Annual/Termination Reports:

[11/16/2001] [10/15/2003]

Report Information

Participants

Lou Armentino, University of Wisconsin
Mark Bauer, North Dakota State University
Gary Cromwell, University of Kentucky
James Croomer, University of Missouri
Ed DePeters, University of California, Davis
Jim Fadel, University of California, Davis
Rick Grant, University of Nebraska
Mary Beth Hall, University of Florida
C. Ross Hamilton, Darling Industries
Jim Males, Oregon State University
Mark Nelson, Washington State University
Alan Trinkle, Iowa State University
Randy Wiedmeier, Utah State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Objective 1 Quantify the production, use, environmental impacts, and economic value of products from the processing of agricultural commodities



Much discussion centered on interpretation of this objective. Do we need economists to be involved? Are feeding strategies encompassed in ‘use‘? Are the issues P and N? Most participants agreed that the ‘backside of processing plants‘ controls production and that wet by-products are not produced in areas of livestock concentration.



Goal: Quantify the amount of by-product fed that would not be placed in landfills.



What information is needed to attain this goal?



Need to collect data on mass or amount of each by-product produced. Publications from Ca and Fl are a good start; committee members will collect these data.



Who needs this information?



Groups including Nutritional Consultants, Feed industry, Policy Makers/ Nutrient management, Livestock producers, By-product generators.



What information does each group need?



Current status of by-product production and livestock numbers by region. The consensus was to collect data for the main by-product(s), their nutrient content, economic impact when fed to animals, or when used as fertilizer.



Regional Approach

Ca- DePeters, Fadel (beet pulp, brewers grains, citrus etc.),

Corn belt- Grant, Trenkle (corn distilling and milling)

Dairy belt- Armentino (whey)

Fl- Hall, Poore (citrus, cottonseed, hominy, molasses)

Pacific Northwest- Nelson (grass seed straw, potatoes)

Straw- Wiedmeier

Wheat belt- Bauer (CSB, wheat milling)



Station Reports from California, Darling Industries, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Penn State University (report was distributed), Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin were heard and discussed, until adjournment at 5 p.m.



November 16, 2001 Meeting convened 8 am, Mary Beth Hall presiding



Station Reports from Kentucky and Florida were heard and discussed.



Election of Officers was held and the following were elected.

Chairmen: Mark Nelson

Vice Chairmen: Marc Bauer

Secretary: Rick Grant



Alternative Feeds Symposium to be held fall, 2002 (Maurice Eastridge- Chair)





Committee discussion lead to a regional approach covering trends of last 10 years and future projections in production, nutrient analyses, and livestock potential use of the important by-products.



Jim Fadel was to collect data by e-mail due January 30, 2002.

Mary Beth Hall was to e-mail official committee and interested possible participants.



Potential Committee Members for the Alternative Feed Conference

Beef: Mark Nelson, Alan Trenkle

Dairy: Jim Croomer

Industry: John Less- ADM, Rick Stock-Cargill, Hong Yang-Moorman‘s

Poultry: Jeff Firman-Mo, Carl parsons-IL

Swine: Ross Hamilton



Please send suggestions of additional members to Maurice.



Topics for Symposium

1. WCC-203 by-product mass study

2. New information on topics from previous symposia

3. Fat/ potatoes in finishing cattle diets-nelson

4. Analytical methodology: wet chemistry, NIR, mid-infrared, sampling, roundtable discussion from the field to the lab, challenges for methodology, amino acids in rendered products



Proposed Budget- Third National Symposium on Alternative Feeds for Livestock and Poultry

Registration: 225 @ $150=$33,750

Proceedings sales: 100@$25=$2,500

Income: $31,000

Estimated expenses: $41,000

Fund raising i.e. trade show needs to generate $10,000



Next meeting (2002) to be held in conjunction with symposium, with an ad hoc meeting at Quebec City July 22- 25, 2002.



Meeting adjourned 10:30 am

Accomplishments

The Committee felt that an Aternative Feed Conference was the best venue to address the goals for the committee.

