Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

MONDAY, JANUARY 4, 2010 10:00 am: Markus Tuller, W2188 chair, welcomed the participants and acknowledged Michael Young and Karletta Chief for their help with local arrangements. Jeff Jacobsen gave a brief introduction of his role and welcomed the group. 10:30 am: Karletta Chief Karletta addressed assessment of hydraulic properties in a Sonoran Desert using air permeability measurements. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were compared to air permeability measurements as well as with an empirical relationship developed by Loll et al. (1999) developed for structureless agricultural soils. 11:00 am: Julian Zhu Mahesh Gautam, working with Julian, spoke on, A Modified Artificial Neural Network Pedotransfer function for soil hydraulic properties. The study addressed some problems with Pedotransfer function formulation and issues associated with database selection and variability. Julian Zhu spoke on, Modeling of ET partitioning in Arid Environments-Scale Effects. Their objective was to examine scale effects of ET partitioning simulations in relation to shrub coverage structure and it interaction with hydraulic properties in arid environments. Julian also addressed the topic, Evapotranspiration estimates from ground water level fluctuations in a riparian zone. Data collected from wells at varying distance from a river were compared to river stage measurements and correlations were developed. 11:30 am: Dave Barnes David is part of the Water and Environmental Research Center in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks. He addressed environmental problems in the Arctic. Gravel pads are a necessity in dealing with the instability of permafrost but hydraulic and gaseous transport in these pads can be a hazard and little is known regarding these processes under the extreme arctic environment. David is also working to determine safe application of herbicides to roadways in Alaska, where a longer half-life of herbicides results from the extended cold climate. 1:00 pm: Navin Twarakavi Navin is looking at hydrogen-soil mixtures to improve water holding properties of golf course porous media. He measured the swelling, water holding and hydraulic characteristics of treated soils. Hydrogel cross-link ratio can be engineered to adjust swelling and was found to be a management strategy for optimizing the hydrogel impact on soil properties. 1:30 pm: Gerard Kluitenberg Gerard addressed the Effect of probe deflection on dual-probe heat pulse thermal conductivity measurements. Theoretical independence of the thermal conductivity on probe spacing changes of about 15% shown to be a valid assumption using measurements in dry and saturated sand and water. 2:00 pm: Tamir Kamai Tamir discussed understanding estimation bias and offset of heat pulse probes. Numerical simulations demonstrated the impact of the thermistor stainless steel on the thermal transport and heat flux. Human body water content determination using a button probe was evaluated on human skin and meat products. 2:30 pm: Jan Hopmans AddressedCritical Zone Observatory Snowline Processes in the Southern Sierra Nevada. The CZO is a collaboration with UC-Davis, -Merced, -Santa Barbara, -Berkeley, -Irvine, the University of Nevada and USFS-Fresno. The UC Davis group is charged with instrumenting the subsurface. A large tree was selected as the initial site with a wheel spoke design for sensor layout and installation. Instrumentation includes water content, temperature, matric potential, and tree sap flux sensors. 3:30 pm: Robert Horton Bob reported on advances in their work on soil water evaporation estimates using a novel 11-needle heat pulse probe. Another project is looking at soil carbon dioxide emissions measured in a collaborative study in Corn. Subsurface CO2 concentration and chamber-based surface emission measurements were carried out at different locations within the corn rows both including and excluding roots. Other topics they are addressing include sorption of Estrogen compounds to soil sand colloids, scale dependence of intragranular porosity, tortuosity and diffusivity, and soil wetability effects on coupled heat and water transfer. 4:00 pm: Masaru Sakai Masaru carried out simulations of subsurface evaporation using Hydrus 1D to evaluate components of the Heat Pulse Probe (HPP) method described by Heitman and Horton (2008). Estimates in three differently textured soils indicated the method accounts for ~70-80% of the total energy. Bob Horton suggested the 20- 30% energy in the form of liquid water flux seemed high given the significant energy associated with the latent heat of vaporization. Corrections for the liquid water flux component were suggested to be missing in the HPP method and closer spacing between temperature measurements theoretically improved accounting for evaporation occurring near the surface. TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2010 8:00am Business Meeting Markus Tuller (chair) called the business meeting to order at 8:00 am and requested approval of the 2008 activity report and 2009 meeting minutes. The group unanimously approved the activity report for the year 2008 and 2009 meeting minutes. Markus Tuller nominated Manoj Shukla (New Mexico State University) and Jirka Simunek nominated Navin Twarakavi (Auburn University). After Manoj and Navin introduced themselves, the committee unanimously approved their membership. The committee nominated two candidates for the coming year's secretary: Marcel Schaap (Univ. Arizona) and Thijs Kelleners (Univ. Wyoming). After a vote, Thijs was selected by the committee to serve as the 2011 secretary and he accepted the assignment. Markus reminded us about last year's proposed changes to the W1188 (now 2188)webpage to create a platform for information exchange and submission of activity reports. Despite Frank Casey's work in setting up the site, no one has used it. A discussion about next year's meeting included the follow up suggestion from 2009 to hold a meeting in Hawaii. With an informal vote 12 were in favor of Hawaii, 2 voted for Las Vegas and the remaining attendees were decidedly undecided. 9:00 am: Jeff Jacobsen presentation Commendation was given on the new project proposal and to Markus Tuller for getting past members to be maintained on the NIMS website list of participants. The W2188 reporting format for individual participants was modified to fit the reporting within NIMS. Jeff emphasized the need to focus our outcomes and impact reporting on the original proposal. Multi-state research award is granted yearly ($15,000), $5000 goes to support travel for the Chair, one member and the administrative advisor to attend the annual meeting where the award is made. The other $10,000 goes to the group for supporting meetings and other activities they choose. Deadline is February 26th for this grant proposal. Mike Young, Markus Tuller, and Scott Jones offered to work on this proposal. Questions regarding W2188 State Experiment Station travel funds were brought up with the finding from the group that each state differs in how they administer the funding, including travel and salary. Hatch funding typically pays salaries for the most part freeing up state funding for other activities. Don suggested Jeff look into the possibility of getting additional funds for the W2188 group from the experiment station directors. Bob asked about our negotiating power for how to use the Hatch funds. Jeff said the experiment station director decides how to use those funds. 9:30 am: Raymond Knighton presentation USDA changes are coming this year. October 2009 a new organization kicked in which is now named the National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA). Within NIFA the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) will continue to fund research, but with a different approach to the size of awards and target areas. Political appointees are taking charge and reorganizing the former USDA under priority areas, including climate change, global food security, etc. Four mini-institutes within USDA are organized to work on topical issues. The Farm Bill spelled out the reorganization but the mission is still the same. Past funds were not tied to specific topics, new funds are now tied to high priority societal needs as determined by the new administration. New RFA will come out in February and will be directed to these new areas within which we will need to search for funding relating to soil physics and related issues. Topical areas are developed based on their Focus, Scale and Impact. Rather than disciplinary type of research, the funding will be aimed at targeted topical issues. Larger awards will be aimed at producing greater impacts toward the societal issues of concern. Foundational research programs will fund basic research that relates to the big picture topics. Bob Horton voiced an inspiring summary of the opportunities that this new program provides for those that are willing to be open-minded and collaborative under topics such as global climate change. Mike Young commented that with some of this in mind, the new project proposal was developed toward W2188 becoming more interdisciplinary in our research interests. Ray suggested we visit NIFA's URL www.NIFA.usda.gov for funding RFA announcements. 10:30 am: Don Nielsen We were delighted to hear from Don Nielsen who has been the strongest and longest attendee/supporter of W2188 in the Earth's history. Don discussed failures and opportunitiesalong his career path. Many ideas were shared regarding unfinished work and potential opportunities to renew some of those experiments. Novel fixtures for performing experimental work were described and Don's PowerPoint presentation was distributed after the meeting to all W2188 members. 11:00 am: Art Warrick Art addressed infiltration from 2- and 3-D sources using combined 1-D coupled with an edge term. Sources examined included disk, strip, furrow and both lined and unlined boreholes. Neurodrip is an analytical neural network model written in excel by Naftali Lazarovitch. Neurodrip is available at: http://bidr.bgu.ac.il/bidr/karusela/Neurodrip.mht 11:30: Scott Jones Scott described progress on the Penta-needle heat pulse probe which is an SDI-12 sensor that ouputs thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and heat velocity in x and y directions from which water flux and heat capacity can be resolved. He also presented some comparisons of surface CO2 chamber flux determinations compared to subsurface gradient-based estimates of CO2 flux. A summary of EM sensor comparison work was also summarized. 1:00 pm: Markus Tuller Markus summarized a number of topics including segmentation of X-ray CT data to provide quantitative pore space analysis and fluid dynamic modeling. He also described geophysical characterization of mine tailings as a first step to revegetation of an inactive tailings pond. Other work included optimizing greenhouse irrigation in artificial substrates made of recycled glass and organic waste products. 1:30 pm: Thijs Kelleners Work in Wyoming includes measurement and modeling of Cow2 production and transport in rangeland soils. Thijs described his research site and installation of various sensors for water content and matric potential, temperature, CO2 and O2. Thijs' hydrology model is being enhanced to account for CO2 based on work of Simunek and Suarez (1993) and will be calibrated using some of the measured data. 2:00 pm: Michael Young Michael discussed work at DRI dealing with near surface water dynamics in desert soils with a focus on the differences shrubs make in soil water dynamics. He mentioned the controversy about whether deserts serve as significant carbon sinks. Additional work in the desert looks at the deeper water and its role in sustaining life at micro-site levels, which develop from vegetation structure. 