Duration: 10/01/2006 to 09/30/2011

Administrative Advisor(s):

NIFA Reps:

Non-Technical Summary

Statement of Issues and Justification

Diseases caused by viruses and virus-like organisms continue to be important to tree fruit and berry industries in the United States and Canada. The impact of these pathogens can be significant and often limit the economic and biological viability of fruit production. WERA-0020 facilitates a reduction in the impact of disease on this sector of agriculture by providing a forum for information exchange at annual meetings and by establishing contacts that encourage communication throughout the year. The discovery of Plum pox virus (PPV) in North America in 1999, and in Canada in 2000, had an immediate impact on the tree fruit and nursery industries. Globally, this aphid-transmitted virus is the most economically important virus of stone fruits. Subsequently, $80 million US and $65 million CDN have been spent in attempts to detect, eradicate and or manage the virus. The diagnosis of PPV was hastened because WERA-0020 provided a network of researchers and specialists that were able to make the preliminary diagnosis and insure that the necessary testing was conducted to confirm this diagnosis. WERA-0020 continues to foster experts that provided leadership and advice in developing testing and management strategies. Several members of WERA-0020 serve on the science panel which has been overseeing the work on PPV in the US and members have made significant contributions to the work on PPV in Canada. Pollen-borne ilarviruses and nematode-transmitted nepoviruses cause significant decreases in orchard, raspberry, blueberry and vineyard production throughout the United States. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a major limitation to citrus production worldwide and efforts to control this disease in California and Arizona have been critical to maintaining the viability of this fruit tree industry in the western United States. Grapevine leafroll virus, corky bark, rugose wood, Rupestris stem-pitting associated virus and other graft-transmissible pathogens contribute to the decline of grapevines, decrease vegetative growth and fruit yields. Raspberry bushy dwarf virus causes serious yield and quality losses in Rubus spp. and Blueberry scorch carlavirus is becoming a major disease problem in blueberry in the Pacific Northwest and in the Northeast. WERA-0020 also promotes the exchange of information on diseases caused by isolates of the bacteria Xylella on citrus (variegated chlorosis), coffee (leaf scorch), peach (phony), almond (leaf scorch), and grape (Pierce's disease). Phytoplasmas that cause diseases such as Western X disease, pear decline, and peach yellow leafroll seriously reduce the production of stone and pome fruits in the western region of the United States. Phytoplasmas that cause the diseases typically associated with the eastern peach industry (Yellows, rosette, and red suture) are closely related to Western X and, although devastating when present, occur erratically. Although bacterial in nature, phytoplasmas and Xylella spp. have many features in common with viruses such as systemic infection, vector transmission, and graft transmission. WERA-0020 is a unique network that encourages interaction among regulatory, research, and extension personnel. Through this group, WERA-0020 has been effective in providing information and solutions to disease problems and transferring technologies between states and across provincial lines. The cause of a disease affecting significant acreages of blackberry in the southern and southeastern US (Blackberry yellow vein associated virus) was determined through collaboration among members of WERA-0020 in the southeast and on the West Coast. Many of our members are the sole person involved with diseases of fruit trees, small fruits or grapevines in their state. WERA-0020 has fostered the exchange of new and recent information on research findings and regulatory concerns and helps researchers keep current with rapid developments in detection technology. Cooperative projects involving K. Eastwell (Washington State University (WSU)), R.R. Martin (USDA Corvallis, OR), and others have defined the viruses that affect grapevines in Oregon and Washington states. The expertise of R.R. Martin has been used nationally to elucidate the cause of, and establish a molecular test for, pallidosis disease of strawberry. This test has eliminated some of the restrictions on detecting the disease imposed by the use of bioassays and allows better certification of propagative material to control a disease that is widespread in the mid-atlantic states. Advances in detection and virus treatment technologies during the late 1980's and the 1990's have been impressive and extremely useful. Immunological assays (i.e. ELISA), nucleic acid hybridization assays and amplification of virus, viroid and phytoplasma nucleic acids using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed for disease detection and to understand relationships between organisms. The dependence of quarantine and certification programs and research programs on these techniques has increased dramatically. Together, these technologies have been critical to developing our knowledge of fruit diseases and their epidemiology. Detection tools are at the heart of clean nursery stock programs that have been implemented by several states and British Columbia. These programs have greatly improved the quality of orchards that use certified pathogen-tested nursery stock and contribute to the reduction in new diseases entering regions. The advice and information generated from group meetings has been important to programs that provide foundation grade material for clean stock programs (i.e. NRSP-5 at WSU, FPMS at UC Davis and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) at the Centre for Plant Health, B.C.) in designing rapid and accurate diagnostic techniques. New insights into the etiology of several diseases of fruit trees and grapevines have been essential in formulating quarantine regulations based on the most recent research findings.

