Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

COMPLETED RESEARCH Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. GEORGIA Immune response of dairy cows and dairy goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus is being evaluated at 2 state universities and 2 commercial dairy herds in Georgia. Results to date indicate that vaccination reduces new S. aureus infection rate, somatic cell counts, and culling rate while increasing milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and days in milk. IOWA Mouse mammary HC11 cell cultures treated with macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2; extracted from Mycoplasma fermentans) or Mycoplasma arginini showed a 100 fold increase in uterocalin sustained over 72 hrs (slower response to MALP-2) as well as increases in IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression. These studies have identified some of the effects on gene expression that occur in epithelial cells of the mammary gland in response to a mycoplasmal product (MALP-2) and the stable changes in expression of inflammatory response genes that occur in chronically infected cells. LOUISIANA Clinical mastitis samples from dairies across the US are being cultured to determine the cause of mastitis including Mycoplasma. The antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens is being determined and compared to human, avian and environmental organisms. MAINE A primary goal of this study is to establish a distal teat environment that will function to exclude pathogenic bacterial colonization using probiotics delivered locally, as a teat dip. A secondary goal of this study is to study the response of selected factors in the innate immune system to this microbial flora augmentation. Modulation of innate immune system component expression in the presence of "normal" flora may provide a non-pharmacologic means of preventing mastitis in cattle. MICHIGAN We have continued investigations of core-antigen Gram-negative bacterins (J5 Escherichia coli) including novel immunization strategies and impact of immune suppression on animal response to immunization. MISSOURI An ongoing study is evaluating the influence of subclinical hypocalcemia at calving on post-partum health including clinical and subclinical mastitis. Preliminary data from this study were presented at the ADSA meeting in Montreal, Quebec in July 2009. Another ongoing study is evaluating the association between bovine leukosis virus infection and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. These data will be presented at the 2009 mastitis research workers conference. MONTREAL It was shown that cows in tie-stall systems lying down less than 40 minutes or more than 60 mintues after milking were at highest risk for intramammary infection (IMI) by environmental bacteria and that feeding strategy was quite variable at controlling time to lying down. A standardized questionnaire for assessing mastitis control management strategies for research purposes was validated, and a process for distributing and updating the instrument was diffused. The effects of bedding choice, bedding change frequency and stall cleaning frequency on the incidence of new intramammary infection by coagulase-negative staphylococci in free-stall and tie-stall systems was determined. NEW YORK We performed a number of intramammary challenge studies to evaluate dry cow immune response. Challenged cows showed no clinical mastitis in the dry period, but became clinical with the challenge strain after calving. OHIO Sterile clinical mastitis was induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide into lactating dairy cows. The behavioral traits of time spent eating and cud chewing were measurable parameters altered by acute mastitis. Administration of flunixin meglumine mitigated the adverse effects of acute mastitis on both systemic physiological and behavioral parameters. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND As part of the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, our epidemiologic studies have evaluated farm-level risk factors for new intramammary infection in both the lactating and dry period. We have used and intensive data collection model that has allowed investigation of incidence data. Most previously reports, particularly in the lactating period, have focused exclusively on prevalence data. TENNESSEE Certain dairy cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have neutrophils with a lower ability to migrate, potentially impairing their ability to resist infection. Additional studies have shown this is related to a defect in sensing a chemoattractant  causing neutrophils to move in a more circular and hence slower route. However, intramammary challenge with S. uberis of dairy cows with separate CXCR1+777 genotypes suggest that heterozygotes may better resist infection then either homozygote. VIRGINIA Data collection and analysis of coagulatory and inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells intracellularly infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Studies are in progress to evaluate the interactions of neutrophils with infected cells. We have found the neutrophils are activated by supernatants from epithelial cells intracellularly infected with S. aureus however, not as activated by supernatants from epithelial cells stimulate with S. aureus supernatants. Furthermore, there is a significant role for S. aureus toxins in ability to infect epithelial cells, stimulate cytokine production, and subsequent activation of neutrophils. In collaboration with Cornell, we have found that certain Klebsiella isolates are significantly (p < 0.05) better able to evade neutrophil killing when grown in skim milk as compared to LB. In addition Klebsiella isolates from certain farms have enhanced ability (p < 0.013) to evade neutrophil killing in vitro. We continue to build on the fact that certain Klebsiella isolates may be better host-adapted to evade host defenses and cause infection in the mammary gland. Efforts towards identifying suitable antigens for vaccine development have focused on the study of immune development in cows previously diagnosed with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Identification of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus specific immune T cells in the circulation suggests that cows previously infected with S. aureus mastitis mount a sufficient immune response to develop memory. WASHINGTON An observational study was performed to better understand factors associated with the innate immune response of dairy cattle during naturally occurring clinical mastitis. Factors evaluated included systemic disease severity, milk culture result, parity, length of lactation and previous clinical mastitis occurrence. This study provided the most comprehensive report to date of the concentrations of innate immune response proteins in cows with clinical mastitis. It also identified factors that may potentially influence those concentrations, particularly systemic disease severity. These results provided data useful for the design and interpretation of future studies of the innate immune response to clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. MISSOURI We have completed a study evaluating the association between coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) species, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and duration of intramammary infection (IMI) and demonstrated statistically significant differences in SCC and duration of infection for some CNS species. A similar study in collaboration with the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network is underway to evaluate 1500 CNS isolates from herds across Canada. Preliminary data analysis shows that there are differences in milk SCC between the different species of CNS characterized to date. We will be evaluating some of these isolates for the presence and expression of certain virulence factor genes. MONTREAL It was found that the following Staphylococcus aureus characteristics are associated more with non-clinical IMI observed at the end of lactation than moderate or severe clinical IMI: in-vitro biofilm producing, lacking the genes sec, seg or tst and being of the genotype cap5. Reduced biofilm production was associated with presence of the seg in the absence of the sen gene. To support host IMI resistance research by collaborating scientists in the project, an archive of DNA samples from 700 cows in 50 herds in Canada was created and linked to IMI history and to herd mastitis management practices. NEW YORK We studied bacterial characteristics of host adapted versus environmental klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. Host-adapted strains showed a difference in iron acquisition mechanisms versus environmental strains. Studies on CNS bacteria showed the importance of molecular species identification. TENNESSEE Studies over this past year further developed the Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) as a vaccine candidate by generating a mutant strain which does not express a functional protein, identifying antigenic sequences of the SUAM protein, and verifying their role in S. uberis adherence to mammary epithelial cells. Other potential factors contributing to S. uberis virulence were identified, including an ISS1-like insertion sequence indicating a mobile genetic component and the ability to form biofilms. E. coli strains isolated from clinical mastitis cases increased growth in response to norepinephrine  providing a potential mechanism for greater severity during periods of stress. VIRGINIA A collection of 160 enterococcal isolates of bovine origin have been examined for the presence of well-known virulence factors, antibiotic sensitivity profiles and the ability to form biofilm. Species included in this analysis were Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, and E. casseliflavus. E. faecalis isolates, as