Annual/Termination Reports:

[08/19/2008] [08/01/2008] [09/22/2009] [08/27/2010]

Report Information

Participants

Creamer, Rebecca (creamer@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Dept. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science;
Strausbaugh, Carl (Carl.Strausbaugh@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Kimberly, ID;
Eujayl, Imad (imad.eujayl@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Kimberly, ID;
Brown, Terry (ntvlb@netzero.net) - Beet Sugar Development Foundation, Kimberly, ID;
Curry, Ed ( ) Curry Seed, Pearce AZ;
Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS Pullman, WA;
McKay, Tiffany (tmckay@betaseed.com) - Betaseed, Twin Falls,ID;
Bullock, Murray (murray.bullock@beetseed.com) - Holly Hybrids Idaho;
Hammon, Bob (bob.hammon@mesacounty.us - Colorado Extension, Grand Junction, CO;
Draper, Marty (mdraper@csrees.usda.gov) -CREES, USDA;
Dave Webster (david.webster@seminis.com)  Seminis Seed Co., Filer, ID

Brief Summary of Minutes

Carl Strausbaugh, host of this years meeting, opened the meeting, made introductions, and explained the purpose of the meeting.

Speakers were Rebecca Creamer, Carl Strausbaugh. Phil Miklas, Marty Draper, and Bob Hammon.

Carl Strausbaugh gave an overview of curly top in Idaho and discussed research on the curly top isolates infecting sugarbeet in the western US. Curly top virulence increased in the 1960s. The egg stage lasts 43.8 days at 60F, the nymphal stage 75.4 days and 65F, and brood development lasts 1-2 months. The mated females overwinter and there are three generations of leafhoppers with egg laying beginning in March. A survey on curly top in the western US in sugarbeets gave combinations of BSCTV and BMCTV and sometimes BCTV in every state. Tests of single fields showed that mixed infections occurred. Generally the curly top species have not changed significantly since Stengers previous work in 1994-95 except in Idaho. BCTV was found in small numbers in Idaho and Colorado and not in other states.

Rebecca Creamer discussed the role of weeds in curly top epidemiology and reported on a survey of weeds as hosts of curly top virus. She also outlined the distribution of curtovirus species among the weeds, with BSCTV, BMCTV, and PeYDV (pepper yellow dwarf virus) the primary species. Distribution of the three species varied among the years.

Marty Draper gave a report by conference call on the 2008 Farm Bill. He explained the new organizational system and talked about the components of the Roadmap for Agriculture Research and Extension Education. CREES will be replaced by NIFA (National Institute of Food and Agriculture). The funding will be in the form of Specialty Crops Initiative, funding for organic research, AFRI (Agricultural Food Research Initiative) = former NRI+IFAFS. The IDC cap will increase from 20 to 22%. The split has been delineated at 60% fundamental research, 40% applied. Not less that 30% of the funding will go to research integrated with extension or teaching.

Reports on curly top in western states were given by several individuals. Bob Hammon gave his report on Colorado by conference call. He said that over the last three years, the highest incidence he observed was 75% losses in tomatoes. He reported on two field trials. In one he compared the use of Admire Pro applied in drip as a drench under plastic at planting, with Actiguard as a foliar treatment, the combination of Admire Pro + Actiguard, and a control. The untreated control had 20% curly top, Admire Pro treated tomatoes had 11% curly top, Actiguard treatment had 15% disease, while the combined treatment gave 6.7% curly top. He also gave a report on the use of colored mulches. He found a lower level of curly top (2.4%) with the use of reflective silver mulch compared to red mulch (12% disease) with the crop on drip. In past years he tested floating row covers, and while they worked well, they were not practical.

The California report was sent via email from Rod Clark, CDFA. He explained that the state Beet Curly Top Virus Control Program in California is in jeopardy of loosing its ability to control beet leafhopper populations in rangeland due to increased exclusions by USFWS within endangered species habitat. The programs permit process was bogged down for over a year, so insecticide treatments could not be made this past spring in rangeland, resulting in heavy curly top infection in tomato fields. Both curly top and TSWV are having significant impacts on processing tomato fields in several areas.

Marvin Clary (Border Foods) sent his perspectives on curly top in New Mexico by email. He said that there has been generally low infestations in the 5-10% area but with some hot spots in the 30-40% range. One field near Janos, Mexico had 80% infection on jalapeno transplants. The worst fields were those emerging in late April and early May. Some watermelons are also infected. There is a lot of bacterial leaf spot in peppers.

