Duration: 10/01/2002 to 09/30/2007

Administrative Advisor(s):

NIFA Reps:

Non-Technical Summary

Statement of Issues and Justification

Introduction. Potato production in the East spans a diverse set of growing environments, pest complexes, and markets. Potato growers in the eastern United States and Canada need better-adapted, pest-resistant cultivars to serve the large and diverse markets in the region. Maintaining the growers' profitability while achieving improvements in yield and/or quality, and reducing negative environmental impacts is a major goal of this research. Potato production involves the use of many types of chemicals, such as fertilizers, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, herbicides, vine desiccants, sprout inhibitors, and disinfection agents. Growers and the public will benefit from reduced chemical use. One of the most effective ways of reducing chemical use in potato production is through the development of new cultivars with improved pest resistance, natural sprout suppression, and proper vine types for timely maturation.

This project addresses the needs of the eastern potato industry through a coordinated process of potato breeding, selection, evaluation, and variety development. The project includes potato breeding and germplasm improvement within four U.S. programs (Maine, New York, North Carolina, and USDA-ARS-Beltsville). Selection, evaluation, and variety development takes place within a coordinated process among eight eastern states. These collaborative research efforts also include breeding programs and trial cooperators in eastern Canada (Agriculture Agri-Food Canada and provincial programs). The development of new potato cultivars is difficult and takes place in three major steps. First, the breeding programs generate segregating populations and evaluate them for a few important traits in close cooperation with one or more research programs. Second, superior progeny from these populations are identified and evaluated for additional economically important traits under a wide range of environmental conditions. Third, commercial-scale trials are established for the most promising lines and production recommendations are developed prior to cultivar release. The regional project described in this proposal is designed to carry out the above research and development activities in an efficient, coordinated process. The specific objectives are to: 1) Use traditional and molecular breeding approaches to address economically significant production constraints of potato in the East; 2) Develop high quality, pest-resistant varieties for fresh market, specialty, and/or processing use; and 3) Identify and quantify significant climatic and cultural effects on the performance of potato selections.

Importance of Eastern U.S. Potato Production. Potatoes rank amongst the top three vegetable crops produced in FL, ME, NC, NY, OH, PA and VA (USDA NASS 2000). Potato is also a significant portion of the diversified vegetable industries in many other eastern states. Cash farm receipts for eastern potatoes during 1999 were approximately $400 million and multiplier effects in the state and regional economies are many times this amount (USDA NASS, 2000). Production occurs under an extremely wide range of production and marketing conditions, ranging from the winter crop in southern FL to the fall storage crops of ME, NY and PA. This range of conditions creates a tremendous diversity in varietal needs. Due partly to the large population base in the East, fresh market production remains a significant part of the potato industry of most eastern states (e.g. 27% of ME's and 60% of PA's 2000 crop); however, almost 34 percent of all potato chip plants are located in the Eastern or Southeastern U.S., and they account for 38 percent of all chips produced nationwide (NPC Potato Statistical Yearbook, 1999). French fry production is expanding in ME and accounted for 48% of utilization during 2000. ME and NY maintain relatively large, high quality seed potato industries which service most of the East's seed potato markets. Research aiding the eastern potato industry impacts markets associated with over half of the U.S. population. Consumers benefit from the release of new potato varieties that facilitate efficient production for fresh market, chipping, and other processing markets in the East. Improved pest resistance should reduce the need for pesticides and agriculture's impact on the environment.

Need for High Quality, Improved Cultivars for Fresh Market. Attractive, bright, blemish-free appearance is a key need for modern fresh market varieties. New varieties are needed that combine attractive appearance, high yields, uniform size distribution, moderate specific gravity, good pest resistance, and excellent boiling and baking quality. Combining resistance to late blight and scab with high-yielding, round-white table selections in the eastern potato breeding programs will also be important for future development of the fresh market potato industry. Resistance to bruising during harvest and handling is essential. Ideally, varieties will be produced that are visually distinct and of such high quality that identification by variety in the market place will expand growers' marketing opportunities.

A premium-priced market exists for red-skinned and novelty varieties. For reds, the skin color needs to be very bright and stable in storage. Resistance to skinning, netting, and silver scurf are especially important. Novelty varieties (e.g. fingerlings, purple-skinned, blue-skinned, and multi-colored-flesh types) are growing in popularity in the high-value, direct-sale market. Better-adapted novelty varieties would offer new marketing opportunities to many eastern growers.

Need for High Quality, Improved Cultivars for Processing Markets. Two distinct marketing opportunities exist for chip potatoes in the eastern region. Potato producers from the more southern areas sell their potatoes for processing directly following harvest. The varietal requirements for these regions stress earliness, chip quality from the field, and tolerance to high temperature at bulking time. The Atlantic variety currently predominates in these areas; however, it is very susceptible to internal heat necrosis (IHN), a serious quality defect (Henninger et al., 1979). IHN is a very serious defect throughout many of the eastern-coastal and southeastern states. These regions need new varieties that are free of IHN and produce high quality chips within seven days of harvest, while still maintaining the high yields and high specific gravity of Atlantic.

Processing growers from the northern states sell most of their crop following storage. These growers need high yielding, high specific gravity varieties with the ability to process into chips or fries from long-term, cold storage. Most of the russeted, french fry varieties developed in the western and mid-western states are poorly adapted to the East, as is the standard variety, Russet Burbank. A major goal is to develop russet varieties with high yield, improved disease resistance, uniform long tuber shape, high specific gravity and acceptable fry color under eastern growing conditions. This is critical for Maine's expanding french fry markets and could allow expansion of french fry processing into other eastern states.

Disease- and Insect-Resistant Cultivars are Needed. Commercially produced potatoes, Solanum tuberosum spp. tuberosum, in North America lack sufficient resistance to important pests. Foliar fungicide applications for control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and early blight (Alternaria solani) represent approximately 80% of the pesticide active ingredient applied to eastern potatoes during a typical growing season. These applications are costly to growers and may result in chronic environmental degradation and/or health problems for agricultural workers. Genetic resistance to major pests is critical to ensuring efficient crop production and improving protection of the environment. Disease and insect resistant cultivars provide an economical and environmentally sound alternative to pesticide use on potatoes. Concerted efforts are needed to identify new genetic sources of resistance and incorporate them into productive S. tuberosum clones. In addition to late blight, early blight, white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum), which are visibly present in foliage and destroy the crop or reduce yield and quality, numerous other pests and diseases hamper potato production in the region. Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata), aphids (e.g. Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbae), and leaf hoppers (Empoasca fabae) are commonly encountered insect pests in the eastern United States. Cosmetic diseases of the potato tuber such as scab (Streptomyces spp.), silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani), black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani), and powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea), can result in a crop that is unmarketable for seed or table use. Wart ( Synchytrium endobioticum Schilb.) and golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) are so destructive to the potato crop that their spread is controlled by quarantine regulations which have limited their occurrence in North America to a few distinct production areas. Other nematodes (e.g. Pratylenchus spp.) are widespread and are controlled by chemical fumigation and crop rotation. Virus diseases (e.g. potato viruses A, M, S, X, Y; potato leafroll virus, potato spindle tuber viroid, tobacco rattle virus) that impact potato productivity and quality are controlled by eliminating insect vectors that spread several of the diseases, sanitation, and careful propagation of virus-free seed. Similarly, bacterial ring rot (Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus) is a destructive potato pest that is controlled by sanitation, careful inspection, and strict seed production regulations. Once the crop is in storage, storage decay caused by a range of pathogenic organisms (e.g. Erwinia carotovora, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Pythium spp, Fusarium spp., P. infestans, and A. solani) can cause complete and devastating losses to growers.

