NC_OLD205: Ecology and Management of European Corn Borer and Other Stalk-Boring Lepidoptera

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[06/30/2003] [04/26/2004] [03/28/2002] [05/05/2005]

Date of Annual Report: 06/30/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/27/2002 - 01/29/2002
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2002 - 12/01/2002

Participants

See attachment

Participants Attachment:

Attachment

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes of the NC-205 Meeting

Ecology and Management of European Corn Borer and Other Stalk-Boring Lepidoptera

January 27-29, 2001 -- Indianapolis, IN

Administrative Advisor: Chair: Secretary:

Dr. Steve Pueppke Dr. Rick Hellmich Dr. Dennis Calvin

Associate Director USDA, ARS Department of Entomology

Ag. Research Programs Iowa State University Pennsylvania State University

Purdue University Ames, IA 50010 University Park, PA 16802

West Lafayette, IN 47907

Participants: (*designates state or USDA representative, otherwise cooperators)

Chuck Mason* - Delaware; Charles Guse, Dave Onstad* - Illinois; Larry Buschman, Randy Higgins*- Kansas; Paul Preckel* ? Indiana; Galen Dively* - Maryland; Dave Andow* ? Minnesota; Tom Hunt* and Blair Siegfried ? Nebraska; Phil Glogoza* - North Dakota; Art Schaafsma & Mark Sears* - Ontario; Dennis Calvin* - Pennsylvania; Billy Fuller* - South Dakota; Greg Cronholm*, Pat Porter* - Texas; John Wedberg* - Wisconsin; Rick Hellmich* - USDA/ARS; Dennis Kopp* - USDA/CSREES; Elson Shields* ? New York; Les Lewis*, Marlin Rice, Jon Tollefson, and Brad Coates - Iowa.

Guests:

Nick Storer - Dow AgroScience, Alan Reynolds - EPA

Adopted Agenda - See attached pages.

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Chairman Rick Hellmich called the meeting to order at 1:20 p.m. on January 27, 2002. He noted that the day?s session would focus on insect resistance management (IRM) models. The group went around the table and introduced themselves. Nick Storer discussed his involvement with ABSTC. Paul Preckel discussed issues related to local arrangements. Approximately nineteen people attended this session.

Models related to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn insect resistance management were discussed during this session. Presentations were made by 1) David Onstad (IL), who discussed his two species, European corn borer (ECB) and Southwestern corn borer (SWCB), resistance management model, 2) Dave Andow (MN) who discussed his new model, 3) Dennis Calvin (PA) who discussed his ECB phenology modeling efforts and Tom Hunt (NE) who discussed the results of the consultant survey for high-spray areas.

Tom Hunt discussed the methodology used in the consultant survey, which will be implemented in 2002 across high spray areas. This information is required to extend Bt-corn registrations by EPA.

Dave Onstad and Charles Guse discussed high-spray modeling developments. Dave Andow discussed his new model based on matrix algebra and movement probabilities.

The meeting was resumed at 8:15 a.m. on Monday (Jan. 28). A motion was made and seconded to approve the minutes from the 2001 NC-205 meeting. The motion was approved unanimously. Dr. Hellmich appointed Chuck Mason and Lance Meinke (NC-46) to the Time & Place committee to plan next year?s meeting. John Wedberg and Mark Sears were appointed to a nominating committee to recommend a chair and secretary of NC-205 for 2003. Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Les Lewis, ARS representative, briefed the committee on changing leadership and the status of budgets. Doug Sumerford was hired at the USDA/ARS lab at Iowa State to conduct research on population genetics of European corn borer. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, briefed the committee on indirect cost recovery by universities and the reaction of industry. Intellectual property is becoming an extremely difficult and important issue for universities.

Chuck Mason updated the committee on the status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, ?European Corn Borer: Ecology and Management? which was last published in 1996. Julie Todd of Iowa State will edit the publication. The publication will require the addition of a new section on insect resistance management.

State reports were provided by each state. Next year, state reports will be done electronically and sent out as a CD. Pat Porter will take the lead on developing the CD with reports. Some funding will be necessary to cover the cost of making the CD?s. The suggestion was made to use 602 publication funds to cover costs. Rick Hellmich will check with the University of Minnesota about using these funds. Rick Hellmich also indicated that the NC-205 impact statement was still under development by Eldon Ortman.

Accomplishments

Objective #5 - Activities of NC-205 Committee: Mark Sears reported that the group met to plan publication of monarch research papers and that the EPA was provided with drafts of the manuscripts. These publications are being looked at as model of how high profile issues should be addressed. Randy Higgins reported that the Science Advisory Panel (SAP) finished their IRM, gene flow, and non-targets report. Four meetings in D.C. for comment on resistance management were attended by a number of NC-205 members. Larry Bushman discussed a biotech meeting he attended in Kansas. Marlin Rice discussed a CAST project that was put together to look at overall benefits of biotechnology. Dave Andow discussed his involvement in a standing committee of the National Academy of Science organized to look at issues surrounding animal biotechnology. He mentioned that APHIS policies to regulate biotechnology are being considered. It was also mentioned that a big study is being conducted on food safety issues. NAS is looking at the future of biotech in agriculture. The Ecological Society of America has developed a position paper on biotechnology. Dr. Andow is on the committee. Pat Porter reported on economic benefits analysis of Bt corn in Texas. It was mentioned that 22 scientists, many from this committee, signed off a ?Bioscience? letter-to-editor response to John Obrycki?s ?Bioscience? article on Bt corn. The pesticide use survey in high-spray areas will be implemented this year as a consultant survey (Tom Hunt reported). Collaborative Grants: ? Dave Andow discussed a grant on how social systems interact with biological systems. How is resistance evolution influenced by social behaviors of compliance? ? Elson Shield is collaborating on a grant to look at corn pollen movement in upper air currents and longevity. ? Dennis Calvin reported on Bt-corn hybrids in the northeast and mid-Atlantic states. ? Mike Hoffman reported on the multi-state project on release T. ostrinia in fieldcorn.

