W1173: Stress Factors of Farm Animals and Their Effects on Performance

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[08/21/2007] [10/02/2008] [10/05/2009] [11/10/2010] [10/17/2011]

Date of Annual Report: 08/21/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/05/2007 - 08/06/2007
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2006 - 10/01/2007

Participants

John Arthington, Univ of FL; Sam Coleman, ARS Subtropical Research Station;
Don Spiers, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia; Wayne Kellogg, Univ. of Arkansas;
David Morrison, Univ. of Arkansas; CN Lee, Univ. of Hawaii; Hongwe Xin, Iowa State University; Peter Hillman, Cornell Univ.; Anne Parkhurst, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln; Bob Godfrey, Univ. of the Virgin Islands; Christie Driscoll, Univ. of the Virgin Islands (Graduate student); Bob Collier, Univ. of Arizona; John Smith, Kansas St. Univ.; Jose Pantoja Univ. of Puerto Rico; Ted Friend, Texas A&M Univ.; Terry Mader, Univ. of Nebraska; Kifle Gebremedhin, Cornell Univ.; Igmacy Misztd, Univ. Georgia; Don Lay, ARS-USDA; Colin Kaltenbach, Univ. of Arizona; Hank Kattesh, Univ. Tenneesee; Chad Chase, ARS-STARS; Jeff Carroll, ARS-LIRU; Terry Engle, Colorado St. Univ.

Brief Summary of Minutes

1) Introduction Bob Godfrey (host of the meeting) called to order the 2007 Cooperative Western Regional Research Project W-1173 and S-1023 Meeting at 8:30 a.m.
a. Attendance was taken (listed at the end of the minutes) and self introductions were made.
2) Administrative reports
a. Don Lay Chair of the W-1173 group made some general introductory comments about the format of the meeting
i. Format - Two presentations discussing overview of each group: S-1023 and W-1173
ii. Poster presentations
b. Colin Kaltenbach made a few house keeping announcements
i. Send reports to Don Lay
ii. Report of meeting needs to be submitted within 60 days of the end of the meeting
iii. Create 21 announcement more to come next year
3) Summary 1 Presented by Bob Godfrey in place of Scott Willard who could not attend the meeting. Title: Heat Stress: State of the science, future perspectives.
a. Gave general overview of W-1023
i. Slides on heat stress in dairy cows
1. Overview/objectives of W-1023
2. Overview of administration
3. Mission statement
a. Mostly reproduction and nutrition
4. Overview of objectives and discussed specific objectives
a. Heat stress
b. Cross ventilation
c. Supplemental cooling
d. Genetic components
e. Heat tolerance GxE interaction
5. Planned studies
a. Different technology
b. Global warming
c. Coat color
d. Methods digital pictures
6. Objective 2 reproduction
7. Objective 3 Nutrition
8. Heat stress discussion
9. Overall discussion
4) Summary 2 Presented by Don Lay
a. Gave overview of Stress physiology past and present Title: Stress and Performance: State of the science, future perspectives.
i. Generated extensive discussion among the group regarding difference in terminology and general measurements of stress. What is/are the best measurements of stress?
ii. This was followed by general group discussion regarding-best/appropriate measurements of animal stress. The group discussed the possibility of conducting a review of all food animal stress (heat stress primarily) experiments and evaluate the data to see what is missing in the literature. Further discussion included developing a publication through the Journal of Animal Science regarding the minimum measurements that should be taken when trying to study and publish stress in animals based on the outcome of the above mentioned review paper. Several researchers were interested in potentially leading this effort. Further discussion followed indicating that this seems like a good idea but caution needs to be used when trying to dictate what measurements are best to access stress because of the array of different types of stress and the difficulty in defining stress. Concern was also expressed regarding the potential impact on producers having to implement the recommendations from the standardized research guidelines and outputs to production operations.
1. General comments
a. Needs to be biologically significant
b. Measure production output
c. Genetic/environment interaction
d. Types of stress
e. Develop a stress index overall change rather than absolute values.
f. Combination of physiology and behavior
g. Standards
i. Methods
h. Suggested guidelines to standardize stress research in production animals.
i. Minimal measures/standards of stress in animals in order to publish data related to stress.
ii. Combination between physiological and behavioral measurements
iii. Sample size
iii. A discussion followed regarding the Journal of Animal Science and different types of communications that the Journal was considering.

5) Lunch
6) Poster session was held from 1:30 3:30 p.m.
a. Two 1-hour sessions were held. The first hour session, ½ of the attendees stood by their poster and answered questions, then the second group stood by their posters from 2:30 3:30 p.m. and answered questions.
b. The poster session was well received.
7) From 3:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. collaborations were discussed and are listed at the end of the minutes.
8) 5:00 p.m. Adjourn

August 6th, 2007
1) Meeting was called to order at 9:00 a.m. by Don Lay at UVI
2) W-1173 business meeting was held
3) Discussion
a. Location and time of 2008 W-1173 meeting.
i. It was decided to have the meeting in Colorado either on August 5th and 6th, 2008 or August 12th and 13th, 2008
ii. The structure of the next meeting in Colorado was discussed.
1. Topic area or review
a. Discussed having two presentations regarding a topic area (heat, immunological, transport stress, etc.) or a review of the literature on stress. This will be structured/planned by the W-1173 chair and secretary and then voted on by the W-1173 group prior to the 2008 meeting.
2. Poster session
a. The poster session was well received at the 2007 meeting but needs a little modification. The group suggested that we split into three poster presenting groups and allow more time for discussion. This will be structured/planned by the W-1173 chair and secretary and then voted on by the W-1173 group prior to the 2008 meeting.
3. Don Spiers was elected as secretary of W-1173
4. The W-1173 group voted to ask the S-1023 group to join the W-1173 group and meet jointly for the foreseeable future. The S-1023 members present accepted the invitation and indicated they would poll the rest of their members via email.
3) Meeting adjourned.

Collaborations

1) Don Spires Univ. of Missouri; Kentucky ARS Glen Aiken and Jim Strickland; Long-term responses to fescue toxicosis and heat stress in beef cattle . This is a continuation project with ARS to identify long-term changes to these stressors

Florida ARS Sam Coleman, Chad Chase; Texas ARS Jeff Carroll;
Continued Analysis of physiological responses to heat stress for heat tolerant and heat sucsptiable breeds of cattle

John Gaughan(Australia) has access to a bioelectrical impedence system that allows for determination of regional intra-and extra- cellular water. We will send a graduate student to Gaughan to calibrate this system for cattle and determine response to heat stress

2) Arizona Collaborative cross-station plans;
A.We will continue to work with Cornell University and the University of Hawaii to determine factors affecting evaporative heat loss in cattle; B.We will continue to work with Dr. Ann Parkhust at the University of Nebraska to analyze relationships between thermal heat load and production in lactating dairy cows.

3)Influence of weaning age on proinflammatory responses in beef calves. USDA-ARS, Lubbock; Univ. of Florida, Ona; USDA-ARS Brooksville

Influence of Angus hair coat color on measures of heat tolerance and performance. Univ. of Florida, Ona; Univ. of Hawaii; Texas A$M, and Cornell Univ.

4)Tennessee Collaborations; Evaluation of different weaning methods on the health and well-being of beef cattle; - TN, FL will collaborate on analysis of plasma samples for acute phase proteins;- TN, CO will collaborate on examining immune response to foreign antigen (i.e.pig RBC, ovalbumin); - TN, CO may collaborate on plasma analysis of pCBG from hogs in response to marketing; - TN, TX-ARS will collaborate on a study examining effects of specific growth promotants on the performance and well-being of recently weaned pigs.

5)Don Lay; A) Effects of rubber mats in a dairy free stall barn on lameness; Collaborators: IN, D. Lay; S. Eicher; H. W. Cheng; J. Marchant; FL, J. Arthington; NE A. Parkhurst

Objectives: Collect behavior and physiology data from dairy cows over two parities and identify those cows which remain sound and then become lame. Collaborators will analyze blood samples for acute phase proteins, hormones indicative of lameness. Dynamic statistical models will be used to characterize effects of physiology and behavior and parity on lameness in dairy cows.

B) Effects of stress on Salmonella infection in swine;

Collaborators: IN, D. Lay; MS, S. Willard;
Objectives: Infect swine with Salmonella engineered to emit light and determine how Salmonella moves through the body and how it can infect pen mates. Swine will be infected with Salmonella, subjected to mixing stress, and infection will be followed using biophotonics.

6)Hongwei Xin, Iowa St. Univ.;

Energetic, physiological and behavioral responses of laying hens to modified production conditions/practices

Stations: IN, H.W. Cheng

Objectives:A)Assess Performance of finishing laying hens to thermal comfort vs. air quality; B)Assess pain in chickens with different beak-trimming schemes; C) Measure energetic responses of laying hens subjected to different molting regimens or stocking densities/group sites under thermo neutral and heat challenging conditions)

ARS Lubbock, TX and Univ. of Virgin Islands; Evaluate the effect of tick infestation on the immune function of Senepol cattle in the tropics.

8) Colorado State University and University of Tennessee; Evaluate the impact of marketing on stress hormones in swine.

Colorado State University and Texas A&M; Potential to evaluate trailer ventilation strategies to reduce heat stress in swine;
Colorado State University and ARS Lubbock, Texas; Evaluate indicators of CMI in immune naive calves

