Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/17/2008] [01/07/2010] [12/17/2010] [11/30/2011]

Report Information

Participants

see attached minutes

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Audrey Adler (Rutgers U), Jennifer Anderson (Colorado State University), Jay Whelan (U of Tennessee), S Raza Shaikh (East Carolina University), Shane Broughton (U of Wyoming), Jennifer Yen (Western Kentucky University), Kimberly Heidal (ECU), Deb Palmer (Rutgers U), Deepika Bangia (Rutgers U), Concetta Di Russo (U of Nebraska - Lincoln), Nancy Lewis (UN Lincoln), Cami Wells (UN Lincoln), Doug Mashek (U of Minnesota), Mary Harris (CSU), Susan Welsh (USDA - NIFA), Elena Serrano (Virginia Tech)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Annual Meeting NC-1039 October 7th - 9th, 2009

N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Human Health and Disease

East Carolina University, Greenville, NC

Wednesday October 7th

Nutrition Education/eXtension: ABC's of n-3 content. To launch an eXtension website, we need 250

content pages and 100 FAQs. Deb received a grant from the Center for Advanced Food Technology to

pay Deepika to work on this for 3 years. As part of her degree, she will be evaluating the eXtension

website and helping to coordinate content for the eXtension site.

We have proposed to develop three communities of interest (CoI):

1. 
   

   Omega-3s for Prevalent Health Conditions. Some of these conditions including heart disease; asthma; arthritis; pregnancy; attention deficit disorder; and Alzheimer's disease - This CoI will include individuals with these and other conditions, their caregivers, and some healthcare providers.)

   
   


2. 
   

   Omega-3s for Health - This CoI includes Extension Specialists, County Agents, and the general public.



3. 
   

   Omega-3s for Higher Education Professional Training - This CoI includes university and college healthcare program educators and students, e.g., those from departments such as nutrition, medicine, nursing, etc.  This one will be developed last and in a year or two.

   
   
   
   

Breakout sessions: We created and compiled a list of FAQs and possible headings for content

pages and entered them into Excel. We also began writing the actual responses/pages.

Thursday October 8th

NIFA: Susan Welsh provided an update on CSREES (now NIFA) (handouts provided): NIFA

leadership, priorities, and grant mechanisms (NRI now AFRI); and eXtension.

Group Membership: We discussed membership. Invitations to join the project will be sent to:

Carol Lammi-Keefe, LSU clammi-keefe@agcenter.lsu.edu; Doris Hicks, U of Delaware

Officers for 2010-2011: Doug Mashek (Secretary), Elena Serrano (Chair).

eXtension:

Brief overview of what it will take for a successful eXtension site (for those not present on

Wednesday)

Assistance needed in the following:

• 
  

  Need help with Jennifer

  
  


• 
  

  Need someone to be in charge of FAQs - Cami

  
  


• 
  

  Someone in charge of ask the expert eventually - not until the website is launched. Mary Harris will take leadership of this.

  
  


• 
  

  Need web expert - Deepika will help input information and provide web support

  
  

Plan for further development of content

• 
  

  Establish ongoing writing/content groups

  
  


• 
  

  Working meetings: in-person and conference call schedule

  
  

Friday October 9th

Plan for further development of content and continue of writing

Future Meetings:

Monthly Video-Conference Calls: We will have a monthly video-conference call. Deb will send out an email about possible days/times and connect with the eXtension technical person to make sure the days/times work. Everyone will need to purchase a camera. Doug will follow-up about possible online services that we can use.

Next Annual Meeting: October 20 - 22, 2010, Washington, DC. Susan Welsh will block 12 rooms for the 19th and 20 until the 22nd. Thanks, Susan!

Community of Practice: We will meet in Colorado or Tennessee. Deb will follow-up with everyone about dates and include other people from the CoP. People will also meet at EB on Friday and Saturday on April 23 and 24th. Susan will see if she can book a room.