Publications

Impact Statements

1. An Alternative Feed Conference is being planned for the fall of 2003.

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Report Information

Participants

Lou Armentino (WI), Marc Bauer (ND), James Coomer (MO), Gary Cromwell (KY), Jim Fadel (CA), Jim Males (OR), Mark Nelson (WA), Allen Trinkle (IA).

Conference Call Participants: Maurice Eastridge (OH), Galen Erickson (NE), Rick Grant (NE), Mary Beth Hall (FL), Amanda Hargett (OH), Al Kertz (Industry), Jim Rydell (AFIA).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting called to order by Mark Nelson, Chairman at 8 am. In preparation for a 12:30 pm conference call of the organizing committee for the 3rd National Symposium-Alternative Feeds for Livestock and Poultry, the onsite participants discussed potential topics and speakers. The committee for the Symposium consists of Maurice Eastridge (OH), Chairman, James Coomer (MO), Ed dePeters (CA), Jim Firman (MO), Amanda Hargett (OH), Mary Beth Hall (FL), Ross Hamilton (Darling Industries), John Less (ADM), Mark Nelson (WA), Jim Rydell (AFIA), Rick Stock (Cargill), Allen Trinkle (IA), and Hong Yang (ADM). Minutes from the Symposium committee conference calls from June 27, 2002, September 24, 2002 were summarized. The onsite participants prepared a draft agenda for the symposium and it was emailed to the conference call participants. During the conference call the dates (November 4-5, 2003), location (Kansas City Airport Marriott in conjunction with the AFIA Nutrition Council Meeting), and agenda for the conference were prepared. Subsequent Symposium committee conference calls will be held December 5, 2002 and January 14, 2003.

After the conference call, station reports were presented and discussed from CA, IA, ND, WA, and WI. Executive committee for WCC-203 for 2003 will be Marc Bauer, Chairman, and Lou Armentino, vice chairman and Secretary. The 2003 meeting will be held in conjunction with the Symposium on November 4-5, 2003 at Kansas City. Meeting adjourned at 11:30 am November 15, 2002.