Carl Strausbaugh gave the report for Idaho. It was a particularly cold year, with snow in mid June. Curly top levels were generally low, going from <5% increasing on a gradient across the state. The worst year in recent memory was 2004 where fields had 100% infection, although the sugarbeet had some level of resistance.

Phil Miklas gave the report from Washington. He said that while curly top is present every year at some low extent, the worst years were 2000 and 2002. This year was about 1% in commercial fields, although his susceptible check rows had 50% incidence.

Ed Curry (Curry Seed) reported from Arizona. He said that the curly top levels were generally low at the 5-10% levels.

Carl Strausbaugh spoke about control of controlling BCTV in sugarbeet. In 2008, almost 100% of the sugarbeet in Idaho are transgenic, containing the Round-up Ready technology. He reported that the disease ratings in the field and curly top nursery were highly correlated as were the root yields and nursery ratings. He also found that decreasing the disease rating one step (from 4 to 3) increased yields 3 tons/acre. He tested Poncho Beta (Bayer) and Cruiser (Syngenta) as seed treatments. Both gave increased yields and decreased curly top. Poncho Beta gave approximately 60 day control and also controlled leafminer, root maggot, black bean aphid, and root aphid. Cruiser caused some phytotoxicity resulting in delayed emergence. Control of BCTV in Idaho on sugarbeet is based on the use of resistant hybrids, planting early to allow plants to grow before the leafhopper flights, and the use of systemic insecticides.

Phil Miklas reported on the bct gene for resistance to curly top virus in snap beans. The germplasm is from a Moncayo X Primo cross. The SCAR marker for the resistance maps to an area with bean golden yellow mosaic begomovirus resistance, even though the plants are susceptible to BGMV. The Moncayo parent is resistant to bean dwarf begomovirus, while the Primo parent is susceptible. The bct gene explains 77% of the phenotypic variation from reactions to BDMV. This is the first QTL for curly top resistance in bean and is from the Andean bean gene pool. Miklas also identified a line of cranberry beans (G122) that was resistant to curly top, but didnt have the bct gene. G122 is the progeny of a Taylor X Hort cross. This minor QTL may confer resistance to other geminiviruses.

Rebecca Creamer reported on current efforts to identify the mode of resistance to curly top in tomatoes. Leafhopper testing suggests that non-preference may play a role in what is likely a form of tolerance. She also reported on efforts to identify tolerance in chile. The best candidate thus far is Tabasco and a novel Nu Mex cayenne. In subsequent discussions Carl suggested that sugarbeet seed treated with Poncho Beta should be tested as a trap crop around chile plantings.

Participants toured the Beet Sugar Development Foundation leafhopper rearing facilities, the curly top nurseries, and bean breeding trials for curly top resistance.

There was a brief discussion as to the 2009 meeting, with two ideas for locations. One option is for Judy Brown and Ed Curry to host the meeting in Arizona. A second idea is to have the meeting in Washington, perhaps hosted by Phil Miklas and Richard Larsen.

Accomplishments

A collaborative project for 2009 was established at the meeting between Rebecca Creamer, Ed Curry, and Stephanie Walker.

Publications

Strausbaugh, C. A., Rearick, E., and Camp, S. 2008. Influence of curly top and Poncho Beta on storability of sugarbeet. J. Sugar Beet Res. 45:31-47.<br /> <br /> Strausbaugh, C. A., Gillen, A. M., Camp, S., Shock, C. C., Eldredge, E. P., and Gallian, J. J. 2007. Relationship of beet curly top foliar ratings to sugar beet yield. Plant Dis. 91:1459-1463.<br /> <br /> Singh, S., Terán, H., Lema, M., Webster, D., Strausbaugh, C. A., Miklas, P. M., Schwartz, H. F., and Brick, M. A. 2007. Seventy-five years of breeding dry bean of the Western USA. Crop Sci. 47:981-989.<br /> <br /> Strausbaugh, C. A., Gillen, A. M., Gallian, J. J., Camp, S., and Stander, J. R. 2006. Influence of host resistance and insecticide seed treatments on curly top in sugar beets. Plant Dis. 90:1539-1544.<br /> <br /> Valasquez-Valle, R, Creamer, R., Medina-Aquillar, MM. 2008. First report of beet mild curly top virus infection in chile pepper in North Central Mexico. Plant Disease 92:650.<br /> <br /> Wintermantel, WM. 2007. Mapping of curly top incidence and determination of genetic variation among viruses responsible for curly top in California. Journal of Sugarbeet Research 44:163-164.<br /> <br /> Wintermantel, WM. 2007. Development of novel sources of resistance to beet curly top virus through virus-induced gene silencing. Journal of Sugarbeet Research 44:136-137.