Current CPB and aphid control strategies rely heavily on the use of insecticides; however, CPB rapidly develops resistance to most insecticides soon after their commercial introduction. Likewise, P. infestans, P. erythroseptica, Helminthosporium solani and Fusarium species have developed resistance to fungicides previously used for control. The region's potato breeding programs are actively targeting their crossing and selection efforts to improve resistance to the most economically important diseases and insect pests of potatoes. In addition, it is necessary to screen germplasm for diseases which may occur locally or sporadically across locations (e.g. pink rot, rhizoctonia, white mold, powdery scab, etc.). Information on the disease reaction of a new cultivar is important because it reduces the risk of severe loss to sporadic disease, reduces inputs required for disease control, and allows growers to avoid particularly susceptible cultivars in areas at particular risk. Where the primary control of disease is by inspection rather than resistance (such as viruses and bacterial ring rot), selection can prevent the release of tolerant cultivars which harbor inoculum without showing detectable symptoms. Development of pest-resistant potato cultivars will be an essential resource for commercial potato growers.

Early-Maturing Cultivars. Well-adapted potato cultivars that require fewer days to produce high marketable yields would be specifically advantageous in much of the East. Unlike most western production areas, short seasons (e.g., approximately 90-110 days) prevail in much of the East, especially in northern areas, placing many growers at a possible competitive disadvantage. The development of early-maturing cultivars would also be advantageous in southeastern locations because these cultivars would escape excessively high summer temperatures that decrease yield and tuber quality. Potato production in Florida would benefit, specifically, from the development of short-day varieties that match Florida's production window. Early-maturing cultivars would also be useful in intensively-managed systems (e.g., organic, hoop houses, etc.), especially if access to the earliest markets and/or escape from persistent weed, disease, and insect pressure were desired. Cultivars requiring fewer days to mature may also require fewer applications of chemical vine killers, fertilizers, or crop protectants, thereby reducing input costs and potential negative environmental impacts.


Coordinated Eastern Approach to Potato Breeding, Selection, and Variety Development. Potatoes grown in the East are exposed to a wide range of day length, day and/or night temperatures, soils, humidity, and moisture conditions. These diverse environmental conditions can have dramatic effects on the performance and acceptability of potato breeding lines (Tai, et al., 1994). Genotype by environment interactions must be evaluated to aid in breeding for new cultivars with improved adaptation to production sites and cultural practices (Hill, 1975; Souza et al., 1993; Zobel et al., 1988). Thus, the development of a new cultivar is not complete until it has been properly evaluated over a range of environmental conditions, a wide array of disease and pest pressures, and subjected to numerous production practices. The regional research approach used in the NE-184 project is an efficient method of generating information on genotype by environment interactions. It provides information needed for rational selection of widely adapted varieties and also helps identify varieties that are suited to only a limited growing area. This information is essential for breeders, researchers, extension agents, growers, and the entire eastern potato industry.

It may take 10-15 years from the time a cross is made until a new cultivar is released. Breeders generate new germplasm with their crosses and then distribute seed to a limited number of cooperating scientists, obtain information from these scientists, and make final decisions as to which selections have enough merit to put into tissue culture and enter into certification programs. Before a selection is entered into certification programs for regional testing in the NE-184 project, breeders have been working closely with pathologists, entomologists, physiologists, and agronomists. Such cooperation frequently involves several institutions in the region. Evaluations for specific traits are conducted at those institutions where the expertise exists, not necessarily at those institutions where the breeding was done. One of the strengths of the NE-184 Project has been the size of the breeding programs associated with it. These breeding programs are large enough to sustain critical mass of germplasm for breeding purposes. Over the years, the breeders associated with these programs have developed a system of cooperation encompassing scientists at multiple state locations to evaluate the developing germplasm for numerous traits that are important to the regional industry. Each state cooperates in this regional testing in the area of their scientific expertise. Such a system minimizes duplication of efforts and maximizes the results for the overall region.

Initial crossing, germplasm improvement, and selection are traditionally conducted within the region's potato breeding programs; however, the diverse environments provided by regional cooperators are increasingly being used to supplement the early-selection process and improve the adaptation of plant materials to specific portions of the East. Once superior progeny are identified, they must be evaluated for additional traits under a wider range of environmental conditions. To accomplish this, the lines are entered into the eastern regional potato variety trials (NE-184 Regional Project) to use the diverse NE-184 environmental conditions to learn more about the geographical adaptation, pest resistance, strengths and weaknesses of the lines. The most promising lines are entered into commercial-scale demonstration trials to begin the final assessment for commercial potential. The NE-184 project is an essential part of this process. It is a collaborative effort of the region's four breeding programs and other researchers in eight eastern states (FL, ME, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, and VA).

Stakeholder Input and Potato Variety Development. This project helps facilitate information exchange with growers and coordination of commercial tests. Innovative growers involved in variety development regularly communicate with their peers, markets, and seed distributors. Interaction with these growers provides researchers with an opportunity to obtain input regarding industry's varietal needs and commercial performance of new breeding lines and varieties. Cultural practice, maturity, bruising, yield, quality, and storability information from the commercial trials is used to develop variety management profiles to facilitate subsequent commercial adoption.