Objectives

Procedures and Activities

WERA-020 will hold an annual meeting so that participants and others of similar interests can be made aware of current research in the field of virus and virus-like diseases of fruit trees, small fruits, and grapevines. Reports of research from the participants are presented and the ensuing discussion allows for advice to be offered in situations were recalcitrant problems have been encountered. These meetings involve a day trip to view disease symptoms in the field allowing those who are new to the subject to be come familiar with newly reported diseases, to expose participants to problems that are of restricted distribution, and also to show localized industries with special problems and solutions. For example, in 2001 the field trip took participants to peach orchards in Pennsylavania where symptoms of Plum pox virus, and the methods being used to survey for the pathogen, were viewed. On other trips, work on Pierce's disease on grape in California was displayed and Cherry rasp leaf virus and Peach mosaic virus were seen in Colorado. In 2005 the Blackberry certification program, established to eliminate problems associated with Blackberry Yellow vein associated virus in the southeastern US, was visited. This is a collaborative effort between NC State University (expertise in viral detection and tissue culture), University of Arkansas (source of the blackberry cultivars that are currently in demand), and a commercial blackberry propagator in North Carolina. The overall format of the meeting allows for informal discussion of work in progress, of completed work prior to publication, and establishment of collaborative efforts where interests coincide. Formal and informal participation of all groups (research, extension, and industry) in this project is encouraged.

Expected Outcomes and Impacts

Projected Participation

View Appendix E: Participation

Educational Plan

Annual meetings and written progress reports provide important forums for WERA-0020 members to become acquainted with the most recent research accomplishments and emerging disease situations. Minutes of annual meetings are displayed at the Western Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Director's website (http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/WAAESD/). Several WERA-0020 members, including Howell, Kirkpatrick, Uyemoto, Rowhani, and Thompson, are participants in clean stock programs (NRSP-5; FPMS, CFIA) or federal regulatory agencies (APHIS, CFIA). Information presented at WERA-0020 meetings is therefore rapidly assimilated and, where feasible, quickly integrated into these programs. Other state and federal regulatory personnel often attend WERA-0020 meetings. The results of our collaborations are often transferred to clientele via Cooperative Extension Services, and WERA-0020 members regularly publish the results of collaborative research efforts in refereed discipline oriented and popular press publications (see Publications in Appendix).

Organization/Governance

Chair serves a term of one year. Previous year's secretary moves to Chair position. Duties include organizing annual meeting and chairing the meeting. Secretary serves a term of one year. Elected from committee membership. Duties include recording minutes and disseminating them to members by means e-mail and reporting minutes to NIMMS system. Guidance from Administrative advisor and CSREES representative as necessary. The annual general meeting will alternate between east and west coast.

