu, and L.W. De Jonge, 2010. Soil Water Retention at Dry Conditions and its Relation to Specific Surface Area and Texture. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference and Exploratory Workshop on Soil Architecture and Physico-Chemical Functions (CESAR), Research Centre Foulum, Denmark, Nov 30-Dec 2. Resurreccion, A., P. Moldrup, P. Schjonning, M. Tuller, T.P.A. Ferre, K. Kawamoto, T. Komatsu, and L.W. De Jonge, 2010. The Soil Characteristic Curve at Low Water Contents: Relations to Specific Surface Area and Texture. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Robinson, D.A., S.B., Jones, S.P. Friedman and T.E. Doyle. Modeling Structural Effects on the Determination of Soil Moisture using Microwave Measurements in Granular Porous Media. GPR 2010 Workshop. Rome, Italy. Sakai M., S.B. Jones and M. Tuller. 2010. Estimation of Evaporation Rates from a Subsurface Drying Front using a Penta-Needle Heat Pulse Probe. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4. Sakai, M., and S.B. Jones. 2010. Numerical Evaluation of Snowmelt Infiltration Using Soil Water Content Monitoring. Combined Western Snow Conference and Spring Runoff Conference, April 19-22, Logan, UT. Sharma, P., M. K. Shukla, and J. Mexal. 2010. Spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties in agricultural fields of Southern New Mexico: Implication on irrigation management. New Mexico Water Research Symposium held in New Mexico Tech Campus, Scorro, NM, August 3, 2010. Sharma, P., M. K. Shukla, J. Mexal, and T. W. Sammis. 2010. Spatial variability of soil properties in agricultural fields of Southern New Mexico. 2010 Int. annual meetings, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010, Long Beach, CA. Simunek, J., J. W. Hopmans, and N. Lazarovitch, A new compensated root water and nutrient uptake model implemented in HYDRUS programs, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-3640, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Smith, C., D. Jacques, J. Simunek, and D. Smiles, Absorption of artificial piggery effluent by soils: Inverse optimization of hydraulic, solute transport, and cation exchange parameters using HP1 and UCODE, SSSA annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 1-4, Abstract 297-10 (59986), 2010. Steenpass, C., J. Vanderborght, M. Herbst, J. Simunek, and H. Vereecken, Using IR-measured soil surface temperatures to estimate hydraulic properties of the top soil layer, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-15021, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Sun, H., K. Kopp and S.B. Jones. 2010. Simulation of Water and Nutrient Transport in Three Turf Species. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4. Sun, H., K. Kopp, M. Dietz, S.B. Jones and J. Fan. 2010. A Comprehensive Research Method to Investigate the Environmental Issues of Urban Landscapes: Water Use and Nitrogen Leaching of Urban Landscapes on Community Water Quantity and Quality. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting. Palm Desert, CA, 2-5 August 2010. Tuller, M., C.M.P. Vaz, and R. Kulkarni, 2010. A New Generation of High-Resolution Benchtop Micro-CT Scanners for Application in Soil Science. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference and Exploratory Workshop on Soil Architecture and Physico-Chemical Functions (CESAR), Research Centre Foulum, Denmark, Nov 30-Dec 2. Tuller, M., C.M.P. Vaz, P.R.O. Lasso, R. Kulkarni, and T.P.A. Ferre, 2010. Evaluation of a High-Resolution Benchtop Micro-CT Scanner for Application in Porous Media Research. Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H13D-1013. Tuller, M., T.P.A. Ferre, and M.S. Mirjat, 2010. Optimization of Border Irrigation for Salinity Control in Arid and Semiarid Regions. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Twarakavi, N. K., and J. Simunek, A coupled modeling approach to incorporate vadose- zone flow and solute transport in ground water models, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-7646, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Twarakavi, N. K., J. Simunek, and L. Bahaminyakamwe, A coupled modeling approach to incorporate vadose-zone flow and solute transport in ground water models, SSSA annual meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 1-4, Abstract 297-13, 2010. van Genuchten, M. Th., D. Jacques, J. Simunek, and D. Mallants, Models for Predicting Radionuclide Transport in Soils and Groundwater, Keynote presentation, ENCIT 2010,13th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering, Dec. 5-10, 2010, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Vaz, C.M.P., J.M. Manieri, I.C. De Maria, and M. Tuller, 2010. Modeling the Influence of Water Content and Bulk Density on Soil Penetration Resistance. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Vaz, C.M.P., P.R.O. Lasso, and M. Tuller, 2010. Quantification of Phase Distributions in Porous Media with High-Resolution Benchtop Micro-CT. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2010. Vrugt, J. A., J. Hopmans, P. Hartsough, J. Simunek, and P. Nasta, Bayesian Calibration of a Soil-Root-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Model Using Soil Moisture and Leaf Water Potential Data, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, EGU2010-12148, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2-5, 2010. Wendroth, O., V. Vasquez, and C. J. Matocha. 2010. Spatial Variation Scales of Rainfall Characteristics and Bromide Leaching. Poster. American Geophysical Union, Fall 2010, Dec. 13-18, San Francisco. Wendroth, O. 2010. Combined space-time state space model for field soil water storage. Oral Presentation. Annual Meeting, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Oct. 30-Nov. 4, 2010, Long Beach, CA. Wendroth, O., C.J. Matocha, and V. Vasquez. 2010. Field-Scale Bromide Transport as a Function of Rainfall Amount, Intensity and Application Time Delay. Poster. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, IUSS, Brisbane, Australia, Aug. 01-06, 2010. Wendroth, O., V. Vasquez, and C.J. Matocha. 2010. Impact of rainfall amount, intensity, and time lag on leaching behavior of a surface-applied Bromide tracer. Oral Presentation. Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium, March 22, 2010, Griffin Gate Marriott Resort, Lexington, KY.