SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report

Sections

Basic Information
Additional Info

Status: Approved

Basic Information

Project No. and Title: NE1009 : Mastitis Resistance to Enhance Dairy Food Safety
Period Covered: 10/01/2002 to 09/01/2007
Date of Report: 12/21/2007
Annual Meeting Dates: 11/07/2007 to 11/09/2007

Herman Barkema - University of Calgary (barkema@ucalgary.ca); John Barlow - University of Vermont (john.barlow@uvm.edu); David E. Kerr - University of Vermont (david.kerr@uvm.edu); A. John Bramley - University of Vermont (john.bramley@uvm.edu); Daniel Scholl - University of Montreal (daniel.scholl@umontreal.ca); Gina Pighetti - University of Tenessee (pighetti@utk.edu); Stephen Oliver - University of Tenessee (soliver@utk.edu); Bruce Schultz - Kansas State University (bschultz@vet.ksu.edu); Sheila Andrew - University of Connecticut (Sheila.andrew@uconn.edu); Pamela Ruegg - University of Wisconsin (PLRuegg@wisc.edu); Ron Erskine - Michigan State University (erskine@cvm.msu.edu); Lorraine M. Sordillo - Michigan State University (sordillo@msu.edu) ; John Middleton- University of Missouri (middletonjr@missouri.edu); Isis Mullarky - Virginia Polytechnical and State University (mullarky@vt.edu); Christina S. Petersson-Wolfe - Virginia Polytechnical and State University (cspw@vt.edu); Kirklyn M. Kerr - University of Connecticut (kirklyn.kerr@uconn.edu); Ruth Zadoks - Cornell University (rz26@cornell.edu); Ynte Schukken - Cornell University (yhs2@cornell.edu); Francis L Welcome -Cornell Cooperative Extension (flw2@cornell.edu); Sandra Godden - University of Minnesota (godde002@umn.edu); Lawrence K. Fox -Washington State University (fox@wsu.edu); Ken Leslie - University of Guelph (keleslie@ovc.uoguelph.ca); ;Steve Nickerson - University of Georgia (scn@uga.edu); Gary B. Sherman - USDA-CSREES (gsherman@csrees.usda.gov); Bhushan Jayarao - Pennsylvania State University (bmj3@psu.edu); Joseph S. Hogan - Ohio State University (hogan.4@osu.edu); William E. Owens- Louisiana State University (wowens@agctr.lsu.edu) ;

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Legacy attachment file:

[Minutes]

Accomplishments

Over the past 5-years of this project, we have studied three areas focused on identifying new means of detecting, preventing, and treating bovine mastitis. Our specific objectives were: (i) characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance, (ii) characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense, and (iii) assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Both joint research trials and individual studies have been conducted by NE-1009 researchers and accomplishments include: - Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance led to the identification of genes associated with resistance to mastitis including the CXCR2 gene (TN), Nramp1 gene (WA), and the Uterocalin gene (IA). Ongoing studies continue to evaluate mastitis heritability by identifying susceptibility traits. - Collaborative projects evaluated management tools aimed at decreasing rates of mastitis. Continued work on evaluation of teat dip efficacy and bedding materials and conditioners. - Evaluation of mammary health during the dry period included study of keratin plug formation and development and evaluation of barrier teat sealants such as Orbeseal. - This collaborative project allowed for assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Evaluation of novel treatment tools including Lysigin vaccine, J5 bacterin hyperimmunization, Pirlimycin therapy, and Heifer prepartum antibiotic treatment. - There was successful development of several novel techniques for identification of pathogens and vaccine efficacy including an ELISA for detection of S. aureus antibody isotypes, Tuberculin tests, Mycoplasma control programs, Microarray development, Pulse field gel electrophoresis for pathogen typing, cDNA microarray, Real-time PCR detection of pathogens in milk, and development of transgenic lysostaphin animal resistant to S. aureus mastitis. - Large collaborative projects evaluated research tools and techniques such as identification of mastitis using single as compared with duplicate aseptic samples and improving animal health and production with 2 as compared to 3 milkings per day. -Several studies focused on host/pathogen interactions including evaluation of nutrients, such as Vitamin C, and positive/negative energy status of the animal on rate of new intrammary infections (IMI). - This project allowed for successful characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing the host defenses. Bacterial toxins were identified and studied in several species including S. aureus (SEC1), K. pneumoniae (fimbriae), S. aureus biofilms. - Various trials tested vaccines consisting of S. aureus bacterins, S. uberis virulence factors, bacteriosins/bacteriophages, phage therapy, and J5 bacterin. Antibiotic efficacy was evaluated and pathogens were tested for susceptibility and multi-drug resistance. -Innate immunity was studied in response to LPS treatment, BHV-1, and BLV. -In vitro studies were conducted to tease out the mechanisms involved in host resistance to Mastitis. Studies focused on mammary progenitor cells as well as epithelial barrier modification. - Development of new techniques for evaluation of Mastitis on the farm included an in line unit for measurement of SCC (cell sense) and on-farm bacteriology systems. -Improved milk quality through the detection of food pathogens to include, Salmonella, Listeria, and Coxiella burnetti . Improved detection of clorohexidine in milk.

