NCERA_OLD208: Response to Emerging Threat: Soybean Rust

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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Date of Annual Report: 12/20/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/25/2006 - 10/26/2006
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2005 - 09/01/2006

Participants

Gary Bergstrom (Cornell); Carl Bradley (N. Dakota St. Univ.); Diane Brown-Rytlewski (Mich. St. Univ.); Rahgavan Charduattan (Univ. FL); Tom Chase (S. Dakota St. Univ.); Zhiyuan Chen (LSU); Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ); Martin Draper (USDA-CSREES); Amanda Gevens (Mich. St. Univ.); Loren Giesler (Univ. of Neb.); Julie Golod (Penn St. Univ.); Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board); Carrie Harmon (Univ. Florida); Phil Harmon (Univ. Florida); Don Hershman (Univ. KY); Amanda Hodges (Univ. FL / SPDN); Clayton Hollier (LSU); Tom Isakeit (TX A&M Univ.); Scott Isard (Penn St. Univ.); Doug Jardine (Kansas St. Univ.); Wayne Jurieu (Univ. FL); Dean Malvick (Univ. MN); Jim Marois (Univ. FL); Dennis Mills (Ohio St. Univ.); Tim Momol (Univ. FL); Daren Mueller (IA St. Univ.); Tristan Mueller (Univ. IL); Bob Mulrooney (Univ. DE); Dario Narvaez (Univ. FL); Boyd Padgett (LSU); Dan Phillips (Univ. GA); Martha Roberts (Univ. FL / IFAS); John Rupe (Univ. Ark.); Raymond Schneider (LSU); Howard Schwartz (Col. St. Univ.); Layla Sconyers (Univ. GA); Ed Sikora (Auburn); Steven Slack (Ohio St. Univ.); Erik Stromberg (Virgina Tech.); Laura Sweets (Univ. Missouri); Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Ag.); Sue Tolin (Virginia Tech.); Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center); David Wright (North Central Soybean Research Program); David Wright (Univ. FL); XB Yang (IA St. Univ.).

Brief Summary of Minutes

October 25, 2006

The fifth meeting of the Soybean Rust Working group was held at the University of Floridas North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy, FL on October 25-26. October 24th was a travel day, and a welcoming fish fry was thrown at the Quincy Station.

On October 25th, the committee chair, John Rupe, opened the meeting at 8:00 am and began with individual state reports summarizing research and extension activities on soybean rust. State reports were presented by individuals from University of Florida, University of Georgia, Texas A&M University, University of Arkansas, Virginia Tech, University of Delaware, University of Kentucky, University of Missouri, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska, Iowa State University, Ohio State University, Cornell University, Penn State University, University of Minnesota, South Dakota State University, North Dakota State University, Michigan State University, Auburn University, and a combined report for western states (Idaho, Colorado, Washington, and Oregon).

Loren Giesler (Univ. Nebraska) and Don Hershman (Univ. KY) led a discussion on the sentinel plots used to monitor for soybean rust in the 2006 season. They indicated that the two main goals of the sentinel plot system were surveillance and tracking, and some of the benefits of the sentinel plot system were:
" First soybean rust find in several states were in sentinel plots
" According to a USDA-ERS report, the sentinel plots saved growers between $11 299 million.
" Enhanced the communication among plant pathologists
" Improved the relationship of Land Grant Universities with stakeholders
Some of the issues discussed about the sentinel plot program were: use of producer fields, mobile scouting, funding, further integration of new points with PIPE, movement of spores, number of plots necessary, distribution of plots, usefulness of plots, grower interest, value to modelers, public relations, use of ecozones to distribute plots, coordination with neighboring states, and handling of samples.

Sue Tolin, Virginia Tech, presented information about the Legume Virus PIPE for the 2007 season. She explained that the purpose of the Legume Virus PIPE is to establish a baseline of viruses present in Phaseolus bean and soybean. The outputs of the program would provide information for RMA on the most significant risks, would link increased incidence of virus to vector emergence, and would provide a link of virus expertise to NPDN labs. Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and soybean mosaic virus (SMV) would be surveyed in this program. A discussion followed about the use of the PIPE program for the viruses, where the interest is coming from, and on the use of the existing infrastructure of the PIPE to support other programs.

Julie Golod, Penn State Univ., provided an update on the rust monitoring efforts in Mexico and their partnership with the PIPE. She explained that Mexico is currently monitoring 40 sites weekly and using ELISA as confirmation. This information will hopefully be implemented into the PIPE. Training sessions with Mexico have occurred, and red/green areas of Mexico may be seen on the soybean rust map in 2007 or sooner. The soybean rust monitoring protocols are being translated into Spanish, and if Mexico does participate in the PIPE, our state commentaries may also need to be translated.

Business Meeting
The business meeting was called to order at 1:00 pm by John Rupe. The minutes of the 2005 meeting were made available for review. XB Yang (IA St. Univ.) made a motion to approve the minutes, and Doug Jardine (Kansas St. Univ.) seconded the motion. The motion to approve the minutes was passed.

Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ. / NCERA 208 Administrative Advisor) updated the group on the history of NCERA 208 and the various committee name and number changes. The current committee (NCERA 208) has been approved for 5 years beginning October 1, 2006. Steve also informed the group that the NCRA (North Central Regional Association of Agriculture Experiment Station Directors) has a quarterly newsletter available on the world wide web at: http://www.wisc.edu/ncra/newsletter.htm. Steve also gave an update on Create 21, which is a project of the Board on Agriculture Assembly of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. The project is working to reach a consensus about how the partnership between the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Americas land-grant and related universities should be updated to Create Research, Extension, and Teaching Excellence for the 21st Century. The project has a website available at: http://www.create-21.org/.

Next year the secretary, Carl Bradley, will chair the committee. Ed Sikora (Auburn) was elected the committees secretary by unanimous vote.

It was the general consensus of the group to have the next NCERA 208 meeting tied with the APS Soybean Rust Symposium in 2007. The symposium was held in November in both 2005 and 2006.

The group thanked Jim Marois and the University of Florida for doing a wonderful job of hosting the meeting. Thanks were also expressed to David Wright and the North Central Soybean Research Program for providing support for the excellent meals during the meetings.

Marty Draper (USDA-CSREES) talked to the group about impact writing for multi-state committees. He explained the differences between ouputs and impacts and using the logic model to arrive at ways to get short-term, medium-term, and long-term impacts. The components of an impact statement should contain the issue, the actions that have been done, the benefits, who did the work, and the contact information. There was some discussion that Carol Pilcher (Iowa St. Univ.) would be good to talk to the group about a way to measure impact. Other multi-state committees have developed impact bulletins; it was suggested that NCERA 208 try to do something similar. The PIPE steering committee may be able to get support to conduct a survey.

From 3:00 to 5:00, there was a tour of the research plots at the Quincy station. This allowed the group to see first-hand the efficacy of fungicides as well as view rust symptoms with a hand lens and dissecting microscopes.

October 26, 2006

John Rupe opened up the meeting at 8:00 am.

Scott Isard (Penn St. Univ.) presented some of the research being conducted on the deposition of soybean rust spores and the PIPE program. A PIPE steering committee of approximately 25 stakeholders was developed to guide the program. Don Hershman (Univ. of Kentucky) is the chair of the committee. The 2007 PIPE will likely be expanded to dry bean pests and viruses, Lepidoptera pests of sweet corn, Fusarium head blight (scab) of barley and wheat, and diseases and insect pests of citrus.

Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center) updated the group on funding for the PIPE in 2007. There are two scenarios for funding in 2007 with support either coming from RMA only or RMA and Congress.

Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) updated the group on the fungicide guide. The original guide had 159,344 copies distributed, and it will be updated over the winter. The deadline for chapters in the revised version is January 15, 2007.

Layla Sconyers (Univ. GA) discussed the 2007 sentinel plot protocol and the issue of using Roundup (glyphosate) for control of soybean rust. The protocol for 2007 will be similar to the 2006 protocol, but she is accepting suggestions for changes.

United States Congressman Allen Boyd updated the group on appropriations and was thankful for the groups efforts.

There was a discussion on if fungicide applications should stop at the R5 growth stage. Questions were raised if soybean plants go through the reproductive stages faster in the northern U.S. compared to the southern U.S. There are also fungicide label issues on how late the fungicides can be applied.

Jim Marois (Univ. FL) updated the group on the Florida Invasive Pests Project. With this project, researchers have access to resources in Florida. This project will help with the soybean rust research efforts.

The meeting was adjourned at noon.

Accomplishments

The objectives of NCERA 208 are to: 1. develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen; 2. identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research; 3. provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups; and 4. develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S. Accomplishments for Objective 1. Sentinel plots. Over 730 sentinel plots were monitored for soybean rust in 35 states in 2006. These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. In several cases, the first find of soybean rust in a state was in the sentinel plots. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (http://www.sbrusa.net/) where the movement of soybean rust could be monitored and the data could be used to develop and evaluate epidemiological models. Specialists wrote commentaries for their state on a regular basis that helped growers and consultants make scouting and fungicide application decisions. A total of 107,375 visits and 2,091,668 hits were recorded for the USDA PIPE website from January to October, 2006. Spore trapping. Most states participated in the Syngenta-sponsored spore trapping system. Glass microscope slides from the traps were sent to Dr. John Rupes (Univ. Ark.) laboratory on a regular basis, where they were evaluated for soybean rust-like spores. When a soybean rust-like spore was found, the state specialist was notified immediately. This helped the state specialist identify areas where scouting efforts for soybean rust could be intensified. Additionally, spores were collected in other states using passive traps and rainwater filtering traps (USDA-ARS, Univ. MN, Univ. IL, Univ. FL, Penn St., Univ. WI); PCR was used to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhizi in these collections. Host range. A host range study conducted in Fort Detrick, MD identified 28 new hosts under controlled inoculated conditions (USDA, Univ. IL). Additionally, 105 species were planted in a Florida field for evaluation of their susceptibility to soybean rust (USDA, Univ. IL, Univ. FL). Accomplishments for Objective 2. Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort, but some progress has already been made. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the South and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, Univ. IL, Auburn, Univ. FL, Univ. GA, LSU); a few of these appear to have high levels of resistance. A set of over 2,700 Chinese germplasm accessions were screened for resistance at two China locations and in a greenhouse at Georgia (Mich. St. Univ., Univ. GA); some of these accessions showed high levels of resistance in both field and greenhouse conditions. A set of Glycine tomentella (wild perennial soybean) showed a high level of resistance or immunity to soybean rust under inoculated conditions in a greenhouse at Florida (USDA-ARS, Univ. IL, Univ. FL). Other public soybean breeding programs are also involved in the effort to breed for resistance to soybean rust. Fungicide efficacy research. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted by several groups (USDA, Univ. FL, Univ. IL, Auburn, LSU, Univ. GA) in areas where soybean rust appeared domestically (GA, AL, FL, LA) and internationally (Paraguay, South Africa, Zimbabwe). Several other states conducted foliar fungicide trials in the absence of soybean rust, and were able to determine efficacy on other diseases and make general plant health observations. Due to presence of other pests in the U.S. soybean production region, many states conducted research that evaluated tank-mixing of fungicides with other crop protection chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides. Fungicide application technology research. Many states evaluated different application technologies for improved canopy penetration and coverage. In these trials, different spray tips, calibration settings, and application systems were evaluated. Pathogen biology / epidemiology. Several research projects designed to understand the movement, deposition, spread, and effect of microclimate on soybean rust spores are on-going (Penn St., Univ. FL, Univ. GA, LSU). Predictive models. Predictive models conducted by multiple research teams (Penn St., ZedX Inc., IA St. Univ., NC St. Univ.) were integrated to develop simulations that were interpreted by a team of meteorologists. These interpretations were made available to researchers, extension specialists, and administrators on the restricted access PIPE web site. The predictive models will continue to be refined and validated. Field diagnosis tool. A hand-held, field-friendly tool for in-field soybean rust diagnosis is being developed (OH St. Univ., USDA, U.S. Navy). Because soybean rust is difficult to detect early in the infection process, this tool would allow for a quick diagnosis that could lead to more timely fungicide applications, if needed. Yield loss research. Understanding the effects of soybean rust on soybean yield is important to the entire U.S. agriculture industry. Research is being conducted (Univ. KY, LSU) to understand the effect of defoliation, caused by natural soybean rust and/or by manual defoliation, on soybean yield. This information will be used to build a yield loss prediction tool that will have several uses including helping growers make fungicide application decisions. Extension specialists in individual states conducted grower education meetings on soybean rust and refresher courses for First Detectors. Accomplishments for Objective 3. The NCERA 208 annual meeting held at Quincy, FL in October 2006 allowed individuals from USDA and Land Grant Universities to exchange and share research data. Soybean rust symptoms, its effect on soybeans, and the effect of different management practices on the disease were all observed firsthand by members of NCERA 208 and guests at this meeting. Members of NCERA 208 were vitally important in developing and participating in the 2nd American Phytopathological Society Soybean Rust Symposium held at St. Louis, MO in November 2006. Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups were all represented and were able to exchange ideas and discuss research data presented at this meeting. Accomplishments for Objective 4. To date, over 150,000 copies of Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust, developed largely by members of NCERA 208, have been distributed, and a revision is being developed. Another multi-state publication, Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region, was developed by several members of NCERA 208 (GA, NC, SC, VA). Working with members of NCERA 208, the North Central IPM Center developed two CD-ROMs, Soybean Rust: Scout Before You Spray and Using the Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education to Address On-Farm Management Issues. In addition, many specialists have developed soybean rust educational materials (including websites, bulletins, and circulars) for their individual state. NCERA 208 has been vitally important in providing input that has been used to develop and shape the PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education), which is the primary tool used by the entire U.S. agriculture industry to track the movement of soybean rust and help make management decisions.