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 04/26/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/25/2004 - 01/28/2004
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2003 - 12/01/2003

Participants

Participants: (* designates state or USDA representative, otherwise cooperators)
Chuck Mason* Delaware; David Onstad*, Mike Gray, Joe Spencer and Steve Pueppke (Administrative Advisor) Illinois; Larry Bledsoe Indiana; Doug Sumerford and Tom Sappington Iowa & USDA/ARS; Jon Tellefson Iowa; Larry Buschman* and Gerald Wilde Kansas; Galen Dively* Maryland; Chris Difonzo* Michigan; Dave Andow* and Ken Ostlie Minnesota; Tom Hunt*, Blair Siegfried, Lance Meinke, and Bob Wright Nebraska; Phil Glogoza*, Elson Shields New York; Mark Boetel North Dakota; Ron Hammond Ohio; Mark Sears Ontario; Dennis Calvin* Pennsylvania; Billy Fuller* and Wade French South Dakota; Greg Cronholm*, Pat Porter* and Paul Mitchell Texas, Rick Hellmich* USDA/ARS; Dennis Kopp* USDA/CSREES.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Annual meeting of NC-205 was held at the University Plaza Hotel and Conference Center in Columbus, Ohio. Location and date were selected to facilitate interaction with the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee, and industry representatives interested in managing corn insect resistance to transgenic corn. Portions of the meeting were held with the NCR-46 committee. A multi-stakeholder Insect Resistance Management (IRM) meeting co-sponsored with NCR-46 was held immediately after this meeting.

NCR-46 Chairman Mark Boetel called the joint session of the meeting to order at 1:30 p.m. on January 25, 2004. Dennis Calvin and Rick Hellmich provided an update of a RAMP-funded project that involves several NC205 members. Dave Andow discussed results of his spatial evaluation of Bt verse non-Bt planting patterns in southwestern Minnesota. Dave Onstad discussed results of his western corn rootworm resistance model to test the impacts of crop rotation on rate of resistance evolution in areas with behavioral resistance. John Glaser of EPA (Nation Risk Management Research Lab, Cincinnati, OH) discussed the involvement in biotechnology of the agency. He outlined a research project related to managing insect resistance to transgenic crops that has modeling, monitoring, and remote-sensing components.

The meeting was resumed at 8:05 a.m. on January 26. Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Rick Hellmich, ARS representative, introduced new research scientist, Dr. Tom Sappington and discussed funding earmarked for genomic and proteinomic research. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, discussed issues associated with Hatch dollar support; changes underway in NRI and suggested Chief Scientist, Brad Fenwick, has been willing to discuss a number of issues and might be willing to meet with the group next year in Washington. NC-205 is scheduled for a rewrite for 2005, which must be done by 5th of Dec.

Chuck Mason updated the committee on status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, ?European Corn Borer Ecology and Management? which was last published in 1996. There are still 2,300 copies of the 20,000 originally printed remaining at Iowa State. Discussed the idea of adding a section on Bt corn. Pat Porter provided the group CDs with PDF files of the 2002 state reports. Committee voted to continue with paper reports for 2005 meeting, but to distribute the reports electronically. Alan Reynolds (Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA Washington DC) updated the committee on IRM-related activities of the EPA.

State reports were presented in order of the new project objectives. Specific time and place for the 2004 meeting will be coordinated with the NCR-46 committee. Drs. Hellmich and Calvin will continue as chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned noon on Jan. 28.

Accomplishments

Many new economic issues have arisen because of the commercial introduction of Bt corn. These issues include development of grower insect resistance management (IRM) compliance incentives, development of IPM insurance, and verification of corn borer yield-loss functions. TX and MN economists analyzed possibility of using grower contract to manage risks associated with employing refuges. TX economist is evaluating IPM insurance to protect sweet corn growers from crop failures due to insects. MN economist is using bioeconomic models that focus on grower incentives to use IRM. Small-scale farmers are not complying by violating the 20% refuge mandate while large-scale growers do not comply by violating the proximity mandate. Surveys will help determine the value growers put on refuge and how much they are willing to pay for technology fees. PA economist and entomologist refined the corn borer yield-loss functions by comparing Bt and isoline hybrids. The committee has been very successful in attaining funding related to insect resistance management. These projects are excellent examples of multi-state, multi-discipline projects that allow for stakeholder input. USDA-RAMP funded project is underway with PA, IA, NE participation that uses site site-specific information to evaluate economics of Bt corn and resistance monitoring. USDA-IFAFS project is ongoing with MN, WI and KS participation to evaluate Bt corn spatial distribution and sociological and economic component of Bt adoption. An ARS/EPA project with participation from NE, PA, IA, IL, MN, TX, MS, NC, and UT has begun to evaluate IRM modeling, and resistance monitoring. Several research projects are underway to address sociological, ecological and genetic components of insect resistance management. For example, NE coordinated surveys with crop consultants in high-spray areas in NE and KS to address concerns with high spray refuges. IL modeling suggests ECB resistance is influenced by preference for alternative hosts, and timing of early and late flights in spring. KS reports that an ECB colony has a trypsin-activation mode of resistance to Bt protein. IA and PA are using Bt and non-Bt strips as a tool to assess landscape influences on ECB aggregation areas and infestations. IA and NE have used family pedigrees to evaluate and genetic factors influencing Bt resistance. NE has established an ECB colony that may be able to survive on reproductive Bt corn. Evaluation of ECB voltinism by PA suggest bi-voltine moths have a much tighter range of development time compared with uni-voltine moths, which appears to be heritable. DE research with extracts from marigolds has found both attractants and deterrents for ECB oviposition. MN collaboration with French scientists has determined that the frequency of an allele for resistance is less than 9.2 x 10-3. MN and WI modeling suggests movement of males from refuges is most significant to reduce resistance selection, while female movement speeds the rate of evolution of resistance. ONT research suggests Cry 1F corn hybrids (Herculex) appear to repel cutworm (3rd instar) rather than cause mortality. NY reported on pollen movement research that suggests pollen is found up 200 feet above cornfields. Some of these perceived impacts of Bt corn (e.g., monarch butterfly) are potentially controversial. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA, NE, PA, MN) participated in a consortium of scientists to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. These studies suggest that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible. Results from these studies were published in five papers in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Follow-up studies were conducted in MD, IA and ONT to determine whether monarch larvae are affected by long-term exposure to Bt pollen and anthers. Larvae were put on milkweed plants in the field at the time of pollen shed for the full term of their development. Under this worse case scenario, fewer larvae reach adulthood. The proportion of the population exposed to these conditions is approximately 0.3%. NC205 members participated in several high-profile activities including international meetings, USDA Stakeholders Workshop (Future Directions and Research Priorities for Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grants Program), APHIS biotechnology panel (monitoring issues related to biotech crops), NAFTA section regarding Environmental Issues, UN/FAO program regarding agricultural intensification, National Academy of Science Standing Committee in Agriculture, and a consortium to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. NC-205 sponsored a multi-stakeholder meeting on Corn Insect IRM that included EPA, industry representatives and members of the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee. Plans for the coming year include improving the usefulness of IRM models and developing more efficient methods for insect resistance monitoring. Discussions will continue with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Writing assignments for the project rewrite have been made. Collaborative research will focus on 1) using Calvin corn growth and ECB degree-day models to identify regions in the Corn Belt where insect resistance management might be problematic; 2) continuing to determine frequency of resistant alleles in populations, 3) developing landscape approaches to ECB management; 4) using DNA markers to address ECB population structure questions; and 5) developing more efficient methods for evaluating possible nontarget effects of transgenic corn.

