WERA_OLD60: Management of Pesticide Resistance

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/26/2009] [02/26/2009] [06/29/2009] [12/10/2010] [02/19/2012] [10/23/2012]

Date of Annual Report: 02/26/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/12/2008 - 05/13/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2007 - 09/01/2008

Participants

Whalon, Mark - Michigan State University;
Mallory-Smith, Carol - Oregon State University;
Dyer, Bill - Montana State University;
Ward, Sarah - Colorado State University;
Nissen, Scott - Colorado State University;
Wyenandt, Andy - Rutgers University;
McGrath, Meg - Cornell University;
Siegfried, Blair - University of Nebraska;
VanGessel, Mark - University of Delaware;
Holmes, Gerald - North Carolina State University;
Holtzer, Tom (Administrative Advisor) - Colorado State University;

Brief Summary of Minutes

see attached

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

1. Resistance management of pest insect species represents a serious challenge to corn growers that utilize both transgenic corn varieties as well as conventional pesticides. Research conducted in Nebraska provides valuable tools for effective and long-term pest management. 2. Development of resistance monitoring tools for German cockroaches in Florida to identify evolving physiological and behavioral resistance to gel baits. 3. Identification of negative cross-resistance factors in flies and mosquitoes. 4. Understanding resistance evolution to new insecticide chemistries in houseflies. 5. Development of resistance monitoring and management tools for chinch bugs in turf. 6. Development of resistance management programs for chili thrips in urban landscapes. 7. Continued monitoring of existing organophosphate resistance in California red scale reminds growers to rotate insecticides to manage resistance. 8. Monitoring for Esteem resistance in California red scale reduces wasted applications when resistance becomes significant. 9. Monitoring for organophosphate resistance in citricola scale will reduce organophosphate insecticide treatments where resistance is a problem. This reduction will improve air quality, water quality and reduce VOCs. 10. Expansion of a multi-state cooperative migration and resistance monitoring network, allowed maximum leveraging of limited public and private-sector funds, and allowed all participants to benefit of the early warning system capabilities of the complete system, via knowledge of CEW flights in nearby states. Due to erratic, yet continued control problems with the pyrethroids in sweet corn, efficacy and resistance monitoring data was shared among many of the Midwest states to develop a Section 18 emergency request for Coragen (Rynaxypyr), DuPont (request pending). A series of 7 CEW IRM papers were published in 2007, resulting from a symposium in 2005. 11. A bioassay conducted in spring squash crops in NY and PA yielded information on fungicide sensitivity in the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus that was used to guide fungicide recommendation for managing powdery mildew in pumpkin, melon, and other main season crops. 12. Through a baseline sensitivity study, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus was not found to be more sensitive as anticipated to new DMI (FRAC code 3) fungicides. 13. Fungicides are by far the most effective option for managing gummy stem blight, one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of watermelon. Research conducted in Georgia has provided evidence of widespread resistance of the pathogen to the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin in Georgia and the first report of resistance of this pathogen to the carboxamide fungicide boscalid. These results, along with continued sensitivity monitoring and evaluation of fungicide efficacy, provide important information for watermelon growers, extension specialists, and county agents, for developing specific fungicide programs for effective management of gummy stem blight. 14. Research to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weedy species is adding significant insight to our knowledge about plant responses to severe abiotic stresses, and also our understanding of auxin binding and auxin-mediated responses.

Publications

Brock, J., Stevenson, K., and Brenneman, T. 2007. Pecan fungicides and resistance management. Pages 172-175 in: Southeastern Pecan Growers' Handbook. Bulletin 1327. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Kaufman, P. E., Gerry, A. C., Rutz, D. A. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Monitoring susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica L.) in the United States to imidacloprid. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 23: 195-200. Gao, J.-R., Deacutis, J. M. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits Mda5 and Mdb3 on autosome 1 of Musca domestica indicate they are not involved in spinosad resistance. Insect Molec. Biol. 16: 691-701. Hardstone, M.C., Leichter, C.A., Harrington, L.C., Kasai, S., Tomita, T. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated permethrin resistance confers limited cross-resistance in larvae of the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. (89: 175-184). Deacutis, J. M., Leichter, C. A., Gerry, A. C., Rutz, D. A., Watson, W. D., Geden, C. J. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Susceptibility of field collected house flies to spinosad before and after a season of use. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 23: 105-110. Rinkevich, F. D., Hamm, R. L., Geden, C. J. and Scott, J. G. 2007. Dynamics of insecticide resistance alleles in two different climates over an entire field season. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 37: 550-558. Gao, J.-R., Deacutis, J. M. and Scott, J. G. 2007. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene Mda6 from Musca domestica is diversified via post transcriptional modification. Insect Molec. Biol. 16: 325-334. Gao, J.-R., Kozaki, T., Leichter, C. A., Rinkevich, F. D., Shono, T., and Scott, J. G. 2007. The A302S mutation in Rdl that confers resistance to cyclodienes and limited cross-resistance to fipronil is undetectable in field populations of house flies from the USA. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 88: 66-70. Gao, J.-R., Deacutis, J. M. and Scott, J. G. 2007. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene Mdalpha2 from the housefly, Musca domestica. Arch. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 64: 30-42. Ozoe, Y., Ishikawa, S., Tomiyama, S., Ozoe, F. and Scott, J. G. 2007b. Antagonism of the GABA receptor of dieldrin-resistant houseflies by fipronil and its analogues. In Synthesis and Chemistry of Agrochemicals Series VII, J. W. Lyga and G. Theodoritis, ed. Amer. Chem Soc., Washington, DC, pp 39-50. Nguyen, S.N., C. Song and M.E. Scharf. 2007. Toxicity, synergism and neurological effects of novel volatile insecticides to insecticide-susceptible and -resistant Drosophila strains. J. Econ. Entomol. 100(2): 534-544. Buss, E. A., J. F. Price, E. McCord, and C. Nagle. 2007. Managing insecticide and miticide resistance in Florida landscapes. University of Florida, IFAS, ENY-842. 10 pp. Funderburk, J., Diffie,S., Sharma, J., Hodges, A. and Osborn, L. 2007. Thrips of ornamentals in the Southeastern U.S. University of Florida, IFAS, ENY-845 (IN754). 10 pp. Crowder, D. W., C. Ellers-Kirk, B. E. Tabashnik, and Y. Carrière. Lack of fitness costs associated with pyriproxyfen resistance in the B biotype of Bemisia tabaci. Pest Manag. Sci., submitted. Crowder, D. W., A. R. Horowitz, B. E. Tabashnik, T. J. Dennehy, I. Denholm, K. Gorman, and Y. Carrière. Analyzing haplodiploid inheritance of insecticide resistance in whitefly biotypes. Bull. Entomol. Res, in revision. Crowder, D.W., P.C. Ellsworth, B.E. Tabashnik and Y. Carriere. 200-. Effects of operational factors on evolution of resistance to pyriproxyfen in the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology, in press. Crowder, D. W., C. Ellers-Kirk, C. Yafuso, T. J. Dennehy, B. A. Degain, V. S. Harpold, B. E. Tabashnik, and Y. Carrière. 2008. Inheritance of resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) males and females (B biotype). J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 927-932. Crowder, D.W., T.J. Dennehy, C. Ellers-Kirk, C.M. Yafuso, P.C. Ellsworth, B.E. Tabashnik & Y. Carrière. 2007. Field evaluation of resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (B Biotype). Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 1650-1656. Dennehy, T.J., G.C. Unnithan, V. Harpold, Y. Carrière, B. Tabashnik, L. Antilla and M. Whitlow. Susceptibility of Southwestern Pink Bollworm to Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 in 2005. 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14373a.pdf Dennehy, T.J., B.A. DeGain, V. Harpold and R.J. Nichols. Biotype Designations and Insecticide Susceptibility of Southwestern Bemisia tabaci. 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14373b.pdf Ellsworth, P.C., A. Fournier and T.D. Smith. 2007. Based on Ellsworth, P.C. and J.S. Jones. 2000. Arizona Cotton Insect Losses. Publ. No. AZ1183. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Tucson, Arizona. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/insects/cil/cil.html Fournier, A., P.C. Ellsworth and V.M. Barkley. Economic Impact of Lygus in Arizona Cotton: A Comparative Approach. 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14374a.pdf Ellsworth, P.C., V, Barkley, T. Dennehy, B. DeGain, B. Ellingson, S. Naranjo and M. Sims. Assessment of Knack Field Performance Through Precision Field and Laboratory Bioassays in Cotton 2007 Arizona Cotton Report. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1437/az14374b.pdf Hutchison, W.D., E.C. Burkness, B. Jensen, B.R. Leonard, J. Temple, D.R. Cook, R.A. Weinzierl, R.E. Foster, T.L. Rabaey, and B.R. Flood. 2007. Evidence for decreasing Helicoverpa zea susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides in the Midwestern U.S. Online. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0719-02-RV. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/php/symposium/hzea/decrease/ Hutchison, W. D., and Weinzierl, R. A. 2007. Increasing concerns about corn earworm susceptibility to pyrethroids in the midwestern USA. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0719-01-PS. Anilkumar, Konasale J. Marianne Pusztai-Carey, and William J. Moar. 2008. Fitness Costs Associated with Cry1Ac-resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A Factor Countering Selection for Resistance to Bt Cotton? J. Econ. Entomol. In Press Sivasupramaniam, S.,W. Moar, L. G. Ruschke, J. A. Osborn, C. Jiang, J. Sebaugh, G. R. Brown, Z. W. Shappley, M. E. Oppenhuizen, J. W. Mullins, and J. T. Greenplate. 2008. Toxicity and characterization of cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins and characterization of cotton expressing one or both for the control of Lepidopteran pests. J. Econ. Entomol: In Press Crespo, A. L. B., T. A. Spencer, E. Nekl, M. Pusztai-Carey, W. J. Moar, and B. D. Siegfried. 2008. Comparison and Validation of Methods to Quantify Cry1Ab Toxinfrom Bacillus thuringiensis for Standardization of Insect Bioassays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. In Press Anilkumar, K. J., A. Rodrigo-Simón, J. Ferré, M. Pusztai-Carey, S. Sivasupramaniam, and W. J. Moar. 2008. Production and Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. In Press Tarver, M. R., R. E. Shade, R. H. Shukle, W. J. Moar, W. M. Muir, L. M. Murdock, and B. R. Pittendrigh. 2007. Pyramiding of insecticidal proteins for control of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus F.). Pest Mgmt. Sci. 63(5):440-6 Keith, B. A., E. Kalinina, and W.E. Dyer. 2007. Global analysis of gene expression in auxinic herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 47:35. Eissa, H.F., A. Shokry, O.M. Saleh, A.M. Ramadan, A. Bahieldin and W. E. Dyer. 2007. Genomic characterization of stress-related genes from wild barley. Second International Conference of Genetic Engineering and its Applications. 14-16 Nov., 2007, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Adams, M. L., Holmes, G., McGrath, M. T., and Olaya, G. 2007. Reduced efficacy of QoI and demethylation-inhibitor (DMI) fungicides on powdery mildew of cucurbits in North Carolina. Phytopathology 97:S2. http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/a07ma05.htm McGrath, M. T. 2007. Managing cucurbit powdery mildew and fungicide resistance. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 731:211-216. http://www.actahort.org/books/731/731_29.htm McGrath, M. T., and Davey, J. F. 2007. Evaluation of fungicide programs for management of powdery mildew on pumpkin, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V060. McGrath, M. T., and J. Davey. 2007. Occurrence of resistance to QoI, DMI, and MBC fungicides in Podosphaera xanthii in 2006 in New York and implication for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter 16(2):10-12.

Impact Statements

Extending knowledge from resistance monitoring and management programs to agricultural producers and the agrochemical industry.
Improved understanding about pesticide resistance among scientists, producers, industry representatives, students, and other interested stakeholders.
Client adoption of resistance management plus other guidelines including in a complex, multi-crop system.

Date of Annual Report: 02/26/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/12/2008 - 05/13/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2006 - 09/01/2007

Participants

Mark Whalon, Michigan State University;
Carol Mallory-Smith, Oregon State University;
Bill Dyer, Montana State University;
Sarah Ward, Colorado State University;
Scott Nissen, Colorado State University;
Andy Wyenandt, Rutgers University;
Meg McGrath, Cornell University;
Blair Siegfried, University of Nebraska;
Mark VanGessel, University of Delaware;
Gerald Holmes, North Carolina State University;
Tom Holtzer (Administrative Advisor), Colorado State University;

Brief Summary of Minutes

[PLEASE SEE ATTACHED FILE FOR MINUTES AND FULL STATE REPORTS]

2008 Meeting of WERA-060
12 May 1:30 pm 13 May 12:00 pm 2008
Hilton Hotel, Fort Collins, CO

Attendees (physically present): Mark Whalon, Carol Mallory-Smith, Bill Dyer, Sarah Ward, Scott Nissen, Andy Wyenandt, Meg McGrath, and Tom Holtzer (Administrative Advisor).

Additional participants (connected by teleconference):
Blair Siegfried, Mark VanGessel, Gerald Holmes, and Tim Dennehy.

Tim Dennehy coordinated and funded the teleconference connection to permit participation of committee members unable to travel to the meeting. All members were greatly appreciative of this opportunity to increase involvement, and are very grateful to Tim for making this possible, but acknowledged that interaction was best amongst those physically present.

Meeting Notes:

Committee Business Activities:
Mark Whalon led a discussion about the Global Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (APRD) and the Resistant Pest Management (RPM) Newsletter (now in its 14th year) which are housed on a server at Michigan State University. These originated from a committee on resistance that preceded WERA060. These resources are well used. APRD has almost 10,000 cases.

Andy Wyenandt was elected to be the next WERA060 Chair and Mark Whalon the Secretary/Chair-elect, to serve as Chair in 2010.

The next WERA060 meeting will be held around (e.g. immediately before, during, or after) the Sixth International IPM Symposium to be held in Portland 24-26 March 2009. Carol Mallory-Smith will handle local arrangements. The 2010 meeting will be held in Washington, DC, and arranged by Mark Whalon. This will provide an opportunity to meet with USDA CSREES staff, EPA staff covering pesticide resistance and others, as was done the last time this committee met in DC.

Possible opportunities were discussed for WERA060 to sponsor a symposium or discussion session on pesticide resistance during an up-coming scientific conference. This is a committee objective.

Committee Discussion:
Most of the meeting was devoted to informal presentations and discussion of research and extension activities pertaining to pesticide resistance and its management. Exchange of information across disciplines is the primary objective of the committee. Researchers participating in the 2008 meeting cover all three major pest disciplines (insects, weeds and pathogens). Several committee members are involved in distance learning courses covering pesticide resistance, mostly for single disciplines. These activities were also discussed. There is a need for effort on a cross-discipline course, which WERA060 members together could achieve. Bill Dyer volunteered to lead an on-line discussion among committee members about developing an online course dealing with Pesticide Resistance and its Management.