Publications

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles: Bonde, M. R., Nester, S. E., Austin, C. N., Stone, C. L., Frederick, R. D., Hartman, G. L., and Miles, M. R. 2006. Evaluation of virulence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. mebomiae isolates. Plant Dis. 90:708-716. Del Ponte, E. M., Godoy, C. V., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2006. Predicting severity of Asian soybean rust epidemics with empirical rainfall models. Phytopathology 96:797-803. Harmon, C. L., Harmon, P. F., Mueller, T. A., Marois, J. J., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. First report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi telia on kudzu in the United States. Plant Dis. 90:380. Hershman, D. E., Bachi, P. R., Harmon, C. L., Harmon, P. F., Palm, M. E., McKemy, J. M., Zeller, K. A., and Levy, L. 2006. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Kentucky. Plant Dis. 90:834. Hyten, D. L., Hartman, G. L., Nelson, R. L., Frederick, R. D., Concibido, V. C, and Cregan, P. B. 2007. Map location of the Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) in soybean. Crop Sci. (in press). Isard, S. A., DeWolf, E. D., and Russo, J. M. 2006. The establishment of a national pest information platform for extension and education. Plant Health Progress (on-line) doi: 10.1094/PHP-2006-0915-01-RV. Isard, S. A., Dufault, N. S., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L. , Russo, J. M., DeWolf, E. D., and Morel, W. 2006. The effect of solar irradiance on the mortality of Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospores. Plant Dis. 90:941-945. Isakeit, T., M.E. Miller, R. SaldaHa, L.W. Barnes, J.M. McKemy, M.E. Palm, K.A. Zeller, R. DeVries-Paterson, and L. Levy. 2006. First report of rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean and kudzu in Texas. Plant Dis. 90:971. Koenning, S. R., Moore, A. D., Creswell, T. C., Abad, G. Z., Palm, M. E., McKemy, J. M., Hernandez, J. R., Levy, L., and DeVries-Paterson, R. 2006. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in North Carolina. Plant Dis. 90:973. Krupa, S., Bowersox, V., Claybrooke, R., Barnes, C., Szabo, L., Harlin, K., and Kurle, J.E. 2006. Introduction of soybean rust spores into theMidwestern United States A Case Study. Plant Dis. 90:1254-1259. Lynch, T. N., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Harmon, P. F., Harmon, C. L., Miles, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Phaseolus spp. in the United States. Plant Dis. 90:970. Miles, M. R., Frederick, R. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Health Progress (on-line) doi 10.1094/PHP-2006-0104-01-RS. Miles, M. R., Pastor-Corrales, M. A., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2006. Differential response of common bean cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. (in press). Mullen, J. M., Sikora, E. J., McKemy, J. M., Palm, M. E., Levy, L., and Devries-Paterson, R. 2006. First report of Asian soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean in Alabama. Plant Dis. 90:112. Pan, Z., Yang, X. B., Pivonia, S., Xue, L., Pasken, R., and Roads, J. 2006. Long-term prediction of soybean rust entry into the continental United States. Plant Dis. 90:840-846. Patzoldt, M. E., Tyagi, R. K., Hymowitz, T., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2006. Soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella in amphiploid hybrid lines. Crop Sci. (in press). Pivonia, S., and Yang, X. B. 2006. Relating epidemic progress from a general disease model to seasonal appearance time of rusts in the United States: Implications for soybean rust. Phytopathology 96:400-407. Rupe, J. and Sconyers, L. 2006. Asian soybean rust. American Phytopathological Society Disease Lesson. To be published on-line in Plant Health Instructor. Sconyers, L. E., Kemerait, R. C., Jr., Brock, J. H., Gitaitis, R. D., Sanders, F. H., Phillips, D. V., and Jost, P. H. 2006. First report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust, on Florida beggarweed in the United States. Plant Dis. 90:972. Sikora, E. J. and M. Delaney. 2006. Kudzu in the City: Detection of Asian Soybean Rust on Kudzu in Urban Environments in Alabama during the winter of 2006. Soybean Rust Symposium, St. Louis, MO. (abstract) Wrather, J. A. and Koenning, S. R. 2006. Estimates of disease effects on soybean yields in the United States 2003-2005. J. Nematology 38:173-180. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Bandyopadhyay, R., Paul, C., Twizeyimana, M., Adeleke, R., Miles, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. Identification and development of resistance to soybean rust in Nigeria. Phytopathology 96S (in press) (abstract). Barnes, C.W., L.J. Szabo, J.J. Johnson, Kim Ngueyen, C. Floyd, and J.E. Kurle. Detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi DNA in rain using qPCR and a portable rain collector. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. 29 July-3 August. Quebec City, Quebec, CA (abstract). Buck, J. W. and Mueller, D. S. 2006. Effect of light exposure on germination and germ tube growth of urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Puccinia triticina. North Central APS Meeting (abstract). Clements, G., and S. Kumudini. 2006. Use of vegetation index to determine potential yield loss: A risk management tool for Asian soybean rust. Abstract submitted to 2006 ASA Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN (abstract). Hartman, G. L. 2006. Soybean rust research in the United States, p. 19-23, Mercosoja 2006. Proceedings of the 3rd Mercosur Soybean Congress, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. Hershman, D. E. 2006. SBR Monitoring and Forecasting. In: Proc. American Seed Trade Assoc. 36th Annual Soybean Seed Research Conference, Chicago, IL. Hershman, D. E. and L. J. Giesler. 2006. Overview of the Asian Soybean Rust Sentinel Network for 2005. On-line: http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/div/so06abs.asp Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E., and Clark, J. E. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control Asian soybean rust in Appling Co., Georgia, 2005. F&N Tests 61:FC071. Kemerait, R. C., Jost, P. H., Kichler, J. M., and Sconyers, L. E. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust in Macon County, Georgia, 2005. F&N Tests 61:FC073. Kemerait, R. C., Jost, P. H., and Sconyers, L. E. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust in Lang Farm (Trial 1), Georgia, 2005. F&N Tests 61:FC074. Kemerait, R. C., Jost, P. H., and Sconyers, L. E. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust in Lang Farm (Trial 2), Georgia, 2005. F&N Tests 61:FC075. Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E., Jost, P. H., and Mills, W. A. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust in Attapulgus, Georgia, 2005. F&N Tests 61:FC072. Kemerait, R. C., Jr., Sconyers, L. E., Jost, P. H., Kichler, J., and Clark, J. 2006. Management of Asian soybean rust with fungicides in Georgia. Southern Division APS Meeting (abstract). Kumudini, S., C.V. Godoy, J. Board, and J. Omielan. 2006. Developing a Yield Loss prediction Model for Asian Soybean Rust - A Crop Physiology Approach. Epidemiology section. 2006 National Soybean Rust Symposium, St. Louis, MO. (abstract) Kumudini, S., C.V. Godoy, J. Board, and J. Omielan. 2006. Asian soybean rust: The role of defoliation injury in yield loss. Abstract submitted to 2006 ASA Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN. (abstract) Lawrence, K. S., D. P. Delaney, E. J. Sikora and S. P. Nightengale. 2006. Evaluation of Absolute, Folicur and Stratego on soybean foliar disease and yield in Alabama, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide tests, on-line publication Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora D. P. Delaney, and R. M. Durbin. 2006. Evaluation of Punch, Charisma, Folicur and Manzate on soybean foliar disease and yield in Alabama, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide tests, on-line publication Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Levy, C. 2006. Control of soybean rust in a determinate cultivar at the Rattray Arnold Research Station, Zimbabwe, 2004-05. F&N Tests 61:FC003. Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., van Rij, N. C., Tweer, S., du Preez, E. D., and Lawrence, K. F. 2006. Evaluations of fungicides for control of soybean rust in the cultivar Prima 2000 near Cedara, South Africa, 2004-05. F&N Tests 61:FC002. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2006. Evaluations of fungicides for the control of soybean rust at Bella Vista, Paraguay, 2004-05. F&N Tests 61:FC007. Mueller, T. A., Morel, W., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. Effect of timing of fungicide applicatgions on development of soybean rust. Phytopathology (in press) (abstract). Omielan, J., S. Kumudini, C. V. Godoy. 2006. Development of a yield loss prediction model for Asian Soybean Rust. Abstract submitted to 2006 ASA Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN. (abstract) Paul, C., Bandyopadhyay, R., Twizeyimana, M., Hill, C. B., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. Potential of detached soybean leaves for evaluation of rust resistance. Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Soybean. Lincoln, NE. Rupe, J. C., Wiglesworth, M. D., Smith, S., and Wickizer, S. 2006. Asian soybean rust: Syngenta spore trap project. Southern Division of The American Phytopathological Society (abstract). Sikora, E. J. D. P. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, A. Gutierrez-estrada and R. Durbin. 2006. Evaluation of Ballad for control of foliar diseases of soybeans, 2005. 2005 Soybean Research Report 29, pg.12. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, A. Gutierrez-estrada, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2006. Evaluation of Ballad for control of foliar diseases of soybeans, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide tests, on-line publication Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, A. Gutierrez-estrada, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2006. Evaluation of fungicide spray programs for Asian soybean rust in Alabama, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide tests, on-line publication Sconyers, L. E., Kemerait, R. C., Brock, J., Phillips, D. V., Jost, P. H., Sikora, E. J., Gutierrez-Estrada, A., Mueller, J. D., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., and Harmon, C. L. 2006. Asian soybean rust development in 2005: A perspective from the southeastern United States. APSnet Feature Article. Online publication: http://apsnet.org/online/feature/sbr/ Sconyers, L. E., Kemerait, R. C., Jr., Jost, P. H., and Phillips, D. V. 2006. Sentinel plot and commercial field monitoring of Asian soybean rust in Georgia in 2005. Southern Division APS Meeting. (abstract) Van de Mortel, M., Rucknor, J. C., Godoy, C. V, Abdelnoor, R. V., Almeida, A. M. R., Nettleton, D. S., Whitham, S. A., and Baum, T. J. Molecular characterization of the Asian soybean rust disease. Soybean Molecular Biology Meeting, Lincoln, NE (abstract). Extension: Bradley, C. 2006. Foliar fungicides for soybean. North Dakota State University Crop and Pest Report, Issue 9, pg 6. Bradley, C. 2006. Soybean rust update. North Dakota State University Crop and Pest Report, Issue 9, pg 7. Dunphy, J., Holshouser, D., Howle, D., Jost, P., Kemerait, R., Koenning, S., Mueller, J., Phipps, P., Rideout, S., Sconyers, L., Stromberg, E., Wiatrak, P., and Wood, A. 2006. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, University of Georgia Extension. Dunphy, J., and S. Koenning. 2006. Recommendations for managing soybean rust in 2006. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 21-22. Grau, C., and Jensen, B. 2006. Soybean rust update. Wisconsin Crop Manager. http://ipcm.wisc.edu/wcm/disease.html Grau, C., and Jensen, B. 2006. Soybean rust in Mexico: an update. Wisconsin Crop Manager. http://ipcm.wisc.edu/wcm/disease.html Hershman, D.. 2006 KY Soybean Rust Spray Decision Aid. On-line pub: www2.sbrusa.net/sbr/uploads/KY/2006%20KY%20Fungicide%20SBR%20Aid.pdf Hershman, D., A. Dorrance, and M. Draper. 2006 Soybean Rust Fungicide Use Guidelines. On-line Pub: www.sbrusa.net (click on Tactics-USA). A. Draper, and D. E. Hershman, eds. Ohio State University Ext. Bull. SR-2005. Jost, P. H., Clark, J., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E., and Montgomery, B. 2006. Controlling Asiatic soybean rust with variable rate fungicide applications. 2005 Soybean Research-Extension Report for Georgia. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/2005rer/index.htm Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E. 2006. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Soybean Newsletter. 3 March 2006. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/. Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E. 2006. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Soybean Newsletter. 13 April 2006. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/. Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E. 2006. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Soybean Newsletter. 16 May 2006. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/. Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E. 2006. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Soybean Newsletter. 15 June 2006. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/. Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E. 2006. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Soybean Newsletter. 18 July 2006. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/. Jost, P. H., Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E. 2006. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Soybean Newsletter. 18 September 2006. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/. Kemerait, R.C., Jost, P. H., Sconyers, L. E., Kichler, J., and Clark, J. 2006. Assessment of select fungicides for management of Asian soybean rust. 2005 Soybean Research-Extension Report for Georgia. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/2005rer/index.htm Kemerait, R., S. Koenning, J. Dunphy, J. Mueller, and P. Phipps. 2006. Spray decisions based on rust movements. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 23-25. Kemerait, R. C., Sconyers, L. E., and Jost, P. H. Soybean disease and nematode control. In: 2006 Soybean Production Guide. University of Georgia Extension Publication CSS-06-02. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Asiatic soybean rust in 2006. 2006. North Carolina Pest News 21(1). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/06PestNews/06News1/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Current status of Asiatic soybean rust in the US May 2006. 2006.Soybean rust in South America in 2005-2006. North Carolina Pest News 21(8). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/06PestNews/06News8/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. 2006.Asiatic soybean rust update. Section 18 fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust. Web Resources for Soybean Rust. North Carolina Pest News 21(16). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/06PestNews/06News16/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. 2006.Current soybean disease situation. Soybean rust outlook. Fungicide applications for North Carolina soybeans. Section 18 fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust. Web Resources for Soybean Rust. Target spot of soybean. North Carolina Pest News 21(18). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/06PestNews/06News18/pestnews.html/ Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. 2006. Current soybean disease situation. Asiatic soybean rust outlook. Management of soybean diseases with fungicides: to spray or not to spray. Are all fungicides equal? Web resources for Asiatic soybean rust. North Carolina Pest News 21(20). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/06PestNews/06News20/pestnews.html/ Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. 2006. Current soybean disease situation. Asiatic soybean rust outlook: new rust find in South Carolina. Web resources for Asiatic soybean rust. North Carolina Pest News 21(22). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/06PestNews/06News22/pestnews.html/ Koenning, S., D. Howlie, and P. Phipps. 2006. Management of soybean rust. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 27. Lawrence, K. S., D. P. Delaney, E. J. Sikora and S. P. Nightengale. 2006. Evaluation of Absolute, Folicur and Stratego on soybean foliar disease and yield in Alabama, 2005. 2005 Soybean Research Report 29, pg. 10. Lawrence, K. S., D. P. Delaney, E. J. Sikora and S. P. Nightengale. 2006. Evaluation of Punch, Charisma, Folicur and Manzate on soybean foliar disease and yield in Alabama, 2005. 2005 Soybean Research Report 29, pg. 11. Mueller, D. S. Fungicides. Iowa State University Extension: In Press. November 2006 Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., and Pedersen, P. Asian soybean rust management strategy 2006. Iowa State University Extension: PM 2028. May 2006 Mueller, J., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, P. Phipps, and L. Sconyers. 2006. Monitoring rust movements. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 7-8. Phipps, P., S. Koenning. S. Rideout, and E. Stromberg. 2006. Common diseases of soybean in the mid-atlantic region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 9-15. Sconyers, L., Kemerait, R., Jost, P., and Phillips, D. 2006. 2005 review of Asian soybean rust in Georgia. 2005 Soybean Research-Extension Report for Georgia. Online publication: http://www.griffin.peachnet.edu/caes/soybeans/2005rer/index.htm Sconyers, L. and S. Koenning. 2006. A brief history of rust in the western hemisphere. In Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 1-2 http://cipm.ncsu.edu/ent/SSDW/RUSTX3.pdf/

Impact Statements

The development and movement of soybean rust were tracked through a network of over 730 sentinel plots in the United States, which was a cooperative project between Land Grant Universities and the USDA. Several of the first reports of soybean rust in a state were found in sentinel plots or found due to scouting efforts that were intensified because of reports in adjacent states made possible by this established network. The data collected from the sentinel plots were used to develop soybean rust maps and predictive model outputs which provided information to state specialists for writing timely state commentaries on management and scouting recommendations, which were all available on the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (www.sbrusa.net). This website was one of the primary tools used by consultants and growers to make fungicide application decisions, and was visited by over 107,000 users in 2006.
The most effective fungicides for soybean rust management have been identified through research trials conducted domestically and internationally. These effective fungicides have been made available for use in most states through Section 18 emergency exemption requests submitted to the EPA that were prepared, in part, by members of NCERA 208. These fungicides were used to effectively protect approximately 45% of the Georgia soybean crop (~75,000 acres) from yield loss due to soybean rust in 2006.
Members of NCERA 208 were vitally important in the education of growers, consultants, and the entire agriculture industry on the identification, management, movement, and risk of soybean rust. Multiple media formats and outlets were used to convey these important messages including multi-state and individual state publications, CD-ROMS, websites, telephone hotlines, newsletters, radio and television appearances, and face-to-face presentations and contacts. This outreach effort was crucial in alerting growers and consultants that soybean rust was not present during critical soybean development stages in the majority of the U.S. soybean production regions in 2006, thus saving soybean producers millions of dollars in unnecessary fungicide and application costs, and reducing chemical exposure to the environment and food supply.

Date of Annual Report: 01/28/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/11/2007 - 12/12/2007
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2006 - 09/01/2007

Participants

Carl Bradley, (Univ. Illinois), Gary Bergstrom (Cornell), Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky), Kent Smith (USDA-ARS), Marty Draper (USDA-CSREES), Elizabeth Ley (USDA-CSREES), Julie Golod (Penn State), Jim Marois (Univ. Florida), Scott Isard (Penn State), Paul Esker (Univ. Wisconsin), Howard Schwartz (Colorado State Univ.), Sam Markell (North Dakota State Univ.), Scott Monfort (Univ. Arkansas), Raymond Schneider (Louisiana State Univ.), Clayton Hollier, (Louisiana State Univ.), Melvin Newman (Univ. Tennessee), Clifford Coker (Univ. Arkansas), Amanda Greer (Univ. Arkansas), Tom Allen (Mississippi State Univ.), Arv Grybauskas (Univ. Maryland), Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board), Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Ag, Food, and Rural Affairs), John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas), Erik Stromberg (Virginia Tech), Ed Sikora (Auburn), Diane Brown-Rytlewski (Michigan State Univ.), Anne Dorrance (Ohio State Univ.), Brad Ruden (South Dakota State Univ.), Doug Jardine (Kansas State Univ.), Greg Shaner (Purdue), Jim Kurle (Univ. Minnesota), Bob Mulrooney (Univ. Delaware), Glen Hartman (USDA-ARS), Dean Malvick (Univ. Minnesota), Daren Mueller (Iowa State Univ.).

Brief Summary of Minutes

The sixth meeting of the Soybean Rust Working group was held at the Marriot Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky on December 12-13. On December 12th, the committee chair, Carl Bradley, opened the meeting at 1:00 P.M. with introductions of those in attendance.

Dr. Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ. / NCERA 208 Administrative Advisor) explained the purpose of multi-State projects and updated the group on the history of NCERA 208, mainly for the benefit of the many new members to the committee. Dr. Slack stressed the importance of the Impact Statements within the annual report (our group had three in the 2006 report). He also informed the group that the NCRA (North Central Regional Association of Agriculture Experiment Station Directors) has a quarterly newsletter that is available at: http://www.wisc.edu/ncra/newsletter.htm Dr. Slack finished his presentation by briefly discussing progress on the Farm Bill.

Business Meeting
The business meeting was called to order at 1:30 pm by Carl Bradley. The minutes of the 2006 meeting were made available for review. A motion was made to approve the minutes and seconded. The motion to approve the minutes was passed.

Ed Sikora (2007 committee secretary) will chair the committee in 2008. Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture) was elected the committees secretary by unanimous vote.

It was the general consensus of the group to have the next NCERA 208 meeting in a southern location so that soybean rust could be viewed in the field. Dr. Ray Schneider and the group from LSU agreed to host the meeting in September or October of 2008.

The group thanked Carl Bradley for organizing the meeting in 2007.

The group expressed thanks to David Wright and the North Central Soybean Research Program for picking up the meeting room and refreshments charges associated with the meeting.

The business meeting was closed at 2:30 P.M.

Marty Draper (USDA-CSREES) discussed the results of the SWOT analysis conducted at the soybean rust meeting held in Nashville, TN on October 16th, 2007. The goal of the meeting was to discuss ways to maintain funding for the soybean rust project. During his presentation, Dr. Draper listed and discussed the groups accomplishments (disease management, epidemiology, education, sentinel plot program, etc.), strengths (communication between agencies, forecasting, germplasm evaluation, detection methodology, etc.), weaknesses (coordination of data, geographical differences, pathogen variability, spore trapping interpretation, etc.), opportunities (broadening our perspectives, developing a sustainable IPM-based strategy), threats (rust fatigue, reduced funding and staffing, data misinterpretation or misrepresentation, no longer the HOT topic, etc.) and research needs (yield loss models, epidemiology, effective forecasting models).

Anne Dorrance (Ohio St. Univ.) updated the group on the fungicide manual. The manual will be made available electronically by the end of 2007. Anne discussed various printing options that are available.

On December 13th, Carl Bradley resumed the meeting at 8:00 a.m.

Carol Pilcher (Iowa State Univ.) discussed program evaluation and IPM-PIPE. She stated that evaluation models are here to stay. She stressed that the highest level of outcomes are Impacts and that ultimate impacts cause changes in conditions with regard to social/health, economics and/or environment factors. Outcomes must be SMART (Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Results-orientated, and well Timed. Dr. Pilcher conducted a group activity related to program planning evaluating tools. Some key points she made:

1) What is it you want to achieve?
2) What bevavioral changes will you have to make to achieve the ultimate impact?
3) What changes in knowledge must be achieved before people change.
4) What activities will you do to make these changes?
5) Who is your audience?
6) What resources will you need to make changes?

Dr. Draper suggested forming a subcommittee to work with Pilcher to develop a survey tool to show impact and accountability for increased funding.

Scott Isard (Penn State Univ.) discussed disease forecasting models, events and positive finds in 2007 with regard to soybean rust. It was difficult to correlate events with soybean rust outbreaks. Constraints to modeling for soybean rust included:

1) Unknown source of inoculum (kudzu, Mexico, the Caribbean basin)
2) Estimation of inoculum from red highlighted counties)
3) Quality of radar precipitation data
4) Effect of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease
progress through the latent stage.

He summarized the 2007 project with the following:

1) No surprises; ensemble team did a good job
2) IAMS disease severity forecasting needs further calibration
3) Mexico and Caribbean basin may be important sources of inoculum
4) In 2007, detection time between prediction and actual detection was 3-5 weeks

Dr. Howard Schwartz (Univ. of Colorado) gave an overview of the Legume PIPE for 2007. There was a discussion on the benefits of the Legume-PIPE and what direction is should go in.

Dr. Draper informed the group about the planned section 18 for tebuconazole. Georgia will be the lead State with Dr. Bob Kemereit writing the section 18. Other States will be able to do me to section 18s afterward.