Accomplishments

<p><U><strong>Short-term Outcomes</strong></U></p><br /> <p><strong>Outputs</strong> <br /> </p><br /> <p> -Expansion of in vivo (experimental animals fed HED) data for n-3 forms and amounts for health promotion and disease prevention </p><br /> <p> -Establishing in virto (cell culture) models of n-3 PUFA effects </p><br /> <p> -In vitro effects of n-3 PUFA forms on biomarkers of health promotion and disease prevention </p><br /> <p> -Expansion of in vivo (experimental animals fed HED) data for n-3 forms and amounts for health promotion and disease prevention </p><br /> <p> -Increased database defining the health benefits of n-3 PUFA forms </p><br /> <p> -Data on n-3 PUFA intakes in diverse populations </p><br /> <p> -Expansion of food-based n-3 PUFA for optimal health and disease prevention</p><br /> <p> -Web material development for education and training of nutrition professionals</p><br /> <p> -Dissemination of data in peer-reviewed journals, scientific and professional meetings </p><br /> <p> -Expansion of in vivo (experimental animals fed HED) data for n-3 forms and amounts for health promotion and disease prevention </p><br /> <p> <br /><br /> <strong>Milestones</strong> </p><br /> <p> (2008): Submission of a competitive grant application to USDA by one or more of the Station representatives<br /><br /> <br /><br /> (2010): Symposium presentation of findings at national/international meetings, eg Experimental Biology meeting, International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL)<br /><br /> <br /><br /> (2011): Symposium presentation of findings at national/international meetings, eg Experimental Biology, ISSFAL <br /><br /> <br /><br /> (2012): Symposium presentation of findings at national/international meetings, eg Experimental Biology, ISSFAL, American Dietetic Association<br /><br /> <br /><br /> (2012): Author a report directed at the governing organizations, such as USDA, IOM, and FDA<br /><br /> <br /><br /> (2012): Redefinition of the DRI for n-3 PUFA at the conclusion of the project<br /><br /> </p><br />

Publications

Broughton KS, Hahn B, Ross E. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid differently affect ovarian prostaglandin levels in rats. Nutrition Research 2009;29:510-518.<br /> <br /> Broughton KS, Rule DC, Ye Y, Zhang X,Driscoll M, Culver B. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids differentially influence ova release and ovarian COX-1 and COX-2 expression in rats. Nutrition Research 2009;29:197-205.<br /> <br /> <br /> Whelan, J., Jahns, L. and Kavanagh-Prochaska, K. DHA: Measurements in Food and Dietary Exposure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;81:133-136.<br /> <br /> Harris, W.S., Lefevre, M., Dariush Mozaffarian, D., Toner, C., Colombo, J., Cunnane, S., Holden, J.M., Klurfeld, D.M., Morris, M.C. and Whelan, J. Towards Establishing Dietary Reference Intakes for Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids. J. Nutr. 2009;139: 804S-819S.<br /> <br /> Liu LF, Koba K, Purushotham A, Wendel AA, Lee K, DeIuliis J, Belury MA. Regulation of adipose triglyceride lipase by rosiglitazone. Diab Obes Metab, 11(2):131-142, 2009 (ISI 2.434)<br /> <br /> Malinauskas, B. & Heidal, K. 2009. The relationship between physical activity, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in college. Southeast Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine. <br /> <br /> Sapiro JM, Mashek MT, Greenberg AS, Mashek DG. 2009 Hepatic triacylglycerol hydrolysis activates PPAR-±. Journal of Lipid Research 2009;50(8):1621-1629.<br /> <br /> Whelan, J. Dietary Stearidonic Acid is a Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid with Potential Health Benefits. J. Nutr. 2009;139: 510.<br /> <br /> Whelan, J., Jahns, L. and Kavanagh-Prochaska, K. DHA: Measurements in Food and Dietary Exposure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;81:133-136.<br /> <br /> Wortman, P., Miyazaki, Y., Kalupahana, N.S., Kim, S., Fletcher, S., Hansen-Petrik, M., Saxton, A., Claycombe, K.J., Voy, B.H., Whelan, J. and Moustaid-Moussa, N. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Prostaglandin E2 Secretion and Markers of Lipogenesis in Adipocytes. Nutr Metab 2009;21:5-27.<br /> <br /> Dvorak NJ, Riley RT, Harris M and McGregor JA. Fumonisin mycotoxin contamination of corn-based foods consumed by potentially pregnant women in Southern California. J Reprod Medicine 2008;53:672-676.<br /> <br /> Hansen, R.A., Harris, M.A., Pluhar, G.E., Motta, T., Brevard, S., Ogilvie, G.K., Fettman, M.J. and Allen, K.G.D. Fish oil decreases matrix metalloproteinases in knee synovia of dogs with inflammatory joint disease. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2008;19:101-108.<br /> <br /> McDaniel JC, Belury M, Ahijevych K, Blakely W. Omega-3 fatty acids effect on wound healing. Wound Repair and Regeneration 2008;16:337-345 (ISI 1.700)<br /> <br /> McEntee, M.F., Ziegler, C.C., Reel, D.,Tomer, K., Shoieb, A., Ray, M., Li, X., Nielsen, N., O'Rourke, D. and Whelan, J. Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate the Response of Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer to Hormone Ablation and Progression to Androgen-Independent Growth. Am J Pathol. 2008;173:229-41.<br /> <br /> Whelan, J. Health Implications of Changing Linoleic Acid Intakes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008;79:165-167. <br /> <br /> Whelan, J. (n-6) and (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Aging Brain: Food for Thought. J. Nutr. 2008:138: 2521-2522. <br />