Impact Statements

1. The group collectively made a positive impact on curly top in the western US. Insecticide efficacy for curly top control in sugarbeet was tested and reported. Resistance to curly top in bean, chile, tomato, and sugarbeet was tested.

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Report Information

Participants

Walker, Gregory (gregory.walker@ucr.edu) - University of California, Riverside, Dept of Entomology; Stafford, Candice(staffc01@student.ucr.edu) - University of California, Riverside, Dept of Entomology; Ng, James (james.ng@ucr.edu) - University of California, Riverside, Dept of Plant Pathology; Creamer, Rebecca (creamer@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Dept. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science; Hanson, Steven (shanson@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Dept. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science; Strausbaugh, Carl (CarlS@nwisrl.ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, Kimberly, ID

Brief Summary of Minutes

Speakers were Greg Walker, Candace Stafford, Rebecca Creamer, Carl Strausbaugh.

Carl Strausbaugh spoke about screening for resistance to BCTV in sugarbeets and screening insecticides for efficacy in controlling BCTV. The screening results will be published soon in Phytopathology. Poncho Beta by Bayer, at a cost of $23/acre appears to be the best seed treatment for curly top since it gives 60 days on control compared to 30 days of control with Gaucho. Predicting leafhopper numbers in Idaho is difficult, but high numbers appears to be related to warm temperatures in March.

Candace Stafford discussed the EPG waveform patterns associated with beet leafhopper feeding patterns. Patterns D2/D3 and G are associated with honeydew production. Pattern A had positive amplitude and was of variable length, pattern B1 had negative amplitude and was for 1 min., pattern B2 was for 30 sec, pattern C has positive amplitude and was for minutes, and pattern D1 had primarily negative amplitude and only half of the leafhoppers monitored showed this pattern. Patterns D2, D3, and D4 were highly variable with D4 occurring within D2 or D3. D3 was associated with honeydew formation of 0.08 drops/min and a pH of 7-8, suggesting the leafhoppers were feeding in the phloem. Pattern G was associated with honeydew production of 0.3 drops/min and a pH of 4-5, suggesting the leafhoppers were feeding on xylem. Patterns D2 and D3 are thought to be associated with phloem ingestion and D1 is association with phloem salivation and virus inoculation into the phloem. Leafhoppers spent only 1% of their time in D1, 52% of their time in D2+D3, and 8% of their time in G. If the leafhoppers had already fed in xylem, then they took about 1 in to progress to D1. If not hydrated, the leafhoppers fed on xylem for 30 min before going to phloem feeding.

Q. Does the monitoring results help explain the broad host range for the beet leafhopper?
A. Maybe since the leafhopper spends so much time feeding in the xylem, that would allow it to feed on the xylem of many different plants.

Carl Strausbaugh talked about BCTV identification in sugarbeets from a regional survey. In Idaho, the beet leafhoppers cycle is a bit different from that reported in California. The leafhoppers lay eggs in March. There were symptoms of BCTV on the roots of sugarbeets also, characterized by small roots with vascular discoloration. In Colorado, they found mostly BMCTV; Idaho and Oregon had small amounts of BCTV. That was unusual since BCTV (Cal/Logan) has not been found elsewhere. In Montana and Wyoming, all samples were infected with both BMCTV and BSCTV.

Greg Walker discussed the biological control of beet leafhoppers using parasitic wasps. Four wasps were found, Anagrus nigriventris, Aphelinoidea zarehi, Polynema sp., and Paracentrobia. The last three insects are trichogramid wasps. A. nigriventris worked well on London rocket, but was found in highest numbers in sugarbeet fields. The highest levels of parasitization was found during the summer. Aphelinoidea was found in highest numbers in Russian thistle in July- Sept, while Paracentrobia was found in highest numbers during the same time on Chenopodium.

