WERA_OLD1009: Systems to Improve End-use Quality of Wheat

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/25/2008] [03/16/2009] [03/15/2010] [03/28/2011] [09/29/2012]

Date of Annual Report: 03/25/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/29/2008 - 01/31/2008
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2007 - 12/01/2007

Participants

Anderson Lyona University of Idaho WQL;
Andlovec Alice Kraft Foods-Nabisco;
Aschbrenner Tim Cereal Food Processors;
Baik Byung-Kee WSU Crop & Soil Science;
Baker Dave Gilt Edge Flour Mills;
Baker Scott ConAgra Foods;
Baldridge Mary Western Wheat Quality Laboratory;
Bettge Art USDA Western Wheat Quality Lab;
Blocker Kevin Washington Wheat Commission;
Bryan Ehr Jill Horizon Milling;
Brynes Chris Horizon Milling;
Caley Margo USDA-ARS-NPA Grain Marketing Research Lab;
Cassone Domenico Kraft Foods-Nabisco;
Chen Jianli University of Idaho;
Clark Dale R. Westbred;
Clayton Jack University of Idaho WQL;
Cook Craig Westbred;
Cooley Scott USDA-Federal Grain Inspection Service;
Dailey Patricia Idaho Wheat Commission;
DeMacon Victor Washington State University;
Duyck Tom Oregon Wheat Commission;
Engle Doug Western Wheat Quality Laboratory;
Fesler Robert Horizon Milling;
Flagg Ian U.S. Wheat Associates;
Flemm John USDA-Federal Grain Inspection Service;
Flowers Mike Oregon State University;
Furuta Yoshifumi Sanwa Shurui Company;
Gannon Diane Kraft Foods-Nabisco;
Gentry Jodie Gilliam County Wheat Quality Lab;
Gray Mike Kellogg Company;
Haley Scott Soil and Crop Sciences;
Hansen Tim Kraft Foods-Nabisco;
Harris Tracy Washington State University;
Herron Dana Washington Wheat Commission;
Hodges Kevin Westbred;
Hole David USU Dept. of Plants Soils & Biometeorology;
Hou Gary Wheat Marketing Center;
Jones Deborah Gilliam County Wheat Quality Lab;
Karow Russ Dept. of Crop & Soil Science OSU;
King Christina Westbred;
Kuznik Colleen Horizon Milling;
Kweon Meera USDA-ARS SWQL OARDC;
Lee Bon Wheat Marketing Center;
Levine Harry Food Polymer Science;
Lewis Merrill Fossum Cereals;
Long Kaleen Continental Mills;
Lumbreras Jamie Gilt Edge Flour Mills;
Lyne Rhonda USDA-GIPSA-TSD;
Matchett Bob Resource Seeds, INC;
McLean Reuben Pendleton Flour Milling;
Miller Hayley Soil and Crop Sciences;
Morris Craig Western Wheat Quality Laboratory;
Nash Deanna MSU Wheat Quality Lab;
Nelson Howard Central Washington Grain Growers;
Oades John U.S. Wheat Associates;
O'Brien Katherine University of Idaho WQL;
Ong Caryn Oregon State University;
Pan Bill WSU Crop & Soil Science;
Peterson C. James Oregon State University;
Pryor Earl Oregon Wheat Commission;
Quinde-Axtell Zory Continental Mills;
Rauch Chris Oregon Wheat Commission;
Ross Andrew Oregon State University;
Seabourn Brad USDA-ARS-NPA Grain Marketing Research Lab;
Shantz Kim Westbred;
Shelton Gary Washington State University;
Shook Derrick Kraft Foods-Nabisco;
Simpson Tana Oregon Wheat Commission;
Slade Louise Food Polymer Science;
Sorensen Leland University of Idaho WQL;
Sorenson Mary ConAgra Foods;
Souza Edward J. USDA Soft Wheat Quality Lab;
Steele Thomas USDA-Federal Grain Inspection Service;
Stromberger John Soil and Crop Sciences;
Torrey Grant Columbia Seed;
Walters Craig Pacer Corporation;
Wilson Lori Kellogg Company PSOC;
Zemetra Bob University of Idaho PSES;

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

USDA ARS Western Wheat Quality Lab PIs Morris and Beecher work on the underlying molecular genetics of wheat grain end-use quality. Accomplishments for 2007 include the influence of kernel texture on pilot-scale milling performance, the development of a device for the preparation of endosperm bricks suitable for material property testing, a critical examination of the SDS sedimentation test for wheat meals, analysis of the gene family of polyphenol oxidase in wheat and markers for PPO genes, registration of Waxy-Pen wheat variety, and the study of oxidative gelation on soft wheat quality. Colorado State University In fall 2007, experimental line CO01385-A1 was released as 'Bill Brown'. Bill Brown is a hard red winter wheat developed from the cross Yumar/Arlin made in 1997. In three years of statewide variety trial testing (2005-07), Bill Brown was the highest yielding entry in both dryland (equivalent to 'Hatcher') and irrigated (roughly 12% higher than 'Yuma') trials. Test weights of Bill Brown have been high, similar to 'Jagalene'. Compared to the poor quality check 'Above', Bill Brown has excellent quality with longer Mixograph peak time (4.6 vs. 2.8 minutes, n=31), a wider Mixograph curve two minutes after peak (11.8 vs. 9.3, n=28), larger pup loaf volume (1012 vs. 870 cc, n=22), and better crumb grain score (3.8 vs. 2.9, n=13). In 2007, several improvements were made in our quality laboratory. These included expansion of our facility to isolate SKCS and milling equipment in a separate lab, implementation of barcode readers for SKCS and Mixograph devices, development of a relational database system for storage and retrieval of routine screening data, and implementation of a higher-throughput, modified Quadromat Senior milling system (with assistance from Doug Engle, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA). Studies on whole-grain NIR calibration development and validation continued in 2007. Field studies with three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations suggested that prior whole-grain calibrations for SKCS kernel weight, diameter, and hardness provided relatively accurate predictions of true reference values from a new season. In 2007, collaborative research with Dr. Pat Byrne documented changes in high molecular weight glutenin subunit frequencies since a previous study with Great Plains winter wheat cultivars and provided baseline data on allelic variation for low molecular weight subunits. A field study with a RIL population and released cultivars documented differences in Mixograph properties due to allelic variation at Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-A3, and Glu-B3 loci. Montana State Spring Wheat Program Approximately 2,000,000 acres of hard red spring wheat were seeded in 2007. As in 2006, heat stress during grain fill caused relatively low yield, small seed, and low test weight on much of the spring wheat crop. Leading varieties were Reeder, Choteau and McNeal, accounting for over 60% of the acreage in the state. Specific goals for the spring wheat include superior performance under rain-fed conditions, high protein, strong gluten, and resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. Choteau is the resistant to the sawfly due to having solid, or pith-filled, stems. Our recently released variety, Vida is a high-yielding line especially suited for rain-fed areas of Montana. Vida is notable for maintaining green leaves later in the season than is the norm for Montana wheat varieties. The varieties Choteau and Vida have typical gluten strength for hard red spring wheat, as opposed to the very strong gluten of McNeal. Winter Wheat Program Montana harvested winter wheat acreage for 2007 was 2.19 million acres averaging ~38 bu/acre (total production ~83.2 million bushels). Leading varieties were Genou (16.1%), CDC Falcon (13.4%), Rampart (9.7%), Neeley (7.6%), Ledger (5.9%), Morgan (5.5%), Jagalene (5.4%), and Tiber (4.8%). After leading Montana planted wheat acreage for 4 consecutive years, Rampart was replaced in 2007 by Genou. The winter wheat program emphasizes on-farm productivity characteristics and quality characteristics to compete in a global market place. Specific objectives include productivity, adaptation (cold tolerance, maturity, stress tolerance), pest resistance (wheat stem sawfly, wheat streak mosaic virus, stem rust), and dual-purpose end-use quality. End-use quality goals are high grain protein and gluten strength, high flour extraction and low ash content, good dough mixing and bread baking quality, and superior noodle color and textural characteristics. Wheat Quality Program In the Montana Small Grain Quality Program our objectives are to conduct studies on genes important to wheat grain quality and or agronomic traits. In 2007, we published studies detailing the effects of increasing pin dosage upon soft wheat milling quality. A cross was made between a Chinese Spring substitution line having three Hardness loci and the soft wheat cultivar Vanna. The B genome Ha was not transmitted to progeny but the A genome Ha was transmitted normally. Progeny lines with the added A genome Ha were 7.4 SKCS units softer on average and were lower in flour yield but produced flour with lower ash, reduced starch damage, and smaller average particle size. We also published a study in which we assessed the grain softening impact of PINA and PINB individually and in combination. What we found was that high amounts of both PINA and PINB are required for full binding to starch and grain softness. However, high amounts of an individual PIN result in intermediate grain hardness. The results are conclusive in demonstrating that softness requires both PINA and PINB. We also published a study detailing the effects of puroindolines upon pilot scale milling. That project, described in detail in our 2006 report described that puroindolines directly impact milling properties and likely impact other end use properties such as cookie properties and loaf volume indirectly by modifying water hydration traits. We published two studies wrapping up our initial experiments on the agronomic and plant physiology response of wheat to over expression of the rate limiting step in seed starch biosynthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP). Under controlled environment conditions, AGP over expression significantly increases flag leaf photosynthetic rates and decreases seed abortion. The end result under the perfect environment is increased overall plant productivity. However, under Montana agronomic conditions, this increased productivity is seen only rarely if at all. It is likely that lack of water and heat stress during grain fill are more significant constraints upon both seed set and plant than seed AGP activity under most Spring wheat environments. Oregon State University Wheat Quality The OSU Wheat Quality Program continued its mission to investigate the molecular phenomena that control the processing and quality of wheat-based foods. Using this foundation the program continued to serve the needs of the Oregon wheat industry for a supply of new wheat varieties with quality attributes appropriate for specific market classes (soft-white, hard-white, and hard-red). As in previous years a large number (this year > 1350) of early generation samples was put through primary quality screening sequentially for kernel texture, polyphenol oxidase, and protein sedimentation (hards only). At each stage approximately 1/3 of the lines were deleted. This culling of winter wheat in the harvest year and prior to fall replanting, rather than after replanting as often is the case, saved much time and money by not planting lines that will eventually be rejected in subsequent quality testing. Critical hard-wheat samples from the 2007 harvest were fast-tracked: milled and analyzed for kernel texture, milling performance, and mixograph dough properties in the period between harvest and replanting. This testing also provided us with our first opportunity to observe the potential of whole-wheat mixographs using an 80% extraction flour milled on a stone-mill. Preliminary results suggest a strong possibility of success. Additionally, we have since acquired a new impact mill. The advantages of the new system with respect helping us increase dough testing throughput are the ability of the mill to automatically take sub-samples when grinding, the mills self-cleaning attribute, and the manufacturers claim that the mill can grind the samples with no moisture loss, obviating the need for additional time-consuming oven moisture determinations on the ground meal. Work has continued on the commissioning of the micro-fluidic capillary electrophoresis (MFCE) system. Wheat Breeding and Variety Release The soft white winter wheat variety Goetze was released in fall, 2007. Goetze is best adapted to the Willamette valley of Oregon. Crown freezing tests suggest that Goetze has less cold tolerance than Stephens, the leading Oregon variety. Goetze is a facultative type, meaning that it requires little or no vernalization to initiate flowering. Goetze is moderately resistant to Septoria leaf blotch, an important disease of the Willamette valley. Goetze is resistant to current races of stripe rust and leaf rust. It has an intermediate response to strawbreaker footrot. Goetze was evaluated in Oregon field trials from 2001 through 2006. Average grain yield of Goetze exceeded that for Stephens and Tubbs, with grain test weight similar to Stephens. Goetze has end-use quality similar to Stephens and Tubbs and is acceptable for soft wheat application. The hard red winter wheat variety Norwest 553 was developed in collaboration with Nickerson UK and released in fall 2007. Norwest 553 is best adapted to moderate to high rainfall areas of north east Oregon and south east Washington. Average grain yield of Norwest 553 has exceeded that of hard red winter check varieties Paladin and Bauermeister, with grain protein concentrations similar to Paladin. Norwest 553 is resistant to current races of stripe rust. It has an intermediate response to strawbreaker footrot and Cephalosporium stripe diseases. Results from the milling and baking evaluations suggest that it is acceptable for the US hard red market class, with dough mixing strength its most positive quality attributes. Norwest 553 is being licensed on a non-exclusive basis to seed companies in the Pacific Northwest. ORI2042037 is a Clearfield soft white winter wheat from the cross 'Eltan/3/FS-4//Stephens/Madsen'. ORI2042037 is targeted to Eltan growing areas that require superior winterhardiness and tolerance to snow mold. Agronomic characteristics and performance of ORI2042037 are largely similar to Eltan, although it is 1-2 inches shorter in stature. The variety is resistant to stripe rust and has shown good tolerance to crown rot, but is susceptible to strawbreaker footrot. It has previously been shown to have good overall soft wheat milling and baking quality, with lower gluten strength than the parent Eltan. Tentatively given the name ORCF-103, Foundation seed of the variety is targeted for release in fall, 2008. OR2050910 is a soft white winter wheat based on Tubbs parentage. OR2050910 has a very soft kernel texture and has shown superior soft wheat milling and baking attributes in preliminary tests. OR2050910 has many of the same agronomic attributes of Tubbs and similar grain yield potential, but with superior stripe rust resistance. OR2050910 is being targeted as complement and/or replacement for ORSS-1757 in the Oregon SuperSoft identity preserved production and marketing program. Agronomic Research Studies are underway to improve management of N fertility in Oregon-grown hard wheat varieties. The goal is to more economically and consistently meet grain protein targets for marketing. Three hard winter wheat varieties (Paladin, Boundary, and Norwest 553), one hard white (OR2052046H), and one soft white (Stephens) were grown at three locations in 2007 under 12 N treatments; seven fall N rates and two spring topdress rates. Fall N applications had the greatest effect on yield. Grain yields were maximized with addition of 100 lbs/a N at Pendleton, and 50 lbs/a at Lexington and Helix. Flag leaf N concentrations increased with both fall and spring N applications and significant variation was observed among the varieties. Grain protein analyses are not complete, but preliminary analyses suggest current N fertility recommendations may be higher than necessary. Grain protein targets of 12-13% were met at intermediate N rates, significantly less than the 3.0 lbs/bu currently recommended. However, these results need to be confirmed in subsequent trials, as there are significant environmental effects and interactions which impact grain protein concentrations. Molecular Marker Development A single-seed derived recombinant inbred (F6) line (RIL) mapping population with 165 individuals was developed from a cross between Stephens, a widely adapted, high-yielding soft white cultivar and the elite line OR9900553, a soft white genotype with extra soft kernel texture, high yield potential and excellent soft white wheat quality. So far, the RIL population of 165 individuals has been genotyped with ~282 polymorphic SSR markers (~47,376 datapoints) as well as ~521 DArT markers by Triticarte (Australia). We now have a partial linkage map with of ~260 SSR and 140 DArT markers arranged in 30 linkage groups corresponding to all 21 chromosomes and covering ~1,750 cM. We hope to have a linkage map with ~500 markers by the end of 2008. The mapping population and parents were grown in the field (Corvallis, OR) for seed increase in 2007. Each line was replicated twice using a randomized-complete-block arrangement. After harvest, the population was evaluated for grain hardness, grain diameter, and grain weight using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). The mapping population was planted in replicated trials at five locations (Corvallis, Pendleton, Moro, Pullman, and Moscow) to measure phenotypic variation and harvest grain for subsequent quality evaluations. In preliminary analyses, a single QTL was detected on each of four chromosomes (4B, 4D, 5A, and 5B). Each QTL explained between 10 to 24% of phenotypic variance. The results suggest the extra soft characteristic is controlled by several QTL of relatively minor effects. These are different from the hardness (Ha) locus on chromosome 5D. The next step is a more thorough assessment with larger phenotypic data set and denser map. University of Idaho The 2007 wheat research program at University of Idaho completed its transition with the hiring of Dr. Jianli Chen as the new wheat breeder at the Aberdeen research and Extension Center in June replacing Ed Souza. One soft white spring wheat Cataldo and one soft white winter wheat Bitterroot were released. Both varieties have good end-use quality and other desirable agronomic traits. Two waxy spring wheat lines, IDO 629 and IDO630, are targeting for limited release in 2008. These wheat lines have starch as primarily amylopectin, as opposed to amylose, and appear to have potential for specialized use in a wheat/barley fractionation plant being built near Ontario, Oregon. The lines would need to be licensed and production limited to prevent the waxy wheat from entering the normal commodity channels. Two additional soft white winter wheat lines (Bobs lines) and two soft white spring lines (IDO668 and IDO671) with high end-use quality are also considered for release in 2008. In addition, The UI breeding programs have five imazamox resistant lines for potential release in 2008 and 2009 - three soft white winter, one hard red winter, and one hard white winter. Utah State University The Utah Agricultural Experiment Station is considering release of UT9325-55. Quality of 9325-55 has been evaluated by the WWQL for several years and is included in the 2008 PNW wheat quality council samples. Continued selection in early generations based on mixograph data from 2 gm samples of bulk populations. Approximately 20% of F2 bulk populations were discarded based on poor average mixograph. Approximately 75 samples were sent to the Western Wheat Quality Lab for quality analysis. These samples reflected breeding lines and cultivar tests. Stakeholders were provided current cultivar quality information at irrigated and rain-fed farm field days in 2007.