Impact Statements

1. Validation of the in vitro (cell culture) approach to defining n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) requirements, and defining its use as a high-throughput preclinical screening tool
2. Establishing more definitive and form-specific Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.
3. Modification of the n-3 PUFA requirements to include forms other than alpha-Linolenic acid
4. Decreased incidence and progression of degenerative and age-related diseases
5. Education of the clients of nutrition professionals about the health benefits of n-3 PUFA
6. Establishing a Community of Practice so that information from science can be made available through eXtension
7. Education of the clients of nutrition professionals about the health benefits of n-3 PUFA
8. Increased awareness by the medical community of the specific benefits of n-3 PUFA forms and amounts
9. Validation of the in vivo experimental model for defining human equivalent doses in rodents for n-3 and n-6 PUFA
10. Establishing more definitive and form-specific DRIs for n-3 PUFA
11. Improved health of the U.S. population

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Report Information

Participants

David Jackson (UNL and AA), Susan Welsh (USDA NIFA); Susan Welsh (USDA NIFA), Mary Harris (CSU), Deepika Bangia (Rutgers), Audrey Adler (Rutgers), Debra Keenan-Palmer (Rutgers), Jerome Donohoe (Wisconsin), Jennifer Anderson (CSU), Nancy Lewis (UNL), Elena Serrano (Virginia Tech), Kate Claycombe (USDA Obesity Research Center, Grand Forks, ND); Jay Whelan (Tennessee)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Community of Practice (CoP), eXtension: ABC's of n-3 content.

To start eXtension webpage, we need 150 FAQs and answers, min of 250 content pages. The initial deadline date was September 30. We have 142 FAQs, very close to 150, and almost 50 content pages, mostly recipes. Right now we need to work on reaching the 250 content page goal. As far as research related to the CoP, Deb has helped lead research including over 310 interviews with college students about what they want to know about omega-3 FAs and 140 interviews with others.

Deb is working with students to create a webpage for SNAP-Ed on Second Life, a webpage where you create a virtual you. She is also creating a grocery store tour podcast of omega-3 fatty acids. It has been effective at helping consumers find omega-3 fatty acid foods and can be linked to the eXtension page but not considered a content page. So, we can use Second Life for individuals to create avatars to do a grocery store tour. Deb would like to suggest changes to the eXtension format to make the pages more interactive, etc.
There are different types of content pages: recipes (we need to think about if we want to list how much omega-3s are in them or is the fact they include salmon good enough); powerpoints (using slide sorter to choose just one) with narrative; and regular content pages.


Administrative Update [David Jackson].
Dr. Jackson printed out the official list of members and wants to make sure that we have an accurate and representative list of members. Members do not need to be University faculty to be members of the team or have PhDs. They can be industry members (like Jerome) and practitioners. We would like to expand the group for the next proposal, especially considering retirements. Both Jennifer and Nancy will be retiring next year, so will not be serving on the CoP. We will invite the CoP members to officially join the multi-state team. Kate also knows of a researcher, Susan Raatz, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Center, who works with commodity groups, commercial sector, who would be a great addition to the group. We need a RD who can interact with ADA, RD. One idea was Gretchen VanEss. We also need to identify which committee/group they want to be involved with.