2:30 pm: Robert Schwartz Evaluated permittivity response to bulk EC using column displacement experiments as a means of determining the suitability of effective frequency approximation for TDR measurements. Tillage effects on water redistribution and bare soil evaporation throughout a season were evaluated. Evaporation was monitored using TDR lysimeters in a deficit irrigation study. 3:30 pm: Markus Flury Discussed colloid fate and transport in the unsaturated zone. Focused on colloid attachment to the liquid-gas interface. Considered colloid breakthrough from unsaturated columns using high ionic strength solution. Other work includes water balance and conservation in dryland agriculture as well as water erosion and WEPP modeling of erosion processes. A National Needs Fellowship Program has been established at WSU. 4:00 pm: Ole Wendroth Addressed Field scale bromide transport as a function of rainfall intensity and application time delayand spatial soil processes and crop nitrogen response across the landscape. Statistical methods were employed to determine effects on transport and the scale effects on parameters within heterogeneous field designs. 4:30 pm: Jirka Simunek Jirka reviewed recent applications and modification to the HYDRUS Software package. Advanced have been made in biogeochemical modeling using the combination of HYDRUS-1D and PHREEQC (HP1). A GUI interface was added to HYDRUS 1D to include the PHREEQC inputs. Advances were also made in HYDRUS 1D for addressing preferential flow scenarios and for transport of various contaminants that may undergo degradation, sorption and other complex transformations. A Professional level of HYDRUS 2/3D will be released soon to include generation of general 3D geometries, the import of initial conditions and material properties from previous projects. A parallelized version is also available for faster processing of simulations. All of this and more is presented on the HYDRUS website. http://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 6, 2010 8:00 am: Group Discussion about Impacts The question was asked about what the W2188 group's most significant impacts were. Reponses included, students trained and graduated and postdocs trained. These should be reported along with our other impacts. Jirka Simunek, M. Sejna and M.Th. van Genuchten's ongoing contributions to W2188 are among the most significant. They have developed a number of simulation programs addressing topics within and related to the objectives of W2188 and prior projects. The website summarizes many of these contributions of not only Jirka's group, but also of the many collaborators who used Hydrus and other software. These collaborations have significantly furthered both the refinement of the programs in addition to the breadth of topics addressed by software developed by Simunek et al. These contributions are highlighted in: The significant number of publications from many within W2188 and beyond on the PC-Progress website http://www.pc-progress.com/en/Default.aspx?h1d-references. Special issues within Vadose Zone Journal have been organized. The list of member-authored publications reported annually. Instrument and sensor developments including the Nitrate sensor (patent pending) from Hopmans group as well as the evaporation method using the heat pulse approach from Horton's group. Improvements in CO2 sensing techniques were also pointed out, which will likely be used in policy development such as Cap and Trade legislation. Environmental work in Alaska addressing health hazards from historical extraction practices and providing data for development of regulations aimed at protecting public health hold promise for direct outcomes from the research. 8:30 am: Group Discussion about the 2011 Meeting At the 2009 meeting, Jan Hopmans suggested a future meeting in Hawaii. He proposed to invite Ali Fares (Univ. of Hawaii) to join the W2188 group to have a local organizer. Markus and Scott contacted Ali and he expressed interest in hosting a future meeting. An informal poll about next year's location was conducted during the meeting and showed 12 in favor of a meeting in Hawaii, 2 in favor of returning to Las Vegas and the remainder abstaining. An email poll will be taken after the meeting to determine by popular vote where to meet in 2011 with the option of considering Hawaii beyond 2011 if we meet in Las Vegas. Don Nielsen and Bob Horton provided information based on their experience with a past meeting held in Hawaii, naming colleagues there who could address our group and help with local arrangements. Jeff Jacobsen offered to contribute travel funds for invited speaker for the 2011 meeting and said a meeting location and date need to be determined over the next several months. Suggestion to decide on a theme for the next year's meeting based on the project proposal and invite speaker addressing that theme. Ray suggested looking at the new RFA's coming out when deciding on a theme. Markus, Scott, Michael and Ole volunteered to develop a 3-page proposal for grants that could provide funding for the working group to develop funding to support the travel for speakers, etc. Gerard suggested devoting time at next year's meeting to develop this further. Ray suggested that there will be novel opportunities requiring creative thinking about how to interact with outside groups. Don commented that this group focused its future meetings and preserved the interactions that are absent from other meetings where there is less interaction and more focus on topics, outside speakers and topics. He noted (sitting on the back row) that we are too distracted (web access) at this meeting to focus on the important and rare interactions that historically have happened at W188 between individuals and the group. It was suggested limiting wireless access during speaking sessions at future meetings. 9:00 am: Marcel Schaap Marcel is looking into how we can most effectively generate hydraulic property field for vadose zone transport modeling. Pedotransfer functions (Rosetta) were used to infer hydraulic properties at the Hanford Site. A modification to Rosetta was made for the coarse soils at the Hanford site. 9:30 am: Teamrat Ghezzehei Teamrat (pronounced Tamrat) addressed permeability evolution by precipitates and formation of aggregates by wetting-drying processes. The question was asked, What is the macroscopic implication of pore-scale heterogeneities caused by precipitation-dissolution processesTwo- and Three-D physically-based modeling approaches were characterized with 2-D yielding similar results to 3-D for a range of interest. Significant impacts on permeability were demonstrated using pore-scale heterogeneities approximating the growth of crystals and other pore-level geometry change. Aggregate stability experiments were carried out to simulate the effects of root exudates. 10:00 am Markus Berli Markus addressed, Unraveling rhizosphere physics using X-ray Microtomography. Effect of soil compaction near roots was discussed and tools for studying these changes were considered. Artificial root, a small balloon, was inflated to mimic the compression of soil particles. Further work is being carried out to quantify changes in the pore size distribution. 10:30 am Manoj Shukla Manoj reported on spatial variability of soil physical (including thermal) and chemical properties of desert soils irrigated with treated industrial effluent. Another project deals with short and long-term soil water depletion/extraction patterns in two irrigated pecan orchards using a variety of instruments. Another project dealt with numerical modeling of coupled water and heat transport in a sandy loam field soil. Respectfully submitted, Scott B. Jones 2010 W2188 Secretary

Short-term Outcomes Alaska found a strong correlation between concentrations of volatile contaminants in the ambient air of buildings that have been impacted by releases of these substances and temperature. This finding may impact environmental regulations related to vapor intrusion and public health. We have also shown for the first time the temporal change of pad pore-water gradient in Arctic gravel pads used for infrastructure foundations. This finding will aid both owners of these gravel pads and environmental regulators as they develop remediation strategies and regulations related to these structures. In addition, we have found that herbicides in subarctic environments attenuate at the same rate as has been found in more temperate environments, however the persistence of herbicides applied in the subarctic may be comparatively longer than in temperate environments. Arizona developed a new procedure for correction of intensity bias in X-Ray CT data that not only benefits the soil science community, but is also applicable for medical imaging and material science CT applications. We also showed that ERI and EMI techniques can be successfully applied to highly adverse engineered environments (i.e. mine tailings). Iowa compared surface cumulative evaporation from Bowen-ratio method and subsurface cumulative evaporations of soil depths of 3 mm, 9 mm, 15 mm and 21 mm from heat-pulse method, which were very consistent over 2-3 week time periods in 2007 and 2008. The heat-pulse probes appeared to accurately estimate in situ subsurface evaporation fluxes. High-connectivity results were indistinguishable from Cranks analytical solution. Low-connectivity results were consistent with observations reported in the literature, with solute released at early times more quickly than indicated by the analytical solution, and more slowly at late times. Water repellency was found to affect coupled heat and water transfer in soil. The net movement of soil moisture toward the cool end of the columns was greater in the wettable soils than in the hydrophobic soils. Soil temperature transients were greater in the wettable soils than in the hydrophobic soils. Kentucky developed new tools, devices, analytical methods and capabilities to quantify and monitor movement of agricultural contaminants and other materials from the vadose zone to ground water and to the atmosphere. Periodic variation patterns of irrigation treatments were used to study bromide leaching behavior under different boundary conditions at the field scale, while being able to quantify the local representation of bromide concentration measurements. Active and passive remote sensing crop scanners were used to determine spatial zones of nitrogen deficiency and soil-based crop variation early in the season. Spatially varying crop response to nitrogen can be evaluated and assuming a unique nitrogen response in a farmers field is not necessary with this approach. These techniques should lead to improved protection of soil and water resources and sustainability associated with energy production, water/irrigation management and mineral extraction activities. Minnesota developed groundwater recharge estimate atlases, which will be of use in regional water resource planning for the allocation of water resources to meet human needs in competition with the need to sustain ecological services. Preliminary results from this study were used by the Minnesota Environmental Quality Board (MnEQB) in conducting an assessment of the status of freshwater resources within the state. It is expected that as new results are developed, the MnEQB will use the updated information to revise these assessments. Nevada developed an approach that enables the application of effective soil hydraulic properties to large scale transient infiltration problems in a landscape with horizontally heterogeneous soil hydraulic properties. A two-layer one-dimensional steady-state conceptual model was established