Stakeholders play a key role in potato breeding, evaluation, and variety development. Variety adoption is impossible without active interaction between researchers, extension, and industry. All eastern potato breeding programs utilize direct input from growers, processors, and industry groups (e.g. National Potato Council executive board, grower associations, processors, and individual growers, etc.) to provide input on needs and establish priority areas for their breeding efforts. The breeding efforts described in this project proposal (e.g. disease resistance, quality attributes, yield, etc.) are a direct result of this input process. Virtually all NE-184 cooperators maintain close contact with grower groups, processors, potato brokers, and individual growers in their respective states. Needs are relayed through these state contacts and provide a basis for breeding, selection, and evaluation. Growers in each state are introduced to new breeding lines through varied mechanisms (e.g. presentations at winter meetings, research reports, printed articles, field days, research station and on-farm demonstration trials, etc.). Growers share their perceptions on the strengths, weaknesses, and optimum production practices for new varieties. The final decision for naming and release of a new variety is typically based largely on grower or industry input.

Related, Current and Previous Work

Pages 9 to 12 provide an abbreviated description of related, current, and previous work. A more detailed decsription is presented in SECTION X (ATTACHMENT A).

The NE-184 Project (and its predecessor NE-107) have played a central role in eastern potato variety development for many years. The project has: 1) allowed potato breeders to share breeding materials and test results; 2) facilitated potato germplasm selection and evaluation under diverse environmental conditions; 3) given research and extension personnel the opportunity to evaluate new selections from several potato breeding programs; 4) facilitated regional germplasm screening for specific characteristics at a single location (e.g. early blight and powdery scab resistance in PA); 5) developed variety profiles and cultural recommendations for each selection put into commercial production; and 6) resulted in the release and adoption of selections with acceptable qualities.

NE-184 has provided a coordinated research program involving eight states, three Canadian Provinces, and two federal agencies (two USDA-ARS laboratories and the AAFC laboratory in Fredericton, New Brunswick). It has provided a common source of seed stocks for evaluation at all locations. Potato breeders have developed new cultivars that were evaluated for yield and performance at many eastern locations and were evaluated for disease resistance at NE-184 designated locations. Management recommendations for new cultivars have been developed at several locations and distributed to growers. Collectively, the NE-184 database is second to none in the world. The NE-184 Project has served the potato industry in the East extremely well and, by continued cooperative efforts, will continue to do so in the future.

The objectives and activities of related projects, such as NRSP-6 (introduction, preservation, distribution, and evaluation of Solanum species), NCR-84 (potato genetics), and WRCC-27 (potato variety development) have been considered and are not in conflict with this project. NE-184 interacts with these projects through exchange of promising germplasm and published bulletins. There is a need for good communication between regions to take advantage of widely adapted germplasm. Occasionally a selection from the Western or North Central region will perform well in the East; however, this is quite unusual. In order to obtain selections that are well adapted to the eastern U.S., clones usually must be selected in the East. This principle applies to other regions as well.

The incorporation of disease resistance into cultivars with desirable horticultural characteristics is of immense importance. In New York, golden nematode control would be impossible without resistant cultivars. The number of fungicide applications normally used to control late blight on susceptible cultivars can be substantially reduced when resistant cultivars, such as Elba, are grown. In the absence of resistant cultivars, common scab and other tuber diseases can severely reduce marketable yield. The breeders in the NE-184 Project have succeeded in incorporating these and other important resistance factors into many of the recently released cultivars and clones now being tested. All selections in the NE-184 Project are now being screened for the development of internal necrosis, bacterial ring rot symptom expression, and total glycoalkaloid content to insure that these undesirable attributes are not discovered after naming and release of a new cultivar. Continued breeding, selection and evaluation of disease- and pest-resistant clones will be a priority for NE-184 in the future.

Although progress has been made in developing and introducing new cultivars with combined disease resistance, favorable horticultural traits and desirable processing qualities, efforts need to be continued to produce cultivars which will combine additional disease resistance while better meeting the needs of the processing and fresh market industries. Some remaining priority needs include: 1) high yielding, fresh market varieties (whites and russets) with outstanding external appearance, freedom from cosmetic tuber diseases, and excellent cooking quality; 2) better-adapted specialty-market cultivars, e.g. with yellow-flesh and/or red- or purple-skin; 3) well-adapted, high specific gravity cultivars for french fry and chip processing after cold storage; 4) the warmer growing areas need a commercially acceptable, high specific gravity, high yielding, chipping cultivar with resistance to heat necrosis; 5) improved resistance to costly and devastating diseases such as late blight, early blight, and storage rots; and 6) analysis of regional trial data using advanced statistical models to improve variety selection, evaluation, and release procedures.

Fresh Market Cultivars. Eight new round-white, fresh market cultivars have been released by the eastern potato breeding programs in the past 10 years. Several have achieved considerable commercial success. Of these, Eva (Plaisted et al., 2001), Mainestay (Reeves et al., 1998), and Reba (Plaisted et al., 1999) have been the most successful. Production of Eva and Reba is still expanding. Eva is notable for its bright, attractive tuber appearance, long tuber dormancy, and good virus resistance. Reba provides high yields of early-sizing, attractive tubers with very good boiling quality. All of the recently released cultivars were tested in the NE-184 project. Several additional varieties will likely be released over the next few years.

Excellent cooking quality is a critical characteristic of fresh market varieties and selection for it may allow variety differentiation and a competitive edge in marketing. Various analytical methods have been described for comparing flavor and sensory components of cooked potato (Coleman and Ho, 1980; Ho and Coleman, 1980; Oruna-Concha et al., 2001; Jensen et al., 1999; Ulrich, et al., 2000; Vainionopaa et al., 2000; Ereifi et al., 1997; Sinden et al., 1976; Davis and Leung, 1987; McComber et al., 1998; Thybo and Martens, 1999); however, these methods have not effectively substituted for sensory evaluation during the selection of high quality fresh market varieties. Potatoes are naturally nutritious and rich in vitamin C; however, introgression of yellow-fleshed diploid phu-stn hybrids into S. tubersosum will increase tuber concentrations of provitamin A, carotenoids, and other phytonutrients that would be highly beneficial to human health.

Specialty Cultivars. Keuka Gold was released by Cornell University during 1999 in response to stakeholder interest in yellow-fleshed potatoes. Methods for breeding, selecting, and evaluating for yellow-flesh characteristics have been developed (Haynes et al., 1994; Haynes et al., 1996). Yellow-flesh intensity is highly heritable in the diploid hybrid phu-stn population, indicating that the development of very intense yellow-flesh in this population will be relatively easy (Haynes, 2000). Heavy tuber netting exists in most S. tuberosum red-skinned selections for the East, which severely limits their marketability. Several promising red-skinned lines from the USDA-ARS and Cornell programs are currently being evaluated for possible utility in the eastern U.S.