Publications

Anderson, P. L., M. J. Weiss, R. L. Hellmich, M. P. Hoffmann and M. G. Wright. 2003. Millet preference, effects of planting date on infestation, and adult and larval use of proso millet by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 361-369. Baute, T. S., Sears, M. K., Schaafsma, A.W. Use of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner corn hybrids to determine the direct economic impact of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on field corn in eastern Canada. J. Econ. Entomol. Feb 2002. v. 95 (1) p. 57-64. Bourguet, D., Chaufaux, J., Seguin, M., Buisson, C., Hinton, J. L., Stodola, T. J., Porter, P., Cronholm, G., Buschman, L. L., Andow, D. A. Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Theor. Appl. Genet.. May 2003. v. 106 (7) p. 1225-1233. Coates B. S., R. L. Hellmich and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Beauveria bassiana haplotype determination based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer PCR-RFLP. Mycol Res 106(1): 40-50. Coates B. S., R. L. Hellmich and L. C. Lewis. 2002. Nuclear small subunit rRNA group I intron variation among Beauveria spp provide tools for strain identification and evidence of horizontal transfer. Curr Genet 41:414-424. Coates B. S. and R. L. Hellmich. 2003. Two sexchromosome-linked microsatellite loci show geographic variance among North American Ostrinia nubilalis. J. Insect Sci. 3:29, 1-6. (Available online:insectscience.org/3.29) Durham, E. W., B. D. Siegfried, and M. E. Scharf. 2002. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of fipronil by larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 799-804. Foster, et al. (W.D. Hutchison; MN Editor). 2003. Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers, BU-7094-S. Regional publication: (IN, MN, IL, IA, MO; Lead State: Indiana). 170 pp. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology/ext/targets/ID/index2003.htm Gatch, E. W., Hellmich, R. L., Munkvold, G. P. 2002. A comparison of maize stalk rot occurrence in Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Plant Dis. 86: 1149-1155. Guse, C. A., Onstad, D. W., Buschman, L. L., Porter, P., Higgins, R. A., Sloderbeck, P. E., Cronholm, G. B., Peairs, F. B. 2002. Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring Lepidoptera (Crambidae) in areas with irrigated transgenic corn. Environ. Entomol. 31: 676-685. Hoffmann, M. P., Wright, M. G., Pitcher, S. A., Gardner, J. 2002. Inoculative releases of Trichogramma ostriniae for suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) in sweet corn: field biology and population dynamics. Biol. Control. 25: 249-258. Huang, F., L. L. Buschman, R. A. Higgins and Huarong Li. 2002. Survival of Kansas Dipel-Resistant European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt and non-Bt Corn Hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 614-621. Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Managing the risk of European corn borer resistance to Bt corn. The Economics of Modeling Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies (T. Swanson, ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 171-193. Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Managing the Risk of European Corn Borer Resistance to Bt Corn. Environmental and Resource Economics 22:537-558. Hurley, T. M. and B. A. Babcock. 2003. Valuing Pest Control: How Much is Due to Risk Aversion? Risk Management and the Environment: Agriculture in Perspective (B. A. Babcock, R. W. Fraser and J. N. Lekakis). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 134-144. Hutchison, W.D. and S. J. Wold Burkness. 2003. European corn borer, corn earworm and western bean cutworm moth flight activity?2003. In VegEdge Web Site, University of Minn. Ext. Service, St. Paul, MN http://www.vegedge.umn.edu/2004/moth.htm Hyde, J., M. A. Martin, P. V. Preckel, L. L. Buschman, C. R. Edwards, P.E. Sloderbeck, and R. A. Higgins. 2003. The Value of Bt Corn in Southwest Kansas: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach, Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 28, No. 1: 15-33. Koch, R. L., W. D. Hutchison & R. C. Venette. 2003. Survival of monarch butterfly, Danaus plexipus (Nymphalidae), larvae on milkweed near Bt cornfields. J. Lepidop. Soc. 57: 92-99. Koch, R. L., W. D. Hutchison, R. C. Venette and G. E. Heimpel. 2003. Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Control. 28: 265-270. Kuhar, T. P., Wright, M. G., Hoffmann, M. P., Chenus, S. A. 2002. Life table studies of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with and without inoculative releases. Environ. Entomol. 31: 482-489. Lewis, L.C., Bruck, D.J., Gunnarson, R.D. 2002. Measures of Bacillus thuringiensis persistence in the corn whorl. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80: 69-71. Li, H., B. Oppert, K. Y. Zhu, R. A. Higgins, F. Huang, and L. L. Buschman. 2003. Transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. Entomologia. Sinica 10: 155-166. Mitchell, P. D., T. M. Hurley, B. A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. 2002. Insuring the stewardship of Bt corn: A carrot versus a stick. J. Agr. & Res. Econ. 27:390-405. Musser, F. R, and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Predation of Ostrinia nubilalis eggs in sweet corn by generalist predators and the impact of alternative foods. Environ. Entomol. 32:1131-1138. Musser, F.R. and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Factors altering the temporal and within-plant distribution of coccindellids in corn and their impact on potentail intraguild predation. J.Environ. Entomol. J.Environ. Entomol. 32: 575-583. Musser, F.R. and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Bt sweet corn and selective insecticides: their impacts on sweet corn pests and predators. J.Econ. Entomol. 96: 71-80. Onstad, D. W., C. A. Guse, P. Porter, L. L. Buschman, R. A. Higgins, P. E. Sloderbeck, F. B. Peairs, and G. B. Cronholm. 2002. Modeling the development of resistance by stalk-boring Lepidoptera (Crambidae) in areas with transgenic corn and frequent insecticide use. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 1033-1043. O?Rourke, P. K. and W. D. Hutchison. 2003. Sequential sampling plans for estimating European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval density in sweet corn ears. Crop Prot. 22: 903-909. Pilcher, C. D., Rice, M. E., Higgins, R. A., Steffey, K. L., Hellmich, R. L., Witkowski, J., Calvin, D., Ostlie, K. R., Gray, M. 2002. Biotechnology and the European corn borer: measuring historical farmer perceptions and adoption of transgenic Bt corn as a pest management strategy. J. Econ Entomol. 95: 878-892. Qureshi, Jawwad Alam. 2003. Dispersal of marked and feral adult European and southwestern corn borers and its impact on Bt-corn resistance management. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University. 205 pp. Schaafsma, A.W., Hooker, D.C., Baute, T.S., Illincic-Tamburic, L. 2002. Effect of Bt-corn hybrids on deoxynivalenol content in grain at harvest. Plant Dis. 86: 1123-1126. Tabashnik, B. E., Y. Carriere, T. J. Dennehy, S. Morin, M.S. Sisterson, R. T. Roush, A. M. Shelton and J. Z. Zhao. 2003. Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lesson from the laboratory and field. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1031-1038. Zhao, J. Z., Y. Li, H. L. Collins, and A. M. Shelton. 2002. Examination of the F2 screen for rare resistance alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in the diamondback moth. J. Econ. Entomol. Forum. 95:14-21. Zhao, J., J. Cao, Y. Li, H.L. Collins, R. T. Roush, E. D. Earle and A. M. Shelton. 2003. Plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance compared to single toxins used sequentially or in a mosaic. NatureBiotech 21: 1493-7. Zoerb, A. C., T. Spencer, R. L. Hellmich, R. J. Wright and B. D. Siegfried. 2003. Larval distribution and survival of second generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on event 176 Bt corn. Crop Sci. 22: 179-184.