Several resistance themes cutting across disciplines arose during the discussion. One was predicting resistance. There have been cases where field resistance was predicted to occur and it still hasnt, and cases where resistance was not predicted to occur but it did. For example, insects were found surviving on crops genetically engineered with Bt toxin gene soon after these transgenic crops were commercialized. Since these insects were highly resistant, there was concern that control failure would soon occur. However, several years later these transgenic crops continue to be an effective tool for managing insects. Insect pests tolerating high concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were found several years ago, resulting in great concern about the future of this new class, but they are no longer found. On the other hand, the herbicide glyphosate (Round-up) was thought to have a low risk for resistance developing. However, the selection pressure from multiple applications per season to Round-up Ready crops has resulted in resistance in some weeds.

Other topics covered included: Procedures for testing pests for resistance. Documenting its occurrence especially in commercial fields where an integrated management program is implemented. Determining impact of resistance on control. Cost of resistance. Similarities and differences in resistance management practices across disciplines. Predicting resistance. Resistance mechanisms. Laboratory versus field resistance. Funding resistance research. Working with industry on resistance issues. Challenges of getting information to growers. Andy Wyenandt shared tables he has been involved with developing that have resistance risk of fungicides for specific vegetable crop diseases.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Extending knowledge from resistance monitoring and management programs to agricultural producers and the agrochemical industry.
Improved understanding about pesticide resistance among scientists, producers, industry representatives, students, and other interested stakeholders.
Client adoption of resistance management plus other guidelines included in a complex, multi-crop system.

Date of Annual Report: 06/29/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/26/2009 - 03/27/2009
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2008 - 09/01/2009

Participants

Mark Whalon - Michigan State University;

Carol Mallory-Smith - Oregon State University;

Bill Dyer - Montana State University;

Scott Nissen - Colorado State University;

Andy Wyenandt - Rutgers University;

Meg McGrath - Cornell University;

Blair Siegfried - University of Nebraska;

Tom Green - IPM Institute of North America, Inc.;

Al Fournier - University of Arizona;

Peter Ellsworth - University of Arizona;

Tom Holtzer (Administrative Advisor) - Colorado State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

WERA060 SAES-422: Brief Summary of Meeting Minutes (26-Mar-2009 to 27-Mar-2009)

The following contributions to discussion were made by individual participants:

Andy Wyenandt, Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology, Rutgers University updated the group on the fungicide resistance management guide for vegetable crop production that plant pathologists in the mid-Atlantic region have distributed since 2007. In 2008, approximately 2,000 guides were distributed to growers in the region and beyond. No grower survey was done in 2008 and a journal article was written for publication in Crop Management online (published in 3/09).

Al Fournier, IPM Program Manager with University of Arizona, provided a presentation on measuring adoption of cross-commodity guidelines for whitefly management in Arizona

Peter Ellsworth, IPM Coordinator with University of Arizona attended part of the meeting and participated in group discussions. Six publications / presentations related to resistance management (listed below) were published by Arizona WERA-060 participants since the last reporting period.
Scott Nissen, Weed Scientist, Colorado State University, discussed a newly discovered resistance mechanism in higher plants. Dr. Todd Gaines, a recent graduate of the Weed Science program at Colorado State University, worked with glyphosate resistant Palmer amaranth that was recently discovered in a glyphosate-tolerant cotton field in Georgia by Dr. Stanley Culpepper. Dr. Culpepper and has team of university and USDA researchers determined that resistance was not the result of altered glyphosate absorption, translocation or metabolism. Dr. Gaines evaluated several other possible resistance mechanisms at the molecular level and determined that glyphosate resistance was due to a significant increase in EPSPS number. EPSPS is the target site for glyphosate. This increased copy number resulted in higher levels of the target enzyme, which conferred a high level of resistance in Palmer amaranth. Gene amplification has been found to confer resistance in insects, but has never been report in plants. Dr. Gaines was advised by Dr. Phil Westra, Weed Scientist, Colorado State University.

Group discussion:

The group had an in depth discussion relating to industry policies on the use of transgenic seeds for research purposes and the limitations that researchers face in using these products for developing sound resistance management principles. Suggestions were made that were passed on to industry contacts.
Plans for upcoming meetings and activities also were discussed.

Mark Whalon (Michigan State University) was elected chair. The 2010 meeting will be in Michigan.

Accomplishments

The pink bollworm (PBW) eradication program is in full swing in Arizona and appears to be quite successful so far. In 2008 zero grower sprays for PBW were reported and 98.25% of upland cotton planted was Bt varieties. According to Dr. Tabashniks lab, no PBW resistance alleles have been detected either through PCR or conventional bioassays. Recent work in Arizona has helped to harmonize 2 apparently contradictory datasets regarding resistance to pyroproxifen. Evaluations conducted by Dr. Dennehys and now Dr. Lis lab indicate the development of resistance to pyroproxifen among native whiteflies. However, Dr. Ellsworths detailed examination of field performance through precision field-based bioassays have been unable to detect any performance loss in Arizona. Modeling and empirical results with a resistant strain of whiteflies by Dr. Crowder has shown the dynamics of resistance over time and in comparison to apparent changes to field densities. These data suggest that an incipient and growing level of resistance to pyriproxyfen can occur simultaneous with rather small, and perhaps undetectable, changes in seasonal, maximal whitefly densities. At present, pyriproxyfen is used on less than 15% of the cotton acreage in Arizona. Stakeholder need has been identified and a goal set to update and advance the cross-commodity management guidelines to incorporate new chemistries for whitefly control, including the diamides and the ketoenols. Development of cockroach resistance monitoring and management programs for indoxacarb gel baits (FL). Identification of negative cross-resistance factors in mosquitoes and other dipterans (FL). Development of molecular (RNAi-based) pesticides for management of resistance to conventional chemical pesticides (FL). Housefly insecticide resistance monitoring statewide and Florida dairies. Insecticide resistance monitoring and development of resistance management strategies for chinch bugs in Florida turf. Development of proactive resistance management strategies for invasive chili thrips in Florida. Routine monitoring of European corn borer populations at diagnostic concentrations have indicated that this target pest species of transgenic maize remains susceptible to Cry1Ab and Cry1F toxins. Laboratory selections for resistance to both Cry1F and Cry1Ab in European corn borer have resulted in significant levels of resistance. Additional strains from field populations have been identified and are currently being characterized with regard to inheritance, fitness, and biochemical basis of resistance. Experiments have been initiated to document the ability of Bt resistant European corn borer strains to utilize transgenic plant tissues. Preliminary results indicate that although survival is significantly reduced, it appears that development of the resistant strains on transgenic plants is possible. The genes for putative Bt toxin receptors are being cloned and sequenced and immunohistochemical localization of receptors has been initiated. For western corn rootworms, we have identified a specific resistance associated mutation for cyclodiene resistance that we will use to further our understanding of the population genetics and invasiveness of this species. Studied have been initiated to utilize RNA interference assays to assess gene function and identify potential target sites for novel control strategies

Publications

Publications: Alves, A.P., W.J. Allgeier, and B.D. Siegfried. 2008. Effects of the synergist S,S,S tributyl phosphorotrithioate on indoxacarb toxicity and metabolism in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol 90: 2630. Buss, E. A. 2008. Biological control in the landscape. Florida Pest Pro Magazine 4 (4): 16-19. Buss, E. A. and P. Ruppert. 2008. Southern chinch bug management, 2007. Arthropod Pest Management Tests, vol. 33: 1 pg. Buss, E. A. and P. Ruppert. 2008. Southern chinch bug field trial, 2007. Arthropod Pest Management Tests, vol. 33: 1 pg. Chaskopoulou, A., S.N. Nguyen, R.M. Pereira, M.E. Scharf and P.G. Koehler. 2009. Toxicities of 31 volatile low molecular weight compounds against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Medical Entomology 46: 328-334. Crespo, A.L.B., T.A. Spencer, E. Nekl, and B.D. Siegfried. 2008. Comparison and validation of methods to quantify Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis for standardization of insect bioassays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 130-135. Gaines, T., W. B. Henry, P. D. Byrn, P. Westra, S. J. Nissen, and D. L. Shaner. 2008. Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical) by Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat Hybridization Under Field Conditions. Weed Science. 56:32-36. Hutchison, W.D., E.C. Burkness, S.J. Fleischer, et al. (2007-present). ZEA-MAP and PestWatch for Corn Earworm IRM and Moth Flight Mapping in North America: A Private-Sector, Public Partnership. On-line: http://www.vegedge.umn.edu/ZeaMap/zeamap.htm Hutchison, W.D., E.C. Burkness, B. Jensen, B.R. Leonard, J. Temple, D.R. Cook, R.A. Weinzierl, R.E. Foster, T.L. Rabaey, and B.R. Flood. 2007. Evidence for decreasing Helicoverpa zea susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides in the Midwestern U.S. Plant Health Progress. (doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0719-02-RV), On-line: http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/symposium/hzea/ Magalhaes, L.C., B.W. French, T.E. Hunt, and B.D. Siegfried. 2008. Development of methods to evaluate susceptibility of soybean aphid to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam at lethal and sublethal concentrations. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 128: 330-336. Meihls, L.N., M. L. Higdon, B.D. Siegfried, N.J. Miller, T.W. Sappington, M.R. Ellersieck, T.A. Spencer, and B.E. Hibbard. 2008. Rapid evolution of resistance to Bt corn by western corn rootworm: evidence for multiple resistance mechanisms? Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 49: 19177-19182. Nowatzki, T.M., S.A. Lefko, R.R. Binning, S.D. Thompson, T.A. Spencer, and B.D. Siegfried. 2008. Validation of a novel resistance monitoring technique for corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Event DAS-59122-7 maize. J. Appl. Entomol. 132: 177-188. Pereira, E.J.G., N.P. Storer, and B.D. Siegfried. Inheritance of Cry1F resistance in laboratory-selected European corn borer and its survival on transgenic corn expressing the Cry1F toxin. Bull. Entomol. Research (doi:10.1017/S0007485308005920). Pereira, E.J.G., B.A. Lang, N.P. Storer, and B.D. Siegfried. 2008. Selection for Cry1F resistance in the European corn borer and cross resistance to other Cry toxins. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 126: 115-121. Song, C. and M.E. Scharf. 2009. Mitochondrial impacts of insecticidal formate esters in insecticide resistant and susceptible Drosophila melanogaster. Pest Management Science 65: 697-703. Song, C. and M.E. Scharf. 2008. Formic acid: a neurologically-active, hydrolyzed metabolite of insecticidal formate esters. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 92: 77-82. Song, C. and M.E. Scharf. 2008. Neurological disruption by low molecular weight compounds from the heterobicyclic and formate ester classes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 92: 92-100. Seyran, M., Stevenson, K. L., and Brenneman, T. B. 2008. Baseline sensitivity of Fusicladium effusum to azoxystrobin and in vitro toxicity of the alternative oxidase inhibitor, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Phytopathology 98:S144. Seyran, M., Stevenson, K. L., and Brenneman, T. B. 2008. Baseline sensitivity of Fusicladium effusum to thiophanate-methol, dodine, fentin hydroxide, and propiconazole using a microtiter plate assay. Phytopathology 98:S212. Stevenson, K. L., Langston, D. B. Jr., and Sanders, F. H. 2008. Baseline sensitivity and evidence of resistance to boscalid in Didymella bryoniae. Phytopathology 98:S151. Stevenson, K., Seyran, M., and Brenneman, T. 2008. University of Georgia Pecan Scab Fungicide Resistance Monitoring Project. The Pecan Grower 20(1):46-47. Woodward, J. E., Brenneman, T. B., Kemerait, R. C. Jr., Smith, N. B., Culbreath, A. K., and Stevenson, K. L. 2008. Use of resistant cultivars and reduced fungicide programs to manage peanut diseases in irrigated and nonirrigated fields. Plant Dis. 92:896-902. Wyenandt, A., Maxwell, N. and D. Ward. 2008. Fungicide programs affect 'practical' resistance development in cucurbit powdery mildew of pumpkin. HortScience. 43:1838-1845. Wyenandt, C.A., Everts, K.E., Mulrooney, R.L., and S.L. Rideout. 2008. Developing a fungicide resistance management guide for vegetable crops grown in the mid-Atlantic region. Phytopathology 98:S173. Zhou, X., M.M. Wheeler, F.M. Oi and M.E. Scharf. 2008. RNA interference in the termite R. flavipes through ingestion of double-stranded RNA. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 38: 805-815. Presentations: Ellsworth, P. Lygus Management: A Western Perspective. Presented by invitation at the Open Forum - Management of the Sucking Bug Complex across the Cotton Belt, 2008 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Nashville, Tennessee. January 9, 2008. URL: http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/presentations/08Nashville_Western_Lygus_vFlo.pdf Ellsworth, P.C., A. Fournier and T.D. Smith. 2007 (rev. 9/08). Based on Ellsworth, P.C. and J.S. Jones. 2000. Arizona Cotton Insect Losses. Publ. No. AZ1183. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Tucson, Arizona. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/insects/cil/cil.html Ellsworth, P.C. & S.E. Naranjo. 50 years of the Integrated Control Concept: Moving the Concept and Implementation forward in Arizona. North Carolina State University Department of Entomology seminar, Raleigh, NC. April 13, 2009. URL: http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/presentations/09IPM_NCSU_50-yrsvF16lo.pdf Ellsworth, P.C. & S.E. Naranjo. IPM in Arizona Cotton: Successful adoption of selective controls for multiple key insect pests. Presented at 6th International IPM Symposium, Portland, OR. March 26, 2009. URL: http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/presentations/09IPMPortlandBiorationalvF7lo.pdf Ellsworth, P., J. Palumbo, A. Fournier & Y. Carriere. Cross-commodity Insecticide usage: Spatial Analysis of Management Practices, Control & Risks. Presented at WERA-069 WesternIPM Coordinators Meeting, Chino Hot Springs, Alaska. May 20, 2008. URL: http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/presentations/SpatialX-commodityFlo.pdf Palumbo, J., Fournier and T.D. Smith. 2008. Arizona Vegetable Insect Losses. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Tucson, Arizona. URL: http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/vegetables/insects/vegiloss.html

Impact Statements

Extending knowledge from resistance monitoring and management programs to agricultural producers and the agrochemical industry.
Improved understanding about pesticide resistance among scientists, producers, industry representatives, students, and other interested stakeholders.
Client adoption of resistance management plus other guidelines, including in complex, multi-crop systems.