Publications

Baenziger, P., R. Graybosch, A. Ibrahim, D. Baltensperger, L. Nelson, J. Yue, C. Shun, B. Guihua, B. Beecher, and J. Hatchett. 2007. Release of NE01643 hard red winter wheat. USDA-ARS, cultivar release. Bettge, A.D. and C.F. Morris. 2007. Oxidative gelation measurement and influence on soft wheat batter viscosity and end-use quality. Cereal Chem. 84:237-242. Beyer, B., S.D. Haley, J. Peng, F.B. Peairs, and N.L.V. Lapitan. 2007. Introgression of Russian wheat aphid Biotype 2 resistance from tetraploid wheat germplasm. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Blake, N.K., S.P. Lanning, J.M. Martin, J.D. Sherman, and L.E. Talbert. 2007. Relationship of flag leaf characteristics to economically important traits in two spring wheat crosses. Crop Sci. 47:489-494. Bruckner, P.L., J.E. Berg, N. Riveland, J.L. Eckhoff, D.M. Wichman, K.D. Kephart, G.R. Carlson, G.D. Kushnak, R.N. Stougaard, D.L. Nash, W.E. Grey, A.T. Dyer, Y. Jin, and X. Chen. 2007. Registration of Yellowstone wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:18-19. Butler, J.D., S.D. Haley, and B.W. Seabourn. 2007. Selection efficiency and application of near-infrared spectroscopy for wheat end-use quality assessment. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Campbell, J.B., J.M. Martin, F. Crutcher, F.D. Meyer, D.R. Clark, and M.J. Giroux. 2007 Effects on Soft Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Quality of Increased Puroindoline Dosage. Cereal Chemistry 84(1):80-87. Carlson, G.R., J.E. Berg, R.N. Stougaard, K.D. Kephart, N. Riveland, G.D. Kushnak, D.M. Wichman, J.L. Eckhoff, D.L. Nash, E.S. Davis, W.E. Grey, and P.L. Bruckner. 2007. Registration of Bynum wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:16-17. Clayshulte, S.R., S.D. Haley, P.F. Byrne, and X. Shan. 2007. Trait associations at the Xgwm 261 and Rht-B1 loci in two winter wheat recombinant inbred line populations. Crop Sci. Crop Sci. 47:2346-2355. Haley, S.D., J.J. Johnson, F.B. Peairs, J.S. Quick, J.A. Stromberger, S.R. Clayshulte, J.D. Butler, J.B. Rudolph, B.W. Seabourn, G. Bai, Y. Jin, and J. Kolmer. 2007. Registration of 'Ripper' wheat. J. Plant Reg. 1:1-6. He, X.Y., Z.H. He, L.P. Zhang, D.J. Sun, C.F. Morris, E.P. Fuerst, and X.C. Xia. 2007. Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosomes 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 115:47-58. Hesler, L.S., S.D. Haley, K.K. Nkongolo, and F.B. Peairs. 2007. Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in triticale and triticale-derived wheat lines with resistance to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Entomol. Sci. 42: 217-227. Hole, D., S. Clawson, and J. Clawson. 2007. 2007 Utah Small Grains Variety Trials. AES Research Report. 203: Isik, Z, I. Parmaksiz, C. Coruh, Y. Geylan-Su, O. Cebechi, B. Beecher, and H. Budak. 2007. Organellar genome analysis of rye (Secale cereale) representing diverse geographic regions. Genome 50:724-734. Johnson, J.J., S.D. Haley, and J. Butler. 2007. Helping producers make better variety planting decisions. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Jones, S.S., S.R. Lyon, K.A. Balow, M.A. Gollnick, T.D. Murray, X.M. Chen, C.F. Morris, K. Garland Campbell, J.W. Burns, W.F. Schillinger, P.E. Reisenauer, and B.J. Goates. 2007. Registration of Bauermeister Wheat. Crop Sci. 47:430-431. Kephart, K.D., J.E. Berg, G.R. Carlson, R.N. Stougaard, J.L. Eckhoff, N. Riveland, G.D. Kushnak, D.M. Wichman, D.L. Nash, E.S. Davis, W.E. Grey, and P.L. Bruckner. 2007. Registration of Hyalite wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:14-15. Martin, J.M., F.D. Meyer, C.F. Morris, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. Pilot Scale Milling Characteristics of Transgenic Isolines of a Hard Wheat Over-expressing Puroindolines. Crop Science 47 (2):497-5040. Massa, A.N., B. Beecher, and C.F. Morris. 2007. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in wheat and wild relatives: Molecular evidence for a multigene family. Theor. Appl. Genetic. 114:1239-1247. Erratum 114:1303-1304. McIntosh, R.A., K.M. Devos, J. Dubcovsky, W.J. Rogers, C.F. Morris, R. Appels and O.A. Anderson. 2007. Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat: 2007 Supplement (In) Annual Wheat Newsletter 53:159-180. (also published on-line at: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov. Meyer, F.D., L.E. Talbert, J.M. Martin, T.W. Greene, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. Field evaluation of transgenic wheat (T. aestivum) expressing a modified AGP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) large subunit. Crop Sci. 47:336-342. Morris, C.F. and B. Beecher. 2007. Polyphenol oxidase gene structure in wheat and related species. Proc. 57th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conf., 5-10 August, 2007. Panozzo, J.F., and Black, C.K. (eds.). Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 57-60. Morris, C.F., and D.A. Engle. 2007. Test baking for breeders and cultivar development. Proc. 57th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conf., 5-10 August, 2007. Panozzo, J.F., and Black, C.K. (eds.). Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 133-135. Morris, C.F., and G.E. King. 2007. Registration of Waxy-Pen soft white spring waxy wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:23-24. Morris, C.F., B. Paszczynska, A.D. Bettge, and G.E. King. 2007. A critical examination of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test for wheat meals. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 87:607-615. Morris, C.F., K. Pecka, and A.D. Bettge. 2007. Note: A device for the preparation of cereal endosperm bricks. Cereal Chem. 84:67-69. Ohm, J.-B., A.S. Ross, C.J. Peterson, and Y.-L. Ong. Relationships of high molecular weight glutenin subunit composition and molecular weight distribution of wheat flour protein with water absorption and color characteristics of noodle dough. Cer. Chem. Accepted 8-29-2007. Peng, Z., H. Wang, S.D. Haley, F.B. Peairs, and N.L.V. Lapitan. 2007. Molecular mapping of Russian wheat aphid resistance gene Dn2414 in wheat. Crop Sci. 47:2418-2429. Peterson, C.J. 2007. National and global initiatives to combat cereal rust diseases. Oregon Wheat. June, pgs 16-18. Roth, J., S.D. Haley, J. Peng, N.L.V. Lapitan, G. Bai, and B. Bockus. 2007. Characterization of wheat lines derived through MAS for barley yellow dwarf virus resistance and high grain protein content. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Shan, X., S.R. Clayshulte, S.D. Haley, and P.F. Byrne. 2007. Variation for glutenin and waxy alleles in U.S. hard winter wheat germplasm. J. Cer. Sci. 45:199-208. Sherman, J.D., S.P. Lanning, D. Clark, and L.E. Talbert. 2007. Registration of near-isogenic hard spring wheat lines differing in puroindoline alleles. J. Plant Reg. 1:171-172. Smidansky, E.D., F.D. Meyer, B. Blakeslee, T.E. Weglarz, T.W. Greene, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. Expression of a modified ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit in wheat seeds stimulates photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Planta 225(4):965-976. Stougaard, R.N., J.E. Berg, K.D. Kephart, G.R. Carlson, D.M. Wichman, J.L. Eckhoff, N. Riveland, G.D. Kushnak, D.L. Nash, E.S. Davis, W.E. Grey, and P.L. Bruckner. 2007. Registration of Norris wheat. J. Plant Registrations 1:12-13. Wanjugi, H.W., A.C. Hogg, J.M. Martin, and M.J. Giroux. 2007. The Role of Puroindoline A and B Individually and in Combination on Grain Hardness and Starch Association. Crop Science 47 (1):67-76. Zheng, S., X. Shan, P. Byrne, and S.D. Haley. 2007. Effects of glutenin subunit variation and 1RS.1AL translocation on dough properties of wheat grown in Colorado (USA) environments. Poster presentation at Plant and Animal Genome Conference, 13-17 Jan. 2007, San Diego. Zheng, S., X. Shan, P. Byrne, S. Reid, G. Bai, and S.D. Haley. 2007. Effects of allelic variation at the wheat Glu-B3 locus on dough properties identified by association mapping. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Variety Releases and PVP Tubbs 06 - Soft White Winter Wheat. C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, M. Flowers, A. Ross, J. Ohm, C. Morris, D. Engle, R. Smiley, C. Mundt, X. Chen, J. Robinson. Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 200700423. Issued December, 2007. Goetze - Soft White Winter Wheat. C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, M. Flowers, A. Ross, J. Ohm, C. Morris, D. Engle, R. Smiley, C. Mundt, X. Chen, D. Skinner, K. Campbell, J. Robinson. Release date: 8/24/2007. Norwest 553- Hard Red Winter Wheat. C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Larson, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, M. Flowers, A. Ross, J. Ohm, C. Morris, D. Engle, R. Smiley, C. Mundt, X. Chen, D. Skinner, K. Campbell, and J. Robinson. Release date: 8/20/2007.