Impact Statements

Scientific direction for USDA Stakeholders Workshop
Committee-coordinated publications in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences caused scientific community to reassess impact of BT corn pollen on monarch butterflies
Increased understanding of IRM issues through a NC-205 sponsored multistakeholder meeting

Date of Annual Report: 03/28/2002

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/27/2002 - 01/29/2002
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2000 - 09/01/2005

Participants

Participants: (*designates state or USDA representative, otherwise cooperators) Chuck Mason* - Delaware; Charles Guse, Dave Onstad* - Illinois; Larry Buschman, Randy Higgins*- Kansas; Paul Preckel* Indiana; Galen Dively* - Maryland; Dave Andow* Minnesota; Tom Hunt* and Blair Siegfried Nebraska; Phil Glogoza* - North Dakota; Art Schaafsma & Mark Sears* - Ontario; Dennis Calvin* - Pennsylvania; Billy Fuller* - South Dakota; Greg Cronholm*, Pat Porter* - Texas; John Wedberg* - Wisconsin; Rick Hellmich* - USDA/ARS; Dennis Kopp* - USDA/CSREES; Elson Shields* New York; Les Lewis*, Marlin Rice, Jon Tollefson, and Brad Coates Iowa, Steve Pueppke (Admin. Advisor).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Annual meeting of NC-205 was held at the Adams Mark Hotel in Indianapolis, Indiana. Location and date were selected to facilitate interaction with the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee and EPA representative Alan Reynolds, and industry representatives interested in managing corn insect resistance to transgenic corn. A multi-stakeholder Insect Resistance Management (IRM) meeting was held immediately after this meeting followed by the NCR-46 meeting.

Chairman Rick Hellmich called the meeting to order at 1:20 p.m. on January 27, 2002. He noted that the days session would focus on IRM models. Models related to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn insect resistance management were discussed during this session. Presentations were made by 1) David Onstad (IL), who discussed his two species, European corn borer (ECB) and Southwestern corn borer (SWCB), resistance management model, 2) Dave Andow who discussed his new model, 3) Dennis Calvin (PA) who discussed his ECB phenology modeling efforts and Tom Hunt (NE) who discussed the results of the consultant survey for high-spray areas.

The meeting was resumed at 8:15 a.m. on Monday (Jan. 28). Dr. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, briefed the committee on new leadership within the USDA, and discussed CSREES budgets, and funding opportunities. Les Lewis, ARS representative, briefed the committee on changing leadership and the status of budgets. Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, briefed the committee on indirect cost recovery by universities and the reaction of industry. Intellectual property is becoming an extremely difficult and important issue for universities.Chuck Mason updated the committee on the status of the next edition of the NCR-327 publication, European Corn Borer: Ecology and Management.

A general discussion occurred concerning the behavior of growers relative to refuge compliance. Randy Higgins provided information on current Bt-corn adoption levels by county across the U.S. and the new registration requirements. The EPA wants to know how the registrants will respond to growers who are noncompliant. Wording in EPA document suggests that NC 205 members will be involved in specific types of research that will address some of these questions.

State reports were presented in order of the new project objectives. Next year, state reports will be done electronically and sent out as a CD. A motion was made to meet in Baltimore, MD or Kansas City, MO as an alternate location with the meeting beginning on January 27 or January 29, 2002. Specific time and place will be coordinated with NCR-46 committee. Drs. Hellmich and Calvin will continue as chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned 12:05 pm.