Discussion topics

Q. Who did the early work on migration and parasitization?
A. Henderson of the USDA in the 1950s.

Q. Is it possible to test stylet sheaths for virus?
A. If leafhoppers are fed on parafilm and the sucrose is extracted for virus or tested by PCR, it should work. It might work to test corn that has leafhoppers attached with a clip cage.

Q. Are the saliva components of the beet leafhopper known?
A. No

Q. Are symptoms of curly top temperature dependent?
A. Beans appear to grow out of the symptoms in cool conditions.

Carl Strausbaugh volunteered to host our next meeting in Twin Falls, Idaho in July-August 2008.

Accomplishments

Several funded collaborative projects on curly top are ongoing among working group members. The first, by Creamer and Walker, funded by the Southwest Consortium looks at transmission of curly top by the beet leafhopper to resistant tomato varieties. The second, by Hanson and Strausbuagh, funded by the Chile Commission, is a screening for resistance to curly top in chile peppers. A third collaborative project is with Gilbertson, Wintermantel, and Clark compares viral infection in insects with plant infection. The participants who are actively involved in curly top research agreed try to submit their current work for publication during the upcoming year.

Publications

No publications for 10/2006 to 8/2007.

Impact Statements

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Report Information

Participants

Creamer, Rebecca (creamer@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Dept. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science;
Mary Olsen (molsen@Ag.arizona.edu)  University of New Mexico, Department of Plant Sciences, Extension Specialist;
Claudia Nischwitz (claudian@email.arizona.edu) - University of New Mexico, Department of Plant Sciences;
Robert Call (recall@ag.arizona.edu) - University of Arizona, County Extension;
Graeme Davis (gdavis1@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Dept. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science;
Steve Loring (sloring@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Agricultural Experiment Station

Brief Summary of Minutes

Introductions were made. The agenda was discussed.

Steve Loring explained the purpose of the W1007, how regional coordinating committees work and how a person can join. Participants that have not officially joined are encouraged to contact their experiment station or extension directors. The mid year report was presented and there was a discussion of the pros and cons of becoming a regional project versus a coordinating committee.

Reports on curly top in western states were given by several individuals.

Rebecca Creamer gave an overview of curtoviruses in New Mexico and discussed research on the curly top isolates infecting chile and weeds in the state. The distribution of the viral species, BSCTV, BMCTV, PeYDV, and pepper curly top virus have varied since 2001. New viral species occur through recombination.

Claudia Nischwitz discussed an outbreak of curly top in spinach in Arizona. The plants showed characteristic symptoms. They were positive for curtoviruses by PCR, as were nearby weeds, London rocket and Chenopodium. Sequencing showed the plants to be infected with pepper curly top virus (98% identity).

Graeme Davis presented an ecological study on the leafhopper vector of curotviruses, Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker), which is a change in genus for the leafhopper. Leafhoppers were monitored by sweep net and beat bucket for the last two years in southern New Mexico. The leafhoppers were separated by age and the plants were assessed for eggs. All nympal stages, eggs, and adults were collected primarily from London rocket and Kochia. The leafhopper appears to have extended generations from March through July and another generation in the fall. The ratio of males to females changed around April 1, with a large increase in the proportion of males.

Rebecca Creamer presented a comparison of the beet leafhopper in California to that in New Mexico. Stylet track staining was done to compare overall preferences. While the leafhoppers are morphologically identical, they differ in feeding preference and mt coi sequence, while leafhoppers within New Mexico were similar.

Robert Call reported that curly top pressure was very low in Arizona, particularly in chile and tomato. Pinto beans were reported infected at a in a single field. Mary Olsen reported infection in Arizona in leafy greens.

Bob Hammon sent his report on Colorado. He said that curly top rates were relatively low in western Colorado in tomatoes during 2009, with losses less than 10% and many growers experiencing only 1-2% loss. An occasional commercial Kabocha squash field was also found infected. He compared reflective plastic mulch to red mulch in drip irrigated plots. Insect counts were highest on red mulch early in the season, but generally leafhopper counts were low all season. In comparison, thrips numbers were very high. The final results from the 2009 research will be posted at http://wci.colostate.edu by mid October.