Accomplishments

1. Quantify the production, use, environmental impacts, and economic value of products from the processing of agricultural commodities. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Most of the reported work under this objective related to economic value and animal performance when fed byproduct feeds and on environmental impact as described below and on determining maximum and optimum inclusion rates in diets of farm animals.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Marketing studies were conducted at N. Dakota and production of numerous byproducts was reported for California for a 10-year time frame. Comparison of US production of byproducts to international production was reported (California). <br /> <br><br /> <br>Feeding byproduct feeds has important beneficial environmental impacts because the byproducts are diverted from being a burden to the environment as landfill or direct land application and are instead utilized as useful animal feeds. In addition, these byproduct feeds may have characteristics that also produce a beneficial environmental impact at the farm level. Methane is a greenhouse gas produced on livestock farms. Production occurs in the ruminant animal and also during the anaerobic storage of animal waste. Reducing animal methanogensis has beneficial effects in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in improving the energetic efficiency of converting feed to animal products. Tallow, a byproduct of the meat processing industry, and yellow grease, a byproduct of the restaurant industry, were shown to reduce methanogenesis from 157 to 98 l/animal/day in cows fed a grass hay diet (Washington State University). In addition, a preliminary patent application has been filed on a byproduct extract that has anti-methanogenic properties (WSU).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Ammonia emission from livestock units is a cause for concern in air and water quality. Ruminant animals can secrete waste N in the form of urine urea or fecal N. Fecal N is less likely to contribute to ammonia loss and more likely to be incorporated into plant growth. A study was conducted to measure the effect of delivering digestible carbohydrate to the lower intestine to divert blood urea N into feces and away from urine via enhanced lower gut fermentation. In this experiment, abomasal infusions of pectin were used to enhance lower gut fermentation (U. Wisconsin). Although pectin is not itself a significant byproduct feed, many high fiber byproduct feeds are likely to enhance lower gut fermentation because they contain fermentable fiber and they are small enough to pass rapidly from the rumen thereby providing increased carbohydrate substrate to the lower intestine. Results of this trial suggested that the strategy might work. There were trends for a shift in N from urine to feces. The trial was underpowered due to the loss of one of four cows and nitrogen balance measures were confounded by a reduced feed and N intake in the pectin treatment. The trial will be replicated in the future to better gauge the size and significance of the effect.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Wet milling of corn is an established method for fractionating corn into various food, feed and fuel products. A new wet corn-milling product was fed to thirty lactating Holsteins. Feeding 40% of this byproduct in the diet (replacing both concentrate and forage) improved efficiency of milk production in comparison to diets not containing byproducts (U. Nebraska). Use of corn and sorghum in a dry milling process for ethanol production is a growing industry in the U.S. A study compared feeding these materials wet or dry at 15% of the diet in lactating cows and also compared wet sorghum or wet corn distillers grains fed at 30% of ration DM to steers. Performance was superior to non-byproduct diets in steers, with corn and sorghum byproduct found equal to each other. Efficiency of milk production in lactating cows was similar across the different byproducts fed (U. Nebraska). Wet corn gluten feed at 18.5% of diet DM was predicted to give the best lactation performance in similar trials at North Dakota.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Byproduct feeds provide neutral detergent fiber in a physically reduced form. Corn gluten feed (wet milling byproduct) fiber was found to be 74% as effective as alfalfa fiber for maintaining fat test but only 11% as good at providing beneficial physical characteristics to the diet. Corn gluten feed was also shown to be an effective forage replacement for dairy heifers.<br /> <br> <br /> <br>Feeding systems can have an impact on using byproduct feeds and often these feeds are limited to total mixed ration strategies. Research with 102 crossbred beef heifer showed that wheat middlings could be self fed and produce equal response to a mixed ration. These results would allow wheat middlings to be fed in more extensive, low cost operations that lack feed mixing equipment (N. Dakota). Feed storage is critical in use of wet byproducts. Wet corn gluten feed could be co-ensiled with whole plant corn (U. Nebraska). Methods to improved ensiling of wet beet pulp using dry byproduct adjuncts showed that 35% DM provided the best ensiling and that addition of urea was also beneficial (N. Dakota).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Forage level and physical form can interact with byproduct and other concentrate feeds. Studies at U. Nebraska showed inclusion of alfalfa hay improved the utilization of NDF from Corn Gluten Feed. In order to remove passage effects in these types of interactions, five byproduct feeds (beet pulp, soy hulls, wheat middlings, corn gluten feed and soybean hulls) were incubated with different forages and compared to barley and corn grain. Barley and corn were expected to decrease OM digestion relative to byproduct feeds but this did not occur (N. Dakota). Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were used to test the effect of alfalfa or corn stover on use of concentrated separator by-product. Concentrated separator byproduct improved the ruminal and total tract N digestibility with stover more than it did with alfalfa (N. Dakota).<br /> <br><br /> <br>2. Improve the assessment of the nutritional value of by-products. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Measurement of animal methane production is a costly procedure. A low cost means to evaluate the effect of byproduct feeds on ruminal methanogenesis would greatly improve the ability to estimate the economic and environmental impacts of feeding different byproducts. Efforts were made to correlate two more easily measured ruminal parameters (fluorescence of F420, a key methanogenic enzyme, and concentration of Coenzyme M) with actual methane production. Results with F420 were not deemed useful or reliable but Coenzyme M may be a useful indicator of a byproduct (or other feeds) impact on ruminal methanogenesis (WSU).<br /> <br>Workers at U. Nebraska applied the techniques developed for comprehensive fiber analysis by the Florida station to evaluate 23 feeds commonly fed in the Midwest. The resulting analysis is an important improvement in developing strategies to best use these feeds and to explain the performance obtained in feeding trials.<br /> <br><br /> <br>3. Disseminate information on the use of by-products.<br /> <br><br /> <br>As per minutes of meeting and conference call, planning for the Third National Alternative Feeds Conference was conducted. The conference will be held Nov 4 and 5, 2003 at the Kansas City Marriott in conjunction with the AFIA Nutrition Council Meeting. Symposium agenda is attached.