The multi-state research program is valued at $51.6 million dollars, $48 million goes to states, approx. $1 million per state. The state money is to help encourage travel to yearly meetings. The projects are approved every 5 years based on demonstrated collaboration between states on research. This is different from the notion that we are working on a common goal, but everyone has their own research projects. The intention is to share research. The next proposal/plan essentially needs to be completed next year. It should take into consideration how to come together in common research themes. We are in a good place in terms of common goals, but we need to show that researchers are working together. We definitely are doing that but need to document that, as well as the translational approach with bench scientists contributing to the behavioral CoP. Another benefit is a CoP; we need to have that project online and readily accessible BEFORE renewal. The project expires September 30, 2012. Following are the deadlines which can also be found at http://ncra.wisc.edu/approvalprocess.htm : By September 15, 2011, we will need to request/notify them that of a re-write. By October 15th, 2011, we need to post the objectives. By November 15th, 2011, membership lists need to be submitted. December 1st the proposal needs to be completed. Dec. 1 15th, it's reviewed. Late March/Early April final decisions made. By June 1st, all revisions need to be made. Mid-July revisions approved. All projects expire September 30th and begin again October 1st. Everything needs to be completed this time next year. We need to develop goals for the next proposal and start assembling the final report and the next proposal by the EB meeting.
Industry/private funds can be accepted by the group.


NIFA Update [Susan Welsh]. Susan gave an update on the new structure of NIFA, focus areas, and the childhood obesity research initiatives. Stay tuned for the release of the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans and HP2010 (with addition of solid fats and sugars) in December. It is likely that the pyramid will be revised. CoP, eXtension. We need to identify funds to help Deepika for salary. Martek is one thought. If any funding is provided to the eXtension foundation, the funders could have their logo in the eXtension page depending on their level.
We received a tour of the eXtension webpage. Some concerns about the website that Deb is working with eXtension on include: rotating pictures (some may not attract people as much); academic nature of webpage (it's not that consumer-friendly). There is someone from eXtension that finds press releases on related topics that can be featured on the webpage. We need to make sure that we utilize the resources.
Please set-up an account at eXtension and for the ABCs of Omega-3s CoP at: http://people.extension.org
Evaluation Plan: Qualitative assessment of the webpage and what they enjoy and also what they learned (using moodle). Then wed like to look at health professionals' views.


Listserves. Please note there are two different listserves. The NC1039 one is for the multi-state project and ABC is for the whole community of practice.


Station Reports. Please send peer-reviewed publications and presentations to Doug Mashek, dmashek@umn.edu, current secretary and incoming Chair, from this past year for our final station report. This is REQUIRED. Again, we will need to document the collaborations. If its not there, it will be difficult to justify approval.


Notes to Chair (Doug). The agenda needs to be approved before we receive authorization (see notes about dates and agenda items) in late July/early August. Members cannot receive approval for travel and make travel arrangements until they receive official approval notification (members will receive a NIMMS approval email when this takes place). David Jackson can accept registration too.


Draft of Proposal for Reauthorization. We developed committees to work on a draft of the proposal in the next 6 months by EB.
" Bench/Clinical: Kimberly, Jay, Kate, Concetta, Mary, Doug, Shane, Susan, Jerome
" Community/extension: Deb, Nancy, Jennifer, Elena


2011 meetings:
" ADA FNCE 2011 is Sept. 24 - 27 in San Diego
" EB 2011 is April 9 - 13, in Washington, DC
" Obesity Society Meeting is Sept. 30 - October 5, in Orlando, FL
There will be a mid-year meeting at EB. The re-write will be discussed at the meeting. The meeting will be Friday, April 8th, before the meeting starts onsite or at the hotel (where they will have wireless).
Next year's meeting will be all-day Oct. 26th and 27th then end at noon on the 28th in Washington, DC. Susan Welsh agreed to host the meeting again. This would allow more work on the CoP. We also need to finalize the draft for project approval.
" Oct. 26th - Wednesday - CoP
" 27th - Thursday CoP and multi-state (1/2 day) joint meeting, then multi-state Thursday afternoon
" Finish up the report and write new proposal
" 28th - Friday (1/2 day) multi-state
" Note to CoP: You are welcome to stay for the whole meeting
" Note to multi-state: You are welcome to come on Wednesday