Dr. Ray Schneider (LSU) discussed the need for standardized fungicide trials across states. Dr Melvin Newman (Univ. of TN) said that such a project could be supported by the Southern Soybean Directors who could provide funding. Representatives from northern states should have input into the protocols which will provide support for future development of fungicide efficacy tables such as found in the Fungicide Manual.

Dr. Don Hershman led a discussion on future funding for the SBR-PIPE. The program cost approximately $1.5 million annually. RMA will no longer be able to fund the project after 2008 as they can only fund new project for three years. Representatives from various states discussed how they allocate their current funding.

Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center) updated the group on funding for the PIPE in 2008. Jim discussed the details of the 2008 subcontracts and the new account flow for 2008.

Julie Golod, Penn State Univ., discussed potential changes in the sentinel plot protocol in 2008 and an updated the group on the rust monitoring efforts in Mexico.

The meeting was adjourned at 5:00 p.m.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: 1. Develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen; 2. identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research; 3. provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups; and 4. develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S. Accomplishments for Objective 1. In 2007, soybean rust was detected in 335 counties in 19 states in the U.S. This was the highest number of counties and States recording the disease since it was first found in the continental U.S. in 2004. Soybean rust was also detected in Ontario, Canada and in Tamaulipas and Veracruz Llave in Mexico. These results were accomplished because of the continued development of the International soybean rust sentinel program which was established in 2005. Sentinel plots. Over 850 sentinel plots were monitored for soybean rust in 40 states in 2007. The sentinel plot system was expanded in 2007 to include Canada (27 plots) and Mexico (39 plots). These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. In several cases, the first find of soybean rust in a state was in a sentinel plot. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (http://www.sbrusa.net/) where the movement of soybean rust could be monitored and the data could be used to develop and evaluate epidemiological models. Specialists wrote commentaries for their state on a regular basis that helped growers and consultants make scouting and fungicide application decisions. Over 110,000 visits and over 2 million hits were recorded for the USDA PIPE website during 2007. The University of Kansas tried to assist growers in the decision to spray by developing a spray calculator. Growers could input there expected yield, expected yield savings from spraying, selling price and chemical and application costs to determine if spraying would be profitable. The calculator can be found at: http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/decision/default.asp. Spore trapping. Many states participated in the Syngenta-sponsored spore trapping system. Spore traps were placed in strategic locations across states and monitored weekly. Glass microscope slides mounted within each trap were collected and expressed mailed to Dr. John Rupes (ARK) laboratory where they were examined for the presence of soybean rust-like spores. When a soybean rust-like spore was found, the state specialist was notified immediately. This helped the state specialist identify areas where scouting efforts for soybean rust could be intensified. Additionally, spores were collected in other states using passive traps and rainwater filtering traps (USDA-ARS, MN, IL, FL, Penn St., WI); PCR was used to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhizi in these collections. Host range. A host range study conducted in Fort Detrick, MD identified 28 new hosts under controlled inoculated conditions (USDA, IL). Additionally, 105 species were planted in a Florida field for evaluation of their susceptibility to soybean rust (USDA, IL, FL). Accomplishments for Objective 2. Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the South and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, IL, AL, FL, GA, LSU); a few of these appear to have high levels of resistance. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with soybean rust resistance were identified, with cv. Aurora, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, and Pinto 114 being the most resistant of the sixteen cultivars evaluated (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Soybean lines were developed that contain soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella; however, these lines were still susceptible to soybean rust (M. E. Patzoldt et al., 2007.). There are a number of public and private soybean breeding programs also involved in the effort to breed for resistance to soybean rust. Other methods have been investigated to aid in the breeding for resistance effort. For example, The Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to soybean rust was mapped between SSR markers BARC_Set_187 and BARC_SAT_064 (D. L. Hyten et al., 2007). Also, a detached leaf method used for screening for resistance against soybean rust was developed and tested (M. Twizeyimana et al., 2007). Fungicide efficacy research. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted by several groups (USDA, FL, IL, AL, LSU, GA and KS) in areas where soybean rust was a significant problem in the U.S. Trials determined the most effective fungicides available, demonstrated the importance of application timing, and studied the residual activity of some of these materials. Much of this data was presented at the National Soybean Rust Symposium in December 2007 and/or published in F & N tests. Trials established to determine the efficacy of fungicides against soybean rust in South American and South Africa were summarized. The results of these trials indicate that both strobilurin and triazole fungicides can be effective in protecting against losses due to soybean rust (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Several north-central states conducted foliar fungicide trials in the absence of soybean rust, and were able to determine efficacy on other diseases and make general plant health observations. Due to presence of other pests in the U.S. soybean production region, many states conducted research that evaluated tank-mixing of fungicides with other crop protection chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides. Research to assess the toxicity of fungicides using a mammalian cell cytotoxicity assay was conducted. The results of this research indicate that soybean rust fungicides are as toxic as some other known identified agrichemicals (S. L. Daniel et al., 2007). Fungicide application technology research. Many states evaluated different application technologies for improved canopy penetration and coverage. In these trials, different spray tips, calibration settings, and application systems were evaluated. For example, different fungicide application methods (conventional sprayer, bi-fluid sprayer system, and air-assisted sprayer system) were evaluated in solid-seeded drilled soybeans. In general, little to no differences was observed among these spraying systems for droplet coverage in the upper and lower soybean canopy (C. A. Bradley et al., 2007). Pathogen biology / epidemiology. Several research projects designed to understand the movement, deposition, spread, and effect of microclimate on soybean rust spores are on-going (Penn St., FL, GA and LSU). Predictive models. Predictive models conducted by multiple research teams (Penn St., ZedX Inc., IA St., NC St.) were integrated to develop simulations that were interpreted by a team of meteorologists. These interpretations were made available to researchers, extension specialists, and administrators on the restricted access PIPE web site. The predictive models will continue to be refined and validated. Some of the constraints to modeling for soybean rust were identified and include unidentified sources of inoculum and the unknown effects of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease progress. Field diagnosis tool. High volume aerial sampling for soybean rust spores was conducted in Tompkins County, NY (Cornell) using radio control aircraft coupled with Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Positive identification of P. pachyrhizi DNA was made on filters from aerial collection on two dates. High volume atmospheric sampling coupled with PCR detection and spore viability testing holds promise in regional early detection of soybean rust inoculum. A hand-held, field-friendly tool for in-field soybean rust diagnosis is being developed (OH St.,, USDA and the U.S. Navy). Because soybean rust is difficult to detect early in the infection process, this tool would allow for a quick diagnosis that could lead to more timely fungicide applications, if needed. Yield loss research. Understanding the effects of soybean rust on soybean yield is important to the entire U.S. agriculture industry. Research is being conducted (KY, LSU) to understand the effect of defoliation, caused by natural soybean rust and/or by manual defoliation, on soybean yield. This information will be used to build a yield loss prediction tool that will have several uses including helping growers make fungicide application decisions. Extension specialists in individual states conducted grower education meetings on soybean rust and refresher courses for First Detectors. Accomplishments for Objective 3. The NCERA 208 annual meeting held at Louisville, Kentucky in December 2007 allowed individuals from USDA and Land Grant Universities to exchange information concerning soybean rust. A major focus of the meeting was to continue the cooperation among agencies dealing with this disease. The group discussed how to show the impact of the international soybean rust effort and how to use this information to obtain future funding. Members of NCERA 208 participated in the development of the 3rd American Phytopathological Society Soybean Rust Symposium held in Louisville immediately following the conclusion of the NCERA-208 meeting. Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups were all represented and were able to exchange ideas and discuss research data presented at this meeting. Accomplishments for Objective 4. The second edition of the fungicide manual (Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. 2008. Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. (Editors) was completed and made available on-line at http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/. This publication was developed largely by members of NCERA 208. To date, over 160,000 copies of the first edition of the manual have been distributed. A tri-fold, color-plated circular was developed and printed by the ipmPIPE: Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? 2008. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. This publication was also distributed in many of the soybean producing states. In addition, many specialists have developed soybean rust educational materials (including websites, bulletins, and circulars) for their individual state. NCERA 208 has been important in providing input that has been used to develop and shape the PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education), which is the primary tool used by the entire U.S. agriculture industry to track the movement of soybean rust and help make management decisions.

Publications

Peer reviewed journal articles: Bandyopadhyay, R., Ojiambo, P. S., Twizeyimana, M., Asafo-Adjei, B., Frederick, R. D., Pedley, K. F., Stone, C. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Ghana. Plant Disease 91:1057. Bradley, C. A., Chesrown, C. D., and Hofman, V. L. 2007. Evaluation of foliar fungicide application methods on soybean. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 29:197-202. Daniel, S. L., Hartman, G. L., Wagner, E. D., and Plewa, M. J. 2007. Mammalian cell cytotoxicity analysis of soybean rust fungicides. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology 78:474-478. Dennis, J.S., M.G. Dennis, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2007. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for soybean disease management in New York, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC115. Bergstrom, G.C., M.E. McKellar, M. Swartwood, P.Clement, and K. Snover-Clift. 2007. New York State soybean rust sentinel plot network: Two years of cooperative scouting efforts. Proceedings 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 12-14, 2007. Louisville, KY. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/16.asp Hartman, G. L., Hines, R. A., Faulkner, C. D., Lynch, T. N., and Pataky, N. 2007. Late season occurrence of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean in Illinois. Plant Disease 91:466. Hyten, D. L., Hartman, G. L., Nelson, R. L., Frederick, R. D., Concibido, V. C., and Cregan, P. B. 2007. Map location of the Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) in soybean. Crop Science 47:837-838. Krupa, S., Bowersox, V., Claybrooke, R., Barnes, C., Szabo, L., Harlin, K., and Kurle, J.E. 2006. Introduction of soybean rust spores into the Midwestern United States A Case Study. Plant Disease. 90: 1254-1259. Miles, M. R., Levy, C., Morel, W., Mueller, T., Steinlage, T., van Rij, N., Frederick, R. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. International fungicide efficacy trials for the management of soybean rust. Plant Disease 91:1450-1458. Miles, M. R., Pastor-Corrales, M. A., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2007. Differential response of common bean cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 91:698-704. Ojiambo, P. S., Bandyopadhyay, R., Twizeyimana, M., Lema, A., Frederick, R. D., Pedley, K. F., Stone, C. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. First report of rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on soybean in Democratic Republic of Congo. Plant Disease 91:1204. Patzoldt, M. E., Tyagi, R. K., Hymowitz, T., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2007. Soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella in amphiploid hybrid lines. Crop Science 47:158-161. Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P. S., Ikotun, T., Paul, C., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2007. Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf evaluations of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 91:1161-1169. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Bandyopadhyay, R., Paul, C., Twizeyimana, M., Adeleke, R., Miles, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2006. Identification and development of resistance to soybean rust in Nigeria [Abst.]. Phytopathology 96S:8. Bergstrom, G.C., M.E. McKellar, M. Swartwood, P.Clement, and K. Snover-Clift. 2007. New York State soybean rust sentinel plot network: Two years of cooperative scouting efforts. Proceedings 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 12-14, 2007. Louisville, KY. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/16.asp Delaney, D., E. Sikora, M. Delaney, K. Lawrence, R. Dawkins, R. Durbin and B. Norris. 2007. Strobilurin fungicide greening effects on soybeans in Alabama, 2006 and 2007: application timing and dessicants. 2007. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Delaney, M., E. Sikora and D. Delaney. 2007. The effect of drought on Asain soybean rust in Alabama. 2007. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Dennis, J.S., M.G. Dennis, and G.C. Bergstrom. 2007. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for soybean disease management in New York, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC115. Floyd, C., Tao, Z., Spoden, G., Malvick, D., Kurle, J., Bernacchi, C. and Krupa, S. 2007. Minnesota soybean rust forecast model (MinnSoyRustMod). National Soybean Rust Symposium. Louisville, KY. 12-14 Dec. 2007. Haudenshield, J. S., Steinlage, T. A., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. Quantification and single-spore detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Koenning, J. W. Frye, S. C. Butler, and T. C. Creswell. 2007. First Report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and Increased Incidence of Soybean Rust on Soybean in 2006. Plant Dis. 91: 637, 2007; published on-line as doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0637A. Lawrence, K. S., Delaney, M. A., Sikora, E. J., Delaney, D. P., Lawrence, G. W., and Pegues, M. 2007. Efficacy of foliar fungicides Punch and Charisma for Asian soybean rust disease management and yield enhancement in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:FC042. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K. S., Delaney, M. A., Sikora, E. J., Delaney, D. P., Lawrence, G. W., and Pegues, M. 2007. Evaluation of Absolute, Folicur, and Stratego on Asian soybean rust and yield in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:FC078. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Ray, J. D., Smith, J. R., Hartman, G. L., and Frederick, R. D. 2007. Evaluation of potential soybean rust resistant sources in Paraguay during the 2005-06 season. Proceedings of the APS-SON Joint Meeting, San Diego, California, July 28 - August 1, 2007. Available at http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/a07ma469.htm. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Levy, C. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust in Zimbabwe, 2005-2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC103. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust at Bella Vista, Paraguay, 2005-2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC104. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust at Pirapo, Paraguay, 2005-2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC063. Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Hartman, G. L., and Morel, W. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust at Capitán Meza, Paraguay, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC062. Padgett, G.B., and Purvis, M.A. 2008. Selected fungicide treatments for managing Asian soybean rust and Cercospora foliar blight, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). In review. Padgett, G.B., Purvis, M.A., Hogan, A., and Martin, S. 2007. The Impact of Asian Soybean Rust and Other Diseases on Soybean Treated with Selected Fungicides. Proceedings, 2006 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Dec. 12-14, 2007. Louisiville, KY Schwartz, H. F., Steadman, J. R., and Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2006. Challenges to and priorities for management of rusts of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:53-54. Schwartz, H. F. 2007. Legume PIPE A time sensitive resource for the American bean industry. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:185-186. Shields, E.J., M.E. McKellar, G.C. Bergstrom, M. Swartwood, and P. Clement. 2007. High volume aerial sampling for low incidence detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi spores in the planetary boundary. Proceedings 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 12-14, 2007. Louisville, KY. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/15.asp Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, M. Delaney, K. Lawrence and M. Pegues. 2007. Evaluation of fungicide spray programs for conrol of Asain soybean rust in Alabama. . Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Smith, D., Paul, C., Steinlage, T. A., Miles, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2007. Isolation, purification, and characterization of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/. Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P., Paul, C., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2007. Pathogenic variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium, Louisville, KY, December 12-14, 2007. Available at http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2007/posters/ Extension: Brouder SM, et al. 2007. Corn & Soybean Field Guide, 2007 Edition. ID-179, Purdue University Extension. Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. (Editors) 2008. Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/ Hanna, S. et al. 2007. Managing Fungicide Applications in Soybean. SPS-103-W, Purdue University Extension. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. March perspective on Asiatic soybean rust in 2007. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(1)http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News1/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Current status of Asiatic soybean rust in the United States June 2007. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(9)http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News9/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Current status of Asiatic soybean rust in the United States in late June 2007. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(11) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News11/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(12) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News12/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(14) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News14/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(15) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News15/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(17) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News17/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(19) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News19/pestnews.html. Koenning, S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Soybean rust update. 2007. North Carolina Pest News 22(20) http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/07PestNews/07News20/pestnews.html. Montgomery, M., Bissonnette, S., Nordby, D., and Bradley, C. 2007. Utilizing Fungicide Site of Action to Combat Resistance. University of Illinois Extension, Urbana, IL. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. 2007. Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? National circular printed by the ipmPIPE. Shaner, G., et al. 2007. Preparing for Asian Soybean Rust. ID-324, Purdue University Extension. Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, M. Delaney and J. Mullen. 2007. Asian Soybean Rust in Alabama. Alabama cooperative Extension System ANR-1310.

Impact Statements

Over 850 sentinel plots were monitored for soybean rust in 40 states in 2007, and the program expanded to include Ontario, Canada and Mexico. Several of the first reports of soybean rust in a state were found in sentinel plots or found due to scouting efforts that were intensified because of reports of rust in adjacent states made possible by this established network. The data collected from the sentinel plots were used to develop soybean rust maps and predictive model outputs and were available on the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (www.sbrusa.net).
Fungicides were made available through Section 18 emergency exemption requests prepared, in part, by members of NCERA 208. Evaluation of new fungicide materials, spray programs and fungicide application technologies will continue to improve our knowledge base on how to implement best management practices for soybean rust in the U.S. In 2007, it was estimated that over 1.3 million acres of soybeans were treated with fungicides specifically for soybean rust.
Members of NCERA 208 used multiple media formats and outlets to convey soybean rust messages and completed the second edition of the fungicide manual "Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust". The decision to spray or not to spray for rust is critical and answering the question correctly based on information provided by members of NCERA 208 saved soybean producers millions of dollars in 2007.

Date of Annual Report: 11/21/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 09/23/2008 - 09/24/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2007 - 09/01/2008

Participants

Carl Bradley, (Univ. Illinois), Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky), Julie Golod (Penn State), Jim Marois (Univ. Florida), Sam Markell (North Dakota State Univ.), Raymond Schneider (Louisiana State Univ.), Clayton Hollier, (Louisiana State Univ.), Clifford Coker (Univ. Arkansas), Tom Allen (Mississippi State Univ.), Arv Grybauskas (Univ. Maryland), Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board), John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas), Anne Dorrance (The Ohio State Univ.), Brad Ruden (South Dakota State Univ.), Doug Jardine (Kansas State Univ.), Dean Malvick (Univ. Minnesota), David Wright (NCSRP), Terry Anderson (Agriculture and Agriculture Food Canada), Bob Kemerait (University of Georgia), Laura Sweets (University of Missouri), Loren Giesler (University of Nebraska), Marty Draper (USDA CSREES), Steve Slack (The Ohio State Univ.), Amanda Greer (Univ. Arkansas), Larry Osbourne (South Dakota University), Darren Mueller (Iowa State University), Laurence Datnoff (Louisiana State University), John Rupe (University of Arkansas), Steve Koenning (North Carolina State), Boyd Padget (Louisiana State U), Kiersten Wise (Purdue Univ), Beverly Paul (American Soybean Association), Zhiyuan Chen (Louisiana State U), Cathie Aime (Louisiana State U), Scott Monfort (Univ. Arkansas), Gary Bergstrom (Cornell University), Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center), Willy Kirk (Michigan State University), Glen Hartman (USDA-ARS, Illinois), Chair - Ed Sikora (Auburn), and Secretary - Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Ag, Food, and Rural Affairs).