Date of Annual Report: 12/10/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/11/2010 - 11/12/2010
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2009 - 09/01/2010

Participants

Whalon, Mark, Michigan State University;
Sundin, George, Michigan State University;
Avila, Laura, Michigan State University;
Mota-Sanchez, David, Michigan State University;
Szendrei, Zsofia Michigan State University;
Vencill, William, University of Georgia;
Holtzer, Thomas, Colorado State University;
McGrath, Meg, Cornell University;
Westra, Phil, Colorado State University;
Wyenandt, Andy, Rutgers University;
Bob Nichols, Cotton Incorporated;

Brief Summary of Minutes

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Meeting Notes:

There were three major activities during the meeting: presentations by attendees, discussion of critical issues in pesticide resistance, and committee business. The unique nature of this committee, which includes members investigating pesticide resistance in each of the three major pest disciplines (insects, diseases and weeds), provides an ideal opportunity for each member to learn about resistance in other disciplines, thereby broadening their understanding of resistance generally plus gaining knowledge and ideas that could be brought to their discipline. The size of the meeting fosters cross discipline discussion, which often is critical for obtaining a complete understanding of resistance in another discipline.

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Presentations:

George Sundin: Bactericide and Fungicide Resistance

Laura Avila: Fungicide Resistance in Grape Powdery Mildew

Bob Nichols: Cotton Resistance Situation

David Mota-Sanchez: Colorado Potato Beetle Resistance Status

Meg McGrath: Fungicide Resistance in Cucurbit Powdery Mildew

Andy Wyenandt: Fungicide Resistance Guidelines for Vegetables in the Northeast and Research Update on Resistance in Cucurbit Powdery Mildew

Mark Whalon: Update-Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database and Newsletter

Zsofia Szendrei: Field monitoring Colorado potato beetle in Michigan potatoes
Each presentation was followed by discussion.

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Discussion:

Current Issues in Pesticide Resistance:

Part of the meeting time was devoted to current issues. Typically researchers are not aware of issues outside their discipline, thus this discussion provides an opportunity for sharing information as well as discussing common factors such as constraints to managing resistance. Resistance continues to be an important constraint to successful crop production, arguably an increasing problem with many new developments each year and some cases having tremendous impact on crop production. Mark Whalon reported there were 706 new resistance cases submitted in 2010 to the Pesticide Resistance Newsletter (this newsletter was developed by this committee).

Across disciplines, the most important current issue is development of resistance to glyphosate (active ingredient in Roundup) in important weeds. Roundup Ready crops (genetically engineered to tolerate glyphosate) have been the cornerstone of conservation tillage as a broad-spectrum herbicide is the only viable alternative to cultivation for controlling weeds. These crops are now grown widely in the US. Cotton growers in the southeastern US recognize they are in a crisis due to glyphosate-resistant weeds. Other crops (eg soybean, rice) are expected to soon be in a similar situation. This has lead to Congressional hearings to address the topic. An interesting discussion ensued about preventively managing resistance, tactics currently in use and what needs to change, enforcing management tactics, and handling resistance once it had developed at the academic, grower, chemical industry, and regulatory levels.

Critical issues within the other disciplines are resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and strobilurin fungicides. Both groups of pesticides have become very important due to their effectiveness for many key pests.

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Committee Business:

The focus of this portion of the meeting was on potential future meeting sites and educational activities that the committee is or would like to be involved with planning and conducting. Education is an important objective of WERA 060 along with information exchange among committee members.

Potential future meeting sites:

1. Washington DC in February or March 2011 when a weed resistance symposium is to be held focusing on the glyphosate resistance crisis.

2. Southeastern US cotton and/or rice production area in mid-June to enable a field trip to be part of the meeting so that attendees can witness the impact of a resistance crisis and visit with impacted producers.

3. Fungicide Resistance Workshop in Washington DC. A meeting date is being scheduled for fall 2011 or spring 2012.

4. IPM meeting. March 27-29, 2012. Memphis. This is the best professional meeting setting for WERA 060 because it is multi-disciplinary.

5. Washington DC sometime in 2013 after the next election to enable meeting with EPA and other federal staff involved with pesticide resistance issues at the start of a new administration.

Education activities:

1. Upcoming Fungicide Resistance Workshop in Washington DC. Committee members are already involved in. WERA 060 is a co-sponsor.

Other Proposed activities:

1. Develop a multi-disciplinary symposium at a weed science society (WSSA) meeting. Resistance in weeds is routinely a topic at these meetings, and the current crisis with glyphosate resistance is a logical symposium focus.

2. Work with the National Academy of Science to develop a pesticide resistance symposium along the lines of the successful recent one on GMOs.

3. Write a position paper on pesticide resistance possibly with CAST.

Additional Business Items

1. William Vencill, University of Georgia, was elected Chair for 2011.

2. A renewal proposal will need to be prepared in 2012. WERA 060 current proposal ends Sept 2012.

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2011 WERA-60 Strategic Plan:

During the 2010 WERA-60 meeting delegates developed a strategic plan for 2011. The key elements of the plan included 1) communication of the emerging weed resistance issues surrounding glyphosate and GMO corn, cotton and soybean production in the US and world, 2) WERA-60 partnership with the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) in developing a national strategy to address this issue, 3) targeting a WERA-60 partnership with U of Arkansas, National Cotton Council, and Cotton Inc. to organize a summer 2011 meeting to highlight and educate these issues to policy makers, researchers, extension and key grower group leaders.

More detailed discussion were held on the specifics of the meetings organization, content and participants that will be available to USDA at a later date as plans and colleagues begin to organize and publish this meeting. Essentially, the goals of this meeting would address the scope of the problem, available information on the mechanisms involved, weed species currently understood to be exhibiting resistance and identification of the strategies to combat this problem.

The Arkansas meeting will likely consist of a morning tour, afternoon science and extension appraisal followed by a BBQ. The following day, WERA-60 would convene its Annual Meeting with scientific presentations and reports addressing not only weed resistance but pathogen and arthropods as well.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

[Below is a summary of reported accomplishments. Full State Reports are provided as an attachment to the minutes section.] Arizona: Statewide Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Resistance Monitoring Program Statewide monitoring of whitefly resistance to pypriproxyfen, buprofezin, neonicotinoids, spiromesifen and synergized pyrethroids has been conducted in Arizona for over a decade. Work previously done in Dr. Tim Dennehys lab is now being carried on by Dr. Xianchun Li. Findings: Field populations of B biotype whitefly are still susceptible to buprofezin and spiromesifen, but have developed medium to high levels of resistance pyriproxyfen and synergised pyrethroids. . Both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione Stransferases (GST) are involved in whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen. We have also detected low to medium levels of neonicotinoid resistance in whitefly populations collected from melon fields since last year. All these resistant populations are susceptible to novel chemistries including rynaxypyr, cyazypyr, spirotetramat, and pyrifluquinazon, based on current research. We have also monitored the resistance of Q biotype whitefly populations collected from ornamentals. All Q populations we have tested are resistant to the insecticides currently used for control of the B biotype whiteflies. We conducted a 4-year study of pyriproxyfen resistance dynamics relative to field performance. Ellsworth & Dennehy showed that despite the moderate resistance levels measurable in whitefly populations, Knack performance in the field remained very high and unchanged from levels measured during this product's introduction to Arizona cotton (19961999). Several factors are likely at play, but bioresidual as suggested by Ellsworth and Naranjo (see Ellsworth & Martinez-Carrillo 2001; Naranjo, 2001; Naranjo & Ellsworth 2009a,b) plays an important role in overcoming, mitigating or otherwise masking resistance effects on field performance. We have also examined long-term trends in field performance of soil applied imidacloprid in the control of whiteflies in lettuce and broccoli. Palumbo has shown that despite rather modest reductions in susceptibility in lab bioassays, field performance of Admire (and similar products) is at about 50% of what was possible 15 years ago. Furthermore, Palumbo has measured pest manager behaviors and found a high degree of foliar oversprays for whitefly control that were once not required after soil applications of Admire. These effects are most prominent in the fall crop when whitefly pressure is highest and spray intensities are very high in melons, especially, because of the need to prevent virus transmission. Suppressing Resistance to Bt Cotton with Sterile Insect Releases (pink bollworm): Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops are grown widely for pest control, but insect adaptation can reduce their efficacy. The predominant strategy for delaying pest resistance to Bt crops requires refuges of non-Bt host plants to provide susceptible insects to mate with resistant insects, yet this approach has limitations including variable farmer compliance. Here we report the benefits of an alternative strategy where sterile insects are released to mate with resistant insects and refuges are scarce or absent. Computer simulations show that this strategy works in principle against pests with recessive or dominant inheritance of resistance. In a large-scale, four-year field deployment of this strategy in Arizona, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) resistance to Bt cotton did not increase. A multi-tactic eradication program incorporating this strategy reduced pink bollworm abundance by more than 99% while eliminating insecticide sprays against this key invasive pest. In Arizona, monitoring of pink bollworm field populations showed no net decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ac from 1997 to 2005, when the non-Bt cotton refuge percentage was >25% every year, or from 2006 to 2009, when sterile insects were released and the mean refuge percentage was 7.3%. DNA screening for the three known cadherin mutations linked with pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac detected no resistant alleles during 2006 to 2009 (n = 2499). Based on larval survival on diet treated with Cry1Ac, bioassays detected a single resistant individual in 2006 (n = 3822), but no resistant individuals were found in 2007 or 2008. Bioassays also detected no larvae resistant to Cry2Ab in 2007 or 2008 (n = 2572). In 2009, this pest was so scarce in Arizona that we could not collect enough individuals to conduct bioassays. Revising Cross-Commodity Guidelines & Other Educational Efforts: We are engaged in a Pest Management Alternatives Program (PMAP) grant (Li, Palumbo, Ellsworth & Fournier) to evaluate resistance management concerns for whitefly chemical controls across multiple crops. We are conducting research on cross-resistance dynamics (lab efficacy trials), statewide resistance monitoring, field measurement of product performance, chemical rotations, and impact on non-target organisms, pesticide use trends analyses and stakeholder acceptance of new chemical use guidelines. As part of this project, we are revising cross-commodity IPM guidelines for whitefly control. Impact: The anticipated impact is promotion of statewide adoption of cross-commodity pesticide use practices that will help sustain important chemical tools for whitefly management across key crops in Arizona. In cooperation with the Arizona Crop Protection Association (AzCPA) and the Arizona Department of Agriculture, we revised and expanded an out-of-date training manual to support state licensing of Pest Control Advisors (PCAs). This project involved nearly 20 University of Arizona faculty, industry partners and PCA reviewers. The authors take an integrated crop management / integrated pest management approach. The manual includes sections on managing resistance, including herbicide and insecticide resistance management, and resistance issues specific to transgenic Bt cotton. The manual, published in 2010, is available from the AzCPA. The PCA licensing exam has been revised to conform to the new study materials. No Herbicide Resistance Detected in Arizona: Dr. William B. McCloskey investigates any claim of herbicide resistant weed populations in Arizona by collecting seed from suspected resistant populations and conducting herbicide trials side by side with known susceptible populations in the greenhouse. To date, there have been no confirmed instances of herbicide resistant weed populations in Arizona, including any resistance to glyphosate despite the presence of resistant weed populations in surrounding states. Tools for Evaluating Resistance Management Practices in Arizona: We continue to develop data, tools and resources to support evaluation of IPM adoption, resistance management, and other pest management practices. This includes development of a 20-year historical database of Arizona Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) data in partnership with the Arizona Department of Agriculture. This effort has received a funding boost through two successful Arizona Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grants that will partially support a database specialist position for the next 3 years. We have integrated IRAC, HRAC and FRAC mode of action tables into the database that will help facilitate resistance-related data queries. Impact: These data are used to respond to federal information requests as reported on the Arid Southwest IPM Network website (http://ag.arizona.edu/apmc/Arid_SW_IPM.html). ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ New Jersey: Fungicide resistance management in vegetable crop production continues to be a major focus in New Jersey as well as the rest of the mid-Atlantic region (PA, DE, MD, and VA). The 4th edition of the Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for Vegetable Crop Production in the mid-Atlantic Region was published in 2010. Since 2007, over 8,000 of these guides have been distributed to growers, extension agents and specialists, crop consultants, and industry representatives throughout the region representing to our best estimates between 75,000 to 100,000 A of commercial vegetable production. A 5th edition of the resistance management guide will be published and distributed in 2011. In 2010, vegetable pathologists in the region published a fungicide resistance management table for tomato crops grown in the Northeastern US. This FRAC table is useful for all tomato production in the thirteen states included the Northeast region of the US. This FRAC table is available on-line via Rutgers University (www.njveg.rutgers.edu) or at the online peer-review journal Plant Health Progress. A similar FRAC table for fungicide resistance management in cucurbit powdery and downy mildew was developed and distributed in 2009, and is available at the peer-reviewed online journal, Crop Management. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Georgia: Herbicide-Resistance, Georgia, 2010 In 2010, glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is the most widespread herbicide resistance problem in the state. It has been confirmed in 52 counties in Georgia, predominantly the cotton growing counties in south Georgia. It is estimated that by the 2011 growing season, glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth will infest all Georgia cotton-producing counties. In a number of counties, double-resistant glyphosate and ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth has been confirmed. Any of the ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth in Georgia has been confirmed to be resistant to all groups of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth has been confirmed in 61 counties in Georgia. Triazine-resistant Palmer amaranth was confirmed in central Georgia in 2008. This is a metabolism (enhanced GST) biotype and does not have cross-resistance to other non-chloro-s-triazines. Currently, we are conducting greenhouse studies on 30 selections that are suspected to be atrazine, glyphosate and ALS-resistant. In 2010, ACCase-resistant Lolium multiflorum from Franklin County, Georgia. It has been tested to be sethoxydim and diclofop-methyl resistant, but is susceptible to clethodim. Double-resistant Lolium multiforum resistant to ALS and ACCase herbicides has been characterized on 100 to 500 acres. Specifically, these have been confirmed to be resistant to diclofop-methyl and mesosulfuron-methyl. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Michigan: The Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (APRD www.pesticideresistance.org) was created by Michigan State University with the intent to establish a source of pesticide resistance information for scientists, researchers, government officials, and industry specialists. With this information, resistance management practitioners can develop and refine IPM programs to prolong decreasing susceptibility. The occurrence of pesticide resistance frequently leads to the increased use, overuse, and even misuse of pesticides that pose a risk to the environment, phytosanitation, market access, global trade, and threats to public health. Resistance can also result in serious economic loss and social disruption. The APRDs mission is to report cases of arthropod adaptation to insecticides since the 1900s. APRD has documented nearly 600 species and 9,456 cases of pesticide resistance, most of which have occurred over the last 60 years of intensive pesticide use. In 2010, hundreds and hundreds of new cases of resistance were added to the APRD demonstrating the wide array of different pests, their locations, and the insecticide they are resistant to. APRDs managers intend that arthropod pesticide resistance reporting should contribute to designing better integrated pest management (IPM) programs through selection of diversified management materials and strategies; and in the end contribute to the worlds effort to reduce hunger, improve food security and assure human and animal health. In May, 2010 the APRD website experienced one of its busiest months yet with more than 64,000, nearly 5,000 of those staying for 15 minutes or longer. Typically the APRD sustains more than 500,000 search-related visits annually lasting longer than 15 minutes. As the growing season begins to come to a close, the number of visits (green in Figure 1 below) to the site decreases slightly, which is a reoccurring annual trend. Nearly 1/3 of the monthly traffic to the APRD is from US educational institutions (.edu) while a large portion of others are from EU, India, Japan and China. The APRD has over 400 registered users from 46 different countries. These users represent scientific researchers, government officials, private and industrial employees, as well as members of non-profit organizations. The Resistant Pest Management (RPM) Newsletter was developed to spread knowledge of resistance around the world. The goal of the RPM Newsletter is to inform researchers, industry workers, pesticide policy bureaucrats and field personnel worldwide of ongoing changes and advances in pesticide resistance management, provide an archival resource to national and international policy leaders, and enhance communication of ideas among resistance managers worldwide. Since its 1989 inception, the Newsletter has published over 655 articles, including 35 articles in 2009. The Bi-annual publication has 1,137 electronic subscribers (mostly in government, libraries, and academia), and hard copies are now part of 58 libraries serial listings worldwide. Example countries with serial listings include the United States, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, Taiwan, Egypt, Kenya, Costa Rica, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Mauritius, Mexico, Pakistan, China, Spain, Tanzania and New Zealand. The newsletter can be viewed online at http://whalonlab.msu.edu/Newsletter/index.html and has received 15,536 visitors since October 2010. In part, as a result of these efforts (Arthropod Resistance Database and RPM Newsletter) we have helped to pioneer and perpetuate WERA-060 outreach to national, international, USDA/CSREES projects, etc. that address pesticide resistance and resistance management policy not only in the Upper Midwest but across the US, EU and the world. These efforts are a key note of this important process, and we have developed these communication tools into a strong cooperative network with other Land Grant universities, government organizations and the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (CropLife International) internationally to deliver up-to-the-minute resistance information via the world wide web.