Chipping Cultivars. Four new chipping cultivars have been released by the eastern breeding programs over the past 10 years. Of these, Pike (Plaisted et al., 1998) and Andover (Plaisted et al., 1998) have achieved the greatest commercial success. Several other advanced chipping lines in the NE-184 program may be released in the coming year. Selection for clones which maintain processing quality during cool temperature storage is currently underway and is a viable approach towards reducing sprout inhibitor use by potato producers. The newly released cultivars from the East and other U.S. programs have provided substantial benefits to potato growers; however, new cultivars that will process after longer periods of cold storage are needed. Thus, new genetic sources of long-term cold storage chipping ability must be exploited. Two diploid potato species reportedly have long-term cold storage chipping ability: S. phureja and S. raphanifolium (Hanneman, 1993). New chipping varieties with resistance to IHN are being developed and will likely replace Atlantic. Henninger et al., (2000) found no significant correlation between susceptibility to IHN and either total yield or specific gravity. Stable, high specific gravity clones with good chip color and low IHN incidence have been developed in a diploid hybrid population of S. phureja x S. stenotomum (phu-stn)(Haynes et al., 1995; Sterrett et al., 2002). This work indicates that phu-stn hybrids can be used to expand the genetic base for chipping potatoes and reduce IHN problems for growers.

Russet-Skinned Cultivars. Amey (Haynes et al., 2001) was recently released as a russet-skinned cultivar after extensive testing in the NE-184 project. It offered several advantages for eastern growing conditions including resistance to common scab, verticillium wilt and race Ro1 of the golden nematode. It could be marketed either for fresh market or for processing into french fries; however, it thus far has met with little success as a commercial variety due to concerns about bruise susceptibility and variable tuber type. AF1753-16 is currently generating considerable interest in Maine as a french fry processing line with high yields, stress tolerance, and verticillium wilt resistance.

Potato Diseases Constraining Eastern Production. Bacterial and fungal diseases such as late blight, early blight, scab (common, acid, and powdery), verticillium wilt, rhizoctonia (stem canker and black scurf), silver scurf, pink rot, soft rot, dry rot (Fusarium spp.) and virus diseases (leafroll, potato viruses X and Y, corky ring spot) reduce the yield and quality of the eastern potato crop. All currently available potato varieties are susceptible to the one or more of these diseases. Breeding and selection for improved disease resistance is a major focal area for the eastern potato breeding programs and NE-184. The impacts provided by successful development of high yielding, high quality and pest-resistant potato varieties are tremendous for eastern growers (e.g. reduced costs, fewer losses, lower risk, etc.) and the public (e.g. less pesticide use, higher quality, etc.).

Insect Pests and Variety Resistance. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) continues to be a serious threat to potato production despite the introduction of several new insecticides for its control because this insect has developed resistance to all insecticides deployed against it (Weber and Ferro 1994). Research to develop potatoes resistant to CPB will contribute to the development of more sustainable approaches to CPB control. Resistance to insect pests in the east is focused on the incorporation of two complementary sources of resistance, trichome-mediated resistance from S. berthaultii (Bonierbale et al., 1992, 1994) and leptine-based resistance from S. chacoense (Sinden et al., 1986; Sanford et al., 1997; Yencho et al., 2000). Considerable progress has been made in the NY program to incorporate glandular trichomes. In 1992, NY released NYL235-4 for germplasm improvement (Plaisted et al., 1992). Additional breeding lines from this glandular trichome are currently in advanced stages of horticultural evaluation. Leptines are foliage-specific glycoalkaloids that provide potent resistance against CPB. Leptines are coded by only a few genes (Sinden et al., 1986) and are under relatively simple genetic control (Yencho et al., 2001). It is our intent to eventually combine trichome-mediated and leptine-based resistance to provide even more effective and durable insect control.

Regional Evaluation and Modeling Efforts. Performance data obtained from collaborative trials in the NE-184 project have provided a rich and unique source of information to carry out research on genotype x environment interactions of advanced selections for the East. The project has developed two sets of "baseline" data: one consisting of five industry standards to be grown at all sites for each season; the other being "breeders choices" where each of the participating breeders indicates one to three selections that everyone should test at all sites for that year. The analytical results provide considerable information on the interplay between genotype and environments. A preliminary report on marketable yield of round, white-skinned potatoes indicates the usefulness of a linear regression method to evaluate the performance and adaptability of selections (Tai et al., 1993). Further work using such sophisticated statistical methods as: AMMI (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model)[Gauch, 1992]; BLUP (best linear unbiased predictor); and REML (residual maximum likelihood)[Genstat, 1993; Horgan, 1992] has been conducted. Data from the NE-184 trial network will be further analyzed using cluster analysis and other tools for classifying test environmental, breeding lines, and genotype x environment interactions (Crosa, 1990; Crossa et al., 1995; Gauch and Zobel, 1997; Kang, 1990; Kang and Gauch, 1996; Tai, 1999; Yan et al., 2000). The ultimate goals are to provide a better understanding of the interplay between genotype and environment and to develop better selection tools for potato variety development in the region.

Objectives

1. Use traditional and molecular breeding approaches to develop enhanced germplasm with the potential to minimize economically significant production constraints of potato in the East.
   
2. Utilize improved germplasm to develop high quality, pest-resistant varieties for fresh market, specialty, and/or processing use.
   
3. Identify and quantify significant climatic and cultural effects on the performance of potato selections.
   
4. 
   

Methods

(1) Use traditional and molecular breeding approaches to develop enhanced germplasm with the potential to minimize economically significant production constraints of potato in the East.

Objective 1.a. Quantitative, molecular genetic and biochemical studies to improve processing quality and resistance to internal heat necrosis.

The USDA-ARS BARC breeding program has developed hybrid diploid S. phureja-S. stenotomum (PHU-STN) clones with high specific gravity and multiple disease resistance. These have been utilized in 4x-2x crosses to S. tuberosum. Several progeny were identified that combined high specific gravity and stable resistance to internal heat necrosis (IHN) across three environments (NC, VA, NJ) (Sterrett et al., 2002). Ten 4x-2x clones extremely resistant or susceptible to IHN will be evaluated in replicated field studies in the mid-Atlantic states to determine if there is any correlation between the amount of calcium applied to plots and resistance to IHN. Tubers will be assayed for the presence and amounts of various chemical constituents that have been implicated in IHN in the literature, such as calcium, polyphenol oxidase, super oxide dismutase, etc. Differential expression studies will also be performed to identify molecular markers (AFLP) associated with resistance to IHN. We will also assess the expression of apoptotic genes that may regulate IHN.

COOPERATORS: M. Henninger (Rutgers, NJ), S. Sterrett (Va Tech, VA), C. Yencho and B. Sosinksi (NCSU), R. Jones, B. Whitaker and K. Haynes (USDA, MD).