Brief Summary of Minutes

NCERA 208 Soybean Rust Technical Committee Meeting
September 23 24, 2008 - Baton Rouge, LA

NCERA 208 Response to Emerging Threat: Soybean Rust
Minutes of the Annual Meeting
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
September 23-24, 2008

Administrative Advisor:
Dr. Steven Slack
Director, OARDC
1680 Madison Ave.
Wooster, OH 44691

Chair:
Dr. Edward Sikora
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849-5624

Secretary:
Albert Tenuta,
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs,
P.O. Box 400
Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0

Members and guests in attendance:
NCERA 208 Meeting
2008 Baton Rouge, LA

Members/Guests in Attendance:

Carl Bradley, (Univ. Illinois), Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky), Julie Golod (Penn State), Jim Marois (Univ. Florida), Sam Markell (North Dakota State Univ.), Raymond Schneider (Louisiana State Univ.), Clayton Hollier, (Louisiana State Univ.), Clifford Coker (Univ. Arkansas), Tom Allen (Mississippi State Univ.), Arv Grybauskas (Univ. Maryland), Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board), Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Ag, Food, and Rural Affairs), John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas), Ed Sikora (Auburn), Anne Dorrance (The Ohio State Univ.), Brad Ruden (South Dakota State Univ.), Doug Jardine (Kansas State Univ.), Dean Malvick (Univ. Minnesota), David Wright (NCSRP), Terry Anderson (Agriculture and Agriculture Food Canada), Bob Kemerait (University of Georgia), Laura Sweets (University of Missouri), Loren Giesler (University of Nebraska), Marty Draper (USDA CSREES), Steve Slack (The Ohio State Univ.), Amanda Greer (Univ. Arkansas), Larry Osbourne (South Dakota University), Darren Mueller (Iowa State University), Laurence Datnoff (Louisiana State University), John Rupe (Univ of Arkansas), Steve Koenning (North Carolina State), Boyd Padget (Louisiana State U), Kiersten Wise (Purdue Univ), Beverly Paul (American Soybean Association), Zhiyuan Chen (Louisiana State U), Cathie Aime (Louisiana State U), Scott Monfort (Univ. Arkansas), Gary Bergstrom (Cornell University), Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center), Willy Kirk (Michigan State University), Glen Hartman (USDA-ARS, Illinois)

Minutes:

The seventh meeting of the Soybean Rust Working group was held at the Capitol Center Hilton in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana on September 23-24, 2008. Ed Sikora, the committee chair, opened the meeting at 12:30 pm on September 23. Paul Coreil and Ray Schneider (Louisiana State Univeristy) welcomed the 40 participants to Baton Rouge and the group was very appreciative of their efforts considering the recent hurricane activity in the area. Group introductions followed the welcome.

Dr. Steve Slack (Ohio St. Univ. / NCERA 208 Administrative Advisor) also expressed his appreciation to Ray Schneider and LSU for coordinating the event. Steve explained the purpose of multi-State projects and stressed to the group the importance of impact statements within the annual report and the need to be reviewed regularly and if necessary updated. Although the projects completion date is September 2001, a mid-year review is required by November 15. He strongly encouraged experimental station and extension personal to make sure a Form E is completed and submitted to station directors.

Cathie Aime, LSU made a presentation to the group titled Rust Systematics with Emphasis on Phakopsoraceae and Phakospora. Her presentation discussed the importance of this very large group of phytopathogens and how the classification/taxonomy of the rusts are extremely contentious since taxonomy traditionally based on morphology three camps (hosts, telial state, spermogonia morphology). Phakopsoraceae are a hodge-podge group based on morphological considerations and Phakospora includes approximately 90 species in 5 main groups.

Sentinel Plot Discussion (Moderated by Marty Draper)

Scott Isard via a conference call provided an update on some of the various soybean rust modeling projects being conducted. The importance of the soybean rust data set (sentinel plot, spore traps, etc) was discussed. He stressed this data set has no comparable collection and is most likely the best data set collected to date. Scott discussed the factors which impacted soybean rust development over the past three years and how important over-wintering locations in the southern US are to the yearly SBR risk. Scott explained from a modelers perspective the importance of maintaining a mix of both sentinel plots and mobile (ad-hoc) plots.

David Wright (North Central Soybean Research Program/ Iowa Soybean Promotion) and Mark Halsey (United Soybean Board) provided an update on individual NCSRP and USB funded projects (current and previous) including co-funding projects such as the sentinel plot system (60% funding from USB). They explained how the sentinel plot system began through the encouragement of the producers and has been strongly supported by both organizations and individual state boards.

David Wright representing NCSRP/USB/ Iowa Soybean Board/ Illionis Soybean Board strongly encouraged USDA CSREES to provide sustainable long-term funding for the maintenance of the ipmPipe. He explained how the system is a benefit to all and therefore unfair to expect the producers to own the system. The grower boards can not (will not) go alone on the sentinel plot system and need the system in place for the next 10 years since soybean rust is still developing and we have not experienced a typical SBR year. The sentinel plots/ipmPipe is needed to field validate the developing models and without these the accuracy of the models could be questionable.

He encouraged the group to bring forward a strong proposal to the North Central and USB Board meetings in December and no additional soybean rust funding of sentinel plots and other projects will be made until those meetings. They require USDA-CSREES and the NCERA-208 to develop a long-term strategy to maintain the network. If this does not occur, further funding of rust projects may not be looked at favourably.

At this time NCSRP and USB are looking at a level budget for the 2009 sentinel plot system and no additional funding will be explored until USDA CSREES or other Federal funding is secured.

Marty Draper provided a historical review of Federal government funding for SBR and explained the limitations (challenges) these Federal organizations are facing at this time. He further explained what options are presently available to the group for 2009 and he voiced his concern with 2008 being an election year, support could come but it may take time. In addition, competitive funding grants will most likely not be available until decisions are made early spring 2009. This discussion goes beyond Soybean rust and is an invasive species problem.

Joe Russo (via conference call) discussed the various IT aspects associated with the ipmPIPE. He presented various versions of the ipmPIPE, the costs of each version and the minimal requirement costs are $250,000 per year for modeling, security, Julie Golod and miscellaneous software. Extensive discussion occurred to further break down costs of the individual components.

In summary, the break-down of the full (285,000-300,000) IT works is:

$75K for base, which includes hosting and general website that is on auto pilot (map, commentary, links, data stream, security, but no programming, no trouble shooting or interfacing [No Julie. No Jeremy]. No models except for the HYSPLIT which is on auto pilot.

Add $75K gets us Julie and minimal trouble shooting web development, but no add ons or modeling except basic Hysplit

Add $75K: gets us all model output from IAMS, but no Jeremy or ensemble forecasting.

Add $60 - $75K gets us the works, including Jeremy and ENSEMBLE forecasts.

Don Hershman provided the group with a summary of a contingency meeting held in St. Louis to work through the various scenarios based on funding amounts. Although the monitoring system costs $1.6M dollars, it saved producers over $ 209 Million in unnecessary fungicide costs. The contingencies went from no funding (0%) to full funding (100 %) and variations between.

Don Hershman and Ed Sikora led a discussion surrounding the potential response from Tier 1 states (AL (Ed Sikora), FL (Jim Marois), GA (Bob Kamerait), LA (Clayton Hollier), MS (Tom Allen), TX (Ed Sikora for Tom Isakeit) if funding is reduced (ex. 50% or more) from current levels around $105,000 per state. Each state provided an overall of their activities and how they would respond under funding constraints. It was unanimous monitoring activities and personnel would be reduced in these southern states but monitoring will continue but at a reduced level. How much will depend on the level of funding. The concern arouse if not enough data is not collected it could make the modeling impossible from lack of data.

Don Hershman summarized the response from the Tier 2 States (AR, OK, KS, MO, IA, NE, IL, IN, OH, TN, KY, VA, NC, and SC) and Loren Giesler summarized the response from the Tier 3 States (SD, ND, MN, WI, WV, MI, PN, MD, NJ, NY, and DE). Sentinel plot numbers ranged in these areas from 10 to 40 per state.

Don Hershman and Loren Giesler led a group discussion pertaining to the issues arising from the Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 summaries. Many voiced the likelihood of Tier 2 and possible Tier 3 states being better able to access check-off data then the Tier 1 states which have less soybean acres. Mobile plots in the area most likely to increase.

Summary Discussion: Decide what to do in 2009?

Don Hershman, Loren Giesler and Marty Draper led a discussion on funding problems for 2009 and how to solve this problem in 2009. They mentioned potential funding sources - IPM Funds, NCSRP/USB, Industry, Local State support and 2008 ipmPIPE funds to carry over. Realistically, it may come down to local support and 2008 ipmPIPE monies carry over into 2009. Jim VanKirk explained many of the states had not spent 2008 money but how much will remain for 2009 will not be known until the end of the year. He suggested if possible remaining 2008 monies could be best moved to ZedX to cover infrastructure for the ipmPIPE (IT) platform plus basic/enhanced modeling, interpretation/IAMS, security, personnel (Julie/Jamie), software, etc which would be between $285,000 - $300,000. This does not include the full package consisting of the IT platform/website, enhanced models, and surveillance (Tier 1, 2 and 3) which would bring the full package costs closer to $900,000. The group consensus is the visibility gained by the website is critical and if dropped would result in a potentially dysfunctional system which exposes soybean producers and increases response time significantly.

The meeting was adjourned at 6:00 p.m.

On September 24, Ed Sikora resumed the meeting at a very early 8:00 A.M.

Marty Draper continued the discussion and review from the previous afternoon. He led the group through the different possible funding scenarios and individual costs associated with the various components (the sentinel plot monitoring network, IT/modeling/website tools, etc). The full package costs (IT/website, models, survelleince, etc) is $900,000 ZedX basic, ZedX enhanced, Penn State Coordinator, Model Interpretation/IAMS, Surveillance of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3). The group discussed ways of reducing IT costs (ZedX basic, Penn State Coordinator, ZedX enhanced, Model Interpretation/IAMS) and streamlining monitoring protocols (Tier 1, 2 and 3) with fewer available dollars.

The group consensus was the ZedX basic, Penn State Coordinator, surveillance in Tier 1 and Tier 2 regions are critical. The others ZedX enhanced, Model Interpretation/IAMS and Tier 3 surveillance are still important and provide added value to extension, producers and the industry but if dollars are limited these components could be suspended or reduced activity in 2009. These activities could be reevaluated in future funding proposals or if monies available for 2009.

The discussion progressed into the feasibility of partnering with the soybean industry such as seed and chemical companies or their umbrella organizations (ASTA or CropLife). A lively discussion followed and although some in the group voiced their concern it was deemed appropriate to investigate partnerships with seed, chemical and other soybean stakeholders. A model could be fashioned after the Ontario Soybean Rust Coalition in Canada which is a partnership between growers, extension, researchers, breeders, chemical industry, seed industry, machinery companies, etc in Ontario.

Mark Halsey updated the group on the Asian Soybean Rust Southern Research Protocols and provided a guideline document for the Mid-South. These guidelines were necessary due to concern that inoculation and greenhouse studies in the southern US could jeopardize commercial soybean production in surrounding states. Soybean producers requested a technical review (risk/benefits) and USB facilitated the process. Guidelines originally for the Quicny, FL station have been expanded to other jurisdictions in the south. The primary purpose of the guidelines was to educate producers on the precautions taken by US soybean researchers to minimize any impact from research studies to commercial soybean production fields. These guidelines focused on seasonal (within growing season) and year round (greenhouse/growth chamber) research precautions.

A review/discussion of the proposed mid-south SBR research guidelines was led by Mark Halsey. Ultimately, the responsibility falls on the individual states (research, extension, etc) to follow these these guidelines / state standard operating practices (SOP) and states were encouraged to work with local producers to make them aware of the procedures in place that will reduce the risk due to unintentionally release of spores into the environment but also what efforts are being made to develop a better understanding of soybean rust in the US. It should be noted that all of the researchers to abide by principles laid out by American Phytopathology Society to minimize any risk associated with field experiments.

Business Meeting
The business meeting was called to order at 10:15 am by Ed Sikora. The minutes of the 2007 meeting were made available for review. A motion was made to approve the minutes (Loren Giesler) and seconded (Doug Jardine). The motion to approve the minutes was passed.

Albert Tenuta (2008 committee secretary) will chair the committee in 2009. Jim Marois, University of Florida was nominated for the secretary position and nominations were closed quickly. Jim was elected the committees secretary by a unanimous vote and the group thanked Jim.

It was the general consensus of the group to have the next NCERA 208 meeting in Quincy, FL on September 22-23, 2009.

The group thanked Ed Sikora for chairing the group and Ray Schneider for organizing the meeting in 2008.

The group expressed thanks to David Wright and the North Central Soybean Research Program for picking up the meeting room and refreshments charges associated with the meeting.

Ed Sikora and Steve Slack reminded the group the need to review and update the impact statements. A ad-hoc committee of Anne Dorrance, Glen Hartman and Ed Sikora was established and will send out a draft document for group review in the next few weeks.

Arv Grybauskas encouraged the group to produce either alone or in conjunction with APS or another organization a Ethical guidelines for SBR Research. Gary Bergstrom will explore with APS their guidelines.

The business meeting was closed at 10:45 A.M..

Boyd Padgett provided an update on the Soybean Disease Atlas and requested the group to review the Atlas which will most likely be a web-based publication. He would like feed-back on any changes, new pictures or new authors. His goal is have a draft available for the Southern Soybean Disease Workers in March.

Anne Dorrance informed the group on the development of potential fungicide resistance or a shift to less sensitivity amongst ASR isolates in Brazil to some of the most commonly used triazole products. She presented communications with Dr. Claudia Vierira Godoy (Embrapa, Brazil) which illustrates SBR isolates are becoming less sensitive to these triazol products. The group discussed the possibility of conducting a fungicide resistance monitoring program in North America.

Don Hershman presented the groups with a proposal to develop a fungicide efficacy table for soybeans similar to the table the wheat pathology group has generated. He highlighted the benefits of such a table and how it could help with not only soybean rust but other foliar soybean diseases. The tremendous value of this table was mentioned by many in attendance but we need to make sure the basis of the ranking or values is based on good data, field experience, statistical analysis, etc and considerable discussion took place. The statistical analysis being coordinated by Paul Esker (U of Wisconsin) may be used as a basis for such a table but depends on data format (especially disease levels). The group proposed working with NC-137, SSDW and others on this product.

State Reports Began at 11:20 A.M. Individual states were encouraged to send reports directly to Albert Tenuta at albert.tenuta@ontario.ca.

Ray Schneider presented the Louisiana report.
Laura Sweets made the Missouri update

Lunch provided by the NCSRP and following lunch the group toured the Louisiana State Univeristy research plots.