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1: Identify strategies for developing and monitoring appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being (NE, AZ): Using a nonlinear crossed random effects model with three-way treatment structure for detecting circadian patterns of hormones in heat stressed Holsteins. This study provides a four-parameter modified Gaussian model to describe the circadian patterns of serum prolactin concentrations in heat stressed Holsteins. The crossed and nested random effects have been introduced into the model to simultaneously model the period, cow, and event variations. Comparisons of three-way treatment effects over time and testing of the first-order carryover effects are incorporated with the model building process. We present a general approach to multilevel nonlinear mixed effects model building and advocate in detail a way to simplify the random effect terms and the fixed effect structures. The primary advantage of this procedure is that it can be used to fit nonlinear mixed-effects models with complex random- and fixed-effects structures. The mean level of serum prolactin concentration is 3.701 log (ng/ml). The time to maximum level of log-prolactin is 14.1, rate constant is 19.3 hr-1 and the range is 0.266 (log(ng/ml). Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) did not affect the serum prolactin concentration. However, environment and parity did. The range of serum prolactin concentration was significantly higher (0.883 log (ng/ml)) for nulliparous cow under solar hear stress. Examination of carry-over effects showed initial value of prolactin increased significantly to 4.068 log(ng/ml) after exposure to solar heat stress and tests of interaction showed serum prolactin concentration was significantly lower (2.963 log(ng/ml) ) for nulliparous cows in a thermoneutral environment. Impact: Acclimation to heat stress requires endocrine changes which in turn modify the animals metabolic process. This study provides a statistical method to evaluate the endocrine environment by assessing changes in serum prolactin over time (IN, FL, NE) Evaluating physiological and behavioral predictors of lameness induced by altered management practices in dairy heifers and cows Lameness scoring and incidence were evaluated for primiparous cows that were fed control diets, hypo-alimentation (limit fed) diets, and hyper-alimentation (stuffed) diets. Heifer treatments were pre-partum milking or controls with normal calving routine. Analysis revealed that cow and heifer (controls) was the greatest predictor of lameness, followed by back arch and speed. Impact: Some elements of the 5 point lameness scoring system are more predictive, while others are not informative. The two acute phase proteins measured, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin were not predictive of lameness. This study showed minimal effect of treatments, and that time in the herd was important to the onset of lameness for free-stall housing with concrete flooring. (NE, MARC) Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle Ten years of calving records were examined from Bos taurus, crossbred cows (mean of 182 cows/yr) to quantify effects of environmental conditions during the breeding season on pregnancy rate. Estimated breeding dates were determined by subtracting 283 d from the calving date. Relationships were determined between the proportion of cows bred from the beginning of the breeding season to d 21, d 42, and d 60 of the breeding season to corresponding environmental variables. Weather data were compiled from a weather station located approximately 20 km from the research site. Average daily temperature and relative humidity were used to calculate daily temperature-humidity index (THI). Daily averages for each environmental variable were averaged for each period. Minimum temperature (MNTP) and THI for the first 21 and 42 d of the breeding season were negatively associated (P < 0.001) with pregnancy rate. For the 0 to 21 d, 0 to 42 d, and 0 to 60 d breeding period, respective R2 for average temperatures were 0.32, 0.37, and 0.11, whereas R2 for MNTP were 0.45, 0.40, and 0.10 and R2 for THI were 0.38, 0.41, and 0.11, respectively, for the same breeding periods. The negative associations of temperature and THI with pregnancy rate are most pronounced during the first 21 d of the breeding season with a -3.79 and -2.06% change in pregnancy rate for each unit change in MNTP and THI, respectively. A combination of environmental variables increased R2 up to 0.67. In this analysis, windspeed was found to be positively associated with pregnancy rate in all equations and increased R2 in all breeding periods. Optimum MNTP for the 0 to 21-d, 0 to 42-d, and 0 to 60 d breeding periods were 12.6, 13.5, and 14.9 ºC, respectively. For the 0 to 60-d breeding period, optimum THI was 68.0 while the THI threshold, the calculated level at which cattle will adapt, was found to be 72.9. Impact: Reductions in pregnancy rate are likely when average MNTP and THI equal or exceed 16.7 ºC and 72.9, respectively, and for Bos taurus beef cows that are pasture bred during a 60-d spring-summer season. (HI, NY, AZ) Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments The HI, NY and AZ stations conducted research to evaluate the efficacy of the Vapometer (Delfin Technologies, Finland) versus modified portable calorimeter (developed by NY) on measuring sweating rates in Holstein cows. Ten cows were used in the study (4 in shade and 6 under the sun). Solar load was recorded to be 749W/m2 and the THI was 82.8 (danger zone). There was no difference in sweating rates or skin temperature under shade. Cows exposed to the sun had significantly higher sweating rates and the evaporative cooling was highest in the shaved surface (600 g/h-m2) than the unshaved (300 g/h-m2) when measured by the modified calorimeter. The Vapometer showed small increases in evaporative cooling between the shaved and unshaved surfaces. One possible reason for the difference between the two instruments is the absence of air movement and solar exposure when using the Vapometer. Impact: This study is the first step in developing a data base on sweating rate and cutaneous evaporation, and characterizing the effect of physical and optical properties of hair coat on stress indicators (sweating rate, skin and rectal temperatures and respiration rate) of dairy cows exposed to stressful hot environmental temperatures. (NY, HI): Thermal responses to Holstein dairy cows on pasture with high solar loads and high winds. The NY and HI station also studied the behavior and physiological responses of Holstein cows on pasture in Hawi, Hawaii. This district is unique in that it has high wind speed (>6m/s) and strong solar radiation (from 1100-1500h >800w/m2). Using the HOBO temperature logger held with anchors, we monitored the natural behavior of 10 cows (5 white and 5 black). Black cows had higher core body temperatures. Activities that reduced core body temperature for white cows were standing and grazing while that for black cows was only standing. Body temperatures for both hair coats increased when animals were lying. Cows stood with their tail facing to the wind >60% of the time and perpendicular to the wind about 22% of the time. Standing seems to be the major behavior at mid-day (>60% of the time vs. 20% of time for lying).Impact: Raising dairy cows on pastures instead of barns under high solar loads during the summer heat stress is possible without shade in areas where high prevailing winds occur otherwise shade should be provided. White cows are cooler under direct sunlight than black cows. (MO) A study was conducted to develop a model for fescue toxicosis using rats fed ground commercial diet, endophyte-infected tall fescue seed (E+), and endophyte-free fescue seed (E-) at thermoneutrality. A 2-hr restricted feed diet was used to more accurately see long term feed intake changes in a shorter amount of time. Impact: It is possible to develop a feed-restriction model for fescue toxicosis to evaluate potential treatments. It is very important to slowly acclimate the rats to a restricted feeding schedule, using a familiar diet instead of a novel one, and, in effect, placing only one stressor on the animal at one time. If the rats are not properly acclimated, they will fail to display the reduced feed intake symptoms of fescue toxicosis when placed on an E+ diet. (MO) A rat model for fescue toxicosis was used to evaluate the effect of endophyte toxins on hepatic gene expression under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Impact: Present findings suggest that rats respond to fescue toxicosis and heat stress by inducing CYP3A4 expression and suppressing hepatic antioxidant enzymes, genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and immune system function which could ultimately increase stress and damage to these animals under these conditions. (MO, FL, TX) A study was performed to determine the physiological response differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. Impact: Angus steers rectal temperature was 0.5°C higher than Romosinuano at thermoneutrality. Both breeds initially increased sweat rate more than 4-fold during heat stress, followed by reduction after 3 d. Angus had a higher sweat rate even after heat stress adaptation period. Romosinuano steers exhibit a lower level of heat loss than Angus steers during heat stress, while maintaining a lower core temperature. This suggests that lower metabolic heat production between these breeds is a key determinant of heat tolerance. (MO, KY) A study was designed to determine adaptation to heat stress in Angus cattle using both short- and long-term exposure routines. Impact: Steers stabilized faster to heat stress following adaptation. Sweat rate rapidly increased prior to rectal temperature and respiration rate with heat exposure, to suggest that sweat rate is the better indicator of short-term heat response and adaptation. However, sweat rate decreased in all animals after a few days, even though rectal temperature and respiration rate were still elevated. This suggests that reduction of sweat rate, and possibly water loss, is more important than reduction of body temperature during heat stress. (MO, FL) The goal of this study is to determine the changes in gene regulation in liver of cattle under long-term mild heat stress, and the effect of reduced feed intake associated heat stress on this expression. Impact: Reduced caloric intake does not account for many of the changes in genomic expression during heat stress. Some genes involved in oxidative stress were down-regulated, such as Metallothionein 1, 2, and 3 (80%) and glutathione peroxidase (40%), while glutathione S-transferase was up-regulated by heat stress (240%). Heat shock 70-kD protein 2 was up-regulated by 160%. A number of genes involved in immune functions were also differentially expressed under heat stress. (NY, AZ, HI) Joint research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Vapometer (Delfin Technologies, Finland) versus modified portable calorimeter (developed by Peter Hillman, NY) on measuring sweating rates in Holstein cows. Ten cows were used in the study (4 in shade and 6 under the sun). Solar load was recorded to be 749W/m2 and the THI was 82.8 (danger zone). Sweating rates were lowest when measured by the Vapometer, followed by the modified portable calorimeter at 0.2 m/s and highest at 1.0 m/s. Sweating rates were higher (2x) in shaved area vs. unshaved. Cows exposed to the sun had significantly higher sweating rates and the evaporative cooling was highest in the shaved surface (600 g/h-m2 vs 300 g/h-m2) when measured by the modified calorimeter. Smaller increases in evaporative cooling were recorded with the Vapometer. One possible reason for this difference is the shielded surface from solar exposure when using the Vapometer. (NY, HI) NY and HI station also studied the behavior and physiological responses of Holstein cows on pasture in Hawi, Hawaii. This district is unique in that it has high wind speed (>6m/s) and strong solar radiation (from 1100-1500h >800w/m2). Using the HOBO temperature logger held with anchors, we monitored the natural behavior of 10 cows (5 white and 5 black). Black cows had higher core body temperatures. Activities that reduced core body temperature for white cows were standing and grazing while that for black cows was only standing. Body temperatures for both hair coats increased when animals were lying. Cows stood with their tail facing to the wind >60% of the time and perpendicular to the wind about 22% of the time. Standing is the major behavior at mid-day (>60% of the time vs lying 20%). Impact: The studies suggested that hair coat was a major barrier to cooling and white hair coat reflected the solar load while black surface (skin) was most efficient for evaporative cooling. (NE) Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges. The adaptive capabilities of animals and livestock production systems have been emphasized in this report. Biometeorology has a key role in rational management to meet the challenges of thermal environments. While the focus is primarily on cattle in warm or hot climates, the importance of dynamic animal responses to environmental challenges applies to all species and climates. Methods used to mitigate environmental challenges focus on heat loss/heat production balance. Under cold stress, reduction of heat loss is the key. Under heat stress, reduction of heat load or increasing heat loss are the primary management tools, although heat-tolerant animals are also available. In general, livestock with health problems and the most productive animals (e.g., highest growth rate or milk production) are at greatest risk of heat stress, thereby requiring the most attention. Risk management, by considering perceived thermal challenges, then assessing the potential consequences and acting accordingly will reduce the impact of such challenges. Appropriate actions include: shade, sprinkling, air movement, or active cooling. Summarizing, the most important element of proactive environmental management to reduce risk is preparation: be informed, develop a strategic plan, observe and recognize animals in distress, and take appropriate tactical action. Impact: This literature review outlines the critical elements in the understanding the management of animals during a thermal challenge. (TX) Work is continuing on evaluating the efficacy of the placement of buttons in the vagina, ear canal, and subcutaneously in the neck on dairy cattle as a measure of core temperature. Trials under a range of conditions have been completed. Impact: Vaginal placement using CIDRs is preferable in female cattle. While ear canal and subcutaneous neck placement can give useful comparative data between treatments, short-term conditions that change skin temperature, such as spraying with water or exposure to solar radiation, can cause major fluctuations. (TX, FL, MO) A study was conducted to determine potential differences in the immunological response to an endotoxin challenge in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle. Impact: The results from this study indicated that different breeds of Bos taurus cattle respond differently to an endotoxin challenge and that the Romosinuano may be better equipped to cope with and recover from disease challenges. Further elucidation of the immunological differences between various breeds of cattle will be key in future endeavors to identify cattle with the greatest potential for maximum performance. (TX) A study was conducted to examine the relationships between cattle temperament and performance of feedlot heifers. Impact: Exit velocity has been reported to be a reliable indicator of cattle temperament. This study provided further information pertaining to the relationships among exit velocity, cortisol, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers in a feedlot. Understanding the effects of temperament on performance, health, and overall well-being will enable livestock producers to better manage their cattle. (MS, USDA-ARS-FL and USDA-ARS-TX) Using remote blood sampling devices, studies will address stress and immune responses in non-handled animals of various breed types within the management environment. Preliminary studies to evaluate remote blood sampling procedures have already been conducted (USDA-ARS-TX) and will be expanded to evaluate physiological responses to transportation stress via remote sampling this coming year. Impact: A more resolved understanding of the physiological responses of cattle to stress events will lead to improvements in the management of cattle for enhanced performance. (IN, MS) We evaluated the imaging of light emitting bacteria through the gastro-intestinal tract of swine in relation to concentrations of emitting bacteria that were present. Pigs were inoculated orally with of Salmonella typhimurium transformed to emit light. Pigs were euthanized at 6 or 12 hours and sections of intestine were collected for imaging. Bacterial concentrations were high in the small intestine after a 6-hour incubation in the pig. After a 12-hour incubation, bacterial concentrations are high in the lower portion of the small intestine. Studies are currently evaluating the use of this model system in market weight pigs and co-mingling, transference models that mimic the production environment. Impact: Our study continues to support the use of biophotonic paradigms to improve bacterial pathogenicity models aimed at addressing pre-harvest food safety issues. (IA) Development and use of a GPS herd activity and well-being kit *GPS Hawk) to monitor cattle behavior on pasture. A low-cost GPS herd activity and well-being kit (GPS HAWK) was developed as an alternative to commercial GPS tracking collars. The operational goal of the GPS HAWK was to collect GPS location data at a user-specified frequency and store the data in a secure format. The GPS HAWK utilizes a Garmin 12-channel low-power GPS receiver powered by a 6V, 7.2 Ah sealed-lead acid battery housed in a shoulder-mounted aluminum enclosure. Operation of the GPS HAWK was commanded by a micro-controller based system equipped with six external sensor ports. Data were stored to compact flash media for retrieval. The locomotion behavior of multiple cows was monitored at 20-s intervals. The high-frequency sampling data were used to delineate grazing behavior of the cows on pasture including cumulative travel distance, travel velocity and acceleration. Impact: Locomotion behaviors of cattle could be useful to timely assessment and management of herd health or well-being. The GPS HAWK unit potentially provides a low-cost means to monitor the locomotion behavior along with physiological responses and environmental variables. (FL, TX) Temperature loggers inserted into blank CIDR devices were used to characterize the vaginal temperatures in Angus heifers of varying genotype and phenotype. Impact: These results provide important information relative to the tolerance of varying Angus cattle genotypes to the heat stress conditions of southern Florida. OBJECTIVE 2: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress. (AZ) Development and Validation of an Animal Susceptibility Model. An individual animals stress level is the summation of stresses from three areas: the environment, animal, and management. A model was developed to predict the susceptibility of an individual animal to heat stress. The model utilizes a hierarchal knowledge-based fuzzy inference system with 11 animal characteristics (color, sex, species, temperament, hair thickness, previous exposure, age, condition score, previous cases of pneumonia, previous other health issues, and current health) to predict susceptibility to heat stress and certainty of the prediction. The model was validated using data collected on 192 cattle over a 3-year period. Sixty-four heifers of four different breeds (Angus, Charolais, and two cross-breeds Marc I and Marc III) were assigned to one of eight outdoor pens in each of three years (2004, 2005, and 2006). The correlation of susceptibility to growth rate, condition score change, respiration rate, and panting score provided the basis for validation. Respiration rate and panting score were significantly higher in the higher categories of susceptibility than the lower categories of susceptibility. Recommendations for further studies include validating the model using a more varied group of animals. Impact: Precision animal management is a management scheme which would involve presorting animals to maximize product quality, minimize cost to the producer, and provide maximum animal comfort and well-being. This model attempts to combine the risk factors into a single animal susceptibility number. This number would allow producers to pre-sort their animals, allowing for the high-risk animals to be pen in a special area. This would allow for the economic use of shades, or other management strategies to be employed. (NE) Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model. Cattle produced in open feedlots are vulnerable to a variety of weather events; under certain conditions heat events can be especially detrimental. Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing cattle stress. A variety of shading materials are available; selection of a suitable material is difficult without data that quantify effectiveness of the materials on stress reduction. A summer study was initiated using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various shade materials. The shade structures were 3.6 m by 6.0 m by 3.0 m high at the peak and 2.0 m high at the sides. Polyethylene shade cloth was used in three of the comparisons and consisted of 100%, 80%, and 50% effective shading. Additionally, one of the structures was fitted with a poly snow fence instead of shade cloth. Each shade structure contained a solar radiation meter to measure radiant energy received under the shade material. Additionally, meteorological data were collected as a non-shaded treatment and included temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Analyses of the collected data focused on a physiological model that predicts cattle respiration rate based on relative humidity, ambient temperature, solar radiation and wind speed. An associated heat stress index was used to determine the effectiveness of the shading options. Analyses of the data revealed that time spent in the highest stress category was reduced by all shade materials. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05) existed between all shade materials (compared to no-shade) for hourly summaries during peak daylight hours. Impact: There are many factors that can influence the shade material to be used. These factors include cost, effectiveness, maintenance cost, durability, and potential for snow load. Several different materials were compared for their effectiveness. The 100 % shade material reduced the heat load the greatest. However, the snow fence reduced the heat load enough to eliminate all the estimated time spent in the emergency category. This might be sufficient to save cattle during an extreme event. (MN) Effects of familiarity and weight variation on stress associated with regrouping in growing pigs were assessed. Familiar pigs had minimal aggression and associated injuries, and spent more time eating at regrouping in comparison with unfamiliar pigs. Weight variation did not affect aggression at regrouping. Impact: Familiarity alleviated stress associated with regrouping so to improve welfare and performance. Pigs should be regrouped based on familiarity, not based on body weight. (TX) A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary energy on the immunological response of cattle to an endotoxin challenge. Impact: Results from this study indicated that source and level of dietary energy influence responses to an endotoxin challenge in beef steers. Understanding the associations between diet and immunity will undoubtedly enhance our ability to more effectively manage livestock. OBJECTIVE 3: Develop alternative management practices to reduce stress and improve animal well-being and performance. (IN, FL, NE) Effect of altered management practices in dairy heifers and cows Longitudinal lameness samples have all been collected and ready for acute phase protein analysis (FL). Some many culls after the first calving is not lameness per se, but related to tendon and joint problems related to concrete flooring, while most problems in the second lactation were hoof disease and injury and not specific to concrete housing. Impact: Rubber flooring can decrease culls that occur after first calving thereby increasing herd life expectancy. (TN) An experiment was performed to assess physiological measures of health and well-being in weaned pigs with or without subsequent transport, and to examine the role of pre-weaning weight on the outcome of the weaning and transport processes. The physiological measures used to measure the stress response to transport were similar among pigs regardless of body weight. However, the response to weaning was greater in light weight pigs. Specifically, the plasma concentration of porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (pCBG) was directly related to body weight, and the free cortisol index (FCI) was inversely related to body weight, 24 h post-weaning. Impact: Lighter weight pigs have lower pCBG concentrations, and hence greater FCI, than do heavier pigs 24 h post-weaning. The stress response due to weaning is greater, especially in lighter weight pigs, than the stress associated with transport. (IN, FL, NE) Lameness scoring and incidence were evaluated for primiparous cows that were fed control diets, hypo-alimentation (limit fed) diets, and hyper-alimentation (stuffed) diets. Heifer treatments were pre-partum milking or controls with normal calving routine. Analysis revealed that cow and heifer (controls) was the greatest predictor of lameness, followed by back arch and speed. Impact: Some elements of the 5 point lameness scoring system are more predictive, while others are not informative. The two acute phase proteins measured, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin were not predictive of lameness. This study showed minimal effect of treatments, and that time in the herd was important to the onset of lameness for free-stall housing with concrete flooring. (IN, MS) We evaluated the imaging of light emitting bacteria through the gastro-intestinal tract of swine in relation to concentrations of emitting bacteria that were present. Pigs were inoculated orally with of Salmonella typhimurium transformed to emit light. Pigs were euthanized at 6 or 12 hours and sections of intestine were collected for imaging. Bacterial concentrations were high in the small intestine after a 6-hour incubation in the pig. After a 12-hour incubation, bacterial concentrations are high in the lower portion of the small intestine. Impact: Our study continues to support the use of biophotonic paradigms to improve bacterial pathogenicity models aimed at addressing pre-harvest food safety issues. (TX, FL) Work is continuing on a multi-year project in which three distinct genotypes of Angus cattle are being evaluated for heat and cold tolerance. One cold-weather trial has been completed and the results of the first hot-weather trial are not yet available. Impact: The results of the first cold-weather trial indicates that there is a difference in the genotypes ability to tolerate cold weather. (TX, AZ ?) Heat stress, dairy calves. Texass contribution is investigating alternative methods of reducing heat stress in dairy calves during the summer and cold stress in the calves during the winter in the Southern High Plains. Methods of making hutches more reflective during the summer and more insulated during the winter are being investigated. The need for shade for weaned calves is also being determined. Impact: A foil/double bubble/vinyl wrap made for the hutches appears to be most effective retrofit to hutches in reducing heat stress. (TX, KY) KY is seeking ways to improve ventilation in horse trailers, while TX is working with commercial livestock trailers. Wind tunnel and on truck trials have been conducted to model ventilation in punch-sided semi trailers, and a method on creating cross-ventilation in semi trailers by the use of side mounted scoops is being evaluated. Impact: Cross ventilation of punch-sided semi-trailers is useful in reducing weight loss and airborne contaminants, but additional trials are being conducted to determine its cost effectiveness in feedyards and at slaughter plants. (CO) One hundred twenty seven crossbred yearling steers (497 kg ± 34) were utilized to determine which bunk score yielded the greatest dry matter intake. Steers were randomly sorted into pens and placed into one of three groups. A 3 X 3 Latin square design was utilized. Each of the three groups were randomly allotted to an initial bunk score assignment and were rotated through each of the three bunk scores. The bunk score system utilized a numeric score based on the amount of daily orts from the previous days feeding; a score of 0 orts was a bunk devoid of all feed particles, a score of ½ was from trace-2.26 kg of orts and a score of 1 was 2.27-9.05 kg of orts. Impact: Results of this study suggest that bunk management strategy has a significant effect on DMI characteristics of feedlot steers. Feeding enough feed to last through the night and into the next feeding encouraged greater DMI. This increased intake could result in decreased days on feed, increased performance traits, and a decrease in morbidity as all cattle would have a greater access to a more complete diet. However, if producers were to implement a bunk management practice such as this, they would need to make sure that consistent feed delivery, bunk readings, and cattle management practices were in place. (CO) Equal numbers of British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman crossbred calf-fed steers (n = 420) were used to examine the effects of ractopamine supplementation and biological type on behavior during routine handling. Steers were blocked by BW within type and allocated to pens, resulting in 2 pens (10 cattle per pen) representing each block x type subclass. Pens within each block x type subclass then were randomly assigned to ractopamine supplementation treatments (0 or 200 mg"steer1"d1), which were administered during the final 28 d of the finishing period. At the time final BW were obtained (28 d after treatment initiation), a single, trained observer, blinded with respect to treatment designations, recorded subjective scores to characterize behavior of each animal. Scores included entry force score (degree of force required to load the animal into the chute); entry speed score (walk, trot, run); chute behavior score (calm, restless shifting, moderate struggling); and exit speed score (walk, trot, run). Impact: In the current study, exit speed score (a subjective assessment of nonrestrained behavior similar to flight speed) seemed effective for identifying temperament differences among biological cattle types. Exit speed score (walk, trot, gallop), a practical, subjective assessment of temperament, that does not require specialized equipment for measurement, could be a useful, low-cost tool for cattle producers who wish to evaluate cattle temperament during routine handling of animals in commercial beef operations. (MN) Effects of familiarity and weight variation on stress associated with regrouping in growing pigs were assessed. Familiar pigs had minimal aggression and associated injuries, and spent more time eating at regrouping in comparison with unfamiliar pigs. Weight variation did not affect aggression at regrouping. Impact: Familiarity alleviated stress associated with regrouping so to improve welfare and performance. Pigs should be regrouped based on familiarity, not based on body weight. (IA)Air Quality And Hen Health Status In Three Types Of Commercial Laying Hen Houses. Environmental conditions and bird health are important elements in assessment of animal welfare for laying hen housing systems, but limited information is available comparing different types of systems. Three types of laying hen houses caged high-rise, caged manure-belt, and cage-free floor-raised were monitored for temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, and atmospheric ammonia during winter and summer conditions in Iowa. During winter conditions, temperature and ammonia concentrations were maintained at a more comfortable level for the caged facilities. During summer conditions, temperature showed the least rise above ambient for the cage-free facilities, and ammonia was maintained at similar levels for all housing types. Assessment of hen health status revealed differences in pathogen frequency between housing systems for winter and summer, but not conclusively in favor of one system over another. The results of this observational study indicate that each system may offer benefits during specific weather conditions. Further monitoring to quantify the benefits of each system should be completed. Impact: Scientific data are needed to evaluate the advantages and limitation of various egg layer housing systems. Such information is essential toward developing an optional system that will maximize animal welfare and sustain or improve production efficiency. (FL, USDA-ARS, FL, USDA-ARS, TX, and MO) Characterization of the acute phase protein response in beef steers following endotoxin challenge has been completed. Impact: These efforts illustrate the inflammatory reaction to endotoxin exposure without other external confounding impacts. These data are essential to an improved understanding of the physiological implications of pathogenic stress in cattle.