Objective 1.b. Further develop and capitalize on the improved genetic base for long-term cold storage processing ability. Diploid potatoes from PHU-STN will be screened for their ability to produce chips of acceptable color following long-term storage at 40F (USDA). Crosses will be made and segregating families evaluated for ability to chip after long term storage (USDA, NY, PA). The inheritance of cold-temperature chipping ability will be determined by mid-parent-offspring regression. Promising selections will be screened for the presence of 2n pollen to determine their suitability as parents in 4x-2x crosses (USDA). Tetraploid lines with the ability to chip directly from long-term cold storage at 40F have recently been developed by R. Hanneman of the USDA in Madison, WI. This cold-processing ability results primarily from crosses with the wild species S. raphanifolium. To capitalize on this improved germplasm roughly one thousand of these lines will be evaluated for adaptation in NY and ME. Those with the best agronomic performance will then be crossed with regionally adapted chipping varieties. Progeny from these crosses will be selected based on their ability to produce light colored chips or fries after prolonged cold storage. Promising selections will be entered into regional trials for further evaluation.

COOPERATORS: K.G. Haynes (USDA, MD), W. De Jong (Cornell, NY), D.E. Halseth (Cornell, NY), B.J. Christ (Penn State, PA); Potato Breeding and G. Porter (UME, ME).

Objective 1.c Improve the resistance of potato to economically significant pests in the East.

Late Blight. Multiple genetic sources of resistance to late blight have been assembled by the USDA, Maine and New York potato breeding programs. Parental materials with both vertical and horizontal resistance to late blight are being used. Segregating populations will be tested for resistance to late blight in the field (USDA, ME, NY and PA). The most promising selections will be entered into the international late blight trials at Toluca, Mexico. Resistant selections will undergo further evaluation for either fresh or processing market potential. Horizontal resistance to late blight has been identified in short-day adapted tetraploid materials from the International Potato Center and crossed to advanced long-day adapted breeding materials from the USDA breeding program in a (8 female x 4 male) design II mating scheme. General and specific combining ability for horizontal resistance will be estimated from these populations. Selections with good horizontal resistance will be evaluated for either fresh or processing market potential.

Molecular markers for late blight resistance in a diploid PHU-STN F1 population are being developed (Costanzo, et al., 2000; Liu et al., 1998a, 1998b; 1999). Highly resistant clones from this PHU-STN population that produce 2n pollen will be utilized in 4x-2x crosses. The levels of resistance in the diploid PHU-STN population will be improved through recurrent selection in a manner similar to the breeding scheme for improving specific gravity (Haynes, 2001). This procedure should be successful, since the heritability of resistance to late blight in this population is quite high (0.78) (Haynes and Christ, 1999).

COOPERATORS: K.G. Haynes, R. Jones, I. Simko (USDA, MD), B.J. Christ, S. Costanzo (Penn State, PA), Potato Breeding and D. Lambert (U ME, ME), W. De Jong and W. Fry (Cornell, NY),

Early Blight. Resistance to early blight has been identified in diploid potatoes and transferred into the tetraploid germplasm base via 4x-2x crosses (Herriott et al., 1990). Four early blight resistant selections of this 4x-2x population were crossed to three advanced selections from the USDA potato breeding program and one cultivar. Only general combining ability was important for this trait, indicating that early blight resistance from this diploid source can be readily incorporated into the tetraploid germplasm base (Christ et al., 2002). Selections with good resistance will be evaluated for either fresh or processing market potential.

Molecular markers for early blight resistance in a diploid PHU-STN F1 population are being developed (Zhang, 2000). Highly resistant clones from this PHU-STN population that produce 2n pollen will be utilized in 4x-2x crosses. The levels of resistance in the diploid PHU-STN population will be improved through recurrent selection in a manner similar to the breeding scheme for improving specific gravity (Haynes, 2001). This should be successful since the heritability of resistance to early blight in this population is moderately high (0.61) (Christ and Haynes, 2001).

COOPERATORS: K.G. Haynes, R. Jones, I. Simko (USDA, MD), B.J. Christ, R. Zhang (Penn State, PA).

Resistance to Scab. Segregating populations will be evaluated for resistance to scab, specific gravity and fresh market or chipping potential (USDA, NY, ME). The inheritance of scab resistance will be studied in diploid PHU-STN populations with varying levels of resistance to scab. These populations have already been generated and will be evaluated for scab resistance in the coming years (USDA, NY).

COOPERATORS: K.G. Haynes (USDA, MD), W. De Jong (Cornell, NY), Potato Breeding and D. Lambert (U ME, ME).

Golden Nematode and Gene Mapping for Resistance. Virtually all crosses in the NY breeding program include at least one golden nematode resistant parent. Segregating populations from the breeding program will be evaluated for resistance to both races of the golden nematode and for superior horticultural characteristics. Mapping studies will continue to map the gene(s) conferring resistance to race Ro2 of the golden nematode (NY).

COOPERATORS: W. De Jong (Cornell, NY), B.B. Brodie (USDA-ARS, NY).

Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Leafhopper. Two complementary approaches will be adopted for this work. The first approach will focus on the introgression of genes for resistance to CPB and PLH from S. berthaultii (Cornell). The second will focus on introgressing genes for leptine biosythesis, a potent class of glycoakaloids from S. chacoense that impart resistance to CPB and are present only in potato foliage (NCSU). Progeny from these crosses will be grown in CPB and/or leafhopper-infested fields each year in NY and NC. The most resistant selections will then be utilized as parents in the next crossing cycle. When the trichome-based and leptine based resistance work has progressed sufficiently we will attempt to pyramid these valuable genes into a common background using traditional and molecular genetic approaches. Combining the two should increase the overall durability of these resistance sources.

COOPERATORS: W. De Jong and W. Tingey (Cornell, NY), C. Yencho and G. Kennedy, B. Sosinski (NC State).

Objective 1.d. Improve the genetic base of specialty potatoes, such as yellow-fleshed and red-skinned types.

Yellow-fleshed potatoes. Total carotenoid content of yellow-fleshed diploid PHU-STN clones ranged from 3 to 13 times of that found in the yellow-fleshed cultivar Yukon Gold (Lu, et al., 2001). These yellow-fleshed clones have been crossed to tetraploid yellow-flesh selections from S. tuberosum. These segregating populations will be evaluated for yellow-flesh intensity, processing and/or fresh market capabilities at multiple state locations (USDA, NJ, NY, OH, FL). Genotypic stability of selected 4x-2x progeny will be evaluated at multiple state locations to ensure wide adaptability prior to release as a new cultivar. Approximately 20 4x-2x hybrids per year will be evaluated by cooperators in FL to identify and quantify the levels of the various carotenoids in this developing germplasm.