Impacts

Greater characterization and understanding of mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance
Further identification and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens which greatly enhances host defense
Wide assessment and application of a variety of technologies and modalities advancing udder health control and ensuring food safety
The group continued to collaborate (i.e. several multi-state studies were concluded or are in progress) to combine basic and applied science aimed at reducing the incidence and severity of mastitis in dairy cows in order to improve animal health, productivity and milk quality.
Gained a much better understanding of cow-level, quarter-level and management-level risk factors at dry off and during the close-up (transition) period that contribute to new intramammary infections during the dry period. Examples include dry-off strategies, the role of teat sealants, and both nutritional management or photoperiod manipulation to improve immune function.
Continued to improve our understanding of bovine immune/resistance factors and to evaluate vaccination strategies to prevent coliform mastitis. This includes a greater understanding of the relative importance of cow genetics (heritability) vs environment (management) influencing the risk for mastitis.
Continued evaluation of new teat dip formulations to provide producers with reliable information and allow them to choose the best product for reducing mastitis.
Gained a greater understanding of causes of prepartum mastitis in primiparous heifers, as well as concluded a large multi-state study examining the efficacy of prepartum intramammary therapy in primiparous heifers. Preliminary results indicated that while prepartum antibiotic treatment heifers would cure existing intramammary infections, this reduction in IMI did not translate into a significant improvement in milk production, SCC, or reproductive performance.
Continue work to describe molecular typing and distribution plus the antibiotic-susceptibility patterns of common mastitis pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Continued work to better understand pathogenicity that differentiate acute from chronic coliform infections.
Continued to investigate the utility of on-farm diagnostic tools such as the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and on-farm culture systems. These tools will allow producers to more effectively diagnose and treat subclinical infections at calving or clinical mastitis cases. Also developed in-lab diagnostic tools such as real-time PCR procedures for detection of common mastitis pathogens in milk.
Initiated a collaborative study to develop an electronic data transfer system to more efficiently and expediently provide producers on a Dairy Herd Improvement (DHIA) testing program with culture results from the mastitis laboratory. This system should allow producers to more efficiently access culture data for the purpose of making timely cow-management and treatment decisions.