Publications

Refereed Journal Articles Galindo-Gonzalez, S., J.D. Arthington, J.V. Yelich, G.R. Hansen, G.C. Lamb, and A. De Vries. 2007. Effects of cow parity on voluntary hay intake and performance responses to early weaning of beef calves. Livest. Sci. 110:148-153. Dos Santos, A., J.D. Anderson, R.C. Vann and S.T. Willard. 2007. Live animal ultrasound information as a decision tool in replacement beef heifer programs. J. Appl. Agric. Econ. (Accepted In Revision). Eicher, S.D., M.M. Shutz, S.T. Willard, S. Bowers, S. Gandy and K. Graves. 2007. Pre-partum milking and parlor habituation in primiparous Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Research 74 (4): 413-417. Lammoglia, M.A., M.M. Zeitoun, R.D. Randel, and S.T. Willard. 2007. Effects of removal of the ovary containing the largest follicle on subsequent follicular activity and function of the remaining ovary in Brahman cows. J. Anim. Vet. Advances 6(2): 158-163. Moulton, K., F. Lovell, E. Williams, P. Ryan, D. Lay, D. Jansen and S. Willard. 2006. Use of glycerol as an optical clearing agent for enhancing photonic transference and detection of Salmonella typhimurium through porcine skin. J. Biomed. Optics 11(5): 054027-1 to 054027-8. Schmidt, S.J., S.D. Bowers, T. Dickerson, B.S. Gandy, F. Holholm, K.B. Graves, J. White, R.C. Vann and S.T. Willard. 2006. Gestational, periparturient and preweaning growth traits of Holstein versus Gir x Holstein F1 crossbred dairy calves born to Holstein dams. Tropical Animal Health and Production 38: 249-260. Carroll, J.A., M.A. Walker, S.M. Hartsfield, N.K. Green, N.H. McArthur and T.H. Welsh, Jr. 2007. Visual documentation of ovine pituitary gland development with Magnetic Resonance Imaging following Zeranol treatment. Laboratory Animal 41(1):120-127. Carroll, J.A., N.H. McArthur and T.H. Welsh, Jr. 2007. In vitro and in vivo temporal aspects of ACTH secretion: Stimulatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 54:714. Adcock, R.J., H.G. Kattesh, M.P. Roberts, J.A. Carroll and A.M. Saxton. 2007. Temporal relationships between plasma cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), and the free cortisol index (FCI) in pigs in response to adrenal stimulation or suppression. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress 10(3):305-310. Kojima, C.J., J.A. Carroll, R.L. Matteri, K.J. Touchette and G.L. Allee. 2007. Effects of weaning and piglet size on neuroendocrine regulators of feed intake. Journal of Animal Science (Accepted) Dorton, K. L., T. E. Engle, R. M. Enns, and J. J. Wagner. 2007. Effects of trace mineral supplementation, source, and growth implants on immune response of growing and finishing feedlot steers. 23:29-35 Fulwider, W. K., T. Grandin, D. J. Garrick, T. E. Engle, W. D. Lamm, N. L. Dalsted, and B. E. Rollin. 2007. Influence of free-stall base on tarsal joint lesions and hygiene in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 3559-3566. Baszczak, J. A., T. Grandin, S. L. Gruber, T. E. Engle, W. J. Platter, S. B. Laudert, A. L. Schroeder, and J. D. Tatum. 2006. Effects of ractopamine supplementation on behavior of British, Continental, and Brahman crossbred steers during routine handling. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 3410-3414. Dorton, K. L., T. E. Engle, and R. M. Enns. 2006. Effects of trace mineral supplementation and source, 30 days post-weaning and 28 days post receiving, on performance and health of feeder cattle. Asian-Aust. Anim. Sci. 19:1450-1454. Iacono, C. M., T. H. Friend, H. Keen, T. Martin, and P. Krawczel. 2007. Effects of density and water availability on the behavior, physiology, and weight loss of slaughter horses during transport. J. Equine Vet. Sci. (In press). Archer, G. S., T. H. Friend, D. Caldwell, P. D. Krawczel, C. M. Iacono, H. Keen and T. Martin. 2007. The impact of feeding several components of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on transported lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology (In press). Iacono, C. M., T. H. Friend, R. D. Johnson, P. D. Krawczel and G. S. Archer. 2007. A preliminary study on the utilization of an onboard watering system by horses during commercial transport. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 105:227-231. Krawczel, P. D., T. H. Friend, D. J. Caldwell, G. Archer and K. Ameiss. 2007. Effects of continuous versus intermittent transport on plasma constituents and antibody response of lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 85:468-476. Archer, G. S., T. H. Friend, D. Caldwell, K. Ameiss and P. D. Krawczel. 2007. Effect of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on exercise and transport stress in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 85:225-232. Friend, T. H., H. A. Keen, C. M. Iacono. 2006. Activity of unrestrained horses during on-truck rest stops. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 26:573-577. Nevill, C. H. and T. H. Friend. 2006. A preliminary study on the effects of limited access to an exercise pen on stereotypic pacing in circus tigers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 101:355-361. Martin, T. I., T. H. Friend, J. L. Williams and G. S. Archer. 2006. Predictors of success in an undergraduate animal behavior course. NACTA Journal. Sept:51-56. Krawczel, P. D., T. H. Friend and R. Johnson. 2006. A note on the preference of naïve horses for different water bowls. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 100:309-313. Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, R. A. Eigenberg, T. L. Mader, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2006. Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds. Livestock Science 105:19-26. Brown-Brandl, T. M., R. A. Eigenberg, and J. A. Nienaber. 2006. Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers. Livestock Science 105:57-68.Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl and J.A. Nienaber. Development of a livestock weather safety monitor for feedlot cattle. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (Accepted)Nienaber, J. A. and G. L. Hahn. Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges. International Journal of Biometeorology. (Accepted - published on-line) Adcock, R. J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, J. A. Carroll, A. M. Saxton, and C. J. Kojima. 2007. Temporal relationships between plasma cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), and free cortisol index (FCI) in pigs in response to adrenal stimulation or suppression. Stress. 10(3):305-10. Doherty, T. J., H. G. Kattesh, R. J. Adcock, M. G. Welborn, A. M. Saxton, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2007. Effects of a concentrated lidocaine solution on the acute phase stress response to dehorning in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. In Press. Settivari, R.S., J.N. Spain, M.R. Ellersiech, J.C. Byatt, R.J. Collier and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Relationship between thermal status and productivity in heat stressed dairy cows administered recombinant bovine somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1265-1280. Burgos, R., L.J. Odens, R.J. Collier, L.H. Baumgard and M.J. VanBaale.2007. Evaluation of different cooling systems in lactating heat stressed dairy cows in a semi-arid environment. (Accepted) Prof. Anim. Sci. Bhusari, S., Z. Liu, L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson and E. Antoniou. 2007. Expression Profiling of Heat Stress Effects on Mice Fed Ergot Alkaloids. Vol. 95 (1): 89- 97. Toxicological Sciences. Settivari, R.S., J.N. Spain, M.R, Ellersieck, J.C. Byatt, R.J. Collier, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Relationship of thermal status to productivity in heat-stressed dairy cows given recombinant bovine somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 1265-1280. Settivari, R.S., S. Bhusari, T. Evans, P.A. Eichen, L.B. Hearne, E. Antoniou, and D.E. Spiers. 2006. Genomic analysis of the impact of fescue toxicosis on hepatic function. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 1279-1294. Amundson, J. L., T. L. Mader, R. J. Rasby, and Q. S. Hu. 2006. Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:3415-3420. Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, R. A. Eigenberg, T. L. Mader, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2006. Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds. Livestock Science 105:19-26. Abstracts Arthington, J.D., X. Qiu, R.F. Cooke, D.B. Araujo, C.C. Chase, and S.W. Coleman. 2007. Effects of pre-shipping management on measures of performance and inflammation in beef calves entering a receiving feedlot. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):610. Cooke, R.F., D.B. Araujo, G.L. Stokka, and J.D. Arthington. 2007. Characterization of the acute phase protein response following vaccination and weaning in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):613. Arthington, J.D., D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase, D.O. Rae, J.L. Griffin, and S.W. Coleman. 2007. Comparison of Florida-born, embryo-derived Angus calves sourced from Kansas and Florida herds on measures of performance, disposition, and body temperature from birth to weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 2):3. Cooke, R.F., C.R. Staples, X. Qui, and J.D. Arthington. 2006. Effects of supplement type and feeding frequency on performance and physiological responses of yearling Brahman- crossbred steers. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):222. William, P.N., J.A. Carroll, T.H. Welsh, Jr. and J.C. Laurenz. 2007. Temporal pattern of the stress hormone and cytokine response in pigs following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):13 (Abstract #33). Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, J.W. Dailey, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, R.L. Weaber and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Development of an automatic, indwelling rectal temperature probe for cattle research. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):12 (Abstract #28). OGorman, C.W., E. Gonzales, M.D. Eaton, K.A. Collard, M. Reyna, J.C. Laurenz, R.L. Stanko, D.H. Keisler, J.A. Carroll and M.R. Garcia. 2007. Fetal exposure to maternal stress influences leptin receptor gene expression during development and age at puberty in gilts. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):13 (Abstract #32). Carroll, J.A., C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, J.W. Dailey and R.R. Reuter. 2007. Angus and Romosinuano steers exhibit differential acute phase responses following an endotoxin challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):26 (Abstract #72). Mateo, R.D., S.E. Dowd, J. A. Carroll and S. W. Kim. 2007. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to gestation and lactation diets on the expression of immune related genes in white blood cells of lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 2):99 (Abstract #179). Carroll, J.A. 2007. Bi-directional communication: Growth and immunity in domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):3 (Abstract #7). William, P.N., J.A. Carroll, J.W. Dailey, T.H. Welsh, Jr. and J.C. Laurenz. 2007. Effect of maternal stress on the stress hormone and growth response of pigs to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):87 (Abstract #M266). Monson, D.A., J.A. Carroll, R.D. Mateo and S.W. Kim. 2007. Effect of feeding fermented soybean meal on plasma concentration of cortisol in LPS-challenged nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):148 (Abstract #87). Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, M.S. Brown, N.E. Forsberg, Y-Q. Wang, R. Mock, J.D. Chapman and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Effect of an article sweetener and yeast product combination on immune function measurements, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):370 (Abstract #402). Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Evaluation of physiological differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos Taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):466 (Abstract #W9). Reuter, R.R., J.D. Dailey, J.A. Carroll, M.S. Brown and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Relationships among exit velocity, cortisol, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 85 (Supp. 1):665 (Abstract #932). Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, and M.L. Galyean. 2007. Source and level of dietary energy influence responses to an endotoxin challenge in beef steers. Proceedings, Plains Nutrition Council, Texas A&M University Publication No. AREC 07-20, p. 106. Dailey, J.D., F.M. Mitloehner and J.A. Carroll. 2007. Quantifying animal behavior: Why methods are important. Proceedings of the 41st International Congress of the ISAE, p. 192. Friend, T. H., N. M. Giguere and P. D. Krawczel. 2007. Cross ventilation in commercial livestock trailers shows promise for improving comfort, reducing weight loss and reducing environmental contaminants. J. Animal Science 85, Suppl 1, p. 362. Carter, B. H., T. H. Friend, M. A. Tomaszewski, J. R. Fisher, G. M. Bingham. 2007. Using ear canal temperature to predict vaginal temperature. J. Animal Science 85, Suppl 1, p. 232. Bingham, G. M., T. H. Friend, G. E. Carstens, P. A. Lancaster. 2007. The relationship between residual feed intake and feeding behavior in growing heifers. J. Animal Science 85, Suppl 1, p. 363. Friend, T. H. 2007. Research on the transportation of horses. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the AATA, April 23-25, San Diego, CA. Gebremedhin, K.G., Hillman, P.E., Lee, C. N. and Collier, R. J. 2007. Sweating rates of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments. ASABE Meeting, Minneapolis, MN paper 074083. Lee, C.N. and Hillman, P.E. 2007. Thermal responses of Holstein dairy cows on pastures with high solar loads and winds. ASABE-Dairy Housing VI Conference. Minneapolis, MN paper #13. Zimbleman, R. B., J. Muumba, L. H. Hernandez, J. B. Wheelock, G. Shwartz, M. D. OBrien, L. H. Baumgard, and R. J. Collier. 2007. Effect of encapsulated niacin on resistance to acute thermal stress in Lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: Suppl 1. p.230. Rhoads, M. L., R. P. Rhoads, S. R. Sanders, S. H. Carroll, W. J. Weber, B. A. Crooker, R. J. Collier, M. J. VanBaale, and L. H. Baumgard. 2007. Effects of heat stress on production, lipid metabolism and somatotropin variables in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci 90: Suppl 1. p.230. Rhoads, M. L., J. B. Wheelock, L. L. Hernandez, R. P. Rhoads and R. J. Collier.2007.Expression of ghrelin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) in the reproductive tissues of Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci 90: Supple 1. p.447. Collier, R. J., R. P. Rhoads and L. H. Baumgard. 2007. What we have learned about the genes involved in the Response to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 90: Suppl 1. P.624. OBrien, M.D., J. B. Wheelock, J. La Noce, M.L. Rhoads, M. J. VanBaale, R. J. Collier and L. H. Baumgard.2007. Effects of heat stress vs. underfeeding on milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 90: Suppl.1. p. 58 Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee and R.J. Collier. 2007. Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments. Proc. ASABE Mtg. Minneapolis, Minn. Paper #. 074083 Settivari, R. S., T. Evans, E. Antoniou, M. Sutovsky, P. Sutovsky, and D.E. Spiers 2007. Effect of fescue toxicosis and acute heat stress on hepatic oxidative activities. The Toxicologist, 96 (1). p. 36. Spain, J.N. and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Feeding programs that meet the challenges of heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 623. Raney, S., P.A. Eichen, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Development of a feed-restriction model to identify factors responsible for fescue toxicosis-induced reduction in food intake. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 464. Scharf, B., L. E. Wax, D. H. Keisler, and D. E. Spiers. 2007. Adaptation of Angus steers to long- term heat stress in the eld using controlled heat challenge. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 466. Scharf, B., L. E. Wax, J. A. Carroll, D. G. Riley, C. C. Chase Jr., S. W. Coleman, D. H. Keisler, and D. E. Spiers, 2007. Evaluation of physiological differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 466. Spain, J.N., L. Parsons, R. Crawford, C. Brown, and D. E. Spiers. 2007. Thermal status for different breeds of dairy cattle exposed to summer heat stress in a grazing environment. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 540. Antoniou, E., E., J. Robertson, and D. Spiers. 2007. Gene Regulation in liver of cattle exposed to heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 85, Suppl. 1. p. 625. Kirch, B.H., G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. The influence of temperature variation upon vascular dynamics in cattle as measured by Doppler-image ultrasonography. In A.J. Popay and E.R. Thom (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 13 (pp. 391-393). Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association. Eichen, P.A., S.L. Raney, G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Development of a feed- intake model for evaluation of toxins associated with endophyte-infected fescue. In A.J. Popay and E.R. Thom (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 13 (pp. 403-405). Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association. Wax, L.E., G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Development of a bovine model to evaluate administration routines for endophyte-infected tall fescue. In A.J. Popay and E.R. Thom (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 13 (pp. 407-409). Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association. Lin,X, M. Zhou, A. M. Parkhurst, B. C. Pollard, R. J. Collier, 2007. Using Segmented Models to Evaluate Measures of Thermal Stress in Holstein Cows , Paper presented at Proc. 19th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Zhou, M., A..M. Parkhurst, B.C. Pollard, R.J. Collier, 2007. Using a nonlinear crossed random effects model with three-way treatment structure for detecting circadian patterns of hormones in heat stressed Holsteins Paper presented at Proc. 18th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Willard, S.T., M. C. Vinson and R.W. Godfrey. 2006. Digital infrared thermal imaging of the eye as correlated to rectal and vaginal temperature measurements in the ewe. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 434 (Abstr. # 583) ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Vann, R.C., R.D. Randel, T.H. Welsh, S.T. Willard, J.A. Carroll, M.S. Brown and T.E. Lawrence. 2006. Influence of breed type and temperament on feedlot growth and carcass characteristics of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 396 (Abstr. # 468) ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Dos Santos, A.R., S.T. Willard, R.C. Vann and B. Macoon. 2006. Relationships between endocrine status, temperament, growth and carcass traits in replacement beef heifers supplemented with dietary fat. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 56 (Abstr. #M154) ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Willard, S., P. Ryan, D. Sykes, M. Crenshaw, R. Vann, R. Randel, T. Welsh, S. Bowers, M. Jones and A. Chromiak. 2006. Effectiveness of ocular thermography for the determination of body temperature in livestock: A multi-species analysis. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 354 (Abstr. # E172) ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Curley, K.O., J. Lyons, M.S. Brown, T.E. Lawrence, J.A. Carroll, R.C. Vann, S.T. Willard, T.H. Welsh and R.D. Randel. 2006. Influence of breed type and temperament on anatomic and endocrinologic parameters of the bovine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 353 (Abstr. # W170) ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Moulton, E. Williams, P. Ryan, D. Moore, S. Kim, D. Lay and S. Willard. 2006. Detection of photonic emissions with varying concentrations of Salmonella typhimurium-lux through porcine intestinal tissue: A comparison of two photonic imaging systems. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 349 (Abstr. # W156) ASAS Nationals, Minneapolis, MN. Ryan, P.L., Crouch J., Moulton K., Willard S.T., Christiansen D.L., Bennett, W.A., LeBlanc M,M. 2006. Evaluation of pathogen progression during experimentally-induced placentitis in the late gestation mare and ewe using lux-modified Escherichia coli and bioluminescence imaging technology. Proceedings 22nd Annual Alltech Symposium, Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry, Lexington, KY. Book Chapters Carroll, J.A. and N.E. Forsberg. 2007. Influence of Stress and Nutrition on Cattle Immunity. In: K.C. Olson and L.C. Hollis (eds) Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Elsevier Saunders, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 105-149. Friend, T. H. 2007. Transportation of Horses. In: N. E. Robinson. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. 6th edition. Saunders, New York. (In press). Conference Proceedings Green, A.R., I. Wesley, D.W. Trampel, and H. Xin. 2007. Air quality and hen health status in three types of commercial laying hen houses. Technical Paper # 074119. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St Joseph, MI: ASABE Brown-Brandl, T. M. and D. D. Jones. 2007. Development and Validation of an Animal Susceptibility Model. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper #074081 ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Eigenberg, R. A., T. M. Brown-Brandl, and J. A. Nienaber. 2007. Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper #074082 ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Nienaber, J. A., G. L. Hahn, T. M. Brown-Brandl, and R. A. Eigenberg. 2007. Summer Heat Waves -- Extreme Years. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper #074084 ASABE, St. Joseph, MI Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, and R.J. Collier. 2007. Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, ASAE Paper No. 074083. Lee, C.N. and P.E. Hillman. 2007. Thermal responses of Holstein dairy cows on pastures with high solar loads and high winds. Sixth International Dairy Housing Conference Proceeding. 16-18 June. Minneapolis, MN, ASABE publication No. 701P0507e. Parker, K. R., R. C. Vann, S. T. Willard, R. D. Randel and T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2007. Relationship of plasma immunoglobin G levels to temperament, physiological stress, and growth performance. ASAS National Meeting San Antonio, TX. McGee, M., A. Kouba, S. Bowers, R. Meek, B.L. Elliot, C. Horton, T. Hill, E. Piorkowski and S. Willard. 2007. Use of fecal progestin determinations to characterize the estrous cycle in captive female bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygargus). ASAS National Meeting San Antonio, TX. Godfrey, R.W., R.C. Driscoll and S.T. Willard. 2007. Use of infrared thermal imaging to measure changes in body temperature following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in hair sheep ewes. ASAS National Meeting San Antonio, TX. Moulton, K., P. Ryan, R. Youngblood, M. McGee, S. Laird, A. Harris, D. Moore, I. Kim, D. Lay and S. Willard. 2007. Evaluation of photonic imaging in the gastrointestinal tract of swine following oral inoculation with lux-modified Salmonella typhimurium. ASAS National Meeting San Antonio, TX. Willard, S.T., S. Dray, R. Farrar, M. McGee, S. Bowers, A. Chromiak and M. Jones. 2007. Use of infrared thermal imaging to quantify dynamic changes in body temperature following LPS administration in dairy cattle. American Society of Animal Science - Southern Section; Mobile, AL; Feb. 2007. Vann, R.C., S.T. Willard, T.H. Welsh, Jr. and R.D. Randel. 2007. Evaluation of ultrasound body composition traits as affected by temperament and transportation stress. American Society of Animal Science - Southern Section; Mobile, AL; Feb. 2007. Willard, S., A. Kouba, D. Zimmerman and A. Chromiak. 2006. An assessment of thermal signatures of the elephant foot as determined by digital infrared thermography. Elephant Managers Association 2006 Annual Conference, October 15 18, 2006, Albuquerque, NM; Abstract: p. 19. Olson, T.A., C.C. Chase, Jr., C. Lucena, E. Godoy, A. Zuniga, and R. J. Collier, 2006. Effect of hair characteristics on the adaptation of cattle to warm climates. 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, August 13-18, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Gaughan, J. B., and T. L. Mader. 2007. Managing heat stress of feedlot cattle through nutrition. In: Recent advances in animal nutrition in Australia. July 2007 Univ. New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. Henry, C., T. Mader, G. Erickson, R. Stowell, J. Gross, J. Harner, and P. Murphy. 2007. Planning a new cattle feedlot. Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln. EC777. Huang, Q., A. M. Parkhurst, T.M. Brown-Brandl, R.A. Eigenberg, J.A. Nienaber. 2006. Evaluating linear and nonlinear models for the response rate of four breeds of heat stressed feedlot heifers, Paper presented at Proc. 18th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Mader, T. L. 2007. Heat stress effects on feedlot cattle and mitigation strategies. Proc. 22nd Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference. Feb 22-23. Tempe, AZ. Zhou, M., A.M. Parkhurst, R.A. Eigenberg, J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, 2006. Evaluating nonlinear crossed random effects models for comparing temperature of eating pigs under different thermal environments, Proc. 18th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS Theses Davis, J.D. 2006. Remote characterization of locomotion, grazing and drinking behavior in beef cattle using GPS and ruminant temperature dynamics. A PhD dissertation, Iowa State University Parks Library, Ames, Iowa 50011. Sachin Bushari: (Ph.D., Animal Sciences) graduated in Fall 2006; Effects of fescue toxicosis and heat stress on murine hepatic gene expressioN.