that can be used to investigate water seepage loss reduction by applying high molecular weight, anionic, linear polyacrylamide (PAM). We also developed a new maximum likelihood approach to estimate the probability density functions (PDFs) of water retention parameters for situations common in field-scaling modeling where core samples are sparse and prior PDFs of the parameters are unknown. We also showed that soil-root interfaces can be imaged using CMT and changes in macro-pore volume of the rhizosphere can be quantified employing numerical image analysis. A new method to estimate Green-Ampt infiltration parameters was developed based on soil moisture measurements and cumulative infiltration curves obtained during rainfall simulator tests. This parameter optimization procedure optimized results for the hydraulic conductivity and potential at the wetting front. The approach worked well for ideal, measured infiltration curves. North Dakota State University carried out field lysimeter studies where hormones were detected at frequencies and levels that indicated antecedent levels were present and that sources besides the applied manures contributed to the hormones in the soil. Hypotheses were developed to explain why hormones, which readily degrade and bind strongly to soil, are detected in the subsurface environment. Information from a Hg survey in ND will establish baseline and distribution of total Hg in North Dakota soils. Cleaning tile drainage lines of Mn-reducing biofilm did not have a long-term effect on improving the tile drainage (few months), which then returned to original levels before cleaning. The cleaning may even have a negative effect in which the tile lines are damaged. Turned manure piles had reduced nutrients, but hormones levels were not affected, suggesting composting is not effective in reducing hormones. Adding soil organic amendments, improving seedbed structure, adding topsoil, and removing coarse fragments where some recommendations that came from the restored oil-road soil study. These practices may help improve the establishment of plant species indicative of natural areas. Oklahomas project has provided research experience and mentoring for three undergraduate students. Soil samples were collected at 30 Mesonet sites and laboratory analysis was initiated. Preliminary data on soil moisture and plant available water (PAW) validated the methods used and were used as the foundation for a grant proposal to support the full project. Oregon postulated a new mechanistic model for the process controlling evaporation from saline porous media. This mechanism is in process of further evaluation. Work is performed at the laboratory and field scales permitting assessment of the saline evaporative mechanism at a spatial and temporal scale that is appropriate for addressing resource management questions. Completion of this project will benefit not only the soil science community, but is applicable in many areas of material sciences including construction, engineering, and protection of architectural monuments. Texas (A&M) has adopted a multi-facet approach to deriving large-scale soil hydraulic properties including: (1) a bottom-up approach, where larger-scale effective parameters are calculated by aggregating point-scale in situ hydraulic property measurements, (2) a top-down approach, where effective soil hydraulic parameters are estimated by inverse modeling using remotely sensed soil moisture measurements, and (3) an artificial neural network approach, where effective soil hydraulic parameters were estimated by exploiting the correlations with soil texture, topographic attributes, and vegetation characteristics at multiple spatial resolutions. UC-Davis continued development of multi-functional soil sensors for soil moisture and nitrate, including various proven prototypes that may lead to easy-to-use and low-cost soil moisture sensors based on heat pulse concept. Deployment and testing of wireless soil moisture network in remote forested ecosystem occurred. New root water and nutrient uptake models that allow for compensated water uptake and passive and active nutrient root uptake were developed. The initial findings of this NSF project were instrumental in obtaining a new grant from BARD that will also investigate root water and nutrient uptake mechanisms, using the probe designs developed in this project. UC-Riverside developed a new analytical method that can simultaneously determine multiple trace organic compounds in wastewater and in soils. We developed a method to measure solute diffusion coefficients as a function of water content in soils. The set of data will be very useful for evaluating the solute diffusivity models. US Salinity Lab researched Cryptosporidium Parvum oocysts, which have caused major water-borne disease outbreaks in the United States. Two major findings were observed: (i) oocyst retention was enhanced in low velocity regions near grain-grain contacts when chemical conditions were unfavorable for oocyst-sand interactions; and (ii) reversible oocyst retention occurred under conditions that were favorable for oocyst-sand interaction due to the presence of macromolecules on the surface of the oocysts. This study helps us to better understand mechanisms that control the fate of oocysts in groundwater environments, and will be of use to scientists, engineers, and regulators who are concerned with protecting water quality. Packed column and micromodel transport studies were conducted to gain insight on mechanisms of colloid retention and release during transients in solution chemistry. When the ionic strength (IS) of the eluting solution was reduced, a sharp pulse of released colloids occurred. When the eluting fluid IS was reduced to deionized water the final retention locations occurred near grain-grain contacts and colloid aggregation was sometimes observed. The final amount of colloid retention was demonstrated to be dependent on the porous media shape, the colloid size, and on the initial deposition IS. Utah continued to make advances in dielectric theory and measurements for water content determination in soils and porous media. A temperature control chamber was developed from a wine cooler for managing experiment temperature and humidity based on sensor controls. Electromagnetic induction measurements are continuing to be used to assess soil properties related to Aspen decline in the Western US. Washington's work on colloidal processes in the vadose zone helps to better design and manages contaminants at the US Nuclear Hanford Reservation. It is part of a larger effort of the US Department of Energy to clean-up the Hanford Site. Our work on water balance and seed-zone water helps farmers to adopt optimal farming procedures to minimize costs and maximize environmental protection. We have made a major contribution to continually developing and improving the USDA's Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model. WEPP is widely recognized as a leading technology for water erosion prediction Wyoming published a cost-effective calibration method for Hydra soil water content sensors. These sensors are used throughout the US as part of the NRCS Soil Climate Analysis Network. Ouputs W2188 participants contributed 137 publications including 3 book chapters in addition to delivering 86 presentations. Iowa developed measurement approaches for soil-water evaporation and soil-carbon dioxide fluxes at different crop management positions. Heat-pulse probes were installed at multiple depths to measure the dynamics of subsurface soil-water evaporation with time and depth. Independent estimates of surface evaporation, transpiration in the canopy and evapotranspiration above the canopy were obtained from micro-lysimeters, micro-Bowen ratio, stem flow and eddy covariance methods, respectively. Estrogenic hormones in soil have become an issue of concern with regards to agricultural manure use. We have performed the first of three stages of experiments investigating the fate and transport of two hormones (estradiol E2 and estrone E1). We examined the so-called slow sorption phenomenon, in which release of a pollutant is increasingly difficult as its residence time in the soil increases. Some research has suggested that the uptake and release are diffusion-limited at the scale of the individual grain. Noting that intragranular pore space is likely to be poorly connected, we used a pore network model to examine intragranular accessible porosity, tortuosity, and diffusivity as functions of grain size and intragranular pore connectivity. We examined the impact of biochar applications to soil on plant available water (PAW). We studied sand typical of golf course greens, and a high organic matter loam soil. In each case the soil water holding capacity and the plant available water increased as the biochar fraction increased. We have established a new research site near Ames for studying biofuel production impacts on soil and water. Kentucky generated new information on mass and energy transport processes in soils at spatial and temporal scales appropriate for effective resource management. Minnesota generated atlases of groundwater recharge at various spatial scales (statewide, regional, county) and a water resources database that can be queried to readily determine the renewable flux of freshwater within a given area. NDSU applied manure from a static manure pile, raw manure, and storage pond slurry to plots in which subsurface waters were sampled using lysimeters (0.6 m deep) and wells (2 m deep). Presentations were provided to Congress through the Coalition of National Science Foundation conference. Additionally, two book chapters were written regarding the general issue of hormones and animal agriculture and how hormones are transported in the environment. Electricity generation through coal combustion can potentially deposit Hg throughout ND. The distribution of Mercury (Hg) across ND was measured using surface soils. Also, floodwaters from a 500-year event were evaluated for water quality and Hg concentrations, potentially from snow deposition. Research was disseminated in two presentations on the distributions of Hg in ND and on floodwater quality at the SSSA international annual meetings. The effects of a bacterial biofilm on the drainage efficiency and nitrate reduction in subsurface tile drainage were investigated. In Situ Mesocosm to measure denitrification rates in the aquifer sediment were installed. Also, the model, DRAINMOD, and several tracer studies were used to measure lateral water transfer into the tile drainage lines before and after they were cleaned. A M.S. thesis was completed from this research looking at how the biofilm affects the tile line hydraulic efficiency. The effect of manure composting was also evaluated using turned and unturned manure piles. Composting may be a potential method of reducing hormone concentrations in manures. Soil physical and chemical properties were measured in combination with plant surveys of areas restored after oil roads were abandoned. Research was presented to the National Forest Service to advise them on road restoration, and a M.S. thesis was completed from this project. Oklahoma was funded on a monitoring proposal to develop a system for tracking plant available soil moisture based on the Oklahoma Mesonet, submitted to Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute. A collaborative effort led to the selection of the Marena Mesonet site as the site of the SMAP In Situ Instrument Test Bed. This test bed will inter-compare the world's leading soil moisture sensing technologies at one location. This involves collaboration with USDA-ARS Remote Sensing Laboratory, the Oklahoma Climatological Survey, and many others. UC-Davis developed a