Impact Statements

Colorado released one new cultivar in 2007, named Bill Brown. This line has been the top yielding line in both our dryland and irrigated variety trials and also has excellent milling and bread-baking properties.
Whole-grain NIR calibrations developed in previous years provided reasonably accurate predictions of reference values for SKCS kernel weight, diameter, and hardness in three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations.
Field studies with a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and a collection of Great Plains cultivars showed that HMW-GS Glu-A1c, Glu-B1e, Glu-D1a, and Glu-B3c and i were associated with poor mixograph properties, whereas Glu-A1b, Glu-B1b, Glu-D1b and d, and Glu-B3f and b were associated with higher values of mixograph properties.
Preliminary testing in Oregon provided evidence that whole-wheat mixographs using an 80% extraction flour milled on a stone-mill may be predictive of regular mixograph results
The soft white winter wheat variety Goetze was released in Oregon in fall, 2007.
The hard red winter wheat variety Norwest 553 was developed in collaboration with Nickerson UK and released in Oregon in fall 2007.
ORCF-101 and ORCF-102, broadly adapted CLEARFIELD* herbicide resistant varieties, were grown on over 340,000 acres in Oregon and Washington in 2007. These varieties help reduce economic losses from grassy weeds, increase management options, and further increase production efficiency.
Cataldo soft white spring wheat and Bitterroot soft white winter wheat were released by Idaho. Both varieties have good end-use quality and other desirable agronomic traits.
Montana scientists concluded that under controlled environment conditions, AGP overexpression significantly increases flag leaf photosynthetic rates and decreases seed abortion. Field conditions may negate the utility of this trait.
In Utah, new high yielding, high quality cultivars continue to replace significant acreages of lower quality cultivars, resulting in more choices for crop marketing.

Date of Annual Report: 03/16/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/27/2009 - 01/29/2009
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2008 - 12/01/2008

Participants

Anderson Lyona University of Idaho WQL Aberdeen ID;
Aschbrenner Tim Cereal Food Processors Wichita KS;
Baker Scott ConAgra Foods Omaha NE;
Bettge Art USDA Western Wheat Quality Lab Pullman WA;
Caley Margo USDA Grain Marketing Lab Manhattan KS;
Carter Arron Washington State University Pullman WA;
Cassone Domenico Kraft Foods-Nabisco East Hanover NJ;
Chen Jianli University of Idaho Aberdeen ID;
Chen Richard USDAGrain Marketing Lab Manhattan KS;
Clark Dale R. WestBred LLC Bozeman MT;
Clayton Jack University of Idaho WQL Aberdeen ID;
Cook Craig WestBred LLC Bozeman MT;
Cooley Scott USDA-Federal Grain Inspection Olympia WA;
Dailey Patricia Idaho Wheat Commission Boise ID;
Dempster Rick AIB International Manhattan KS;
Donahue Pat Kraft Foods Glenview IL;
Engle Doug Western Wheat Quality Laboratory Pullman WA;
Engleson Jodi Cargill Plymouth MN;
Falconer Robert California Wheat Commission Woodland CA;
Fesler Robert Horizon Milling Ogden UT;
Finney Patrick Roman Meal Company Tacoma WA;
Flemm John USDA-Federal Grain Inspection Service Olympia WA;
Fredrickson Cymantha California Wheat Commission Woodland CA;
French Bob ADM Milling Company Spokane WA;
Gannon Diane Kraft Foods-Nabisco Toledo OH;
Hammer Nathan Gilliam County Wheat Quality Lab Arlington OR;
Hammond Lisa Kellogg Company PSOC Battle Creek MI;
Harris Tracy Washington State University Pullman WA;
Hayden Hans Idaho Wheat Commission Arbon ID;
Herald Tomas USDA Grain Marketing Lab Manhattan KS;
Herron Dana Washington Wheat Commission Connell WA;
Hodges Kevin WestBred LLC Idaho Falls ID;
Hole David USU Dept. of Plants Soils & Biomet Logan UT;
Hou Gary Wheat Marketing Center Portland OR;
Huang Sam California Wheat Commission Woodland CA;
Jacobson Blaine Idaho Wheat Commission Boise ID;
Kaae Brian MT Wheat & Barley Commission Great Falls MT;
Karow Russ Dept. of Crop/Soil Science OSU Corvallis OR;
King Christina WestBred LLC Bozeman MT;
Lee Bon Wheat Marketing Center Portland OR;
Long Kaleen Continental Mills Seattle WA;
Lyne Rhonda USDA-GIPSA-TSD Kansas City MO;
McLean Reuben Pendleton Flour Milling Blackfoot ID;
Morris Craig Western Wheat Quality Laboratory Pullman WA;
Myron Dick Malt-O-Meal Company Northfield MN;
Nash Deanna MSU Cereal Quality Lab Bozeman MT;
Oades John U.S. Wheat Associates Portland OR;
Ong Caryn Oregon State University Corvallis OR;
Perry Zack Wheatland Seed/Central Milling Logan UT;
Peterson James Oregon State University Corvallis OR;
Prchal Nali Cargill Bake Lab Minnetonka MN;
Quinde-AxtellZory Continental Mills Seattle WA;
Romsa Jay General Mills Inc. Le Sueur MN;
Shantz Kim WestBred LLC Yuma AZ;
Shelton Gary Washington State University Pullman WA;
Simpson Tana Oregon Wheat Commission Portland OR;
Sorensen Leland University of Idaho WQL Aberdeen ID;
Souza Edward J. USDA Soft Wheat Quality Lab Wooster OH;
Steele Thomas USDA-Federal Grain Inspection Portland OR;
Sullivan Mary Washington Grain Alliance Spokane WA;
Vang Teng California Wheat Commission Woodland CA;
Walters Craig Pacer Corporation Colton WA;
Weaver Glen Con Agra Flour Milling Co. Omaha NE;
Wheeler Justin University of Idaho WQL Aberdeen ID;
Wilson Lori Kellogg Company PSOC Battle Creek MI;
Wirsching Steve U.S. Wheat Associates Portland OR;

Participants Attachment:

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Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

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Accomplishments

Colorado State Wheat Breeding - In fall 2008, experimental line CO03W239 was released as 'Thunder CL'. Thunder CL is a medium-early maturing, semidwarf, hard white winter wheat that carries the Als1 gene for tolerance to imazamox herbicide (Clearfield* wheat) and excellent milling and bread-baking quality. Colorado State Grain Quality - We continued with quality-related research in several areas including: characterization of single kernel (SKCS), NIR protein, and Mixograph properties of isolines differing for the presence of Agropyron intermedium-derived barley yellow dwarf resistance (Bdv2) and Triticum dicoccoides-derived high grain protein content (GPC-B1); small-scale quality analyses (SKCS, NIR, PPO, Mixograph) of our doubled haploid mapping population (Platte/CO940610) for the Wheat Coordinated Agricultural Program (CAP); collaborative research with Jerry Johnson (CSU Extension Agronomist) to determine the effect of planting date, seeding rate, and fertilizer rate on protein content and Mixograph properties; whole-grain NIR calibration development for SKCS and other properties; and isolation of 1BL.1RS recombinants that lack the sec-1 gene from rye and carry the Dn7 Russian wheat aphid resistance gene. Montana State Spring Wheat - Specific goals for the spring wheat include superior performance under rain-fed conditions; high protein, strong gluten, and resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. Our recently released variety, Vida, is a high-yielding line especially suited for rain-fed areas of Montana. Vida is notable for maintaining green leaves later in the season than is the norm for Montana wheat varieties. A focus of experimental work has been testing the effects a long duration of green leaves after heading. Genetic studies have shown that this trait is associated with improved seed size and test weight in several spring wheat crosses. In addition, sources of resistance to wheat stem sawfly in addition to solid stems have been identified, and the causal genes mapped using QTL analysis. Montana State Winter Wheat - The winter wheat program emphasizes on-farm productivity characteristics and quality characteristics to compete in a global market place. Specific objectives include productivity, adaptation (cold tolerance, maturity, stress tolerance), pest resistance (wheat stem sawfly, wheat streak mosaic virus, stem rust), and dual-purpose end-use quality. End-use quality goals are high grain protein and gluten strength, high flour extraction and low ash content, good dough mixing and bread baking quality, and superior noodle color and textural characteristics. No new cultivars were released in 2008. Montana State Grain Quality Program - Our objectives are to conduct studies on genes important to wheat grain quality and or agronomic traits. In 2008, we published a study detailing the effects of Puroindolines upon wheat wet-milling quality. This study utilized isogenic wheats varying only in endosperm texture. The softer textured wheats had increased yield of starch after wet milling relative to hard wheats. We also examined the yield of starch from wet milling in comparisons of various transgenic wheats varying only in puroindoline dosage. All softer textured genotypes had higher starch yield than their hard wheat control with the intermediate textured line being highest in starch yield. A second published study examined whether different commonly grown small grains differed in the total amount or rate of ethanol production. Final ethanol yield was proportional to starch content of the grains and no significant differences were seen in the rate of ethanol production. Because of this, if small grains are used for ethanol production, soft white spring wheat or barley were seen as the best choices given their high agronomic yield and starch content. Lastly we published a study of white salted noodle characteristics from transgenic isolines of wheat over expressing puroindolines. Oregon State Wheat Breeding - Skiles is a short stature soft white winter wheat with moderately early maturity and high yield potential. Skiles has superior yield potential, superior winterhardiness, resistance to crown rot and cephalosporium stripe, and superior milling and baking attributes. ORCF-103 is a Clearfield soft white winter wheat. The advantage of ORCF-103, as compared with current CLEARFIELD varieties ORCF-101 and ORCF-102 is improved tolerance to snow mold and cold temperatures. Oregon State Molecular Marker Development Program - Five linkage mapping populations serve as the basis of M.S. and Ph.D. research projects. These involve collaborations with Oscar Riera-Lizarazu and Bob Zemetra of the University of Idaho. Progeny are genotyped using DArT and SSR molecular markers then phenotyped for adaptation, yield components, disease, and quality. Populations and their associated target traits are: Stephens x Platte - stripe rust resistance: Stephens x SuperSoft - SuperSoft kernel texture: Coda x Brundage and Tubbs x Einstein - adaptation, yield components, cephalosporium stripe: Tubbs x NSA98-0995 and Tubbs x Einstein - adaptation, yield components, and general disease resistances. Deven See, USDA-ARS, is characterizing advanced lines and parents for presence of markers for traits including VPM-1 for strawbreaker footrot resistance; multiple rust resistances; Pina-D1 for grain hardness; and Vrn 1, 2 and 3 for vernalization. Oregon State Wheat Quality Program - We adapted the standard mixograph method to the analysis of whole-wheat meal. The key change was the use of 2% on flour weight of salt to strengthen the gluten, thus compensating for gluten rupturing caused by bran. A new method for optimizing noodle dough water additions, which uses the lubricated squeezing flow technique and observation of dough relaxation characteristics shows much promise. During the year the lab processed over 400 mixograph, 168 extensigraph, 900 protein, 300 polymeric protein, 760 polyphenol oxidase activity, and around 3500 kernel hardness tests. Univ of Idaho - We hired one support scientist and one Ph.D student. The new support scientist assumed his position in April 2008 and the student started his classes in fall 2008. We refined the breeding objectives and devoted 50% of our resources on hard white spring and winter wheat. One hard white Clearfield winter wheat line (IDO651) and another hard white winter line (IDO658) will be proposed for preliminary release in 2009. Both hard white winter lines have good bread-baking quality for domestic market and have low PPO desirable for Asian products. One soft white Clearfield winter line IDO655 and one soft white spring line IDO671 will also be proposed for preliminary release in 2009. These two lines also have good end-use quality for desirable for both domestic and international markets. In addition, we developed a high throughput mapping and MAS lab and successfully deployed MAS in accelerating breeding process. We conducted three MAS projects. The first MAS project included identification of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in PNW wheat lines. We have identified some PNW lines carrying QTL/markers associated with FHB resistance. The results were presented at 2008 National FHB Forum. The second MAS work was to identify markers associated with drought and heat tolerance using the IDO444-Rio Blanco RIL population developed for the Wheat-CAP program. We developed a molecular map for the population that involved 438 markers covering 20 of the 21 wheat chromosomes for use in identifying QTLs associated with expression of quality traits under heat and drought stress conditions. This work resulted in one abstract that was presented at AACC meeting in fall, 2008 and one talk presented at 2009 PAG meeting in Jan. 2009. The third MAS project was to evaluate genetic diversity in Idaho historical spring and winter wheat lines using 34 markers associated with 15 economic traits. The results will be published in 2009 Wheat Newsletters. Utah State - A request for release of UT9325-55 has been made to the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Quality of 9325-55 has been evaluated by the WWQL for several years and was included in the 2008 PNW wheat quality council samples. It has been proposed to release UT9325-55 under the name, Curlew. An irrigated hard red winter line, UT9743-42 was grown along with the check, Garland, for submission to the 2009 PNW Wheat Quality Council. Cereal Science (PLSC4600) was taught to 35 undergraduate students. This cereals-processing and quality course draws heavily from activities and industry contacts of WERA-1009. About half of the students are College of Agriculture students and the other half represents all of the other colleges at the university. The development and pedagogy of the course were discussed at the Intermountain Chapter meeting of the International Association of Operative Millers in August in Spokane, WA. WSU Spring - This program is in a transition phase that is lasting longer than anticipated. An initial search in the spring of 2008 failed to identify a new scientist for the spring wheat breeding position. A new search is in progress in combination with the winter wheat breeding position search with the goal of identifying and hiring two new breeders in 2009. During this transition, this program has also faced considerable change with the departure of Dr. Dipak Santra, Dr. Meenakshi Santra and Adrienne Burke, all of whom were important in meeting the overall goals of this program. In contrast, we have an additional person, Wycliffe Nyongesa who is a new field technologist. With these changes the program has remained highly productive. In 2008, over 26,000 breeding lines and/or named varieties of four market classes (soft white, hard white, hard red and club) were evaluated. Nearly 2,400 lines were selected for end-use quality assessment in 2008. Additionally, 299 crosses were made in 2008. The introgression of marker-assisted selection (MAS)-derived genotypes has become an important segment of the program and the development of genotypes through MAS that carry essential genes of interest are currently being used as parents in our crossing blocks. Targeted genes include stripe rust seedling resistance genes Yr5 and Yr15, the high protein gene Gpc-B1, and Hessian fly resistance genes H9, H13 and H25. Success for this program is measured by the producers adoption of our newly released varieties. Louise was released in 2005 and in 2008, 52% (155,000 A) of the soft white spring wheat acreage in Washington state was planted to Louise. WSU Quality Lab - For the crop harvested in 2007, the WSU Wheat Quality Program assisted the WSU winter and spring wheat breeding programs with quality analysis of 1164 breeding lines and accompanying check varieties, in close cooperation with the Western Wheat Quality Laboratory. Of the winter lines, 185 lines, including established varieties and specifically bred new lines, were for organic production. We had excellent results from the low-protein organically grown soft wheat lines in both cookie and Japanese sponge cake application. Additionally, we assisted the WSU Vogel endowed chair (Kulvinder Gill) with identifying end-use quality potential of very small samples of marker-assisted selection (MAS) wheat lines by performing SKCS system hardness and combustion protein content. During 2008 we began to look into processing quality of hard white noodle flour, specifically in regard to shredding during compression. We also continue to search for clues on the flour components responsible for Japanese sponge cake quality. In July 2008, Dr. Baik went on sabbatical leave to Korea to pursue further research in flour quality and make contact with millers in Japan and Korea. We expect his return in July 2009.