Publications

Carrière, Y., D. W. Crowder and B. E. Tabashnik. 2010. Evolutionary ecology of insect adaptation to Bt crops. Evolutionary Applications 3: 561-573. Crowder, D.W., P.C. Ellsworth, B.E. Tabashnik and Y. Carriere. 2008. Effects of operational factors on evolution of resistance to pyriproxyfen in the sweet potato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Environmental Entomology, 37(6): 15141524. Dennehy, T.J., Degain, B.A., Harpold, V.S., Zaborac, M., Morin, S., Fabrick, J.A., Nichols, R. L., Brown, J.K., Byrne, F.J., & Li, X. 2010. Extraordinary Resistance to Insecticides Reveals Exotic Q Biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the New World. Journal of Economic Entomology (in press). Ellsworth, P.C. & J.L. Martinez-Carrillo. 2001. IPM for Bemisia tabaci in North America: A Case Study. Crop Protection 20: 853869. Ellsworth, P.C. 2010. Section IIA, Invertebrates: Insect Management on Cotton (pp. IIA1 IIA69). In Arizona PCA Study Manual. Preparatory materials for the Arizona Pest Control Fournier, A., J. Peterson & J. Reding, eds. 2010. Arizona Pest Control Advisor Study Manual: Preparatory Materials for the Arizona Pest Control Advisors License. Arizona Crop Protection Association. Hannon, E. R., M. S. Sisterson, S. P. Stock, Y. Carrière, B. E. Tabashnik and A. J. Gassmann. 2010. Effects of four nematode species on fitness costs of pink bollworm resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. J. Econ. Entomol. 103: 1821-1831. Heuberger, S., C. Ellers-Kirk, B. E. Tabashnik and Y. Carrière. 2010. Pollen-and seed-mediated transgene flow in commercial cotton seed production fields. PLoS One: in press. Horowitz AR, Ellsworth PC and I. Ishaaya I. 2009. Biorational pest control: an overview, In Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests: Application and Resistance Management, ed. by Ishaaya I and Horowitz AR, Springer. Ma, W., Li, X., Dennehy, T. J., Lei, C., Wang, M., Degain, B. A., Nichols, R. L. 2009. Utility of MtCOI polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in differentiating between Q and B whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotypes. Insect Science 16: 107-114. Ma, W., Li, X., Dennehy, T.J., Lei, C., Wang, M., Degain, B.A. 2010. Pyriproxyfen resistance of Bemisia tabaci Biotype B: metabolic mechanism Journal of Economic Entomology 103(1):158 Naranjo, S.E. & P.C. Ellsworth. 2009. 50 years of the integrated control concept: moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona. Pest Management Science, 65: 12671286. Naranjo, S.E. & P.C. Ellsworth. 2009. The contribution of conservation biological control to integrated management of Bemisia tabaci in cotton. Biological Control, 51(3): 458470. Tabashnik, B. E. and Y. Carrière. 2010. Field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton: Helicoverpa zea in the U.S. and pink bollworm in India. Southwestern Entomol. 35: 417-424. Tabashnik, B. E., M. S. Sisterson, P. C. Ellsworth, T. J. Dennehy, L. Antilla, L. Liesner, M. Whitlow, R. T Staten, J. A. Fabrick, G. C. Unnithan, A. J. Yelich, C. Ellers-Kirk, V. S. Harpold, X. Li and Y. Carrière. 2010. Suppressing resistance to Bt cotton with sterile insect releases. Nature Biotechnology: in press. Wyenandt, A. and N.L. Maxwell. 2010. Evaluating vegetable fungicide recommendations in the United States: Should more be done to limit the risks of fungicide resistance development? (accepted, Journal of Extension) Wyenandt, C.A., McGrath, M.T., Rideout, S.L., Gugino, B.K., Everts, K.L., and R.P. Mulrooney. 2009. Fungicide resistance management guidelines for cucurbit downy and powdery mildew control in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States. Online. Crop Management. doi:10.1094/CM-2009-0629-01-BR. Wyenandt, C.A., N.L. Maxwell and D.L. Ward. 2010. Determining practical fungicide resistance development and drift in the control of cucurbit powdery mildew in pumpkin. (accepted, Plant Health Progress) Wyenandt, C.A., S.L. Rideout, B.K. Gugino, M.T. McGrath, K.L. Everts and R.P. Mulrooney. 2010. Fungicide resistance management guidelines for the control of tomato diseases in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States. Online. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2010-0827-01-MG.

Impact Statements

Extending knowledge from resistance monitoring and management programs to agricultural producers and the agrochemical industry.
Improved understanding of pesticide resistance among scientists, producers, industry representatives, students, and other interested stakeholders.
Adoption of resistance management guidelines in various cropping systems, including in complex, multi-crop systems.

Date of Annual Report: 02/19/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/08/2011 - 12/08/2011
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 09/01/2011

Participants

Vencill, William, University of Georgia;
McGrath, Meg, Cornell University;
Westra, Phil, Colorado State University;
Nissen, Scott, Coloraod State University;
Stevenson, Katherine L., Univ of Georgia;
McAllister, Janet, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins;
Holtzer, Thomas, Colorado State University;

Brief Summary of Minutes

There were three major activities during the meeting: presentations by attendees on resistance research and extension efforts, discussion of critical issues in pesticide resistance, and committee business. The unique nature of this committee, which includes members investigating pesticide resistance in each of the three major pest disciplines (insects, diseases and weeds), provides an ideal opportunity for each member to learn about resistance in other disciplines, thereby broadening their understanding of resistance generally plus gaining knowledge and ideas that could be brought to their discipline. The size of the meeting fosters cross discipline discussion, which often is critical for obtaining a complete understanding of resistance in another discipline.

Committee Business focused on three items: 1) the renewal proposal (due January 15th 2012), 2) increasing participation in the future, 3) plans for the next meeting in conjunction with the 7th International IPM Symposium.

A draft of the proposal was reviewed and a number of suggestions for strengthening it were incorporated. The draft was to be sent to all members not in attendance for their input. The primary plan for increasing membership was to encourage current members to solicit their colleagues around the country to become members. Personal contact was viewed as the most effective means. The WERA-060-led symposium session was briefly discussed and all thought it was progressing nicely.

Katherine L. Stevenson from the University of Georgia was elected incoming chair.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