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Literature (2007) Andrews, S.M., K.M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver,Y. H.Schukken, W. E. Owens, and C. Norman. Fassctors assocated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary therapy. 2007. International Symposium on Mastitis, Ghent, Belgium. In press Bar D, Gröhn YT, Bennett G, González RN, Hertl JA, Schulte HF, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Schukken YH. Effect of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2007 Oct;90(10):4643-53. Barlow, J.W. Rauch, B., Welcome, F., Kim, S.G., Dubovi, E., and Schukken, Y.H. 2008. Association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Veterinary Research (accepted). Baumgart M, Dogan B, Rishniw M, Weitzman G, Bosworth B, Yantiss R, Orsi RH, Wiedmann M, McDonough P, Kim SG, Berg D, Schukken Y, Scherl E, Simpson KW. Culture independent analysis of ileal mucosa reveals a selective increase in invasive Escherichia coli of novel phylogeny relative to depletion of Clostridiales in Crohn's disease involving the ileum. ISME J. 2007 Sep;1(5):403-18. Borm, A. A., L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. M. Andrew, K. M. Moyes, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, D. D. Hancock, C. T. Gaskins, W.E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2006. Effects of prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy on udder health. J. Dairy Sc,i. 89:2090-2098. Celia, L.K., Nelson, D., and D.E. Kerr. 2008. Characterization of a bacteriophage lysin (Ply700) from Streptococcus uberis. Veterinary Microbiology (in press). Contreras, GA, Guterbock WM and Sears PM. Comparison of Systemic and Intramammary Dry Cow Treatment.. J. Am. Med Assoc. Submitted 2007 Erskine R.J., E.J. VanDyk, P.C. Bartlett, J.L. Burton, M.C. Boyle. Effect of hyperimmunization with an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin in adult lactating dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1092-1097, 2007. Fox, L.K. 2007. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of heifer mastitis. Vet. Micro Gehring R and Smith GW. An overview of factors affecting the disposition of intramammary preparations used to treat bovine mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29: 237-241, 2006. Gill, J., Sabour, P., Leslie, K., Griffiths, M. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Vol 50 (9): 2912-2918. 2006. Gillespie B. E., B.M. Jayarao, J. W. Pankey, and S. P. Oliver. 1998. Subtyping of Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolated from bovine mammary secretions by DNA fingerprinting. J. Vet Med. [B]-45:585-593. Gilliespie, B. E., B. M. Jayarao, H. H. Dowlen, and S. P. Oliver. 1999. Analysis and frequencies of Bola-DRB3.2 alleles from Jersey cows by PCR-RFLP. J. Dairy Sci. 82:2049-2053. Godden, S., R. Bey, K. Lorch, R. Farnsworth, and P. Rapnicki. 2007. Ability of organic and inorganic bedding materials to promote growth of environmental bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 2007: Accepted Hogan, J. S., S. L. Wolf, and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2007. Bacterial counts in organic materials used as free-stall bedding following treatment with a commercial conditioner. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1058-1062. Hogan, J. S., S. L. Wolf, and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2007. Bacterial counts in organic materials used as free-stall bedding following treatment with a commercial conditioner. J Dairy Sci. 90(2):1058-1062 Jayarao, B. M., S. C. Donaldson, B. A. Straley, A. A. Sawant, N. V. Hegde, and J. L. Brown.3 2006. A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in Pennsylvania. J Dairy Sci. 89:2451-2458. Lim, G., Leslie, K. Dingwell, R., Timms, L., Kelton, D. Duffield, T. Adherence and Efficacy of an External Teat Sealant to Prevent New Intramammary Infections in the Dry Period. Journal of Dairy Science. Vol 90:1289-1300. 2007. Lim, G., Leslie, K. Dingwell, R., Timms, L., Kelton, D. Herd Management Factors that Affect the Mean Duration and Variation of Adherence of an External Teat Sealant. Journal of Dairy Science. Vol 90: 1301-1309. 2007. Luby CD, Middleton JR, Ma J, Rinehart CL, Bucklin S, Kohler C, Tyler JW. 2007. Characterization of the antibody isotype response in serum and milk of heifers vaccinated with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin (LysiginTM). J Dairy Res. 74(2):239-246. M. A. Munoz and R. N. Zadoks. 2007. Short Communication: Patterns of fecal shedding of Klebsiella by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90(3):1220. M. A. Munoz, C. Ahlstrom, B. J. Rauch and R. N. Zadoks. 2006. Fecal shedding of Klebsiella pneumoniae by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89(9):3425. Middleton JR, Luby CD, Adams DS. 2008. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: A review and new data. Vet Microbiol. In Review. Middleton JR, Luby CD. 2008. Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle being treated for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Rec. In Press. Molecular Epidemiology of two Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreaks on a dairy farm in New York State. J. Clinical Microbiology. Oct 10; [Epub ahead of print] Munoz, M. A., F. L. Welcome, Y. H. Schukken, and R. N. Zadoks. 