Publications

Bhave, M., and C.F. Morris. 2008. Basic instincts and fatal attractions. Proceedings of the 58th Royal Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference, August 31-September 4, 2008. J. F. Panozzo and C. K. Black, eds. Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia, pp. 10-13. Bhave, M., and C.F. Morris. 2008. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: allelic diversity in wheat and other grasses. Plant Mol. Biol. 66:205-219. Bhave, M., and C.F. Morris. 2008. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: regulation of expression, membrane binding properties and applications. Plant Mol. Biol. 66:221-231. Brevis, J.C., I.A Khan, O. Chicaiza, C.F. Morris, L. Jackson and J. Dubcovsky. 2008. Agronomic and quality evaluation of common wheat near-isogenic lines carrying the leaf rust resistance gene Lr47. Crop Sci. 48:1441-1451. Choi, H.W. and B.K. Baik. 2008. Differences in functional properties of starches between hard and soft wheat genotype. AACCI Annual Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 2008. Abstract for poster presentation. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2008/abstracts/p08ma41.htm Feiz, L., J.M. Martin and M.J. Giroux. 2008. The relationship between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain hardness and wet-milling quality. Cereal Chemistry 85(1):44-50. Flowers, M. and C.J. Peterson. 2008. Variety Guide for Goetze Soft White Winter Wheat. EM 8957-E " April 2008 Flowers, M., C.J. Peterson, J. Burns and J. Kuehner. 2008. Variety Guide for Northwest 553 Hard Red Winter Wheat. EM 8967-E " June 2008 Flowers, M., C.J. Peterson, A. Hulting, J. Burns and J. Kuehner. 2008. Variety Guide for ORCF-101 Clearfield Soft White Winter Wheat. EM 8971-E " November 2008 Flowers, M., C.J. Peterson, A. Hulting, J. Burns and J. Kuehner. 2008. Variety Guide for ORCF-102 Clearfield Soft White Winter Wheat. EM 8972-E " November 2008 Fuerst, E.P., S.S. Xu and B. Beecher. 2008. Genetic characterization of kernel polyphenol oxidases in wheat and related species. Journal of Cereal Science 48:359-368. Gujral, H., S.J. Park and B.-K. Baik. 2008. Effects of added minerals on pasting of partial waxy wheat flour and starch and on noodle making properties. Cereal Chem. 85:97-101. Haley, S.D., J.J. Johnson, F.B. Peairs, J.S. Quick, J.A. Stromberger, J.D. Butler, H.R. Miller, E.E. Heaton, J.B. Rudolph, B.W. Seabourn, G. Bai, Y. Jin, J. Kolmer and X. Chen. 2008. Registration of 'Bill Brown' wheat. J. Plant Reg. 2:218-223. Hole, D., S. Clawson and J. Clawson. 2008. 2008 Utah Small Grains Variety Trials. AES Research Report. 206: Lacerenza, J.A., J.M. Martin, L.E. Talbert, S.P. Lanning and M.J. Giroux. 2008. Relationship of ethanol yield to agronomic and seed quality characteristics of small grains. Cereal Chemistry 85(3):322-328. Martin, J.M., B. Beecher and M.J. Giroux. 2008. White salted noodle characteristics from transgenic isolines of wheat over expressing puroindolines. J. Cereal Sci. 2008. Martin, J.M., J.D. Sherman, S.P. Lanning, L.E. Talbert and M.J. Giroux. 2008. Effect of variation at the waxy and puroindoline loci on bread quality in a hard spring wheat cross. Cereal Chem. 85:266-269. Martin, J.M., J.D. Sherman, S.P. Lanning, L.E. Talbert and M.J. Giroux. 2008. Effect of Variation in Amylose Content and Puroindoline Composition on Bread Quality in a Hard Spring Wheat Population. Cereal Chemistry 85 (2):266-269. Morris, C.F., A.D. Bettge, M.J. Pitts, G.E. King, K. Pecka and P.J. McCluskey. 2008. The compressive strength of wheat endosperm: Comparison of endosperm bricks to the single kernel characterization system. Cereal Chem. 85:359-365. Morris, C.F. and M. Bhave. 2008. Reconciliation of D-genome puroindoline allele designations with current DNA sequence data. J. Cereal Sci. 48:277-287. Morris, C.F., J.W. Burns, K.S. Gill, D.A. Engle and G.E. King. 2008. End-use quality of U. S. soft white winter and spring wheat. Proceedings of the 58th Royal Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference, August 31-September 4, 2008. Panozzo, J.F. and Black, C.K., eds. Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia, pp. 95-99. Morris, C.F. and G.E. King. 2008. Registration of hard kernel puroindoline allele near-isogenic line hexaploid wheat genetic stocks. J. Plant Registrations 2:67-68. Morris, C.F., M.J. Pitts, A.D. Bettge, K. Pecka and P.J. McCluskey. 2008. The compressive strength of wheat endosperm: Analysis of endosperm bricks. Cereal Chem. 85:351-358. Ohm, J.-B., A.S. Ross, C.J. Peterson and Y.-L. Ong. 2008. Relationships of High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Composition and Molecular Weight Distribution of Wheat Flour Protein with Water Absorption and Color Characteristics of Noodle Dough. Cereal Chemistry 85: 123-131.Variety Releases and PVP Peterson, C.J. 2008. Promoting investments in national and international research. Oregon Wheat. June, pgs 12-15. Saint Pierre, C., C.J. Peterson, A.S. Ross, J.-B. Ohm, M.C. Verhoeven, M. Larson and B. Hoefer. 2008. White Wheat Grain Quality Changes with Genotype, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Water Stress. Agron. J. 2008 100: 414-420. Saint Pierre, C., C.J. Peterson, A.S. Ross, J.-B. Ohm, M.C. Verhoeven, M. Larson and B. Hoefer. 2008. Winter wheat genotypes under different levels of nitrogen and water stress: Changes in grain protein composition. Journal of Cereal Science 47: 407416. Sherman, J.D., S.P. Lanning, D. Clark and L.E. Talbert. 2008. Registration of near-isogenic hard-textured wheat lines differing for a high grain protein gene. J. Plant. Reg. 2:162-164. Sherman, J.D., E. Souza, D. See and L.E. Talbert. 2008. Microsatellite markers for kernel color genes in wheat. Crop Sci. 48:1419-1424. Turuspekov, Y., B. Beecher, Y. Darlington, J. Bowman, T.K. Blake and M.J. Giroux. 2008. Hardness Locus Sequence Variation and Endosperm Texture in Spring Barley. Crop Sci 48 (3):1007-1019. Turuspekov, Y., J.M., Martin, J.G.P. Bowman, B.S. Beecher and M.J. Giroux. 2008. Associations between Vrs1 alleles and grain quality traits in spring barley Hordeum vulgare L. Cereal Chemistry, 85(6):817-823. Walker, C., K. Garland Campbell, B. Carter and K. Kidwell. 2008. Identifying superior soft white wheat genotypes in diverse production environments using the solvent retention capacity test. Crop Science 48:495-506.

Impact Statements

Montana - We released one new cultivar in 2008, named Thunder CL. Thunder CL is a hard white Clearfield* wheat with excellent milling and bread-baking properties. Thunder CL will be grown in an identity-preserved contract program in Colorado.
Oregon Wheat Breeding - A total of nine varieties have been released since 2002, including Tubbs and Tubbs 06 which are established as leading varieties in the PNW in terms of both acreage and performance. Combined acreage of OSU Clearfield varieties ORCF-101 and ORCF-102 in the PNW are estimated to be 450,000 acres for 2008-09
Oregon Wheat Breeding - Recent OSU variety releases ORSS-1757 and Skiles have been recognized in Wheat Quality Council trials and Preferred Variety Lists as having superior milling and baking qualities for the soft white market class.
Oregon Marker Assisted Selection Program - One major QTL, one minor QTL, and associated molecular markers have been identified that account for high break flour yields and soft kernel trait in the supersoft parent OR9900553.
Utah - New high yielding, high quality cultivars continue to replace lower quality cultivars, resulting in more choices for crop marketing.
Washington Spring Wheat Breeding - Farnum (HRW) was officially release in 2008. Foundation seed was available in the fall of 2008, and Foundation and Registered seed will be available in 2009. Two varieties, Whit (SWS) and Kelse (HRS), were approved for released in 2008. Foundation seed for both varieties will be available in 2009. WA8047 (Spring Club) will be proposed for full release in 2009.
Washington Quality Lab - Assisted in the release of new WSU winter and spring wheat varieties Xerpha, Whit, Kelse and Farnum by providing quality analysis. Assisted in identifying MAS genotypes with good end-use quality potential for further introgression into breeding lines.