Meeting adjourned.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Accomplishments for Objective 1 - (develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen) As of November 15, 2008, soybean rust was detected in 374 counties in 16 states in the U.S. which included the first detection in Maryland. A few more counties in the southern US will most likely be added by years end. This is the fourth consecutive year the number of counties reporting the disease has increased since its 2004 detection in the continental U.S. (131 in 2005, 274 in 2006 and 301 in 2007). Although soybean rust was not detected in Canada in 2008, the 10 positive municipalities (states) in Mexico represent another increase from previous years. Sentinel plots. These results would not be possible without the continued development of the North American soybean rust sentinel program which was established in 2005 and approximately 1040 sentinel sites were monitored for soybean rust in 45 states/provinces in 2008. The sentinel plot system includes locations in Ontario, Canada (30 plots) and Mexico (39 plots). There were approximately 2370 sentinel and mobile locations scouted for rust this year which encompassed 892 individual counties/municipalities across North America. These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. In most incidences, the first find of soybean rust in a state was in a sentinel plot. Many states increased mobile scouting later in the season as sentinel plots matured which further assisted in soybean rust detections. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (http://www.sbrusa.net/) on a weekly basis where the movement of soybean rust could be monitored and the data could be used to develop and evaluate epidemiological models. Over 19,400 soybean rust records from both the field and lab were uploaded to the information platform. In addition to soybean rust, these plots were used by many cooperating states and Ontario to collect information on other soybean diseases. Specialists wrote commentaries for their state/province on a regular basis that helped growers and consultants make scouting and fungicide application decisions. Many of the project participants noted the importance of the sentinel plot in supporting no fungicide necessary recommendations. Nearly 100,000 visits and over 1,500,000 hits were recorded for the USDA PIPE website during 2008 from January 1, 2008 to November 15, 2008). Spray Decision Calculator: Again in 2008, the University of Kansas assisted growers in the decision to spray by developing a spray calculator. Growers could input there expected yield, expected yield savings from spraying, selling price and chemical and application costs to determine if spraying would be profitable. The calculator can be found at: http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/decision/default.asp. Spore trapping. Although the Syngenta Crop Protection sponsored passive spore trapping system did not take place in 2008 there were various other spore-trapping activities this year which not only included visual assessments but incorporated DNA-based screening techniques. Various different airborne spore detection devices were evaluated in 2008. One of the most extensive efforts was coordinated through the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, Minnesota which utilized the National Atmospheric Deposition program (NADP) rainfall collection sites. These sites represented the majority of soybean production areas in the U.S. Other spore trapping efforts using passive traps and rainwater-filtering traps were placed in FL, IL, IO, LA, OH, and SC where state researchers worked in conjunction with USDA-ARS Illinois and Penn St. researchers. In many incidences data from the spore collectors were compared to data in the field plots next to the spore traps. These studies and others in Ontario (Canada) and Virginia used a species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay developed by the USDA, and additional confirmatory DNA-based approaches to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhiz. A benefit of these studies is the results were used to calibrate the IAMS and others soybean rust forecasts. Through project activities, Louisiana State University continued to develop to a very high level of sophistication a new electrostatic spore sampler. This device, on the verge of commercial production and called the Ionic Spore Trap, has a very high capture efficiency, and spores can be identified to species on the basis of scanning electron microscope observations. Please see www.ionicsporetrap.com for further details. Host range. P. pachyrhizi is currently reported to occur on approximately 150 species in 53 genera of the legume family Fabaceae. The host species all belong to a monophyletic group within the Papilionoideae subfamily. Approximately 120 of the known hosts of P. pachyrhizi grow in North America and may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease as overwintering hosts or sources of inoculum to soybean. Additional field research in native habits of these hosts is needed to determine their extent of harboring P. pachyrhizi, as witnessed by Floridas confirmation of common snap bean (for North America) and coral bean (Erythrina herbacea) as two new native hosts. Accomplishments for Objective 2 (identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research) Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the South and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, IL, AL, FL, GA, LSU); a few of these appear to have high levels of resistance. In 2008, the USDA-ARS began re-evaluating sample set lines which were not selected from the original 2004-2005 Fort Detrick BSL-3 greenhouse assays. Other on-going project accomplishments include the identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with soybean rust resistance with cv. Aurora, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, and Pinto 114 being the most resistant of the sixteen cultivars evaluated (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Soybean lines were developed that contain soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella; however, these lines were still susceptible to soybean rust (M. E. Patzoldt et al., 2007.). There are a number of public and private soybean breeding programs also involved in the effort to breed for resistance to soybean rust. Other methods have been investigated to aid in the breeding for resistance effort. For example, The Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to soybean rust was mapped between SSR markers BARC_Set_187 and BARC_SAT_064 (D. L. Hyten et al., 2007). Also, a detached leaf method used for screening for resistance against soybean rust was developed and tested (M. Twizeyimana et al., 2007). For the second year, soybean lines (1500 in 2007 and over 900 in 2008) developed through the University of Guelph and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada breeding programs were evaluated in Quincy, Florida under significant disease pressure. A small number of food grade soybean lines show promise for the northern soybean production areas. Pathogen collection. A collection of isolates from 2006 to 2008 has been purified and maintained at the National Soybean Research Center. These isolates have been used for screening germplasm and segregating populations, and have been used for molecular characterization of the pathogen based on SSR markers. Fungicide efficacy research. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted by several groups (USDA, FL, AL, LSU, and GA) in areas where soybean rust was a significant problem in the U.S. Trials determined the most effective fungicides available, demonstrated the importance of application timing, and studied the residual activity of some of these materials. This data is used for grower education and/or published in F & N tests and other scientific publications. These trials have shown a well timed strobilurin or triazole fungicide application can effectively protect against losses due to soybean rust under North American conditions. Several north-central states and Ontario conducted foliar fungicide trials in the absence of soybean rust, and were able to determine efficacy on other diseases and make general plant health observations. Due to the presence of other pests in the U.S. soybean production region, many states conducted research that evaluated tank-mixing of fungicides with other crop protection chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides. Pathogen biology / epidemiology. Several research projects designed to understand the movement, deposition, transport, spread, characterization and effect of microclimate on soybean rust spores are on-going (Penn St., FL, GA, ISU and LSU). Predictive models. Predictive models conducted by multiple research teams (Penn St., ZedX Inc., ISU., NC St.) were integrated to develop simulations that were interpreted by a team of meteorologists. These interpretations were made available to researchers, extension specialists, and administrators on the restricted access PIPE web site. The predictive models continued to be refined and validated. Some of the constraints to modeling for soybean rust were identified and include unidentified sources of inoculum and the unknown effects of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease progress. Kudzu resistance Many of the southern states are evaluating resistance in Kudzu to soybean rust. A detached leaf method is currently being used to screen kudzu isolates collected from various regions of Alabama for resistance to soybean rust. Preplant soil supplements with chloride: A large multifactorial field experiment was conducted by LSU in which KCl was added at three rates. Calcium chloride was added as a control for Cl at equivalent rates of Cl addition, and potassium sulfate and calcium sulfate were added as controls for the cations. In addition, side dress amendments were added at R1 and boron and manganese were applied as foliar sprays at R1. When analyzed across all treatments, the response in disease severity was most highly correlated with tissue concentrations of Cl. Minor element applications were variable in their responses and there was no enhanced response to side dress applications of the major nutrients. Field diagnosis tool. The development of a hand-held, field-friendly tool for in-field soybean rust diagnosis continued in 2008 (OSU., USDA and the U.S. Navy). Because soybean rust is difficult to detect early in the infection process, this tool would allow for a quick diagnosis that could lead to more timely fungicide applications, if needed. Yield loss research. Understanding the effects of soybean rust on soybean yield is important to the entire U.S. agriculture industry. Research has continued (KY, LSU) to understand the effect of defoliation, caused by natural soybean rust and/or by manual defoliation, on soybean yield. This information will be used to build a yield loss prediction tool that will have several uses including helping growers make fungicide application decisions. Accomplishments for Objective 3 (provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups) The NCERA 208 annual meeting was held in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in September 2008 which allowed individuals from the USDA, Land Grant Universities, and commodity boards to exchange information concerning soybean rust. As always a major focus of the meeting was to continue the cooperation among agencies dealing with this disease. The group discussed how to show the impact of the international soybean rust effort and how to use this information to obtain future funding. The Fourth American Phytopathological Society National Soybean Rust Symposium will be held from December 9-11 in New Orleans, Louisiana and many members of NCERA 208 will not only participate but assist in the development and delivery of the program. The Soybean Rust Symposiums have demonstrated to be an effective technology transfer vehicle for NCERA 208 members and has contributed to the exchange of ideas, opportunity to discuss research data and increase interactions between Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups. Many of the NCERA 208 members also participated in various local, state and regional soybean rust information, training and management meetings or events. Multiple media formats and outlets were used to convey these important messages including multi-state and individual state publications, websites, telephone hotlines, newsletters, radio and television appearances, and face-to-face presentations and contacts. For example extension specialists in individual states conducted grower education meetings on soybean rust and refresher courses for First Detectors. The University of Floridas North Florida Research and Education Centre in Quincy, Florida held 2 one and half day soybean rust workshops for over 150 participants from Nebraska, Kentucky, Georgia, Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, Florida, Missouri, Iowa, Pennsylvania, South Dakota and Canada (Ontario and Quebec). Participants included key stakeholders from government, industry (seed and chemical), commodity groups, growers, agronomy consultants, diagnostic services and education/research personnel. The research centre also hosted a 1 day visit of over 80 southern soybean breeders. Iowa NCERA members helped package all soybean rust publications into a Resource Kit and mailed the kit to approximately 800 extension and agribusiness personnel. A survey was added to the Resource Kit which included questions on ISU and national extension efforts, ipmPIPE and fungicide use on soybean. Accomplishments for Objective 4 (develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.) The second edition of the fungicide manual (Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. 2008. Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. (Editors)) is now available in hardcopy print (20,000 printed) and on-line at http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/. This publication was developed largely by members of NCERA 208. To date, over 160,000 copies of the first edition of the manual have been distributed. A tri-fold, color-plated circular was developed and printed by the ipmPIPE: Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? 2008. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. Other new regional publications released in 2008 through NCERA efforts included: a) Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps. 2008. Soybean rust management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University, North Carolina State University, University of Georgia, and Virginia Cooperative Extension Services. 38 Pps. b) Mueller, D. S. and Bradley, C. A. Fungicides for Field Crops in the North Central Region, North Central IPM. 2008. c) Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., Pedersen, P. P., and Bradley, C. A. Soybean Rust Management with Foliar Fungicides, North Central IPM. April 2008. These publications have been distributed in many of the soybean producing states and Canada. In addition, many specialists have developed soybean rust educational materials (including websites, bulletins, and circulars) for their individual state. NCERA 208 has been important in providing input that has been used to develop and shape the PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education), which is the primary tool used by the entire U.S. agriculture industry to track the movement of soybean rust and help make management decisions. For a full list of these and other NCERA member activities please refer to the combined state report document in Appendix X.

Publications

Peer reviewed journal articles: Baysal-Gurel, F., Lewis Ivey, M.L., Dorrance, A., Luster, D., Frederick, R., Czarnecki, J., Boehm, M., and Miller, S.A. 2008. An immunofluorescence assay to detect urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 92: 1387-1393. Gevens, A. J., Nequi, N., Vitoreli, A., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Harmon, C. L., and Harmon, P. F. 2008. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Erythrina herbacea (Coral Bean). Plant Disease 92:1472. Hartman, G. L., and Haudenshield, J. S. 2008. Movement of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) urediniospores by non-conventional means. European Journal of Plant Pathology DOI 10.1007/s10658-008-9352-8. Jurick, W. M., II1, Narvaez, D. F., Brennan, M. M., Harmon, C. L., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., and. Harmon, P. F. 2008. Winter Survival of the Soybean Rust Pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in Florida. Plant Disease. In Press Li, X., Engelbrecht, C. J., Mueller, D. S., and Yang, X. B. 2008. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Iowa and its statewide occurrence. Plant Disease Lynch, T. N., Steinlage, T. A., Miles, M., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L.; Hartman, G. L. 2008. New legume hosts infected by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Florida. Plant Health Progress. In Press. Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Ray, J. D., Smith, J. R., Frederick, R. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Adult plant evaluation of soybean accessions for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in the field and greenhouse in Paraguay. Plant Disease 92:96-105. Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, and M. Delaney. 2008. Developing an innovative team approach to address a newly introduced disease of soybeans in the United States. Journal of Extension (in press). Slaminko, T. L., Miles, M. R., Frederick, R. D., Bonde, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. New legume hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi based on greenhouse evaluations. Plant Disease 92:767-771. Slaminko, T. L., Miles, M. R., Marios, J. J., Wright, D. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi identified in field evaluations in Florida. Plant Health Progress (in press). Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P. S., Ikotun, T., Ladipo, J. L., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Nigeria. Plant Disease 92:947-952. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Barnes, C.W., Szabo, L. J., Isard, Ariatti, A., Tenuta, A. U, Hambleton, S., Tropiano, R., Bowersox, V. C., Claybrooke, R., and Lehmann, C. Phytopathology 98:S18 Chang, S., Steinlage, T. A., Hymowitz, T., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Characterizing soybean rust resistance in Glycine tomentella. Phytopathology 98:S34. Dufault, N. S., Isard, S. A., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. The removal of Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospores from soybean leaves by rainfall. Phytopathology 98:S48. Floyd, C., Tao, Z., Spoden, G., Malvick, D., Kurle, J., Bernacchi, C., and Krupa, S. 2007. Minnesota soybean rust forecast model (MinnSoyRustMod). Presented at the National Soybean Rust Symposium, December 2007 Harmon, P. F., Jurick, W. M., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. Survival of the soybean rust pathogen in kudzu vine is Florida, USA. Journal of Plant Pathology 90: S2.161. Haudenshield, J. S., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Synthetic internal control sequences to increase negative call veracity in multiplexed, quantitative PCR assays for Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Phytopathology 98:S66. Hambleton, S., Tropiano, R., and Tenuta, A. (2007). "The Soybean Rust Sentinel Plot Program: Molecular identification, screening and tracking of Phakopsora pachyrhizi." Saskatoon, SK, Canada, June 10-14. Abstract (Conference proceeding, pp. 106, C1-4). Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2008. Evaluation of LEM17, Punch, and Headline for soybean rust management and yield in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease management Reports 2FC052. Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2008. Evaluation of Topsin, Headline, Tebuzol and ACT Plus on soybean rust and yield in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease management Reports 2FC053. Malvick, D. Floyd, C., Krupa, S., and Kurle. J. 2008. Monitoring atmospheric transport of soybean rust spores into Minnesota. Phytopathology 98:S97. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Cheminova fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC091. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Valent fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC090. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Cerexagri fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC089. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Dow fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC088. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC087. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of chlorine and other nutrients for the control of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC002. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of BTN+ for the control of soybean rust, Quincy, FL, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC037 Mueller, T. A., Miles, M.R., Hartman, G.L., O'Brien, G. K., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. Evaluations of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC086. Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of fungicides and adjuvants for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC085 Padmanaban, A., Chang, S., Rosales-Mendoza, S., Hartman, G. L., Korban, S. S., and Ghabrial, S. 2008. Virus-induced gene silencing of soybean rust resistance genes in Glycine tomentella. Phytopathology 98:S119. Paul, C., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Evaluation of sources of soybean rust resistance using detached leaves. Phytopathology 98:S123 Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust and rarget spot in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC109. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Tebuzol to control Asian soybean rust and target spot in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC110. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of fungicide spray programs for Asian soybean rust, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC111. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide at various rates for Asian soybean rust management and target spot in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC112. Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide at various rates for Asian soybean rust management in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC113. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. Evaluation of TOPGUARD for control of Asian soybean rust in Alabama. Proceedings of the APS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. Control of Asian soybean rust using sequential fungicide applications. Proceedings of the APS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008. Slaminko, T. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Host range of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of soybean rust. Phytopathology 98:S147. Walker, D. R., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., Blair, B., Moore, S., Schneider, R. W., Shipe, E., Mueller, J., and Boerma, R. H. 2008. Identification and characterization of soybean rust resistance in plant introductions from the USDAs soybean germplasm collection. Phytopathology 98:S195. Walker, D. R., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., Buckley, B. J., Moore, S. H., Schneider, R. W., Weaver, D. B., Shipe, E. R., Mueller, J. D., and Boerma, R. H. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the southeastern United States and efforts to develop rust-resistant lines. Int Crop Sci Conf. Extension Publications: Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D (editors) 2008. Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Bulletin SR-2008. 111pp. Allen, T., D. Poston, W.F. Moore, T. Koger, H. Fulton, B. Graves, A. Henn, T. McDaniel, and G. Sciumbato. 2008. Suggested Guidelines to Manage Soybean Rust Using Fungicides, Mississippi. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Fungicide resistance management in soybean. Pages 57-60 in: Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. A. E. Dorrance, M. A. Draper, and D. E. Hershman, eds. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Sampling for suspected soybean rust cases in Maryland (revised 2008). Maryland Extension Information leaflet. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment August 28, 2008. E-newsletter. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment Sept. 11, 2008. E-newsletter. Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment Sept. 15, 2008. E-newsletter. Howlie , D., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, J. Dunphy, J. Mueller, and P. Phipps. 2008. Management of soybean rust. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 31-34. Koenning, S. R. 2008. Soybean rust in North Carolina in 2007. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 7. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. First Find of Asiatic Soybean Rust in North Carolina October 1, 2008. Pest Alert. http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/palert54.html Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America. Soybean Rust Summary for North Carolina: Reflections on 2005-2007. Soybean Rust Prospects for 2008. Resources for Soybean Rust in 2008. Pest News 33:(1). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/08PestNews/08News1/pestnews.pdf Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America, Mid June. Inoculation of Soybean in Florida at Quincy. Another Host for Soybean Rust. 2008. Pest News 23(11). http://ipm.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/08PestNews/08News11/pestnews.html#title2 Mueller, D. S. and Bradley, C. A. 2008. Field crop fungicides for the North Central United States. North Central Integrated Pest Management Center Educational Monograph. Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A., Pederson, P., and Bradley, C. 2008. Soybean rust management with foliar fungicides. IPM PIPE Educational Circular. Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., and Tylka, G. L. Common Soybean Leaf Diseases and Soybean Rust - updated. Iowa State University Extension: PM 1989. February 2008 Mueller, D. S., Tylka, G. L., Engelbrecht, C., and Jesse, L. Submitting Soybean Samples to the Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic. Iowa State University Extension: PM 2054. April 2008 Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps. 2008. Soybean rust management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University, North Carolina State University, University of Georgia, and Virginia Cooperative Extension Services. 38 Pps. Mueller, J., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, P. Phipps, and L. Sconyers. 2008. Monitoring rust movements. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps 15-16. Phipps, P., S. Koenning. S. Rideout, and E. Stromberg. 2008. Common diseases of soybean in the mid-atlantic region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 17-23. Schneider, R., E. Sikora, B. Padgett and G. Sciumbato. Managing Late-Season Soybean Diseases and Soybean Rust: A Southern Perspective. in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008. Sconyers, L. and S. Koenning. 2008. A brief history of rust in the western hemisphere. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 1-2. Sikora, E. and D. Hershman. 2008. Soybean Rust In Review: 2004-2007. in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008. Tenuta, A., Hershman, D., Draper, M., and Dorrance, A. 2008. Fungicide Basics in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008. Tenuta, A.U., Hambleton, S., and Devitt, C. Soybean Rust Spores Found In Ontario Spore Traps Again in 2008. Ontario Soybean Growers (July 25, 2008). Extension Presentations: Bradley, C. A. 2008. Foliar fungicides for soybean and corn. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension Crop Management Conferences conducted at Rend Lake, Springfield, and Malta, IL, January and February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Disease management of soybean and corn diseases. Presentation at FS Growmark Training Meeting, Tuscola, IL, February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Foliar fungicides for soybean, corn, and wheat. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension, Montgomery and Macoupin Counties Agronomy Day. Litchfield, IL, February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean and corn disease management with foliar fungicides. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension, Ford and Iroquois Agronomy Day. Buckley, IL, February 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean Rust in the United States. Presentation at Muscatine Junior College, Muscatine, IA, July 2008. Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean Rust Update and Outlook. University of Illinois Extension. Shabbona, IL, July 2008. Bradley, C. A. and Tedford, E. Foliar fungicides for disease management in soybean. Online Webinar hosted by DTN. June 2008. Dias, A. P. S., Yang, X. B. and Li, X. Modeling light intensity patterns to estimate soybean rust outbreaks: Comparative analysis in Brazil and South Africa. 2007 Southern Soybean Disease Workers annual meeting. Jan 2007. St. Louis, Missouri Hartman, G. L. 2008. Resistance genes to fight against soybean diseases and pests. Agronomy Day. University of Illinois. Haudenshield, J. S., Smith, D. A., Twizeyimana, M., Slaminko, T. L., Steinlage, T. A., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Sampling and analysis of Phakopsora pachyrhizi: Spanning the globe and twelve decades. Presented at the Illinois Soybean Association Soy Symposium, March 2008. Li, X. and Yang, X. B. 2007. Analysis of the occurrence and the western pathway of soybean rust in 2007. 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Dec 2007. Louisville, Kentucky. Li, X. and Yang, X. B. 2007. Assessing effects of temperatures on occurrence of Asian soybean rust with biogeography information of rust diseases in North America. APS North Central Division annual meeting. Jun 2007. Lafayette, Indiana. Markell, S. Soybean Diseases. Syngenta Seed Growers Meeting. Fargo, ND. 8/27/08. 30 people. Markell, S. Wheat and Soybean Disease Update. Grand Forks County Plot Tour. Thompson, ND. 7/21/08. 50 people Markell, S. Soybean and Corn Fungicide Applications. NDSU Extension Service Spring Conference. Bismarck, ND. 3/31/08. 15 people. Markell, S. Soybean Root Rots and Soybean Rust. Buxton Area Growers Meeting. Hatton, ND. 3/25/08. 25 people. Markell, S. Soybean Root Rots and Soybean Rust. Reynolds Area Growers Meeting. Reynolds, ND. 3/25/08. 15 people. Markell, S. Broadleaf Crop Diseases. Eastern Crop Scout School. Fargo, ND. 2/27/08. 65 people. Markell, S. Soybean and Dry Bean Disease Updates. I.C.E. Ag Show. Grand Forks, ND. 50 people. Markell, S. Advanced Ag Consultants. To Spray or Not To Spray. Fargo, ND. 2/20/08. 50 people. Markell, S. Soybean Rust and Fungicides. ND Soybean Expo. Fargo, ND. 2/12/08. 125 people. Markell, S. Fungicide Resistance and Updates. Pesticide Re-certification Training. Mandan, ND. 2/6/08. 83 people. Markell, S. Anthracnose and Other Bean Threats. Northarvest Bean Day. Fargo, ND. 1/18/08. 600 people. Markell, S. To Spray of Not to Spray. Barnes County Row Crop Expo. Valley City, ND. 1/10/08. 100 people. Mo, J., Guo, T., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2007. Effects of light intensity and darkness period on infection of soybean rust in controlled conditions. 2007 Southern Soybean Disease Workers annual meeting. Jan 2007. St. Louis, Missouri. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Sheldon, IA, January 7, 2008. Crop Advantage Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Spirit Lake, IA, January 16, 2008. Crop Advantage Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Osceola, IA, January 17, 2008. Crop Advantage Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 13, 2008, Agrilliance. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 14, 2008, Hamilton County Series. Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 19, 2008, Iowa Independent Crop Consultant Association Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, March 27, 2008, ISU Farm Supervisors Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Boone, IA, July 15, 16, 21, 2008, ISU FEEL Tenuta, A.U., Pest Alert 2008 - Soybean rust plans and outlook. Southwest Agricultural Conference, Ridgetown, ON. Jan. 3-4, 2008. 400 people in sessions. Pan, Z. T., Xue, L., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2007. Medium-range forecasts of soybean rust spore dispersal in 2007. 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Dec 2007. Louisville, Kentucky. Radio Interviews: Markell, S. - Dakota Radio-Valley City, KOVC, KDDR, KDAC. - Steve Urness. Topic: Fungicides, Plant Health and Diseases. 1/10/08. Markell, S.- KMAV 105.5 Mayville. Ayanava Mujamdar. Topic: Sunflower, Dry Bean, and Soybean Diseases. 1/7/08 Markell, S.- KMAV 105.5 Mayville. Ayanava Mujamdar. Topic: Soybean IPM and Soybean Rust. 1/7/08 Markell, S.- KQLX Mick Kjar. Topic: Soybean, Pulse, and Sunflower Diseases. 4/4/08. Markell, S. - KQLX Mick Kjar. Topic: Soybean, Pulse, and Sunflower Diseases. 4/8/08. Markell, S.- KFYR Al Gustan. Topic: Soybean Rust Scouting. 6/27/08. Markell, S. - RRV Radio Network Randy Koenen. Topic: Soybean Diseases in 2007, Root Rots. 9/6/08. Print Interviews: Markell, S. - Northarvest Magazine Marlene. Topic: Legume PIPE Website Launch. 3/19/08. Markell, S. - Northarvest Magazine Kris Versdahl. Topic: Clean Seed, Anthracnose, Soybean Rust, and Bacterial Diseases. 2/29/08.