Publications

Journal Articles:<br /> <br><br /> <br>Bohnert, D. W., C. S. Schauer, M. L. Bauer, and T. DelCurto. 2002. Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: I. Site of digestion and microbial efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2967-2977.<br /> <br>Callison, S.L., J.L. Firkins, M.L. Eastridge, and B.L. Hull. 2001. Site of nutrient digestion by dairy cows fed corn of different particle sizes or steam-rolled. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1458-1467.<br /> <br>Eastridge, M.L., and J.L. Firkins. 2002. Nutrition concentrate feeds: cereal grains. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, H. Roginski, J.W. Fuquay, and P.F. Fox, eds. Vol. I, pgs 478-483. Elsevier Science Ltd., Academic Press, St. Louis, MO.<br /> <br>Firkins, J.L., M.L. Eastridge, N.R. St-Pierre, and S.M. Noftsger. 2001. Effects of grain variability and processing on starch utilization by lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 79 (E. Suppl.): E218-E238.<br /> <br>Firkins, J.L., D.I. Harvatine, J.T. Sylvester, and M.L. Eastridge. 2002. Lactation performance by dairy cows fed wet brewers grains or whole linted cottonseed to replace forage. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2662-2668.<br /> <br>Harvatine, D.I., J.L. Firkins, and M.L. Eastridge. 2002. Whole linted cottonseed as a forage substitute fed with ground or steam-flaked corn: digestibility and performance. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1976-1987.<br /> <br>Harvatine, D.I., J.E. Winkler, M. Devant-Guille, J.L. Firkins, N.R. St-Pierre, B.S. Oldick, and M.L. Eastridge. 2002. Whole linted cottonseed as a forage substitute: fiber effectiveness and digestion kinetics. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1988-1999.<br /> <br>Loe, E. R., M. L. Bauer, G. P. Lardy, and J. S. Caton. 2002. Dietary inclusion of concentrated separator by-product fed to newly received feedlot steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 100:43-52.<br /> <br>Loy, T. W., G. P. Lardy, M. L. Bauer, W. D. Slanger, and J. S. Caton. 2002. Effects of supplementation on intake and growth of nursing calves grazing native range in southwestern North Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2717-2725. <br /> <br>Wang, Z., M.L. Eastridge, and X. Qiu. 2001. Effects of forage neutral detergent fiber and yeast culture on performance of cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 84:204-212.<br /> <br>Wiedmeier, R.D., F.D. Provenza, and E.A. Burritt. 2002. Exposure to ammoniated wheat straw as suckling calves improves performance of mature beef cows wintered on ammoniated wheat straw. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2340-2348.<br /> <br>Zhang, R., Li, X., and J. G. Fadel. 2002. Oyster mushroom cultivation with rice and wheat straw. Bioresource Technology. 82:277-284.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Non-refereed:<br /> <br><br /> <br>Block, H., C. Macken, T. Klopfenstein, R. Cooper, and R. Stock 2002. Crude Protein and Wet Corn Gluten Feed Levels for Steam Flaked Corn Finishing Diets. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 79-A: 68-71.<br /> <br>Bowman, B.R., R.D. Wiedmeier, D.Y. Kim, B.A. Kent, and J.L. Walters. 2001. Effects of direct-fed viable yeast culture on productivity of beef cows wintered on low-quality forages. Western Section ASAS 52:321-325.<br /> <br>Eastridge, M.L. 2002. Effects of feeding fats on rumen fermentation and milk composition. Pages 47-57 in Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference, October 8-10, Vancouver, Canada.<br /> <br>Eastridge, M.L. 2002. The use of fats in feeding dairy cattle and the effects of supplemental fat on ruminal fermentation. Pages 136-148 in Proceedings of the California Animal Nutrition Conference, May 8-9, Fresno.<br /> <br>Eastridge, M.L., and X. Qiu. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk from cows on pasture. Department of Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, OARDC Special Circular #182, p. 37-40.<br /> <br>Eastridge, M.L., and X. Qiu. 2001. Effects of two sources of calcium soaps on performance of lactating cows. Department of Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, OARDC Special Circular #182, p. 57-59.<br /> <br>Erickson, G., T. Klopfenstein, and T. Milton. 