Date of Annual Report: 03/15/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/26/2010 - 01/28/2010
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2009 - 12/01/2009

Participants

Participants Attachment:

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Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

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Accomplishments

Colorado State University - Haley In fall 2009, experimental line CO03W054-2 was released as 'Snowmass'. Snowmass is a medium maturing, tall semidwarf, hard white winter wheat. Snowmass was selected from the cross KS96HW94//'Trego'/CO960293 made in fall 1999. Snowmass has good resistance to stripe and stem rust and "temperature-sensitive near immunity" to wheat streak mosaic virus (from the CO960293 parent). Sprout tolerance of Snowmass is adequate for High Plains production, better than Platte, similar to Trego, and less than Danby. Averaged across 2008 and 2009 Colorado dryland variety trials, Snowmass was the second highest yielding entry, similar to Ripper and greater than all other hard red and hard white wheat cultivars. Bread baking quality characteristics of Snowmass include strong dough mixing properties (7.0 min Mixograph mix time, compared to 3.0 min for Danby and 4.6 min for Hatcher), high pup loaf volumes (1011 cc, compared to 870 cc for Danby and 938 cc for Hatcher), and good crumb grain scores (4.5 score, compared to 2.5 for Danby and 4.0 for Hatcher). In 2009, we continued several quality-related research activities including: SKCS, NIR, PPO, and Mixograph analyses of our Wheat-CAP mapping population (Platte/CO940610); collaborative research with Jerry Johnson (CSU Extension Agronomist) to assess the effect of planting date, seeding rate, and fertilizer rate on end-use quality; and flour and whole-grain NIR calibration development for SKCS, PPO, and dough mixing properties. In our breeding program, we continue to implement marker-assisted selection in a rapid advance (via single seed descent) F2 allele enrichment scheme, focusing on key disease and insect resistance genes and both high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits. In May 2009, Dr. Oluwatosin Adedipe joined our program as a postdoctoral scientist focusing on NIR calibration development. Montana State University Spring Wheat Program - Talbert Approximately 2,000,000 acres of hard red spring wheat were seeded in 2009. Leading varieties were Reeder, Choteau, Vida and McNeal, accounting for over 60% of the acreage in the state. Our recently released variety, Vida, is a high-yielding line especially suited for rain-fed areas of Montana. One focus of the project over the past few years has been to identify new forms of resistance to the wheat stem sawfly that may complement solid stems as we develop host plant resistance. In this regard, two QTL were identified that control attraction of female sawfly to plants for oviposition. These QTL are being incorporated into new varieties. We have also instigated several experiments regarding genetics of resistance to the orange wheat blossom midge. This is a major insect pest in the northwestern part of Montana. Our results indicate that differences in host-plant attractiveness to the female midge may also be exploited to help control this insect. Montana State University - Winter Wheat Program - Bruckner Montana harvested winter wheat acreage for 2009 was 2.42 million acres averaging ~37 bu/acre (total production ~89.5 million bushels). Leading varieties were Genou (24.5%) and Yellowstone (12.7%), both recent program releases. Genou was the most planted wheat cultivar in Montana for the 3rd consecutive year. The winter wheat program emphasizes on-farm productivity characteristics and quality characteristics to compete in a global market place. Specific objectives include productivity, adaptation (cold tolerance, maturity, stress tolerance), pest resistance (wheat stem sawfly, wheat streak mosaic virus, stem rust), and dual-purpose end-use quality. End-use quality goals are high grain protein and gluten strength, high flour extraction and low ash content, good dough mixing and bread baking quality, and superior noodle color and textural characteristics. No new cultivars were released in 2009. Montana State University - Quantitative Genetics and Plant breeding - Giroux and Martin Our objectives are to conduct studies on genes important to wheat grain quality and or agronomic traits. In 2009, we published two papers on the creation and testing of new Puroindoline alleles. The new alleles were created and tested in the soft white spring wheat Alpowa. New Pina and Pinb missense alleles varied in function in terms of their effects upon grain hardness from mild to severe. Missense alleles characterized as mild were those that did not result in large hardness increases relative to Alpowa while severe alleles resulted in hard grain texture. Oregon State University Wheat Breeding Programs - Peterson A total of nine varieties have been released since 2002, including Tubbs and Tubbs 06; ORCF-101, 102, 103; Norwest 553, Goetze, and Skiles. These varieties accounted for 457,200 acres, or 60.4% of all winter wheat produced in Oregon in 2009 (either alone or in blends). This exceeds acreage of Stephens, long the #1 variety in Oregon, at 170,000 acres, or 19.3% of all winter wheat. Varieties released by OSU since 2002 accounted for 31% of all Washington Certified winter wheat seed sold in fall 2008. Using conservative estimates, these nine new wheat varieties have increased yields across the state by 5 bushels per acre (8 to 12%) compared to Stephens. At the current price of wheat (~$5.50 per bushel) this equates to an economic impact for Oregon wheat growers of $12 million dollars in 2009 alone. Availability of these new varieties has contributed to a nearly 10-fold increase in wheat acreage in the Willamette valley. In Washington, these new OSU wheat varieties increase wheat yields by an average 6.5 bushels per acre compared to Madsen. At the current wheat, the economic impact of these improved Oregon wheat varieties for Washington growers is conservatively estimated to be $21.5 million dollars in 2009. The CLEARFIELD varieties ORCF-101, ORCF-102, and ORCF-103 were the leading royalty income sources for OSU in 2007 and 2008. Twenty eight seed companies in the PNW are currently licensed to produce and sell seed of the OSU CLEARFIELD varieties. In fall, 2008, approximately 450,000 acres of ORCF-101 and 102 were seeded in the PNW from sale of 540,000 bushels of Certified seed. For fall 2009, combined seed sales of ORCF-101, 102, and 103 are anticipated to be over 700,000 bu. The Oregon Winter Elite Yield Trial (OWEYT) was grown at 14 locations in 2009. Data were collected and summarized from 11 sites. Data also were collected from 7 locations of the Hard Winter Elite Yield Trials (HWELT) and 4 locations of the Oregon Spring Elite Yield Trial (OSEYT). These variety trials support breeding efforts, end-use quality testing, variety release decisions, variety quality recommendations, and provide important information on variety performance to Oregon wheat growers. Oregon State University Cereal Quality Program - Ross During 2009 the laboratory processed or supervised data collection from 120 whole wheat mixographs, 900 polyphenol oxidase tests, over 1900 kernel hardness tests, 400 NIR protein tests, 195 total polymeric protein analyses, 126 full mill/rheology/bake profiles, 103 mill/bake profiles, and 90 mill/rheology profiles. The laboratory also supervised over 100 barley RVA and over 500 barley beta-glucan analyses. Other laboratory activities included methods validation and development work on the new 100g pin mixer for pup loaf baking, adaptation of a high-throughput beta glucan testing method, and adaptation, commissioning, and validation of a new, more rapid, small-bore chromatographic method for gluten quality analyses. During 2009 CQL personnel attended the PNW Wheat Quality Council and National Food Barley Council meetings. The PI traveled to the Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference, and to Central America and Mexico with US Wheat Associates. University of Idaho Aberdeen Research & Extension Center - Chen We had a very productive year in 2009 and made significant contributions in the hard white winter wheat variety development and in scholarly contributions. We released hard white winter wheat variety UICF Grace that carries the Als1 gene for tolerance to imazamox herbicide. We also released another hard white winter wheat UI Silver and announced the pre-release of hard white winter wheat IDO835. Foundation seeds for the three varieties will be available in the fall of 2010. UICF Grace is adapted to dryland production, while UI Silver and IDO835 are adapted to both irrigated and rainfed production areas. We also submitted an additional two spring wheat potential releases to PNW Quality Council. In addition, I published six peer-referred articles (one senior author) and submitted one (senior author) in the Journal of Plant Registration this year. In cooperation with the Moscow breeding program, we completed WheatCap projects and identified QTL and markers associated with the predominant diseases (HTAP stripe rust and Dwarf bunt) in Idaho and QTL associated with end-use quality, which will accelerate the deployment of MAS in the breeding program. Two manuscripts derived from the CAP project will be submitted by the end of this year or the beginning of 2010. To sustain Idaho wheat production, we initiated drought projects and conducted intensive field screening and candidate gene mapping. We identified some QTL associated with drought related physiological traits and mapped thirteen candidate genes in the wheat genome. One manuscript derived from the drought project was submitted and one poster will be presented at PAG meeting in Jan. 2010. In order to improve the breeding efficiency, I use my budget wisely and purchased a new headrow thresher and a Ranger. The new headrow thresher reduced by half the time required for winter wheat planting turn around. The Ranger helped a lot for transportation in Aberdeen. Washington State University Spring Wheat Breeding Program - Kidwell/Shelton/Pumphrey After nearly three years of searching, a new spring wheat breeder has been identified. Dr. Michael Pumphrey has been appointed and assumed the position in January 2010. During this longer than expected transition, this program has faced considerable change with the departure of Dr. Dipak Santra, Dr. Meenakshi Santra and Adrienne Burke, all of whom were important in meeting the overall goals of this program. In contrast, we have an additional person, Wycliffe Nyongesa who is a new field technologist. With these changes the program has remained highly productive. In 2009, over 29,000 breeding lines and/or named varieties of four market classes (soft white, hard white, hard red and club) were evaluated. Nearly 2,700 lines were selected for end-use quality assessment in 2009. Additionally, 276 crosses were made in 2009. The introgression of marker-assisted selection (MAS)-derived genotypes has become an important segment of the program and the development of genotypes through MAS that carry essential genes of interest are currently being used as parents in our crossing blocks. Targeted genes include stripe rust seedling resistance genes Yr5 and Yr15, the high-temperature adult-plant stripe rust resistance genes of Louise and Alpowa, the high protein gene Gpc-B1, and Hessian fly resistance genes H9, H13 and H25. Success for this program is measured by the producers adoption of our newly released varieties. Louise was released in 2005 and in 2009, 62% (180,000 A) of the soft white spring wheat acreage in Washington state was planted to Louise. Washington State University Winter Wheat Breeding Program - Carter The biggest change over the past year as been the recent hire of the new winter wheat breeder. Arron Carter started on July 16th, 2009 and has been actively engaged in cultivar development efforts. As with all new additions, the winter wheat breeding program has been going through a series of internal evaluations, identifying ways in which the program can expand on the previous program. Initial areas of expansion for the winter wheat program include the incorporation of marker-assisted selection, early-generation end-use quality screening, and a more focused approach to collaboration with other researchers on cultivar development. The marker-assisted selection program is focusing on pyramiding seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust, incorporation of Rht8, selection for foot rot resistance, and selection for Gpc-B1. Cross-hybridizations are centralized around these focus areas as well as others for future marker-assisted selections. Objectives of the breeding program focus on grain yield productivity and stability, adaptation (emergence, cold tolerance, drought tolerance), pest resistance (stripe rust, foot rot, snow mold, Cephalosporium stripe, wireworm), and excellent end-use quality characteristics. The main focus of the winter wheat breeding program continues to focus on cultivar development for the soft white common, hard red, and hard white market classes. In 2009, approximately 1.7 million acres of wheat were planted in Washington. Eltan continues to be the top planted cultivar, accounting for 21% of the winter wheat acreage. Acreage of Imazamox resistant cultivars increased 67% from 2008 and was planted on over 200,000 acres. Soft white club acreage was slightly higher this year, being planted on 128,000 acres. Hard red winter wheat is continuing to decline in acreage with only 212,000 acres in 2009, a 40% decrease from 2007. Hard white winter wheat cultivars are still planted on minimal acreage. Western Wheat Quality Lab - Morris and Beecher A comprehensive analysis of wheat grain ash across the U.S. Pacific Northwest showed that some genetic variation existed for the trait but that environment and crop year were a greater source of variation, therefore discouraging any significant breeding effort. Milling performance and the quality of Chinese white salted noodles was shown to benefit from the Pinb-D1b allele. Transforming maize with puroindolines increased wet milling starch yields 5% while reducing the pressure required to fracture kernels by up to 36%. A new gene locus for Puroindoline b variant was discovered (Pinb-2) and other homoeologs re-assigned through physical mapping. Hard-soft near isogenic lines were used to determine polar lipid composition in grain. Surveys of water soluble and total arabinoxylans of Pacific Northwest wheat cultivars and breeding populations were conducted and showed that genetic variation ranged about 2 fold. Feeding trials with rainbow trout indicated that waxy wheat could be a superior aquaculture feed. PPO genes structure was advanced by cloning PPO genes and conducting a phylogenetic analysis. Digital Differential Display was shown to effectively identify differentially expressed UniGenes in silico in wheat during development. The AACCI Approved Method 10-52 for sugar-snap cookies was revised. Collaboration included studies on size-exclusion HPLC analysis of SWW wheat proteins, the effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on wheat grain quality, use of marker-assisted selection to rapidly target rust resistance genes into wheat, and studies on the gluten macropolymer in Asian noodles. Each year Doug Engle and Dr. Morris organize the Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council, with attendance of approximately 80, there are 22 collaborators which include ADM Milling, Agri-Pro/Syngenta, Central Milling, Cereal Foods Processors, ConAgra, Horizon Milling,Kraft/Nabisco, Continental Mills, Pendleton Flour Milling, USDA-GIPSA-FGIS, WestBred LLC, and others. Engle and Morris also organize the Overseas Varietal Analysis Project, Soft White & Club Wheats for U.S. Wheat Associates.