well as those originating from the environment, possessed more virulence traits as compared to other species and origins. Biofilm does not appear to be an important virulence factor, as only one isolate displayed the ability to form biofilm. The antibiotic sensitivity profiles are being analyzed currently. In collaboration with Cornell, we have found that Klebsiella strains increase production of capsule when grown in skim mik as compared to LB but do not produce biofilm. However, a significant effect of farm on ability to evade host defenses suggests that there may be management practices that play a role in selection of virulence factors expression in individual strains. WASHINGTON The gap PCR-RFLP was found to be a more accurate tool for the identification of CNS isolates from bovine IMI when compared to the currently NMC recommended phenotypic identification method, API STAPH ID 20. The possession of the super antigen (enterotoxin) genes in CNS isolates was not associated with pathogenic responses as indicated by milk LSCC. The majority of CNS isolates from bovine IMI appear to have an ability to invade bovine mammary epithelial cells which may be a virulence factor associated with this group of mastitis pathogens WISCONSIN We have been working on evaluating risk factors associated with reduced microbial quality of raw bulk milk, especially focusing on herds that use biosolids for bedding. We are also continuing to explore risk factors for antimicrobial resistance of Gram positive mastitis pathogens and the relationship between resistance and treatment outcomes. Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. CONNECTICUT 1. The antimicrobial efficacy of several plant-derived antimicrobials, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol was determined against major mastitis pathogens in milk in an in-vitro system. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TC, which was most effective in killing bacteria, on Staph. aureus, E. coli, and Strep. uberis were 0.1 and 0.45%, respectively, whereas that on Strep. agalactiae and Strep. dysgalactiae were 0.05 and 0.4%, respectively and was the moist effective molecule tested. These results suggest that TC has the potential to be evaluated as an alternative or adjunct to antibiotics for intramammary treatment of mastitis. 2. Heifers (n = 136) from 5 herds were treated with a commercially available b-lactam intramammary antibiotic preparation containing cephapirin sodium at 1021 d prior to anticipated parturition to evaluate the risk of antibiotic residues occurring in milk postpartum and to determine factors associated with antibiotic residues and IMM pathogen presence in milk postpartum. Composite milk was collected at milkings 3, 6 and 10 postpartum and analyzed for b-lactam residues using a microbial inhibition antibiotic residue screening test. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk at the third milking was associated with a reduced risk for IMM pathogen prevalence in the first 21 d postpartum. Screening milk for antibiotic residues in milk postpartum following prepartum antibiotic therapy in heifers is recommended to reduce the risk for antibiotic residue contamination of milk. GEORGIA Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against subclinical mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci is being conducted in two local Georgia dairies. The active ingredient, nisin, is generally regarded as safe for human consumption (GRAS), and may be marketed with no withdrawal period as long as milk from treated quarters is visibly normal. Results have demonstrated that cows treated with nisin exhibited a significantly higher cure rate vs. the placebo-treated controls. (WI, LA, NY, IA, WA). IOWA 1) Two trials were conducted ( 3 herds  1 year; and 1 herd  6 mo) where separated manure solids were used and mastitis animal health, and performance were monitored. These trials showed that composted manure solids could provide a comfortable, effective bedding source if a consistent product was generated and managed properly, and stall, alley, and milking management areas are optimized. 2) 14 lactating cows teat dip trials ( 8 weeks each; 48 cows each) were conducted utilizing a half udder design ( left- control commercial product; right teats experimental compounds and products) with teat end and skin condition and healthy scored biweekly. 9 new products showed similar excellent teat health compared to controls while 5 showed statistically poorer condition (skin and end flaking, chapping). 3) Two new prototype dry cow teat sealants ( designed for fast drying) were evaluated in a half udder design compared to a commercial dry cow sealant. Both experimental dips reduced dip dripping amounts and times, and dip drying times 50%. However, both dips showed an average of 12-24 hrs lower persistency (66-78 hrs ) vs 90 hrs (commercial dip). LOUISIANA A new mastitis therapeutic, Nisin, is being evaluated in clinical trials to determine its efficacy against gram positive mastitis pathogens.(many of our group were involved in this study). MISSOURI We have performed a study evaluating internal teat sealants in grazing dairy cattle and found no significant difference between treated and untreated groups. We are completing a study evaluating the utility of pre-partum parameters for predicting IMI at calving in dairy heifers. Data from the latter study will be presented at the 2009 mastitis research workers conference. MINNESOTA The University of Minnesota has been involved with two different projects related to the above stated objective: 1. Use of an On-Farm Culture System for the Strategic Treatment of Clinical and Subclinical Intramammary Infections (In progress). When using on-farm culture to guide treatment decisions for mild and moderate clinical mastitis, as compared to blanket antibiotic treatment, there was a reduction in antibiotic use, a reduction in the use of extended or secondary treatments, and a tendency for a reduction in days out of tank. There was no effect on days to clinical cure, risk for bacterial cure or recurrence of clinical mastitis, future SCC, milk production, or culling or death. An economic analysis is pending. Subclinical Mastitis Study: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of using the California Mastitis Test (CMTB) alone, or the CMT and on-farm culture in series (CB), to diagnose and treat subclinical mastitis after calving, as compared to a negative control group that received no treatment (NC). Both treatment programs resulted in a higher bacteriological cure rate and significantly lower clinical mastitis rate and lower somatic cell count during the lactation. However, they did not effect milk production, reproductive performance, or cull risk. An economic analysis is pending. 2. Effect of Bedding Conditioners on Bacteria Counts and pH in Shavings, Digested Manure Solids and Recycled Sand Bedding (Completed). Though conditioner A (alkalinizing) reduced coliform bacteria counts in recycled sand (RS) or digested manure solids (DS) bedding for at least one day, it had no effect on Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus spp. counts in these bedding materials. Conditioner A reduced bacteria counts in shavings (SH) for at least 1 day. Conditioner B (acidifying) did not reduce bacteria counts in either DS or RS, but reduced bacteria counts in SH for up to 3 to 4 days post-application. Bacteria counts were significantly lower in stalls for which fresh bedding had been added within the previous 24-48 hours. 3. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Use for Management of Decision Making to Improve Milk Quality, Dairy Cattle Health and Productivity (Completed). Significant changes in milk yield (MY) and milk electrical conductivity (MEC) were observed as early as 10 and 9 d before diagnosis of clinical mastitis. Monitoring schemes developed in this study issue alerts earlier relative to the day of diagnosis of udder, reproductive, or metabolic problems, are more sensitive, and give fewer false-positive alerts than the disease detection system currently used on the farm. Results from the second study were published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2009. Results from the third study were published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2009. For the fourth study: In spring, 2009 a year-long surveillance study was initiated involving 50 MN dairy herds. One goal of this study is to describe the prevalence of MRSA in MN dairy herds and risk factors for the presence of MRSA in dairy herds. The sample collection phase of this study was conducted between April and November of 2009. Laboratory analysis of biological samples, data analysis, and reporting of results will be completed throughout 2010. The communities of interest being targeted other mastitis research scientists, academics, extension educators, veterinarians or other industry specialists and dairy producers. MONTREAL A mastitis pathogen culture collection of 17,000 bacterial isolates from IMI in a cohort of 91 farms intensively followed over 2 years was created, linked to extensive herd and cow data and made available to other collaborating scientists in the project. NEW YORK We studied the presence of biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in milking systems. We showed the presence of these biofilms in milking systems. Epidemiology of on-farm salmonella infection was studied. Statistical and mathematical modeling was developed to study the dynamics of mastitis in herds and within cows. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Our team has successfully adapted an on-farm culture methodology, using Petrifilms, for application in clinical mastitis treatment decisions. The treatment decision algorithm has been tested in a clinical trial involving 1000 cows on 50 Canadian farms. TENNESSEE Assessment of real-time PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli in milk. Evaluation of bulk tank milk from Tennessee and a comparison of somatic cell counts (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), preliminary incubation count (PIC) lab pasteurized count (LPC), and Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and coliform counts revealed several relationships. VIRGINIA Preliminary data have been collected to assess the relationship of silage inoculants and fecal shedding rates of enterococci using a rumenal infusion model. These data suggest fecal shedding rates of enterococci increase for 24 h following infusion. However, strain identification has not been completed, as of yet. WASHINGTON Centrifugation of milk to concentrate Mycoplasma sp.improved mastitis diagnosis, especially when the concentration of the pathogen was <10CFU/ml. Refrigerating milk samples for 5 d and freezing milk samples have a negative effect on the number of recovered Mycoplasma sp. and adding glycerol as a cryopreservative was deleterious to the recovery of Mycoplasma sp. from frozen milk samples. WISCONSIN We are collaborating with private industry to develop rapid diagnostic methods that can be used to direct mastitis therapy and reduce antimicrobial usage. WORK IN PROGRESS OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. GEORGIA Study of the immune response of dairy cows and goats to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus will be continued with emphasis on dairy goats (does and doelings). Because these animals are particularly prone to coagulase-negative staphylococcal species (CNS), the focus of study will be on the response to this microorganism. IOWA Continue to define role of uterocalin in mastitis and the mammary gland inflammatory process and regulation. LOUISIANNA Clinical mastitis survey will continue. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mastitis pathogens will continue. The Louisiana Mycoplasma Mastitis program will continue. A collaborative effort on Mycoplasma mastitis for the NE 1028 group is in the planning stages and may begin in the coming year. MAINE 1. Characterize normal teat end and distal teat canal flora in healthy dry and lactating dairy cattle a. Continue to collect endogenous nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use 2. Select additional exogenous or endogenous microbial nonpathogenic flora for potential probiotic use 3. Evaluate cell adherence and biofilm capacity of potential probiotic a. We have evaluated several candidates in vitro 4. Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of potential probiotics in vitro 5. Evaluate antimicrobial efficacy in vivo 6. Evaluate the effect of passaging selected cultures for potential probiotics 7. Test for changes in selected innate immune system components in treated, versus control, cows. a. cytokine expression will be evaluated in mammary teat canal epithelial cells MICHIGAN Continuation of research stated under Objective 1. MISSOURI In the coming year our work on hypocalcemia and peripartum health should be completed as well as our work on BLV and subclinical mastitis. MONTREAL The IMI pathogen-specific strengths of effect will be determined for a comprehensive list of known or commonly assumed management techniques for preventing IMI in tie-stall and free-stall management systems. NEW YORK Several challenge experiments are planned to further evaluate the importance of dry cow immune response. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Continued analysis of the data from the large CBMRN cohort collection. TENNESSEE Identify intracellular processes that are altered and contribute to impaired neutrophil migration and potentially disease resistance in cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis. Evaluate the relationship of neuroendocrine stress hormones with the inflammatory response in order to better control infections during heat stress conditions. Evaluate the type and strength of immune response generated to a Streptococcus uberis vaccine. VIRGINIA We plan to continue our studies of S. aureus evasion of host immune responses by both identifying the key toxins produced by this pathogen to disregulate host immune response. In addition, we will identify which cytokines are regulated by S. aureus to alter neutrophil function. The continued study of mastitis causing Klebsiella strains will focus on adhesion capacity of strains to bovine mammary epithelial cells and assessment of additional virulence factors that may aid in immune evasion. Our efforts to identify a suitable antigen for a S. aureus vaccine will focus on cloning of antigen specific T cells obtained from cows previously diagnosed with this type of mastitis. WASHINGTON We will investigate the virulent characteristics of CNS isolates from bovine IMI (n = 263) by analyzing: 1) in vitro invasion or adherence ability to an established bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T); 2) the relationship between in vitro invasion or adherence ability and in vitro fibronectin (Fn) or collagen (Cn) adherence; and 3) the relationship between in vitro Fn or Cn adherence ability and the linear somatic cell count (LSCC) associated with the IMI. We hypothesize that fibronectin adherence will be related to the ability to invade MAC-T cells and that this virulence characteristic will be related with IMI with higher LSCC than with IMI by those CNS without this ability. OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. IOWA Milk samples that resulted in "No Growth" utilizing traditional culture techniques. will be tested utilizing PCR amplification 16 S rRNA genes and sequencing the hypervariable V2-V3 region to identify and quantify all bacterial species in the samples. Phase 2 of this work will concentrate on non-bacterial agents that may be present in mastitis samples. Metagenomics outcomes from clinical mastitis samples that result in "No Growth" will be compared to results from normal milk. MISSIOURI Work will continue evaluating the relationship between CNS species, milk SCC, and duration of IMI. MONTREAL The recently observed associations of several S. aureus virulence factors with IMI severity or chronicity will be validated, and association of these effects with herd IMI profile determined. The suitability of these virulence factors for forecasting S. aureus IMI that are the least likely to respond to treatment will be assessed. NEW YORK Further studies on the comparison of host adapted versus environmental bacterial strains are planned. This includes subtractive hybridization and phenotypic characteristics. TENNESSEE Identify virulence factors expressed by S. uberis through screening of a mutant library. Verify the key role Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) plays in the pathogenesis of S. uberis by evaluating the ability of a SUAM mutant strain to infect the mammary gland. Evaluate the impact of norepinephrine on the growth and virulence of E. coli. WASHINGTON We hypothesize that the difference in Mycoplasma bovis (MB) manifestation between the US and Israel is due to differences in the prevalence of virulence factors carried by the strains of MB infecting Israeli cattle compared to those infecting US cattle. We expect to observe differences in the virulence factor characteristics of Mb strains isolated from cattle in the US as compared to those isolated from cattle in Israel. WISCONSIN Antimicrobial Resistance - We will be evaluating risk factors associated with genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pathogens by collecting cross sectional data on 1000 cases of clinical mastitis that occur on 100 Wisconsin dairy farms. Cumulative exposure to antimicrobials will be estimated for each cow and at the herd level. This project is funded with Wisconsin Formula Funds. OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. CONNECTICUT 1. The efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials against major mastitis pathogens will be investigated using an intramammary challenge model. This work will be done in collaboration with several technical members from 3 stations; Dr. Larry Fox from Washington State University, Dr. Pam Ruegg from the University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Steve Nickerson, University of Georgia. 2. Work will continue on evaluating new methods for detecting mastitis in prepartum heifers using ultrasound technology. GEORGIA Evaluation of a novel, GRAS antimicrobial intramammary infusion product against mastitis will continue A general feed immunostimulant fed to dairy calves will be evaluated for its ability to augment a vaccination protocol against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. IOWA 1) Continue to evaluate teat condition and health associated with new prototype lactating dips and compounds through our intense observational half udder design model. 2) Continue to evaluate new compounds and dips for dry period mastitis prevention in dry cows and springing heifers. MISSIOURI We will continue our work in heifers using molecular techniques to characterize staphylococcal isolates from phase I of our investigations on the utility of pre-partum samples to predict IMI in heifers at calving to better define sensitivity and specificity. We will be evaluating novel approaches to treatment and prevention of IMI during the dry period. 