[Below are summarized highlight of reported accomplishments. Full State Reports are provided as an attachment to the minutes section.] >>Arizona<< Stabilizing Cross-commodity Whitefly Management and Completing Transition to Novel Reduced Risk Chemistries This project was funded through a Pest Management Alternatives Program (PMAP) grant (Li, Palumbo, Ellsworth & Fournier), heavily leveraged through other resources (Arizona Cotton Growers Association, Cotton Incorporated and industry support). The project includes evaluation of baseline susceptibility and resistance risk to whiteflies for new novel chemistries, including cross-resistance potential with current management tools. We are also evaluating and comparing field efficacy, non-target effects and economic effectiveness of the new chemistries with standards in cotton, melon and vegetable crops against whiteflies. Based on this research we are in the process of developing a new, sustainable stakeholder-driven cross-commodity whitefly management program and will transfer this technology to growers and PCAs through a comprehensive outreach plan incorporating field demonstrations, print and online publications, face-to-face trainings and peer network dissemination. We are in the third year of this two-year project. Update: Assays of field-collected whiteflies conducted in Lis lab have shown a significant drop in mortality rates for acetamiprid-treated whiteflies over the past two years, ca. 60% median mortality in 2010 versus just 30% in 2011. Dr. Peter Ellsworth solicited feedback from pest control advisors at Extension meetings in late 2011 on their observations of field performance of acetamiprid, and got mixed responses, but most agreed that it isnt working as well as when it was introduced. Since 2005, performance for imidacloprid against whiteflies on vegetables has also declined, based on data from Dr. John Palumbo. We have examined the use patterns of available AIs across crops and have developed a draft concept that will be put up for discussion with industry reps and PCAs at an upcoming meeting. Impact: The anticipated impact is promotion of statewide adoption of cross-commodity pesticide use practices that will help sustain important chemical tools for whitefly management across key crops in Arizona. Statewide Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Resistance Monitoring Program Statewide monitoring of whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, neonicotinoids, spiromesifen and synergized pyrethroids has been conducted in Arizona for over a decade. Work previously done in Dr. Tim Dennehys lab is now being carried on by Dr. Xianchun Lis lab. Findings: Field populations of B biotype whitefly are still susceptible to buprofezin and spiromesifen, but have developed moderate levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen and synergised pyrethroids for several years. Both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen. In 2011, field populations of B biotype whitefly have also developed low to medium levels of resistance to neonicotinoids tested (imidacloprid and acetamiprid). Consistent with our lab bioassay results, complaints on the field efficacy of neonicotinoids have increased this year. Lab bioassays also show that such field-evolved neonicotinoid resistance decrease significantly after 2-3 generations lab rearing without exposure to neonicotinoids. Synergism experiments suggest that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) are involved in field-evolved neonicotinoid resistance. All these resistant populations are susceptible to novel chemistries including rynaxypyr, cyazypyr, spirotetramat, and pyrifluquinazon, based on current research. We have established the baseline susceptibilities of B biotype whiteflies to these novel insecticides. We have surveyed the distribution of Q biotype whiteflies in Arizona, a biotype of worldwide significance and often with severe resistances to a wide array of chemistry. As of this year, Q biotype whiteflies in AZ are still limited to greenhouse plants and ornamentals. We have detected two subclades of Q biotype, designated as Q1 and Q2, respectively. We have developed a PCR-RFLP technique to differentiate Q1, Q2, and B biotype whiteflies. We have also monitored the resistance of Q biotype whitefly populations collected from ornamentals. All Q populations we have tested are resistant to the insecticides currently used for control of the B biotype whiteflies. All of the Q populations we have tested so far are susceptible to cyazypyr and rynaxypyr. But we have 1-2 Q populations that are resistant to the other two novel insecticides, namely, spirotetramat and pyrifluquinazon. Large-Scale, Spatially-Explicit Test of the Refuge Strategy for Delaying Insecticide Resistance Work in this area was published in PNAS this year: Carrière, Y., Ellers-Kirk, C., Harthfield, K., Larocque, G., Degain, B., Dutilleul, P., Dennehy, T.J., Marsh, S.E., Crowder, D.W., Li, X., Ellsworth, P.C., Naranjo, S.E., Palumbo, J.C., Fournier, A., Antilla, L., Tabashnik, B.E. 2011. Large-Scale, Spatially Explicit Test of the Refuge Strategy for Delaying Insecticide Resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117851109 Abstract: The refuge strategy is used worldwide to delay the evolution of pest resistance to insecticides that are either sprayed or produced by transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops. This strategy is based on the idea that refuges of host plants where pests are not exposed to an insecticide promote survival of susceptible pests. Despite widespread adoption of this approach, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. Here we tested the refuge strategy with 8 years of data on refuges and resistance to the insecticide pyriproxyfen in 84 populations of the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) from cotton fields in central Arizona. We found that spatial variation in resistance to pyriproxyfen within each year was not affected by refuges of melons or alfalfa near cotton fields. However, resistance was negatively associated with the area of cotton refuges and positively associated with the area of cotton treated with pyriproxyfen. A statistical model based on the first 4 years of data, incorporating the spatial distribution of cotton treated and not treated with pyriproxyfen, adequately predicted the spatial variation in resistance observed in the last 4 years of the study, confirming that cotton refuges delayed resistance and treated cotton fields accelerated resistance. By providing a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of refuges and the scale of their effects, the spatially explicit approach applied here could be useful for testing and improving the refuge strategy in other crop-pest systems. No Herbicide Resistance Detected in Arizona Dr. William B. McCloskey investigates any claim of herbicide resistant weed populations in Arizona by collecting seed from suspected resistant populations and conducting herbicide trials side by side with known susceptible populations in the greenhouse. To date, there have been no confirmed instances of herbicide resistant weed populations in Arizona, including any resistance to glyphosate despite the presence of resistant weed populations in surrounding states. Tools for Evaluating Resistance Management Practices in Arizona We continue to develop data, tools and resources to support evaluation of IPM adoption, resistance management, and other pest management practices. This includes development of the Arizona Pest Management Center Pesticide Use Database in partnership with the Arizona Department of Agriculture. The database contains over 20 years of historical pesticide use reports, integrated with other useful resources. This effort has received a funding boost through three successful Arizona Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grants that will partially support a database specialist position for the next 2 years. We have integrated IRAC, HRAC and FRAC mode of action tables into the database that will help facilitate resistance-related data queries. Impact: These data are used to infer resistance risk for cross-commodity pest management, and help guide our recommendations to growers. Data were also used in part of the analysis for a study recently published in PNAS (Carrière et al. 2011). Education and Outreach Vegetable IPM Updates. Since January 2010, the Vegetable Crops IPM Leadership Team (Peña, Palumbo, Tickes, Matheron and Nolte) has published Veg IPM Updates on a biweekly basis. These updates deliver timely information to end-users via web, email and smart phone. Delivered 26 biweekly updates in 2011 on insect, disease and weed management, often including resistance-related topics. These reached over 450 Arizona and California stakeholders by email list, and at least 300 stakeholders via the Arizona Crop Information Site (http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/vegetables/advisories/advisories.html). In addition, the same team has produced and posted 21 vegetable IPM videos to date (8 on insects, 10 on weed control and 3 on diseases) and created video archive webpage at http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/vegetables/videos.html. Stakeholders have responded with enthusiasm about the quality and timeliness of these updates. We have seen a steady increase in attendance at educational meetings and a 2-fold increase in listserv membership for Veg IPM updates. Western Farm Press and Western Agri-Radio Network distributed these updates to over 20,000 readers. Field Crops IPM Shorts. The Field Crops IPM Leadership Team (Brown, Ellsworth, Ottman, Norton, McCloskey, Mostafa and Fournier) in summer 2011 began producing short, timely advisory pieces on field crops pest management and getting these out to the broadest audience possible. Field Crops IPM Shorts are one-page articles on timely topics of interest that include photos, data and/or graphics. Topics so far have included natural enemies of cotton pests, selective insecticides, cotton pest thresholds, and a guide to glyphosate products for weed control and others. Some of these outputs touch on resistance topics, including one piece on Round-up Ready alfalfa. The pieces go out to at least 360 stakeholders via agent email lists, and have also been picked up each week and redistributed by Western Farm Press while some pieces have been distributed by the National Cotton Council and Southwestern Farm Press, reaching many tens of thousands of readers. The pieces are archived on the ACIS site at http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/agronomic_ipm.html. Arizona Crop Information Website. The ACIS website (http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/) hosts current information and publications for clientele on crop production and pest management, including resistance issues, and is a primary outlet for Extension outputs. The site also provides clientele with information about upcoming meetings and pesticide regulatory updates. Our ACIS email list includes about 300 participants, and is used to send updates to clientele on new extension publications, emerging pest or pesticide issues and upcoming events. Presentations, Outreach and Continuing Education. The Ag Team organized and delivered 28 extension meetings in FY 2011, including 6 Crop Pest Losses workshops, indoor meetings, tent talks and other field-based meetings. In addition, several faculty (including Ellsworth, Palumbo, Tickes and Matheron) delivered presentations at state and regional conferences including the Desert Agriculture Conference and the Southwest Agriculture Summit. At least 94 Arizona Dept. of Agriculture CEUs, 56.5 California Dept. of Pesticide Regulation CEUs and 19 Certified Crop Advisor CEUs were delivered. Attendees are very conservatively estimated at over 1,600 people. The Southwest Ag Summit held in Yuma in March 2011 attracted 760 participants including 131 students, and delivered 12 AZ, 12 CA and 12 CCA CEUs in the breakout sessions alone. Nearly every Extension presentation related to cotton or vegetable pest management in 2011 included information about resistance of key pests to insecticides and strategies for retaining efficacy of important management tools. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ >>Colorado<< 2011 was the year that glyphosate resistant kochia was documented at multiple locations in Colorado. In addition we confirmed glyphosate resistance in kochia samples from KS, NE, ND, and SD. We were able to confirm that similar to Palmer amaranth, glyphosate resistance in kochia is due to amplification of the EPSPS gene in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants. The level of amplification is not as high as that documented in Palmer amaranth, but it is nevertheless sufficient to confer resistance to commercial glyphosate rates in the field. Resistant plants survive a lethal rate of glyphosate, produce seed, and pass the resistance trait on to their progeny. We have conducted multiple studies on the ecology of kochia seedling emergence, the longevity of buried kochia seed, and on alternative methods of kochia control. Multiple extension meetings on this topic were held in CO, KS, and NE, most in collaboration with Dr. Phil Stahlman of KSU. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ >>Georgia<< Accomplishment: A new rapid assay was developed for detecting tebuconazole insensitivity in the peanut early leaf spot pathogen, Cercospora arachidicola. Impact: Routine fungicide sensitivity monitoring has provided important information used in selection of fungicides for peanut disease management programs. Accomplishment: Mechanisms of DMI resistance in field isolates of the peanut early leaf spot pathogen Cercospora arachidicola were investigated. Impact: Better understanding of the specific mechanisms of resistance has provided a basis for development of improved resistance management strategies for DMI fungicides in peanut disease management programs. Accomplishment: Baseline sensitivity of the watermelon gummy stem blight pathogen, Didymella bryoniae, to the succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibiting (SDHI) fungicide penthiopyrad was established and a significant positive correlation between sensitivity to penthiopyrad and boscalid indicated a potential for cross-resistance between these related fungicides. Based on in vitro tests of isolates from fungicide-treated watermelon fields, 80% of the isolates tested were found to be insensitive to both fungicides. Impact: Knowledge of baseline sensitivity and cross-resistance among fungicides has enabled development of more effective programs for GSB management. Accomplishment: Baseline sensitivity of the watermelon gummy stem blight pathogen, Didymella bryoniae, to demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides tebuconazole and difenoconazole was established. All isolates collected from fungicide-treated watermelon fields were found to be sensitive to both DMI fungicides. Impact: Knowledge of baseline sensitivity to DMI fungicides has provided the basis for an effective resistance-monitoring program to evaluate resistance management strategies and detect significant changes in sensitivity of the GSB pathogen to these highly effective fungicides. Accomplishment: Field experiments demonstrated that a high frequency of insensitivity of Didymella bryoniae to azoxystrobin, boscalid or thiophanate-methyl was associated with poor control of gummy stem blight in watermelons treated with the respective fungicides. Impact: The relationship between the frequency of fungicide resistance and level of disease control has enabled development of more effective programs for GSB management based on fungicide sensitivity monitoring. Accomplishment: Investigations were conducted on the molecular characterization of boscalid- and penthiopyrad-resistant isolates of Didymella bryoniae and assessment of their sensitivity to fluopyram. Impacts: Better understanding of the specific mutations associated with resistance to SDHI fungicides has provided a basis for development of improved resistance management strategies for SDHI fungicides in watermelon gummy stem blight management programs. Accomplishments: Have been part of a Weed Science Society of America effort to create and distribute herbicide resistance training materials via the web and to increase efforts with regulatory and industry officials to include site of action labeling for herbicides. Accomplishments: Have characterized glyphosate-resistant and multiple herbicide resistant populations of Palmer amaranth across the state of Georgia. We have identified Palmer amaranth popularions resistant to glyphosate, ALS-inhibitors, atrazine, and dinitroaniline herbicides. We are in the process of mapping the basis of target and non-target site ALS resistance in Palmer amaranth in Georgia. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ >>Minnesota<< Novel Vip3A Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize approaches high dose efficacy against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field conditions: Implications for resistance management Authors: E. C. Burkness, G. P. Dively, T. Patton, A. C. Morey, and W. D. Hutchison Abstract: Sweet corn, Zea mays L., transformed to express a novel vegetative insecticidal protein, Vip3A (event MIR162, Syngenta Seeds, Inc.) produced by the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), was evaluated over four field seasons in Maryland and two field seasons in Minnesota for efficacy against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Hybrids expressing the Vip3A protein and pyramided in hybrids also expressing the Cry1Ab Bt protein (event Bt11, ATTRIBUTE®, Syngenta Seeds, Inc.) were compared to hybrids expressing only Cry1Ab or to genetically similar non-Bt hybrids each year. In addition to H. zea efficacy, results for Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) are presented. Over all years and locations, the non-Bt hybrids, without insecticide protection, averaged between 43 and 100% ears infested with a range of 0.24 to 1.74 H. zea larvae per ear. By comparison, in the pyramided Vip3A x Cry1Ab hybrids, no larvae were found and only minimal kernel damage (likely due to other insect pests) was recorded. Hybrids expressing only Cry1Ab incurred a moderate level of H. zea feeding damage, with surviving larvae mostly limited to the first or second instar as a result of previously documented growth inhibition from Cry1Ab. These results suggest that the Vip3A protein, pyramided with Cry1Ab, appears to provide the first high-dose under field conditions and will be valuable for ongoing resistance management. Title: Cross-Pollination of Nontransgenic Corn Ears With Transgenic Bt Corn: Efficacy Against Lepidopteran Pests and Implications for Resistance Management Authors: E. C. Burkness, P. K. ORourke, and W. D. Hutchison Abstract: The efficacy of nontransgenic sweet corn, Zea mays L., hybrids cross-pollinated by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sweet corn hybrids expressing Cry1Ab toxin was evaluated in both field and laboratory studies in Minnesota in 2000. Non-Bt and Bt hybrids (maternal plants) were cross-pollinated with pollen from both non-Bt and Bt hybrids (paternal plants) to create four crosses. Subsequent crosses were evaluated for efficacy in the field against European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (HËbner), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and in laboratory bioassays against O. nubilalis. Field studies indicated that crosses with maternal Bt plants led to low levels of survival for both O. nubilalis and H. zea compared with the non-Bt X non-Bt cross. However, the cross between non-Bt ears and Bt pollen led to survival rates of 43 and 63% for O. nubilalis and H. zea larvae, respectively. This intermediate level of survival also was reflected in the number of kernels damaged. Laboratory bioassays for O. nubilalis, further confirmed field results with larval survival on kernels from the cross between non-Bt ears and Bt pollen reaching 60% compared with non-Bt crossed with non-Bt. These results suggest that non-Bt refuge plants, when planted in proximity to Bt plants, and cross-pollinated, can result in sublethal exposure of O. nubilalis and H. zea larvae to Bt and may undermine the high-dose/refuge resistance management strategy for corn hybrids expressing Cry1Ab. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ >>New Jersey<< Fungicide resistance management in vegetable crop production continues to be a major focus in New Jersey as well as the rest of the mid-Atlantic region (PA, DE, MD, and VA). The 6th edition of the Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for Vegetable Crop Production in the mid-Atlantic Region will be published in 2011. Since 2007, over 10,000 of these guides have been distributed to growers, extension agents and specialists, crop consultants, and industry representatives throughout the region representing to our best estimates between 75,000 to 100,000 A of commercial vegetable production. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ >>New York<< Permethrin Resistance in house Flies 1) Accomplishments We investigated the promoter of CYP6D1 to better understand the molecular basis for overtranscription of this P450 that results in permethrin resistance in house flies. While we were able to identify the promoter region responsible for increased transcription in the resistant strain, the factor binding to that region remained elusive. 2) Impacts Monitoring multiple loci that contribute to insecticide resistance represents a significant technical challenge. Understanding of the mechanisms involved in the overexpression of CYP6D1 leading to permethrin resistance will lead to improved methods for monitoring this resistance mechanism in field populations. Fungicide Resistance in Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Activities pertaining to fungicide resistance in cucurbit powdery mildew being conducted in New York are monitoring of resistance in production fields, evaluating fungicides at-risk for resistance, and determining baseline sensitivity for new fungicides. Fungicides are an important tool for managing cucurbit powdery mildew to avoid losses in quantity and/or fruit quality. This is the most common disease of cucurbit crops, which include pumpkin, squash and melon. Effective control necessitates products able to move to the lower leaf surface, where this disease develops best. Unfortunately these mobile products are prone to resistance development because of their single-site mode of action. Spores of this pathogen can be wind dispersed long distances enabling widespread dispersal of resistant strains. A leaf disk bioassay was used to examine fungicide sensitivity of pathogen isolates (individuals) obtained at the end of the growing season in 2010 from commercial pumpkin crops and research fields. Almost all 96 isolates (97%) tested with Topsin M were resistant to this fungicide group (MBC; FRAC code 1). Resistance to QoI fungicides (FRAC code 11) was detected in 98% of the isolates tested. Resistance to both fungicide groups was also found to be common in previous years. Resistance to both is qualitative, thus pathogen isolates are either sensitive or resistant, and fungicides are ineffective against resistant isolates. There is a fungicide (Pristine) with a FRAC code 11 active ingredient that has continued to be recommended because it contains another active ingredient (FRAC code 7). Applying Pristine could select for pathogen strains resistant to FRAC code 11 fungicides, thereby maintaining this resistance in the pathogen population. The very high frequency of resistance to FRAC code 1 fungicides, despite very limited use for other pathogens, indicates that there is no fitness cost of this trait that would cause resistant strains to be at a competitive disadvantage with sensitive strains in the pathogen population. Ability to grow on leaf disks with a high concentration (500 ppm) of boscalid, an active ingredient in Pristine, was detected in 43% of the pathogen isolates tested. This concentration is in the range of what would be in the spray tank when Pristine is applied at labeled rates, therefore isolates tolerating 500 ppm are likely fully resistant to this fungicide, which means they would not be controlled by Pristine. Isolates collected in 2010 were more sensitive to the other fungicides tested, which represent the other two fungicide chemistries recommended for managing cucurbit powdery mildew. Myclobutanil, the active ingredient in Rally, a FRAC code 3 fungicide, at 20 ppm was tolerated by 47% of the isolates. Only 11% were insensitive to 80-ppm myclobutanil. Quinoxyfen, the active ingredient in Quintec, a FRAC code 13 fungicide, at 10 ppm was tolerated by 42% of the isolates. One isolate tested was insensitive to 80-ppm myclobutanil and also to 40-ppm quinoxyfen as well as being fully resistant to boscalid and code 1 and 11 fungicides. Existence of pathogen isolates like this one with resistance or elevated insensitivity (compared to other isolates) to all labeled fungicide chemistries is a concern for continued effective management of cucurbit powdery mildew with currently-registered fungicides. Further evolution could result in development of full (practical) resistance to all fungicides. A seedling fungicide sensitivity bioassay developed in NY was used again in 2011 to monitor pathogen sensitivity to fungicides in commercial and research fields of cucurbits. Similar to previous years, resistance to FRAC Code 1 and Code 11 fungicides were detected in all populations examined, typically at high levels. Resistance to these chemistries is qualitative and cross-resistance occurs amongst all fungicides in each group. Strains of the pathogen were detected able to tolerate 500-ppm boscalid (active ingredient in Pristine), 120-ppm myclobutanil (Rally) and 10-ppm quinoxyfen (Quintec). Ability to tolerate 500-ppm boscalid is of concern because this concentration is in the range of what would be in the spray tank when Pristine is applied. Resistance is common to the other active ingredient in Pristine, which is in FRAC code 11. Therefore Pristine would not be expected to be able to control these strains. On average, a lower proportion of the pathogen populations were able to tolerate 10-ppm quinoxyfen than 500-ppm boscalid or 120-ppm myclobutanil. The proportion was lowest for 10-ppm quinoxyfen. Therefore Quintec was expected to be the most effective fungicide in 2011. Four FRAC Code 3 (DMI) fungicides were included in the bioassays at the same dose (40 ppm) to assess whether there are inherent differences in activity among fungicides in this chemical group. Only minor differences were detected which were not considered to be important. The fungicides tested were Rally, Procure, Tebuzol and Inspire. There are differences in the dose that can be applied to crops with these. The dose in the spray tank when these fungicides are applied at the highest labeled rate at 50 gpa are 263 ppm for Inspire Super, 300 ppm for Rally, 363 ppm for Tebuzol, and 527 ppm for Procure. Efficacy of fungicides at-risk for resistance was determined by conducting a replicated experiment with fungicides applied to field-grown pumpkin exposed to naturally occurring pathogen population. Powdery mildew started to develop earlier than expected compared to similar previous experiments with this variety based on both plant growth stage and calendar date. On 1 August, two days before treatments were started, powdery mildew was observed on 1 to all 8 older leaves examined in all but 2 of the 64 plots; overall incidence of affected leaves was 75%. Thus, when treatments were started on 3 August powdery mildew in all plots greatly exceeded the IPM threshold of one affected leaf out of 50 old leaves. In contrast, only 5% of leaves were affected on 2 Aug 2010 in a similar experiment with the same variety planted on the same day. Efficacy of treatments may have been impacted by applications starting after the IPM threshold. Based on AUDPC values (Area Under Disease Progress Curve) for upper leaf surfaces, the most effective fungicides were four new products: Luna Experience, Torino SC, Mervion (higher rate), and Fontelis SC. Treatments with these products had the lowest AUDPC values for lower leaf surfaces. These fungicides were not significantly more effective than currently registered mobile fungicides with single site mode of action: Pristine, Quintec, and Procure.