Publications

Bettge, A.D., Kweon, M. 2009. Collaborative study on updated method 10-52: Baking quality of cookie flour micro method (sugar-snap cookie). CFW 54:70-73. Blake, N.K., S. P. Lanning, J. M. Martin, M. Doyle, J. D. Sherman, Y. Naruoka, and L. E. Talbert. 2009. Effect of variation for major growth habit genes on maturity and yield in five spring wheat populations. Crop Sci. 49:1211-1220. Carter, A.H., X.M. Chen, K. Garland-Campbell, and K.K. Kidwell. 2009. Identifying QTL for high-temperature adult-plant resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Louise. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119:1119-1128. Chen, J., E. J. Souza, R. S. Zemetra, N. A. Bosque-Pérez, M. J. Guttieri, J. Wheeler, K. M. O'Brien, J. W. Windes, S. O. Guy, B. D. Brown, X. M. Chen. 2009. Registration of Cataldo Spring Wheat. J. Plant Registration 3: 264 - 268. Eujayl, I. and C.F. Morris. 2009. Identification of differentially expressed UniGenes in developing wheat seed using digital differential display. J. Cereal Sci. 49:316-318. Feiz, L., B.S. Beecher, J.M. Martin, and M.J. Giroux. (2009) In planta mutagenesis determines the functional regions of the wheat puroindoline proteins. Genetics 183(3):853-860. Feiz, L., H.W. Wanjugi, C.W. Melnyk, I. Altosaar, J.M. Martin, and M.J. Giroux. (2009a) Puroindolines co-localize to the starch granule surface and increase seed bound polar lipid content. J Cereal Science 50:91-98. Feiz, L., J.M. Martin, and M.J. Giroux. (2009b) Creation and functional analysis of new Puroindoline alleles in Triticum aestivum. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 118:247-257. Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F.T., Rawles, S.D., Liu, K., Bregitzer, P., Hang, A., Obert, D.E., and Morris, C.F. 2009. Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy in extruded diets from cultivars of barley and wheat selected for nutritional quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Nutrition 15:306-312. Griffey, C.A., W. E. Thomason, R. M. Pitman, B. R. Beahm, J. J. Paling, J. Chen, J. K. Fanelli, J. C. Kenner, D. W. Dunaway, W. S. Brooks, M. E. Vaughn, E.G. Hokanson, H. D. Behl, R. A. Corbin, J. T. Custis, C. M. Waldenmaier, D. E. Starner, S. A. Gulick, S. R. Ashburn, D. L. Whitt, H. E. Bockelman, E. J. Souza, D. L. Long, Y. Jin, X. Chen, and S. E. Cambron. 2009. Registration of USG 3555 Wheat. J. Plant Registration 3: 273 - 278. Griffey, C.A., W. E. Thomason, R. M. Pitman, B. R. Beahm, J. J. Paling, J. Chen, J. K. Fanelli, J. C. Kenner, D. W. Dunaway, W. S. Brooks, M. E. Vaughn, E.G. Hokanson, H. D. Behl, R. A. Corbin, J. T. Custis, C. M. Waldenmaier, D. E. Starner, S. A. Gulick, S. R. Ashburn, D. L. Whitt, H. E. Bockelman, E. J. Souza, D. L. Long, Y. Jin, X. Chen, and S. E. Cambron. 2009. Registration of 5205 Wheat. J. Plant Registration 3: 283 - 288. Haley, S.D., J.J. Johnson, P.H. Westra, F.B. Peairs, J.A. Stromberger, E.E. Heaton, S.A. Seifert, R.A. Kottke, J.B. Rudolph, G.Bai, R.L. Bowden, M.-S. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Jin, J.A. Kolmer, and B.W. Seabourn. 2009. Registration of 'Thunder CL' wheat. J. Plant Reg. 3:181-184. Haynes, L.C., Bettge, A.D.,and Slade, L. 2009. Soft wheat and flour products methods review: Solvent Retention Capacity equation correction. CFW 54:174-175. He, X.Y., He, Z.H., Morris, C.F., and Xia, X.C. 2009. Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of polyphenol oxidase genes in common wheat and related species. Genetic Res. Crop Evolution 56:311-321. Kidwell, K.K., G.B. Shelton, V.L. DeMacon, X. Chen, J. Kuehner, B. Baik, D.A. Engle, A.H. Carter and N.A. Bosque-Perez. 2009. Registration of Kelse wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations 3(3):269-272. Kidwell, K.K., G.B. Shelton, V.L. DeMacon, J. Kuehner, B.K. Baik, D.A. Engle, and N.A. Bosque-Perez, A. Burke, A.H. Carter and X. Chen. 2009. Registration of Whit wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations 3(3)279-282. Li, S., Morris, C.F., and Bettge, A.D. 2009. Genotype and environment variation for arabinoxylans in hard winter and spring wheats of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Cereal Chem. 86:88-95. Ma, D., Zhang, Y., Xia, X., Morris, C.F., and He, Z. 2009. Milling and Chinese raw white noodle qualities of common wheat near-isogenic lines differing in puroindoline b-alleles. J. Cereal Sci. 50:126-130. Morris, C.F., Li, S., King, G.E., Engle, D.A., Burns, J.W., and Ross, A.S. 2009. A comprehensive genotype and environment assessment of wheat grain ash content in Oregon and Washington: Analysis of variation. Cereal Chem. 86:307-312. Ohm, J.B., Ross, A.S., Peterson, C.J., and Morris, C.F. 2009. Relationships of quality characteristics with size-exclusion HPLC chromatogram of protein extract in soft white winter wheats. Cereal Chem. 86:197-203. Porteaus, F., Hill, J., Ball, A.S., Pinter, P.J., Kimball, B.A., Wall, G.W., Adamsen, F.J., Hunsaker, D.J., LaMorte, R.L., Leavitt, S.W., Thompson, T.L., Matthias, A.D., Brooks, T.J., and Morris, C.F. 2009. Effect of free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) on the chemical composition and nutritive value of wheat grain and straw. Animal Feed Sci.and Tech. 149:322-332. Randhawa, H.S., Mutti, J.S., Kidwell, K., Morris, C.F., Chen, X., and Gill, K.S. 2009. Rapid and targeted introgression of genes into popular cultivars using marker-assisted background selection. PLoS ONE 4:e5752. Rey, J.I., P. M. Hayes, S. E. Petrie, A. Corey, M. Flowers, J. B. Ohm, C. Ong, K. Rhinhart, and A. S. Ross. Production of Dryland Barley for Human Food: Quality and Agronomic Performance Crop Sci. 2009 49: 347355. Weaver, D. K., M. Buteler, M. L. Hofland, J. B. Runyon, C. Nansen, L. E. Talbert, and G. R. Carlson. 2009. Cultivar preferences of ovipositing wheat stem sawflies as influenced by the amounts of volatile attractants. J. Econ. Entomol. 102:1009-1017. Zhang, J., Martin, J.M., Beecher, B., Morris, C.F., Hannah, L.C., and Giroux, M.J. 2009. Seed-specific expression of the wheat puroindoline genes improves maize wet milling yields. Plant Biotech. Journal 7:733-743. Zhang, J., J.M. Martin, B. Beecher, C.F. Morris, L.C. Hannah, and M.J. Giroux (2009) Seed-specific expression of the wheat puroindoline genes improves maize wet milling yields. Plant Biotechnology 7:733-743. Zheng, S., P.F. Byrne, G. Bai, X. Shan, S.D. Reid, S.D. Haley, and B.W. Seabourn. 2009. Association analysis reveals effects of wheat glutenin alleles and rye translocations on dough-mixing properties. J. Cer. Sci. 50:283-290.

Impact Statements

Colorado State released one new cultivar in 2009, named Snowmass. Snowmass is a hard white winter wheat with a very strong disease resistance package and unique end-use quality properties. Snowmass will be grown in an identity-preserved contract program in Colorado and adjacent states.
Colorado State implemented whole-grain NIR calibrations for SKCS parameters (kernel weight, diameter, hardness), together with existing calibrations for grain protein and ash, as a rough selection tool for headrow samples in between harvest in July and planting in September.
Leading varieties in Montana were Genou (24.5%) and Yellowstone (12.7%), both recent Montana State University releases. Genou was the most planted wheat cultivar in Montana for the 3rd consecutive year.
A total of nine varieties have been released by the Oregon State University program since 2002, including Tubbs and Tubbs 06; ORCF-101, 102, 103; Norwest 553, Goetze, and Skiles. These varieties accounted for 457,200 acres, or 60.4% of all winter wheat produced in Oregon in 2009
The Oregon State Quality Lab did validation and development work on the new 100g pin mixer for pup loaf baking, adaptation of a high-throughput beta glucan testing method, and adaptation, commissioning, and validation of a new, more rapid, small-bore chromatographic method for gluten quality analyses.
Washington State University varieties Babe (SWS) and JD (spring club) were approved for released in 2009. Foundation seed for both varieties will be available in 2010.
Unique and special types of wheat were developed and their uses evaluated (soft white and hard red waxy, soft durum) at the Western Wheat Quality Lab
Wheat grain constituents and their variation were studied and their genetic control estimated (arabinoxylans, ash) at the Western Wheat Quality Lab
Work to reduce discoloration systems included research on polyphenol oxidase. Studies of wheat grain quality genetics were conducted (UniGenes, marker-assisted selection, puroindolines) at the Western Wheat Quality Lab

Date of Annual Report: 03/28/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/26/2011 - 01/28/2011
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2010 - 12/01/2010

Participants

The largest group in PNW Wheat Quality Council history attended the 2011 meeting in Seattle. Participants included university personnel from four states, USDA-ARS personnel from several labs, USDA Federal Grain Inspection personnel from several offices, wheat commission members from Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington, and industry members from all major wheat milling companies in the west as well as soft wheat users in the eastern US including ADM Milling, Agri-Pro/Syngenta, Central Milling, Cereal Foods Processors, ConAgra, Horizon Milling, Kraft/Nabisco, Continental Mills, Pendleton Flour Milling, and WestBred LLC. More than 85 people participated in the three-day educational and decision-making meetings. A list of attendees with business affiliation is attached.

Participants Attachment:

Attachment

Brief Summary of Minutes

The full agenda for for this Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council Meeting is attached. Three different activities are held as part of this three day meeting. A WERA 1009 meeting is held during which university, USDA-ARS and private cereal breeding company members provide reports to the group on new varieties that have been or are being considered for release and any other significant efforts in variety development. During the PNW Branch American Association of Cereal Chemists International (AACCI)meeting, new cereal technology information is shared by university, USDA-ARS and private industry partners. Ideas for needed work are explored and discussed by the group so that that collaborative efforts can be designed and formalized. During the Wheat Quality Council meeting specific performance data on newly released varieties, or more importantly, varieties proposed for release, are reviewed in depth and group recommendations made to wheat breeders. Data that are shared are generated through a network of coordinated, commercial milling and baking lab tests. These testing efforts are often the first time that newer germplasm is able to be tested in an array of different commercial-scale operations.

During the WERA portion of this meeting update and progress reports were heard from Colorado State University, the University of Idaho, Montana State University, Oregon State University, Utah State University, Washington State University, the USDA-ARS Wheat Quality Lab in Pullman, the USDA-ARS Wheat Breeding Program in Pullman, Agro-Pro, Western Plant Breeders, the Gilliam County Wheat Quality Lab and others.

Accomplishments

University of Idaho proposed release of a new hard white winter release 'LHS', one hard red winter cultivar 'SRG' (IDO656) and had three spring wheat lines (IDO599, IDO644,IDO671) receive PNW QC approval. The new experimental hard red spring wheat line MT0832 was proposed for release in Montana. MT0832 is cross between MT0249 (a sib of Vida) and Choteau, and has been selected for long green leaf duration and solid stems. Other objectives for the breeding program include selection for resistance to the orange wheat blossom midge, which is a serious concern in the northwestern portion of the state and development of Clearfield herbicide resistant hard white wheat varieties. End-use quality targets for all varieties remain to be excellent bread-making properties, including selection for high grain protein, strong gluten, good water absorption, and large loaf volume. Decade hard red winter (HRW) wheat was developed and released jointly by the Montana and North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Stations in September 2010. Decade was derived from a composite of three closely related single crosses (N95L159/CDC Clair, N95L159/MT9602, and N95L159/MT9609) and tested under the experimental number MT0552. Decade is a high-yielding, winter-hardy HRW wheat line with medium to high test weight, early maturity, reduced height (Rht1), medium to high grain protein, and excellent milling and baking quality. Decade was released for its combination of good winter hardiness, short stature, and high yield potential and its excellent performance in eastern Montana and western North Dakota winter wheat production environments. In the Montana State University Wheat Quality Program the overall objective is to conduct studies on genes important to wheat grain quality and or agronomic traits. The Puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) together comprise the wheat Hardness locus (Ha) and control grain texture. Hard wheats contain a mutation in either Pina or Pinb, but there is no puroindoline allelic diversity among soft hexaploid wheats as all carry the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a alleles. However, Pina and Pinb allelic variation exists within synthetic hexaploid wheats created using novel D genome donors. The effects of four Aegilops tauschii-derived Ha locus haplotypes (Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, Pina-D1e/Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i, and Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i) found in synthetic wheat were tested by crossing them into the soft white spring wheats Alpowa and Vanna. The effect of each Ha haplotype on grain hardness was measured by analyzing backcross or F2-derived lines. All novel Ha loci increased grain hardness while still conferring soft wheat texture. None of the novel Ha locus haplotypes significantly affected Pina or Pinb transcript or protein expression levels In fall 2010 at Colorado State, three HRW experimental lines were advanced to enable release as new cultivars in fall 2011. These include CO06424 (TAM 112/CO070547-7), CO050303-2 (CO980829/TAM 111), and CO06052 (Teal 11A/Above//CO99314; two-gene Clearfield). All three lines have shown excellent yield and test weight in field trials and good stripe rust resistance. Two of the lines (CO06424 and CO06052) have excellent end-use quality with high loaf volumes (~1.050 L vs. 0.915 L for Hatcher) and good crumb grain scores. Colorado State optimized its rapid visco analyzer (RVA) to enable routine detection of late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA). The Colorado State breeding continues to implement marker-assisted selection in a rapid advance (via single seed descent) F2 allele-enrichment scheme, focusing on disease and insect resistance, high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits, PPO, and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance. Curlew was released by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Curlew has been evaluated by the WWQL for several years and was included in the 2008 PNW wheat quality council samples. Based on 2009 PNW Wheat Quality Council results, breeders seed headrows of an irrigated hard red winter line, UT9743-42 were grown. Across the region as a whole, stakeholders were provided current cultivar quality information at field days and in industry meetings in 2010. At Utah State Cereal Science (PLSC4600) was taught to 60 undergraduate students. This cereals-processing and quality course draws heavily from activities and industry contacts of WERA-1009. The WSU Wheat Quality Lab evaluated 1,241 wheat breeding lines harvested in 2009 from the WSU spring and winter wheat breeding programs to facilitate development of wheat varieties possessing desirable end-use quality characteristics. Wheat breeding lines were tested for milling quality, composition, biochemical properties and baking performance in cooperation with the Western Wheat Quality Laboratory. The test results were analyzed, summarized, shared with WSU wheat breeders and utilized in the selection of breeding lines for the next generation. The WSU Wheat Quality Lab simplified the sponge cake baking test procedure in the egg whipping step and improved its consistency by replacement of cake batter hand mixing with mechanical wire whip mixing. Egg foam whipping and mechanical batter mixing conditions were optimized by comparing egg foam density and sponge cake volume to those of the original procedure. The modified procedure of sponge cake baking test, including the adoption of a 5-liter mixer for egg whipping and batter mixing, no heat input , one time water addition during egg whipping, and batter mixing using a beater blade, yielded the most comparable volume of SC to the conventional procedure and differentiated soft wheat flours of various quality. The WSU breeding program was able to make excellent selections for stripe rust resistance due to the extreme pressure at many breeding sites. A shift of focus has gone from selecting for high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance to selecting for both HTAP and all-stage resistance. Molecular markers have been useful in selecting both advanced and early generation lines for better stripe rust resistance. This has been a major focus of our MAS work. The WSU breeding program is working with a Louise by Penawawa mapping population to identify linked markers for stripe rust resistance, Hessian fly resistance, agronomic traits, and end-use quality traits. They are are in the process of using a Brundage by Coda population for stripe rust and cold tolerance QTL mapping. At the Western Wheat Quality Lab a new variant of Puroindoline b-2 genes was described and physically mapped; there are now 4 Pinb-2 variants in bread wheat. There was a statistical correlation with agronomic traits in Chinese germplasm and Pinb-2 alleles. At the Western Wheat Quality Lab a STS marker was developed to identify the Puroindoline a-null (Pina-D1b) allele deletion. At the Western Wheat Quality Lab a study using various spectroscopy techniques and atomic force microscopy examined differences between near-isogenic soft and hard wheat endosperm. Oregon State University winter wheat varieties released within the last six years now occupy over 55% of wheat acreage in Oregon. Most of these varieties have quality characteristics significantly better than those of older varieties. Oregon State University was successful in hiring a new wheat breeder after Dr. Jim Peterson, who had held the position for 12 years, left for a research leadership position with Lima Grain. Dr. Bob Zemetra was hired and will begin work in May 2011.