patent, Tuli, A., J.W. Hopmans, T. Kamai, and B.D. Shaw. 2009. Patent Application Publication. In-situ soil nitrate ion concentration sensor. US patent application serial no. 12/267,895. Pub. No.: US2009/0166520 A1. We also developed and taught for the second time a new course in Environmental Monitoring. This course was co-taught by one of the postdocs hired for this project. The environmental monitoring course includes sections on sensors and wireless techniques. UC-Riverside generated a UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources peer-reviewed technical bulletin on safe application of reclaimed wastewater in southwest states was published and distributed to various audiences. Co-organized two conferences (2009 biannual groundwater conference, and Salinity and Drainage/California Groundwater Association Joint conference). US Salnity Lab Results from our work with colloid and chemical transport have important implications for quantifying the evolution of colloid retention in soil over time, for determining the potential importance of transients in suspension concentration on colloid fate, and for predicting long-term colloid transport as well as the importance of chemical interactions on immobilized colloids. Washington generated new information on colloid mobilization and transport processes in the vadose zone, both soils and unsaturated sediments, at the microscale. Fundamental knowledge of microscale processes is a prerequisite for understanding field-scale behavior of colloids. We are developing a management model to predict seed-zone water content in the dry-land Pacific Northwest, providing farmers a tool to decide what management strategy may be best to minimize costs and maximize environmental protection. The improvements on the WEPP model will result in a new release in 2010. Wyoming completed a distributed soil water flow and heat transport model to calculate runoff generation in snow-dominated mountainous areas. Model results for a small catchment near Boise, ID show that only 11 to 16 % of the annual incoming precipitation is transformed into streamflow. Finalized a study on the dielectric properties of soils at 50 MHz. Results show that energy losses due to electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation are both significant at this low frequency. Completed a study on the fate of arsenic in coalbed methane water disposal ponds. Results for an unlined pond in Wyomings Powder River Basin showed that the arsenic remains in the pond and does not leach to the underlying groundwater because of low infiltration rates brought about by the sodic nature of the pond water. Journal papers describing these outcomes have been submitted to VZJ, SSSAJ, and JEQ, respectively. Activities Arizona (Tuller) served as the W-2188 chair and assisted with developing the W-1188 renewal proposal writing committee chaired by Michael Young (DRI), and contributed to the organization of the 2009 (Tucson) and 2010 (Las Vegas) annual meetings. In addition, we were involved in the following collaborative research projects with other W-2188 members and the USDA: (1) physicochemical controls on initiation and evolution of desiccation cracks in bentonite-sand liners by means of X-ray CT and stochastic modeling in collaboration with Teamrat Ghezzehei (UC Merced); (2) liquid behavior in porous materials under reduced gravity in collaboration with Scott Jones (USU) and Dani Or (ETH); (3) geophysical characterization of inactive mine tailings in collaboration with Scott Jones (USU) and Robert Heinse (UI); and (4) pathogen transport in macroporous soils in collaboration with Yakov Pachepsky (USDA) and Andrey Guber (USDA). Schaap presented several invited talks at research institutions in Germany. Minnesota has been proactive in presenting results in a number of venues to promote the use of the methodology and associated results. A webpage has been developed that describes the method and presents the results. https://wiki.umn.edu/view/Water_Sustainability. Nevada organized several technical sessions at conferences, Smith, J., and M. H. Young. 2009. co-conveners of Environmental Vadose Zone Hydrology, 2009 AGU Fall Meetings, December 14-18, 2009, San Francisco, CA; Young, M. H., and J. Zhu. 2009. co-conveners of Integrating Soil Physics into the Science of a Changing World, 2009 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, November 1-5, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA; Zhu, J., M. H. Young, and D. Sun. 2009. co-conveners of Landscapes in Semiarid and Arid Environments: A Hydrological and Ecological Perspective, 2009 AGU Fall Meetings, December 14-18, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Oregon participated in fieldwork at two different sites where natural fractures occur, one in soil and one in rock. Both sites are located in semi-arid environments typical of irrigated agriculture. Fieldwork focused on testing the existence of mechanisms and measuring the extent to which these phenomena exist in real field conditions. Laboratory work focused on quantifying field observations and testing of hypothesis. Field and laboratory work aimed at investigating the role of internal boundaries on evaporation and salt deposition processes. Additional activities included teaching graduate soil physics and undergraduate hydrology courses, and mentoring or co-mentoring of four graduate students working on this project. Texas (Bushland) led studies in the following projects: (a) a collaborative study with Kansas State University to monitor tillage effects on near-surface water contents in wheat-sorghum-fallow rotation at two locations: Tribune, KS and Bushland, TX. An economic analysis of the alternative management strategies for both locations is underway; (b) A study assessing the influence of deficit irrigation strategies on the water use efficiency (WUE) of grain sorghum and the associated temporo-spatial dynamics of root-water uptake. Early season soil water use immediately following irrigation events were evaluated using TDR and microlysimeters instrumented with vertical TDR probes. (c) Tillage effects on water balance and near soil surface evaporation and evaluated the effects of sweep tillage (ST) on near surface soil water dynamics as compared with an untilled (UT) soil during a 7 month period. UC-Davis participates in a Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), which has led to much new collaboration with colleagues at various academic institutions, including in hydrology, ecology and climate science. We also served as a member of a 6-person team that is writing a position paper on the need of improved guidelines for managing soil salinity and crop salt tolerance under micro-irrigation conditions. UC-Riverside is collaborating with UC-Davis, US Salinity Laboratory and International Center of Agricultural Research for Dry Area in evaluating salinity management and leaching fraction; Collaborating with University of Arizona and other southwest states/Pacific islands on wastewater reuse projects. Served as a member of a 6-person team that is writing a position paper on the need of improved guidelines for managing soil salinity and crop salt tolerance under micro-irrigation conditions. US Salinity Lab completed work with collaborators from Pakistan and China on multiple research projects focusing on irrigation and water management problems faced in developing countries. The research project's applied modeling technology and expertise developed under W-1188 to water management problems faced by farmers in rural areas. Additionally, models developed as part of W1188 were used to evaluate groundwater recharge in a drought-stricken agricultural region of southeast Spain that has been identified by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization as possibly being a leading indicator of what could become a global food crisis brought about by climate change. Utah developed collaborative work with a Chinese company to look at soil reclamation in hothouses located in Pudong China. Excessive nitrate applications coupled with clayey soils have resulted in saline conditions and poor drainage for growers. Collaboration is ongoing with Arizona to advance sensor and instrumentation for sensing of soil-fluid properties. Internal (USU) collaborations with an ecophysiologist are looking into issues related to geophysics for assessing soil properties in native ecosystems. Washington quantified capillary forces between different particles (sphere, cylinder, cube, disk, sheet, natural mineral particles) and a moving air-water interface. We also have studied the effects of remediation of seawater-affected aquifer with freshwater injection. The results indicate that the permeability was reduced by up to 70% when seawater was displaced with freshwater. We improved the WEPP (v2004.7) watershed model, so that it can be applied to adequately simulate forest watershed hydrology and erosion. Continued efforts are needed to further improve the ability of WEPP to properly account for soil freeze-thaw and thus transient soil hydraulic properties and hydrologic and erosion processes. Wyoming participated in ongoing field data collection for the following multi-investigator projects at the University of Wyoming: (1) nutrient dynamics in dryland wheat fields in southeastern Wyoming; (2) crop-range-livestock farm research in southeastern Wyoming; and (3) runoff generation due to snowmelt in the Snowy Range Mountains in southeastern Wyoming. Milestones Alaska is developing relationships between environmental factors and vapor intrusion, expanding field monitoring of Arctic gravel pads, and furthering the investigation of herbicide attenuation in subarctic environments using glyphosate. Arizona laid the foundation for two new multiyear research projects in collaboration with Scott Jones (USU): (1) Novel Gradient-Based and Surface Chamber Techniques for Monitoring Regulated and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations; and (2) A Novel Approach to Quantifying Soil Evaporation Rates with High Resolution Thermal Imaging and Heat Flux Measurements. We advanced image segmentation methods and demonstrated applicability of ERI and EMI techniques to harsh engineered environments (i.e. mine tailings). Schaap defined a methodology for Bayesian modification of pedotransfer functions releasing a new version of Rosetta PTFs. Developed community model for Lattice Boltzmann simulation of multiphase fluid dynamics. Kentucky 2010: Project 1: Complete chemical analyses on tracer samples; complete frequency-domain analysis on leaching depth, rainfall amount and intensity, and application time delay; apply field sampled hydraulic properties in numerical computer simulations of water flux and bromide transport. Complete M.S. Thesis. Project 2: Complete statistical analysis on scale-dependent association between optical indices measured in spring time and final yield in order to study the impact of measurement resolution for identifying appropriate management scales. Contribute to model developer for refining soil processes, and incorporation of a soil water, nitrogen and crop growth status update in the model; refine harvest index-related routines. Minnesota's approach and the outcome from the work to date provides results: generation of new information on mass and energy transport processes in soils at spatial and temporal scales appropriate for effective resource management, and improved understanding of the role of scale in basin-scale processes, including evapotranspiration, water balance and ecological functions and services. The results are in the form of atlases and tables of groundwater recharge associated with hydrologic units defined at various spatial scales. In this case the largest scale is the state level, but the methodology can