The heritability of yellow-flesh intensity in the diploid population is very high (Haynes, 2000). Thus, in addition to furnishing parents for immediate 4x-2x crosses it should be possible to easily improve yellow-flesh intensity and carotenoid content in the diploids for future 4x-2x crossing. A recurrent selection scheme will be instituted to improve the yellow-flesh intensity in this diploid population similar to the scheme which has been utilized in improving the specific gravity of this population (Haynes, 2001). Some of these diploids will also be evaluated for their potential as small "B" size yellow-flesh cultivars for specialty markets (USDA, NJ, NY, OH).

COOPERATORS: K.G. Haynes (USDA, MD), M. Henninger (Rutgers, NJ), D.E. Halseth (Conrell, NY), D. Kelly (OH), C. Hutchinson, J.M. White, and A. Simonne (UFL, FL).

Red-skinned, Purple skinned, and other High-value Novel-colored Potatoes. Crosses and backcrosses will be made between tetraploid tuberosum and diploid PHU-STN lines with solid or patterned red or purple skin to increase color variation in regionally adapted clones. PHU-STN possesses several interesting color traits including a "double layer" of colored skin that may mask cosmetic damage due to superficial skinning during harvest. Segregating progeny will be evaluated for skin color intensity, tuber conformation and appearance, and resistance to silver scurf (USDA, NY). Red and purple skinned clones will also be intercrossed with yellow-flesh clones to develop a population of colored-skin, yellow-flesh lines (USDA, NY). A candidate gene approach will be pursued in NY to clone two genes, I and R, that are both required for red tuber skin. Cloned genes will provide future opportunities for converting adapted white-skinned clones to red varieties and provide tools to probe the basis for variation in red skin color intensity.

COOPERATORS: K.G. Haynes (USDA, MD), W. De Jong and D.E. Halseth (Cornell, NY).

(2) Utilize improved germplasm to develop high quality, pest resistant cultivars for fresh market, specialty use, and/or processing.

Plant Material. Advanced selections from the breeding programs associated with the NE-184 Project will be placed in the NE-184 Projects seed nursery at the University of Maines Aroostook Research Farm in Presque Isle, ME. This nursery will serve as a source of uniform plant material for use by project cooperators. The seed will be laboratory tested, field screened, and winter tested according to Maine seed certification regulations. This common seed source is a vital component for valid research and modeling of environmental characteristics, since performance of any given clone varies widely according to the growing conditions and storage environments to which the seed stocks are exposed.

Objective 2a. Evaluate Promising Selections for Early Maturity, Quality, and Storage Potential.

Early Maturity, Yield, Quality, and Storage. All tablestock, processing and specialty market selections will be evaluated in replicated field trials in multiple locations (FL, ME, NY, NJ, NC, OH, PA, VA) using standardized NE-184 evaluation techniques. These techniques include observations on plant traits to identify selections that mature early with minimal need for chemical desiccation (e.g. emergence, vine type and vine maturity), external tuber appearance (e.g. shape, skin texture, color and cosmetic disorders), total and marketable yield, tuber size distribution, and internal tuber defects incidence (e.g. IHN, brown center, hollow heart). Bruise susceptibility (Hunter and Reeves, 1983; Pavek et al., 1985), storage weight loss, and sprouting characteristics will also be measured where relevant (ME).

COOPERATORS: G. Porter and Potato Breeding (U ME, ME), D.E. Halseth (Cornell, NY), C. Hutchinson and J.M. White (UFL, FL), J.B. Sieczka (Cornell, NY), M. Henninger (Rutgers, NJ), W. Lamont and B.J. Christ (Penn State, PA), S. Sterrett (Va Tech, VA), M. Kleinhenz (OH), C. Yencho (NCSU,NC).

Processing from Storage. Total and marketable yield, size distribution and specific gravity will be determined for all selections evaluated at all locations that have an existing or potential market for stored potatoes (ME, NY, PA, USDA). Samples of cultivars and selections entered into the NE-184 project from the breeding programs will be stored at two temperatures. Weight loss will be measured to help select clones that do not require the use of plant growth regulators for sprout suppression (ME). Chip or fry color will be measured with an Agtron instrument or with USDA Chip or Fry Color Charts following storage for two to six months at temperatures ranging from 4 to 10oC (ME, NY, PA, USDA).

COOPERATORS: G. Porter, A. Bushway, and Potato Breeding (U ME, ME), D.E. Halseth (Cornell, NY), W. Lamont and B.J. Christ (Penn State, PA), K.G. Haynes (USDA, MD).

Objective 2.b. Evaluate Promising Selections for Resistance to Potato Pests.

Early and Late Blight. All selections undergoing evaluation for possible release as a new cultivar will be evaluated for their reaction to late blight in replicated field trials (PA, ME, NY). Cultivars with known reaction to late blight will be included each year of the test as a basis for comparison.

COOPERATORS: D.P. Weingartner (UFL, FL), B.J. Christ (Penn State, PA), Potato Breeding and D. Lambert (U ME, ME), W. Fry (Cornell, NY), K. Haynes (USDA-ARS).

Scab. All selections undergoing evaluation for possible release as new cultivars will be evaluated for their reaction to scab in replicated field trials (ME, NY, Canada, USDA-ARS). Cultivars with known reaction to scab will be included each year of the test as a basis for comparison. These tests primarily focus on common scab, but tests for acid scab (ME) and powdery scab (ME, PA) are also conducted.

COOPERATORS: A. Murphy (Canada); W. De Jong (NY); B.J. Christ (Penn State, PA); Potato Breeding and D. Lambert (U ME, ME).

Rhizoctonia. Screening for resistance to this disease focuses mainly on the infection phase, since resistance to infestation by sclerotia (black scurf) is controlled by many factors such as tuber maturity and the length of time tubers are left in the ground following senescence of the mother plant. Data will be collected on tuber malformations, presence of aerial tubers, yield losses, and distribution of tubers in the various size categories to determine response to infection in the field (Quebec, ME). Genetic improvement of potato for resistance to rhizoctonia cannot proceed until sources of resistance to rhizoctonia are found.

COOPERATORS: Potato Breeding (U ME, ME), B. Otrysko (Quebec).

Viruses. Advanced potato breeding selections in the NE-184 project will be planted in replicated field trials and mechanically inoculated with potato virus X and Y. Aphids which have fed on potato leaf roll infected plants will be used to inoculate advanced selections with the leaf roll virus. Visual symptoms of virus infection will be recorded as well as virus titers using ELISA. Following harvest tubers will be cut and scored for the presence and severity of net necrosis. Advanced selections will be planted in replicated trials in Florida in stubby root infested soil. Tubers will be evaluated externally and internally for corky ringspot, the visual symptom of tobacco rattle virus infection (FL).