2002. Corn Bran Level in Finishing Diets and N Losses from Open-dirt Pens. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 79-A: 54-57.<br /> <br>Firkins, J.L., D.I. Harvatine, S. Ivan, and M.L. Eastridge. 2001. Effectiveness of whole cottonseeds and wet brewers grains to replace forage in dairy rations. Department of Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, OARDC Special Circular #182, p. 53-56.<br /> <br>Jordon, D. J., T. Klopfenstein, and T. Milton. 2001. Wet Corn Gluten Feed Supplementation of Calves Grazing Corn Residue. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 76-A: 41-43.<br /> <br>Loy, T., D. Adams, T. Klopfenstein, D. Feuz, J. Musgrave, and B. Teichert. 2003. Comparison of Two Heifer Development Systems on a Commercial Nebraska Ranch. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 80-A: 5-7.<br /> <br>Loy, T., T. Klopfenstein, G. Erickson, and C. Macken. 2003. Value of Dry Distillers Grains in High-forage Diets and Effect of Supplementation Frequency. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 80-A: 8-10.<br /> <br>Macken, C., G. Erickson, T. Klopfenstein, R. Cooper, and R. Stock. 2003. Wet Corn Gluten Feed Levels for Steam-flaked Corn Based Finishing Diets. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 80-A: 24-25.<br /> <br>Macken, C., G. Erickson, T. Klopfenstein, R. Stock, S. Jaeger. 2003. Effects of Corn Processing Method and Crude Protein Level with the Inclusion of Wet Corn Gluten Feed on Finishing Steer Performance. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 80-A: 25-27.<br /> <br>Macken, C., G. Erickson, T. Klopfenstein, R. Cooper, and R. Stock 2003. Corn Steep and Bran:Germ Meal Ratio in Steam-flaked Corn Based Finishing Diets. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 80-A:28-29. <br /> <br>Macken, C., T. Klopfenstein, G. Erickson, and R. Stock. 2002. Type of Corn Bran and Corn Processing Method in Beef Finishing Diets. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 79-A:72-73.<br /> <br>Mass, R., D. J. Jordon, T. Milton, T. Klopfenstein, and R. Stock. 2001. Urinary Allantoin Excretion of Finishing Steers: Effects of Grain Adaptation and Wet Milling Byproduct Feeding. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 76-A:47-49.<br /> <br>Nelson, M. L. 2002. Research Roundup. Adding processed fat to finishing diets. Beef. 38:80.<br /> <br>Palmer, K., R.D. Wiedmeier, B.A. Kent, C.A. Fitzgerald, and J.L. Walters. 2001. Alfalfa versus grass hay as supplements for beef cows wintered on ammoniated wheat straw. Western Section ASAS 52:333-335.<br /> <br>Park, J., I. Rush, T. Milton, and B. Weichenthal. 2001. The Effect of Feeding Pressed Sugar Beet Pulp in Beef Cattle Feedlot Finishing Diets. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 76-A: 67-69.<br /> <br>Perrin, R., and T. Klopfenstein. 2001. Economic Returns of Wet Byproducts as Cattle Feed. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 76-A: 45-47.<br /> <br>Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, and J.L. Firkins. 2001. Factors affecting the production of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows. Department of Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, OARDC Special Circular #182, p. 29-36.<br /> <br>Scott, T., T. Milton, and T. Klopfenstein. 2001. Programmed Gain Finishing Systems in Yearling Steers Fed Dry-rolled Corn or Wet Corn Gluten Feed Finishing Diets. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 76-A: 49-51.<br /> <br>Scott, T., T. Milton, T. Klopfenstein, and R. Stock. 2001. Corn Processing Method in Finishing Diets Containing Wet Corn Gluten Feed. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 76-A: 59-63.<br /> <br>Spratling, B.M., R.D. Wiedmeier, C.A. Fitzgerald, and B.A. Kent. 2001. Exogenous cellulose enhances the utilization of ammoniated wheat straw in pregnant and lactating beef cows. Western Section ASAS 52:349-352.<br /> <br>Trenkle, A. 2001. Effects of feeding a live microbial product on feedlot performance and carcass value of finishing steers fed wet corn gluten feed. Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. A.S. Leaflet R1742, p 22-24.<br /> <br>Trenkle, A. 2002. Relative feeding value of wet corn distillers solubles as a feed for finishing cattle. 2002 Beef Research Report. A.S. Leaflet R1772. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.<br /> <br>Trenkle, A. 2002. Relative feeding value of wet corn steep liquor when fed to finishing cattle. 2002 Beef Research Report. A.S. Leaflet R1773. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.<br /> <br>Trenkle, A. 2002. Evaluation of proteferm as a nitrogen supplement for finishing steers. 2002 Beef Research Report. A.S. Leaflet R1776. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.<br /> <br>Watson, M.L., R.D. Wiedmeier, B.A. Kent, and J.L. Walters. 2001. Developing replacement beef heifers using diets based on ammoniated low-quality forages. Western Section ASAS 52:357-359.<br /> <br>Wiedmeier, R.D., P.R. Schmidt, C.A. Stonecipher, B.A. Kent and D.R. ZoBell. 2003. Apparent digestible dry matter intake of ammoniated wheat straw diets in beef cows as affected by wheat middlings and biotin supplementation. Western Section ASAS 54:216-219.<br /> <br>Wiedmeier, R.D., K.C. Olson, B.A. Kent, and P.R. Schmidt. 2002. Utilization of low-quality forages as affected by beef cow body condition score. Western Section ASAS 53:593-595.<br /> <br>Wiedmeier, R.D. , K.C. Olson, B.A. Kent, and P.R. Schmidt. 2002. Performance of beef cows wintered on ammoniated wheat straw as affected by limiting intake. Western Section ASAS 53:606-609.<br /> <br>ZoBell, D.R., K.C. Olson, C.A. Stonecipher, and R.D. Wiedmeier. 2001. The effect of feeding wheat middlings to growing and finishing beef steers on production, digestibility, and carcass characteristics. Western Section ASAS 52:577-579.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Symposia/Meeting presentations<br /> <br><br /> <br>Erickson, G. and T. Klopfenstein. 2003. Distillers solubles and wet byproducts. AFIA Liquid Feed Symposium, Indianapolis, IN.<br /> <br>Erickson, G., and T. Klopfenstein. 2003. Distillers grains for beef cattle. 33rd Annual Beef Days, DeKalb Feeds.<br /> <br>Erickson, G., and T. Klopfenstein. 2002. Distillers grains for beef cattle. National Corn Growers Association, North Central Distillers Grains Conference, Prior Lake, MN.<br /> <br>Nelson, M. L. 2002. Animal Fats as an important ingredient in feedlot rations. National Renderers Association and Fats and Proteins Research Foundation. Emerging Issues and Opportunities Seminar, Vancouver, BC.<br /> <br>Nelson, M. L. 2002. Altering ruminal fermentation with a byproduct feed. Yakima, WA.<br /> <br>Nelson, M. L. 2002. Nutrition, body condition, and reproductive performance of beef cows. Klickitat County Cattlemens Association.<br /> <br>Nelson, M. l. 2002. Impact of nutrition on reproductive performance of beef cows. Spokane Ag Expo.<br /> <br>Trenkle, A. 2002. Corn distillers coproducts : Feeding value for beef cattle. National Corn Growers Association North Central Distillers Grains Conference, Prior Lake, MN., Aug 2002.<br /> <br>Trenkle, A. 2002. Corn distillers coproducts : Feeding value for beef cattle. National Corn Growers Association Southern Distillers Grains Conference, Amarillo, TX., Nov 2002.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Abstracts:<br /> <br><br /> <br>Firkins, J.L., D.I. Harvatine, J.T. Sylvester, and M.L. Eastridge. 2002. Lactation performance by dairy cows fed wet brewers grains (WBG) or whole linted cottonseed (WCS) to replace forage. Page 67 in Abstracts from Midwest Branch of Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc. <br /> <br>Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, J.L. Firkins, K.E. Griswold, and G.A. Apgar. 2002. Effects of DMI, addition of buffer, and source of fat on duodenal flow and milk concentration of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-C18:1 in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85 (Suppl. 1): 313. <br /> <br>Ribeiro-Filho, C.C. and A. Trenkle. 2002. Evaluation of feeding value of corn steep liquor as an energy and protein source for finishing cattle. J. Anim Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):232.

Impact Statements

1. Quantify the production, use, environmental impacts, and economic value of products from the processing of agricultural commodities.
2. Improve the assessment of the nutritional value of by-products.
3. Disseminate information on the use of by-products.

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