be applied at the national level, the continental level, or even the global level. Oklahoma took initial steps toward the development of a real-time, freely available, drought monitoring system displaying plant available water across Oklahoma. This system will enable early detection and adaptive management to mitigate the negative impacts of drought on people, ecosystems and the economy. Oregon completed a series of laboratory saline evaporation tests within an environmentally controlled chamber. We have instrumented a new field site for quantifying the mass transport dynamics through a drying season. Texas (Bushland) developed and calibrated a new physically-based calibration model to estimate water contents using broadband dielectric techniques in fine-textured soils. Texas (A&M) sees great promise for the use of air-borne and space-borne remote sensing platforms for better understanding and characterization of the scale relationships in soil moisture and vadose zone hydraulic properties across the globe. In addition, we have developed several uncertainty estimation techniques for these important water and energy transport parameters in shallow porous media for better understanding of their spatial variability, physical controls, and scaling rules from local, footprint, watershed, to regional scales. Utah evaluated 10 different electromagnetic sensors as to their dielectric measurement capability and measurement frequency. Wyoming carried out a calibration of a combined soil water flow, heat transport, and CO2 production and a transport model for a rangeland soil in southeastern Wyoming. In addition, an application of a soil water flow and heat transport model to study the water and energy balance of dryland wheat fields in southeastern Wyoming occurred.

Acharya, K. C. Schulman, M.H. Young. 2009. Physiological response of Daphnia magna to Linear Anionic Polyacrylamide: Ecological Implications for Receiving Waters. Archives of Environ. Contam. and Tox. Accepted. Al-Mulla, Y., J. Q. Wu, P. Singh, M. Flury, W. F. Schillinger, D. R. Huggins, and C. O. Stockle. 2009. Soil water and temperature in chemical versus reduced-tillage fallow in a Mediterranean climate. Appl. Eng. Agric. 25:4554. Andersen, D.S., R.T. Burns, L.B. Moody, M.J. Helmers, and R. Horton. 2009. Comparison of the Iowa State University  effluent limitation guidelines model with the soil-plant-air-water model for evaluating containment basin performance. Transactions ASAE. (in press). Bakker, M. and J.L. Nieber, 2009. Damping of Sinusoidal Surface Flux Fluctuations with Soil Depth, Vadose Zone Journal, 8: 119-126. Baumhardt, R.L., R.C. Schwartz, L.W. Greene, and J. Macdonald. 2009. Cattle gain and crop yield for a dryland wheat-sorghum-fallow rotation. Agron. J. 101:150-158. Benning, J.L. and D.L. Barnes. 2009. Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Diffusion Coefficients and Effective Porosities in Through-Diffusion Tests. Water Resources Research. 45, W09419, doi:10.1029/2008WR007236. Bittelli, M., and M. Flury. 2009. Errors in water retention curves determined with pressure plates and their effect on soil hydraulic functions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:14531460. Botros, F.E. T. Harter, Y. S. Onsoy, A. Tuli, and J.W. Hopmans. 2009. Spatial Variability of Hydraulic Properties and Sediment Characteristics in a Deep Alluvial Unsaturated Zone. Vadose Zone Journal. doi: 10.2136/vzj2008.0087 Bradford, S. A., and E. Segal. 2009 Fate of indicator microorganisms under nutrient management plan conditions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38:1728-1738. Bradford, S. A., H. N. Kim, B. Z. Haznedaroglu, S. Torkzaban, and S. L. Walker. 2009. Coupled factors influencing concentration dependent colloid transport and retention in saturated porous media, Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 6996-7002. Bradford, S. A., S. Torkzaban, F. Leij, J. Simunek, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2009. Modeling the coupled effects of pore space geometry and velocity on colloid transport and retention. Water Resources Research, 45, W02414, doi:10.1029/2008WR007096. Caldwell, T.G., D.W. Johnson, W.W. Miller, R.G. Qualls, and R.R. Blank. 2009. Prescription fire and anion retention in Tahoe forest soils. Soil Science 174:594-600. Caldwell, T.G., E.V. McDonald, and M.H. Young. 2009. The seedbed microclimate and the active revegetation of disturbed lands in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 73:563-573. Chen, J., J. Zhu, M. H. Young, and R. B. Susfalk. 2009. An Integrated Approach for Modeling Solute Transport in Streams and Canals with Applications. Journal of Hydrology 378:128136, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.09.012. Chen, W., L. Wu, A. Chang, Z. Hou. 2009. Assessing the effect of long-term crop cultivation on distribution of Cd in the root zone. Ecological Modeling. 220:18361843. Daanen, R.P. and J.L. NIEBER, 2009. Model for coupled liquid water flow and heat transport with phase change in a snowpack, J. Cold Regions Engineering, 23 (2): 43-68. Davis, D.D., R. Horton, J.L. Heitman, and T. Ren. 2009. Wettability and hysteresis effects on water sorption in relatively dry soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:19471951. Deng H., M. Ye, M. G. Schaap, R. Khaleel (2009), Quantification of uncertainty in pedotransfer function-based parameter estimation for unsaturated flow modeling, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04409, doi:10.1029/2008WR007477. Derby, N.E., F.X.M. Casey, and R.E. Knighton. 2009. Long-Term Observations of Vadose Zone and Groundwater NO3-N Concentrations under Irrigated Agriculture. Vadose Zone J. 8:290-300, DOI: 10.2136/vzj2007.0162 Dostert, P., Y. Efendiev, and B.P. Mohanty. Efficient uncertainty Quantification Techniques in Inverse Problems for Richards Equation Using Coarse-Scale Simulation Models. Advances of Water Resources. 32, 329339, 2009. Dun, S., J.Q. Wu, W.J. Elliot, P.R. Robichaud, D.C. Flanagan, J.R. Frankenberger, R.E. Brown, and A.C. Xu. 2009. Adapting the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for forest applications, J. Hydrol. 466, 4654. Estevez, R. and S.B. Jones. 2009. Frequency Domain Soil Moisture Determination Using an Open-Ended Dielectric Probe. ASABE Paper No. 097130. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Evett, S.R. and R.C. Schwartz. 2009. Comments on J. Vera et al., Soil water balance trial involving capacitance and neutron probe measurements [Agric. Water Manage. 96 (2009) 905911]. Agric. Water Mgmt. 97:182-184. Evett, S.R., R.C. Schwartz, J.A. Tolk and T.A. Howell. 2009. Soil profile water content Determination: Spatiotemporal Variability of Electromagnetic and Neutron Probe Sensors in Access Tubes. Vadose Zone J. 8:926-941. Fan, J., M. Shao, Q. Wang, S. Li and S.B. Jones. 2009. Landscape Changes and Vegetation Restoration in the Wind-Water Crisscross Region of the Loess Plateau, China. ASABE Paper No. 097022. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Flury, M. 2009. Water conservation using wheat straw residues. CSA News 54(2):4. Flury, M., J. B. Mathison, J. Q. Wu, W. F. Schillinger, and C. O. Stockle. 2009. Water vapor diffusion through wheat straw residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:3745. Fu, X., M. Shao, X. Wei, and R. Horton. 2009. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen as affected by vegetation types in Northern Loess Plateau of China. Geoderma (in press). Fu, X., M. Shao, X. Wei, and R. Horton. 2009. Effects of two perennials, fallow and millet on distribution of phosphorous in soil and biomass on sloping loess land, China. Catena 77:200206. Fu, X., M. Shao, X. Wei, and R. Horton. 2009. Urea-derived nitrogen losses in a semiarid region of China Loess Plateau. SAGB: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science (in press). Han, X., M. Shao, A. Tsunekawa, and R. Horton. 2009. Estimating van Genuchten model parameters of undisturbed soils using an integral method. Pedosphere (in press). Hanson, B.R., D.E. May, J. Simunek, J.W. Hopmans, and R.B. Hutmacher.2009. Drip irrigation provides for profitable irrigation of tomatoes in the San Joaquin Valley. California Agriculture paper. 63(3):131-136. Haznedaroglu, B. Z., H. N. Kim, S. A. Bradford, and S. L. Walker. 2009. Relative transport behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum in packed bed column systems: Influence of solution chemistry and cell concentration. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 1838-1844. Heinse, R., S.B. Jones, M. Tuller, G.E. Bingham, I. Podolskiy, and D. Or, 2009. Providing Optimal Root-Zone Fluid Fluxes: Effects of Hysteresis on Capillary-Dominated Water Distributions in Reduced Gravity. Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), July 2009, Savannah, GA. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2360. Hou, Z., W. Chen, X. Li, L. Xiu, L. Wu. 2009. Effects of salinity and fertigation practice on cotton yield and 15N recovery. J. Ag. Water Manage. 96:1483-1489. Hu, W., M. Shao, Q. Wang, J. Fan, and R. Horton. 2009. Temporal changes of soil hydraulic properties under different land uses. Geoderma 149:355-366. Iassonov, P., T. Gebrenegus, and M. Tuller, 2009. Segmentation of X-Ray CT Images of Porous Materials: A Crucial Step for Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Pore Structures. Water Resour. Res., 45, W09415, doi:10.1029/2009WR008087. Ines, A.V.M. and B.P. Mohanty. Near-Surface Soil Moisture Assimilation to Quantify Effective Soil Hydraulic Properties Using Genetic Algorithm. 2. with Air-Borne Remote Sensing During SGP97 and SMEX02. Water Resources Research. 44, 10.1029/2007WR007022, 2009. Jiménez-Martínez, J., T.H. Skaggs, M.Th. van Genuchten, and L. Candela. 2009. A root zone modelling approach to estimating groundwater recharge from irrigated areas. J. Hydrol. 367:138149. Jones, S.B., R.M. Estevez and D.A. Robinson. 2009. Novel mobile soil water content sensing techniques. ASABE Paper No. 097158. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Jones, S.B., R. Heinse, B. Bugbee, D. Or and G.E. Bingham. 2009. Porous plant growth media design considerations for Lunar and Martian habitats. SAE Technical Paper no. 2009-01-2361. Kamai, T. N. Weisbrod, and M.I. Dragila. 2009. Impact of ambient temperature on evaporation from surface-exposed fractures. Water Resources Research. 45. W02417. soi:10.1029/2008WR007354. Kamai, T., A. Tuli, G. J. Kluitenberg, and J. W. Hopmans. 2008. Soil water flux density measurements near 1 cm d1 using an improved heat pulse probe design. Water Resour. Res., 44, W00D14, doi:10.1029/2008WR006956. Kamai, T., G.J. Kluitenberg, and J.W. Hopmans. 2009. Design and numerical analysis of a button heat pulse probe for soil water content measurements. Vadose Zone Journal. 8:1-7. Doi:10.2136/vzj2008.0106. Kavouras, I.G., V. Etyemezian, G. Nikolich, M.H. Young, J. Gillies, D.S. Shafer. 2009. A New technique for characterizing the efficacy of fugitive dust suppressants. J. Air Waste Mgmt. Assoc. 59:603-612. Kelleners, T.J., E.S. Ferre-Pikal, M.G. Schaap, G.B. Paige, 2009, Calibration of Hydra Impedance Probes Using Electric Circuit Theory. Soil Soc. Am. J., 73(2):453-465. Kelleners, T.J., D.G. Chandler, J.P. McNamara, M.M. Gribb, and M.S. Seyfried. 2009. Modeling the water and energy balance of vegetated areas subject to snow accumulation. Vadose Zone J. 8:1013-1030. Kelleners, T.J., E.S. Ferre-Pikal, M.G. Schaap, and G.B. Paige. 2009. Calibration of Hydra impedance probes using electric circuit theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:453-465. Kelleners, T.J., G.B. Paige, and S.T. Gray. 2009. Measurement of the dielectric properties of Wyoming soils using electromagnetic sensors. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:1626-1637. Kim, H. N., S. A. Bradford, and S. L. Walker. 