COOPERATOR: A. Alyokhin and G. Sewell (U ME, ME); K. Perry (Cornell, NY); D.P. Weingartner and C.M. Hutchinson (UFL, FL).

Ring Rot. Advanced potato breeding selections will be inoculated with Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus and planted in replicated field trials in Maine. Foliar symptoms will be recorded during the growing season. At harvest, tuber symptoms will be recorded.

COOPERATOR: D. Lambert (U ME, ME).

Objective 2.c. Evaluate promising selections for sensory and nutritional quality.

Ten to twelve advanced selections will be grown each year in ME and OH. Each line will be evaluated for boiling and baking quality after four months of storage at 7oC. Test lines will be compared to appropriate industry standards (e.g. Superior, Katahdin, or Russet Burbank). Only lines with acceptable total gylcoalkaloid (TGA) content (<20 mg per 100g) will be evaluated for sensory quality (Asano et al., 1996; Baker et al., 1991; Friedman and McDonald, 1997).

Tubers for boiling and baking evaluations will be prepared using standardized methods in OH (Kleinhenz et al., 2001a,b, Kleinhenz et al., 2000) and ME. A consumer panel will evaluate the samples in comparison to the appropriate standard variety. A nine point hedonic scale will be used for each of the baked attributes (cooked color, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability). Similar consumer panels and scales will be used for boiled quality attributes (color, flavor, after cooking darkening, sloughing, and overall acceptability). Analyses of variance will use the SAS software package. The variety by judge interaction will be used for the error term to test for a significant variety F ratio (Bliss, 1960). Chlorogenic acid content (Banjongsiniri (1999)) as well as the rate of browning (Sapers and Miller, 1993) will be evaluated at the time of the sensory evaluations. Possible correlations between chemical and sensory data will be tested.

Sensory quality of promising french fry lines will be evaluated in ME. Tubers from each french fry line will be stored at 10oC for two months and then evaluated versus Russet Burbank as a standard. Slices (375 g per sample) will be held in cold water and then blanched at 85oC for 3 minutes, par-fried at 185oC for 3 minutes, frozen in a blast freezer at 30oC for 15 minutes, and packaged in polyethylene bags. Fries will be held at 18oC for one month and then finished fried at 190oC for 90 sec. Fries will then be served to panelists for color, texture, flavor and overall quality evaluation. The total solids content of the raw tubers and the fat content of par- and finished fries will be determined following previously published methods (True et al., 1983).

Advanced potato breeding lines will be assayed for phytonutrient quality and quantity (FL). Information will be shared with the ME, NY, and USDA-ARS potato breeding programs. Tuber flesh color will be objectively measured using a Minolta Chromameter (Minolta, Ramsey, N.J., 8 mm aperture). Extracted tuber ascorbic acid will be quantified by the AOAC microfluorometric method (AOAC, 2000). Tuber carotenoids (lycopene, lutein, and other provitamin A carotenoids) will be determined following the extraction and separated by reverse phase HPLC according to Bushway (1986) with the modifications described by Simonne et al. (1993; 1997b; 2001). Carotenoids will be identified and quantified by retention time and spectral comparisons with the respective standards quantified using established methods (Davies, 1976). Antioxidant capacity (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) will be measured following the methods of Cao et al. (1996) modified to work with a 96-well Molecular Devices fmax. fluorescent microplate reader (485 nm excitation and 538 nm emission). Protein (Simonne et al., 1997a), moisture, ash, and total lipid content of the tubers will be analyzed by AOAC methods (AOAC, 2000).

COOPERATORS: G. Porter and A.A. Bushway (U ME, ME); M. Kleinhenz (OSU, OH); A. Simonne and C.M. Hutchinson (UFL, FL)

(3) Identify and quantify significant climatic and cultural effects on the performance of potato selections.

Objective 3.a. Study cultural practices which optimize the performance of new potato clones and develop more sustainable agricultural systems.

Optimized cultural practices need to be developed for new potato clones to increase the likelihood of success in commercial production. Some important environmental factors may be mitigated by cultural practices such as irrigation, appropriate fertilization or timely harvest. Cultural practice experiments will be performed with new clones to determine optimal input levels (ME, NY, PA, FL, NC, NJ). These studies may include fertilization, harvest date, irrigation, plant spacing, and other cultural practices. A subset of these sites will conduct cultural studies with a range of genotypes to help develop selection tools for specific cultural practices. For example, several sites will evaluate performance of selected pest-resistant lines under organic or low chemical production systems. Tolerance of advanced breeding lines to post-emergence herbicide applications will be studied using methods described by Love et al., 1993 (ME). Advanced lines will also be evaluated for nitrogen use efficiency (FL).

COOPERATORS: D.E. Halseth and J.B. Sieczka (Cornell, NY), G. Porter and Potato Breeding (U ME, ME); M. Henninger (NJ), C.M. Hutchinson and J.M. White (UFL, FL), C. Yencho (NCSU, NC), W. Lamont and B. Christ (PSU, PA).

Objective 3.b. Classify the eastern region environments for use in cultivar selection and modeling.

A long term data base for NE-184 trials will be established to facilitate the data analysis and encourage collaboration among NE-184 participants (AAFC Canada; NY, NERA). Dynamic web interfaces to this database will be created to allow access for all project participants. The data management system will be augmented through links to data from published studies and public databases. Web pages will be designed to provide general project information, links to participant web sites, as well as, reports and summaries for the general potato research and production community. Data from the NE-184 will be analyzed using Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML, Genstat, 1993; Horgan, 1992), Best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) and AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects, Zobel et al., 1988; Gauch, 1992) to provide information on the relative merits of breeding lines, test environments, and genotype x environment (GE) interactions. Research will be conducted to classify selections into distinct groups based on the principal of 'no-crossover interactions' , followed by ranking within classes according to economic traits. Techniques used will include cluster analysis and pattern analysis. Research will also be conducted on morpho-physiological traits and environmental variables that are causal factors of the GE interactions. Techniques used will include factorial regression and latent path analysis. In addition to the data collected routinely at all NE-184 trials sites, the advanced statistical analyses require that a common set of cultivars will be used for all sites. Key morpho-physiological traits (yield components, periodical harvesting records, harvest index, etc) will be collected from the common set of cultivars. Environmental variables (major weather and soil variables, major management practices) are routinely collected at most research sites. The NE-184 project will continue to work with our rich dataset and new statistical tools to help describe performance of selections, understand GE interactions, and refine the evaluation and selection process.