Impact Statements

Develop and provide educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust for US producers.
Collaborative research projects among NCD202 members.
Research conducted to evaluate the effect fungicide spray programs have on soybean rust and other foliar diseases affecting soybeans.
Develop best management guidelines for soybean rust.
Publication of research results and management recommendations in various formats including electronic media.
Regular interaction among members to exchange information on current research developments with soybean rust.

Date of Annual Report: 12/16/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 09/23/2009 - 09/24/2009
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2008 - 09/01/2009

Participants

Carl Bradley, (Univ. Illinois)
Don Hershman (Univ. Kentucky)
Julie Golod (Penn State)
Jim Marois (Univ. Florida)
Sam Markell (North Dakota State Univ.)
Raymond Schneider (Louisiana State Univ.)
Clayton Hollier, (Louisiana State Univ.)
Tom Allen (Mississippi State Univ.)
Arv Grybauskas (Univ. Maryland)
Albert Tenuta (Ontario Ministry of Ag, Food, and Rural Affairs)
John Rupe (Univ. Arkansas)
Ed Sikora (Auburn)
Anne Dorrance (The Ohio State Univ.)
Doug Jardine (Kansas State Univ.)
David Wright (NCSRP)
Bob Kemerait (University of Georgia)
Laura Sweets (University of Missouri)
Loren Giesler (University of Nebraska)
Marty Draper (USDA, CSREES via polycom)
Steve Slack (The Ohio State Univ.)
Darren Mueller (Iowa State University)
Boyd Padget (Louisiana State U)
Kiersten Wise (Purdue Univ)
Zhiyuan Chen (Louisiana State U)
Gary Bergstrom (Cornell University)
Jim VanKirk (Southern Reg. IPM Center)
Leanor Leandro (Iowa State Univ.)
Jared Whitaker (University of Georgia)
Melvin Newman (Univ. of Tennessee)
Bob Mulrooney (Univ. of Delaware)
Mathews Paret (University of Florida)
Martin Chilvers (Michigan State Univ.)
Scott Isard (Pennsylvania State Univ.)
Pratibha Srivastava (University of Florida)
David Wright (University of Florida)
David Walker (USDA-ARS-Illinois)
X. B. Yang (Iowa State)
Paul Esker (Univ. of Wisconsin)
Allen Wrather (Univ. of Missouri)
Zaito Pan (Saint Louis University)
Erik Stromberg (Virginia Tech)
Richard Joost (United Soybean Board).

Brief Summary of Minutes

The eighth meeting of the Soybean Rust Working group was held at the North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy, Florida on September 23-24, 2009. Albert Tenuta, the committee chair, opened the meeting at 1:00 pm on September 23.

Albert Tenuta presented the minutes from 2008 and they were approved by the committee.

David Wright, Director of Research of the North Central Soybean Research Program provided an update of the August 27 NCSRP Board of Directors meeting. David stated that the Board supports the Soybean Sentinel Plot (SSP) program and views them as very valuable to the industry. The Board did not feel the SSP in the Midwestern states was as important as in the southern states. The Board felt that the $364,000 available in 2010 would be best utilized in the southern states. David stated that it is getting harder to find funding from the farmers as economic loss to soybean rust has been minimal in the Midwest but the NCSRP board is supportive of individual state boards supporting monitoring efforts in their respective states. The Board will provide funding for next year, but it is a one year program by rule. The Board is invested in making the ipmPIPE effective. The Board agreed that education is high on their list of interests (Richard Joost of United Soybean Board, USB - agreed). David stated that NCSRP is very happy with NCERA activity and would like to see expansion of the modeling efforts. NCSRP also has soybean aphids and SDS as high priorities.

Scott Isard and X.B. Yang discussed the present status of the SBR yield loss prediction models. Scott felt that the rainwater spore network was not important in the south, that 4-8 collectors from each state would be needed, we should use networks to monitor other pathogens, needed 1 PCR technician at a central location working with a network of local operators, and that we could adopt AIMS model to run on very little data from the south.

Don Hershman asked about the spore trapping program lead by Les Szabo. Response was that not enough spores were found to warrant continuation of the project by USB.

Erik Stromberg mentioned that they have traps and PCR activities within the state of Virginia.

Carl Bradley asked about determination of the viability of the trapped spores, which is still not possible.

Loren Giesler asked what the spore data correlated with. Scott answered that there are correlations but that they are late.

Ray Schneider asked why the traps are of little value in the south. Scott answered that the traps work best when they are far away from the inoculum source so that they are actually detecting the long distance dispersal events.

X. B. stated that his model is a rain driven model that overlaps rain events with spore dispersal. It takes about 40-45 days to find the rust after the model predicts it. X.B. felt that his and Scott's models may be too sensitive, however neither of the models over predict the disease. His model was funded by the Iowa Board and is now looking for further funding and hoped to include in NCERA 208 project proposal.

Bob Kemerait asked how the model used the SSP data. X.B. explained that he uses the SSP plot data every week with the calculations based on the entire region.

Ray Schneider asked if either model considered the source strength and effect of applied fungicides on the source. Apparently, neither model considers strength or fungicide use very well.

Anne Dorrance wondered if kudzu was a good source of inoculum. Bob Kemerait replied that it was dependent upon the kudzu, with some patches producing more spores than others.

Loren Giesler commented that he liked the weekly PDF that X.B. sends out. That led to a discussion about how to get the information out. Don Hershman felt that one of the challenges we not to address is communication efficiencies in general. Getting the model information out early in the week so that the specialists could act on it during the week was one thing mentioned.

Ed Sikora asked if the money was awarded, how would X.B. use it. The reply was that he would run the model for one more growing season.

Scott and X.B. agreed that the models were talking to each other, with X.B.'s being longer term and Scott's being shorter term. Everyone agreed that publications concerning the information from the models should be weekly.

John Rupe initiated a discussion on how the models are being validated. X.B. replied that that yes the models are being validated and the result has been the elimination of low spore densities from the positive forecasts and that his model is better at guiding the growers when not to spray then when to spray.

In general the feeling was that the SSP were working at that data from the south was critical for the success of either model. It was also felt that data from Mexico is not very important in the models, but that Texas information is important. Adjusting the models to large events such as hurricanes was possible.

Funding Situation

Marty Draper, via polycom. presented information on the funding situation.
There is no reference to SBR in the ipmPIPE, but there was an increase in AFRE funding. At this time we should assume there is no federal funding available to run the system.

Loren Giesler then presented funding proposal ideas for USB and NCSRP. He stated that since the data are going to be more local, more local funding will be necessary. In it there was no funding for Tier 2 and 3 states for SSP, however OK, AR, and SC were added to the Tier 1 states and would receive funding. Also negative data would not be uploaded into the system to reduce costs. This resulted in a serious discussion about what it would mean to have only positive data on the maps and the possibility of misrepresentation of the data. However, no conclusion was reached. Doug Jardine did suggest that maybe on the restricted site negative data could be presented, but not on the public site.

Melvin Newman asked in non-funded states should upload the data, and the reply was yes if they wanted to.

It was also concluded that overwintering data were needed, but that the proposed funding did not provide for that. Both models, however, only use data from after April 1.

Don Hershman stated that USB was interested in using the models as scouting tools to reduce costs. This led to a discussion about how to best do this. Anne Dorrance felt that each state should still interpret the models from X.B. and Scott, using the maps from the models as scouting tools. Anne proposed that a revised 4-page scouting tool be developed with the model produced maps included.

Finally, Anne Dorrance made the motion, seconded by Clayton Hollier, that X.B.'s budget request be included in the request to USB/NCSRP. It passed.

We also decided as a group to include OK, AR, and SC as Tier 1 states and thus make them available for funding. This was due in part to the need for information from the states for both models. All other states will be Tier 2, with no Tier 3 states anymore.

Bob Mulrooney asked about the status of the soybean aphid program. Jim VanKirk stated it was ending.

Anne Dorrance proposed that the support of state boards be recognized by the Committee. After discussion, it was decided that Steve Slack would prepare a letter and send it around for editing, and then everyone would sign it and send it to each of the State boards. This letter has been completed and is being distributed to State Boards.

David Wright posed the question "Is this program sustainable." The following discussion covered several perspectives, such as recasting the program, adding to the program (such as southern corn rust), or possibly looking for AFRE funds by bring in wheat and corn. Marty suggested that requesting $300,000 per year (funding level to be requested from USB/NCSRP) , with 22% overhead, from AFRE would be a big grant. Steve Slack asked him for suggestions and Marty responded that some how we needed the system to respond to a range of issues. It was pointed out with reduced state funding this would be even more challenging. Anne Dorrance asked about how the legume PIPE got support and Marty responded that it had separate components. Loren suggested we meet with 137 and try to develop an integrated approach. Anne Dorrance suggested we approach the banking industry. After discussion a committee of Anne Dorrance, Jim Marois, Marty Draper, David Wright, and Paul Esker was appointed to develop ideas.

Don Hershman presented information on the soybean rust yield loss calculator (tool) developed at Kentucky (PI: Saratha Kumudini). He asked that people try it out and report back on what they think about it.

We adjourned to enjoy a prime rib picnic provide by Jimmy Clements.

Thursday, September 24.

Tom Allen presented the rust situation in Mississippi. There are 2.4-2.5 million acres of soybeans in 76 counties in MS planted to MG IV and V, with 250,000 to 300,000 acres doubled cropped. There is also about 300,000 acres of kudzu. Overall, the growers ere tired of hearing about soybean rust, as indicated by the reduction in calls on his rust hotline. It is common to apply 4 oz of Quadris in 3 gal of water by air, with a lot of interesting in reducing the application rates further. In 2009 things changed very quickly. Rust was found throughout the state in a very short period of time; in the northern part of the state first, which was unexpected. Actual impact on yield is yet to be determined, but this was the worst year for soybean rust that the state had seen.

Steve Slack discussed the future of NCERA 208. The present project ends September 2011. Consideration was given to merging with 137, but conclusion was that without a formalized project it would be difficult to keep the group focused, garner support, and justify meetings. After discussion it was decided that the project should be renewed. Steve then led us through the process. A request with justification to write a proposal is due by September 15, 2010. Everyone has to be resubmitted on Appendix E by November 15. December 1 everything is due to NIMS, this is 90% of the effort. Must update the impact list. Also recommended that we show collaborative relationships (multistate grants, publications, etc the emphasize research and extension). Steve stated that he had not heard about any short comings associated with the group.

The annual report for this year is due 60 days from the meeting (Nov. 20, 2009). Steve recommended that we keep the impacts statements in good shape.

Steve recommended that 3-4 people take the leadership role in the renewal effort. It was decided that Jim Marois (Chair for 208 in 2010), Ray Schneider, Tom Allen (Secretary for 208 in 2010), and David Wright would get it done.

David Wright presented the present program for the APS Rust Symposium in New Orleans in December, 2009. A few changes were suggested, but overall the program is ready to go.

This lead to a discussion about future symposia. Anne Dorrance suggested that all soybean diseases be addressed. Erik Stromberg suggested leaning toward plant health. Gary Bergstrom pointed out the need to identify the primary audience. Anne then suggested the possibility of addressing plant health across all field crops.

Next state reports were presented.

Albert Tenuta adjourned the meeting at noon.

After lunch the Committee toured the NFREC research plots, visiting positive kudzu sites, fungicide plots, and David Walker's rust breeding trials. Microscopes were provided in the field to help participants re-familiarize themselves with rust if they are from the northern states and to examine other diseases of soybean on the station.