The California report was sent via email from Rod Clark, CDFA. He explained that the state Beet Curly Top Virus Control Program in California was re-initiated, but with severe budget cuts due to the poor state economy. They obtained a permit and treated beet leafhopper populations during spring 2009. The infection rate in tomatoes was dramatically reduced as compared to the spring 2008 when as estimate $20,000,000 damage resulted from the inability to treat rangeland. They collected plant and leafhopper samples which were processed at UC Davis by Dr. Robert Gilbertsons lab. So far, more BMCTV has been found than BSCTV in both plant and leafhopper samples. Tomato spotted wilt virus has been an increasing problem and symptoms in tomatoes can easily be confused with those caused by curly top.

Stephanie Walker sent her report on curly top in New Mexico. Curly top incidence was very low in chile. A larger concern was infection of chile with alfala mosaic and tomato spotted wilt viruses.

Phil Miklas sent the report from Washington. He said that curly top pressure was very low during the last year (below average), based on reduced incidence in his bean plots, and other crops such as pumpkin.

Stephanie Walker and Ed Curry sent brief comments as to their attempts to use sugarbeets as trap crops for chile. Both state that they had mixed results and would need additional tests.

Practical questions and comments for curly top management were raised by the extension personnel.

Will trap crops work for a variety of different crops at different locations?
When is the optimal time to control weeds to reduce disease? Which weeds should be controlled?
Can another leafhopper be introduced to replace the beet leafhopper in the same weed ecosystem?
Can we add something to the xylem to deter the leafhopper from feeding on crops?
There is a need for better diagnostics for curly top in various crop hosts.
There is a need for resistance/tolerance in spinach and other leafy greens.

There was a brief discussion as to the 2010 meeting, with ideas for locations. One suggestion was to hold the meeting in western Colorado, so that participants could view the ongoing mulch trials.

Accomplishments

A collaborative project for 2010 was established at the meeting between Rebecca Creamer, Mary Olsen, and Claudia Nischwitz.

Publications

Stafford, C. A., Walker, G. P., Creamer, R. 2009. Stylet penetration behaviour resulting in inoculation of beet severe curly top virus by beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 130:130-137.<br /> <br /> Wintermantel, William. 2009. Beet curly top virus. Pages 51-53 in: Compendium of Beet Diseases and Pests, 2nd ed. RM Harveson and LE Hanson, eds., APS Press, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Wintermantel, William. 2009. Resistance to curly top viruses through virus induced gene silencing. Proceedings of the 35th Biennial Mtg American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists.<br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., Seo, Y.-S., Gilbertson, R. L. 2009. Quantitative resistance to bean dwarf mosaic virus in common bean is associated with the Bct gene for resistance to beet curly top virus. Plant Disease 93:645-648.<br /> <br /> Lam, N., Creamer, R., Rascon, J., and Belfon, R. 2009. Characterization of a new curtovirus, Pepper yellow dwarf virus, from chile pepper and distribution in weed hosts in New Mexico. Archives of Virology 154:429-436.<br /> <br /> Stafford, C. A., Walker, G. P., and Stafford, C. A. 2009. Characterization and correlation of DC electrical penetration graph waveforms with feeding behavior of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 130:113-129.<br /> <br /> Chen, L,-F. and Gilbertson, R. 2009. Curtovirus-cucurbit interaction: acquisition host plays a role in leafhopper transmission in a host-dependent manner. Phytopathology 99:101-108.<br />

Impact Statements

1. The group collectively made a positive impact on curly top in the western US. The expanded impact of curly top on various crop hosts in Arizona was reported. The potential for additional management strategies such as trap cropping and mulches were tested and reported.

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Report Information

Participants

Creamer, Rebecca (creamer@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Entomology,
Plant Pathology and Weed Science; Bob Hammon (bob.hammon@mesacounty.us) - Mesa County Extension, Colorado State University; Shree Singh (singh@kimberly.uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho, Kimberly R & E Center; Oliver Neher (oneher@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho, Twin Falls; Erik Wenninger (erikw@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho, Twin Falls; Ramesh Pokharel (reamesh.pokharel@colostate.edu) - Colorado State University Extension; Stephen Peinado (draco134@msn.com) - New Mexico State University, Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science; Jessica Milner (jmilner@nmsu.edu) - New Mexico State University, Extension Plant Science

Brief Summary of Minutes

Bob Hammon gave an overview of western Colorado agriculture. It is primarily irrigated from one of three rivers. Beef cattle are the largest economic product, and alfalfa and grass hay are the largest crops. That portion of the state has substantial acreages of sweet corn and peaches. Tomatoes, which are the crop with the largest curly top losses, are shipped to a four state area.