COOPERATORS: D.E. Halseth (Cornell, NY), D. DeKoeyer and G.C.C.Tai (Canada), G. Porter (UME, ME), C. Hutchinson (UFL, FL); B Christ (PSU, PA); C. Yencho (NCSU, NC); S. Sterret (Va Tech, VA), M. Kleinhenz (OSU, OH); M. Henninger, (Rutgers, NJ).

Measurement of Progress and Results

Outputs

• 1a. Over the course of the project and with input from multiple breeding programs, develop approximately 500,000 new experimental seedlings.
• 1b. Over the course of the project, select approximately 5000 clones for further evaluation using an expanded list of criteria.
• 1c. Over the course of the project, identify and evaluate approximately 100 advanced clones at up to 15 different sites in eight eastern states.
• 1d. Over the course of the project, higher quality and/or more pest-resistant potato germplasm will be generated, evaluated, released, and shared for use in on-going breeding efforts to improve commercially-grown potatoes.
• 2a. Over the course of the project, release approximately 5-8 cultivars possessing one or more of the target traits described previously.
• 3a. Develop variety-specific management profiles which enhance commercial adoption of new cultivars, maximize the genetic potential of these new cultivars, and minimize the negative environmental impacts associated with farming. These profiles will be communicated in Extension products and programs on a local basis throughout the region.
• 3b. Develop statistical tools to describe test environments, breeding line performance, and genotype x environment interactions with the ultimate goal of improving variety evaluation and selection procedures in the East.

Outcomes or Projected Impacts

• Greater knowledge of genetic and environmental constraints to potato productivity.
• Reduce long-term pesticide use through industry adoption of varieties which possess improved pest resistance in addition to high yield and quality. Impact. Adoption of new, high quality, pest resistant varieties should lead to increased profitability, greater worker safety, reduced pesticide load in the environment and human diet.
• Strengthen grower competitiveness by introducing improved varieties.
• Increase the sensory quality, range of culinary attributes, and nutritional value of available potato cultivars.

Milestones

(2003):ul><li>Complete hybridization sufficient to create more than 100,000 seed progeny. <li>Select from 2002 progeny the most desirable 500 to 1000 clones for further evaluation.</li> <li>Test up to 100 advanced clones in single-site replicated field trials.</li> <li>Test the most advanced clones in multi-site replicated trials.</li> <li>Evaluate all advanced clones for processing and cooking characteristics.</li> <li>Conduct combined performance analysis of tested clones.</li> <li>Publish performance information on 2002 trials.</li> <li>Collaborate on commercial-scale testing, seed multiplication, and educational material development leading to the naming and release of the most promising advanced clones.</li></ul>

(2004):ul><li>Complete hybridization sufficient to create more than 100,000 seed progeny. <li>Select from 2003 progeny the most desirable 500 to 1000 clones for further evaluation. <li>Test up to 100 advanced clones in single-site replicated field trials. <li>Test the most advanced clones in multi-site replicated trials. <li>Evaluate all advanced clones for processing and cooking characteristics. <li>Conduct combined performance analysis of tested clones. <li>Publish performance information on 2003 trials. <li>Collaborate on commercial-scale testing, seed multiplication, and educational material development leading to the naming and release of the most promising advanced clones.</ul>

(2005):ul><li>Complete hybridization sufficient to create more than 100,000 seed progeny. <li>Select from 2004 progeny the most desirable 500 to 1000 clones for further evaluation. <li>Test up to 100 advanced clones in single-site replicated field trials. <li>Test the most advanced clones in multi-site replicated trials. <li>Evaluate all advanced clones for processing and cooking characteristics. <li>Conduct combined performance analysis of tested clones. <li>Publish performance information on 2004 trials. <li>Collaborate on commercial-scale testing, seed multiplication, and educational material development leading to the naming and release of the most promising advanced clones.</ul>

(2006):ul><li>Complete hybridization sufficient to create more than 100,000 seed progeny. <li>Select from 2005 progeny the most desirable 500 to 1000 clones for further evaluation. <li>Test up to 100 advanced clones in single-site replicated field trials. <li>Test the most advanced clones in multi-site replicated trials. <li>Evaluate all advanced clones for processing and cooking characteristics <li>Conduct combined performance analysis of tested clones. <li>Publish performance information on 2005 trials. <li>Collaborate on commercial-scale testing, seed multiplication, and educational material development leading to the naming and release of the most promising advanced clones.</ul>

(2007):ul><li>Complete hybridization sufficient to create more than 100,000 seed progeny. <li>Select from 2006 progeny the most desirable 500 to 1000 clones for further evaluation. <li>Test up to 100 advanced clones in single-site replicated field trials. <li>Test the most advanced clones in multi-site replicated trials. <li>Evaluate all advanced clones for processing and cooking characteristics. <li>Conduct combined performance analysis of tested clones. <li>Publish performance information on 2006 trials and summary analysis. <li>Collaborate on commercial-scale testing, seed multiplication, and educational material development leading to the naming and release of the most promising advanced clones.</ul>

(0):0

Projected Participation

View Appendix E: Participation

Outreach Plan

Publication of results in NE-184 annual publication, USDA-ARS National Potato Germplasm Evaluation & Enhancement Report, and scientific journals.

Development of applied publications and extension materials targeted to growers in each participating state or province.

Presentations, demonstrations, and field days targeted to growers and industry in each participating state or province.

Development of a NE-184 project website to enhance access to research results, variety profiles, and photographs.

Organization/Governance

The regional technical committee is composed of all participating cooperators (see Section VI), an administrative advisor (Dr. David MacKenzie) appointed by the Northeast Agricultural Experiment Station Directors, and a CSREES Representative (Dr. James V. Parochetti). The technical committee meets at least once each year to discuss progress of the research, review procedures, coordinate research and plan future research activities. Voting privileges are restricted to one member from each participating unit (see Section VI for voting member listing). Voting rights can be delegated to another member of the participating organization if the official voting member is unable to attend the annual meeting.

The regional technical committee will elect an executive committee composed of a chair, vice-chair, and secretary. A succession of officers will be maintained so that the vice-chair becomes chair, the secretary becomes vice-chair, and a new secretary is elected each year. The responsibilities of the executive committee members are as outlined in the Manual for Cooperative Regional Research. The chair will preside at all meetings of the technical committee and is responsible for organizing the agenda of the annual meeting. The vice-chair will prepare the annual report for the project. The secretary will prepare the minutes of the annual meeting and any special meetings. The administrative advisor is responsible for distributing the minutes and submitting the annual report and minutes to the CSREES representative and other interested parties.

Participation by Agriculture Canada, Provinces of Quebec and Prince Edward Island, new members, and Industry representatives is at the invitation of the Technical Committee with the approval of the Administrative Advisor.

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