4. Describe the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in MN dairy herds, with emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (In progress) MINNESOTA In spring, 2009 a year-long surveillance study was initiated involving 50 MN dairy herds. One objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of strains of S. aureus in dairy herds, including MRSA. The sample collection phase of this study was conducted between April and November of 2009. Laboratory analysis of biological samples, data analysis, and reporting of results will be completed throughout 2010. Because this project is still in progress, there are no outcomes or impacts to report at present. Study activities for from the first study have been completed and preliminary results have been disseminated through oral presentations (and conference proceedings) for scientific and producer/veterinarian extension and continuing education meetings. Manuscripts are in preparation for review and publication in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. MONTREAL The pathogen specific sensitivity and specificity of bacterial culture and three different multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting and identifying bacteria in mammary quarter milk samples, using gold-standard-free Bayesian estimation, will determined. NEW YORK Further studies on risk assessment of raw milk consumption on the likelihood of obtaining a Listeria infection is planned for the coming year. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Analysis of the long term and financial implications of instituting and on-farm culture program will continue. The application of such a model to selective dry cow therapy decisions has begun and will continue through the next year. TENNESSEE Continue to assess a real-time PCR-based method for the simultaneous detection of Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, Strep. agalactiae and E. coli. Continue the efforts of the Tennessee Quality Milk Initiative by generating new modules to educate the producers and extension agents in TN. VIRGINIA We intend to examine the changes in lactose concentrations and activity measures prior to clinical mastitis (naturally occurring and experimentally challenged) using a novel in-line milk analysis system and pedometer system, respectively. We hypothesizes changes in lactose concentration and activity measures will be observed prior to clinical signs. These systems may allow earlier intervention and potential avoidance of severe acute mastitis. WASHINGTON Risk factors associated with the clearance of Mycoplasma spp. isolation from a bulk tank milk sample after a positive isolation from a previous sampling will be determined. Methods to improve the ability to diagnose mycoplasma mastitis will be made by testing the accuracy of the plate digitonin and the nisin tests. We will be testing real time PCR procedures to detect M. bovis, M. californicum, and M. bovigenitalium in milk. We will determine if universal primers can be used to differentiate between mastitis pathogens and if use of such primers in PCR assays can used to diagnose mastitis. Lastly, a study is ongoing to determine the effect of teat disinfectants on colonization of teat skin, and intramammary infection caused by, coagulase negative staphylococci. WISCONSIN We will be determining factors that influence coliform counts of bulk tank milk and determining the prevalence of potential human pathogens in herds that use biosolids as a bedding material.

CONNECTICUT: Baskaran, S. A., G. W. Kazmer, L. Hinckley, S. M. Andrew, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2009. Antibacterial effect of plant-derived antimicrobials on major bacterial mastitis pathogens in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 92: 1423-1429. Andrew S.M., Moyes K.M., Borm A.A., Fox L.K., Leslie K.E., Hogan J.S., Oliver S.P., Schukken Y.H., Owens W.E., Norman C. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. Feb 16;134(1-2):150-6. GEORGIA Nickerson, S. C. Control of heifer mastitis: Antimicrobial treatment  An Overview. Veterinary Microbiology. 134:128-135. 2009. Rollin, E., S. C. Nickerson, D. Ensley, and R. D. Berghaus. Case Report - Mastitis in beef bulls on a feeding test. Bovine Practitioner. 43:84-87. 2009. IOWA: Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2009. Subclinical Mastitis May Not Reduce Breastmilk Intake During Established Lactation. Breastfeeding Medicine September, Vol. 4, No. 3: 161-166. Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2008. Subclinical mastitis is common among Ghanaian women lactating 3 to 4 months postpartum. J.Human Lactation. Aug; 24(3):263. MICHIGAN Kaneene J.B., L.D. Warnick, C.A. Bolin, R.J. Erskine, K. May, R. Miller Changes in tetracycline susceptibility of enteric bacteria following switching to nonmedicated milk replacer for dairy calves. J Clin Microbiol 46:1968-1977, 2008. MINNESOTA: Apparao, M.D., P.L. Ruegg, A. Lago, S. Godden, R. Bey and K. Leslie. 2009. Relationship between in vitro susceptibility test results and treatment outcomes for gram positive mastitis pathogens following treatment with Cephapirin Sodium. J. Dairy Sci. 92:2589-2597. Bey, R., S. Godden, and B. Kuechle. 2009. Effect of bedding conditioners on bacteria counts and pH in shavings, digested manure solids and recycled sand bedding. Bovine Practitioner 43(1):56-65. Lukas, J.M., J.K. Reneau, R. Wallace, D. Hawkins, and C. Munoz-Zanzi. 2009. A novel method of characterizing daily milk production and electrical conductivity to predict disease onset. J. Dairy Sci. 92:5964-5976. MISSOURI 1. Middleton JR, Luby CD. 2008. Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle being treated for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Rec. 162(5):156-157. 2. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Nagy DW, Middleton JR. 2008. Frequency of detectable serum IgG in precolostral calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(6):791-795. 3. Middleton JR. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Review of Vaccines. 7(6):805-815. 4. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Dill JS, Steevens BJ. 2008. Comparison of four methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 233(5):761-766. 5. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Schultz LG, Middleton JR, Steevens BJ, Spain JN. 2008. The effect of colostrum administration by use of oroesophageal intubation on serum IgG concentrations in Holstein bull calves. Am J Vet Res. 69(9):1158-1163. 6. Middleton JR, Luby CD, Adams DS. 2009. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: A review and new data. Vet Microbiol. 134(1-2):192-198. Epub ahead of print Sept 19, 2008. 7. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Summers MK, Middleton JR, Schultz LG, Nagy DW. 2009. Evaluation of factors affecting serum IgG concentrations in bottle-fed calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 234(6):785-790. MONTREAL Dufour, S. Barkema, H.W., DesCôteaux, L. DeVries, T.J., Dohoo, I.R., Reyher, K., Roy, J.-P., and Scholl, D.T. Development and validation of a bilingual questionnaire for measuring udder health related management practices on dairy farms. Prev Vet Med. Accepted. DeVries, T. J., Dufour, S. S, and Scholl, D. T. Relationship between feeding strategy, lying behavior patterns, and incidence of intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci Accepted. Roy, J.-P., Du Tremblay, D., DesCôteaux, L.* Messier, S., Scholl, D. and Bouchard, E. Evaluation of the California Mastitis Test as a precalving treatment selection tool for Holstein heifers. Vet. Microbiol. 2009. 134: 136-142. NEW YORK: White LJ, Schukken YH, Dogan B, Green L, Döpfer D, Chappell MJ, Medley GF. Modelling the dynamics of intramammary E. coli infections in dairy cows: understanding mechanisms that distinguish transient from persistent infections. Vet Res. 2009 Oct 20;41(2):13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 19840536. Schukken YH, Hertl J, Bar D, Bennett GJ, González RN, Rauch BJ, Santisteban C, Schulte HF, Tauer L, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. Effects of repeated gram-positive and gram-negative clinical mastitis episodes on milk yield loss in Holstein dairycows. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Jul;92(7):3091-105. PubMed PMID: 19528587. Lu Z, Grohn YT, Smith RL, Wolfgang DR, Van Kessel JA, Schukken YH. Assessing the potential impact of Salmonella vaccines in an endemically infected dairy herd. J Theor Biol. 2009 Aug 21;259(4):770-84. Epub 2009 May 14. PubMed PMID: 19446567. Barlow JW, White LJ, Zadoks RN, Schukken YH. A mathematical model demonstrating indirect and overall effects of lactation therapy targeting subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. Prev Vet Med. 2009 Jul 1;90(1-2):31-42. Epub 2009 May 13. PubMed PMID: 19443063. Pradhan AK, Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Nelen KA, Smith JM, Whitlock RH, Fyock T, Ladely S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Schukken YH. Dynamics of endemic infectious diseases of animal and human importance on three dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Apr;92(4):1811-25. PubMed PMID: 19307664. Latorre AA, Van Kessel JA, Karns JS, Zurakowski MJ, Pradhan AK, Zadoks RN, Boor KJ, Schukken YH. Molecular ecology of Listeria monocytogenes: evidence for a reservoir in milking equipment on a dairy farm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Mar;75(5):1315-23. Epub 2008 Dec 29. PubMed PMID: 19114514; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2648159. Lang P, Lefébure T, Wang W, Zadoks RN, Schukken Y, Stanhope MJ. Gene content differences across strains of Streptococcus uberis identified using oligonucleotide microarray comparative genomic hybridization. Infect Genet Evol. 2009 Mar;9(2):179-88. Epub 2008 Nov 14. PubMed PMID: 19056519. Wilson DJ, Mallard BA, Burton JL, Schukken YH, Grohn YT. Association of Escherichia coli J5-specific serum antibody responses with clinical mastitis outcome for J5 vaccinate and control dairy cattle. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009. Feb;16(2):209-17. Epub 2008 Dec 3. PubMed PMID: 19052158; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2643543. Andrew SM, Moyes KM, Borm AA, Fox LK, Leslie KE, Hogan JS, Oliver SP, Schukken YH, Owens WE, Norman C. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):150-6. Epub 2008 Sep 12. PubMed PMID: 18945559. Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Jayarao BM, Van Tassell CP, Schukken YH. Environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of Salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd. J Food Prot. 2008 Oct;71(10):1967-73. PubMed PMID: 18939739. Schukken YH, González RN, Tikofsky LL, Schulte HF, Santisteban CG, Welcome FL, Bennett GJ, Zurakowski MJ, Zadoks RN. CNS mastitis: nothing to worry about? Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):9-14. Epub 2008 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 18842362. Munoz MA, Bennett GJ, Ahlström C, Griffiths HM, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Cleanliness scores as indicator of Klebsiella exposure in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Oct;91(10):3908-16. PubMed PMID: 18832213. Wilson DJ, Grohn YT, Bennett GJ, González RN, Schukken YH, Spatz J. Milk production change following clinical mastitis and reproductive performance compared among J5 vaccinated and control dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Oct;91(10):3869-79. PubMed PMID: 18832209. Virgin JE, Van Slyke TM, Lombard JE, Zadoks RN. Short communication: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detection in US bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Oct;92(10):4988-91. PubMed PMID: 19762816. Barkema HW, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN. Invited review: The role of contagious disease in udder health. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Oct;92(10):4717-29. PubMed PMID: 19762787; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2765761. Supré K, De Vliegher S, Sampimon OC, Zadoks RN, Vaneechoutte M, Baele M, De Graef E, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F. Technical note: use of transfer RNA-intergenic spacer PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis to identify coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species originating from bovine milk and teat apices. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Jul;92(7):3204-10. PubMed PMID: 19528597. Pisoni G, Zadoks RN, Vimercati C, Locatelli C, Zanoni MG, Moroni P. Epidemiological investigation of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus involved in clinical mastitis in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Mar;92(3):943-51. PubMed PMID: 19233787. Sampimon OC, Zadoks RN, De Vliegher S, Supré K, Haesebrouck F, Barkema HW, Sol J, Lam TJ. Performance of API Staph ID 32 and Staph-Zym for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk samples. Vet Microbiol. 2009 May 12;136(3-4):300-5. Epub 2008 Nov 13. PubMed PMID: 19110383. De Vliegher S, Zadoks RN, Barkema HW. Heifer and CNS mastitis. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):1-2. Epub 2008 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 18950968. Zadoks RN, Watts JL. Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci: genotyping is superior to phenotyping. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1-2):20-8. Epub 2008 Sep 11. Review. PubMed PMID: 18930607 OHIO Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, W. E. Owens and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. 134:150-156. Weiss, W .P., J. S. Hogan and D. J. Wyatt. 2009. Relative bioavailability of all-rac and RRR vitamin E based on neutrophil function and total alpha-tocopherol and isomer concentrations in periparturient dairy cows and their calves. J. Dairy Sci. 92:720-731. Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S.L. Wolf, and J.S. Hogan. 2009. Experimental challenge of bovine mammary glands with Enterococcus faecium during early and late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3158-3164. Boszormenyi, E., T. Ersek, A. Fodor, A. M. Fodor, L. Sz. Foldes, M. Hevesi, J. S. Hogan, Z. Katona, M. G. Klein, A. Korma ny, S. Peka, A. Szentirmai, F. Sztaricskaiand R. A. J. Taylor. 2009. Isolation and activity of Xenorhabdus antimicrobial compounds against the plant pathogens Erwinia amylovora and Phytophthora nicotianae. . J. Applied Micobiol. 107:746-759. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Andersen, S., Dohoo, I., Olde Riekerink, R., Stryhn, H., Mastitis Research Workers' Conference; Diagnosing Intramammary Infections: Evaluating Expert Opinions on the Definition of Intramammary Infection Using Conjoint Analysis. Manuscript submitted. Simon Dufour, Herman W. Barkema, Luc DesCôteaux, Trevor J. DeVries, Ian R. Dohoo, Kristen Reyher, Jean-Philippe Roy, Daniel T. Scholl. ÝDevelopment and Validation of a Bilingual Questionnaire for Measuring Udder Health Related Management Practices on Dairy FarmsÝ Prev Vet Med. accepted, October, 2009. McCarron J. L., G. P. Keefe, S. L. B. McKenna, I. R. Dohoo, and D. E. Poole. 2009. Evaluation of the University of Minnesota Tri-plate and 3M Petrifilm for the Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. from clinically mastitic milk samples. J Dairy Sci. Oct;92(10):5326-33. Elmoslemany, A.M., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R. and Dingwell, R.T. 2009. Microbiological Quality of Bulk Tank Raw Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. J Dairy Sci. Sep;92(9):4239-48. Elmoslemany, A.M., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R. and Jayarao, B.M. 2009. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Part 1: Overall Risk Factors. J Dairy Sci. Jun;92(6):2634-43. Elmoslemany, A.M., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R. and Jayarao, B.M. 2009. Risk factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Part 2: Bacteria Count Specific Risk Factors. J Dairy Sci. 2009 Jun;92(6):2644-52. McCarron J. L., G. P. Keefe, S. L. B. McKenna, I. R. Dohoo, and D. E. Poole. 2009. Laboratory Evaluation of 3M Petrifilms and University of Minnesota Bi-plates as Potential On-Farm Tests for Clinical Mastitis. J Dairy Sci. May;92(5):2297-305. TENNESSEE Gillespie, B. E., S. I. Headrick, S. Boonyayatra, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from three dairy research herds. Vet. Microbiol. 134:6572. Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. 134:150-156. Sawant, A.A, B. E. Gillespie, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Microbiol. 134:73-81. Oliver, S. P., D. A. Patel, T. R. Callaway, and M. E. Torrence. 2009. Developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. J. Anim. Sci. 87:419-437. Patel, D. A., R. A. Almeida, J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Bovine lactoferrin serves as a molecular bridge for internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. 137:297-301. Oliver, S. P., K. J. Boor, S. Murphy, and S. E. Murinda. 2009. Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 6 (7):893-906. VIRGINIA Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S.L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2009. Experimental challenge of bovine mammary glands with Enterococcus faecium during early and late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92(7): 3158-64. Mullarky I.K., Wark W.A., Dickenson M., Martin S., Petersson-Wolfe C.S., and Knowlton K.F. Analysis of immune function in lactating dairy cows fed diets varying in phosphorus content. J Dairy Sci. 2009 92(1):365-8. PMID: 19109293 WASHINGTON Punyapornwithaya, V., L.K. Fox, J.M. Gay, D.D. Hancock, and J.R. Alldredge. 2009. The effect of centrifugation and resuspension on the recovery of Myscoplasma species from milk. J. Dairy. Sci. 92:4444-4447. Fox, L.K. 2009. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of heifer mastitis. Vet. Micro. 134:82-88. Andrew, S.M., K.M. Moyes, A.A. Borm, L.K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk fro heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Micro. 134:150-6. Seo, K.S., J.Y. Park, W.C. Davis, L.K. Fox, M.A. McGuire, Y.H. Park, G.A. Bohach. 2009. Superantigen-mediated differentiation of bovine monocytes into dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Bio. 85:606-16 WISCONSIN Apparao, D. J.,, L. Oliviera, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Relationship between In Vitro susceptibility Test Results and Treatment Outcomes for Gram-Positive Mastitis Pathogens Following Treatment with Pirlimycin Hydrochloride. 234:1437-1446. Apparao, M.D., P. L., Ruegg, A. Lago, S. Godden, R. Bey, and K. Leslie. 2009. Relationship between in vitro test results and treatment outcomes for Gram-positive mastitis pathogens following treatment with Cephapirin sodium. J Dairy Sci. 92: 2589-2597 Pantoja, J. C. F., C. Hulland, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Dynamics of somatic cell counts and intramammary infections across subsequent lactations. Prev. Vet. Med. 90:43-54. Pantoja, J. C. F., D. J. Reinemann, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Associations between Bacterial and Somatic Cell Counts in Raw Bulk Milk. J Dairy Sci. 92:4978-4987. Pantoja, J. C. F., C. Hulland, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Dynamics of somatic cell counts and intramammary infections across subsequent lactations. Prev. Vet. Med. 90:43-54. Pantoja, J. C. F., C. Hulland, and P. L. Ruegg. 2009. Somatic cell count status across the dry period as a risk factor for the development of clinical mastitis in subsequent lactations J Dairy Sci 92: 139-148. ABSTRACTS GEORGIA Nickerson, S. C. New frontiers in mastitis research. Page 348 in Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, Montreal, Quebec. Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 87, E-Suppl. 2/Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 1. Paper 389. 2009. Nickerson, S. C. Mastitis in beef bulls caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Page 582 in Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, Montreal, Quebec. Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 87, E-Suppl. 2/Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 1. Paper 788. 2009. Raymond, R., C. W. Bales, D.E. Bauman, D. Clemmons, R. Kleinman, D. Lann, S. C. Nickerson, and K. Sejrsen. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST): A safety Assessment. Presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, Montreal, Quebec. IOWA Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2008. Is subclinical mastitis associated with reduced infant breast milk intake in Ghana. 