2007. Oliver, S. P., B. E. Gillespie, and B. M. Jayarao. 1998. Detection of new and persistent Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae intramammary infections by polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiol. 160:69-73. Oliver, S. P., B. M. Jayarao, B. M. and R. A. Almeida. 2005. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2:115-129. Owens, W. E., and W. Allen Nipper.Development of a Mycoplasma Mastitis Control Program in Louisiana. 2008. Journal of the Professional Animal Scientist. In press Park YH, SU Lee, WA Ferens, S Samuels, WC Davis, LK Fox, JS Ahn, KS Seo, BS Chang, SY Hwang, and GA Bohach (2006) Unique features of bovine lymphocytes exposed to a staphylococcal superantigen. Journal of Veterinary Science 7:233-239. Paulin-Curlee, G. G., S. Singer, S. Sreevatsan, R. R. Isaacson, J. Reneau, D. Foster, and R. Bey. 2007. Genetic diversity of mastitis-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3681-3689. Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., K. E. Leslie, T. Osborne, B. W. McBride, R. Bagg, G. Vessie, P. Dick, and T. F. Duffield. 2007. Effect of monensin delivery method on dry matter intake, body condition score, and metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 90(4):1870-1879. Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2007. In vitro growth of enterococci of bovine origin in bovine mammary secretions from various stages of lactation. J Dairy Sci. 90(9):4226-4231. Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S. Adams, S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2007. Genomic typing of enterococci isolated from bovine mammary glands and environmental sources. J. Dairy Sci. In press. Pol M, and P. L. Ruegg. 2007. Relationship between antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 90:262-273. Pol M, and P. L. Ruegg. 2007. Treatment practices and quantification of antimicrobial usage in conventional and organic dairy farms in Wisconsin. J Dairy Sci 90:249-261. Powell, A.M., D.E. Kerr, D. Guthrie, and R.J. Wall. 2007. Lactation induction as a predictor of post-parturition transgene expression in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Research 74:247-254. Quesnell RR, Erickson JE, and Schultz BD. Apical electrolyte concentration modulates barrier function and tight junction protein localization in bovine mammary epithelium. Am J Physiol 292: C305-318, 2007. Quesnell RR, Han X, and Schultz BD. Glucocorticoids stimulate ENaC upregulation in bovine mammary epithelium. Am J Physiol 292: C1739-1745, 2007. R. N. Zadoks and J. L. Watts. 2007. Species identification of CNS: Genotyping as the Gold standard. Veterinay Microbiology. Accepted conditional on revisions. Rezamand, P., S. A. Andrew, K. M. Moyes, and R. M. Clark. 2007. Effects of energy status, breed and plasma metabolites on new intramammary infections in periparturient Holstein and Jersey cows during the transition period. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5097-5107. Sanford, C.J., Keefe, G.P., Dohoo, I.R., Leslie, K.E. Assessment of antimicrobial transfer from treated to untreated mammary gland quarters by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography for detection of cloxacillin in milk samples from nonlactating dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol 67 (7): 1140-1144. 2006. Schmitt-van de Leemput, E., and R. N. Zadoks. 2007. Genotypic and Phenotypic Macrolide and Lincosamide Resistance of Streptococcus uberis from Cases Of Clinical Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. Journal of Dairy Science 90(11):5089 Srinivasan V, Gillespie BE, Lewis MJ, Nguyen LT, Headrick SI, Schukken YH, Oliver SP. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. Vet Microbiol. 2007 Oct 6;124(3-4):319-28. Stewart, S.C., P. Rapnicki, J. R. Lewis, and M. Perala. 2007. Detection of low frequency external electronic identification devices using commercial panel readers. J. Dairy Sci. 90:4478-4482. Straley, B. A., S. C. Donaldson, N. V. Hedge, A. A. Sawant, V. Srinivasan, S. P. Oliver, and B. M. Jayarao. 2006. Public health significance of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative bacteria in raw bulk tank milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 3:222-233. Wang, L., and B. M. Jayarao. 2001. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci.84:1421-1429. Weiss, W. P., and J. S. Hogan. 2007. Effects of dietary vitamin C on neutrophil function and responses to intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:731-739. Wilson DJ, Grohn YT, Bennett GJ, González RN, Schukken YH, Spatz J. Comparison of J5 vaccinates and controls for incidence, etiologic agent, clinical severity, and survival in the herd following naturally occurring cases of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2007 Sep;90(9):4282-8. Wilson DJ, Mallard BA, Burton JL, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT. Milk and serum J5-specific antibody responses, milk production change, and clinical effects following intramammary Escherichia coli challenge for J5 vaccinate and control cows. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007 Jun;14(6):693-9. Zecconi, A., L Calvinho, and L. Fox. 2006. Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections. Bulletin of the IDF, No. 408, Brussels, Belgium