Impact Statements

Impact statements are embedded in the accomplishments section

Date of Annual Report: 10/02/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/12/2008 - 08/13/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2007 - 09/01/2008

Participants

Participants from W-1173

Susan Eicher: USDA-ARS
Anne Parkhurst: University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Terry Mader: University of Nebraska
Jeremiah Davis: Mississippi State University
Bob Collier: University of Arizona
Colin Kaltenbach University of Arizona
Don Spires: University of Missouri
Hank Kattesh: University of Tennessee
Deb Hammernik: USDA-CSREES
Ernie Minton: Kansas State University
K.G. Gebremedhin: Cornell University
C.N. Lee: University of Hawaii
Terry Engle: Colorado State University

From S-1023

Ignancy Misztal: University of Georgia
David Morrison: Louisiana State University
Bob Godfrey University of the Virgin Islands
Wayne Kellogg: University of Arkansas

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Summary

August 12th, 2008

1) Introduction Terry Engle (host of the meeting) called to order the 2008 Cooperative Western Regional Research Project W-1173 and S-1023 Meeting at 8:30 a.m.
a. Attendance was taken and self introductions were made.
2) Administrative reports
a. Terry Engle Chair of the W-1173 group made some general introductory comments about the format of the meeting
i. Format 6-15 minute presentations of station reports
ii. Poster presentations
b. Colin Kaltenbach made a few house keeping announcements
i. Send reports to Terry Engle
ii. Report of meeting needs to be submitted within 60 days of the end of the meeting
c. Deb Hammernik
i. Presented CSREES updates and statistics (handouts)
3) Presentations
4) Lunch
5) Presentations
6) Poster session 2:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
7) 5:00 p.m. Adjourn

Collaborations from W-1173

New York
Planned Collaborations
A. Work with C.N. Lee of the University of Hawaii and Bob Collier of the University of Arizona on a sweating rate, respiration rate and internal body temperature project.
B. Work with C.N. Lee of the University of Hawaii and Ann Parkhurst of the University of Nebraska on statistical analyses of data on the effectiveness of anchors for continuous measurements of vaginal temperature of dairy cows.
C. Work with C.N. Lee of the University of Hawaii, Bob Collier of the University of Arizona and Ann Parkhurst of the University of Nebraska on statistical analysis of data to determine if there is cyclic pattern on sweating rate.

Mississippi
Planned Collaborations
Schmidt (MS) is currently in the process of working with Dr. Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX) to determine the consequences of transportation stress on physiological and nutritional parameters in beef cattle. This project is scheduled to start in mid-October 2008.

Schmidt (MS) is working on an evaluation of energy repartitioning of cattle exposed to an immune challenged and transportation stress is also a collaborative research project with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-Lubbock) and Mike Ballou (TX).

Willard (MS) is continuing collaborations with Don Lay (USDA-ARS-IN) on the development of biophotonic paradigms for bacterial pathogen tracking in vivo.

Willard (MS) is continuing collaborations with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX) and Tom Welsh (TX) on the interactions of temperament and stress responses in beef cattle.

Hawaii
Planned Collaborations
AZ, NY and HI plan to study the effect of various solar loads on evaporative cool in controlled environment using the modified portable calorimeter.

NB, NY and HI will use statistical model to understand the physiological responses of beef heifers in feedlot conditions.

Missouri
Planned Collaborations
Work with Cheryl Kojima and John Waller of the University of Tennessee, and Jim Strickland and Glen Aiken from USDA/University of Kentucky to identify genetic and physiological markers of sensitivity to heat stress and fescue toxicosis.

Work with Bob Collier and Terry Mader on Developing a Program for a Discover Conference on Heat Stress in 2010.

Work with Ann Parkhurst on analyzing data for critical breaking points and hysteresis activity during exposure to heat stress.

Work with Wayne Kellogg of the University of Arkansas to determine heat stress responses of dairy cows in farm environments in an effort to identify markers of sensitivity.

Arizona
Planned Collaborations:
Work with C.N. Lee of the University of Hawaii, Peter Hillman and Kifle Gebremdehin of Cornell University on a sweating rate project at the University of Arizona

Work with Don Spiers and Terry Mader on Developing a Program for a Discover Conference on Heat Stress in 2010.

Work with Ann Parkhurst on analyzing data for THI index

Kansas
Planned Collaborations:
Planned collaborations were submitted at the annual meeting. Kansas State plans to collaborate with MARC in understanding how heat stress may alter the porcine intestinal epithelium and affect barrier function in the gut.

Tennessee
Planned Collaborations
TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX and USDA-IN in measuring corticosteroid-binding globulin in plasma from cattle as a physiological measure of stress.

TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX, CO and FL on a study examining the effects of weaning strategy on the physiology and performance of beef calves.

TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from MO examining genetic markers for fescue toxicity.
Indiana
Planned Collaborations
Work with C.N. Lee of the University of Hawaii on the effect of heat events experienced by the dam on calf health and growth.

Work with Don Spiers (MO). on the effect of heat events experienced by the dam in a controlled chamber environment on calf health and growth.

Work with John Arthington (FL) on changes in expression of acute phase proteins for cows housed on rubber or concrete.

Work with Hank Kattesh (TN) on prenatal stress effects of swine.

Colorado
Planned Collaborations
CO will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX, TN and FL on a study examining the effects of weaning strategy on the physiology and performance of beef calves.