Literature Cited

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Institute Jules Guyot, Dijon, France. 162 Pages. Golino D, Sim S, Rowhani A. 2000. The California Experience with Grapevine Latent Viruses. Pages 158-167 in: Vitivinicultura Chilena: Perspectiveas Económicas Y Material de Propagación, Ponticia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 197 pg. Hokanson SC, Martin, RR,Maas, JL. 2000. First Report of Tobacco streak virus in Strawberry in the Eastern United States. Plant Disease 84:488. Hokanson SC, Martin RR, Heflebower RF Jr, Rouse R, Maas J. 2000. Survey of strawberry viruses occurring in commercial plantings in the state of Maryland, USA. Advances in Strawberry Research 18:25-32. Pelchat, M., Lévesque, D., Ouellet, J., Laurendeau, J., Lévesque, S., Lehoux, J., Thompson, D.A., Eastwell, K.C., Skrzeczkowski, L.J., and Perreault, J.P. 2000 Sequencing of peach latent mosaic viroid variants from nine North American peach cultivars shows that this RNA folds into a complex secondary strucutre. Virology 271, No. 1, 37-45. 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First report of Beet pseudo yellows virus in strawberry: A second crinivirus able to cause pallidosis disease. Plant Dis. 87:1398. Uyemoto JK. 2003. Viral diseases of cherry trees. In Cherry Production A pomology short course. University of California Davis Cooperative Extension. March 25-27. Uyemoto JK, Buylluck, III, LR, Pethybridge S, McCorkell B, Asai, WK. 2003. Horizontal spread of ilarviruses in young trees of several peach cultivars. Plant Dis. 86:75-77. Uyemoto JK, Rowhani A. 2003 Discovery of different grapevine sources with graft-transmissible agents causing union-incompatibility on sensitive rootstocks. Proc. 14th International Council for Virus and Virus-like Disease of Grapevines, Locorotondo, Italy, p. 139-140. September 12-17. 2004 Alkowni R, Rowhani A, Daubert S, Golino D. 2004. Partial characterization of a new ampelovirus associated with grapevine leafroll disease. J. Plant Pathol. 86:123-133. Almeida RPP, Mann R, Purcell AH. 2004. Xylella fastidiosa cultivation on a minimal defined medium. Curr. Microbiol. 48:368-372. Battany,M, Rowhani A, Golino DA. 2004. Syrah in California, decline or disorder? Practical Winery and Vineyard- May/June1-7. Joyce P, Rodini B, Crosslin JM, Howell WE, Eastwell KC. 2004. Detection of pear blister canker viroid in pome fruit orchards across Australia. Acta Horticulturae 657:373-378. Landry, P., Thompson, D., and Perreault, J. P. 2004. The role of viroids in gene silencing: the model case of Peach latent mosaic viroid. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 26:331-38 Martin RR 2004. Recommended procedures for detection of viruses of small fruit crops. Acta Hort. 656:199-207. Martin RR, Jelkmann, W, Candresse T. 2004. Guidelines for the development of new methods for virus testing of fruit trees and small fruit crops. Acta Hort. 657:597. Martin RR, Keller KE, Mathews H. 2004. Development of resistance to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus in Meeker red raspberry. Acta Hort. 656:165-169. 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Tzanetakis IE, Martin, RR. 2004. First report of Beet pseudo yellows virus in blackberry in the USA. Plant Dis. 88:223. Tzanetakis IE, Martin, RR. 2004. Complete Nucleotide Sequence of a Strawberry Isolate of Beet pseudo yellows virus. Virus Genes 28:239-246. Tzanetakis IE, Mackey IC, Martin RR 2004. Strawberry necrotic shock virus: A new virus previously thought to be Tobacco streak virus. Acta Hort. 656:27-31. Tzanetakis IE, Mackey IC, Martin RR. 2004. Strawberry necrotic shock virus is a distinct virus and not a strain of Tobacco streak virus. Arch. Virol. 149:2001-2011. Tzanetakis IE, Halgren AB, Keller KE, Hokanson SC, McCarthy PL, Maas JL, Martin RR. 2004. Identification and detection of a virus associated with strawberry pallidosis disease. Plant Dis. 88:383-390. Tzanetakis IE, Halgren AB, Wintermantel WM, Keller KE, Martin RR. 2004. Two criniviruses are associated with the strawberry pallidosis disease. Acta Hort. 656:21-26. Uyemoto JK 2004. Evidence for the involvement of viruses and decline of young grape plants. Proc. 52nd Grape Day, University of California Cooperative Extension, Lodi, CA. p. 35. February 3. Vetten HJ, Chu PWG, Dale JL, Harding R, Hu J, Katul L, Kojima M, Randles JW, Sano Y,Thomas, J.E. 2004. Nanoviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy, VIIIth Report of the ICTV (C.M. Fauquet, M.A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger, and L.A. Ball, eds.), 343-352. Elsevier/Academic Press, London. Wegener LA, Punja ZK, Martin RR. 2004. First Report of Blueberry scorch virus in Cranberry in Canada and the United States. Plant Disease 88:427. Zhu YJ, Qiu Q, Moore PH, Borth W, Hu JS, Ferreira S, Albert HH. 2004. Systemic acquired resistance induced by BTH in papaya. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 63: 237-248. 2005 Almeida RPP, Purcell AH. 2005. Vector transmission of Xylella fastidiosa: applying fundamental knowledge to generate disease management strategies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. [in press 6-05] Almeida RPP, Wistrom C, Hill BL, Hashim J, Purcell AH. 2005. Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa to dormant grapevines. Plant Dis. 89:419-424. Bressan A, Purcell AH. 2005. Effect of benzothiadiazole on transmission of X-disease phytoplasma by the vector Colladonus montanus to Arabidopsis thaliana, a new experimental host plant. Plant Dis. 89:1121-1124 Cossentine JE, Jensen LBM, Eastwell KC. 2005. Incidence and transmission of a granulovirus in a large codling moth [Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] rearing facility. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 90:187-192. Eastwell KC. 2005. Managing viruses, Chapter 18. Producing Premium Cherries: Pacific Northwest Fruit School Cherry Short Course Proceedings. M.D. Whiting ed. Good Fruit Grower Publications, Yakima, WA, pp. 113-118. Ellis MA, Martin RR, Wright SR. 2005. First report of Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus in Ohio. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0510-01-HN. Etebarian HR, Sholberg PL, Eastwell KC, Sayler RJ. 2005. Biological control of apple blue mold with Pseudomonas fluorescens marked with a green fluorescent protein. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51:591-598. Guerra LJ, Eastwell KC. 2005. Phytoplasmas in deciduous fruit and nut trees. IN: Molecular characterization of plant phytoplasma, Chapter 16. G Rao, ed. Stadium Press, in press. Martin RR, Eastwell KC, Wagner A, Lamprecht S, Tzanetakis IE. 2005. Survey for viruses of grapevine in Oregon and Washington. Plant Dis. 89:763-766. Pinkerton JN, Martin RR. 2005. Management of Tomato Ringspot Virus in red raspberry with crop rotation. Small Fruits Review, (submitted, April 2005). Qiu XH, Guan PZ, Wang ML, Moore PH, Zhu J, Hu JS, Borth W, Albert, HH 2005. Sensitive, reproducible quantitative expression analysis of BTH-induced genes in papaya. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 65:21-30. Rowhani A, Uyemoto JK, Golino DA, Martelli GP. 2005. Pathogen testing and certification of Vitis and Prunus species. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 43: 6-1:6-18. Sabanadzovic S, Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic N, Rowhani A, Grant, JA, Uyemoto JK. 2005. Detection of cherry virus A, cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus and Little cherry virus in California orchards. J. Plant Pathol. 87: 173-177. Sether DM, Melzer MJ, Busto JL, Zee F, Hu JS. 2005. Diversity and mealybug transmissibility of Pineapple mealybug wilt associated viruses found in pineapple. Plant Dis. 89:450-456. Spiegel S, Thompson D, Varga A, James, D. 2005. An Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus isolate from ornamental dwarf flowering almond (Prunus glandulosa 'sinensis'): detection and characterization. HortScience 40(5):1401-1404. Thompson D. 2005. Practical Applications of the Plum Pox Virus Standard. NAPPO Newsletter, June, 2005. Ian McDonnell ed. North American Plant Protection Organization. Tzanetakis IE, Martin, RR 2005. New features of the genus Ilarvirus revealed by the nucleotide sequence of Fragaria chiloensis latent virus. Virus Research 112:32-37. Tzanetakis IE, Martin RR. 2005. First report of strawberry as a natural host of Apple mosaic virus. Plant Dis. 89:431 Tzanetakis IE, Martin RR 2005. Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus: a new strawberry virus found in Fragaria chiloensis. Plant Disease 89:1241. Tzanetakis IE, Keller KE, Martin RR. 2005. The use of reverse transcriptase for efficient first- and second-strand cDNA synthesis from single- and double-stranded RNA templates, J. Virol. Methods 124:73-77. Tzanetakis IE, Reed J, Martin RR. 2005. Nucleotide sequence, genome organization and phylogenetic analysis of Strawberry pallidosis associated virus, a new member of the genus Crinivirus. Arch. Virol. 150:273-286. Thompson D. 2005. Practical Applications of the Plum Pox Virus Standard. NAPPO Newsletter, June, 2005. Ian McDonnell ed. North American Plant Protection Organization. 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Canadian Food Inspection Agency