Abstracts (2007) Apparao, M.D., L. Oliveira, C. Hulland, and P.L. Ruegg. Effect of intramammary treatment with Pirlimycin hydrochloride on antibiotic sensitivity of Gram-positive subclinical mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 90 (supp 1): 10. Church, G. T., L.K. Fox, J.M. Gay, and C. T. Gaskins. 2007. New intramammary infections during the dry period: The effect of short (30 days) vs. long (45 or 60 days) dry periods. A preliminary report. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1): 468. Contreras GA, Neuder LM and Sears PM. Use of Systemic Antibiotic therapy in Prepartum heifers to Reduce the Incidences of Intramammary Infections. Submitted for the 47th Annual Meeting of theNatl Mast Council. Jan 2008 Dingwell, R., S. Godden, D. Kelton, K. Leslie, and Y. Schukken. 2007. Misclassification of udder health status due to culture of single versus duplicate quarter milk samples. Proc. Annu. Meet. of the National Mastitis Council. Jan. 21-24, 2007. San Antonio, TX. Pg. 258-259. Kerr, D.E., M. Latshaw, R. Pareek, J. Zheng, and J.P. Bond. 2007. Comparison of genomic responses to acute LPS challenge of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro, and bovine and murine mammary glands in vivo. 8th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2007). Persistence of Subclinical Intramammary Infections in Fresh Cows. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, San Antonio, TX, pp 246-247. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2007). Prevalence and Etiology of Subclinical Intramammary Infections in Fresh Cows. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, San Antonio, TX, pp 252-253. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2006). Preliminary Validation of an On-Farm Culture System. In: Abstracts of the 2006 American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, pp 199. Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, L. K. Fox, D. D. Hancock and J.M. Gay. 2007. The recurrence of mycoplasma mastitis investigated by bulk tank analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):470. Quesnell RR and Schultz BD. Progesterone increases metabolic rate and progesterone withdrawal enhances epithelial integrity of mammary epithelium. FASEB J 21: A1424, 2007. Waechter-Mead L, Toerber SE, Han X, Schultz BD, and Gehring R. An in vitro model using BME-UV monolayers and Ussing flux chambers to study the movement of drugs across mammary epithelial cell membranes. Phi Zeta Research Day, Manhattan, KS, 2007, p. 3. [also presented in poster form on February 27, 2007]