Accomplishments

New York Accomplishment: Sweating rates from heat-stressed dairy and feedlot cows were measured using a Portable Calorimeter and a Bovine Evaporation Meter designed and fabricated for the studies reported herein. Measurements were taken when cows were in their natural habitat. The focus of the study was to compare sweating rates measured from different breeds of dairy and feedlot cows, and determine the level of influence of environmental factors (air temperature, relative humidity, solar load , air velocity), and hair-coat color on sweating rate. The cows were exposed to solar radiation greater than 500 W/m2 (average 833 ± 132 W/m2), average THI was 82.7 ± 1.64 for all studies except for the Nebraska data where the THI was 77.4 ± 4. Air velocity in the sample area was between 0.8 and 1.2 m/s, and body (rectal) temperature was greater than 38.8°C (threshold for heat stress). The range of sweating rates was between 189 ± 84.6 and 522 ± 127.7 g/m2-h, and that of body temperature was between 39.3 ± 0.53 and 41.7 ± 0.19 °C. Differences in sweating rates were statistically significant at P <0.05 value between breeds, between black and white hair coats (within breed) and changes in solar load, relative humidity, and air velocity. Wetting the skin surface coupled with increased air velocity profoundly increased the rate of evaporation by converting sensible heat to latent heat. Behavioral activities of 32 heifers in pens with shade and no shade (exposed to sunlight) were observed to establish whether or not providing shade made a difference in vaginal temperatures of heifers. Four breeds of heifers, 8 of each breed: black Angus, white Charolais, tan-colored MARC I and dark-red colored MARC III were used to determine the effect of hair-coat color on thermal responses. A mechanistic coupled heat and mass transfer model that uses, as an input, environmental parameters and physical and optical properties of hair and hair coat was used to do thermal analysis. There was no significant difference in thermal responses between breeds when heifers were in shade or no shade at an ambient temperature of 36°C. Hair color played a significant role in solar radiation absorption. The black and dark-red colored heifers absorbed higher solar radiation than white and tan colored heifers. Providing shade made a difference in thermal response when the heifers were exposed to 42°C but not when exposed to 36°C. Sensible heat load was sensitive to changes in ambient air temperature, air velocity and density of hair coat. Mississippi Accomplishment (Schmidt): Crossbred calves (n=133) weighing an average of 228.82 ± 22.15 kg were evaluated upon arrival at a 10,000-head capacity backgrounding facility to evaluate an easily obtainable measurement taken at arrival as a prognostic tool for sorting incoming cattle. Standard protocol upon arrival was individual ID (ear tag), antiemetic application and vaccinations for respiratory disease (modified live vaccine) and clostridial pathogens. In addition to arrival protocol, heifers were weighed, rectal temperature determined, and a thermal image (FLIR ThermaCAM EX320) was captured. Thermal images were collected at a standard distance of 76.2 cm from the restraining chute. To determine the correlation between rectal temperature and thermal images; the image of Planum Nasolabiale Area (PNA) of the muzzle was highlighted and then bisected by one vertical line, one horizontal line, and two diagonal lines into quadrants that intersected at the geometric center of the PNA. Muzzle temperature was positively correlated with rectal temperature taken at the time of processing (P<0.01). The most highly correlated area on the muzzle was the convergence of lines in the geometric center of the PNA (r =0.50; P<0.01) and the least correlated measure was the diagonal line bisecting the PNA (r=0.34; P<0.01). Factor one from principle component analysis (PCA) had high loadings for quadrants bisected by the vertical line (0.99 and 0.97; PCA); while maximum temperature of the NPA. Accomplishment (Willard-MS and Lay-USDA-ARS-IN): Acquiring a highly stable photonic plasmid in transformed Salmonella typhimurium for use in biophotonic studies of bacterial tracking in vivo is critical to experimental paradigm development. The objective of this study was to determine stability of transformed Salmonella typhimurium (S. typh-lux) using three different plasmids and characterize their respective photonic properties. In presence of ampicillin (AMP), S. typh-lux with pCGLS-1, pAK1-lux and pXEN-1 plasmids exhibited 100% photon-emitting colonies over a 10-d study period. Photon emitters of S. typh-lux with pCGLS-1, pAK1-lux and pXEN-1 without AMP selection decreased over time (P < 0.05), representing only 11 ± 1%, 35 ± 1% and 43 ± 1%, respectively, of original photon emitting properties of the bacterial population by d 10. Photonic emissions were positively correlated with bacterial concentration (P < 0.05) for pAK1-lux, pCGLS-1 and pXEN-1 (r = 0.96, 0.98 and 0.82, respectively). When stratified by high, medium and low density bacteria concentrations, photonic emissions for high density populations containing pAK1-lux, pCGLS-1 and pXEN-1 resulted in differences of photonic emissions across a range of bacterial concentrations (1×107 to 1×109 CFU, P < 0.05) with positive correlations (P < 0.05) of (r = 0.72, 0.46 and 0.72, respectively). The correlation of photonic emissions with bacterial concentrations for samples with medium and low density bacteria (pAK1-lux, pCGLS-1, and pXEN-1 plasmids) imaged in tubes were also positively correlated (medium; r=0.69, 0.49, 0.46, low; r=0.90, 0.71, 0.68, respectively; P > 0.05); although photonic emissions across a range of bacterial concentrations were not different (1×104 to 1×106 CFU, P > 0.05). For very low density bacterial concentrations imaged in 96 well plates photonic emissions were positively correlated with bacterial concentration (P < 0.05) for pAK1-lux, pCGLS-1, and pXEN-1 plasmids (r=0.99, 0.99, and 0.96, respectively), and photonic emissions across a range of bacterial concentrations (1×103 to 1×105 CFU) low to high were different in the 96-well plate format (P < 0.05). These data characterize photon stability properties for S. typh-lux transformed with three different photon generating plasmids that may facilitate real-time Salmonella tracking using in vivo or in situ biophotonic paradigms. Accomplishment (Willard-MS): In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing requires 24 h to several days for results using various methods. In this study, bioluminescence was used to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility over time of Salmonella typhimurium pAK1-lux (S. typh-lux). Compounds (gentamicin, tetracycline, methionine and Alimet®) were added to S. typh-lux-containing tubes while other tubes had no compounds added (NA). Aliquots were drawn at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h post-treatment, transferred to 96-well plates; (n=8 wells/treatment) and imaged. Wells were serially diluted, plated on agar and incubated. Agar plates were counted, bacterial concentrations calculated, and images analyzed. Photonic emissions were positively correlated with bacterial concentration (R=0.79, 0.81, 0.90, 0.81, 0.85, 0.79, 0.88 (P<0.05) and 0.62 (P=0.053) for NA1, NA2, NA3, NA4, methionine, Alimet®, gentamicin and tetracycline, respectively. Photonic emissions relative to bacterial population increased (P<0.05) and remained stable from 0 to 6 h for the NA, Alimet® and methionine-treated group and decreased (P<0.05) for gentamicin and tetracycline treated group. In conclusion, bacterial concentrations were highly correlated with photonic emissions, and thus S. typh-lux-based systems may be utilized to rapidly evaluate antimicrobials for susceptibility testing in vitro. Accomplishment (Willard): Intrauterine infections in the bovine can have detrimental effects on reproductive performance, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a primary causative pathogen. Our objectives were to characterize the photonic properties of E. coli-Xen14 (a stably transformed E. coli containing the lux operon), and conduct photonic imaging of E. coli-Xen14 from within the excised bovine uterus. E. coli-Xen14 (Xenogen) was grown for 24 h in LB broth with or without Kanamycin (KAN; 30¼g/mL) and placed in an incubated shaker at 37°C. Inoculums were placed in 96-well plates for imaging, and photonic emissions collected for 2 s. Following imaging, inoculums were sub-cultured over 7 d, and plated daily (on LB agar plates with or without KAN) to determine the CFU/ml and ratio of photonic emitters vs. non-emitters. Excised bovine reproductive tracts (n = 4 tracts; 3 replicates per tract) were acquired and E. coli-Xen14 placed in a 1 mL tube for photonic imaging (5 s) pre- and post-insertion into the uterine horns. The CFU/ml did not differ (P>0.05) over time with or without KAN presence; remaining stable with 99.93 and 99.98% photonic emitters, respectively. However, RLU/s were lower (P<0.0001) in the presence of KAN than Controls (629.8±117.7 vs. 3,012.0±423.5 RLU/s, respectively). Photonic emissions from E. coli-Xen14 imaged within the uterine horns resulted in a 4,847.1±215.3 RLU/s loss (P<0.05) through the uterine horns, or an efficiency of photonic detection of 3.98±0.007% of the original (pre-) emission intensity. The concentration of photonic E. coli-Xen14 detected through the uterine horns was 662.5 x 106±149.0 x 106 CFU/ml, with a uterine horn wall thickness of 6.2±4.2 mm. In summary, E. coli-Xen14 remained stable with respect to the percentage of photonic emitters with or without KAN (used to selectively culture E. coli-Xen14), however KAN presence suppressed photonic activity. Imaging of E. coli-Xen14 was feasible through the bovine uterine horns ex vivo, suggesting that further development of this model may facilitate the monitoring of pathogen presence within the reproductive tract of the bovine in vivo. Accomplishment (Willard): Collecting blood samples from livestock poses unique challenges when trying to measure stress hormones. Remote blood collection would permit lessened human interaction and sampling within diverse management environments. The IceSampler" blood collection system (ICE) is designed to promote a hands-off approach to blood collection. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of ICE for the collection of blood samples from unrestrained cattle. Successive (n = 9), 16-sample ICE sessions were initiated using 2 Holstein cows with the ICE system to examine uniformity of blood tube volume and timing precision of sample collection. Cows were catheterized and outfitted with the ICE system. The ICE system was then programmed to sample at 15 min to 1 hr intervals. A stress response was artificially induced post-ICE initiation (ACTH challenge; 0.125 IU/kg BW), and cows allowed to roam freely until sampling was completed. When the sequence was completed, the ICE was replenished with new blood tubes and re-launched. The Holstein cows (n=2) fitted with samplers were used for all sampling sessions. Analysis of blood tube volume, sampling time precision, sampler mechanics (e.g. failed tubes) and cortisol (CORT) were used for statistical analysis. Intra-sampling coefficient of variation (CV%) for precision of sampling time was 0.13%; with only 1.8% of recorded sampling events indicating a deviation from expected sampling time (±5 sec in both cases). Intra-sampling CV% for tube blood volume within sampling run was 25.17%, however across sampling runs the inter-sampling CV% for tube blood volume collected was 83.47%; indicating a high degree of variation in sample volume collection (possibly due to catheter rather than ICE performance). Of 9 sampling sessions, 7 were successful (77.8%). Of the n=112 expected blood samples from the seven completed sessions, n=102 blood samples were collected (91.1%). Elevated CORT post-ACTH was evident in ICE samples, and was greater (P < 0.05) than baseline CORT at 3.5 h post-ACTH (0.22 ± 0.03 ug/dl; Range: 0.001 to 0.69 ug/dl). Automated blood sampling in ambulatory, unrestrained cows with ICE was effective, however efforts to improve uniformity of blood volume collection and greater successful sampler completion are needed. Hawaii Accomplishment: The research stations at NY (Dr. Hillman and Dr. Gebremedhin), FL (Dr. Arthington) and HI conducted joint research to evaluate the adaptation of 3 types of Angus in hot-humid summers of Ona, Florida. Six animals were studied for 3 days; black Angus whose origin was from Kansas (2), black Angus whose origin was from Brooksville, Florida (2) and white Angus from Ona, Florida. The objective was to determine the adaptability of the same breed but of different origin and hair coat color to heat stress. The efficacy of sweating (thus evaporative cooling) was measured with a modified portable calorimeter (developed by Peter Hillman, NY). This instrument has variable air flow which would enable one to determine the relationship of air movement directly over the body surface and sweating rates. The study was conducted in field conditions (pasture) and animals at late term pregnancy were restrained using a portable chute. Solar load was recorded >700W/m2 and the average THI was 82.3 (danger zone). The relative humidity was above 62%. The Florida white had lower dorsal skin temperatures (39.60C), lower rectal temperatures (40.0C)and lower respiration rates (RR, 98.4 breaths/min.). This was followed by the Brooksville black (45.50C, 40.80C, 105.0 RR) and the Kansas black (45.00C, 41.70C and 126.9 RR). Florida whites had more short hair and the hair (both long and short hair) were shorter than the blacks. Sweating rates were lowest for when lowest for the Kansas black and highest for the Florida whites. Evaporative cooling increased with air movement at the skin surface for both Florida whites and Brooksville black but not for the Kansas black. Average sweating rates (g/m2-h) were 379.4, 236.1 and 207.3 for Florida whites, Brooksville and Kansas black respectively. Missouri Accomplishment: A study is being conducted to determine both short- and long-term responses to fescue toxicosis using controlled environmental chamber and pasture exposures, respectively. The experiment consists of Angus steers split into 4 groups. The first group is fed uninfected fescue (E-) in the chambers followed by placement on an E- pasture. The second group is fed endophyte-infected fescue (E+) for the whole experiment. The remaining groups are switched between E+ and E- pastures. Collection of data is complete and is currently being analyzed. We hope to determine if heat stress through the summer will result in adaptation to heat stress (e.g., lower core temperature, respiration rate, and sweat rate) with the E- group. The second group determines if E+ pasture will improve response to E+ under controlled conditions or whether the combination is overwhelming and reduces animal health. Finally the two switch groups allow for testing of whether consuming E+ changes the response to heat stress and if summer heat alters the animals response to an E+ challenge. One preliminary result indicates that sweating rate is severely reduced as a result of fescue toxicosis. Preliminary results from the previous experiment showed that sweating rates were lower as a result of fescue toxicosis. One possible reason for a low sweating rate is animal dehydration. An experiment was performed to determine the effects of dehydration on cattle. Angus steers were acclimated for seven days at thermoneutrality (21C). This was followed by three days each of water restriction and rehydration. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured six times daily. Blood samples were taken prior to dehydration, and once daily during dehydration and rehydration. Body weight, food and water intakes, and cutaneous water loss at shaved sites were recorded during acclimation and daily during dehydration and rehydration. Steers lost 4 percent body weight during dehydration, but it returned to baseline within 24 hours rehydration. Feed intake decreased (70 percent) within 24 hours of dehydration, and recovered after 24 hours rehydration. Respiration rate and cutaneous water loss decreased with dehydration, which, combined with the reduction in feed intake, resulted no physiological change in rectal temperature. Hematocrit was a variable indicator of dehydration, decreasing during the first 24 hours, before returning to baseline. Serum osmolarity increased within 24 hours without water, and remained elevated until rehydration. Dehydration appeared more complex than rehydration, resulting in increases in some blood parameters and no change in others. In contrast, rehydration decreased in all blood parameters to suggest blood dilution. The above experiment was done under thermoneutral conditions to concentrate on only one stressor, dehydration. Thermal status was maintained at thermoneutrality which was expected in the absence of thermal stress. A second experiment was performed to determine the effects of heat stress along with dehydration. Angus steers were acclimated for seven days at thermoneutrality before being exposed to 12 days of cyclic daily heat stress (26°C to 36°C). Three days water restriction began on the fourth day of heat stress and was followed by rehydration. Data has been collected, and is currently being analyzed. Preliminary results show large decreases in feed intake and body weight. Surprisingly, sweating rates only showed marginal decreases with dehydration, and core body temperature was maintained for the entire water restriction period. Rats were monitored at thermoneutral and heat stress environments to determine the short-term time-related changes associated with intake of diets containing endophyte-infected (E+) and uninfected (E-) seed. In addition, some rats were pair-fed to the E+ group (PFE+), using the E- seed diet, to determine the effect of reduced caloric intake associated with intake of the E+ diet. This allowed for a separation of the direct effects of fescue toxicosis from indirect effects of fescue toxicosis. The E+ and PFE+ rats reduced their feed intake and daily gains. However, the PFE+ rats had lower core body temperature compared to E+ rats during heat stress. Also, serum prolactin levels were higher in PFE+ than E+ rats in both thermoneutral and heat stress environments. The E+ rats reduced their heat tolerance, whereas the pair-fed rats had improved tolerance. The circadian rhythm of E+ rats under heat stress was altered with a higher core temperature during the inactive period which explains the failure of thermoregulation in this group. Therefore, the reduced feed intake component of fescue toxicosis does not contribute to the hyperthermia associated with fescue toxciosis. Previous studies using rats in our lab have indicated that the reduction in feed intake associated with consumption of endophyte-infected fescue (E+) seed is not due to ergovaline (EV). Ergovaline is one of many ergot alkaloids found in E+ seed. In order to better define the role of EV in the feed intake reduction response, EV alone was rotavapped onto commercial ground rat chow at different concentrations and fed to young adult male rats. The maximum concentration of EV that we have been able to achieve in a diet made with seed has been ~2.06ppm. Pure EV was rotavapped onto a commercial diet at three different levels: 2.06ppm, 3.09ppm, and 4.12ppm. Rats did not display any significant decrease in feed intake at any concentration of EV. They were allowed to recover on plain ground chow, followed by endophyte-free seed diet, then fed a diet containing E+ seed. As we have repeatedly seen, feed intake dropped immediately upon introduction of the E+ seed diet to confirm that these animals were responsive to treatment with ergopeptine alkaloids. The body temperature response to EV rotavapped onto chow will be investigated in future studies. Arizona Accomplishment: The Temperature Humidity Index originally developed by Thom (1958) and extended to cattle by Berry and colleagues (1964) is used to estimate cooling requirements of dairy cattle. However, correlation of THI to measurements of core body temperature is not adequate under moderate climatic conditions because of the large heat increment needed to raise core body temperature. Our objective was to determine if incorporation of skin surface temperature to mean body temperature measures would improve Pearson Correlation Cooefficients between THI and physiological measures of heat stress. During a three-month span, three groups of cows (n=12) were housed in the environmental chambers at the University of Arizona William J. Parker research complex for a total of 22 days. Each group experienced a total of three environments where THI was at a minimum of 49, maximum of 79 and an average 62.9. We utilized NRC 1971 THI calculation (0.18 x Tdb+32) (0.55-(0.0055 x RH) x (1.8 x Tdb-26) for estimate of environmental heat load. Physiological measures of heat strain included respiration rate (RR/min), infrared surface temperature (ST, ºC), rectal temperature (RT. ºC), heart rate (HR/min), and evaporative heat loss (EVHL, g/m2). Mean body temperature (BT, ºC) was calculated using the formula BT = (0.33 x ST+0 .67 x RT). Respiration rates, ST, RT, EVHL, and HR were routinely collected 4 times per day and hourly for 24 hours once biweekly for a total of 2096 measures. Correlations of these measures to THI were as follows: THI and RR (r=0.40; P<0.0001), THI and RT (R2=0.17; P<0.0001), THI and SR (R2=0.40; P<0.0001), THI and ST (R2=0.74; P<0.0001), THI and BT (R2=0.72; P<0.0001), and THI and HR (R2=0.002; P<0.05). Correlations between BT and RR (R2=0.48; P<0.0001), BT and SR (R2=0.46; P<0.0001), BT and RT (R2=0.39; P<0.0001). We conclude that under moderate climatic THI conditions investigated addition of ST to BT improved the correlation of BT to THI over RT alone. In addition, the correlation of RR, ST, and BT are improved over RT alone implying that ST has a greater effect on RR than RT. Accomplishment: 1. Niacin has been shown to increases resistance to thermal stress in cattle by increasing whole body evaporative heat loss in vivo and cellular heat shock response to thermal stress in vitro. To determine effect of feeding protected niacin (NIASHURE") on body temperature, milk yield and composition a total of 400 lactating primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a switchback design of either control (C, no feed additive n=200) or treatment (Trt, cows supplemented with 12g/d/cow of encapsulated niacin, n=200). Groups were balanced for DIM, milk yields, and parity prior to start of the study which was conducted from August 7th thru October 7th, 2007 on a commercial dairy in Arizona. Cows remained in their respective treatment for 30 days and then switched to the opposite treatment on day 31 and continued until day 60. Milk yields were recorded three times daily and a monthly milk sample was collected to obtain milk components. Feed samples were collected weekly from each group. Vaginal temperatures were collected using iButton (MAXIM) temperature loggers attached to a blank continuous intravaginal drug release device and inserted into a random sub-sample of cows (n=16) from each pen (n=2) with similar DIM, milk yields, and parity for 7 d. Body core temperatures were decreased for the Trt group during periods of peak thermal load from 1300 to 1600 h. Milk fat and protein percent was elevated in the Trt versus C groups (3.65 vs. 3.38 and 3.09 vs. 3.05 %, respectively; P<0.01). Subsequently both fat- and energy-corrected milk was greater for cows in the Trt group compared with cows in the C group (39.7 vs. 38.2 and 39.6 vs. 38.4 kgs, respectively; P<0.01) In addition, both fat- and energy-corrected milk was increased in multiparous compared to primiparous cows (40.7 vs. 37.2 and 40.7 vs. 37.3 kgs; P<0.01). However, groups did not differ in milk yield for either test day (39 vs. 38.8 kg) or average daily milk samples (37.6 vs. 37.5 kg), and group fed DMI (59.4 vs. 59.7 lbs). In conclusion, supplementation of lactating cows with encapsulated niacin during summer heat stress reduced core body temperature and increased both fat and protein percent, in turn, elevating fat- and energy-corrected milk yields. 2. Niacin induces peripheral vasodilatation via prostaglandin D (PGD) and E (PGE) release by Langerhans cells in skin. We evaluated if niacin alone or in combination with PGD and PGE alters expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) 27 and 70. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) were cast in collagen in 24-well plates containing growth media (GM) composed of DMEM/F-12, insulin, EGF, IGF-I, BSA and antibiotics at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cultures grew into ductal structures with media changes at 48 hr intervals. On day 8 cultures were divided into Controls (C) receiving GM, GM with niacin (0.5, 1.0, or 10.0 mM), PGD2 (10 or 24 uM), PGD2 with PGE1 (both at 24uM) alone or in combination with niacin. Half were placed into incubators at 37°C (TN) and the remainder at 42°C (HS) for 8 h. At 0h and 8h, replicates were pooled, placed in TRIzol and stored at -80°C until extracted for RNA. Isolated RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA. Expression of HSP's-27 and 70 was measured by q- PCR. Addition of PGD increased HSP-27 and 70 gene expression in HS, (P<.0001). Peak fold increases in HSP-70 expression at 8 hr over time zero differed between C and PGD, (-2.4 vs. 9.3, P<.0001) and were greater for Hsp-27 (-115 vs +10, P<.0001). Addition of PGE increased HSP-27 and 70 expression compared to C and PGD alone ( P<.05). We conclude that niacin with PGD or PGD+PGE alters HSP-27 and Hsp-70 gene expression in BMEC during HS. Kansas Accomplishment: We have recently focused on the interaction of intestinal epithelial cells with both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. These goals are placed in the broader context of understanding how in-feed antimicrobials modulate intestinal responses that may contribute to the growth responses in weaned pigs commonly seen with antibiotic feeding. To that end, we have been evaluating prototypical probiotic bacteria in a model porcine gut epithelium. One such probiotic bacterium is Bacillus licheniformis (BL). We chose to evaluate BL because it is one of two Bacillus organisms in the BioPlus 2B product. We have now has evidence that BL interacts with swine gastrointestinal epithelial cells to intervene in the inflammatory response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST; Skjolaas et al., 2007). In the current studies, IPEC-J2 cells were grown on permeable membrane inserts and used in experiments employing a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cells were pre-exposed apically to 108 CFU BL (or sterile media) followed by apical treatment with 108 CFU ST (or sterile media). The resulting treatments were: 1) control (no bacteria); 2) BL only; 3) ST only; or 4) BL followed by ST. In Exp. 1, cells were pre-exposed to BL 4 h prior to ST treatment, and in Exp. 2 for 8 h. Cells were washed 1 h after ST, and media containing 50 ¼g/mL gentamicin was added to kill remaining extracellular bacteria. Apical and basolateral media were collected 5 h later and assayed for IL8. At the conclusion of the each experiment, IPEC-J2 cells were extracted to estimate percent invasion by ST. In Exp. 1, ST stimulated IL8 secretion compared to control wells (P < 0.001) and pre-exposure with BL blunted ST-stimulated IL8 both apically (P < 0.01) and basolaterally (P < 0.05). Similarly, in Exp. 2, ST stimulated IL8 secretion, and pre-exposure with BL reduced ST-stimulated IL8 secretion apically (P < 0.05) and basolaterally (P < 0.001). Pre-exposure to BL did not reduce ST invasion of IPEC-J2 cells in either experiment. The current studies suggest that short pre-exposure of swine intestinal epithelial cells with BL blunts ST-induced IL8. Inhibition of IL8 by BL appears to increase with increased duration of pre-exposure. The mechanism(s) by which BL reduces IL8 response to ST is not completely understood, but does not appear to reflect an ability of BL to reduce ST invasion of swine epithelial cells. Tennessee Accomplishments: Parameters measuring growth, stress and immune response in weanling pigs given a synthetic opiate agonist (OA) were investigated in three separate trials. Pigs receiving a single intramuscular injection of OA at 13 d of age and weaned 6 d later exhibited increased feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) compared with controls 3-7 d post-weaning. However, FI and BW were not different between treatments during the 7 d post-weaning when OA was administered on the day of weaning. Plasma cortisol, free cortisol index, and growth hormone increased within 3 h following OA. The number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were greater in OA pigs measured on d 2-4 following a bacterial challenge compared with similarly challenged controls. Impact: Administration of a single injection of OA may have beneficial effects on the health and well-being of weanling pigs, but the timing of injection relative to weaning may modulate the response. Indiana Accomplishment: Dairy lameness persists as an economic and well-being concern of dairy producers. To determine the effects of rubber flooring on some indicators of health, blood samples were collected over the first and second lactation from cows housed on free-stall quadrants containing rubber at the feed bunk interface or grooved concrete. The analysis showed that housing the cows on rubber mats altered two genes of interest (MMP13 and TAC1) and leukocyte populations (IN). However, acute phase proteins were not different between weeks 8 and 26 after the second lactation (FL). Accomplishment: Sows housed in gestation stalls develop various abnormal behaviors referred to as stereotypic. Stereotypic behaviors are largely accepted as an indicator of exposure to chronic stress. Exposure to chronic stress has been shown to result in a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to stress in several species. To determine if sows had an altered function of their HPA axis, we subjected stall housed sows to a dexamethasone suppression test. This test has been widely used to diagnose depression and anxiety in humans. The test is conducted by taking a baseline blood sample from a patient in the late afternoon and then administering a low dose of dexamethasone. A second blood sample is collected 12 hours later to measure glucocorticoids. The DST did not prove to separate the physiologic response of sows to dexamethasone based on the performance of abnormal oral behavior. However, 4 of the 23 sows were resistant to glucocorticoid suppression by dexamethasone. Colorado Accomplishments: Two hundred and sixteen Angus crossbred steers purchased from sale barns (230 kg ± 3.6) were utilized to determine the impact of trace mineral source and concentration on performance, tissue metabolites, and lipid metabolism. Treatments during the 27 d receiving phase consisted of: 1) Inorganic trace mineral (INORG; 125 mg CuSO4/d per head; 360 mg ZnSO4/d per head; 200 mg MnSO4/d per head; and 12.5 mg CoCO3/d per head) and 2) Organic trace mineral (ORG; iso-amounts of Cu, Zn, Mn amino acid complexes, and Co glucoheptonate). On d 0 and 27, blood samples were collected from three steers per pen (pen = experimental unit). On d 28, steers were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet containing different concentrations of Co. Treatments during the finishing phase consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Co); 2) 0.10 mg Co/kg DM from cobalt glucoheptonate; 3) 1.0 mg Co/kg DM from cobalt glucoheptonate. The same three steers per pen were bled on d 27, 84, and 224 of the finishing phase. During the receiving phase, red blood cell superoxide dismutase activity was greater (P < 0.03) for ORG vs. INORG supplemented steers. During the finishing phase, overall ADG tended (P < 0.06) to be greater for steers receiving 1.0 mg Co/kg DM. Steers receiving 1.0 mg Co/kg DM had greater YG (P < 0.04) and back fat thickness (P < 0.04) than steers receiving 0.10 mg Co/kg DM. Serum, liver, and longissimus muscle B12 concentrations increased (P < 0.04) as dietary Co concentration increased. The objective of this study was to characterize pre-stun handling of commercial swine (n=76) and explore its relation to exsanguination blood lactate concentration ([lactate]) and rectal temperature in a commercial processing plant. One observer scored pig behavior and handling in the crowd pen and single file chute leading to the V-restrainer. Handling scores were tabulated as the number of times each pig experienced one of the target handling events. Exsanguination [lactate] (mM) and rectal temperature (F) were measured following electrical stunning. Behavioral data were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlations in SAS 9.1 (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) to determine the relationship between the behavioral and physiological measures. Results indicated positive correlations between [lactate] and jamming (r=0.23, P=0.05), backing up (r=0.27, P<0.05) and rearing (r=0.25, P<0.05). Rectal temperature was correlated with the duration of time spent in the handling area (r=-0.26, P<0.05). Single degree of freedom contrasts were used to compare differences in exsanguination [lactate] and rectal temperature based on the presence or absence of handling events. Pigs that experienced electric prod use, jamming, rearing and/or backing up had a greater (P=0.05) [lactate] (7.8 ± 0.43) than animals that did not experience these events (6.2 ± 0.69). Pigs that experienced jamming, rearing and/or backing up had a greater (P<0.05) [lactate] (8.3 ± 0.48) than animals that did not (6.2 ± 0.52). Pigs that jammed had a greater (P<0.05) [lactate] (8.5 ± 0.68) than animals that did not (6.9 ± 0.43). Pigs that reared and/or jammed and animals that only reared exhibited a trend towards greater (P=0.11 and P=0.06, respectively) [lactate] than pigs that did not experience those events. No differences in rectal temperature were demonstrated between the aforementioned contrast groups. Aspects of pre-stun animal handling can help to explain exsanguination [lactate].