2009. Escherichia coli O157:H7 transport in saturated porous media: Role of solution chemistry and surface macromolecules. Environmental Science & Technology, 43 (12), 4340-4347 Kim, H. N., S. L. Walker, and S. A. Bradford. 2009. Coupled factors influencing the transport and retention of Cryptosporidium Parvum oocysts in saturated porous media. Water Research, In Press. Kim, H. N., S. L. Walker, and S. A. Bradford. 2009. Macromolecule mediated transport and retention of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in saturated porous media. Water Research, In Press. Kim, H. N., Y. Hong, I. Lee, S. A. Bradford, and S. L. Walker. 2009. Surface characteristics and adhesion behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7: Role of extracellular macromolecules. Biomacromolecules, 10, 2556-2564. King, A.P., K. J. Evatt, J. Six, R.M. Poch, D.E. Rolston, and J.W. Hopmans. 2009. Annual carbon and nitrogen loadings for a furrow-irrigated field. Agric. Water Management. Doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.01.001. Labahn, S.K. J.C. Fisher, M.H. Young., E. Robleto, D.P. Moser. 2009. Microbially-mediated aerobic and anaerobic degradation of acrylamide in a western U.S. irrigation canal. J. Env. Qual. Accepted. Lee, J. E.A. Laca, Ch van Kessel, D.E. Rolston, J. W. Hopmans and J. Six. 2009. Tillage effects on spatiotemporal variability of particulate organic matter. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, doi:10.1155/2009/219379. Lee, J., J. W. Hopmans, D.E. Rolston, S.G. Baer, and J. Six. 2009. Determining soil carbon stock changes: Simple bulk density corrections fail. Agricultural and Ecological Ecosystems: 134:251-256. Doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.006. Leek, R., J.Q. Wu, L. Wang, T.P. Hanrahan, M.E. Barber, and H. Qiu. 2009. Heterogeneous characteristics of streambed saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Touchet River, southeastern Washington, USA, Hydrol. Process. 23, 12361246. Leij, F. J., and S. A. Bradford. 2009. Combined physical and chemical non-equilibrium transport model: Analytical solution, moments, and application to colloids. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 110, 87-99. Li , Y., R. Horton, T. Ren and C. Chen. 2009. Investigating time scale effects on reference evapotranspiration from Epan data in north China. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, doi: 10.1175/2009JAMC2130.1. Li , Y., R. Horton, T. Ren and C. Chen. 2010. Prediction of annual reference evapotranspiration using climatic data. Agricultural Water Management (in press). Li, H., L. Wu, H. Zhu, and J. Hou. 2009. Ion Diffusion in the Time-Dependent Potential of the Dynamic Electric Double Layer. J. Phys. Chem. C. 113:13241-13248. Liu, J., X. Chen, J. Zhang, and M. Flury. 2009. Coupling the Xinanjiang model to a kinematic flow model based on digital drainage networks for flood forecasting. Hydrol. Processes 23:13371348. Lü, H., Y. Zhu, T.H. Skaggs, Z. Yu. 2009. Comparison of measured and simulated water storage in dryland terraces of the Loess Plateau, China. Agric. Water Manage., 96:299306. Lu, J., L. Wu and B. Faber. 2009. Erosion control and runoff management. In J. Newman (ed.) Greenhouse and Nursery Management Practices to Protect Water Quality (Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources Publication, in press). Lu, S., Z. Ju, T. Ren, and R. Horton. 2009. A general approach to estimate soil water content from thermal inertia. Agric. Forest Meteorol., doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.05.011. Magri, A., D. A. Haith, A. M. Petrovic, L. Wu, and R. L. Green. 2009. Development and testing of a comprehensive model of pesticide losses from turf. In: M. Nett, A. M. Petrovic, M. J. Carroll, and B. H. Horigan (eds.) The Role of Turfgrass Management in the Water Quality of Urban Environments. Am. Chem. Soc.,Oxford Press (in press). Mangiafico, S., J. Newman, D.J. Merhaut, J. Gan, B. Faber, and L. Wu. 2009. Survey of nutrients and pesticides in runoff from production nurseries and citrus and avocado orchards. HortTechnology. 19: 360  367. MattheesDose, H.L. 2009. Soil Properties Affecting Oil Well Access Road Reclamation. M.S. thesis North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. Mohanty, B.P. and N.N. Das. A New Multiscale Data Assimilation Algorithm to Downscale Satellite-Based Surface Soil Moisture Data, Procs. of 8th International Association of Hydrologic Sciences Assembly (IAHS), September 6-12, 2009, Hyderabad, India, CD-Rom, 2009. Mohanty, B.P., N.N. Das, R.B. Jana, and A.V.M. Ines. Effective Soil Hydraulic Parameter Estimation at Different Spatial Scales, Procs. of Water, Environment, Energy, and Society (WEES), January 12-17, New Delhi, India, pp. 188-196, 2009. Nasta P., T. Kamai, G.B. Chirico, J. W. Hopmans and N. Romano. 2009. Scaling soil water retention functions using particle-size distribution. J. Hydrology 374:223-234. doi:10.1016/j.hydrol.2009.06.007 Oduor, P.G., X.T. Santos, and F.X.M. Casey. 2009. Solute Exclusionary Properties of Porous Shale Wafers. J. Porous Media. 12(6): 501-518. Oduor, P.G., X.T. Santos, K. Forward, N. Sharp, C. Bue, F.X.M. Casey, and J. Abwawo. 2009. Semi-Empirically Derived Petrophysical and Thermodynamical Coefficients of Permselective Shales -Implications on Ore Mineralization. Membrane Sci. (In press). Or, D., M. Tuller, and S.B. Jones, 2009. Liquid Behavior in Partially-Saturated Porous Media under Variable Gravity. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 73:341350, doi:10.2136/sssaj2008.0046. Pan, F., M. Ye, J. Zhu, Y.-S. Wu, B. X. Hu, and Y. Yu. 2009. Effect of Water Retention Parameters on Predictive Uncertainty of Unsaturated Flow and Contaminant Transport. Vadose Zone Journal 8: 158-166, doi:10.2136/vzj2008.0092. Pan, F., M. Ye, J. Zhu, Y.-S. Wu, B. X. Hu, and Z. Yu. 2009. Incorporating Layer- and Local-Scale Heterogeneities in Numerical Simulation of Unsaturated Flow and Tracer Transport. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 103:194-205, doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.10.012. Pérez Guerrero, J.S., L.C.G. Pimentel, T.H. Skaggs, and M.Th. van Genuchten. 2009. Analytical solution of the advection-diffusion transport equation using a change-of-variable and integral transform technique. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 52:32973304 Pérez Guerrero, J.S., T.H. Skaggs, and M.Th. van Genuchten. 2009. Analytical Solution for Multi-Species Contaminant Transport Subject to Sequential First-Order Decay Reactions in Finite Media. Transp. Porous Media, 80:373387. Porter, M.L., M.G. Schaap, and D. Wildenschild, 2009, Lattice-Boltzmann Simulations of the Capillary Pressure -Saturation - Interfacial Area Relationship in Porous Media, Accepted by Advances in Water Resources., 32(11):1632-1640. Qazi, A.M., M. Akram, N. Ahmad, J. Artiola, and M. Tuller, 2009. Economical and Environmental Implications of Solid Waste Compost Applications to Agricultural Fields in Punjab, Pakistan. Waste Management, Waste Management, 29(9):2437-2445, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.006. Or, D., M. Tuller and S.B. Jones. 2009. Liquid Behavior in Partially-Saturated Porous Media under Variable Gravity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:341-350, doi:10.2136/sssaj2008.0046. Ranft, R.D., S.S. Seefeldt, M. Zhang, and D.L. Barnes. Accepted. Development of a Soil Bioassay for Triclopyr Residues and Comparison with a Laboratory Extraction. Weed Technology. Robinson, D.A., I. Lebron, R.J. Ryel and S.B. Jones. 2009. Soil Water Repellency, a Method of Soil Moisture Sequestration in Pinyon  Juniper Woodland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74(2). Robinson, D.A., S.B. Jones, J.M.Jr. Blonquist, R. Heinse, I. Lebron, and T.E. Doyle. 2009. The Dielectric Response of the Tropical Hawaiian Mars Soil Simulant JSC Mars-1. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73 (4):1113-1118. Sawatzky, D.A. 2009. Hydraulic Efficiency in Biofilm Affected Tile Drains. M.S. thesis North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. Schwartz, R.C., Evett, S.R. and Bell, J.M.. Complex permittivity model for time domain reflectometry soil water content sensing. II. Calibration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:898-909. Schwartz, R.C., Evett, S.R., Pelletier, M.G., and Bell, JM. Complex permittivity model for time domain reflectometry soil water content sensing. I. Theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:886-897. Segal, E., P. Shouse, and S. A. Bradford. 2009. Deterministic analysis and upscaling of bromide transport in a heterogeneous vadose zone. Vadose Zone Journal, 8:601-610. Segal, E., P.J. Shouse, S.A. Bradford, T.H. Skaggs, and D.L. Corwin. 2009. Measuring Particle Size Distribution Using Laser Diffraction: Implications for Predicting Soil Hydraulic Properties. Soil Sci., 174:639645. Shang, J., M. Flury, and Y. Deng. 2009. Force measurements between particles and the air- water interface: Implications for particle mobilization in unsaturated porous media. Water Resour. Res. 45:W06420, doi:10.1029/2008WR007384. Shaw, B.D., A. Tuli, J-B. Wei, and J.W. Hopmans. 2009. Analytical modeling of soil solution monitoring by diffusion in porous cups. Transport in Porous Media. DOI 10.1007/s11242-009-9404-3 Simunek, J., and J.W. Hopmans. 2009. Modeling compensated root water and nutrient uptake. Ecological Modeling. 120:505- 521. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.11.004 Singh, P., J.Q. Wu, D.K. McCool, S. Dun, C-H Lin, and J.R. Morse. 2009. Winter hydrological and erosion processes in the US Palouse region: Field experimentation and WEPP simulation, Vadose Zone J. 8, 426436. Siripattanakul, S., W. Wirojanagud, J.M. McEvoy, F.X.M. Casey, and E. Khan. 2009. A Feasibility Study of Immobilized and Free Mixed Culture Bioaugmentation for Treating Atrazine in Infiltrate. J. Hazard. Mater., doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.025. Siripattanakul, S., W. Wirojanagud, J.M. McEvoy, F.X.M. Casey, and E. Khan. 2009. Atrazine Removal in Agricultural In