Timeline
We will need to do the assessment of the eXtension webpage on the next report.
Station Reports - everyone who is conducting research related to omega-3 fatty acids provided updates.
-Nancy Lewis discussed the development of a food frequency questionnaire on omega-3 fatty acids with Latinas. Chicken, hard-boiled eggs, and mole were major contributors of omega-3 fatty acids. There was a positive acculturation with omega-3 fatty acids. Education was also a contributor. We discussed creating a sub-scale that would be easy to assess DHA and ALA for individuals who use the eXtension webpage. Jerome discussed some of the initiatives/projects he is working on, as new member and for possible partnership. His focus is on animal science, which represents a new discipline represented in the group. One project he is working on is related to animal feed, particularly for cattle. The omega-3 supplement for livestock would be part of their daily food intake. The omega-3 helps with animal and human health through different food sources (meat, dairy, butter). Based on some of their research, ground beef patties (4 ounce) contain 200mg of omega-3. Hes going to send information on how much DHA, ALA. They are working on a trademark logo for the food type. He wants to work with identifiers in wireless communication. In one county, they have 64,000 head. In the top 4 states, they are producing 78 billion pounds of milk. Elena will look at the use of eXtension by FCS Extension Agents, so that the ABCs for Omega-3s can be used as a training tool as well as consumer tool. Deepika provided an update on their research on what people know and want to know about omega-3 fatty acids with college students and other individuals using a written questionnaire. They plan on submitting the data for publication by next year. Mary is interested in omega-3 fatty acids and reproductive health. There were correlational plasma phospholipids and omega-3 fatty a She is also interested in WIC food package  especially fish in the breastfeeding moms. She found using a semi-quantitative questionnaire that intake was 238 mg per day in WIC population and 311 in private population, big difference was in supplemental intake of n-3s among private population. A potential for joint partnerships is to help recruit WIC subjects with a higher representation from African American/black population. Another study was related to omega-3 oil stability, Crisco Puritan Oil with DHA. They aged it out. They didn't have to use the aging system since the product comes in a plastic bottle. Within one week, they lost almost half of DHA. At 10 weeks of aging, they had 0 DHA left in the product. Where is it going? It's forming lipo-peroxide. Finally, she is interested in looking at alleles in predicting DHA levels.


Timeline for Reauthorization.
" Sept. 15 - Deadline to submit a request to write a proposal in NIMSS
" Oct. 15 - Deadline to upload the objectives section in NIMSS
" Dec. 1 - Completed proposal due in NIMSS
Sub-groups will need to be formed and start communication ASAP in order to develop objectives by the time of the EB meeting.


Mary is going to lead the basic-clinical group. Members include: Doug, Jay, Shane, Raz, Concetta, Kate, Jerome, and Kimberly. The group will need to determine objectives and future goals either via email, conference call, or in-person meeting. Jerome will initiate communication for an animal-human group. Members include: Jerome, Kate, Jay, and maybe Elena (for the school part). The applied-extension sub-group will focus on continued development and evaluation of the eXtension community of practice on omega-3 fatty acids, such as with Extension Educators working with the public. Elena will help work on this with Deb, Audrey, Deepika, Jennifer, and a new person Lisa Fransen (UNL).
At EB, we are going to have to get together for at least a few hours to finalize the objectives. Before then, we need to set-up two conference calls to discuss (1st one for bench scientists in Nov., 2nd on Fri., January 22). Appointed incoming secretary Kate Claycombe. Recommendation for next year's meeting: Station reports should be provided at the beginning of the multi-state project meeting to provide ample time to discuss collaborations.


Evaluation of eXtension webpage.
We can get hits, where they go, what they do, etc. They will be using Second Life and other social media to see if they can figure out how people get to the webpage (facebook, etc.).
Content Pages Needed -
" Ideas for Novel Food Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
" Stability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
" Animal Feed and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
" DRIs and Omega-3 Fatty Acids  what is optimum?