Publications

Mississippi: Ryan P., K. Moulton, S. Willard, J. Crouch, D. Sykes, D. Christiansen and W. Bennett. 2008. Experimentally-induced placentitis in late gestation ewes and mares: evaluation of pathogen progression using lux-modified bacteria and bioluminescence imaging. In: Uterine infections in Mares and Women: A comparative Study II, eds M. LeBlanc, J.F. Wade and L. Foster, Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series #19, R and W Communications, Newmarket, UK, pp 35-36. Moulton, K., P. Ryan, D. Christiansen, R. Hopper, C. Klauser, W. Bennett, S. Rodts-Palenik and S. Willard. 2008. Ex vivo bioluminescence imaging of late gestation ewes following intrauterine inoculation with lux-modified Escherichia coli. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis (Published online ahead of print: doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2008.02.001); published on-line: April 25, 2008. Hawaii: Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy and feedlot cows in stressful thermal environments. ASABE Paper No. 084752, St. Joseph, MI Presented at the ASBE Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29 July 2, pp. 29. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy and feedlot cows in stressful thermal environments. Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, September 1-5, 2008, Iguassu, Brazil, pp.10. Missouri: Bhusari S., L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson and E. Antoniou. 2007. Expression profiling of heat stress effects on mice fed ergot alkaloids. Toxicological Sciences. 95 (1): 89. Al-Tamimi, H.J., P.A. Eichen, G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2007. Nitric oxide supplementation alleviates hyperthermia induced by intake of ergopeptine alkaloids during chronic heat stress. J. Thermal. Biol. 32: 179. Bhusari, S., L. B. Hearne, D. E. Spiers, W. R. Lamberson, and E. Antoniou. 2008. Transcriptional Profiling of Mouse Liver in Response to Chronic Heat Stress. J. Thermal Biol. 33: 157. Settivari, R.S., T.J. Evans, P.A. Eichen, G.E. Rottinghaus, and D..E. Spiers. 2008. Short- and long-term responses to fescue toxicosis at thermoneutrality or during heat stress. J. Thermal Biol. 33: 213. Settivari, R.S., T. J. Evans, E. Rucker, G.E. Rottinghaus, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Effect of ergot alkaloids associated with fescue toxicosis on hepatic cytochrome P450 and antioxidant proteins. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Accepted). Kirch, B.H., G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Temperature influences upon vascular dynamics in cattle measured by Doppler ultrasonography. J. Thermal Biol. (Accepted). Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Regional differences in sweat rate response of steers to short-term heat stress. Int. J. Biometerol. (Accepted). Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle for determination of markers of sensitivity. Proceedings of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ASABE ILES VIII) to be held in September 2008 in Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, T.J. Evans, and D.E. Spiers. Impact of dehydration on production and thermoregulation of angus steers at thermoneutrality. Proceedings of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ASABE ILES VIII) to be held in September 2008 in Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Eichen, P.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, E.A. Coate, A.M.Williams, and D.E. Spiers. Heat Stress Effects on Sow Reproductive Performance Using Simulated Forced Air and Evaporative Cooling Systems. Proceedings of the 8th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ASABE ILES VIII) to be held in September 2008 in Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Arizona: Collier, R.J., M.A. Miller , C. L. McLaughlin , H.D. Johnson , and C. A. Baile .2008. Effects of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) and Season on Plasma and Milk Insulin-Like Growth Factors I (IGF-I) and II (IGF-II) in Lactating Dairy Cows. Domest Anim. Endocrinol Collier, R.J., J. L. Collier, R. P. Rhoads and L.H. Baumgard. 2007. Genes involved in the Bovine heat stress response. J. Dairy Sci.91:445-454. Burgos, R., L.J. Odens, R.J. Collier, L. H. Baumgard, and M.J. VanBaale.2007. Case Study: Evaluation of cooling systems in lactating heat-stressed dairy cows in a semi-arid environment. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:546-555. Kansas: Burkey, T.E., K.A. Skjolaas, S.S. Dritz, and J.E. Minton. 2007. Expression of Toll-like receptors, interleukin 8, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and osteopontin in tissues from pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or serovar Choleraesuis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 115:309-319. Corrigan, M. E., J. S. Drouillard, M. F. Spire, D. A. Mosier, J. E. Minton, J. J. Higgins, E. R. Loe, B. E. Depenbusch, and J. T. Fox. 2007. Effects of melengestrol acetate on the inflammatory response in heifers challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1770-1779. Farran T. B., C. D. Reinhardt, D. A. Blasi, J. E. Minton, T. H. Elsasser, J. J. Higgins and J.S. Drouillard. 2008. Source of dietary lipid may modify the immune response in stressed feeder cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1382-1394. Fraser, J.N., B. L. Davis, K. A. Skjolaas, T. E. Burkey, S. S. Dritz , B. J. Johnson, and J. E. Minton. 2007. Effects of feeding Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or serovar Choleraesuis to weaned pigs on growth performance and circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1 beta. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1161-1167. Skjolaas, K.A., T.E. Burkey, S.S. Dritz, and J.E. Minton. 2007. Effects of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, or serovar Choleraesuis, Lactobacillus reuteri and Bacillus licheniformis on chemokine and cytokine expression in the swine jejunal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 115:299-308. Williams, J. L., J. E. Minton, J. A. Patterson, J. Marchant Forde and S. D. Eicher. 2008. Lairage during transport of eighteen-kilogram pigs has an impact on innate immunity and commensal bacteria diversity in the intestines. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1232-1244. Woodworth, J. C., M. D. Tokach, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, S. I. Koo, J. E. Minton, and K. Q. Owen. 2007. Influence of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2524-2537. Tennessee: Doherty, T. J., H. G. Kattesh, R. J. Adcock, M. G. Welborn, A. M. Saxton, J. L. Morrow, and J. W. Dailey. 2007. Effects of a concentrated lidocaine solution on the acute phase stress response to dehorning in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90:4232-9. Lay, D. C. Jr., H. G. Kattesh, J. E. Cunnick, M. J. Daniels, K. A. McMunn, M. J. Toscano, and M. P. Roberts. 2008. Prenatal stress on pig development and response to weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1316-24. Kojima, C. J., H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, and T. Sun. 2008. Physiological and immunological responses to weaning and transport in the young pig: modulation by administration of porcine somatotropin. J. Anim. Sci. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1089. Indiana: Kanaan, V.T., E.A. Pajor, D.C. Lay Jr., B.T. Richert, and J.P Garner. 2008. A note on the effects of co-mingling piglet litters on pre-weaning growth, injuries and responses to behavioural tests. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 110 (3), p.386-391. Kranendonk, G., D.C. Lay Jr., S. Jarvis, M. Fillerup, C.G. VanReenen, H. Hopster, and V.M. Wiegant. 2008. Regular mixing of pregnant sows reduces their weight gain, but does not affect offspring body weight, behaviour or wound healing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. Accepted with revision. Bearson, B. L., S. M. D. Bearson, J. J. Uthe, S. E. Dowd, J. Houghton, I. Lee, M. J. Toscano, and D. C. Lay Jr. 2008. Iron regulated genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in response to norepinephrine and the requirement of fepDGC for norepinephrine-enhanced growth. Microbes and Infection. 10:807-806 Lay, D. C. Jr., H. G. Kattesh, J. E. Cunnick, M. J. Daniels, K. A. McMunn, M. J. Toscano, and M. P. Roberts. 2008. Effects of prenatal stress on sow productivity and piglet response to weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1316-1324. Schenck, E.L., McMunn, K.A., Rosenstein, D.S., Stroshine, R.L., Nielsen, B.D., Richert, B.T., Marchant-Forde, J.N. and Lay Jr., D.C. 2008. Exercising stall-housed gestating gilts: Effects on lameness, the musculo-skeletal system, production and behavior. J. Anim. Sci. In Press. Marchant-Forde, J.N., D.C. Lay Jr., R. Marchant-Forde, K.A. McMunn, and B.T. Richert. 2008. Effects of r-salbutamol on behavior and physiology of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci , In Press. Wilcox, C.S., N.M. Schutz, S.S. Donkin, D.C. Lay Jr., and S.D. Eicher. 2008. Short Communication: Effect of temporary glycosuria on molasses consumption in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1-4. Williams, J. L., J. E. Minton, J. A. Patterson, J. N. Marchant Forde, and S. D. Eicher. Lairage during transport has an impact on 18 kg pigs innate immunity and commensal bacteria diversity. 2008. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1232-1244. Colorado: Gruber, S. L. J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, K. J. Prusa, S. B. Laudert, A. L. Schroeder, and W. J. Platter. 2008. Effects of ractopamine supplementation and postmortem aging on longissimus muscle palatability of beef steers differing in biological type. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 205-210. Legleiter, L. R., J. K. Ahola, T. E. Engle, and J. W. Spears. 2007. Decreased Brain copper due to copper deficiency has no effect on bovine prion proteins. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 352:884-888. Dorton, K. L., T. E. Engle, R. M. Enns, and J. J. Wagner. 2007. Effects of trace mineral supplementation,source, and growth implants on immune response of growing and finishing feedlot steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:29-35. Whitman, K. J., T. E. Engle, P. E. Burns, K. L. Dorton, J. K. Ahola, R. M. Enns. 2007. Effects of copper and zinc source on performance, carcass characteristics, and lipid metabolism in finishing steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:36-41. Fulwider, W. K., T. Grandin, D. J. Garrick, T. E. Engle, W. D. Lamm, N. L. Dalsted, and B. E. Rollin. 2007. Influence of free-stall base on tarsal joint lesions and hygiene in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 3559-3566. Gruber, S. L., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, M. A. Mitchell, S. B. Laudert, A. L. Schroeder, and W. J. Platter. 2007. Effects of ractopamine supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers differing in biological type. J. Anim. Sci. 85: 1809-1815. Schneider, B. A., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, and T. C. Bryant. 2007. Effects of heifer finishing implants on beef carcass traits and longissimus tenderness. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2019-2030.

Impact Statements

The result of this study establishes the limits of cooling (by evaporation) mechanism to thermo regulate heat stress, and the effectiveness of providing shade to alleviate heat stress.
The study suggested that hair coat characteristics were a major barrier to evaporative cooling and that the ability to sweat may have other factors (genetic) that regulates this physiologic response.
This study demonstrates that niacin protects animals from thermal stress by multiple mechanisms that include both increased vasodilation to improve heat loss and increased cellular resistance to thermal stress by increasing intracellular expression of heat shock protein genes.

Date of Annual Report: 10/05/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/10/2009 - 08/11/2009
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2008 - 09/01/2009

Participants

C. Kaltenbach AZ W-1173, Administrative Advisor
R. Reynnells USDA-CSREES USDA-CSREES Representative
D. Spiers MO W-1173, 2008-2009 Chair
J. Davis MS W-1173, 2008-2009 Secretary

Attending Members:

D. Spiers MO
R. Collier AZ
H. Kattesh TN
C. Kojima TN
T. Brown-Brandl NE
A. Parkhurst NE
C. Lee HI
S. Eicher IN
T. Engle CO
J. Gaughan AU
K. Gebremedhin NY
R. Godfrey VI
Y. Li MN
A. Green IL
K. Petersson RI

USDA-CSREES Animal Health/ Well-Being Awardees attending:

G. Archer CA
H. Coetzee KS
J. Williams MO
B. Weaber MO
C. Loest NM
J. Loor IL
H. Taira NY

Brief Summary of Minutes

August 10, 2009

08:15 - Posters were positioned outside the Conference Room at the Bond Life Sciences Center at the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO on August 10, 2009.

08:30 - The W-173 Regional Meeting was called to order by the Chair, Don Spiers (MO). He welcomed all the regional project participants to the University, along with the seven USDA-CSREES Animal Health/ Well-Being Awardees in attendance. Don then outlined the agenda for the meeting. This was followed by self-introductions of all participants.

08:40 - The official meeting welcome was performed by both Dr. Marc Linit (Associate Dean of Research for the College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri) and Dr. Rod Geisert (Director of the Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri). Dr. Colin Kaltenbach (W-1173 USDA Administrative Advisor, AZ) presented an update on the committee.

08:51 - Dr. Bob Collier (AZ) presented information on 18th ADSA Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture: Effect of the Thermal Environment on Nutrient and Management Requirements of Cattle to be held at the Brown County Inn in Nashville, Indiana on November 2-5, 2009. Everyone was encouraged to announce the Conference and register to attend.

09:00 - Individual station reports began.

09:36 - Dr. Richard Reynells (USDA/CSREES Representative), through a conference
call, presented an update on USDA programs.

10:00 - Station reports resumed.

12:15 - Lunch began in the conference room, along with poster viewing and discussion.

13:42 - Oral station reports resumed.

15:30 - Participants return to hotel

18:30 - Participants brought to Animal Science Research Center and provided a tour of
Center.

19:00 - Dinner is served by the Animal Science Graduate Student Association.

August 11, 2009

09:00 - Begin Business Meeting began

09:15 - Broke into small discussion groups to plan collaborations

10:15 - Discussion of projects and collaborations for coming year
Kojima and Kattesh (TN):
1). TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX (Jeff Carroll) and USDA-IN (Susan Eicher) in measuring corticosteroid-binding globulin in plasma from cattle as a physiological measure of stress. 2). TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from USDA-TX (Jeff Carroll), FL (John Arthington), and CO (Terry Engle) on additional studies examining the effects of weaning strategy on the physiology and performance of beef calves. 3). TN will collaborate with W-1173 members from MO (Don Spiers) examining genetic markers for fescue toxicity. 4). TN will collaborate with W-1173 member (Anne Parkhurst) for statistical modeling of SD-33 data.

Brown-Brandl (ARS-NE):
Collaborations will be: 1). Angela Green (IL) Validation of behavior analysis software (and possibly comparison of behaviors on hot and cold days) 2). Don Spiers (MO) Metabolic rates in cattle with different thermal resistance 3). Anne Parkhurst (NE) Analysis of body temperature rise during a working event and validation of model determined susceptibility 3). Hans Coetzee (KS) - Comparison of video vs. accelerometer data 4). Jeremiah Davis (MS) Body temperature comparison (vaginal vs. tympanic) and analysis of skin temperature of different colors of cattle and cattle under different types of shade.

Eicher and Lay (ARS-IN):
Susan will collaborate with Hank Kattesh (TN) bovine CBG, Anne Parkhurst (NE) on statistics of lameness data, Chin Lee (HI) on dam heat stress, and Petterson (RI) on non-antibiotics during stress period in sheep and pigs. Don Lay will collaborate with Bob Collier (AZ), and catecholamine analysis with Hank Kattesh (TN) on pig CBG.

Gebremdehin (NY) and Lee (HI):
Collaborations include: 1). Thermal and physiological indices of stress status for cattle (AZ) 2). Factors regulating evaporative heat loss (AZ) 3). Efficiency of shade and hair-coat color on activity and behavior (ARS-NE) 4. Pattern of sweating during onset and prolonged solar exposure (NE and AZ) 5). Modeling cow udder for heat relief ( MS, AZ) and 6). Physiological response of Holstein cows in pasture under high solar exposure (NE).

Engle (CO):
Collaborations include: 1). Weaning procedures for calves TN, FL, CO, and USDA/ARS in Lubbock, TX 2). Euthanasia procedures for suckling and nursery pigs-Kansas State University and CO. 3). Cold stress bedding experiment in cattle-CO and Feedlot management group and 4). Parasite load and immunity in cattle-USDA/ARS in Lubbock, TX and CO.

Parkhurst and Mader (NE):
1). Work with Kifle Gebremdehin (NY), C.N. Lee (HA) and Bob Collier (AZ) on analyzing solar heat stress and cyclic evaporation. 2). Work with Don Spiers (MO) and Bob Collier (AZ) on developing a Program for a Discover Conference on Heat Stress in 2010. 3). Work with Hans Coetzee (KS) and Cheryl Kojima (TN) on PK models. 4). Work with Bob Collier (AZ), Don Spiers (MO), & John Gaughan (AU) on analyzing THI data for critical breaking points and hysteresis activity during exposure to heat stress. 5). Work with Susan Eicher (IN) and Hans Coetzee (KS) on identifying behavioral spikes in time series.

Green (IL):
Collaborations are planned between Illinois and both Kansas and ARS Clay Center.

Godfrey (VI):
UVI is working with Mississippi State University (S. Willard) thermal imaging and with graduate student training opportunities. UVI is collaborating with insular land grant institutions to provide support for undergraduate students to conduct research in agriculture. R. Godfrey will work with D. Spiers (MO) on collecting and analyzing thermal images to remotely measure animal body temperature. R. Godfrey will work with C.N. Lee (HI) and B. Collier (AZ) to evaluate hair coat and sweating rate in Senepol cattle

Collier (AZ):
Bob Colliers collaborations will include: 1).Sweating rate in Senepol Cattle under tropical conditions with Bob Godfrey (VI), Chin Lee (HI), Kifle Gebremedhin (NY) and Peter Hillman (NY) 2). Text on Recent Advances in Environmental Physiology of Domestic Cattle with Don Spiers (MO), Terry Mader (NE) and John Gaughan (AU) 3.) Estimation of THI threshold with Ann Parkhurst (NE) and 4) Impact of heat stress on catecholamines and serotonin-Don Lay (ARS- Purdue).

Spiers (MO):
Collaboration will be with Bob Collier (AZ) on book chapters in a proposed environmental physiology textbook. He will work with John Gaughan (AU) on predictors of heat stress in feedlot cattle. In addition, he will work with Anne Parkhurst (NE) on using hysteresis loops to correlate core temperature with air temperature. Collaboration with Tami Brown-Brandl and Jack Nienaber (ARS-NE) will begin to examine metabolic rates of cattle. Finally, he will work with Bob Godfrey (VI) on using the infrared camera to identify patterns of body temperature in heat exposed cattle.

Berg (ND):
Collaborative work with Dr. Vern Anderson, Carrington (ND) Research and Extension Center, to continue to develop practical, noninvasive means to quantify beef feedlot cattle stress by electronic means. In addition, there will be work with James Burgess III and Greg Vance of American Biomedical Group, Oklahoma City, OK to develop remote sensing of market cattle and pork pulse oximetry as a means to quantify livestock stress.

Gaughan (AU):
He is planning on collaborating with Anne Parkhurst (NE) on the hysteresis effect. They have a lot of data that needs in depth analysis and I would like to create a small team to look further into this. He will continue to work with Terry Mader (NE) on aspects of heat stress, especially looking at the predictive index for cattle stress. Bob Collier (AZ) will be involved in their Australian dairy project. He will be discussing aspects of shade with Tami Brown-Brandl (ARS-NE) and Roger Eigenberg (ARS-NE). Finally, he would like to work with Don Spiers (MO) and Terry Mader (NE) to look more closely analyze the 0800,1500 h body temperature data to see if the same relationship is apparent in Australian cattle.

Davis (ARS-MS), Schmidt (MS), and Willard (MS):
Collaborations include: 1). Schmidt (MS) will be continuing to work with Dr. Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX) to determine the consequences of transportation stress on physiological and nutritional parameters in beef cattle. 2). Schmidt (MS) is working on an evaluation of energy repartitioning of cattle exposed to an immune challenged and transportation stress in a collaborative research project with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-Lubbock) and Mike Ballou (TX).
3). Willard (MS) is continuing collaborations with Don Lay (USDA-ARS-IN) on the development of biophotonic paradigms for bacterial pathogen tracking in vivo. 4). Willard (MS) is continuing collaborations with Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX) and Tom Welsh (TX) on the interactions of temperament and stress responses in beef cattle. 5). Schmidt (MS) and Willard (MS) will collaborate on a project to use biophotonic paradigms for E. coli tracking in the fluids and tissues of the digestive tract in ruminates. 6). Schmidt (MS), Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX-Lubbock) and Dwaine Keisler (MO) will collaborate on a project to evaluate the appropriate dosage of an IBRV challenge virus to elicit clinical and immune responses. 7). Schmidt (MS), Jeff Carroll (USDA-ARS-TX-Lubbock) and Duane Keisler (MO) will collaborate on a project to use of CRH and VP as a model to mimic the stress cattle experience in the current market stratagies (sale barn to feedlot). 8). Davis (USDA-ARS-MS) will collaborate with Purswell (USDA ARS Poultry Research Unit, MS), Schmidt (MSU), Brown-Brandl (USDA ARS MARC-NE) on the development of a reusable tympanic temperature probe for beef cattle. 9). Willard (MS) and Vann (MS) will continue to evaluate nutritional modifications in heifer, steer and bull rations that may have implications in the management environment for alleviating various stressors on production performance parameters. 10). Willard (MS) and Godfrey (USVI) will continue to collaborate on the use of thermography to monitor body temperature in the production management environment in sheep and cattle. 11). Willard (MS) and Godfrey (USVI) will collaborate on projects assessing the microbial populations in the reproductive tract and mammary glands of cattle and sheep in the tropics.