Accomplishments

Many new economic issues have arisen because of the commercial introduction of Bt corn. These issues include technology adoption, cost differences between alternative refuge configurations, and a desire to identify economic incentives that encourage growers to comply with refuge requirements. IN economists (Purdue) used a partial budget analysis to estimate the costs of implementing refuge configurations and found that a strip configuration is the least cost method of planting a 20% non-Bt corn refuge. IRM for Bt corn depends on a refuge strategy complemented by high expression of Bt protein in the plant. There is disagreement, however, concerning the size and placement of non-Bt refuges. Researchers from DE, NE, MN, KS, PA, and IA have investigated ECB movement and a researcher from KS has studied SWCB movement. Preliminary results suggest that ECB and SWCB male movement between fields is high. ECB have been captured up to 49 km from a release point. Some of the members thought these data provide evidence that the half-mile proximity refuge recommendation was robust, but there was not a consensus. IL researchers have developed a 2 species (ECB and SWCB) model for addressing IRM issues. This model generated much discussion over ECB movement, mating, and oviposition and possible experiments that could be conducted to fill information gaps. Presentations by modelers helped the non-modelers on the committee to better understand the modeling process and to learn which genetic, biological and economic parameters were the most important for IRM. This interaction helped the committee to identify information gaps that could be filled with experiments involving corn borer movement, mating and oviposition, grower surveys addressing IRM compliance issues, and crop consultant surveys addressing chemical spray frequency and patterns. Management strategies with Bt corn to control European corn borer and other stalk-boring insects may have direct and indirect effects on nontarget pests, and other organisms that could result in positive or negative impacts. Some of these perceived impacts (e.g., monarch butterfly) are potentially controversial. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA, NE, PA, MN) participated in a consortium of scientists to address the Bt corn and monarch butterfly issue. A collaborative research effort by scientists in several States and in Canada has produced information to develop a formal risk assessment of the impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly, Danaus plexxipus, populations. Information was sought on the acute toxic effects of Bt corn pollen and the degree to which monarch larvae would be exposed to toxic amounts of Bt pollen on its host plant, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, found in and around cornfields. Expression of Cry proteins, the active toxicant found in Bt corn tissues, differed among hybrids, and especially so in the concentrations found in pollen of different events. In most commercial hybrids, Bt expression in pollen is low and laboratory and field studies show no acute toxic effects at any pollen density that would be encountered in the field. Other factors mitigating exposure of larvae include the variable and limited overlap between pollen shed and larval activity periods, the fact that only a portion of the monarch population utilizes milkweed stands in and near cornfields, and the current adoption rate of Bt corn at 19% of North American corn-growing areas. This two-year study suggests that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible. Growers rely on a variety of sources for making decisions regarding implementation of traditional and transgenic pest management technologies. To help growers integrate these inputs and options into practical pest management programs, the results of this project must be made available in a timely fashion for use by policymakers and be packaged as unbiased recommendations for the agricultural and public sectors. Toward this goal, NC-205 members participated in several high-profile activities including international meetings, EPA Science Advisory Panels (2 nontarget organism panels and 1 IRM panel), National Academy of Science Standing Committee in Agriculture, and an consortium to address Bt corn and monarch butterfly. NC-205 sponsored a multi-stakeholder meeting on Corn Insect IRM that included EPA, industry representatives and members of the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworms) committee. The NC-205 publication Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-Term Success Through Resistance Management continues to be a popular source for Bt corn and IRM information. Plans for the coming year include focusing on IRM issues in the high-spray areas of the country. The high-spray subcommittee plans to meet with growers from these areas to encourage grower input, and to facilitate IRM discussion and development. IRM models that focus on the high-spray areas will be improved by incorporating insecticide use information including frequency of Bt corn and non-Bt corn sprays, targeted insects, and spray efficacies. Discussions will occur with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Writing assignments for the next edition of the NCR-327 publication have been made which should allow us to meet the target date of September 2003. A NASS representative will be contacted to determine if one or more IRM related questions could be added to the national corn survey. Collaborative research will focus on determining 1) frequency of resistant alleles in populations, 2) scale and frequency of ECB random mating, and 3) scale and frequency of ECB random ovipostion, 4) Using Calvin corn growth and European corn borer degree-day models to identify regions in the Corn Belt where insect resistance management might be problematic.