Publications

Publications Avenot, H. F., Lewis, K. J., Brenneman, T. B., and Stevenson, K. L. 2011. Development of a PCR-based assay for QoI resistance monitoring in the pecan scab pathogen, Fusicladium effusum. Phytopathology 101:S11. Avenot, H. F., Thomas, A., Gitaitis, R. D., Langston, D. B. Jr., and Stevenson, K. L. 2011. Molecular characterization of boscalid- and penthiopyrad-resistant isolates of Didymella bryoniae and assessment of their sensitivity to fluopyram. Pest Management Science. DOI 0.1002/ps.2311. Avenot, H. F., Thomas, A., Gitaitis, R. D., Langston, D. B., Jr., and Stevenson, K. L. 2010. Molecular characterization of resistance to boscalid and penthiopyrad in Didymella bryoniae isolates collected from Georgia watermelon fields. Phytopathology 100:S9. Brévault, T., Nibouche, S., Achaleke, J. and Y. Carrière. 2011. Assessing the role of non-cotton refuges in delaying Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bt cotton in West Africa. Evolutionary Applications, in press. Burkness, E. C., G. P. Dively, T. Patton, A. C. Morey, and W. D. Hutchison. 2010. Novel Vip3A Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize approaches high dose efficacy against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field conditions: Implications for resistance management. GM Crops 1 (5): 337-343. (On-line: http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/gmcrops/archive/volume/1/issue/5/ ) Burkness, E. C., P. K. ORourke, and W.D. Hutchison. 2011. Cross pollination of nontransgenic corn ears with transgenic Bt corn: Efficacy against Lepidopteran pests and implications for resistance management. J. Econ. Entomol. 104(5): 1476-1479. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC11081 Carrière, Y., Ellers-Kirk, C., Harthfield, K., Larocque, G., Degain, B., Dutilleul, P., Dennehy, T.J., Marsh, S.E., Crowder, D.W., Li, X., Ellsworth, P.C., Naranjo, S.E., Palumbo, J.C., Fournier, A., Antilla, L., Tabashnik, B.E. 2011. Large-Scale, Spatially-Explicit Test of the Refuge Strategy for Delaying Insecticide Resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117851109 Chu, D., Hu, X., Gao, C., Zhao, H., Nichols, R.L., and Li, X. 2011. Use of mtCOI PCR-RFLP for Identifying Subclades of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean Group. J. Eco. Entomol. (in press) Crowder, D. W., Horowitz, A. R., Bresulauer, H., Rippa, M., Kontsedalov, S., Ghanim, M., and Y. Carrière. 2011. Niche partitioning and stochastic processes shape community structure following whitefly invasions. Basic and Applied Ecology. 12:685-694. Dennehy, T.J., Degain, B.A., Harpold, V.S., Zaborac, M., Morin, S., Fabrick, J. A., Nichols, R. L., Brown, J. K., Byrne, F.J., & Li, X. 2010. Extraordinary Resistance to Insecticides Reveals Exotic Q Biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the New World. Journal of Economic Entomology Dec 2010 : Vol. 103, Issue 6, pg(s) 2174-2186 doi: 10.1603/EC10239. Ellsworth, P. C. 2010. Lygus in Cotton No. 4: Chemical Control Termination Guidelines (Draft). University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Circular (peer reviewed), 2 pp. http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/presentations/DRAFT_LT_guide2-pg.pdf Ellsworth, P. C. 2011. Cotton IPM: A Quiet Revolution Reduces Costs, Losses and Risks for Arizonas Cotton Growers. University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Impact Report. http://ag.arizona.edu/apmc/docs/CottonIPM2011_Impacts.pdf Ellsworth, P. C., A. Mostafa, L. Brown & S. Naranjo. 2011. Soft-bodied Collops likes soft bodies. Field Crops IPM Short. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/files/CollopsVFlo.pdf. July 2011 Ellsworth, P. C., L. Brown, A. Fournier & S. Naranjo. 2011. $1-plus Cotton: New Insect Thresholds? Field Crops IPM Short. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/files/NewThresholdsVF.pdf. June 2011 Ellsworth, P. C., L. Brown, A. Fournier, X. Li, J. Palumbo & S. Naranjo. 2011. Keeping Cotton Green. Field Crops IPM Short. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/files/SelectiveChemicalControlsvF.pdf. July 2011 Fabrick, J. A., L. G. Mathew, B. E. Tabashnik and X. Li. 2011. Insertion of an intact CR1 retrotransposon in a cadherin gene linked with Bt resistance in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Insect Mol. Biol. 20: 651-665. Fernández-Luna, M. T., B. E. Tabashnik, H. Lanz-Mendoza, A. Bravo, M. Soberón, J. Miranda-Ríos. 2010. Single concentration tests show synergism among Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis toxins against the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles albimanus. J. Invert. Pathol. 104: 231-233. Gaines, T.A., W. Zhang, D. Wang, B. Bukun, S.T. Chisholm, D.L. Shaner, S.J. Nissen, W.L. Patzoldt, P.J. Tranel, A.S. Culpepper, T.L. Grey, T.M. Webster, W.K. Vencill, R.D. Sammons, J. Jiang, C. Preston, J.E. Leach, and P. Westra. 2010. Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri. PNAS 107:955-956. Heuberger, S., C. Ellers-Kirk, B. E. Tabashnik and Y. Carrière. 2010. Pollen- and seed-mediated transgene flow in commercial cotton seed production fields. PLoS ONE 5(11): e14128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014128. Heuberger, S., C. Ellers-Kirk, B. E. Tabashnik and Y. Carrière. 2011. A spatially-explicit analysis of crop-to-crop gene flow in cotton. Information Systems for Biotechnology News Report, March 2011: 5-8. Heuberger, S., D. W. Crowder, T. Brévault, B. E. Tabashnik and Y. Carrière. 2011. Modeling the effects of plant-to-plant gene flow, larval behavior, and refuge size on pest resistance to Bt cotton. Environ. Entomol. 40: 484-495. Hu, X., Dennehy, T.J., Ni, X., Zhao, H., Nichols, R.L., and Li, X. 2011. Potential adaptation of a Q biotype whitefly strain from poinsettia to field crops. Insect Science 18 (6): 719-728 Li, X., B.A. Degain, V.S. Harpold, P.G. Marcon, R.L. Nichols, A.J. Fournier, S.E. Naranjo, J.C. Palumbo and P.C. Ellsworth. 2012. Baseline susceptibilities of B- and Q-biotype Bemisia tabaci to anthranilic diamides in Arizona. Pest Management Science 2012, 68: 8391. DOI 10.1002/ps.2227. Lin, G. G.-H. and Scott, J. G. 2011. Investigations of the constitutive overexpression of CYP6D1 in the permethrin resistant LPR strain of house fly (Musca domestica). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 100: 130-134. Lin, G. G.-H., Kozaki, T. and Scott, J. G. 2011. Hormone receptor-like in 96 and broad-complex modulate phenobarbital induced transcription of cytochrome P450 CYP6D1 in Drosophila S2 cells. Insect Molec. Biol. 20:87-95. McCloskey, W. & L. Brown. 2011. Considering Roundup ReadyTM Alfalfa. Field Crops IPM Short. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/files/RR-alfalfaShortF.pdf McGrath, M. T. 2011. Challenge of fungicide resistance in managing vegetable diseases in United States and anti-resistance strategies. Chapter 16. Pages 191-207. In Fungicide Resistance in Crop Protection: Threat and Management. Thind, T. S. (Ed.). CABI International. McGrath, M. T. and Hunsberger, L. K. 2011. Effectiveness for cucurbit powdery mildew of fungicides prone to resistance development. Phytopathology 100:S (abstract for presentation made 10/10). McGrath, M. T., and Hunsberger, L. K. 2011. Efficacy of fungicides for managing cucurbit powdery mildew and pathogen sensitivity to fungicides, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:V104. McGrath, M. T., Rivara, K. L., and Hunsberger, L. K. 2011. Sensitivity of the cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen to fungicides prone to resistance development. Phytopathology 100:S (abstract for presentation made 10/10) Naranjo, S. E. 2010. Impacts of Bt transgenic cotton on integrated pest management. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59(11): 5842-51. (DOI:10.1021/jf102939c) Naranjo, S. E. and P. C. Ellsworth. 2010. Fourteen years of Bt cotton advances IPM in Arizona. Southwest. Entomol. 35: 437-444. Qiu, J., Culbreath, A. K., and Stevenson, K. L. 2010. A new rapid assay for detecting tebuconazole resistance in Cercospora arachidicola. Phytopathology 100:S105. Qiu, J., Culbreath, A. K., and Stevenson, K. L. 2010. Mechanisms of DMI resistance in field isolates of Cercospora arachidicola. Phytopathology 100:S105. Qiu, J., Stevenson, K. L., and Culbreath, A. K. 2009. A new rapid assay for detecting tebuconazole resistance in Cercospora arachidicola. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. vol. 41. Seyran, M., Brenneman, T. B., and Stevenson, K. L. 2010. A rapid method to monitor fungicide sensitivity in the pecan scab pathogen, Fusicladium effusum. Crop Protection. Crop Protection 29:1257-1263. Seyran, M., Brenneman, T. B., and Stevenson, K. L. 2010. In vitro toxicity of alternative oxidase inhibitors salicylhydroxamic acid and propyl gallate on Fusicladium effusum. Journal of Pest Science 83:421-427. Seyran, M., Nischwitz, C., Lewis, K. J., Gitaitis, R. D., Brenneman, T. B., and Stevenson, K. L. 2009. Phylogeny of the pecan scab fungus Fusicladium effusum G. Winter based on the cytochrome b gene sequence. Mycological Progress 9:305-308. Seyran, M., Nischwitz, C., Lewis, K., Gitatitis, R., Stevenson, K., and Brenneman, T. 2009. Taxonomy of the pecan scab fungus based on the cytochrome b gene sequence. Phytopathology 99:S200. Stevenson, K. L., Brenneman, T. B., and Seyran, M. 2009. Monitoring fungicide resistance in individual orchard populations of the pecan scab fungus, Fusicladium effusum. Pages 156-157 in: Proceedings of the 10th International Epidemiology Workshop, D. M. Gadoury, R. C. Seem, M. M. Moyer, and W. E. Fry (Eds.). New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. Stevenson, K. L., Keinath, A. P., Thomas, A., Langston, D. B., Roberts, P. D., Hochmuth, R. C., and Thornton, A. C. 2011. Boscalid insensitivity documented in Didymella bryoniae isolated from watermelon in Florida and North Carolina. Plant Health Progress. (Submitted) Stevenson, K. L., Seyran, M., and Brenneman, T. B. 2009. Monitoring fungicide resistance in the pecan scab pathogen. Proceedings of the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association 102:62-67. Tabashnik, B. E, F. Huang, M. N. Ghimire, B. R. Leonard, B. D. Siegfried, M. Rangasamy, Y. Yang, Y. Wu, L. J. Gahan, D. G. Heckel, A. Bravo and M. Soberón. 2011. Efficacy of genetically modified Bt toxins against insects with different mechanisms of resistance. Nature Biotechnology 29: 1128-1131. Tabashnik, B. E. 2010. Communal benefits of transgenic corn. Science 330: 189-190. Tabashnik, B. E. 2011. Pest control with Bt cotton and sterile insect releases. Information Systems for Biotechnology News Report, February 2011: 4-6. Tabashnik, B. E. and Y. Carrière. 2011. Resistance to transgenic crops and pest outbreaks. In: Insect Outbreaks Revisited, eds. P. Barbosa, D. Letourneau and A. Agrawal: in press. Tabashnik, B. E., M. S. Sisterson, P. C. Ellsworth, T. J. Dennehy, L. Antilla, L. Liesner, M. Whitlow, R. T Staten, J. A. Fabrick, G. C. Unnithan, A. J. Yelich, C. Ellers-Kirk, V. S. Harpold, X. Li and Y. Carrière. 2010. Suppressing resistance to Bt cotton with sterile insect releases. Nature Biotechnology 28: 1304-1307. Thomas, A., Langston, D. B., Jr., and Stevenson, K. L. 2010. Sensitivity of Didymella bryoniae to DMI and carboxamide fungicides. Phytopathology 100:S126. Thomas, A., Langston, D. B., Jr., and Stevenson, K. L. 2012. Baseline sensitivity and cross-resistance within succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibiting fungicides and demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Didymella bryoniae. Plant Disease (Accepted). Vencill, W.K. 2011. A framework for defining herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Portland, OR. Abstract # 288. Vencill, W.K. and J. Whitaker. 2011. Dinitroaniline-resistant Palmer amaranth in Georgia. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf., Atlanta, GA. Vencill, W.K., R.L. Nichols, T.M. Webster, C.M. Mallory-Smith, N. Burgos, J. Soteres, and W.G. Johnson. 2011. Review of the evolution of herbicide resistance in crops and weeds. Weed Sci. (In Press). Vencill, W.K., R.N. Nichols, T.M. Webster, J. Soteres, W.G. Johnson, N. Burgos, and C. Mallory-Smith. 2010. Herbicide Resistance: An Historical Perspective. Symposium of Herbicide Resistance. Asbtr. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Wan, P., Y. Huang, H. Wu, M. Huang, S. Cong, B. E. Tabashnik and K. Wu. 2011. Increased frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac. PLoS ONE: in press. Williams, J. L., C. Ellers-Kirk, R. G. Orth, A. J. Gassmann, G. Head, B. E. Tabashnik and Y. Carrière. 2011. Fitness cost of resistance to Bt cotton linked with increased gossypol content in pink bollworm larvae. PLoS ONE 6 (6): e2183. doi: 10.1371/journalpone.0021863. Wyenandt, A. and N.L. Maxwell. 2011. Evaluating vegetable fungicide recommendations in the United States: Should more be done to limit the risks of fungicide resistance development? Online. Journal of Extension. June 2011. http://www.joe.org/joe/2011june/a8.php Zhang, H., W. Yin, J. Zhao, Y. Yang, S. Wu, B. E. Tabashnik and Y. Wu. 2011. Early warning of cotton bollworm resistance associated with intensive planting of Bt cotton in China. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22874. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022874.