Accomplishments

<br /> Objective 1: To determine the health promotion and disease prevention effects of both the forms and the amounts of n-3 fatty acids by correlation with tissue functions, and with alterations in biomarkers, relevant to optimal health and disease prevention.<br /> " The use of rodent models to identify that linolenic acid intake enhances ovulation similar to very high EPA/DHA ingestion in rats.<br /> " Development of a new immunohistochemical method to detect how toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) mediate inhibitory effects of stearadonic acid and EPA. Development of these particular methods enabled us to determine target proteins and exact intracellular signaling pathways underlying anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs in adipose stem cells. <br /> " Identification of genes that correlated with dietary effects of PUFA indicating that these genes may be potential biomarkers for dietary fat intake. <br /> " Dietary studies in rodents revealed that very long chain omega-3 fatty acids, but not linolenic acid, are responsible for reducing TAG synthesis. Additionally, linolenic acid is readily converted to very long chain omega-3 fatty acids in the liver providing additional insight into the regulation of omega-3 metabolism. <br /> " Identification the omega-3 fatty acids can modify lipid raft organization on B-cells. <br /> " Data showing that EPA enhance the regression of prostate cancer following hormone ablation therapy and delayed tumor relapse.<br /> " Rodent studies revealing that central administration of omega-3 fatty acids suppress food intake and promotes weight loss indicating that omega-3 fatty acids may regulate metabolism, in part, through the central nervous system.<br /> " Data showing that dietary EPA feeding prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation. EPA supplementation of a high fat diet also reduces adipose tissue lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. <br /> <br /> Objective 2: To examine dietary levels of both form and amount of n-3 PUFA that promote health and reduce disease that are relevant and achievable in human diets using the human equivalent dose method (allometric scaling) in rodent models.<br /> " We show that mice are more efficient at elongating and desaturating linolenic acid to EPA at doses above 0.9en% as compared to humans, where supplemental doses of linolenic acid at all levels to humans had little impact on plasma and RBC fatty acid composition content. <br /> " Human data suggests that modifying dietary levels of linolenic acid has no impact of changing tissue arachidonic acid levels either by reducing these levels by as much as 90% or increasing the levels 6 fold.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3: To develop, test and disseminate effective means for translating research on the health promoting and disease preventing effects of n-3 PUFA into consumer food choices.<br /> " Development of Extension omega-3 site entitled A, B, Cs of omega-3s.<br /> " Characterization of dietary intakes of omega-3 fatty acids between WIC participants and private obstetrical patients. Findings revealed that those on WIC had lower omega-3 fatty acids intake suggesting an economic disparity exists for omega-3 fatty acid intake.<br /> " Identification of foods responsible for omega-3 fatty acids intake in Hispanic women.<br /> <br />

Publications

Broughton KS, Bayes J, Culver B. High ±-linolenic acid and fish oil ingestion promotes ovulation to the same extent in rats. Nutr Research 2010;30:731-738<br /> <br /> Kalupahana NS, Claycombe K, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Matthan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Prevents and Reverses Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice via Modulation of Adipose Tissue Inflammation. J Nutr. 2010;140(11):1915-1922.<br /> <br /> Rockett BD, Salameh M, Carraway K, Morrison K, Shaikh SR. n-3 PUFA improves fatty acid composition, prevents palmitate-induced apoptosis, and differentially modifies B cell cytokine secretion in vitro and ex vivo. J Lip Res. 2010;51, 1284-1297.<br /> <br /> Shaikh SR, LoCascio DS, Soni SP, Wassall SR, Stillwell W. Oleic- and docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylethanolamines differentially phase separate from sphingomyelin Biochemica et Biophyscia Acta  Biomembranes. 2009;1788, 2421-2426. <br /> <br /> Lora KR, Lewis NM, Eskridge KM, Stanek-Krogstrand K, Ritter-Gooder P. Validity and reliability of an omega-3 fatty acid food frequency questionnaire for first-generation Midwestern Latinas. Nutr Research 2010;30:550-557. <br /> <br /> Whelan J, Jahns L, Kavanagh-Prochaska K. DHA: Measurements in Food and Dietary Exposure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;81:133-136.<br />

Impact Statements

1. The finding that linolenic acid intake enhances ovulation similar to very high EPA/DHA ingestion in rats impacts our understanding of reproductive performance and polycystic ovary disease.
2. Our advanced understanding of how omega-3 fatty acids are metabolized and how this process may mediate their biological properties ultimately leading to the identification of genes that mediate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and lead to individualized omega-3 dietary recommendations.
3. Disseminated of our research findings to academic research communities and general public via seminar presentations and publications.
4. Findings that WIC participants have low omega-3 fatty acid intake in important because the WIC program does not provide fish to its pregnant participants. Given the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids on birth outcomes and offspring development, these findings provide valuable data for WIC to revise their current program and highlight and important economic disparity between lower income individuals and omega-3 fatty acid intake.
5. The identification of food sources of omega-3 fatty acids in Hispanic women provides information for targeted recommendations to increase omega-3 fatty acid consumption in this minority group.
6. The establishment and validation of a mathematical allometric scaling model allows us to accurately extrapolate the amounts of PUFA typically supplemented to experimental rodent models to human equivalent doses. This potentially improves pre-clinical screening value for experimental animal models to predict equivalent human biological responses and establishing more definitive and form-specific DRIs for n-3 PUFA.
7. Research data identified novel effects of omega-3 fatty acids on reproductive performance, inflammation, type 2 diabetes, cancer and whole-body energy metabolism/obesity. These findings are critical for the advancement of our understanding into the etiology of these diseases and the role of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing or treating these diseases.
8. The development of the omega-3 fatty acid extension website will ultimately have a potentially large impact on translating information on omega-3 fatty acids to the general public leading to improved health.