Publications

Al-Deeb, M., G. E. Wilde, and R. A. Higgins. 2001. No effect of Bacillus thuringiensis corn and Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) on the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 30: 625-629. Anderson, P. L. and R. L. Hellmich. Bt Corn and Insect Resistance Management What are they? Site-Specific Management Guidelines, Potash and Phosphate Institute, South Dakota State University. 2001. Boyd, M. L., and W. C. Bailey. 2001. Southwestern corn borer management in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Outreach and Extension Service, Guide G7111. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Boyd, M. L., and W. C. Bailey. 2001. European corn borer: A multiple-crop pest in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Outreach and Extension Service, Guide G7113. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and M. Witt. 2001. Efficacy of Cry1F corn for the control of southwestern corn borer and corn earworm. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center Field Day Report, Kansas State Univ. Report of Progress #877: 67-70. Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and M. Witt. 2001. Efficacy of Cry1F corn for the control of southwestern corn borer and corn earworm, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: M2. Buschman, L. and P. Sloderbeck. 2001. Efficacy of Regent and Counter on corn rootworm and southwestern corn borer larvae. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center Field Day Report, Kansas State Univ. Report of Progress #877: 71-73. Buschman, L. and P. Sloderbeck. 2001. Comparison of Regent and Counter for controlling corn rootworm and southwestern corn borer larvae, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 26: F8. Chaufau, J., M. Seguin, J. J. Swanson, D. Bourguet, and B. D. Siegfried. 2001. Chronic Exposure of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) to Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1564-1570. Durham, E. W., M. E. Scharf, and B. D. Siegfried. 2001. Toxicity and Neurophysiological Effects of Fipronil and its Oxidative Sulfone Metabolite on European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 71: 97-106. Hellmich, R. L., M. E. Rice, J. M. Pleasants, and Wai-Ki F. Lam. Of monarchs and men: possible influences of Bt corn in the agricultural community. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.12:85-94. 2000. Hellmich, R. L. and B. D. Siegfried. Bt Corn and the Monarch Butterfly: Research Update. In book entitled Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics, edited by Gerald C. Nelson, Academic Press, London. pp. 283-289. 2001. Hellmich, R. L., Siegfried, B. D., Sears, M. K., Stanley-Horn, D. E., Mattila, H. R., Spencer, T., Bidne, K. G., Daniels, M. J. & Lewis, L. C. (2001). Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis Purified Proteins and Pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11925-11930. Huang, F., L. Buschman, and R. Higgins. 2001. Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel ES). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 98: 141-148. Hunt, T. E., L. G. Higley, J. F. Witkowski, L. J. Young, R. L. Hellmich. 2001. Dispersal of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Within and Proximal to Irrigated and Non-irrigated Corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 1369-1377. Hurley, T.M., B.A. Babcock, and R. L. Hellmich. Bt crops and Insect Resistance: An Economic Assessment of Refuges. J. Agr. & Res. Econ. 26: 176-194. 2001. Hurley, T. M., S. Secchi, B.A. Babcock, and R.L. Hellmich. Managing the Risk of European Corn Borer Resistance to Bt Corn. In bool entitled The Economics of Modeling Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies (T. Swanson, ed.). Kluwer (In press) Hyde, J., M.A. Martin, P.V. Preckel, C.L. Dobbins, and C.R. Edwards, 2001. "An Economic Analysis of Non-Bt Corn Refuges," Crop Protection, 20(2):167-171. Hyde, J., M.A. Martin, P.V. Preckel, and C.R. Edwards, 2001. "The Economics of Bt Corn: Adoption Implications," Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, Publication ID-219 Revised, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Lewis, P., C. Portier, S. Roberts, D. Andow, R. Bagwell, M. Caprio, T. Dennehy, B. Federici, F. Gould, D. Hardee, R. Hellmich, R. Higgins, T. Hurley, M. Sears, T. Shelton, and B. Siegfried. 2001. SAP Report No. 2000-07a, March 12, 2001, Bt Plant-Pesticides Risk and Benefit Assessments: Insect Resistance Management. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Subpanel on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/octoberfinal.pdf pp. 5-33. Lewis, P., C. Portier, S. Roberts, D. Andow, M. Cruzan, B. Federici, R. Hellmich, E. Herman, R. Higgins, R. James, S. Malcom, R. Miller, K. Oberhauser, I. Pepper, J. Pleasants, A. Power, M. Sears, B. Siegfried, C. Stewart, Jr., G. Stotzky, C. Taylor, and J. Willis. 2001. SAP Report No. 2000-07b, March 12, 2001, Bt Plant-Pesticides Risk and Benefit Assessments: Gene flow/outcrossing, environmental fate in the soil and non-target organism effects. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Subpanel on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant-pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/octoberfinal.pdf pp. 34-59. Losey, J. E., D. D. Calvin, M. E. Carter and C. E. Mason. 2001.Evaluation of noncorn host plants as a refuge in a resistance management program for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Bt-corn. Environ. Entomol. 30: 728-735. Munkvold, G.P., Hellmich, R.L., and Rice, L.G. 2001. Effects of Bt transformation events on Fusarium ear rot and fumonisins, 1999. Biological and Cultural Tests for the Control of Plant Diseases. In press. Ortman,E.E., B.D. Barry, L. L. Buschman, D. D. Calvin, J. Carpenter, G. P. Dively, J. E. Foster, B. W. Fuller, R. L. Hellmich, R. A. Higgins, T. E. Hunt, G. P. Munkvold, K. R. Ostlie, M. E. Rice, R. T. Roush, M. K. Sears, A. M. Shelton, B. D. Siegfried, P. E. Sloderbeck, K. L. Steffey, F. T. Turpin, J. L. Wedberg. 2001. Transgenic insecticidal corn: The agronomic and ecological rational for its use. BioScience 51: 900-902. Pilcher, C., M. Rice, R. Higgins, and R. Bowling. 2001. Pollen drift from Bacillus thuringiensis corn: Efficacy against European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in adjacent rows of non- Pleasants, J. M., Hellmich, R.L., Dively, G., Sears, M.K., Stanley-Horn, D.E., Mattila, H.R., Foster, J.E., Clark, P.L., & Jones, G.D. (2001). Corn Pollen Deposition on Milkweeds in and near Cornfields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11919-11924. Preckel, P.V., D. Harrington, and R. Dubman, 2002. "Primal/Dual Positive Mathematical Programming: Illustrated Through an Evaluation of the Impacts of Market Resistance to Genetically Modified Grains," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, (In Press). Sears, M. K., Hellmich, R. L., Siegfried, B. D., Pleasants, J. M., Stanley-Horn, D. E., Oberhauser, K. S., & Dively, G. P. (2001). Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Populations: A Risk Assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11937-11942. Showers, W. B., R. L. Hellmich, M. E. Derrick-Robinson, W. H. Hendrix, III. Aggregation and Dispersal Behavior of Marked and Released European Corn Borer (LepidopteraCrambidae) Adults. Environ. Entomol. 30:700-710. 2001. Siegfried, B. D., A. C. Zoerb, and T. Spencer. 2001. Development of European corn borer larvae on Event 176 Bt Corn: influence on survival and fitness. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 100: 15-20. Stanley-Horn, Dively, G. P., Hellmich, R. L., Mattila, H. R., Sears, M. K., Rose, R., Jesse, L. C. H., Losey, J. E., Obrycki, J. J. & Lewis, L. C. (2001). Assessing the Impact of Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Larvae in Field Studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11931-11936. Zoerb, Amelia C. 2001. Effect of Event 176 Bt Corn on Survival and Development of Second Generation European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (H|bner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska, Department of Entomology.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 05/05/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/26/2005 - 01/27/2005
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2004 - 01/01/2005

Participants

Chuck Mason* - Delaware;
Steve Pueppke, Charles Guse - Illinois;
Larry Bledsoe and Christian Krupke - Indiana;
Jon Tollefson - Iowa;
Larry Buschman* and Randy Higgins - Kansas;
Fangneng Huang* - Louisiana;
Galen Dively* - Maryland;
Dave Andow* - Minnesota;
Tom Hunt* - Nebraska;
Ron Hammond - Ohio;
Mark Sears - Ontario;
Dennis Calvin* - Pennsylvania;
Greg Cronholm* and Pat Porter - Texas;
Roger Youngman* - Virginia;
Rick Hellmich*, Doug Sumerford, Tom Sappington - USDA/ARS;
Dennis Kopp* - USDA/CSREES
(*designates state or USDA representative);

Guests:
Robyn Rose - USDA/APHIS;
Miles Lepping - University of Maryland

Brief Summary of Minutes

This report covers the multi-state NC-205 project investigating stalk-boring Lepidoptera attacking corn. This project was revised October 1, 2000. The goal of this project is to develop management practices for European corn borer and related stalk-boring pests that are environmentally sensitive, ecologically compatible, and economically sustainable. Our studies are designed to analyze the economics of corn borer management practices, assess ecological and genetic factors that impact resistance management, evaluate the role of natural enemies of lepidopteran pests in corn-cropping systems and agricultural landscapes, assess impact of management strategies for stalk-boring insects on non-target organisms, and develop and disseminate information for use by IPM educators, policymakers, and regulators.