Impact Statements

Extending knowledge from resistance monitoring and management programs to agricultural producers and the agrochemical industry.
Improved understanding of pesticide resistance among scientists, producers, industry representatives, students, and other interested stakeholders.
Adoption of resistance management guidelines in various cropping systems, including in complex, multi-crop systems.

Date of Annual Report: 10/23/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/27/2012 - 03/29/2012
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

Katie Stevenson, University of Georgia; Mark Whalon, Michigan State University; Peter Ellsworth, University of Arizona; William Hutchison, University of Minnesota; W. K. Vencill, University of Georgia; Meg McGrath, Cornell University; Robert Nichols, Cotton, Inc.

Brief Summary of Minutes

WERA-60 Minutes Tuesday, March 27, 2012

WERA-60 helped organize a Plenary Session (3/23/2012) at the 7th International IPM Symposium on Resistance Entitled: Embracing Laboratory and Field Definitions of Resistance and Reconciling the IRM Proactivity Paradox. The Plenary was followed by a WERA-60 Workshop Entitled: Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Plant Pathogens, and Weeds: A Growing Threat to IPM and US Agriculture Chaired by David Mota-Sanchez MI State University with speakers including: 1) Mark Whalon- Advances in the Arthropod Pest Resistance Database, 2) Blair Siegfried- GMOs and Resistance, 3) Meg McGrath- Fungicide Resistance in Vegetable Crops, 4) Carl Bradley, Univ. of IL, Dramatic Use Increase in Fungicides in Row Crops, and Bob Nichols US Cotton Council for David Shaw (who could not attend) The Glyphosate Weed Resistance Situation in SE US. The WERA-60 Annual Meeting followed the resistance Plenary and Workshop.

WERA-60 Meeting Minutes: Submitted by Mark Whalon Secretary:

The meeting opened with a discussion of the formal processes of WERA-60s annual cycle including the meeting process, minutes, initiatives and reporting.
Discussion of the Consolidation of Federal Funding: Various IPM funding lines in the Farm Bill, IR-4, NIFA, and other sources were addressed. Attendees proposed and discussed various strategies for ensuring continued support for IPM and resistance management as an important component of IPM. Considerable concern was expressed that the rush to consolidate IPM funding lines in NIFA would lead to a dilution of IPM in all of its contextual applications. Those present expressed various issues adding support to the above concern. In the end, the groups consensus was to find a specific arena within the emerging NIFA where resistance and resistance management science could be supported. Various attendees addressed the scope of various disciplinary resistance situations and the need for resistance management as a stand alone responsibility in overall US agriculture.

Various suggestions were made and discussed toward securing some form of stable funding for Resistance Management within the Farm Bill and NIFA.

Katie Stevenson and others endorsed WERA-60s support for IR-4 and IPM while considerable consternation was displayed in the NIFA process within which resistance and resistance management may not be identified as a very significant undertaking in the stability and future of major and minor crops in the US. Peter Ellsworth commented that IR-4 had sufficient support, but resistance management would need a clear and persuasive positioning within the NIFA structure in order to emerge with any status or funding. Currently, Integrated Resistance Management (IRM) is neither included in AFRI nor NIFA explicitly. Therefore, WERA-60 clearly supports the inclusion of baseline support for:

1-Development of clear strategies to integrate existing and new crop protection tools into IRM systems

2-Inclusion of these critical IRM components of IPM in NIFA and AFRI funding.

Considerable discussion was focused toward different ways to accomplish 1 & 2 above. The consensus of WERA-60 was that IRM strategies needed to be explicitly cited in NIFA, AFRI and perhaps IR-4 lines. In fact, WERA-60 supports the idea that IRM should be an earmark explicitly stated and included within these funding lines as a means of assuring proper attention to and management of resistance. Further, WERA-60 supports the idea that IRM, as a tactic within IPM, would best be served if it was specifically mentioned within NIFA, AFRI and/or IR-4. WERA-60 members had in mind a specific articulation of IRM as a sub-tactic within any sustainable IPM program in either row or specialty crops.

WERA-60 members were encouraged by various participants to make their thoughts and suggestions available through the three remaining Listening Sessions upcoming.

The WERA-60 meeting turned to future business, and specifically to the site of the 2013 WERA-60 meeting. After considerable discussion, it was decided to convene WERA-60 in the second week of January 2013 in San Antonio in conjunction with Belt Wide Cotton Meeting.

Ending comments by WERA-60 members detailed various pathogen, arthropod and weed publications and upcoming sessions in professional societies.