14th Int. Conf., Int. Soc. Research in Human Milk and Lactation. Abstract 26. Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2009. Subclinical mastitis among lactating Ghanaian women, 3-6 months postpartum. Int. Congress of Nutrition, Bangkok, Thailand. Timms,L. and J. Morelli. 2008. Teat end and skin conditioning evaluation of two experimental heptanoic acid teat dips during winter. J. Dairy Sci. 91. E-Suppl.1:302. Timms, L. 2008. Evaluation of a novel chlorine dioxide teat dip on teat end and teat skin health. J. Dairy Sci. 91. E-Suppl.1:302. Timms, L. 2008. Characteristics and use of separated manure solids following anaerobic digestion for dairy freestall bedding in three Iowa dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 91. E-Suppl.1:323. MINNESOTA Apparao, M.D., P.L. Rueeg, A. Lago, S. Godden, R. Bey, and K. Leslie. Single and multi-drug resistance profiles exhibited by gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Annu mtg of AABP. Omaha, NB. Sept. 10-12, 2009. Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, P. Ruegg and K. Leslie. Effect of the treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture on secondary therapy, days to clinical cure, days out of tank, mastitis recurrence, somatic cell count, milk yield and culling. Annu mtg of AABP. Omaha, NB. Sept. 10-12, 2009. Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, P. Ruegg and K. Leslie. Efficacy of two fresh cow subclinical mastitis treatment programs on antibiotic use, days out of tank, bacteriological cure, clinical mastitis, somatic cell count, milk yield, reproduction and culling. Annu mtg of AABP. Omaha, NB. Sept. 10-12, 2009 Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, P. Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2009. Effect of the selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results on the risk to receive secondary therapy, days to clinical cure, days out of the tank, clinical mastitis recurrence, somatic cell count, milk production and culling. In Proc. Minnesota Dairy Health Conference. St. Paul, MN. May 20-21, 2009. Pg. 90-93. MISSIOURI Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2009. Relationship Between Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species, Milk Somatic Cell Count, and Duration of Intramammary Infection. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO. Basler E, Perry J, Middleton JR. 2009. Characterizing Staphylococci from Mammary Quarters Co-infected with Another Mastitis Pathogen. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO. Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN. 2009. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters and post-partum disease incidence in dairy cows. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO. Ringen D, Marshall T, Middleton JR. 2009. Utility of pre-partum udder secretions for predicting intramammary infections in dairy heifers at calving. Phi Zeta Research Day, March 13, 2009, Columbia, MO. Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN. 2009. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on plasma biochemical parameters in dairy cows. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 12-16. M126. Chamberlin W, Middleton JR, Spain JN. 2009. Influence of subclinical hypocalcemia on post-partum disease incidence in dairy cows. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 12-16. M325. MONTREAL Scholl, D., Messier, S., Tomita, G., Dohoo, I., Des Côteaux. L., Roy, J.-P., DeVries, T., Barkema, H., Keefe, G., Ngeleka, M., Reyher, K., DuTremblay, D., Dufour, S., Paradis, M.-E. Core Research Platform of the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada. Scholl, D., Messier, S., Oliver, S.P., and Paradis, M.-E. Validate Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for Common Intramammary Pathogens. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada. OHIO Zimov. J.L., N. A. Botheras, and J. S. Hogan. 2009. Behavioral and physiological responses to lipopolysaccharide induced clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 92(1):174. Stewart, B.A., T. H. Yang, J. S. Hogan , and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Genotypic profiling of enterococci isolated from bovine origin. J. Dairy Sci 92(1):196. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo. Comparison of 3M Petrifilm Storage Conditions for use with an On-Farm Mastitis Culture System. IDF Conference Proceedings, poster abstract, New Zealand, 2010. K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo, JP Roy, K Leslie. Preliminary economic assessment of an on-farm culture system on the diagnosis and treatment of clinical mastitis in the Canadian dairy industry. IDF Conference Proceedings, poster abstract, New Zealand, 2010. TENNESSEE Patel, D. A., M. E. Prado, R. A. Almeida, X. Y. Chen, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus uberis transposon mutants deficient in adhesion to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells or bovine collagen/fibrinogen binding. Abstract 5P p. 102 in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chen, X., D. A. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Targeted mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. Abstract 6P p. 102 in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Almeida, R. A., B. Dogan, S. Klaessig, Y. H Schukken, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Intracellular persistence of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from acute and chronic/persistent bovine intramammary infections. Abstract 4P p. 102 in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Prado, M. E., D. A. Luther, K. E. Oliff, M. J. Lewis, S. I. Headrick, R. A. Almeida, and S. P. Oliver. 2008. Vaccination with Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule induces isotypic antibody responses in bovine serum and colostrum. Proc. Am. Assoc. Bovine Practitioners. Scholl, Daniel, Serge Messier, and Stephen Oliver. 2008. Validate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for common Gram-positive intramammary pathogens. pp. 10-11 In: Proc. 2008 Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network-Mastitis Research Workers Conference Joint Scientific Meeting. Moore, G. E., M. E. Prado, A. P. Bouchard, J. R. Dunlap, M. J. Lewis, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Biofilm production by Streptococcus uberis isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. p. 24 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Gillespie, B. E., S. Boonyayatra, M. J. Lewis, A. M. Saxton, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Bulk tank milk quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee over a 12 month period. p. 23 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Gillespie, B. E., M. J. Lewis, M. L. Maxwell, A. M. Saxton, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. An overview of milk quality in Tennessee. p. 24 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Almeida, R. A., and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Pathogenesis of chronic Escherichia coli mastitis. p. 19-20 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Almeida, R. A., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Chronic Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infections in primiparous dairy cows during the periparturient period. p. 19 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. sua gene deletion mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis UT888 using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. p. 25 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, X. Chen, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Presence of ISS1-like element in wild type Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. p. 26 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Elliott, A. A., S. P. Oliver, and G.M. Pighetti. 2009. Responses of different CXCR1 genotypes after experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. p. 25 In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symp., College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Luther, D. A., R. A. Almeida, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Epitope predictions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). Abstract 9P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Predicted antigenic regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) are involved in adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 10P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Almeida, R. A., X. Chen, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, G. M. Pighetti, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Adherence to and internalization of ?sua Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Abstract 11P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, T. E. Fuller, and S. P. Oliver. 2009.. sua gene deletion mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis UT888. Abstract 12P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, X. Chen, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Presence of ISS1-like insertion sequence in Streptococcus uberis strains from cases of bovine mastitis. Abstract 13P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Kerro Dego, O., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, X. Chen, M. E. Prado, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Random transposon (pGhost9:ISS1) insertion mutations of Streptococcus uberis UT888 causes significant reduction of bacterial adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells. Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Prado, M. E., G. E. Moore, A. P. Bouchard, J. Dunlap, M. J. Lewis, and S. P. Oliver. 2009. Biofilm production by Streptococcus uberis isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. Abstract 14P in Proc. Conf. Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Elliott AA, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2009. Responses of different CXCR1 genotypes after experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In: Proc. 2nd Annual Comparative and Experimental Medicine Research Symposium, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Elliott AA, SP Oliver and GM Pighetti. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Pighetti GM, P Morris, ML Riggle-Moxley, and ME Prado. Escherichia coli isolates from clinical mastitis grow more rapidly in the presence of norepinephrine. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. VIRGINIA Karp, H. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Validation of a novel in-line milk analysis system designed to measure SCC and milk components. J. Dairy Sci. 92(E-suppl 1): 117. Masiello, S. N. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. The ability of enterococci to survive the ensiling process. J. Dairy Sci. 92(E-suppl 1): 543. Stewart, B. A., T. H. Yang, J. S. Hogan, and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Genotypic profiling of enterococci isolated from bovine origin. J. Dairy Sci. 92(E-suppl 1): 174. Bharathan M.* W. Mwangi, I.K. Mullarky. July 2009. Staphylococcus aureus: One step closer to a vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (E-suppl 1): LB7 Maxymiv N., I. K. Mullarky. December 2008. Localization of dendritic cells in thebovine mammary gland using immunohistochemistry. Proceedings of the 89th. Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. p. 115. Ortiz-Marty R., W. Wark, I. K. Mullarky. December 2008. Suppression of bovinemammary epithelial cell immune response by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Proceedings of the 89th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. 2008. P.102. Nedrow A., W. Wark, M. Dickenson, R. Zadoks, I. K. Mullarky. December 2008.Comparison of virulence factors among Klebsiella isolates with varying prevalence. Proceedings of the 89th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. 2008. P.116. Bharathan M. , W. Mwangi, I. K. Mullarky. December 2008. Characterization of T lymphocyte response to Staphylococcus aureus sensitized monocyte derived dendritic cells from cows with prior Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Proceedings of the 89th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Chicago, IL. p.115. WASHINGTON Wenz, J.R. , T. E. Besser, L.K. Fox, and Y. Zhang. Comparison of 16sRNA gene sequence analysis with aerobic milk culture for the identification of potential bacterial etiologies of bovine clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Science 92 (Suppl. 1): 98 WISCONSIN Abstracts ( I dont know how to separate these between proceedings and posters) Cabrera, V. E., J. C. F. Pantoja, P. L. Ruegg and G. E. Shook. 2009. Decision-making for early postpartum subclinical mastitis. Am Dairy Sci Assoc. Oliveira, L., C. Hulland and P.Ruegg. 2009. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. Moraleda, G.R., L. Reilly, R. Panzalis, M. Haugen and P. Ruegg. 2009. Milking performance of dairy goats in Wisconsin. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. Lago, A, S. Godden, R. Bey, .P Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2009. Effect of the Selective Treatment of Clinical Mastitis Based in On-Farm Culture Results on the Risk to Receive Secondary Therapy, Days to Clinical Cure and Days Out of the Tank. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. . Lago, A, S. Godden, R. Bey, .P Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2009. Effect of the Selective Treatment of Clinical Mastitis Based in On-Farm Culture Results on Clinical Mastitis Recurrence, Somatic Cell Count, Milk Production and Culling.. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. Ruegg, P.L. 2009. Risk factors for recurrence of clinical mastitis. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. Sobreira, N. M., J. C. F. Pantoja and P. Ruegg. 2009. Daily Variability in Somatic Cell Count of Dairy Goats and Cows. 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. Spanu, C., D. Thomas, Y. Berger and P. Ruegg. 2009. . Performance of the Direct Cell Counter on Ovine Milk Samples 48th Ann. Proceedings NMC, Charlotte NC, Jan 25-28. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS CONNECTICUT Rezamand, P., M. A. McGuire, and S. M. Andrew. 2009. Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein and intra-mammary infections in periparturient dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. pp. 71-83. GEORGIA Nickerson, S. C. Importance of dry cow management in the control of mastitis. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. 2009. http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management Nickerson, S. C. Mastitis detection, prevention, and control in dairy replacement heifers. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. 2009. http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management Nickerson, S. C., L. O. Ely, E. P. Hovingh, and P. W. Widel. Immunizing dairy heifers can reduce prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and reduce herd somatic cell counts. in Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management. DAIReXNET. 2009. http://www.extension.org/pages/Dairy_Cattle_Mastitis_and_Milking_Management Nickerson, S. C. Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference Program. Page 4 in: Georgia Dairy Fax. http://www.ads.uga.edu/extension/newsletters.html. April, May, June, 2009. Nickerson, S. C. and W. E. Owens. Mastitis detection, prevention, and control in dairy replacement heifers. Pages in 2009 Louisiana Dairy Report. LSUAC. Baton Rouge, LA. 2009. Owens, W. E. and S. C. Nickerson. Medical therapy options for control of bovine mastitis. Pages in 2009 Louisiana Dairy Report. LSUAC. Baton Rouge, LA. 2009. McClary, D. and S. C. Nickerson. Relationship between the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in dairy cows and the incidence of clinical mastitis. Technical Report. ELANCO. 2009. Raymond, R. C. W. Bales, D. Bauman, D. Clemmons, R. Kleinman, D. Lanna, S. C. Nickerson, and K. Sejrsen. 2009. Independent expert panel finds no evidence of links between drinking milk from cows supplemented with rbST and human health risks. Press Release. Elanco, a division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN, September 28, 2009. IOWA Gorden, P.J. and L.L. Timms. 2008 Bovine mastitis microbiology for veterinary technicians. AABP Bovine Proceedings MICHIGAN RJ Erskine Controlling Contagious Mastitis Seminar presented to Czech Republic Dairy Producers, October, 2008, Vetrny Jenikov, Czech Republic. RJ Erskine Mastitis Therapy and Pharmacology. Seminar presented to Czech Republic Buiatric Society, October, 2008, Brno, Czech Republic. RJ Erskine Mastitis Control: Balance Between Therapy and Prevention. Seminar presented to the Central Canadian Veterinary Association, November, 2008, Ottawa, Ontario. RJ Erskine Applying pharmacology to mastitis therapy. Short course presented at the Regional Summer Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, May, 2009, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. MISSOURI Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2009. Relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal species, milk somatic cell count, and duration of intramammary infection. Proc. 48th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Charlotte, NC January 25-28. Pages 136-137. Middleton JR, Dowling P, Perry J. 2009. Legal and Medical Issues of Extra-label Drug Use. Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, Montreal, Canada. 3 Jun 2009. MONTREAL Allard, M., Ster, C., Jacob, C.L., Diarra, M.S., Scholl, D., Lacasse, P., and Malouin, F. Identification of genes expressed by Staphylococcus aureus during bovine mastitis for vaccine and drug development. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted Scholl, D.T., Barkema H.W., Lacasse, P., and Tomita, G.M. Successes and Pitfalls of the Canadian Industry-Partnership Approach to Mastitis Research. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted Paradis, M.-E., Roy, J.-P., Scholl, D. And Bouchard, E. Impact of a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection During the First Month of Lactation on SCC, Milk Yield and Culling in Primiparous Cows. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted Perry, J., Middleton, J.R., Dufour, S., Scholl, D., Calloway, C., Anderson, S. and Dohoo, I. Association of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcal Species on Milk Somatic Cell Count of Cows from the Canadian National Cohort of Dairy Farms. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted Dufour, S., Frechette, A, and Scholl, D. The Influence of Management Practices on Herds Somatic Cell Count: a Systematic Review. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted Dufour, S, Scholl, D. A Validated Questionnaire for Measuring Udder Health Related Management Practices on Dairy Farms. 5th IDF International Mastitis Conference. March 21-24, 2010. Christchurch New Zeeland. Accepted Reyher, K, S. Dufour, D. Du Tremblay, H. Barkema, L. Des Coteaux, T. DeVries, I. Dohoo, J-P. Roy and D. Scholl. The National Cohort of Dairy Farms  A Research Platform for Mastitis Management, Planning and Control in Canada. NMC 48th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC. January 26-28, 2009. p.134-135. Dufour, S., I. Dohoo and D. Scholl. Stall Management and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Infection Incidence. NMC 48th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC January 26-28, 2009. p. 204-205. Le Thanh, B.V., C.L. Jacob, S. Messier, F. Malouin and D. Scholl. Epidemiologic Association of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Markers With Non-Clinical Intramammary Infection. NMC 48th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC. January 26-28, 2009. p. 220-221. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND K MacDonald, G Keefe, Doris Poole, Anne Muckle.Preliminary assessment of the accuracy of on-farm diagnosis of clinical mastitis using 3M Petrifilms compared to standard microbiology IDF Conference Proceedings, New Zealand, 2010. K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo, K Leslie, JP Roy. Preliminary evaluation of clinical mastitis cure rates using a 3M Petrifilm-based on-farm culture system with selective antibiotic therapy in Holstein cows IDF Conference Proceedings, New Zealand, 2010 Keefe GP Techniques and Technologies to Measure Milk Quality Proceedings National Mastitis Council, Charlotte North Carolina, January 2009.. Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, A.M. Management of Raw Milk Quality: Opportunities for producers and processors Colanta International Congress on Milk Quality, Medellin Columbia, November, 2008. Keefe, G.P., Elmoslemany, AM. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality: Effects on Consumers and Survey-based Risk Assessments. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Elmoslemany, AM., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo IR. Bulk Tank Raw Milk Quality:On-Farm Assessment of Risk Factors. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Calloway, C.D., Dohoo I.R., Keefe. G.P. Incidence Risk Patterns of Intramammary Infection Pathogens during the Dry Period in Holstein Dairy Cattle. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Meleck S.R.A., Keefe G.P. Influence of Time, Temperature and Starting Bacteria Load Parameters on the Quality of Raw Bulk Tank Milk. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. McCarron, J.L., Keefe G.P., Poole D.E. Laboratory Evaluation of Two Potential On-farm Culture Systems for Clinical Mastitis Cases. AABP Proceedings, Charlotte North Carolina, September 2008. Elmoslemany A.M., Keefe G.P., Dohoo I.R. Risk Factors for Bacteriological Quality of Bulk Tank Milk in Prince Edward Island Dairy Herds. Proceedings of the 25th World Buiatrics Congress, Budapest Hungary , July 2008. TENNESSEE Oliver, S. P. 2008. Methods to assess milk quality and their interpretation In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. pp. 36-41. Oliver, S. P. 2008. Best management practices to enhance milk quality on Southeast dairies. In: Proc. 2008 Southeast Dairy Herd Management Conference. pp. 46-67. Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2009. Chronic Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infections in primiparous dairy cows during the periparturient period. In: Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc. pp. 214-215. Prado, M. E., and S. P. Oliver. 2009. SUAM: An important Streptococcus uberis virulence factor. In: Proc. 2009 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum & Canadian Veterinary Medical Association Convention. Oliver, S. P. 2009. How to assess milk quality. In: Proc. 2009 NMC Regional Meeting and Mid-Atlantic Consortium Annual Conference, pp. 25-33. Oliver, S. P. 2009. Raw milk vs. pasteurized milk: the debate continues. In Proc. Factors in Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Southeast. Southeast Center for Emerging Biologic Threats and Emory University School of Medicine. Oliver, S. P., D. A. Luther, M. E. Prado, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Characterization of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Almeida,R. A., X. Chen, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Lack of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule markedly influences adherence to and internalization of a sua gene deletion mutant into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Chen, X., R. A. Almeida, D. A. Luther, O. Kerro Dego, T. E. Fuller, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Creation of a Streptococcus uberis sua gene deletion mutant using a thermosensitive replicative plasmid. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Luther, D. A., X. Chen, R. A. Almeida, Ying Yuan, Shangfeng Chang, Abadin Eurife, Lauren Jory, Steven Kovacevic, Andy Allen, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Detection of Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) and sua in geographically diverse strains of S. uberis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2010. Development of an Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infection model with a strain isolated from a cow with chronic E. coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Pathogenesis of chronic Escherichia coli mastitis. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Luther, D. A., R. A. Almeida, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Surface region and epitope predictions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, D. Patel, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Predicted surface regions of Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) mediate internalization into mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Protein profiles of Escherichia coli associated with chronic and acute mastitis in dairy cows. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Almeida, R. A., M. E. Prado, D. A. Luther, and S. P. Oliver. 2010. Antibodies in serum from cows vaccinated with Streptococcus uberis Adhesion Molecule (SUAM) inhibit adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. In: Proc. 2010 Intl. Dairy Federation Mastitis Conference (In press). Elliott AA, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2009. Responses of cows with different CXCR1 genotypes to experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis. In: Proc Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Conf. Elliott AA, J Dunlap, S Minkin, J Biggerstaff, GM Pighetti. 2009. Cows genetically more susceptible to mastitis have altered actin expression by neutrophils. In: Proc Intl Dairy Fed Mastitis Conf. WASHINGTON Fox, L.K. 2009. Epidemiology of mycoplasma mastitis. International conference on bovine mycoplasmosis. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 7-9, 2009. WEB PRESENTATIONS TENNESSEE Oliver, S. P. 2009. How milk quality is assessed. DAIReXNET http://www.extension.org/pages/ How_Milk_ Quality_is_Assessed May 28, 2009. POSTER PRESENTATIONS CONNECTICUT Thesis: Jennifer Locke, 2009. The effect of a reformulated teat disinfectant on intramammary pathogen prevalence, new intramammary infection status, and teat end callosity in a natural exposure field trial. IOWA Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2008. Is subclinical mastitis associated with reduced infant breast milk intake in Ghana. 14th Int. Conf., Int. Soc. Research in Human Milk and Lactation. Abstract 26. Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2009. Subclinical mastitis among lactating Ghanaian women, 3-6 months postpartum. Int. Congress of Nutrition, Bangkok, Thailand. MAINE Maine Cattle Health Assessment Program Annual Producers Meeting Sept. 2008 Maine Dairy Producer Seminar March 2009 MISSIOURI Perry J, Middleton JR, Zadoks RN. 2009. Relationship between coagulase negative staphylococcal species, milk somatic cell count, and duration of intramammary infection. Proc. 48th Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Charlotte, NC January 25-28. Pages 136-137. MONTREAL Paradis, M-.E., Bouchard, E., Scholl, D., Miglior, F., and Roy, J.-P. Impact of a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci or Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection in Heifers. Annual Scientific Meeting, Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. October 26-28, 2009. Montreal, QC. Canada. Dufour, S., and Scholl. D. Mesure des pratiques de gestion liées à la mammite sur les fermes laitières canadiennes : Développement, traduction et validation dun questionnaire. P. 43. Journée de la recherche. Faculté de medicine vétérinaire. Université de Montréal. Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec. February 26, 2009. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND K MacDonald, G Keefe, I Dohoo, K Leslie, JP Roy Preliminary evaluation of clinical mastitis cure rates using a 3M Petrifilm-based on-farm culture system with selective antibiotic therapy in Holstein cows. CBMRN Annual Conference, poster abstract, 2009 TENNESSEE Oliver, S. P., S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, L. M. Bauer, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, and R. A. Almeida. 2009. Chronic Escherichia coli experimental intramammary infections in primiparous dairy cows during the periparturient period. Presented at Annual Meeting of National Mastitis Council- Technology Transfer Session, Charlotte, NC. VIRGINIA Masiello, S. N. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. The ability of enterococci to survive the ensiling process. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC. Pg. 210-211. R. J. Ortiz-Marty, W. Wark, and I. K. Mullarky. November 2008. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus suppresses gene expression of cytokines and coagulation proteins. Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students. WASHINGTON Boonyayatra,Sukalrot, L.K. Fox, John M. Gay, Thomas E. Besser, and Ashish Sawant. 2009. Effects of Storage Methods on The Recovery of Mycoplasma Species from Milk Samples. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Charlotte, North Carolina. Punyapornwithaya, L.K. Fox, J.M Gay, D.D.Hancock and J.R. Alldredge. 2009. The effects of centrifugation and resuspension method on the recovery of Mycoplasma spp. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Charlotte, North Carolina. DISSERTATIONS BOOK CHAPTERS MICHIGAN SA Wagner and RJ Erskine. Decision making in mastitis therapy, in Current Veterinary Therapy-Food Animal Practice, fifth edition, D. Anderson and M. Rings, ed. pp. 502-509 Saunders, St Louis, Missouri, 2008.