Stephen Peinado gave an overview of curtoviruses in New Mexico and discussed research on the curly top isolates infecting chile in the state. The viral species BSCTV, BMCTV, Pepper yellow dwarf virus, and Pepper curly top virus have been found infecting peppers. New viral species occur through recombination. PCR, quantitative PCR, and ELISA are used to detect virus in peppers in New Mexico.

Rebecca Creamer gave an overview of the beet leafhopper in New Mexico and a review of its behavior in the state. A comparison of the feeding preference of the beet leafhopper in California and New Mexico showed that they differed between populations in the two states.

Shree Singh presented results from his dry bean breeding program looking at curly top resistance in small, medium, and large seeded beans. While none of the selections showed immunity, moderate to high levels of resistance was found in all three groups of which the small-seeded beans from Central America showed the highest resistance. Beans with resistance to curly top also had resistance to several whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses.

Rebecca Creamer presented work on screening for curly top resistance in tomatoes and peppers. Vascular puncture and leafhopper transmission were used in complement with stylet sheath staining to identify tolerance/insect non-preference in two peppers and several tomato varieties.
Bob Hammon presented results on management of curly top virus from several years. Losses from curly top were very bad in 2003-2005 in western Colorado on several crops, but Roma tomatoes were particularly hit. Trials compared wall-of-water with opening planting, early with late planting dates, floating row covers with open planting, red with reflective mulch, and use of tolerant varieties. Reflective mulch decreased disease and was economically effective.

Jessica Milner presented results of field trials managing curly top in peppers and tomatoes in New Mexico. Sugarbeets planted at the field margin as a trap crop did not reduce curly top in chile. Floating row covers worked better than kaolin spray at decreasing curly top while maintaining good yield of tomatoes.

Reports on curly top in western states were given by several individuals.

Carl Strausbaugh sent his report on sugarbeets in Idaho. It was a cool wet spring, so there has been only low levels of curly top in southwestern Idaho and in southcentral and southeastern Idaho there is almost no detectable disease.

Rod Clark, CDFA, sent an extensive report on the curly top virus control program in California. A dry summer and fall and cool foggy winter, followed by a wet spring produced more grasses and fewer beet leafhoppers I the Central Valley. As foothill weeds dried, aerial insecticide applications were made to 31,00 acres in mid April to 3 counties. Imperial and Palo Verde Valleys had more weeds and required spot treatments to roadside plants on more than 1,100 acres. They collected plant and leafhopper samples which were processed at UC Davis by Dr. Robert Gilbertson's lab. BMCTV was detected in the San Joaquin Valley and BSCTV was detected in Imperial Co. Tomato spotted wilt virus has been an increasing problem and symptoms in tomatoes can easily be confused with those caused by curly top.

Questions and comments for curly top research were raised by the attendees.

Can functional disease prediction systems be established for western Colorado and southern Idaho?

What causes the shifts in curtovirus species or strains?

Should disease screening change based on which curtovirus strains are found in an area?

What is the mechanism of curtovirus resistance that is found in dry beans?

There was a brief discussion as to the 2011 meeting, with ideas for locations. Suggestions were made to hold the meeting in New Mexico, Central Valley of California, or eastern Washington.

Accomplishments

A collaborative project for 2011 was established at the meeting between Rebecca Creamer and Shree Singh to study the mechanism of resistance to curly top in dry beans.

Publications

Durrin, J. S., Nikolaeva, O.V., Strausbaugh, C. A., and Karasev, A. V. 2010. Immunodetectionof two curtoviruses infecting sugar beet. Plant Disease 94:972-976.<br /> <br /> Chen, L-F., Brannigan, K., Clark, R., Gilbertson, R. L. 2010. Characterization of curtoviruses associated with curly top disease of tomato in California and monitoring for these viruses in beet leafhoppers. Plant Disease 94:99-108.

Impact Statements

1. The group has made an impact of curly top in the western U.S. Resistance to curly top in several hosts was reported. The use of management strategies such as reflective mulch and row covers were tested and reported.

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