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Report Information

Participants

Doug Mashek - University of Minnesota; Susan Welsh - NIFA; Marry Harris - Colorado State University; Deepika Bangia - Rutgers University; Debra Palmer - Rutgers University; Shane Broughton - University of Wyoming; Jerome Donohoe - Wisconsin; Kate Claycombe - Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center (via phone).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

Objective 1: To determine the health promotion and disease prevention effects of both the forms and the amounts of n-3 fatty acids by correlation with tissue functions, and with alterations in biomarkers, relevant to optimal health and disease prevention.<br /> " Determination of the effect of n-3 PUFA on rat ovulation examining both form and dose affect. <br /> " Identified an adipokine that regulates whole-body fatty acid composition and targets brown. adipose tissue function. Also identified the amount of several omega-3 fatty acids in TAG in various tissues is altered by this adipokine and may be responsible for mediating signaling effects such as gene expression. <br /> " Identification of lipid droplet proteins that modulate selective hydrolysis of fatty acids and the bioactive properties of omega-3 fatty acids.<br /> " Development of an optimal DHA dose using maternal supplementation with of omega-3 for human infant growth and neurocognitive development. <br /> " Development of body composition measurements for examining the effect of DHA dose and impact of three SNPs in FADS1 and FADS2 genes.<br /> " Development and validation of method such as frequency questionnaire to estimate dietary DHA intake(including new DHA fortified foods) with erythrocyte fatty acid profiles.<br /> " Establishment of a mathematical model for the allometric scaling of dietary lipids between human and rodent diets for cancer risk. <br /> " Determination of SDA and EPA effects on inflammation that are induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary mouse adipose tissue stem cells.<br /> " Development of immunohistochemical method to toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) mediated inhibitory effects of SDA and EPA.<br /> " Development of survey methods assessing health risk for secondary health conditions and disease states associated with low omega-3 fatty acid intake for children between the ages of 811. <br /> Objective 2: To examine dietary levels of both form and amount of n-3 PUFA that promote health and reduce disease that are relevant and achievable in human diets using the human equivalent dose method (allometric scaling) in rodent models.<br /> " Determination of n-3 PUFA effects on a human particular polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the relative effect on hormone levels and regulation.<br /> " Development of the mathematical model that can be used to determine the dietary levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs for use in rodent diets that are achievable in the human diet based on allometric scaling. <br /> " Determination of effects of dietary EPA on adipose tissue inflammation-induced insulin resistance, lipogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation in high-fat diet(HF)-induced obese mice model. <br /> " Validation of n-3 food frequency questionnaire containing ALA, EPA, DHA and combined EPA/DHA dietary levels in children between the ages of 811 for cardiovascular diseases risks. <br /> Objective 3: To develop, test and disseminate effective means for translating research on the health promoting and disease preventing effects of n-3 PUFA into consumer food choices.<br /> " Development of testing method and dissemination of effective means for translating research on the health promoting and disease preventing effects of n-3 PUFA into consumer food choices. <br /> " Development of questions and content pages for e-extension Omega-3 website on DHA and depression, DHA content of foods, alpha-linolenic content of nuts and seeds, DHA and cardiovascular health.<br />