Brief summary of minutes of annual meeting:
Annual meeting of NC-205 was held at the USDA-ARS Carver Building in Beltsville, MD. Location and date were selected to facilitate interaction with the NCR-46 (Corn Rootworm) committee, and invited industry representatives interested in managing corn insect resistance to transgenic corn. Portions of the meeting were held with the NCR-46 committee.

NC-205 Chairman Rick Hellmich called the meeting to order at 8:07 AM on January 26, 2005. Pat Porter provided committee members CDs with PDF files of the 2003 state reports. Dennis Kopp (CSREES) requested that the committee review a manuscript draft about the NC-205 regional project. Dennis Kopp and Steve Pueppke, along with past committee chairmen, plan to write a history of the committee's accomplishments. David Andow requested a discussion about the pre-review of the new project proposal. Charles Guse described a modeling project which is part of a larger project with EPA entitled "Evaluation and Integration of Models of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Crops." The purpose of modeling project is to develop protocols for comparing resistance management models and evaluate model differences and similarities. Dennis Calvin discussed progress on the USDA RAMP project "A Site-Specific Field Corn IPM Program that Incorporates Transgenic Technology." Robyn Rose (USDA-APHIS) updated the committee on activities related to updating protocols for monitoring possible non-target effects of biotech products. David Andow discussed the scope of the USDA IFAS grant. Grower refuge implementation was higher in 2004 than 2003. Committee members discussed outreach activities conducted at all locations related to NC-205 project objectives. Fangneng Haung from Louisiana State University was introduced as a new member of the committee. He briefed the committee on his research related to sugarcane borer. Mark Sears discussed meeting arrangements for the combined NC-205/NCR-46 meeting in Toronto, ON for the 2006 meeting. Mark requested the committee consider inviting government research personnel from Canada to the meeting. The meeting will be scheduled for the week of Jan. 23 or Jan. 30 depending on ability to arrange a meeting site. Dennis Kopp, CSREES representative, and Steve Pueppke, NC-205 Administrative Adviser, presented their reports the previous day during the combined meeting with NCR-46.

State reports were presented in order of project objectives. Drs. Dennis Calvin and Tom Hunt were elected chair and secretary, respectively. Meeting was adjourned noon on Jan. 27.

Accomplishments

Many new economic issues have arisen because of the commercial introduction of Bt corn. These issues include development of grower insect resistance management (IRM) compliance incentives and verification of corn borer yield-loss functions. WI and MN economists continue to analyze the possibility of using grower contract to manage risks associated with employing refuges. The economic component of the Bt maize Economic Tool or BET model is now available at an interactive website (www.essc.psu.edu/bet/); although it is still under revision. This model will be useful to growers interested in determining the value of Bt corn for their farms. The committee has been very successful in attaining funding related to insect resistance management. These projects are excellent examples of multi-state, multi-discipline projects that allow for stakeholder input. USDA-RAMP funded project is underway with PA, IA, NE participation that uses site-specific information to evaluate the economics of Bt corn and resistance monitoring. A USDA-IFAFS project is ongoing with MN, WI and KS participation to evaluate Bt corn spatial distribution and sociological and economic component of Bt adoption. An ARS/EPA project with participation from NE, PA, IA, IL, MN, TX, MS, NC, and UT is continuing that evaluates IRM modeling, resistance monitoring, and possible applications of remote-sensing technologies. Several research projects are underway to address ecological and genetic components of insect resistance management. Evaluation of European corn borer (ECB) voltinism by PA suggest multi-voltine moths have a much tighter range of development time compared with uni-voltine moths, which appears to be heritable. IA is using Bt and non-Bt strips as a tool to assess landscape influences on ECB aggregation areas and infestations. Preliminary data suggest that this alternating Bt/non-Bt strips method could be used to identify high ECB damage areas in fields. IA and NE have used family pedigrees to evaluate and genetic factors influencing Bt resistance. NE has established an ECB colony with resistance to a Bt protein that appears to be recessive. MN has improved the efficiency of the F2 screen, which is used to monitor for ECB that are resistant to Bt corn. The movement of male moths is being studies at Delaware. Kansas continues to study the movement of male and female SWCB. NC-205 members and cooperators (MD, ONT, IA) conducted follow-up research to studies previously published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. These studies were conducted to determine whether monarch larvae are affected by long-term exposure to Bt pollen and anthers. Larvae were put on milkweed plants in the field at the time of pollen shed for the full term of their development. Under this worse case scenario, fewer larvae reach adulthood. The proportion of the population exposed to these conditions is approximately 0.3%. The outcome of this research coupled with additional past studies and a model developed by PA and ZedX, Inc., a private weather data company, that predicts the proportion of the monarch population that co-occurs with pollen shed and likely mortality from this co-occurrence was integrated into a research paper and published in Environmental Entomology as a forum article. NC-205 members participated in several high-profile activities including the International Plant Protection Congress in Beijing, China, the Biosafety Congress in Montpellier, France, GMO Guidelines project in Kenya, Brazilian entomology meeting, EPA-sponsored (IRM) modeling workshop, EPA Science Advisory Panel, and an EPA non-targets workshop. Also, members participated in several radio programs, and crop protection clinics and other extension activities related to insect resistance management and protecting crops from stalk-boring pests. Members also wrote numerous newsletters that targeted growers interested in corn pests. Ontario produced a New Grower Handbook that was published in both English and French. Penn State, working with ZedX, Inc, has developed landscape models of European corn borer phenology that are updated daily with weather data and provided as regional maps that show the leading developmental stage of the pest (http://www.ento.psu.edu/extension/field_crops/predictionmaps.htm). Plans for the coming year include starting activities and research related to the new project. Discussions will continue with NCR-46 members concerning the development of compatible IRM strategies for ECB and corn rootworm transgenic corn. Collaborative research will include: 1) determine if remote-sensing technology can be used to distinguish corn damaged by ECB from corn with no ECB damage; 2) continue to determine frequency of resistant alleles in ECB populations, 3) continue to develop landscape approaches to ECB management; 4) use DNA markers to address ECB population structure questions; and 5) develop more efficient methods for evaluating possible non-target effects of transgenic corn.