Conference Proceedings (2007) Andrew, S.M. K. M. Moyes, A.A. Borm, L.K. Fox, K.E. Leslie, J.S. Hogan, S.P. Oliver, Y.H. Schukken, W.E. Owens and C. Norman. 2007. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Congress on Heifer Mastitis. Gent, Belgium, June 24-26. Apparao, M.D., L. Oliveira, C. Hulland, and P.L. Ruegg. Effect of intramammary treatment with Pirlimycin hydrochloride on antibiotic sensitivity of Gram-positive subclinical mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 90 (supp 1): 10. Contreras, GA, Guterbock WM and Sears PM. 2007 Comparison of Systemic and Intra mammary Dry Cow Treatment. Proc. 46th Annual Meeting of the Natl Mast Council. Pg 290. Contreras, GA, Guterbock WM and Sears PM. 2007. Comparison of Systemic and Intra mammary Dry Cow Treatment. Meeting of the 39th Annual Convention of the Am Assoc of Bovine Practitioners. Pg 131 Fox, L.K. 2007. Recent thoughts on heifer mastitis and its control. Proceedings of the NMC 2007 Regional Meeting. Visalia, CA, pages 36-42. Fox, L.K. 2007. Whats up with Mycoplasma Mastitis. Proceedings of the NMC 2007 Regional Meeting. Visalia, CA, pages 18-29. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2007). Prevalence, Etiology and Self Cure Rates of Subclinical Mastitis in Fresh Cows. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Vancouver, BC, pp 250. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2007). Subclinical Mastitis in Fresh Cows. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Minnesota Dairy Health Conference, St Paul, MN, pp 111. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2006). Validation of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II: Results from On farm Bi-plate Culture versus Standard Laboratory Culture. In: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, St Paul, MN, pp 250. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2006). Validation of an On-Farm Culture System. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Minnesota Dairy Health Conference, St Paul, MN, pp 111. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2006). Validation of an On-Farm Culture System. In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Tampa, FL, pp 290-291. Middleton JR, Bader GR, Corbett RB. 2007. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to evaluate the success of treatment of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council. San Antonio, TX. 21-24 January 2007. Pages 202-203. Middleton JR. 2007. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococci in heifers: A review and new data. Proceedings of the Heifer Mastitis Conference. Ghent, Belgium. June 24-26, 2007. Pages 112-113. Munoz, M. A., F. L. Welcome, Y. H. Schukken, and R. N. Zadoks. 2006. What we have learned about Klebsiella Mastitis. Fall Dairy Conference, ProDairy, Auburn, NY, USA. RJ Erskine. Mastitis Therapy and Pharmacology. Seminar presented at the Czech Dairy Management Symposium, October, 2007 Vetrny Jenikov, Czech Republic. RJ Erskine. Mastitis Therapy and Pharmacology. Seminar presented at the Slovakian Dairy Management Symposium, October, 2007, Nitra, Slovakia. RJ Erskine. Mastitis Therapy. Seminar presented at the Dairy Certificate Program, The Pennsylvania University, August, 2007, State College, Pennsylvania. RJ Erskine. New thoughts on J5 bacterins. Seminar presented at the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota Milk Producers, December 2007, St. Cloud, Minnesota RJ Erskine. Mastitis Therapy I and II, Mammary Immunology and Vaccination, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Mastitis Pathogens. Seminar series presented to the Ontario Veterinary Medical Association, January, 2007, Toronto, Ontario, RJ Erskine. The Little Things that Make Quality Milk. Seminar presented at the Great Lakes Dairy Conference, February, 2007, Frankenmuth, Michigan. RJ Erskine. The Little Things that Make Quality Milk. Seminar presented at the Annual Meeting of Field Representatives of the Dairy Farmers of America Cooperative, September 2007, Battle Creek, Michigan. SA Wagner and Erskine RJ. Mastitis Therapy Short Course. Presented at the Annual Meeting of National Mastitis Council, January, 2007, San Antonio, Texas. Schmitt-v. d. Leemput, E. and R. N. Zadoks. 2006. Macrolide and lincosamide resistance in Streptococcus uberis. NMC 45th Annual Meeting Proceedings, Tampa, FL, USA. Schmitt-v. d. Leemput, E. and R. N. Zadoks. 2006. Optimizing detection of macrolide resistance in S. uberis with the agar disc diffusion test by comparing phenotypic to genotypic resistance profiles. World Buiatrics Conference, Nice, France. Zadoks, R. N. 2007. Species identification of CNS - Genotyping as the Gold standard. Pre-Conference Symposium on Coagulase Negatives Staphylococci (CNS) in bovine mastitis. Heifer Mastitis Conference, Gent, Belgium. Zadoks, R. N. and M. A. Munoz. 2007. The emergence of Klebsiella as a major mastitis organism. NMC 46th Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Antonia, TX, USA. Zadoks, R. N., C. Hulland, N. Belomestnykh and P. Ruegg. 2006. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of Staphylococcus spp. from bovine milk. NMC 45th Annual Meeting Proceedings, Tampa, FL, USA.