Publications

Brevis, J.C., Morris, C.F., Manthey, F., and Dubcovsky, J. 2010. Effect of the grain protein content locus Gpc-B1 on bread and pasta quality. J. Cereal Sci. 51:357-365. Burrows, M., M. Moffett, P. Bruckner, J. Berg, and M. Johnston. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of stem rust in Montana, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:CF037 Online publication. doi: doi:10.1094/PDMR04. Carter AH, Walker CA, Kidwell KK 2010. Chapter 2: Breeding for dual-purpose hard white wheat in the US: Noodle and Pan breads. pp 25-56. In G. Hou ed, Asian Noodles: Science, Technology, and Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chen, F., Beecher, B.S., and Morris, C.F. 2010. Physical mapping and a new variant of Puroindoline b-2 genes in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 120:745-751. Chen, J., E.J. Souza, N.A. Bosque-Pérez, M.J. Guttieri, K.L. O'Brien, J.M. Windes, S.O. Guy, B.D. Brown, X.M. Chen, and R.S. Zemetra. 2010. Registration of "UI Winchester" Wheat. J. Plant Registration 4:1-4. Chen, F., Zhang, F., Cheng, X., Morris, C.F., Xu, H., Dong, Z., Zhan, K., He, Z., Xia, X., and Cui, D. 2010. Association of puroindoline b-2 variants with grain traits, yield components and flag leaf size in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties of Yellow and Huai Valley of China. J. Cereal Sci. 52:247-253. Chen, F., Zhang, F., Morris, C., He, Z., Xia, X., and Cui, D. 2010. Molecular characterization of the Puroindoline a-D1b allele and development of an STS marker in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Cereal Sci. 52:80-82. Choi H., T. Harris, B. Baik. 2010. Improvement of sponge cake baking test procedure for simple and reliable estimation of soft white wheat quality. Cereal Foods World 55:A42. Demacon V., K. Kidwell, D. Santra, G. Shelton, S. Lyon, X. Chen, J. Kuehner, B. Baik, D. Engle, K. Campbell, S. Jones. 2010. Registration of "Farnum" Wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations El-Feki, W., P. Byrne, S. Reid, N. Lapitan, and S.D. Haley. 2010. QTL detection for bread making quality and agronomic traits in a winter wheat mapping population. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Endleman J, J Reeve, DJ Hole. 2010. Economically Optimal Compost Rates for Organic Crop Production. Agronomy J. 102:1283-1289. Filichkin, T.P., M.A.Vinje, A.D. Budde, A.E. Corey, S.H. Duke, L. Gallagher, J. Helgesson, C.A. Henson, D.E. Obert, J.B. Ohm, S.E. Petrie, A.S. Ross, and P.M. Hayes. Phenotypic variation for diastatic power, beta-amylase activity and thermostability vs. Bmy1 allelic variation in North American barley. Crop Science. 50: 826-834. Finnie, S.M., Jeannotte, R., Morris, C.F., Giroux, M.J., and Faubion, J.M. 2010. Variation in polar lipids located on the surface of wheat starch. J. Cereal Sci. 51:73-80. Finnie, S.M., Jeannotte, R., Morris, C.F., Giroux, M.J., and Faubion, J.M. 2010. Variation in polar lipid composition within near-isogenic wheat lines containing different puroindoline haplotypes. J. Cereal Sci. 51:66-72. Flowers, M.D., C.J. Peterson, A. Hulting, J. Burns, S. Guy, and J Kuehner. 2010. Skiles: Soft White Winter Wheat. Oregon State Extension Service Publication EM9004-E. [Online]. Available at: http://eesc.oregonstate.edu. Flowers, M.D., C.J. Peterson, A. Hulting, J. Burns, S. Guy, and J Kuehner. 2010. ORCF-103:CLEARFIELD Soft White Winter Wheat. Oregon State Extension Service Publication EM9006-E. [Online]. Available at: http://eesc.oregonstate.edu. Fuerst, E. P., Anderson, J. V., and C. F. Morris. 2010. Chapter 12: Effects of Polyphenol Oxidase on Noodle Color: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Improvement. In: Asian Noodles: Science, Technology, and Processing. G.G. Hou (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, pp. 285-312. Griffey, C.A., W. E. Thomason, R. M. Pitman, B. R. Beahm, P. G. Gundrum, S. Y. Liu, J.Chen, J. J. Paling, D. W. Dunaway, W. S. Brooks, M. E. Vaughn, J. E. Seago, B. C. Will,E.G. Hokanson, H. D. Behl, R. A. Corbin, T. R. Lewis, M. D. Hall, J. T. Custis, D.E.Starner, S. A. Gulick, S. R. Ashburn, D. L. Whitt, H. E. Bockelman, J. P. Murphy, R. A.Navarro, E. J. Souza, G. L. Brown-Guedira, J. A. Kolmer, D. L. Long, Y. Jin, X. Chen, andS. E. Cambron. 2010. Registration of "SW049029104" Wheat. J. Plant Registration (Published online 10 Nov. 2010). Griffey, C.A., W. E. Thomason, R. M. Pitman, B. R. Beahm, J. J. Paling, J. Chen, P. G. Gundrum, J. K. Fanelli, D. W. Dunaway, W. S. Brooks, M. E. Vaughn, E. G. Hokanson, H. D. Behl, R. A. Corbin, J. E. Seago, B. C. Will, M. D. Hall, S. Y. Liu, J. T. Custis, D. E. Starner, S. A. Gulick, S. R. Ashburn, E. H. Jones Jr., D. L. Whitt, H. E. Bockelman, E. J. Souza, G. L. Brown-Guedira, J. A. Kolmer, D. L. Long, Y. Jin, X. Chen, and S. E. Cambron. 2010. Registration of 'Merl' wheat. J. Plant Registration (Published online 10 Nov. 2010). Hall, M. D., W. Rohrer-Perkins, C. A. Griffey, S. Y. Liu, W. E. Thomason, A. O. Abaye, A. Bullard-Schilling, P. G. Gundrum, J. K. Fanelli, J. Chen, W. S. Brooks, J. E. Seago, B. C. Will, E. G. Hokanson, H. D. Behl, R. M. Pitman, J. C. Kenner, M. E. Vaughn, R. A. Corbin, D. W. Dunaway, T. R. Lewis, D. E. Starner, S. A. Gulick, B. R. Beahm, D. L. Whitt, J. B. Lafferty, and G. A. Hareland. 2010. Registration of 'Snowglenn' Winter Durum Wheat. J. Plant Registration (Published online 10 Nov. 2010). Hole, D., Clawson, S., Clawson, J. 2010. 2010 Utah Small Grains Variety Trials. AES Research Report 210 Kidwell K., R. Allan, G. Shelton, V. Demacon, X. Chen, J. Kuehner, B. Baik, D. Engle. Registration of "JD" wheat. 2010. Registration of "JD" wheat. Kongraksawech, T., A. S. Ross, and Y. L. Ong. 2010. Effect of carbonate on co-extraction of arabinoxylans with glutenin macropolymer. Cereal Chemistry. 87: 86-88. Kottke, R., V. Valdez, S.D. Haley, A.K. Fritz, and G. Bai. 2010. Validation of molecular markers associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) doubled haploid population. Plant Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, January 2010. Lanning, S. P., K. Kephart, G. R. Carlson, J. E. Eckhoff, R. N. Stougaard, D. M. Wichman, J. M. Martin, and L. E. Talbert. 2010. Climatic change and performance of hard red spring wheat from 1950-2007. Crop Sci. 50: 835-841. Martin, J. M. J.E. Berg P. Hofer, K.D. Kephart, D. Nash, and P.L. Bruckner. 2010. Divergent selection for polyphenol oxidase and grain protein and their impacts on white salted noodle, bread and agronomic traits in wheat. Crop Sci. 50:1298-1309. Morris, C.F. 2010. Yellow berry. In: Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray, and R. W. Smiley (Eds.). The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, pg. 158. Ong, Y.A., A. S. Ross, and D. A. Engle. 2010. Glutenin Macropolymer in Salted and Alkaline Noodle Doughs. Cereal Chem. Cereal Chem. 87:79-85 Pasha I., Anjum, F.M., and Morris, C.F. 2010. Grain hardness: A major determinant of wheat quality. Food Science and Technology International. Food Sci. Tech. Int. 16:511-522. Reynolds, N.P., J. M. Martin and M.J. Giroux. 2010. Increased wheat grain hardness conferred by novel Puroindoline haplotypes from Aegilops tauschi..Cereal Chem. 87:237-242.. Reynolds, N.P., J. M. Martin and M.J. Giroux. 2010. Novel Ha locus, Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, impacts soft white spring wheat milling and baking. Crop Sci. 50:1718-1727. Scudiero, L. and Morris, C.F. 2010. Field emission scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, and Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of near-isogenic soft and hard wheat kernels and corresponding flours. J. Cereal Sci. 52:136.142. Sherman, J. D., D. K. Weaver, M. Hofland, M. Butelar, S. P. Lanning, Y. Naruoka, F. Crutcher, N. K. Blake, J. M. Martin, P. Lamb, G. Carlson, and L. E. Talbert. 2010. Identification of novel QTL for sawfly resistance in wheat. Crop Sci. 50: 73-86. Zhang, J., J.M. Martin, B. Beecher, C. Lu, L.C. Hannah, M.L. Wall, I. Altosaar, and M.J. Giroux. 2010. The ectopic Expression of the wheat puroindoline genes increase germ size and seed oil content in transgenic corn. Plant Molecular Biology 74:353-365. Zheng, S., P.F. Byrne, S.D. Haley, X. Shan, and S.D. Reid. 2010. Glutenin allelic variation and 1AL.1RS effects on dough mixing properties of wheat grown in irrigated and rainfed environments. Euphytica 176:357-369.

Impact Statements

Unique and special types of wheat have been developed and their uses evaluated (soft white and hard red waxy, soft durum) across the six-state region.
Wheat grain constituents and their variation have been studied and their genetic control estimated (arabinoxylans, ash) in programs across the six-state region.
Studies of wheat grain quality genetics have been conducted and markers for specific traits identified.
The end-use quality assessment of regional wheat breeding lines has contributed to the release of new varieties that are not only agronomically superior to existing varieties, but also have improved end-use quality for their marketability.
Breeding programs across the region have been able to implement effective selection strategies for end-use quality testing in both early and advanced generation material between harvest in July/August and planting in August/September.
Results from the Western Wheat Quality Lab study on improvement of the sponge cake baking test will help to develop a simpler, less laborious procedure, which requires little experience to perform as compared to the conventional procedure. The modified procedure will be suitable for the routine evaluation of a large number of wheat breeding lines.