Publications

Anderson, P. L., Hellmich, R. L. Sears, M. K., Sumerford, D. V., Lewis, L. C. 2004. Effects of Cry1Ab-expressing corn anthers on monarch butterfly larvae. Environ. Entomol. 33: 1109-1115. Buschman, L., P. Sloderbeck, and Merle Witt. 2004. Efficacy of VIP & Cry1Ab event corn hybrids for the control of Southwestern corn borer and Corn Earworm. In SWREC 2004 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 910: pp 45-48. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/entomology.htm Buschman, L., and P. Sloderbeck. 2004. Efficacy of insecticides for the control of Southwestern corn borer. In SWREC 2004 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 910: pp 49-51. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/entomology.htm Buschman, L, R Currie and P. Sloderbeck. 2004. Efficacy of Early Miticides applied early to control spider mites in corn, Trials 1. In SWREC 2004 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 910: 52-55. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/entomology.htm Buschman, L, R Currie and P. Sloderbeck. 2004. Efficacy of Early Miticides applied early to control spider mites in corn, Trials 2. In SWREC 2004 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 910: 56-60. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/entomology.htm Buschman, L, R Currie and P. Sloderbeck. 2004. Efficacy of Miticides applied post-tassel to control spider mites in corn, Post-Tassel Trial. In SWREC 2004 Field Day Rept. K-State Rept. Prog. 910: 61-64. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/entomology.htm Coates, B. S., Sumerford, D. V., and Hellmich, R. L. 2004. Geographic and voltinism differentiation among North American Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase haplotypes. J. Insect Sci., 4:35, 1-9 (Available online: insectscience.org/4.35). Coates, B. S., Sumerford, D. V., Hellmich, R. L., Lewis, L. C. 2004. Partial mitochondrial genome sequences of Ostrinia nubilalis and Ostrinia furnicalis. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 1: 13-18. Dillehay, B., G. W. Roth. D. D. Calvin, R. J. Kratochvil, G. A. Kuldau, and J. A. Hyde. 2004 Performance of Bt-corn Hybrids, their near-isolines and Leading corn hybrids in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Agron. J. 96: 818-824. Dively, G. P., R. Rose, M. K. Sears, R. L. Hellmich, D. E. Stanley-Horn, J. M. Russo, D. D. Calvin, P. L. Anderson. 2004. Effects on monarch butterfly larvae (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) after continuous exposure to Cry1Ab-expressing corn during anthesis. Environ. Entomol. 33: 1116-1125. Li, Huarong. 2004. Analyses of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Delta-Endotoxins in the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University. 192 pp. Li, H., B. Oppert, R. Higgins, F. Huang, K. Zhu, and L. Buschman. 2004. Comparative analysis of proteinase activities of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 34: 753-762. Li, H., J. Gonzalez-Cabrera, B. Oppert, J. Ferre, R. Higgins, L. Buschman, G. Radke, K. Zhu, and F. Huang. 2004. Binding analyses of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac with membrane vesicles from Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis. Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Comm. 323: 52-57. Matten, S. M., R. L. Hellmich and A. Reynolds. 2004. Current resistance management strategies for Bt corn in the United States. 2004. In Transgenic Crop Production: Concepts and Strategies, edited by Opender Koul and G. S. Dhaliwal, Science Publishers, Inc, Plymouth, UK. pp. 261-288. Qureshi, J. A., L. L. Buschman, S. B. Ramaswamy, J.E. Throne and P.M. Whaley. 2004. Evaluation of Rubidium Chloride and Cesium Chloride Incorporated in a Meridic Diet to Mark Diatraea grandiosella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) for Dispersal Studies. Environ. Entomol. 33(3): 487-498. Qureshi, J. A., L. L. Buschman, J. E. Throne and S.B. Ramaswamy. 2004. Oil-Soluble Dyes Incorporated in Meridic Diet of Diatraea grandiosella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) as Markers for Adult Dispersal Studies. J. Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 836-845. Qureshi, J. A., L. L. Buschman, J. E. Throne, P. M. Whaley and S.B. Ramaswamy. 2004. Evaluation of Rubidium Chloride and Cesium Chloride Sprayed on Corn Plants to Mark Diatraea grandiosella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) for Mark-Recapture Dispersal Studies. Environ. Entomol. 33(4): 930-940. Sloderbeck, P. E., R. J. Whitworth, and R. A. Higgins. 2004. Corn insect management 2004. MF810 (Revised). 24 pp. Wilson, A. P., J. A. Hough-Goldstein, M. J. VanGessel, and J. D. Pesek. 2004. Effects of varying weed communities in corn on European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), oviposition and egg mass predation. Environ. Entomol. 33: 320-327. Xingquan, K., D. D. Calvin, M. C. Knapp, and F. L. Poston. 2004. Female European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) ovarian development stages: Their association with oviposition and use in a classification system. J. Econ. Entomol. J. Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 828 835. Dillehay, B. L. , D. D. Calvin, G. W. Roth, J. A. Hyde, G. A. Kuldau, R. J. Kratochvil, J. M. Russo, and D. G. Voight. Verification of a European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) loss equation in the major corn production region of the northeastern United States. In Press (J. of Econ. Entomol.) Sked, S. L. and D. D. Calvin. Phenological synchrony between Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with its preferred host, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), using models. Environ. Entomol. (Accepted for Publication).

Impact Statements

The economic component of the Bt maize Economic Tool or BET model is now available at an interactive website (www.essc.psu.edu/bet/).
Efficiency of the F2 screen has been improved. This test is used to monitor for European corn borer that are resistant to Bt corn.
A formal risk assessment was conducted to assess possible effects of long-term exposure of Bt-corn pollen on monarch larvae. Results indicate that monarch populations are not threatened by long-term exposure to Bt pollen.
A Grower‘s Handbook "Controlling Corn Insect Pests with Bt Corn Technology" was published in both English and French.
Penn State, working with ZedX, Inc. (a private weather data company), has developed landscape models of European corn borer phenology that are updated daily with weather data and provided as regional maps that show the leading developmental stage of the pest (http://www.ento.psu.edu/extension/field_crops/predictionmaps.htm).