Poster Presentations (2007) Al-Bataineh M, Schultz BD, Gehring R. An in-vitro model using BME-UV monolayers and Ussing-like flux chambers to study drug movement across the mammary epithelium. Presented at: 15th Bienniel Symposium of the American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, May 20-24, 2007. Contreras, GA, Guterbock WM and Sears PM. Comparison of Systemic and Intra mammary Dry Cow Treatment. Meeting of the 39th Annual Convention of the Am Assoc of Bovine Practitioners. 2007 Contreras, GA, Guterbock WM and Sears PM. Comparison of Systemic and Intra mammary Dry Cow Treatment. Proc. 46th Annual Meeting of the Natl Mast Council. 2007 Dingwell, R., Godden, S., Kelton, D., Leslie, K., Schukken, Y., Hand, K. Misclassification of Udder Health Status Due to Culture of Single Versus Duplicate Quarter Milk Samples. San Antonio, TX, 2007. Dingwell, R., Miltenburg, C., and Leslie, K. Evaluation of the Method of Infusion of OrbeSeal at Drying Off on the Persistency and Clearance of the Product after Calving in Dairy Cattle. National Mastitis Council, 2007. Herlekar, D., S. C. Donaldson, N. V. Hegde, A. A. Gurjar, S. N. Kallur, B. A. Houser, A. Kaucher, M. Sidhu, S. Cooduvalli and B. Jayarao. 2007. Association between Somatic Cell Counts in Milk of Cows Infected with BHV1, BHV2, and BHV4 Viruses. ASM 107th General Meeting: May 21 - 26, 2007, Toronto, Canada. Houser, B. A., N. V. Hedge, S. C. Donaldson, and B. M. Jayarao. 2007. Development of a Bioreporter System for the Detection of PCBs and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Milk. ASM 107th General Meeting: May 21 - 26, 2007, Toronto, Canada. Wark, W., and I. K. Mullarky. 2007. Understanding the immune response of epithelial cells during staphylococcal infection. Proc. 2007 Deans' Forum on Health, Food, and Nutrition, Blacksburg, VA.

Oral Presentations (2007) Godden, S. Ability of bedding materials to support growth of environmental mastitis pathogens. NE-1009 Mastitis Research Workers Annual Conference. Minneapolis, MN. Nov. 8-10, 2006. Godden, S., A. Lago, R. Bey, K. Leslie, P. Ruegg, R. Dingwell. 2007. Use of on-farm culture systems in mastitis control programs. National Mastitis Council Annu. Regional Meeting. Visalia, CA. May 22-23, 2007. Godden, S., A. Lago, R. Bey, K. Leslie, P. Ruegg, R. Dingwell. 2007. Use of on-farm culture systems in mastitis control programs. Fort Dodge Dairy Summit. Yosemite, CA. Oct. 13, 2007. Lago A., Godden S.M., Bey R., Leslie K., Dingwell R., Ruegg P. (2007). Current On-Farm Culture Research Projects and Preliminary Results. In: Proceedings of the On Farm Culturing Workshop, Madison, WI.

Book Chapters (2007) Middleton JR. Mammary Gland Surgeries: Teat Amputation, Mastectomy. In: 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Blackwell Press. Ames, Iowa. In Press. Middleton JR. Mastitis: Sheep and Goats. In: 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Blackwell Press. Ames, Iowa. In Press.

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