Date of Annual Report: 09/29/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/18/2012 - 01/20/2012
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2011 - 12/01/2011

Participants

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Brief Summary of Minutes

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Accomplishments

COLORADO In fall 2011, three hard red winter wheat (HRW) lines were released: Byrd (experimental CO06424; TAM 112/CO070547-7 pedigree), Denali (experimental CO050303-2; CO980829/TAM 111 pedigree), and Brawl CL Plus (experimental CO06052; Teal 11A/Above//CO99314 pedigree; two-gene Clearfield*). Byrd and Brawl CL Plus have excellent end-use quality with high loaf volumes (~1.050 L vs. 0.915 L for Hatcher) and good crumb grain scores. In fall 2011, two hard white (HWW) winter wheat lines were advanced to enable release in fall 2012. These lines, CO07W245 (KS01HW152-1/TAM 111 pedigree) and CO05W111 (CO980829/TAM 111 pedigree), have shown good grain yield, test weight, and stripe rust resistance. End-use quality of both lines is comparable to Hatcher and neither line carries Glu-B1a1. Routine screening in 2010-2011 included over 2,100 SKCS, 1,400 Mixograph, 1,100 PPO, and 725 Quadrumat Senior milling and pup-loaf bake tests. Included among these were 144 variety trial samples (four locations) and these data were reported in the CSU variety trial summary. From one variety trial location, we conducted rapid visco analyzer (RVA) testing to enable detection of late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA). In May 2011, we isolated near-isogenic line (NIL) selections for Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 alleles in a Ripper background (Glu-B1a1/Glu-B1b and Glu-D1a/Glu-D1d). In fall 2011, NILs were planted with checks at six locations. In May 2011, we completed increase of a training panel of hard winter wheat genotypes (n=400) for genomic selection model development for grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and end-use quality. In fall 2011, the panel was planted in two replications at two locations under high and low nitrogen treatments for NUE assessment. The quality-related aspects of these research projects will form the basis for a PhD dissertation of graduate student Jessica Cooper. IDAHO We had a very productive year and accomplished original objectives in basic and applied research. The basic research is centralized on identifying molecular markers associated with yield under diverse water stress environments in elite spring and winter lines, and with water and nitrogen use efficiency in materials from NSGC. The basic research has involved in four referred publications this year. In the applied research, "UI SRG" was released and an invention disclosure is being filed. This new cultivar has good yield and quality performance and resistance to several fungal diseases adapted in water limited areas in southern Idaho and west of Colorado. Three elite high yielding spring wheat lines IDO599, IDO686, and IDO671 identified from the elite line evaluation are being released and several collection lines identified from NSGC evaluation have been used in crossing in several breeding programs in PNW region. We also made significant progress and selected several elite lines of all market classes using wheat by maize doubled haploid system, molecular marker-assisted selection, and EMS-mutagenesis. In training of future plant breeders, we have one PhD student passed a preliminary exam; we recruited one PhD and one M.S. students. We also hired one post doctorate starting Jan. 2012. MONTANA Spring Wheat Program The leading hard red spring variety in Montana is Choteau. Choteau is primarily grown due solid stems that confer resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. The next two most widely grown varieties are Reeder and Vida. Vida derives from a Reeder/Scholar cross, and was selected for its ability to retain green leaf tissue for an extended time period after heading, which was inherited from Reeder. This trait provides enhanced yield stability under hot and dry conditions typical in Montana during grain filling period in spring wheat. A new experimental line, MT0832, is being proposed for release. MT0832 is cross between MT0249 (a sib of Vida) and Choteau, and has been selected for long green leaf duration and solid stems. Other objectives for the breeding program include selection for resistance to the orange wheat blossom midge, which is a serious concern in the northwestern portion of the state. Efforts in development of herbicide resistant Clearfield and hard white wheat varieties are ongoing. End-use quality targets for all varieties remain excellent bread-making properties, including selection for high grain protein, strong gluten, good water absorption, and large loaf volume. MONTANA Winter Wheat Program Leading hard red winter varieties are Genou (29.9%), Yellowstone (18.0%), Rampart (7.0%), CDC Falcon (6.8%), and Jagalene (4.9%). Genou was the most planted wheat cultivar in Montana for the 4th consecutive year. The winter wheat program emphasizes on-farm productivity characteristics and quality characteristics to compete in a global market place. Specific objectives include productivity, adaptation (cold tolerance, maturity, stress tolerance), pest resistance (wheat stem sawfly, wheat streak mosaic virus, stem rust), and dual-purpose end-use quality. End-use quality goals are high grain protein and gluten strength, high flour extraction and low ash content, good dough mixing and bread baking quality, and superior noodle color and textural characteristics. Decade hard red winter (HRW) wheat was developed and released jointly by the Montana and North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Stations in September 2010. Decade was derived from a composite of three closely related single crosses (N95L159/CDC Clair, N95L159/MT9602, and N95L159/MT9609) and tested under the experimental number MT0552. Decade is a high-yielding, winter-hardy HRW wheat line with medium to high test weight, early maturity, reduced height (Rht1), medium to high grain protein, and excellent milling and baking quality. Decade was released for its combination of good winter hardiness, short stature, and high yield potential and its excellent performance in eastern Montana and western North Dakota winter wheat production environments. MONTANA Small Grain Quality Program Our overall objective is to conduct studies on genes important to wheat grain quality and/or agronomic traits. The Puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) together comprise the wheat Hardness locus (Ha) and control grain texture. Hard wheats contain a mutation in either Pina or Pinb, but there is no puroindoline allelic diversity among soft hexaploid wheats as all carry the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a alleles. However, Pina and Pinb allelic variation exists within synthetic hexaploid wheats created using novel D genome donors. The effects of four Aegilops tauschii-derived Ha locus haplotypes (Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, Pina-D1e/Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i, and Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i) found in synthetic wheat were tested by crossing them into the soft white spring wheats Alpowa and Vanna. The effect of each Ha haplotype on grain hardness was measured by analyzing backcross or F2-derived lines. All novel Ha loci increased grain hardness while still conferring soft wheat texture. None of the novel Ha locus haplotypes significantly affected Pina or Pinb transcript or protein expression levels. The Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h haplotype was backcrossed into the soft white spring wheat cultivars Vanna and Alpowa to determine the impact on soft wheat milling and baking quality. The effects of the Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h Ha locus haplotype were similar in both the Vanna and Alpowa backgrounds. The Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h lines had significantly more large and fewer small flour particles in both backgrounds and 1.51% higher flour yield in the Alpowa background. Both Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and flour protein influence noodle color. Our goal was to determine the impact of selecting for Ppo-A1 allelic differences and high versus low protein on white salted noodle, bread and agronomic traits. MONTANA Quantitative Genetics Program We have generated novel allelic variation in the puroindoline genes as well as the high molecular weight glutenins. The preliminary results for these projects indicate that the alleles exhibit a range of function from full to partial to no function remaining. Crosses have been made with promising alleles that impart different functional properties. Completion of the end product quality tests of the new alleles will likely take at least one more year. Ultimately, alleles imparting specific milling, mixing, or baking properties will be selected for incorporation into new varieties. A winter wheat recombinant inbred line population segregating for Polyphenol oxidase genes, Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1, was evaluated for white salted noodle quality. Allelic variation at Ppo-A1 showed the largest impact on PPO activity, while allelic variation at Ppo-D1 had largest impact on noodle color. OREGON The Oregon State University Wheat Quality Program investigated the molecular phenomena that control the processing and quality of wheat-based foods. 2789 F4 headrow samples from the 2011 harvest were tested for hardness before replanting and 1126 lines were culled as too hard or too variable. This substantially reduced the numbers of yield plots planted, strongly improving breeding efficiency. Full spectrum solvent retention capacity (SRC) testing was done on 43 soft winter Advanced lines prior to crossing season. Eight of these lines exceeded the high quality check (Skiles) for at least one critical quality trait. Two lines (OR2080637 and OR2090461) exceeded the best Skiles entry for all 5 critical quality traits (hardness, break flour yield, and the 3 relevant SRC values). These lines have been flagged as having high probability of superior soft wheat quality and are to be used in crossing in 2012.The beneficial outcomes of this testing are illustrated by the good-or-better quality of the 3 current soft wheat release candidates, OR2070870, OR2071628, OR8047P94. Preliminary work on pancake spread and texture was completed. Pancake batter viscosity was correlated with SRC tests, but no individual SRC test was predictive of pancake batter viscosity. Pancake batter viscosity was correlated with the viscosity of oxidatively gelled flour-water batters, suggesting a role for oxidative gelation in pancake spread. Some samples gelled without the addition of an oxidant. This observation led to the hypothesis that this spontaneous gelation related to the oxidative potential of the flour might be a way to index flour aging, work is ongoing. Work on exhaustive quality characterization of the Tubbs x NSA 95-0995 mapping population was concluded and the QTL are being analyzed at the time of writing. WASHINGTON The cool wet spring experienced in 2011 caused one of the highest average state yields on record, but also contributed to one of the highest epidemics of stripe rust. Over 90% of the winter wheat crop received one application of fungicide. As such, much of the breeding effort has been focused on developing high yielding, good quality, and stripe rust resistance lines. Other areas of disease resistance are foot rot resistance, Cephalosporium stripe resistance, and snow mold resistance. We have received data back on three mapping populations genotyped with SNP markers and have developed linkage maps for these. We have identified SNP markers associated with the stripe rust resistance from Louise, Coda, and Brundage. We have also identified SNP markers associated with cold tolerance and excellent end-use quality. Many of these markers are being used in MAS efforts or being validated in various genetic backgrounds. Association mapping efforts are also beginning at WSU with the focus on stripe rust resistance, end-use quality, and water-use efficiency. We have three breeding lines in breeders seed increase with 2-gene resistance to Imazamox, and intend to propose these for release shortly. Our double-haploid production is running smoothly with over 3,500 lines being produced in 2011. This has been coupled with our MAS process and we have over 1,000 lines planted in the field that have been selected to carry various genes of importance. A new soft white wheat line was released from the program, WA8092, which is intended for the <12 inch rainfall zones of Washington. It has foot rot resistance, excellent stripe rust resistance, snow mold resistance, dwarf bunt resistance, cold tolerance, and excellent emergence potential. The general agronomic characteristics are very similar to that of Eltan. WESTERN WHEAT QUALITY LAB The kernel texture, milling and baking properties of a unique 'super soft' kernel trait was characterized. Soft kernel texture was transferred to durum, resulting in soft durum wheat germplasm. Three papers were published from Dan Ramseyer's thesis on arabinoxylans and oxidative cross-linking. A book chapter on puroindoline diversity was contributed to the book, Gene Duplication/Book 2. A collaborative analysis examined the compressive material properties of wheat endosperm. Each year Doug Engle and Dr. Morris organize the Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council, with attendance of approximately 80, there are 22 collaborators which included ADM Milling, Agri-Pro/Syngenta, Central Milling, Cereal Foods Processors, ConAgra, Horizon Milling, Kraft/Nabisco, Continental Mills, Pendleton Flour Milling, USDA-GIPSA-FGIS, WestBred LLC, and others. Engle and Morris also organize the Overseas Varietal Analysis Project for Soft White and Club Wheats for U.S. Wheat Associates.

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Impact Statements

Three hard red winter (HRW) wheat experimental lines, two with excellent end-use quality, were released as new cultivars in Colorado in 2011.
Colorado scientists have initiated two genetic studies related to end-use quality, the first focusing on validation of allelic effects associated with Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 and the second related to development of genomic selection prediction models for a range of end-use quality characteristics.
Drought tolerant varieties being developed by the University of Idaho program will sustain Idaho high quality grain production under a scenario of climate change. Work on characterizing the national germplasm collection as part of the TCAP program is well underway
In Oregon the soft white winter wheat lines OR2070870, OR2071628, OR8047P94 were advanced to breeders or foundation seed increase. These lines have good to excellent yield potential, good to excellent stripe rust resistance and good to superior end-use quality. The lines are adapted to intermediate to high rainfall and irrigated conditions.
In Oregon QTLs for softness within 2 soft wheat mapping populations were identified. In a soft x extra-soft cross 6 QTL associated with kernel hardness and break flour yield were detected on chromosomes 1BS, 4BS, 5BS, 2DS, 4DS, and 5DL.These results indicated that the "extra-soft" characteristic was not controlled by the Hardness (Ha) locus on chromosome 5DS. The soft progeny of a hard x soft cross also showed that softness in soft wheats was not controlled by the Ha locus.
WA8092 (SWW) was approved for release in 2012. Foundation seed is currently being produced and will be available in the fall of 2012. Is very similar agronomically to Eltan, except that it carries the Pch1 gene for foot rot resistance and has better stripe rust resistance than Eltan. It is expected to displace Eltan acres in the low rainfall zones of Washington.
In Washington, marker-assisted selection in conjunction with doubled-haploid production is speeding up our breeding process. Our first areas of focus are stripe rust resistance, end-use quality, and herbicide resistance.
Unique and special types of wheat were developed by Western Wheat Quality Lab scientist and their uses evaluated (soft white, waxy, soft durum).
Wheat grain constituents and their variation were studied and their genetic control estimated (arabinoxylans, ash) by Western Wheat Quality Lab scientists.
Work at the Western Wheat Quality Lab to reduce discoloration systems included research on polyphenol oxidase.