Meeting adjourned at 8:30 pm.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Symposium Session 7th International Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Symposium Introduction Among the objectives of the Multi-Regional Work Group, WERA 60 Management of Pesticide Resistance, are: to facilitate exchange of information among pest management disciplines on the evolution of resistance in pests, to elucidate factors that influence the rate of resistance evolution, and to formulate strategies and tactics that may be utilized to delay resistance. A specific means to facilitate information exchange is to organize and deliver scientific symposia on pesticide resistance management. To provide such a forum, Dr. David Mota-Sanchez of Michigan State University (MSU), assisted by Drs. Mark E. Whalon, Andrew Wyenandt, and Robert L. Nichols of MSU, Rutgers University, and Cotton Incorporated, respectively, organized, moderated, and/or presented papers at session R 20 of the 7th International Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Symposium held in Memphis, Tennessee on March 27-29, 2012. We estimate that 120 individuals attended the symposium. [A summary and abstracts representing the session as a whole and each of the individual presentations is provided in the attached file under Summary of Minutes, Minutes Attachment, Copy of Minutes.] Summary Report The session featured two presentations each on entomology, plant pathology, and weed science (total of six). The first paper presented for each discipline was an overview of resistance history, reporting procedures, and management strategies within the discipline. The second presentation for each of the respective disciplines covered an emerging resistance issue, current research findings concerning the resistance, and/or recommendations for its management. In addition, there were active discussions following several of the papers, and a general discussion of controversial issues at the conclusion of the session. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> State Reports [The full state reports, including figures and publications are in the attached file under Summary of Minutes, Minutes Attachment, Copy of Minutes.] >>>>Arizona<<<< Peter C. Ellsworth, Al Fournier, Bruce Tabashnik, Xianchun Li, John Palumbo Arizona Pest Management Center & Department of Entomology & William B. McCloskey, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona >>Stabilizing Cross-commodity Whitefly Management and Completing Transition to Novel Reduced Risk Chemistries This project was funded through a Pest Management Alternatives Program (PMAP) grant (Li, Palumbo, Ellsworth & Fournier), heavily leveraged through other resources (Arizona Cotton Growers Association, Cotton Incorporated and industry support). The project includes evaluation of baseline susceptibility and resistance risk to whiteflies for new novel chemistries, including cross-resistance potential with current management tools. We are also evaluating and comparing field efficacy, non-target effects and economic effectiveness of the new chemistries with standards in cotton, melon and vegetable crops against whiteflies. Based on this research we are in the process of developing a new, sustainable stakeholder-driven cross-commodity whitefly management program and will transfer this technology to growers and PCAs through a comprehensive outreach plan incorporating field demonstrations, print and online publications, face-to-face trainings and peer network dissemination. We are in the third year of this two-year project. Update: Assays of field-collected whiteflies conducted in Lis lab have shown a significant drop in mortality rates for acetamiprid-treated whiteflies over the past two years, ca. 60% median mortality in 2010 versus just 30% in 2011. Dr. Peter Ellsworth solicited feedback from pest control advisors at Extension meetings in late 2011 on their observations of field performance of acetamiprid, and got mixed responses, but most agreed that it isnt working as well as when it was introduced. Since 2005, performance for imidacloprid against whiteflies on vegetables has also declined, based on data from Dr. John Palumbo. We have examined the use patterns of available AIs across crops and have developed a draft concept that will be put up for discussion with industry reps and PCAs at an upcoming meeting. Impact: The anticipated impact is promotion of statewide adoption of cross-commodity pesticide use practices that will help sustain important chemical tools for whitefly management across key crops in Arizona. >>Statewide Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Resistance Monitoring Program Statewide monitoring of whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, neonicotinoids, spiromesifen and synergized pyrethroids has been conducted in Arizona for over a decade. Work previously done in Dr. Tim Dennehys lab is now being carried on by Dr. Xianchun Lis lab. Findings: Field populations of B biotype whitefly are still susceptible to buprofezin and spiromesifen, but have developed moderate levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen and synergised pyrethroids for several years. Both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen. In 2011, field populations of B biotype whitefly have also developed low to medium levels of resistance to neonicotinoids tested (imidacloprid and acetamiprid). Consistent with our lab bioassay results, complaints on the field efficacy of neonicotinoids have increased this year. Lab bioassays also show that such field-evolved neonicotinoid resistance decrease significantly after 2-3 generations lab rearing without exposure to neonicotinoids. Synergism experiments suggest that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) are involved in field-evolved neonicotinoid resistance. All these resistant populations are susceptible to novel chemistries including rynaxypyr, cyazypyr, spirotetramat, and pyrifluquinazon, based on current research. We have established the baseline susceptibilities of B biotype whiteflies to these novel insecticides. We have surveyed the distribution of Q biotype whiteflies in Arizona, a biotype of worldwide significance and often with severe resistances to a wide array of chemistry. As of this year, Q biotype whiteflies in AZ are still limited to greenhouse plants and ornamentals. We have detected two subclades of Q biotype, designated as Q1 and Q2, respectively. We have developed a PCR-RFLP technique to differentiate Q1, Q2, and B biotype whiteflies. We have also monitored the resistance of Q biotype whitefly populations collected from ornamentals. All Q populations we have tested are resistant to the insecticides currently used for control of the B biotype whiteflies. All of the Q populations we have tested so far are susceptible to cyazypyr and rynaxypyr. But we have 1-2 Q populations that are resistant to the other two novel insecticides, namely, spirotetramat and pyrifluquinazon. >>Large-Scale, Spatially-Explicit Test of the Refuge Strategy for Delaying Insecticide Resistance Work in this area was published in PNAS this year: Carrière, Y., Ellers-Kirk, C., Harthfield, K., Larocque, G., Degain, B., Dutilleul, P., Dennehy, T.J., Marsh, S.E., Crowder, D.W., Li, X., Ellsworth, P.C., Naranjo, S.E., Palumbo, J.C., Fournier, A., Antilla, L., Tabashnik, B.E. 2011. Large-Scale, Spatially-Explicit Test of the Refuge Strategy for Delaying Insecticide Resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117851109 Abstract: The refuge strategy is used worldwide to delay the evolution of pest resistance to insecticides that are either sprayed or produced by transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops. This strategy is based on the idea that refuges of host plants where pests are not exposed to an insecticide promote survival of susceptible pests. Despite widespread adoption of this approach, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. Here we tested the refuge strategy with 8 years of data on refuges and resistance to the insecticide pyriproxyfen in 84 populations of the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) from cotton fields in central Arizona. We found that spatial variation in resistance to pyriproxyfen within each year was not affected by refuges of melons or alfalfa near cotton fields. However, resistance was negatively associated with the area of cotton refuges and positively associated with the area of cotton treated with pyriproxyfen. A statistical model based on the first 4 years of data, incorporating the spatial distribution of cotton treated and not treated with pyriproxyfen, adequately predicted the spatial variation in resistance observed in the last 4 years of the study, confirming that cotton refuges delayed resistance and treated cotton fields accelerated resistance. By providing a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of refuges and the scale of their effects, the spatially explicit approach applied here could be useful for testing and improving the refuge strategy in other crop-pest systems. >>No Herbicide Resistance Detected in Arizona Dr. William B. McCloskey investigates any claim of herbicide resistant weed populations in Arizona by collecting seed from suspected resistant populations and conducting herbicide trials side by side with known susceptible populations in the greenhouse. To date, there have been no confirmed instances of herbicide resistant weed populations in Arizona, including any resistance to glyphosate despite the presence of resistant weed populations in surrounding states. >>Tools for Evaluating Resistance Management Practices in Arizona We continue to develop data, tools and resources to support evaluation of IPM adoption, resistance management, and other pest management practices. This includes development of the Arizona Pest Management Center Pesticide Use Database in partnership with the Arizona Department of Agriculture. The database contains over 20 years of historical pesticide use reports, integrated with other useful resources. This effort has received a funding boost through three successful Arizona Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grants that will partially support a database specialist position for the next 2 years. We have integrated IRAC, HRAC and FRAC mode of action tables into the database that will help facilitate resistance-related data queries. Impact: These data are used to infer resistance risk for cross-commodity pest management, and help guide our recommendations to growers. Data were also used in part of the analysis for a study recently published in PNAS (Carrière et al. 2011). >>Education and Outreach Vegetable IPM Updates. Since January 2010, the Vegetable Crops IPM Leadership Team (Peña, Palumbo, Tickes, Matheron and Nolte) has published Veg IPM Updates on a biweekly basis. These updates deliver timely information to end-users via web, email and smart phone. Delivered 26 biweekly updates in 2011 and 7 in 2012 on insect, disease and weed management, often including resistance-related topics. These reached over 450 Arizona and California stakeholders by email list, and at least 300 stakeholders via the Arizona Crop Information Site (http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/vegetables/advisories/advisories.html). In addition, the same team has produced and posted 35 vegetable IPM videos to date (11 on insects, 15 on weed control, 3 on diseases and 6 Question of the week videos) and created video archive webpage at http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/vegetables/videos.html. Stakeholders have responded with enthusiasm about the quality and timeliness of these updates. We have seen a steady increase in attendance at educational meetings and a >2-fold increase in listserv membership for Veg IPM updates. Western Farm Press and Western Agri-Radio Network distributed these updates to over 20,000 readers. Field Crops IPM Shorts. The Field Crops IPM Leadership Team (Brown, Ellsworth, Ottman, Norton, McCloskey, Mostafa and Fournier) in summer 2011 began producing short, timely advisory pieces on field crops pest management and getting these out to the broadest audience possible. Field Crops IPM Shorts are one-page articles on timely topics of interest that include photos, data and/or graphics. We have produced 18 shorts so far. Topics so far have included natural enemies of cotton pests, selective insecticides, cotton pest thresholds, and a guide to glyphosate products for weed control and others. Some of these outputs touch on resistance topics, including one piece on Round-up Ready alfalfa. The pieces go out to at least 360 stakeholders via agent email lists, and have also been picked up each week and redistributed by Western Farm Press while some pieces have been distributed by the National Cotton Council and Southwestern Farm Press, reaching many tens of thousands of readers. The pieces are archived on the ACIS site at http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/agronomic_ipm.html. Arizona Crop Information Website. The ACIS website (http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/) hosts current information and publications for clientele on crop production and pest management, including resistance issues, and is a primary outlet for Extension outputs. The site also provides clientele with information about upcoming meetings and pesticide regulatory updates. Our ACIS email list includes about 300 participants, and is used to send updates to clientele on new extension publications, emerging pest or pesticide issues and upcoming events. Presentations, Outreach and Continuing Education. The Ag Team organized and delivered 28 extension meetings in 2011, including 6 Crop Pest Losses workshops, indoor meetings, tent talks and other field-based meetings. In addition, several faculty (including Ellsworth, Palumbo, Tickes and Matheron) delivered presentations at state and regional conferences including the Desert Agriculture Conference and the Southwest Agriculture Summit. At least 94 Arizona Dept. of Agriculture CEUs, 56.5 California Dept. of Pesticide Regulation CEUs and 19 Certified Crop Advisor CEUs were delivered. Attendees are very conservatively estimated at over 1,600 people. The Southwest Ag Summit held in Yuma in March 2011 attracted 760 participants including 131 students, and delivered 12 AZ, 12 CA and 12 CCA CEUs in the breakout sessions alone. Nearly every Extension presentation related to cotton or vegetable pest management in 2011 included information about resistance of key pests to insecticides and strategies for retaining efficacy of important management tools. So far in calendar year 2012, we have held 7 Extension meetings and one farmer field day conferring about 15 Arizona CEUs. >>>>Colorado<<<< Phil Westra and Scott Nissen Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University 2012 saw significant research and outreach progress on glyphosate resistant kochia which was reported over a much wider geographic range including KS, CO, NE, SD, ND, and Alberta, Canada. Molecular research by Andrew Wiersma, a CSU MS graduate student, showed that in all cases, glyphosate resistant plants from many accessions over this geographic range, had increased copy number of the EPSPS gene usually in the range of 3-9 copies which appears sufficient to confer resistance to a field labeled rate of glyphosate (.75 lb ae/acre). With increased EPSPS copy number came increased transcript abundance and increased detection of higher levels of EPSPS enzyme with an antibody. Andrew will pursue additional kochia transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics at Michigan State University in the program of Dr. Robin Buell. We continue to work closely with KSU weed scientists on the glyphosate resistant kochia problem in the Central Great Plains. We have become a center for molecular kochia research for all parties dealing with glyphosate resistant kochia. We collaborated with several other scientists on a publication of gene amplification cross-generational stability in Palmer amaranth from North Carolina. Work has been initiated on the rapid necrosis response in glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in multiple populations from North America. Dr. Fernando Adegas, visiting scientist from Brazil, worked with Dr. Scott Nissen and the CSU weed science team on molecular aspects of glyphosate resistant sourgrass and horseweed. His research showed that glyphosate resistance in sourgrass is not due to glyphosate metabolism nor to a gene mutation nor to increased EPSPS protein expression. Key personnel on our Colorado resistant weed team include Drs. Scott Nissen, Dale Shaner (ARS), Chris Preston (University of Adelaide, Australia), Jan Leach, ASN Reddy, and Todd Gaines (U. of Western Australia). >>>>Georgia<<<< Katherine L. Stevenson Department of Plant Pathology University of Georgia >>Research on Fungicide Resistance in the Gummy Stem Blight Pathogen of Watermelon Didymella bryoniae, which causes gummy stem blight (GSB) of watermelon, has a history of developing resistance to fungicides, most recently the succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibiting (SDHI) fungicide boscalid (FRAC Group 7). Pristine, a formulated mixture of boscalid and the quinone (outside) inhibiting (QoI) fungicide pyraclostrobin (FRAC Group 11) worked well against D. bryoniae until resistance to boscalid was observed in the southeastern U.S. in the late 2000s. In laboratory assays, out of 103 field isolates of this fungus, 82 and seven were found to be very highly resistant (BVHR) and highly resistant (BHR) to boscalid respectively. Cross-resistance studies with the new SDHI penthiopyrad showed that the BVHR isolates were only highly resistant to penthiopyrad (BVHR-PHR), while the BHR isolates appeared sensitive to penthiopyrad (BHR-PS). Research was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of resistance in these two phenotypes (BVHR-PHR and BHR-PS) and to assess their sensitivity to the new SDHI fluopyram. A 456-bp cDNA amplified fragment of the succinate dehydrogenase iron sulfur gene (DbSDHB) was initially cloned and sequenced from two sensitive (BS-PS), two BVHR-PHR and one BHR-PS isolate of D. bryoniae. Comparative analysis of the DbSDHB protein revealed that a highly conserved histidine residue involved in the binding of SDHIs and present in wild-type isolates was replaced by tyrosine (H277Y) or arginine (H277R) in the BVHR-PHR and BHR-PS variants respectively. Further examination of the role and extent of these alterations showed that the H/Y and H/R substitutions were present in the remaining BVHR-PHR and BHR-PS variants respectively. Analysis of the sensitivity to fluopyram of representative isolates showed that both SDHB mutants were as sensitive to this fungicide as the wild-type isolates. The genotype-specific cross-resistance relationships between the SDHIs boscalid and penthiopyrad and the lack of observed cross-resistance between these fungicides and fluopyram should be taken into account when selecting SDHIs for gummy stem blight management. >>>>Michigan<<<< Mark E. Whalon, David Mota-Sanchez, Brittany Harrison and Rebeca Gutierrez Department of Entomology Michigan State University >>MSU Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database Accomplishments. The occurrence of pesticide resistance frequently leads to the increased use, overuse, and even misuse of pesticides that pose a risk to the environment, phytosanitation, market access, global trade, and public health. It can also result in serious economic loss and social disruption. The economic impact of pesticide resistance in the US has been estimated at $1.4 billion to over $4 billion annually (Pimentel et al 1991, 1993). Arthropods have been evolving for millions of years to defeat natural toxins. Since the first written report of insecticide resistance was published in 1914 by Melander, 574 species, 338 compounds, and 10,357 cases of pesticide resistance have been counted (Figure 1), most of which have been recorded over the last 60 years of intensive pesticide use. Most of the cases were found in agricultural, forest and ornamental plants (65.9%). Another 30.6% occurred in medical, veterinary and urban pests. Only 3.1% of the cases reported described the development of resistance in natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids, 0.4% in other species such as pollinators, and non-target insects. Conventional insecticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids) make up about 85.2% of the total resistance cases. We have observed that there is an increase in the number of resistance cases in groups of compounds with novel chemistries and modes of action such as insect growth regulators, avermectins, neonicotinoids, IGRs, bacterial agents (Bts) and spynosins, among others. In addition, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) has reported resistance grouped by insecticide mode of action. These reports are hosted in our MSU arthropod pesticide resistance database at: http://www.pesticideresistance.org/irac/1/. The IRAC database content reflects the current working knowledge of a wide range of experts from industry, academia, and state and local cooperative extension, with IRAC making the ultimate decision on rankings of resistance status. IRAC makes no claim of completeness or accuracy because situations can change quickly due to many factors. 2) Impacts. Our database is visited frequently; recording about 500,000 visits to our web site (www.pesticideresistance.org) per year, and is perhaps one of the most complete databases in resistance of organisms to xenobiotics. It is our intention that this effort in reporting arthropod pesticide resistance should contribute to the design of better alternatives for resistance pest management; and in the end contribute to the worlds effort to reduce hunger, and improve human and animal health and food security. >>Resistant Pest Management (RPM) Newsletter Accomplishments and impacts. The Resistant Pest Management (RPM) Newsletter was developed to spread knowledge of resistance around the world. The goal of the RPM Newsletter is to inform researchers, industry workers, pesticide policy and field personnel worldwide of ongoing changes and advances in pesticide resistance management, provide an archival resource to national and international policy leaders, and enhance communication of ideas among resistance managers worldwide. Since its 1989 inception, the Newsletter has published over 680 articles, including 19 articles in 2011. The Bi-annual publication has over 1,150 electronic subscribers (mostly in government, industry and academia), and hard copies are now part of 58 libraries serial listings worldwide. Example countries with serial listings include the United States, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, Taiwan, Egypt, Kenya, Costa Rica, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan and New Zealand. The newsletter has received 21,879 visitors since May 2012. >>>>Nebraska<<<< Blair Siegfried Department of Entomology University of Nebraska Summary: Resistance monitoring techniques developed at the University of Nebraska for detecting Bt resistance in the European corn borer are currently used in support of an annual resistance monitoring program. This effort provides a means for early detection of Bt resistance and is an essential component of Bt resistance management programs. Additional testing of new Bt toxins was initiated in 2009 development of diagnostic bioassays was initiated in 2011. Efforts to characterize Bt resistance have continued and have resulted in research results that will be important to future resistance management efforts. The availability of one of these strains has provided valuable information regarding the development of modified B t toxins that overcome a variety of resistance mechanisms. We continue to develop techniques for identification of Bt receptors in the gut of pest insects and potential modifications that may result from resistance development using next generation sequencing of the midgut transcriptome. We have also continued research to characterize field evolved resistance to Bt toxins in Puerto Rican populations of the fall army worm which represents one the first instances of control failures with Bt transgenic corn and have documented the existence of resistance alleles in North Amercian populations of FAW. Impact: Planting of Bt corn has increased dramatically since its introduction in 1996. Widespread adoption of the technology has caused increased selection pressures and place increased priority on development of sound resistance management practices. The identification of resistant strains and characterization of resistance among field populations will provide critical information to federal agencies that regulate the use of this technology and help ensure that the technology is used a sustainable manner. Bt resistance monitoring information provided by our lab is currently utilized by most of the major seed and biotechnology companies to support registrations of transgenic corn for both European corn borer. This project represents a number of collaborations. Specifically, scientists from USDA-ARS including Dr. Richard Hellmich and Dr. Brad Coates participated in a number of joint publications associated with this research. In addition, a number of graduate students including E. Pereira, C. Gaspers, A. Crespo, and S. Tan participated in this project and contributed research that formed part of their Ph.D. dissertations. >>>>New Jersey<<<< Andy Wyenandt Extension Specialist in Vegetable Pathology Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers University Fungicide resistance management in vegetable crop production continues to be a major focus in New Jersey as well as the rest of the mid-Atlantic region (PA, DE, MD, and VA). The 6th edition of the Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for Vegetable Crop Production in the mid-Atlantic Region will be published in 2012. Since 2007, over 10,000 of these guides have been distributed to growers, extension agents and specialists, crop consultants, and industry representatives throughout the region representing to our best estimates between 75,000 to 100,000 A of commercial vegetable production. >>>>New York<<<< Margaret Tuttle McGrath Cornell University >>Fungicide resistance in cucurbit powdery mildew Activities pertaining to fungicide resistance in cucurbit powdery mildew being conducted in New York are monitoring of resistance in production fields, evaluating fungicides at-risk for resistance, and determining baseline sensitivity for new fungicides. Fungicides are an important tool for managing cucurbit powdery mildew to avoid losses in quantity and/or fruit quality. This is the most common disease of cucurbit crops, which include pumpkin, squash and melon. Effective control necessitates products able to move to the lower leaf surface, where this disease develops best. Unfortunately these mobile products are prone to resistance development because of their single-site mode of action. Only 3 of the 5 fungicide chemical groups labeled for cucurbit powdery mildew in the US currently are recommended: FRAC Codes 3, 7, and 13. Resistance to FRAC Code 1 and 11 fungicides has been shown to be generally common through previous research conducted in NY. Spores of this pathogen (Podosphaera xanthii) can be dispersed by wind long distances enabling widespread dispersal of resistant strains. Research conducted since the last report has focused on determining fungicide sensitivity of pathogen isolates (individuals) obtained at the end of the growing season in 2011 from commercial pumpkin crops, research fields, and non-fungicide-treated garden squash. Sensitivity is being determined using a leaf disk bioassay for the 55 isolates from 12 populations. Leaves of pumpkin at the cotyledon stage are sprayed with a fungicide, then one day later disks are cut, put on water agar in a sectioned Petri dish (six disks per section), and inoculated by transferring spores to the center of each disk. Three fungicide doses are tested and compared to a non-treated control in each bioassay. Pathogen growth is assessed after 7-14 days. A few more bioassays are planned to complete this work. Results from 14 bioassays conducted so far are as follows. Based on bioassays conducted with Rally, a DMI (FRAC code 3) fungicide containing myclobutanil as the active ingredient, 20% of the isolates were able to grow on leaf disks treated with 40 ppm, 85% of the isolates tolerated 10 ppm, and 15% of the isolates were sensitive to 10 ppm. Bioassays conducted with Quintec (FRAC code 13) revealed that 24% of the isolates were able to grow on leaf disks treated with 40 ppm quinoxyfen (active ingredient), 78% of the isolates tolerated 10 ppm, and 22% of the isolates were sensitive to 10 ppm. Only 4% of isolates tolerated 500 ppm boscalid, an active ingredient in Pristine. Isolates tolerant of this concentration are considered resistant. Most isolates (61%) were sensitive to 100 ppm boscalid. Doses used in bioassays cannot be directly compared to rates applied by growers treating their crops because the dose is prepared as a concentration and applied to coverage while the rate growers use is based on acreage treated. The concentration in a spray tank varies with the gallonage used, which varies a lot. When the fungicides used in the bioassay are applied at the highest labeled rate at 50 gallon/acre, the dose of active ingredient in the spray tank is 300 ppm of myclobutanil for Rally, 212 ppm of quinoxyfen for Quintec, and 700 ppm of boscalid for Pristine.

Publications

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Publications Attachment:

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Impact Statements

Extending knowledge from resistance monitoring and management programs to agricultural producers and the agrochemical industry.
Improved understanding of pesticide resistance among scientists, producers, industry representatives, students, and other interested stakeholders.
Adoption of resistance management guidelines in various cropping systems, including in complex, multi-crop systems.