ltrate by Bioaugmented Polyvinyl Alcohol Immobilized and Free Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a: A Sand Column Study. Chemosphere.74:308313. Epub 2008 Oct 10. Siyal, A.A., and T.H. Skaggs. 2009. Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation. Agric. Water Manage., 96:893904. Siyal, A.A., M.Th. van Genuchten, and T.H. Skaggs. 2009. Performance of Pitcher Irrigation System. Soil Sci. 174:312320. Thompson, M.L., F.X.M. Casey, H. Hakk, and G.L. Larsen, T.M. DeSutter. 2009. Occurrence and Pathways of Manure-Borne 17²-Estradiol in Vadose Zone Water. Chemosphere doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.037. Torkzaban, S., H. N. Kim, J. Simunek, and S. A. Bradford. 2009. Hysteresis of colloid retention and release in saturated porous media during transients in solution chemistry. Environmental Science & Technology, In Press. Torkzaban, S., S. L. Walker, and S. A. Bradford. 2009. Reply to comment by William P. Johnson et al. on Transport and fate of bacteria in porous media: Coupled effects of chemical conditions and pore space geometry, Water Resources Research, 45, W09604, doi:10.1029/2008WR007576. Toth, T., M.G. Schaap., and Z. Molnar, 2008, Utilization of soil-plant interrelations through the use of multiple regression and artificial neural network in order to predict soil properties in Hungarian solonetzic grasslands. Cereal Research Communications, 36:1447-1450 (Part 3, Suppl. S). Tuli, A., J.-B. Wei, B. D. Shaw, and J.W. Hopmans. 2009. In situ monitoring of soil solution nitrate: Proof of concept. Soil Science Society Journal. 73(2). Doi: 10.2136/sssaj2008.0160 . Twarakavi,N.K.C., J. `imonek and M. G. Schaap, 2009,. Development of Pedotransfer Functions for Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Parameters Using Support Vector Machine, Soil Science Society of Am. J., 73(5):1443-1452. Vereecken, H., T. Kamai, T. Harter, R. Kasteel, J. W. Hopmans, J. A. Huisman, and J. Vanderborght. 2008. Comment on Field observations of soil moisture variability across scales by James S. Famiglietti et al., Water Resour. Res., 44, W12601, doi:10.1029/2008WR006911. Viola, R., F. Zama, M. Tuller, E. Mesini, 2009. Simulation of Incompressible Flow through Rhombohedric Pores. Proceedings of the 2009 European COMSOL Conference, Milan, Italy, October 14-16. Wang, C., R. Estevez, C.M.P. Vaz and S.B. Jones. 2009. Quantifying the Impact of Soil Properties on the Performance of Electromagnetic Water Content Sensors. ASABE Paper No. 096999. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Wang T., V. A. Zlotnik, J. `imunek, M. G. Schaap (2009), Using pedotransfer functions in vadose zone models for estimating groundwater recharge in semiarid regions, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04412, doi:10.1029/2008WR006903. Wang, L., R. Horton, and Z. Gao. 2009. Comparison of six algorithms to determine the soil apparent thermal diffusivity at a site in the Loess Plateau of China. Soil Sci. (in press). Wang, Q., R. Horton, and J. Fan. 2009. An analytical solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution in unsaturated soil. Pedosphere 19:104110. Wei, X., M. Shao, R. Horton, and X. Han. 2009. Humic acid transport in water-saturated porous media. Environ. Model. Assess. DOI 10.1007/s10666-008-9186-y. Wei, X., M. Shao, X. Fu, and R. Horton. 2009. Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen after 28 years grassland afforestation: Effects of tree species, slope position and soil order. Plant and Soil (in press). Wei, X., M. Shao, X. Fu, R. Horton, Y. Li, and X. Zhang. 2009. Distribution of soil organic C, N and P in three adjacent land use patterns in the northern Loess Plateau, China. Biogeochemistry DOI 10.1007/s10533-009-9350-8. Weisbrod, N., M.I. Dragila, U. Nachshon, and M. Pilldersdorf. 2009. Falling through the cracks: The role of fractures in Earth-atmosphere gas exchange. Geoph. Res. Let. 36:L02401, doi:10,1029/2008GL036096. Wendroth, O., S. Koszinski, V. Vasquez. 2010. Soil Spatial Variability. In [Editor] Handbook of Soil Science (accepted). Wu, L., W. Chen, C. French and A. Chan. 2009. Technical bulletin for the safe application of reclaimed water reuse in the southwestern United States (UC Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources peer-reviewed Publication) (http://ucanr.org/freepubs/finalpage.cfm?s=8357&cat=11&subcat=14). Xu, J., L. Wu, W. Chen, P. Jiang, A. C. Chang. 2009. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in runoff from a potato field irrigated with treated wastewater in southern California. Journal of Health Science. 55:306-310. Yang, C. and S.B. Jones. 2009. INV-WATFLX, a code for simultaneous estimation of soil properties and planer vector water flux from penta-needle heat-pulse probes. Computers & Geosciences. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2009.04.005 Young, M. H., E. A. Moran, Z. Yu, J. Zhu and D. M. Smith. 2009. Reducing Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil with Polyacrylamide. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73:13-20, doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0378. Young, M.H., T.G. Caldwell, D.G. Meadows, and L.F. Fenstermaker. 2009. Variability of soil physical and hydraulic properties at the Mojave Global Change Facility, Nevada: Implications for water budget and evapotranspiration. Journal of Arid Environments 73:733-744. Zhang, J., Z. Li, G. Ge, W., Sun, Y. Liang, and L. Wu. 2009. Impacts of soil organic matter, pH and exogenous copper on sorption behavior of norfloxacin in three soils. J. Environ. Sci. 21:1-9. Zhang, J.X., J.Q. Wu, W.J. Elliot, S. Dun, and K-T Chang. 2009. Effects of DEM resolution on WEPP hydrologic and erosion prediction: a case study of two forest watersheds in northern Idaho, Trans. ASABE 52, 447457. Zhou, J., X. Zheng, M. Flury, and G. Lin. 2009. Permeability changes during remediation of an aquifer affected by sea-water intrusion: a laboratory column study. J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam) 376:557566. Zhu, J., and D. Sun. 2009. Effective Soil Hydraulic Parameters for Transient Flows in Heterogeneous Soils. Vadose Zone Journal 8:301-309, doi:10.2136/vzj2008.0004. Zhu, J., and M. H. Young. 2009. Sensitivity and Uncertainty of Ground-Water Discharge Estimates for Semi-Arid Shrublands. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(3):641-653, doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00312.x. Zhu, J., and M. H. Young. 2009. Sensitivity of Unlined Canal Seepage to Hydraulic Properties of Polyacrylamide (PAM) Treated Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73:695-703, doi:10.2136/sssaj2008.0261. Zhu, J., K. F. Pohlmann, J. B. Chapman, C. E. Russell, R. W. H. Carroll, and D. S. Shafer. 2009. Sensitivity of Solute Advective Travel Time to Porosities of Hydrogeologic Units. Ground Water, in press. Zhu, Y., L. Ren, T.H. Skaggs, H. Lü, Z. Yu, Y. Wu, and X. Fang. 2009. Simulation of Populus euphratica root uptake of groundwater in an arid woodland of the Ejina Basin, China. Hydrol. Process. 23: 24602469. Book Chapters Casey, F.X.M. and Shore, L.S. 2009. Physiochemical characterization of steroid hormones in soil columns. 2009. In Laurence Shore and Amy Pruden, eds. Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and their Transport in Water and Soil. Pg. 29-36. ISBN: 978-0-387-92833-3. Hunt AG and RP Ewing (2009). Percolation theory for flow in porous media. Lecture notes in physics 771, Springer, Berlin. Shore, L.S., and F.X.M. Casey. 2009. Transport of steroid hormones in soil and groundwater. 2009. In Laurence Shore and Amy Pruden, eds. Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and their Transport in Water and Soil. Pg. 3746. ISBN: 978-0-387-92833-3. Abstracts Acharya, K., Y. Li, M. Stone, Z. Yu, M. Young, D. Shafer, J. Zhu and J. Warwick, Spatiotemporal Distribution of Algal and Nutrient, and Their Correlations Based on Long-term Monitoring Data in Lake Taihu, China. AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Aravena, J.E., S.W. Tyler, and M. Berli, Effect of aggregates compaction on soil hydraulic properties due to root growth. AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Bacon, S.N., E.V. McDonald, T.G. Caldwell, and G.K. Dalldorf, Alluvial fan sedimentation in response to strengthening of late Holocene ENSO variability in the Sonoran Desert, southwest Arizona. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, November 18-23, 2009, Portland, OR. Barnes, D.L. 2009. Fate and Transport of Petroleum Spills in Arctic Soil and Gravel Pads. Presented at the 2009 Alaska Forum on the Environment, Anchorage, Alaska, February 2-6. Berger, P.A., R. Heinse, H. Abdu, M. Tuller, and S.B. Jones, 2009. Geophysical Characterization of Inactive Mine Tailings  A First Step for Revegetation. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, November 1-5, 2009. Berger, P.A., R. Heinse, M. Tuller, S.B. Jones. Geophysical Characterization of Inactive Mine Tailings  A First Step for Revegetation. 2009. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA - Nov. 1-5, See Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madison, WI. Berli, M., M. Menon, T. A. Ghezzehei, N. Pillai, E.E. Regentova, P.S. Nico, M.H. Young, and S.W. Tyler, A step toward unraveling rhizosphere physics, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Caldwell, T.G., E.V. McDonald, S.N. Bacon, M.H. Young, and R. Schumer, Paleoclimate simulations and solute nitrate accumulation in a hyper-arid desert soil, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Carlisle, J, S.B. Jones, D.G. Tarboton, L. Hipps and J.L. Boettinger. 2009. Instrumentation Enhancement at the T.W. Daniel Experimental Forest: A Drought Management Initiative Project. Spring Runoff Conference, Eccles Conference Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, April 2-3. Casey, F.X.M. 2009. Reproductive Hormones in the Environment. Coalition of National Science Foundation. Capitol Hill, Washington D.C. Casey, F.X.M., S. Shrestha, H. Hakk, D. Smith, G.L. Larsen, and G. Padmanabhan. 2009. The Fate and Transport of Reproductive Hormones in the Environment. In Fate and Transport of Microconstituents within the Subsurface Environment During Water Reuse Applications. American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, December 14-18, 2009. Chen, L., L. Xiang, M.H. Young, Z. Yu., Parameter optimization for Green-Ampt infiltration model, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Chen-Lopez, J.C., M. Tuller, G.A. Giacomelli, and P. Waller, 2009. Optimization of Root Zone Fluid Fluxes in Greenhouse Substrates. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, November 1-5, 2009. Chief. K, T. Caldwell, and M.H. Young, Spatial variability of air and water permeability for two watersheds in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Dalldorf, G.K., T. G. Caldwell, S.N. Bacon, M. H. Young, J. Miller and E.V. McDonald, Rapid characterization of runoff potential on arid alluvial fans using terrain prediction and geomorphic mapping, American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting, March 26, 2009, Las Vegas, NV. Derby, N.E., F.X.M. Casey, T.M. DeSutter, H. Hakk and W. Shelver. 2009. The Effects of Composting On Swine Manure Nutrients and Hormones. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. - Advisee DeSutter, T., D. Franzen, F.X.M. Casey, D. Hopkins, B. Saini-Eidukat and A. Akyuz. 2009. Distribution of Total Hg in North Dakota Soils. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Devitt, D.A., L.K. Fenstermaker, M.H. Young, B. Conrad and B. Bird, Evapotranspiration of mixed shrub communities in phreatophytic zones of the Great Basin, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. (Invited) Doyle, T.E., A.T. Tew, D.A. Robinson, and S.B. Jones. 2009. Modeling the Dielectric Response of Aggregated Soils. Spring Runoff Conference, Eccles Conference Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, April 2-3. Dragila, M.I., and N. Weisbrod. 2009. Impact of atmospheric boundary layer temperature variations on moisture venting from fractures and cracks. American Geophysical Union Conference, San Francisco, December 2009. H51B-0770. Dragila, M.I.. 2009 Armored Water Droplets: How They Form and Their Role in Water Redistribution and Soil Erosion. Estevez, R.M. and S.B. Jones. 2009. Frequency Domain Soil Moisture Determination Using an Open-Ended Dielectric Probe. ASABE Annual Meeting, Reno Nevada, June 21-24. Fan J. and S.B. Jones. 2009. Limitations for Applying the Gradient-Based Soil CO2 Efflux Method. Spring Runoff Conference, Eccles Conference Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, April 2-3. Fan, J., M. Shao, Q. Wang, S. Li and S.B. Jones. 2009. Landscape Changes and Vegetation Restoration in the Wind-Water Crisscross Region of the Loess Plateau, China. ASABE Annual Meeting, Reno Nevada, June 21-24. Fang, Z. ; M. G. Schaap and S. P. Neuman. 2009. Comparison of vadose zone flow simulations based on hydraulic parameters derived from lab data, pedotransfer functions, Bayesian updating and inverse modeling, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 17, H43F-1084. Fenstermaker, L., and M.H. Young, Carbon flux and spectral response of biological soil crust to soil moisture status, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Guy, A., T. DeSutter, F.X.M. Casey and J. Leitch. 2009. Major Flooding of the Red River of the North: Impacts On Water and Soil Qualities in An Urban Environment. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. - Student Advisee Heinse, R., Jones, S.B., H. Abdu and D.A. Robinson. Time-lapse Characterization of Soil Moisture Dynamics  A First Step towards Ecological Integrity. 2009. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, CA, December 14-18. Heinse, R., S.B. Jones, M. Tuller, G. Bingham, I. Podolskiy, and D. Or, 2009. Providing Optimal Root-Zone Fluid Fluxes: Effects of Hysteresis on Capillary-Dominated Water Distributions in Microgravity. 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 12-16, 2009 Heinse, R., S.B. Jones, M. Tuller, G.E. Bingham, I. Podolskiy and D. Or (2009). Providing Optimal Root Zone Fluxes: Challenges of Capillary-Driven Hysteretic Water Distributions in Microgravity. 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Hyatt Regency, Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 12 - 16. Jana, R., and B.P. Mohanty, Physical Controls of Soil Hydraulic Parameter Scaling. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract. 2009. Jones, S.B., C. Wang, D.A. Robinson and M. Tuller. Exploring Soil Properties through Electromagnetic Sensor-based Complex Dielectric Permittivity. 2009. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, CA, December 14-18. Jones, S.B., C. Wang, D.A. Robinson, and M. Tuller, 2009. Exploring Soil Properties through Electromagnetic Sensor-Based Complex Dielectric Permittivity. Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H33A-0847. Jones, S.B., C. Yang, and M. Tuller, 2009. Soil Infiltration and Evaporation Determination using Heat-Pulse Measurements and Energy Balance Modeling. Spring Runoff Conference, Logan, UT, April 2-3, 2009. Jones, S.B., H. Abdu, R. Heinse, D.A. Robinson and R.J. Ryel. 2009. Identifying Soil Resource Pools within Forest Communities using Eco-Geophysics. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA - Nov. 1-5, See Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madison, WI. Jones, S.B., I. Podolskiy, R. Heinse, S.T. Topham, V.N. Sytchev, D. Or and G.E. Bingham. 2009. Porous Media Fluid Transport in Microgravity: The ORZS Flight Experiments. Presented at the 17th International Academy of Astronautics Humans in Space Symposium, Moscow, Russia, June 7-11. Jones, S.B., R. Heinse, B. Bugbee, D. Or and G.E. Bingham. Porous plant growth media design considerations for Lunar and Martian habitats. 2009. 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES), Hyatt Regency, Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 12 - 16. Jones, S.B., R.M. Estevez and D.A. Robinson. 2008. Mobile Soil Water Content Derived from Time Domain Reflectometry and an Open-Ended Dielectric Probe. ASABE Annual Meeting, Reno Nevada, June 21-24. Keller, T., M. Stettler, J. Arvidsson, M. Lamandé, P. Schjønning, M. Berli, and T. Rydberg, Stress propagation in arable soil: Determination and estimation of the concentration factor, 18th Conf. ISTRO. ISTRO, 2009, Izmir, Turkey. Koonce, J., D. Sada, M.H. Young, M. Stone, Z. Yu, Evaluating groundwater and surface water exchange in Travertine Spring, Death Valley, CA, using temperature coupled with soil and water chemistry and moisture content AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Li, Y., K. Acharya, D. Chen, M. Stone, Z. Yu, M. Young, J. Zhu, D. Shafer and J. Warwick, Circulation and temperature stratification of Lake Mead under changing water levels, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Martin, M.A., F. San Jose Martinez, J. Caniego, M. Tuller, A. Guber, Y. Pachepsky, and C. Garcia-Gutierrez, 2009. Macropore structures of discretized X-ray CT of undisturbed soil columns and long rage dependencies. 1st International Conference "Challenges of Porous Media", Kaiserslautern, Germany, March 11-14, 2009. Meyer, W.J., M.H. Young, J.J. Miller, D. S. Shafer, S. Ahmad, Spatial and temporal variability of antecedent moisture content on model-generated runoff from a watershed, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Meyer, W.J., S. Ahmad, M.H. Young, D.S. Shafer, J.J. Miller, K. Chief, A Multi-platform approach to examine spatial and temporal variability of antecedent moisture content on model-generated runoff from a watershed, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Miller, J., G. Dana, and T.G. Caldwell, Effectiveness of erosion-reduction techniques used in watershed restoration activities, 33rd IAHR 2009 Congress - Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, August 9-14, 2009, , Vancouver, Canada. Mirjat, M.S., and M. Tuller, 2009. Optimization of Zone Leaching for Salinity Control in Arid and Semiarid Regions. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, November 1-5, 2009. Mohanty, B.P. Estimating van Genuchten Soil Water Retention Parameters Using Remote Sensing. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract. 2009 Mohanty, B.P. Physical Controls of Soil Moisture Across Space and Time Scales  A Grand Challenge Problem and Opportunity in Soil Hydrology for the next Decade. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract. 2009 Mohanty, B.P., and C. Joshi, Soil Moisture Time Stability in Two Hydro-climatic Regions. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract. 2009. Pollacco, J., and B.P. Mohanty, Can Hydraulic Parameters of a Physically Based Model be Identified by Time Series Soil Moisture Data? AGU Fall Meeting Abstract. 2009. Sakai, M., Jones, S.B. and M. Tuller. Numerical Evaluation of Heat Pulse Technology for Estimation of Evaporation Rates from a Subsurface Drying Front. 2009. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, CA, December 14-18. Sakai, M., S.B. Jones, and M. Tuller, 2009. Numerical Evaluation of Heat Pulse Technology for Estimation of Evaporation Rates from a Subsurface Drying Front. Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H33A-0848. San Jose Martinez, F., J. Caniego, F.J. Munoz, M.A. Martin, M. Tuller, A. Guber, and Y. Pachepsky, 2009. Singularity features of pore size distribution of structured soil columns. 1st International Conference "Challenges of Porous Media", Kaiserslautern, Germany, March 11-14, 2009. Sawatzky, D.A., F.X.M. Casey, N.E. Derby, S. Korom and X. Jia. 2009. Hydraulic Efficiency in Biofilm Affected Tile Drain. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. - Student Advisee Schaap, M.G. and P. Gallo, 2009. Measurement and Modeling on Flow Hydrodynamics in Crushed Basalt in Support of Constructed Hillslopes in Biosphere 2. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 18, 2009, EP53C-0636. Schaap, M.G., Hydraulic Functions: The Good, The Bad and The Challenges. Invited Talk for Symposium--Application of Soil Physics to Resolving Environmental Problems: Honoring the Impact of Martinus Th. Van Genuchten, November 2, 2009. Schaap, M.G., M. Tuller, A. Guber, and Y. Pachepsky, 2009. Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Macro-Porous Flow: Effects of Image Segmentation Algorithms and Comparisons with Observed Data. SIAM Conference on Mathematical & Computational Issues in the Geosciences, Leipzig, Germany, June 15-18, 2009. Seefeldt, S.S., D.L. Barnes, R. Ranft, W. Rhodes. 2009. Persistence of Triclopyr in Alaska Subarctic Environments. Presented at the annual meeting of the Weed Science Society of America, Orlando, FL, February 9-13. Shin, Y., B.P. Mohanty, and A.V.M. Ines, Combining SEBAL Model and NMCGA Algorithm for the Estimation of Effective Soil Hydraulic Properties. AGU Fall Meeting Abstract. 2009. Shrestha, S. F.X.M. Casey, D. Smith, H. Hakk, G. L. Larsen, and G. Padmanabhan. Fate of Glucuronide Conjugated Estradiol in Soil. Environmental & Water Resources Institute of ASCE (EWRI of ASCE) and the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). Pathumtani, Thailand, on January 5-7, 2009. Sun, D., and J. Zhu, Averaging schemes of hydraulic properties in large scale heterogeneous soils, 2009 GSA Annual Meeting, October 18-21, Portland, OR. Sun, D., and J. Zhu, Effective soil hydraulic properties for transient evaporation in heterogeneous soils, AGU Joint Assembly, May 24-27, 2009, Toronto, Canada. Sun, D., and J. Zhu, Soil hydraulic parameters for evaporation in large scale heterogeneous soils, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Sun, D., and J. Zhu, Soil hydraulic properties and large scale evapotranspiration in desert ecosystem, 94th ESA Annual Meeting, August 27, 2009, Albuquerque, NM. Sun, D., J. Zhu, M. Young, T. Caldwell, E. McDonald, Effect of canopy patterns on large scale water budgets in arid environments, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Tuller, M., and P. Iassonov, 2009. Sequential Segmentation for Correction of Intensity Bias in X-Ray CT Grayscale Images. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, November 1-5, 2009. Tuller, M., and Th. Gebrenegus, 2009. Polypropylene Fiber Amendments to Alleviate Initiation and Evolution of Desiccation Cracks in Bentonite Liners. Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H23F-1029. Vaz, C.M.P., P.R.O. Lasso, I.C. de Maria, P. Iassonov, and M. Tuller, 2009. Application of a Benchtop MicroCT Scanner to Determine Soil Pore Size and Aggregate Distributions at Different Scales and Resolutions. Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H23F-1031. Vaz, C.M.P., P.R.O. Lasso, I.C. de Maria, P. Iassonov, and M. Tuller, 2009. Estimation of Soil Water Retention Properties from X-Ray Microtomography Observations. SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, November 1-5, 2009. Wang, C. and S.B. Jones. 2009. Evaluating Soil Water Content Sensors by Simulating High Clay Content Soils with Varied Relaxation- and Electrically Conductive-Dielectric Liquids. Spring Runoff Conference, Eccles Conference Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, April 2-3. Wang, C., R.M. Estevez, C.M.P. Vaz and S.B. Jones. 2009. Quantifying the Impact of Soil Properties on the Performance of Electromagnetic Water Content Sensors. ASABE Annual Meeting, Reno Nevada, June 21-24. Weisbrod, N., and M.I. Dragila. 2009. Soil Cracks Intensify Soil-Atmosphere Gas Exchange. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, PA, November 2009. Wells, S.G., E.V. McDonald, T.G. Caldwell, M.H. Young, and K. Al-Quda, Role of desert pavement/soil development and hydrology on long-term landscape evolution in arid regions, International Union of Quaternary Research Conference on Paleohydrology, October 28-November 3, 2009, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Young, M., L. Fenstermaker, and J. Zhu, Near-surface water content and carbon flux in biological soil crust, AGU Chapman Conference on Examining Ecohydrological Feedbacks of Landscape Change along Elevation Gradients in Semiarid Regions, 5  9 October 2009, Sun Valley, ID. Young, M., L. Fenstermaker, L., and J. Zhu, Dynamics of very near-surface water contents in an arid setting, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Zhu, J., and D. Sun, Effect of spatial soil hydraulic properties on large scale evapotranspiration, AGU Joint Assembly, May 24-27, 2009, Toronto, Canada. Zhu, J., and D. Sun, Effective soil hydraulic properties for infiltration and redistribution in unsaturated zone, AGU Fall Meeting, December 1418, 2009, San Francisco, CA. Zhu, J., and M. Young, sensitivity of evapotranspiration estimates for semi-arid shrublands, 94th ESA Annual Meeting, August 27, 2009, Albuquerque, NM. Zhu, J., Capillary Pressure-dependent anisotropy of unsaturated layered soils, ASA-CSA-SSSA Annual Conference, November 2-6, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Zitnick, K., H. Hakk, F.X.M. Casey, T. DeSutter, N. Shappell and E. Khan. 2009. Effects of Liquid Swine Manure On Sorption of 17ß-Estradiol to Soil. In Annual Meetings Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. - Student Advisee