State reports were presented and these and other written state reports can be found in Appendix XX. Jim Marois (2009 committee secretary) will chair the committee in 2010 and Tom Allen, Mississippi State University, was elected the committee secretary. The next annual meeting will occur on December 1-2 Savannah, Georgia.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Accomplishments for Objective 1: (develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen) As of November 18, 2009, soybean rust was detected in 538 counties in 16 states in the U.S.. A few more counties in the southern US will most likely be added by year's end. In addition, 3 states and 9 municipalities in Mexico reported soybean rust. This is the fifth consecutive year the number of counties reporting the disease has increased since its 2004 detection in the continental U.S. (131 in 2005, 274 in 2006, 301 in 2007, and 392 in 2008). Although soybean rust was not detected in Canada in 2009, a large kudzu population (no rust observed) was found along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie. Sentinel plots. These results would not be possible without the continued development of the North American soybean rust sentinel program which was established in 2005 and over 1000 sentinel sites were monitored for soybean rust in 46 states/provinces in 2009. The sentinel plot system includes locations in Ontario, Canada and Mexico. There were over 2300 sentinel and mobile locations scouted for rust this year which encompassed nearly 900 individual counties/municipalities across North America. These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. In most incidences, the first find of soybean rust in a state was in a sentinel plot. Many states increased mobile scouting later in the season as sentinel plots matured which further assisted in soybean rust detections. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website (http://www.sbrusa.net/) on a weekly basis where the movement of soybean rust could be monitored and the data could be used to develop and evaluate epidemiological models. Over 19,400 soybean rust records from both the field and lab were uploaded to the information platform. In addition to soybean rust, these plots were used by many cooperating states and Ontario to collect information on other soybean diseases. Specialists wrote commentaries for their state/province on a regular basis that helped growers and consultants make scouting and fungicide application decisions. Many of the project participants noted the importance of the sentinel plot in supporting no fungicide necessary recommendations. Nearly 100,000 visits and over 1,500,000 hits were recorded for the USDA PIPE website during 2009 from January 1, 2009 to November 15, 2009). Spray Decision Calculator: Again in 2009, the University of Kansas assisted growers in the decision to spray by developing a spray calculator. Growers could input there expected yield, expected yield savings from spraying, selling price and chemical and application costs to determine if spraying would be profitable. The calculator can be found at: http://www.agmanager.info/crops/prodecon/decision/default.asp. Spore trapping. There were various other spore-trapping activities this year which not only included visual assessments but incorporated DNA-based screening techniques. Various different airborne spore detection devices were evaluated again in 2009. One of the most extensive efforts was coordinated through the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, Minnesota which utilized the National Atmospheric Deposition program (NADP) rainfall collection sites. These sites represented the majority of soybean production areas in the U.S. Other spore trapping efforts using passive traps and rainwater-filtering traps were placed at 20 locations in in IL, IN, KY, MO, TN, AR, MS, LA, AL, FL, IO, MN, and TX. where state researchers worked in conjunction with USDA-ARS Illinois and Penn St. researchers. In many incidences data from the spore collectors were compared to data in the field plots next to the spore traps. These studies and others in Ontario (Canada) and Virginia used a species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay developed by the USDA, and additional confirmatory DNA-based approaches to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhiz. A benefit of these studies is the results were used to calibrate the IAMS and others soybean rust forecasts. Through project activities, Louisiana State University continued to develop to a very high level of sophistication a new electrostatic spore sampler. This device, on the verge of commercial production and called the Ionic Spore Trap, has a very high capture efficiency, and spores can be identified to species on the basis of scanning electron microscope observations. Please see www.ionicsporetrap.com for further details. Host range. P. pachyrhizi is currently reported to occur on approximately 150 species in 53 genera of the legume family Fabaceae. The host species all belong to a monophyletic group within the Papilionoideae subfamily. Approximately 120 of the known hosts of P. pachyrhizi grow in North America and may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease as overwintering hosts or sources of inoculum to soybean. Additional field research in native habits of these hosts is needed to determine their extent of harboring P. pachyrhizi, as witnessed by Florida's confirmation of natural infections occurring on Crotalaria retusa, Lathyrus latifolius, Phaseolus angustissimus, P. polystachios, Robinia hispida, P. vulgaris, and Erythrina herbacea as new hosts for the pathogen. Accomplishments for Objective 2: (identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research) Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the South and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, IL, AL, FL, GA, LSU); a few of these appear to have high levels of resistance. In 2008, the USDA-ARS began re-evaluating sample set lines which were not selected from the original 2004-2005 Fort Detrick BSL-3 greenhouse assays. Other on-going project accomplishments include the identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars with soybean rust resistance with cv. Aurora, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, and Pinto 114 being the most resistant of the sixteen cultivars evaluated (M. R. Miles et al., 2007). Soybean lines were developed that contain soybean rust resistance derived from Glycine tomentella; however, these lines were still susceptible to soybean rust (M. E. Patzoldt et al., 2007.). There are a number of public and private soybean breeding programs also involved in the effort to breed for resistance to soybean rust. Other methods have been investigated to aid in the breeding for resistance effort. For example, The Rpp1 locus that confers resistance to soybean rust was mapped between SSR markers BARC_Set_187 and BARC_SAT_064 (D. L. Hyten et al., 2007). Also, a detached leaf method used for screening for resistance against soybean rust was developed and tested (M. Twizeyimana et al., 2007). For the third year, soybean lines (1500 in 2007 and over 900 in 2008 and 2097 in 2009) developed through the University of Guelph and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada breeding programs were evaluated in Quincy, Florida under significant disease pressure. A small number of food grade soybean lines show promise for the northern soybean production areas. Pathogen collection. A collection of isolates from 2006 to 2009 has been purified and maintained at the National Soybean Research Center. These isolates have been used for screening germplasm and segregating populations, and have been used for molecular characterization of the pathogen based on SSR markers. Fungicide efficacy research. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted by several groups (USDA, FL, AL, LSU, and GA) in areas where soybean rust was a significant problem in the U.S. Trials determined the most effective fungicides available, demonstrated the importance of application timing, and studied the residual activity of some of these materials. These data are used for grower education and/or published in Fungicide & Nematicide Tests, Plant Disease Management Reports, Plant Disease, and other scientific publications. These trials have shown a well timed strobilurin or triazole fungicide application can effectively protect against losses due to soybean rust under North American conditions. Several north-central states and Ontario conducted foliar fungicide trials in the absence of soybean rust, and were able to determine efficacy on other diseases and make general plant health observations. Due to the presence of other pests in the U.S. soybean production region, many states conducted research that evaluated tank-mixing of fungicides with other crop protection chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides. Pathogen biology / epidemiology. Several research projects designed to understand the movement, deposition, transport, spread, characterization and effect of microclimate on soybean rust spores are on-going (Penn St., FL, GA, ISU and LSU). Predictive models. Predictive models conducted by multiple research teams (Penn St., ZedX Inc., ISU., NC St.) were integrated to develop simulations that were interpreted by a team of meteorologists. These interpretations were made available to researchers, extension specialists, and administrators on the restricted access PIPE web site. The predictive models continued to be refined and validated. Some of the constraints to modeling for soybean rust were identified and include unidentified sources of inoculum and the unknown effects of host (stage of development, cultivar) and environmental factors on disease progress. Kudzu resistance: Many of the southern states are evaluating resistance in kudzu to soybean rust. A detached leaf method is currently being used to screen kudzu isolates collected from various regions of Alabama and Florida for resistance to soybean rust. It appears that some populations are highly resistant to the fungus, whereas others are partially resistant and most are susceptible. Preplant soil supplements with chloride: A large multifactorial field experiment was conducted by LSU and UF in which KCl was added at three rates. Calcium chloride was added as a control for Cl at equivalent rates of Cl addition, and potassium sulfate and calcium sulfate were added as controls for the cations. In addition, side dress amendments were added at R1 and boron and manganese were applied as foliar sprays at R1. When analyzed across all treatments, the response in disease severity was most highly correlated with tissue concentrations of Cl. Minor element applications were variable in their responses and there was no enhanced response to side dress applications of the major nutrients. Field diagnosis tool. The development of a hand-held, field-friendly tool for in-field soybean rust diagnosis continued in 2008 (OSU., USDA and the U.S. Navy). Because soybean rust is difficult to detect early in the infection process, this tool would allow for a quick diagnosis that could lead to more timely fungicide applications, if needed. Further testing of a commercial product continued in 2009. Yield loss research. Understanding the effects of soybean rust on soybean yield is important to the entire U.S. agriculture industry. Research has continued (KY, LSU) to understand the effect of defoliation, caused by natural soybean rust and/or by manual defoliation, on soybean yield. This information will be used to build a yield loss prediction tool that will have several uses including helping growers make fungicide application decisions. Accomplishments for Objective 3: (provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups) The NCERA 208 annual meeting was held in Quincy, FL in September 2009 which allowed individuals from the USDA, Land Grant Universities, and commodity boards to exchange information concerning soybean rust. As always a major focus of the meeting was to continue the cooperation among agencies dealing with this disease. The group discussed how to show the impact of the international soybean rust effort and how to use this information to obtain future funding. The Fourth American Phytopathological Society National Soybean Rust Symposium will be held from December 9-11, 2009 in New Orleans, Louisiana and many members of NCERA 208 will not only participate but assist in the development and delivery of the program. The Soybean Rust Symposiums have demonstrated to be an effective technology transfer vehicle for NCERA 208 members and has contributed to the exchange of ideas, opportunity to discuss research data and increase interactions between Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups. Many of the NCERA 208 members also participated in various local, state and regional soybean rust information, training and management meetings or events. Multiple media formats and outlets were used to convey these important messages including multi-state and individual state publications, websites, telephone hotlines, newsletters, radio and television appearances, and face-to-face presentations and contacts. For example extension specialists in individual states conducted grower education meetings on soybean rust and refresher courses for First Detectors. In 2009 the University of Florida's North Florida Research and Education Centre in Quincy, Florida held a one and half day soybean rust workshop for over 100 participants from 17 states, Brazil, and Canada. Participants included key stakeholders from government, industry (seed and chemical), commodity groups, growers, agronomy consultants, diagnostic services and education/research personnel. Since 2006 the Center has offered 6 classes, hosted over 80 southern soybean breeders for a one day class in 2008, and hosted NCERA 208 twice. In all over 600 people have been introduced to soybean rust at the Center since 2005. Iowa NCERA members helped package all soybean rust publications into a Resource Kit and mailed the kit to approximately 800 extension and agribusiness personnel. A survey was added to the Resource Kit which included questions on ISU and national extension efforts, ipmPIPE and fungicide use on soybean. Accomplishments for Objective 4: (develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.) The second edition of the fungicide manual Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust came out in 2008 (with Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D. as editors)) in hardcopy print (20,000 printed) and on-line at http://oardc.osu.edu/soyrust/. This publication was developed largely by members of NCERA 208 and continued to be extremely valuable in 2009. To date, over 160,000 copies of the first edition of the manual have been distributed. A tri-fold, color-plated circular was developed and printed by the ipmPIPE: Soybean Rust: What is Your Risk? 2008. Mueller, D., Giesler, L., Bradley, C., Tenuta, A., and Brown-Rytlewski, D. Other new extension publications released in 2009 through NCERA efforts included: Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence and M. Pegues. 2009. Evaluation of sequential fungicide spray programs for control of soybean rust. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-03XX-01-RS. Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, and M. Delaney. 2009. Developing an innovative team approach to address a newly introduced disease of soybeans in the United States. Journal of Extension: http://www.joe.org/joe/2009august/iw7.php Schwartz, H. F., Langham, M.A.C., Golod, J., Tolin, S.A., LaForest, J., and Cardwell, K.F. 2009. Legume ipmPIPE: The next evolution of web-based interactive tools for disease management and extension outreach. APSnet: http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/ipmPIPE/ Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Kemerait, R. C., Levy, C.,and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Effect of fungicide and timing of application on soybean rust severity and yield. Plant Disease 93:243-248. Douglas, M. H., G. K. O'Brien, J. J. Marois, D. L. Wright. 2009. Evaluation of chlorine and other nutrients for the control of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports. 3:FC110 Douglas, M. H., G. K. O'Brien, J. J. Marois, D. L. Wright. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports. 3:FC111 Douglas, M. H., G. K. O'Brien, J. J. Marois, D. L. Wright. 2009. Evaluation of soil applied Topguard for the management of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports. 3:FC112 Douglas, M. H., G. K. O'Brien, J. J. Marois, D. L. Wright. 2009. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide for the control of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports. 3:FC113 These publications have been distributed in many of the soybean producing states and Canada. In addition, many specialists have developed soybean rust educational materials (including websites, bulletins, and circulars) for their individual state. Examples include: Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean disease update. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue no. 21. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean rust confirmed in thirteen counties so far in 2009. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue no. 23. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust update. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 21, August 21, 2009. The Pest Management Recommendations for Field Crops, University of Maryland Extension Bulletin 237, was revised for print and on-line in 2009. It includes the state specific management recommendations that are also available on-line through the PIPE website. Koenning S. R. and E. J. Dunphy. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America: July 2009 - Volume 24, Number 15, July 24, 2009 NCERA 208 has been important in providing input that has been used to develop and shape the PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education), which is the primary tool used by the entire U.S. agriculture industry to track the movement of soybean rust and help make management decisions. For a full list of these and other NCERA member activities, please refer to the combined state report document attached in the Minutes Summary Section.

Publications

Selected Publications (Full Listing Available in Combined State Report Document attached in the Minutes Summary Section): Peer reviewed journal articles: Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence and M. Pegues. 2009. Evaluation of sequential fungicide spray programs for control of soybean rust. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-03XX-01-RS. Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, and M. Delaney. 2009. Developing an innovative team approach to address a newly introduced disease of soybeans in the United States. Journal of Extension: http://www.joe.org/joe/2009august/iw7.php Schwartz, H. F., Langham, M.A.C., Golod, J., Tolin, S.A., LaForest, J., and Cardwell, K.F. 2009. Legume ipmPIPE: The next evolution of web-based interactive tools for disease management and extension outreach. APSnet: http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/ipmPIPE/ Mueller, T. A., Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Kemerait, R. C., Levy, C.,and Hartman, G. L. 2009. Effect of fungicide and timing of application on soybean rust severity and yield. Plant Disease 93:243-248. Panthee, D.R., Marois, J.J., Wright, D.L., Narváez, D. Yuan, J. S., and Stewart, C. N. Jr. 2009. Differential expression of genes in soybean in response to the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) is soybean growth stage specific. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 118:359-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-008-0905-1 Chakraborty, N., J. Curley, R.D. Frederick, D.L. Hyten, R.L. Nelson, G.L. Hartman, and B.W. Diers. 2009. Mapping and confirmation of a new allele at Rpp1 from soybean PI 504538A conferring RB lesion type resistance to soybean rust. Crop Science 49:783-790. Cui, D., Q. Zhang, M. Li, Y. Zhao, and G.L. Hartman. 2009. Detection of soybean rust using a multispectral image sensor. Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf. or Sens. & Instrumen. Food Qual. DOI 10.1007/s11694-009-9070-8. Hartman, G.L., and J.S. Haudenshield. 2009. Movement of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) urediniospores by non-conventional means. European Journal of Plant Pathology 123:225-228. Paul, C., and G.L. Hartman. 2009. Sources of soybean rust resistance challenged with single-spored isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi collected from the USA. Crop Science 49:1781-1785. Pham, T.A., M.R. Miles, R.D. Frederick, C.B. Hill, and G.L. Hartman. 2009. Differential responses of resistant soybean genotypes to ten isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 93:224-228. Twizeyimana, M., P.S. Ojiambo, K. Sonder, T. Ikotun, G.L. Hartman, and R. Bandyopadhyay. 2009. Pathogenic variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infecting soybean in Nigeria. Phytopathology 99:353-361. Ivey, M.L.L., Baysal-Gurel, F., Frederick, R., Luster, D., Czarnecki, J., Dorrance, A. and Miller, S.A. 2009. Immunofluorescence assay detection of the soybean rust pathogen. Ohio State University Extension Fact sheet SBR-2-09. http://ohioline.osu.edu/sbr-fact/pdf/0002.pdf Morales, M.J.Y., Martinez, M.A., Malvick, D.M., Kurle, J.E., Floyd, C.M., and Krupa, S.V. Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) Detected in the state of Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Plant Disease. 93.847. Tao, Z., Malvick, D., Claybrooke, R., Floyd, C., Bernacchi, C., Spoden, G., Kurle, J., Gay, D., Bowersox, V., Krupa, S. Predicting the risk of soybean rust in Minnesota. Published online 14 June 2009. DOI 10.1007/s00484-009-0239-y Bradley, C. A., Horn, V., Allen, T. W., Dorrance, A. E., Dunphy, J., Giesler, L. J., Hershman, D. E., Hollier, C. A., and Wrather, J. A. 2010. Evaluation of the Soybean Rust Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (PIPE) public website's impact on Certified Crop Advisers. Plant Health Progress (submitted for review). Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings: Delaney, D. P., E. J. Sikora, K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, M. Pegues and J. Jones. 2009. Evaluating foliar fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust in Alabama, 2008-2009. Submitted as an abstract for the 2009 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Schwartz, H. F., Langham, M.A.C., Tolin, S.A., Golod, J., LaForest, J., and Cardwell, K.F. 2009. ipmPIPE: Legume PIPE new option for generating, summarizing, and disseminating real-time pest data to stakeholders. APS Annual Meeting, Aug. 1-5, 2009, Portland, OR, S167, invited Oral Presentation. Jordon, S. A., Harmon, P. F., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Harmon, C. L., Gevens, A. J. 2009. Characterization of kudzu (Pueraria spp.) resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of soybean rust. Phytopathology 99:S59. Srivastava, P., Marois, J., Leandro, L., Wright, D., Walker, D. R., 2009. Effect of plant age and leaf maturity on the susceptibility to soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Phytopathology 99:S123. Young, H. M., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Narvaez, D. F., and O'Brien, G. K. 2009. Epidemiology of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in soybean (Glycine max) in sentinel plots in Florida. Phytopathology 99:S148. Young, H. M., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Narvaez, D. F. 2009. Epidemiology of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in soybean (Glycine max) sentinel plots in Florida. Florida Phytopathological Society and APS Caribbean Division May 16-19, 2009, Orlando, FL. Allen, T. W., Moore, W. F., Milling, A. R., Broome, M. L., and Bridgers, J. 2009. 2009 soybean rust monitoring in Mississippi. 2009 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 9-11, 2009. New Orleans, Louisiana. Allen, T. W., Bonde, M. R., Moore, W. F., Milling, A. R., Broome, M. L., and Bridgers, J. 2009. Tracking soybean rust susceptible kudzu in Mississippi. 2009 National Soybean Rust Symposium. December 9-11, 2009. New Orleans, Louisiana. Extension Publications: Schwartz, H.F. et al., 2009. Bacterial Brown Spot; Bacterial Wilt; Common Bacterial Blight; Halo Blight; White Mold; Root Rots; Common Rust; and Legume Insect Pests. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Get to know the common foliar diseases of soybean. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue no. 19. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean disease update. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue no. 21. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Soybean rust confirmed in thirteen counties so far in 2009. University of Illinois Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin, Issue no. 23. Wise, K. 2009. Field Crop Diseases Recap for 2009 and Forecast for 2009. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 1, March 6th, 2009. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust forecast for 2009. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 4, April 24th, 2009. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust update. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 4, July 17th, 2009. Wise, K. 2009. Soybean rust update. Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter. Issue 21, August 21, 2009. Extension Presentations: A Soybean Disease field day was held at the Research and Education Center at Milan (RECM) Tennessee on Sept. 9, 2009. Approximately 250 producers and county agents attended the 12 presentations on diseases, SBR, weeds and insects. It was centered on variety and fungicide test plots. Dr. Cliff Coker came from the Univ. of Arkansas to give an update on SBR. A 1.5 day Soybean Rust Class was held at the North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy, Fl in which over 100 people attended to hear experts from across the nation and Brazil. There where also numerous extension presentations across the country in which soybean rust was addressed but not the sole topic. Soybean Rust Education efforts in Illinois. University of Illinois Extension newsletter articles were written about the identification, spread, and risk of soybean rust to Illinois growers. Several presentations were given during the winter meeting season and during the summer field day tours that presented information on soybean rust. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Fungicide use on corn and soybean. Northern Illinois Farm Show. DeKalb, IL, January 8. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn and soybean diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Corn and Soybean Classics Meeting Series. Mt. Vernon, Champaign, Bloomington, Springfield, Moline, and Malta, IL, January. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn, soybean, and wheat diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Crop Management Conference Meeting Series. Mt. Vernon, Champaign, Jacksonville, and Malta, IL, February. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn, soybean, and wheat diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Field Day. Ewing, IL, June 11. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Effect of foliar and seed treatment fungicides on soybean disease control and yield. Illinois Soybean Association Summer Research Forum. Champaign, IL, July 14. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn, soybean, and wheat diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Field Day. Brownstown, IL, July 30. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn and soybean diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Crop Training Center. Shabbona, IL, August 11, 2009. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn and soybean diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Field Day. Perry, IL, August 19, 2009. Bradley, C. A. 2009. Managing corn and soybean diseases with fungicides. University of Illinois Field Day. Monmouth, IL, August 20, 2009.