Publications

" Broughton KS, Bayes J, Culver B. High alpha-linolenic acid and fish oil ingestion promotes ovulation to the same extent in rats. Nutr Res. 2010 Oct;30:731-8.<br /> " Coleman RA, Mashek DG. Mammalian triacylglycerol metabolism: synthesis, lipolysis, and signaling. Chem Rev. 2011 Oct 12;111:6359-86.<br /> " Communicating the Health Benefits of Eating Fish: Framing the Message About Seafood, Newark, Delaware, September 20, 2011.<br /> " Communicating the Health Benefits of Eating Fish. Fish for Health Conference, University of Florida, Tallahassee, July 27, 2011.<br /> " Greenberg AS, Coleman RA, Kraemer FB, McManaman JL, Obin MS, Puri V, Yan QW, Miyoshi H, Mashek DG. The role of lipid droplets in metabolic disease in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest. 2011 Jun 1;121:2102-10.<br /> " Harris, M. Seafood should be next up on FDA plate. The Hill, February 1, 2011.<br /> " Harris, M., Omega-3 Deficiency (O3D) in Pregnancy. Ten Years of Science from the 2001 FDA Advisory to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines. Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine, San Francisco, CA, February 11, 2011.<br /> " Harris, M., Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): A Powerhouse Nutrient for Pregnancy, University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Denver, CO, January 25, 2011<br /> " Hess T, Rexford J, Schauermann N, Harris M, Trinette R, Engle T and Mulligan C. Effects of two different dietary sources of long chain omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids on incorporation into the plasma, red blood cell, and muscle cell in horses (E-2011-4384) in revision Journal of Animal Science, September 2011.<br /> " Hsueh, H.W., Zhou, Z., Whelan, J., Allen, K.G.D., Moustaid-Moussa, N., Kim, H. and Claycombe, K.J. 2011. Stearidonic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Inhibit Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Expression in 1 Mouse Adipose Stem Cells via Toll-like Receptor-2 (TLR2) Mediated Pathway. J Nutr 141:1260-1266.<br /> " Jin D, Guo H, Bu SY, Zhang Y, Hannaford J, Mashek DG, Chen X. Lipocalin 2 is a selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation and function in lipid homeostasis and energy expenditure. Faseb J. 2011 Feb;25:754-64.<br /> " Kalupahana NS, Claycombe K, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Matthan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Prevents and Reverses Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice via Modulation of Adipose Tissue Inflammation. J Nutr. 2010;140(11):1915-1922.<br /> " Nalin Siriwardhana, Nishan S Kalupahana, Sarah Fletcher, Wenting Xin, Kate J Claycombe, Ling Zhao, Arnold M Saxton, Annie Quignard-Boulange, and Naima Moustaid-Moussa, N-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate adipose angiotensinogen and other inflammatory adipokines, in part via NF-kB dependent mechanisms, Accepted, J Nutritional Biochem, August 2011.<br /> " Rett, B.S. and Whelan, J. 2011. Increasing Dietary Linoleic Acid Does Not Increase Tissue Arachidonic Acid Content in Adults Consuming Western-Type Diets: a Systematic Review. Nutr Metabol 8:36 (in press).<br /> " Ong KT, Mashek MT, Bu SY, Greenberg AS, Mashek DG. Adipose triglyceride lipase is a major hepatic lipase that regulates triacylglycerol turnover and fatty acid signaling and partitioning. Hepatology. 2011 Jan;53:116-26.<br /> " Witkin SS, Skupski D, Herway C, Rudge MV, Saito F, Harris M. Fatty acid composition of mid-trimester amniotic fluid in women of different ethnicities. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Aug 1.<br /> " Weldon, K.A. and Whelan, J. 2011. Allometric Scaling of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Changes in Tissue Arachidonic Acid using Human Equivalent Diets in Mice. Nutr Metabol 8:43 (in press).<br /> " Whelan, J., Gouffon, J. and Zhao, Y. 2011. Effects of dietary stearidonic acid on biomarkers of lipid metabolism. J Nutr (in press, 2011).<br />

Impact Statements

1. By representing the National Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies coalition, educated the House Representatives and Senators on the issue of fish intake and omega-3 benefits to pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants. This effort further contributed in educating the public of the benefits of seafood consumption and to provide appropriate advice with which to make informed decisions about seafood consumption and minimize risks.
2. Provided further evidence for increased need for DHA by pregnant women and lactating mothers to promote optimal cognitive development, particularly women who are unable to synthesize adequate amounts of DHA from vegetable sources of omega-3.
3. Study provided evidence that pregnant women receiving WIC support in Larimer County, CO do not consume enough DHA from food sources to meet a 200  300 mg/day recommendation, nor do they consume the recommended 2 servings of fatty fish/week. Results suggested an economic disparity which may exist and can easily be corrected by the addition of fish to the WIC package for pregnancy.
4. Developed mathematical model using a surrogate of metabolic activity instead of differences in body weight for allometric scaling to better equate interspecies translation and accommodate the differences in metabolic disparity between rodents and humans improving pre-clinical screening value for experimental animal models to predict equivalent human biological responses.
5. Validation that dietary EPA reduces risks for chronic diseases such diseases by lowering insulin resistance using animal feeding study.
6. Provided an overview of childrens dietary patterns and the possible need for nutrition education on the health benefits and good dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

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