Impact Statements

In 2009 NCERA 208 members continued development of the North American soybean rust sentinel program in which 11700 sentinel and mobile soybean observations were uploaded into the ipmPIPE from 45 states/provinces in 2009. There were 2300 sentinel and mobile locations scouted for rust this year in 895 individual counties/municipalities across North America. These plots included soybean and kudzu. Information was uploaded onto the website http://www.sbrusa.net. Over 104,700 visits and over 1,239,000 hits were recorded from January 1 to October 15, 2009.
In 2009, domestic and international fungicide research and field demonstration trials continued. These studies supported previous investigations which identified and evaluated the most effective foliar fungicides to be used for soybean rust management. Other trials focused not only on the most effective fungicides available but demonstrated the importance of application timing, cost effectiveness, and the residual activity of some of these materials. Many of these fungicides were made available through Section 18 emergency exemption requests prepared, in part, by members of NCERA 208. Most all of these fungicides are now fully registered. Evaluation of new fungicide materials, spray programs and fungicide application technologies will continue to improve our knowledge base on how to implement best management practices for soybean rust in the U.S.
Members of NCERA 208 were vitally important in the education of growers, consultants, and the entire agriculture industry on the identification, management, movement, and risk of soybean rust. Multiple media formats and outlets were used to convey these important messages including multi-state and individual state publications, websites, telephone hotlines, newsletters, radio and television appearances, and face-to-face presentations and contacts. The decision to spray or not to spray for rust is critical and answering the question correctly based on information provided by members of NCERA-208 saved soybean producers millions of dollars in 2009. This was accomplished by either reducing losses from soybean rust in some areas of the south and/or preventing unnecessary fungicide and application costs in the majority of soybean production areas of the U.S.

Date of Annual Report: 01/13/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/01/2010 - 12/03/2010
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2009 - 10/01/2010

Participants

Ed Sikora (AL), Steve Slack (OH), Bob Kemerait (GA), Doug Jardine (KS), Rich Joost (USB-MO), Clayton Hollier (LA), Nick Dufault (FL), Scott Monfort (AR), Melvin Newman (TN), Daren Mueller (IA), Loren Giesler (NE), Albert Tenuta (Ontario, Canada), Jim Haudenshield (IL), Kiersten Wise (IN), Bob Mulrooney (DE), Boyd Padgett (LA), Scott Isard (PA), Ray Schneider (LA), Tom Allen (MS), John Rupe (AR), Don Hershman (KY), Jim Marois (FL), David Wright (NCSRP IA)

Brief Summary of Minutes

8:00 AM Welcome, introductions, approve last year's minutes
-Jim Marois and Bob Kemerait

-The meeting was called to order with some brief comments from Jim Marois at 8:02 AM.

8:15-8:45 Update from NCSRP and USB
-David Wright and Richard Joost

-Comments from David Wright, NCSRP meeting in St. Louis the very next week regarding grant funding (roughly December 6) and will be looking at the situation critically to determine what projects will make the greatest impact for soybean growers. The sentinel plot proposal is on the table and David will let us know regarding the funding situation for sentinel plots at some point next week following that meeting. The rest of the funding will occur at the Commodity Classic in Tampa, FL in March. NCSRP could decide to fund the program or not fund it and this will then be forwarded to the USB. Clayton Hollier asked David whether or not he had a feeling for the direction that the NCSRP group might vote. David indicated that the board was more or less split regarding sentinel plot funding.

-Rich Joost updated the group regarding the USB situation. He thanked David Wright and the NCSRP for stepping to the plate and funding the sentinel plot situation at a time when funding situation was bleak. However, there is some concern regarding the lack of soybean rust pressure and where we go for the future. In 2010 we seem to have had the reverse perfect storm that meant the disease wouldnt develop following a cold winter and a hot summer. The sentinel plot program has benefited most states in providing an awareness of diseases in soybean even if it didnt do much with regards to soybean rust. Plain and simple, growers have benefited from the program by limiting or reducing the need for a fungicide application based on the presence of disease. From a funding perspective, the USB is in excellent shape for monies following excellent yields as well as high commodity prices. He did indicate that the USB needed to find good projects to fund. The USB board meeting is next week, December 6, and there will be a new committee, elections will take place and committees will be appointed from there following those elections. Funding decisions wont be made until February so the sentinel plot proposal will be discussed at that point and theyll receive the proposal regardless of the decision thats made by the NCSRP. At present there are only two times of the year that the USB accepts proposals&..they will accept the proposals all year but they only meet twice a year to make those decisions. There are presently two different areas that proposals can be submitted either Production or Composition and most everything will fit under these two headings. Steve Slack asked a question regarding the information return from the NCERA208 meeting for the USBs needs. David Wright commented that this is the first year the NCSRP board has had the proposal in hand prior to the NCERA208 meeting. The NCSRP and USB arent taking away any hard document from this particular meeting but the thoughts from the meeting will certainly be synthesized and returned to the two organizations in support of the group. USBs committee meeting will be 3 hours and theyll have a minimum of three new committee members. Ed Sikora had asked why he wasnt invited back to give a presentation at the NCSRP board meeting in St. Louis and David indicated that he was giving the opportunity to people that had not been to make a presentation in support of their proposal. The NCSRP is aware of the sentinel plot project and it has been around for a few years already.

-Jim Marois commented and thanked both the NCSRP and USB boards and their representatives at the meeting for doing such a wonderful job with the smooth procedure of the sentinel plot situation.

-Marty Draper had called yesterday and sent some information to Jim regarding RMA and the fact that RMA is interested in a continued sentinel plot program if we can develop a methodology that shows that there has been a reduced risk to the insurance situation revolving around soybean and soybean rust infection. We will need to find an economist to help with this to generate some numbers. A particular economist was suggested by Marty Draper and Steve Slack, who is at VPI (Virginia Tech). If he is not available then some other names need to be generated. A committee will need to be generated by this afternoon to go back to Marty for a conference call with Kitty Cardwell. This is something that has already been moving forward and there is quite a bit of urgency regarding the situation. Marty had provided 4 or 5 specific questions and categories to consider. Don Hershman commented that in August there was a seed grant meeting to look at ways to different approaches regarding the use of sentinel plots and the use of an economic based model. An economist helped that group, Terry Hurley from U. of Minnesota and it is possible he can help out with this process.

8:45-9:15 Observations and thoughts from 2010
-Tom Allen

-The 2010 year was completely different from the 2009 season. Less rust was detected throughout the nation and there were in fact massive reductions in the overall number of states that detected soybean rust from 2009 (17 states) to 2010 (7 states). In addition, 580 counties had positive rust detections during the 2009 season as compared to just 43 total positive counties during the 2010 season. In addition, even though federal funding ended a few years ago and with the situation being funded by NCSRP for the 2010 season there were still some states that had the ability to gain additional funding dollars through other organizations but particularly from local soybean promotion boards. Of the 9 NCSRP states that were funded (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, OK, SC, TX) for 2010 soybean rust monitoring, 5 of those states were able to gain dollars over and above what was provided to them by the NCSRP. Comments from the survey that was circulated to pathology specialists from each state with regards to soybean rust monitoring were discussed to present the differences between previous years as well as the overall challenge that has been met. Even with reduced funding we are still seeing outstanding efforts from states that did not receive funding where they are still able to color counties on the national map and provide producers in their state with the sense of security that they have had since 2004/2005 when the disease was initially detected in the U.S. Although in some states sentinel plots are not being planted or the only thing relied on for the detection of soybean rust a large increase in the use of mobile scouted plots has occurred throughout the U.S. and is providing excellent information. Comments as well as maps were presented with regards to the detection of soybean rust in Walthall County, MS. In the past, the disease has been detected in other counties in the southern part of MS. In 2010, the disease was detected in Walthall County for the first time in late September. Scott Isard was contacted to see if he could provide information with regards to the particular weather patterns that might have influenced the infection of soybean in this county. Scott provided two maps for the presentation on the weather patterns that occurred on August 13 and 14, 2010 when heavy rainfall had occurred in this particular county and the vicinity. Mean wind currents and the overall prevailing winds suggest that the most likely location of origin was on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. During 2010 rust had not been detected in this part of Mexico; however, over the past few years Mexico had positively identified soybean rust from this part of the country. This information was based on maps showing the mean air currents as well as the local rainfall that had occurred on the above dates. Field calls in the area also reported that there was severe peanut rust present in peanut fields within the same county. This added to the interesting scenario and allowed Scott to back track things since that would mean it likely came from a more unique area since wind currents didnt blow the spores for peanut rust in from AL, FL, GA, LA, or TX based on the general geographic locations where peanut production occurs in each of those states. The last slide presented information regarding the regional hotline that provides information for AR, LA, and MS regarding the presence of soybean rust within the region. The figure presented data from the hotline overlaid on the total number of positive counties from around the nation.

-Melvin Newman commented on the resistant frogeye fungus population from western TN. Was Asgrow 4703 that was infected, whole plant samples were brought to Melvin and he knew there was a problem after the field was sprayed with two 6 oz applications of a strobilurin fungicide. Plants following the fungicide applications were still heavily infected with frogeye. Limited fungicide use was implemented in this farmers field prior to 2009 and 2010.

NCERA 208 Multi-state activity update and renewal process
-Steve Slack and Jim Marois

-Steve Slack started the comments at the Federal level regarding the soybean rust situation. Most states are financially struggling with regards to the budget. Steve had spoken with Marty Draper who wanted us all to be aware of the situation. Steve also handed around the updated Appendix E from the updated NCERA208 to make sure that everyone had updated their information. Steve mentioned that if you were not on the list you had to speak to your experiment station director to have that taken care of. The Appendix E is significant since the whole project is being rewritten. Minutes for this meeting are due by the end of January, so if they can be submitted by the middle of January that would be much more helpful. How we have documented the work that we have done over the past 5-6 years is an important part of the renewal process. Some of the information that we have generated as a group needs to make its way into the public domain.

-Jim gave an update on the process for renewal of NCERA208. The proposal is due December 15. The proposal was a 5 year time limit and the first one will end September 30, 2011. The renewal was submitted by the December 1 deadline and we have done that so that we can continue to update and change anything if we need to do that. Jim did indicate that the group has not seen the renewal package (as a group) for quite some time. The consensus of the group was to NOT merge the 208 with another group and was to continue its own entity and not merge with NCERA212. With that in mind, Steve Slack has essentially suggested that we are not fully capitalizing on what the group has conducted and created.

-Essentially we need to revamp the objectives.

-Don Hershman made some comments that followed Doug Jardines regarding the fact that there are several very different AUDPC curves for soybean rust. What is normal

-Albert suggested to change the objectives:

-Currently, the objectives are:

1. Continue to provide leadership for the implementation of an efficient, coordinated soybean rust monitoring system in the U.S.
2. Collaborate with scientists in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean to encourage soybean rust monitoring and reporting outside of the U.S.
3. Indentify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research.
4. Meet annually to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants, industry and commodity leaders.
5. Continue to support and develop educational materials for the identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
6. Collaborate with the APS, USDA, ipmPIPE, regional IPM Centers, and regional/national check-off boards on soybean rust educational programs and initiatives.

-A milestone achievement of the group has been the creation of the system that has been considered by other disease systems (the ipmPIPE revolved around soybean rust and other disease systems have now been added to the situation on the website). Insert some note regarding the complete or full implementation of the system by ------ (date). We can say something along the lines that the system has been proven to be flexible and could be adopted by another disease system (i.e. Ug99, frogeye leaf spot of soybean).

-What, if any, are our milestones for 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, we dont need to focus on the work that weve done in the past but we need to talk about what the group is going to accomplish in the future?

-A milestone could be that we will have a fungicide resistance monitoring system in place by 2014 and expand this to the population biology perspective. In particular the use of the spore germination methodology to carefully and properly consider if resistance to the major class of fungicides has occurred within the U.S.

-Also, there was a comment regarding a new class of fungicide chemistries. With this to occur in the future then the work regarding spray technologies, timings, nozzle type, and other spray technologies would all need to be done again for soybean rust.

-What about the possibility of creating a milestone (or objective, and likely in with the first objective) to expand beyond just weather to include climate to potentially look at the chances of predicting what the year would have for a soybean rust epidemic.

-Rich Joost asked who we are thinking could be a long-term, permanent source of funding?

-A 2016 milestone would be creating some sort of a review paper or a white paper to talk about all of the accomplishments of the group. A potential Annual Review manuscript, a feature article, a white paper (Marty had started to work on this a few years ago but due to the reduction in funding as well as a few other situations this fell by the wayside&&this could be reinitiated?)

-Ray did indicate that the risk to Midwest has yet to be realized and we dont have any method of knowing when that will occur.

-A milestone needs to also be included that we can say that we have effectively disproved the notion that we were going to have MASSIVE yield losses. Don had indicated that one of the original documents from 2004 had suggested we could lose $3 billion once the fungus got to this country. As Clayton suggested because we have had to make some fungicide applications that we have limited the amount of inoculum that could in fact have lead to an epidemic at some location. This is a good point to make and frankly we need to remember that we didnt even have a Section 18 for a single product for soybean rust at the time the fungus arrived in the U.S. in November 2004.

-Kudzu diversity (or diversity of alternative hosts), inoculum survival, overwintering of inoculum place this under Objective 3

-Comments were made by Don Hershman, Clayton Hollier, Jim Marois, Ray Schneider, Albert Tenuta, John Rupe

-Conversation regarding the information/questions that Marty Draper had submitted to Jim Marois regarding the benefits to the crop insurance agency (RMA) of the soybean rust monitoring network.

-Specific email from Marty Draper regarding an RMA proposal was discussed/presented.

Question 1. In those years where there were a lot of red counties then there were a lot of fungicides applied versus those years when there were more green counties? YES, we have the information to do this by looking at web site statistics, hotline call data (AR, LA, MS hotline information), and possible the fungicide sales data from Doanes if we could get a hold of that (potentially Marty Wiglesworth???) or maybe call them and see if they would be willing to give us that information just on soybean sales.

Question 2. YES, we can answer that question. Essentially, if you didnt have the ipmPIPE then rust could have been a problem that would have increased the overall number of insurance pay outs (while this is a simplistic approach it may work to answer this question in the end)

Question 3. Can link the surveys that we conduct as specialists with the website hits to look at the overall number of acres sprayed.

-Scott suggested we build a specific questionnaire and send it to ourselves, fill it out, compile it, and present that information to them as an expert opinion. Then include the specific data that we have on each of those situations and present all of it to RMA.

-It is possible we could look at the yield loss in trials and suggest that without recommendations on the specific use of fungicides then we could have potentially lost XXX amount of dollars.

-Ed, we can go back to those states that have recommended a fungicide when rust did show up and look at specific dates with regards to how timely the fungicide suggestion was made. Surveys can be considered to look at the percent acreage that was sprayed for soybean rust.

-Can we make a case for how rapidly the disease can occur and how difficult it is to detect at low levels and suggest that we timely provide information through the ipmPIPE and if we didnt have that feature (the PIPE) that producers would essentially be blind because they werent making timely applications of a fungicide thus it isnt at the correct timing and they could essentially be losing yield and have to make a claim.

Question 4.

Question 5. To not be creating a super bug. If we arent putting fungicides out there then we arent exposing the inoculum to the overall fungicide chemistries.
-not killing non-target beneficial

-not dumping unnecessary products into the environment

-off target use that impacts fish triazoles impact fish and are toxic to some
species of fish it is possible that a fungicide could be applied to a fish farm and
cause a severe loss at a fish farm (fish would be covered under the same type of
insurance system)

-We need to think about this from the perspective of what sort of losses would we have if the disease were to occur in the Midwest.

-The committee is Scott Isard, Jim Marois, Don Hershman, Tom Allen, Albert Tenuta to create a proposal and initially build a survey to go to the southern states and move forward

2010 and future direction based on previous days discussion
-Jim Marois

-Kiersten Wise has agreed to serve as secretary for NCERA208 for the 2011 meeting and will then serve as president of the group.

-The timing and location of the next meeting. Ray would be happy to host the meeting in Baton Rouge, LA for 2011. 2011 will be the last year for the first 5-year of the 208 meeting. The potential of having the meeting in conjunction with SSDW in Pensacola Beach, FL that would fall sometime in March 2012 was suggested. Don H. suggests that we not meet in conjunction with SSDW since we dont know if the 212 group will decide to meet with SSDW in the future following the meeting in 2011. Loren suggested we shoot for an earlier time, September or October. The group has a fairly good consensus regarding a meeting in October in Baton Rouge, LA. Ray will do the local arrangements. As of right now there are games scheduled on October 1, 8, 22 in Baton Rouge so those weekends are out.

Ray asked if the group maybe wanted to move the meeting to a more northern state in the future for a future meeting site. The potential opportunity for having the meeting in a different location would have to come after the 2011 meeting which has essentially already been located in Baton Rouge barring any change in the situation but information will follow regarding this situation. Ray will work on getting the information from the hotel as soon as possible.

-The meeting was adjourned by Jim Marois at 11:30 AM!

Complete minutes with additional discussions and reports are in the attached full set of minutes.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

-A milestone achievement of the group has been the creation of the system that has been considered by other disease systems (the ipmPIPE revolved around soybean rust and other disease systems have now been added to the situation on the website). The system has been proven to be flexible and could be adopted by another disease system (i.e. Ug99, frogeye leaf spot of soybean). -A milestone could be that we will have a fungicide resistance monitoring system in place by 2014 and expand this to the population biology perspective. In particular the use of the spore germination methodology to carefully and properly consider if resistance to the major class of fungicides has occurred within the U.S. -Also, there was a comment regarding a new class of fungicide chemistries. With this to occur in the future then the work regarding spray technologies, timings, nozzle type, and other spray technologies would all need to be done again for soybean rust. -What about the possibility of creating a milestone (or objective, and likely in with the first objective) to expand beyond just weather to include climate to potentially look at the chances of predicting what the year would have for a soybean rust epidemic. -A 2016 milestone would be creating some sort of a review paper or a white paper to talk about all of the accomplishments of the group. A potential Annual Review manuscript, a feature article, a white paper -Ray did indicate that the risk to Midwest has yet to be realized and we dont have any method of knowing when that will occur. -The milestone we have effectively disproved the notion that we were going to have MASSIVE yield losses. Don had indicated that one of the original documents from 2004 had suggested we could lose $3 billion once the fungus got to this country. As Clayton suggested because we have had to make some fungicide applications that we have limited the amount of inoculum that could in fact have lead to an epidemic at some location. This is a good point to make and frankly we need to remember that we didnt even have a Section 18 for a single product for soybean rust at the time the fungus arrived in the U.S. in November 2004.