10:45 Elect Officers and Pick Location for 2010
The group began discussions with the following results:

1. Jeremiah Davis (ARS-MS) will serve as Chairs for the W-1173 Regional Project Meeting next year which will be held August 9 and 10, 2010 in Starkville, MS.

2. Chin Lee (HI) was nominated as the incoming secretary for the W-1173 Regional Project in 2010. The motion was seconded and passed unanimously.

11:15 End Meeting

11:30 Director of the Bond Life Sciences Center gave a tour of Bond Life Sciences Center that ended at 12:30.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response. Arizona: The Temperature Humidity Index was recalibrated for high producing (> 35 kg/d) dairy cows. Current THI underestimates impact of thermal environment on high producing cattle because studies utilized low producing cows (<15 kg/d) constant temperatures and long intervals (2 wks) before estimating milk yield losses. The results suggest that cooling of dairy cows producing more than 35 kg milk/d should be initiated at a minimum THI threshold of 65 or above or when average THI is 68 for more than 17 hours. There was no detection of any advantage of BGHI index over THI in predicting milk yield losses or physiological responses. Arizona and USDA: Worked with Dr. Ted Elsasser to investigate whether heat stress altered the PNoS responses in Holstein steers after two LPS challenges. Nitrated proteins are usually function-impaired. Nitrotyrosine (NT) is the standard marker for nitrated proteins and proinflammatory nitrooxidative stress (PNoS) signifying the aberrant interactions between nitric oxide and superoxide anion that often result from tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) ±-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. The data are consistent with the concept that although heat stress leaves the primary PNoS response to low-level LPS administration intact (including the plasma markers of the tolerance response), energy functions of mitochondria may be challenged where heat stress exacerbates the interaction of PNoS mediators to form NT proteins. Colorado Study 1: Two studies were conducted as repeated measures 2 x 2 x 2 factorial designs (Exp. 1, n=64; Exp. 2, n=144) evaluating the effects of distance moved at the farm (DIS), lairage duration (REST) and distance moved to stun (STUN) on blood lactate concentration ([LAC]) and rectal temperature (TEMP) of swine in a commercial slaughter plant. Longer distance moved in the barn resulted in higher (P = 0.0001) [LAC] during loading (Exp. 2). Unexpectedly, longer REST resulted in higher[LAC] during pre-slaughter handling than those rested a shorter time (P < 0.003, Exp. 1 & 2). Additionally, [LAC] was greater in animals moving a short distance to stun (P < 0.04, Exp. 1 & 2). Both [LAC] and TEMP were highest during loading at the farm and movement through the stunning chute, indicating areas of focus to improve animal handling during marketing. Study 2: Copper is an essential trace mineral required for growth and development. Copper homeostasis within the cell is mediated by the expression of the Cu transporter protein (CTR1), ATPase7A (ATP7A), ATPase7B (ATP7B), Cox17 and Cu chaperone for Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (CCS) which helps to regulate Cu uptake, export and intracellular compartmentalization in non-ruminants. Copper also serves as a cofactor of antioxidant, superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1). Liver tissue from sixteen Holstein bull calves (average BW 201±58.5kg, 7.3±1.9 mo) from a previous experiment were utilized to characterize and identify hepatic mRNA related to Cu metabolism and homeostasis in cattle. These data indicate that higher than normal hepatic Cu concentration downregulates gene expression of CTR1, ATP7A, ATP7B and Cox17, which are involved in bovine liver copper homeostasis . Kansas: Our focus has been on understanding responses of pig gastrointestinal epithelial cells to interaction with pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The current investigation evaluated the anti-inflammatory actions of Bacillus bacteria available commercially as feed additives for the swine industry. Results suggest that Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis have the ability to intervene in secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 from swine intestinal epithelial cells. This effect on chemokine secretion by gastrointestinal epithelial cells in vitro could not be explained solely by production of bacitracin or reduced invasion of epithelial cells. Missouri Study 1: The physiological responses to heat stress of heat sensitive, Angus steers from Oklahoma (OK) and Missouri (MO) were compared to those of heat tolerant Romosinuano steers from Florida (RO) in the Brody Environmental Center at The University of Missouri. The RO steers had greater variation is response compared to Angus steers. All breeds increased RR with increasing heat stress, but the RO steers always remained at a lower level. In contrast, the RO steers exhibited little change in Tre during heat stress when the Angus breeds were hyperthermic. Respiration rate was the more precise physiological indicator of heat stress because it changed rapidly with fluctuations in ambient temperature. Study 2: A study was conducted with ARS-Kentucky to determine long-term responses of cattle to heat stress and fescue toxicosis, and potentially identify phenotypic markers of each condition. Most studies are conducted using short-term, controlled exposure (i.e., 1-2 weeks) in environmental chambers or long-term summer exposure to variable field environments. This study combined both situations. Heat stress increased urea N, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, albumin, globulin, and total protein. These variables were not affected by fescue toxicosis. Prolactin and alkaline phosphatase exhibited the typical reductions with E+ exposure. The albumin to globulin ratio increased with fescue toxicosis and seemed to be extremely responsive to this condition. Study 3: A new experiment was conducted in 2008 to determine the long-term response of steers to fescue toxicosis utilizing both controlled conditions in the Brody Environmental Center (BEC) as well as field conditions. The experiment consisted of 24 steers. The relationships between the thermal status of the animal and the environment will be determined. Once accomplished, we can evaluate the chamber data and determine if the temperatures relationships differ from the field. Study 4: Evaporative cooling via panting or sweating is the most effective means of maintaining core temperature of cattle exposed to heat for an extended period. Water restriction during heat stress alters this ability. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine if dehydration under a controlled heat challenge would compromise thermoregulation. Steers in the present study showed no lasting effects of dehydration, with the thermal status of the animal returning to normal after 48 hours of rehydration. Unexpectedly, core body temperature remained relatively unchanged despite dehydration, demonstrating their ability to adapt to changing conditions. Study 5: We have shown in earlier studies that heat stress has different effects on the average daily thermal status of sows during gestation, lactation, and breeding, with the greatest impact during lactation. The present analysis focused on the lactation period, with emphasis on diurnal shifts in thermal status. Despite differences in ambient temperature, heat loss as indicated by skin temperature and respiration rate was sufficient to minimize differences in rectal temperature of sows in the two environments during morning hours. However, heat loss was ineffective in preventing a separation of rectal temperature during warmer times of day. Study 6: The effects of short-term heat stress (HS) on hepatic gene expression in rats exposed to endophytic ergot alkaloids were evaluated. Genes involved in gluconeogenesis and apoptosis were up regulated, whereas genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, xenobiotic metabolism, antioxidative mechanisms, immune function, cellular proliferation, and chaperone activity were all down regulated with short-term HS. Hepatocytic apoptosis was increased and antioxidant enzyme activity decreased in the livers of rats exposed to HS. The hypothesized, exacerbating effects of HS on the direct, endophytic toxin-related and indirect, reduced caloric intake-associated alterations in hepatic gene expression were clearly demonstrated in rats and may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of fescue toxicosis in various animal species. Study 7: One study determined the potential of rats for short-term adaptation to fescue toxicosis and heat stress. The results showed that although feed intake and growth shows no sign of adaptation to fescue toxicosis, there is indication that adaptation to heat stress improves the thermal response. USDA-ARS-MARC: Genetic parameters for scale activity score were estimated from generations five, six, and seven of a randomly selected, composite population composed of Duroc, Large White, and two sources of Landrace (n = 2,186). Results indicated activity score had a heritable genetic component and was genetically correlated with performance traits. Estimated genetic correlations between AS and backfat measurements adjusted to a common weight were negative as well as the genetic correlation of AS with WT. Therefore, selection for more docile animals would be expected to result in faster growing, fatter pigs. Minnesota Study 1: In group-lactation systems, the occurrence of cross suckling is common. This can disturb suckling behavior and reduce the growth rate of the piglets. Low growth rate during lactation is associated with light weaning weight, which can consequently affect growth performance during later stages of production. A study was conducted to compare growth performance of pigs (108 pigs treatment) born to group-housed lactating sows with those (108 pigs control) born to sows in farrowing crates. The results indicate that pigs in the group-lactation system grow faster than pigs in the confinement system during lactation and nursery period. For pigs born in the group-lactation housing system, the heavier body weights at wk 8 are associated with heavier market weights and greater gain to feed ratio during the grow-finish period compared with pigs born in farrowing crates. Study 2: A study was conducted to investigate whether fear, as a stressor, can affect maternal behavior in swine and consequently affect pre-weaning mortality of piglets. There were no differences in the number of born alive, stillborn, birth weight of piglets, CV of birth weight within a litter, and pre-weaning growth rate of piglets among maternal fear categories. Least fearful sows weaned more piglets than fearful sows (9.9 vs. 8.3 ± 0.86, P < 0.05). The results support the hypothesis that fear of people in sows affected number of piglets weaned. New York and Hawaii: Responses of cows to thermal stress (THI= 79.6) under two conditions: (a) hot-humid (29.10C 69.2% RH) and (b) hot-dry (35.10C, 23.1% RH) environment conditions were evaluated. The study yielded the following results: (a) Core temperature was greater than 35°C (threshold for heat stress). (b) There was considerable variation in sweating rates between cows of the Holstein breed. (c) Cows sweat in a cyclic manner. This suggests that there is a filling and secretory phase of the sweating process in cattle similar to what is reported for sheep. The maximum sweating rate of dairy cows and feedlot heifers was around 650 W/m2h. (d) sweating rate drops following the decreased in skin temperature even when core temperature was increasing suggesting skin temperature was the driving force of sweating/evaporative cooling, (e) A prolonged exposure to hot and dry environmental condition made entirely black or predominantly black cows to foam in the mouth, stick their tongues out, and drool, which forced us to intervene with water spraying. (f) Hair coat color influence skin surface temperature with higher temperatures observed in black vs. white areas of the same animal. Mississippi Study 1: Understanding the stress response of cattle during transportation. Objective: To elucidate the endocrine stress response of cattle during transportation and after feed and water withdrawal to simulate normal industry practices associated with cattle being held at sale barns or sorting facilities prior to transport. Differences (P<0.05) in cortisol were observed starting 1 h into the first transport and 30 min into the second transport. After three h in transit, no difference (P>0.05) was observed in cortisol for both the first and second transport. Study 2: Work is continuing on the development of a reusable tympanic temperature probe for beef cattle. Study 3: Effect of lipopolysaccharide challenge on the immune response of heifers which possess DNA markers for intramuscular fat deposition. Objective: To evaluate cattle with the genetic propencity for IMF deposition to determine if this genetic propencity provides a greater energy reserves when the experiencing an immune challenge compared to counterparts lacking the genetic propencity. This trial was completed in June 2009 and we are currently waiting analysis of blood parameters. Study 4: Intrauterine infections in the bovine can have detrimental effects on reproductive performance, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a primary causative pathogen. Our objectives were to characterize the photonic properties of E. coli-Xen14 (a stably transformed E. coli containing the lux operon), and conduct photonic imaging of E. coli-Xen14 from within the excised bovine uterus. In summary, E. coli-Xen14 remained stable with respect to the percentage of photonic emitters with or without KAN (used to selectively culture E. coli-Xen14), however KAN presence suppressed photonic activity. Imaging of E. coli-Xen14 was feasible through the bovine uterine horns ex vivo, suggesting that further development of this model may facilitate the monitoring of pathogen presence within the reproductive tract of the bovine in vivo. Study 5: Use of infrared thermal imaging of the muzzle as a measure of body temperature in sheep and cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among VT, RT and ET and muzzle temperature (MT) in hair sheep and cattle. In normothermic sheep, RT was moderately correlated with ET (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001) and MT (r = 0.35, P < 0.006) and MT was correlated with ET (r = 0.64, P < 0.0001). In rams RT and MT were not correlated (r = 0.22, P > 0.10) but they were in ewes (r = 0.55, P < 0.005). In normothermic cattle, RT was correlated with ET (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001) and VT (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001) but not MT (r = 0.22, P > 0.10). MT was only correlated with ET (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). In ewes treated with LPS, RT was correlated with VT, ET and MT (r = 0.97, r = 0.87 and r = 0.79, P < 0.0001). In these ewes MT was correlated with VT and ET (r = 0.79 and r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Texas: In contemporary dairy production, calves are often housed in hutches with limited opportunity for interaction or exercise for up to 8-wk. The objective of this research was to determine the ontogeny of the motivation of dairy calves to exercise as they aged from 5-d to 8-wk when housed in hutches and fed different feed supplements. Recorded steps increased during the 8-wk study, from a mean of 1,589 steps in wk 1 to 2,763 steps in wk 8 (P < 0.001). There were no week by treatment interactions; however, feed treatment significantly influenced activity (P = 0.028). Calves that were not fed supplement were most active, averaging 2,367 steps, while calves given Protimax® averaged 2,243 steps, Betaine 1,961 steps, and both supplements 2,082 steps. The activity score for wk 1 was -15.45%, then increased in wk 2 to 6.73% (P < 0.05) and peaked at 18.36% in wk 8 (P = 0.005). Virgin Islands: Previous work in our lab has shown a high correlation among rectal, vaginal and eye temperature (RT, VT and ET, respectively) using digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) in hair sheep ewes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among VT, RT and ET and muzzle temperature (MT) in hair sheep and cattle. These results indicate that DITI can be used to measure ET and MT in sheep as an indicator of body temperature, as measured by RT or VT, in both the normothermic and febrile state. In cattle the relationship between MT and RT was not apparent in the normothermic state, but ET was correlated to RT. This study shows that DITI can be used as a non-invasive method of measuring body temperature in livestock. Nebraska Study 1: There were two solar heat stress treatments: onset and prolonged. The onset data provide an opportunity to examine the impact of suddenly turning on an additional solar thermal load. The prolonged data allow us to examine the impact of exposure to solar heat stress for an expended period (4 hr). Two questions of interest are: Do cows sweat at a constant or cyclic rate? Is there a difference in the dynamics of the two treatments: onset and prolonged solar heat stress? The data analysis revealed cyclic periods which varied by cow. For solar onset, the period was 3 to 5 min, while for the prolonged solar exposure the period ranged from 3.5 to 4 min. In addition, the animals respond differently to solar heat stress at the onset compared to prolonged exposure. At the onset, the solar effect decays exponentially to approximately ½ to 1 min. However, after prolonged exposure, the solar effect decays sinusoidally to zero in approximately 3 to 4 min. Study 2: Commonly used multiple regression models can be misleading when predictor variables are stochastic and issues of collinearity and non-stationary are ignored. Cattle body temperature measured repeatedly over the time is neither independent nor stationary. In addition to correlated error, there is serious collinearity among environmental variables, such as air temperature, soil surface temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, incoming and outgoing short and long wave radiation. Classical multiple regressions model developed for the static case is inadequate for explaining all the interesting dynamics of cattle body temperature. Time series analysis can provides more insight into the underlying biological processes. Spectral analysis of response as well as predictor variables shows that all variables exhibits periodic oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours and there are strong coherences between cattle body temperature with all environmental variables excepts relative humidity. In this case, a transfer function (lagged regression) model fits the data better than the classical regression approach even when it is adjusted for correlated error. Among several environmental variables, the air temperature, soil surface temperature and incoming long wave solar radiation and their lag variables are the most important predictor variables in modeling cattle body temperature during heat stress. Study 3: The objective of this study is to (1) explore the dynamic properties of the body temperature of the cow; (2) determine if a cows body temperature is related to ambient temperature, relative humidity, and/or temperature humidity index (THI); (3) look for signs of heat stress. The result indicated that current Tb was significantly dependent on Ta approximately 4.5 hours ago, which indicated possible existence and effect of chronic heat stress. Study 4: Cattle body temperature (Tb) from feedlot trials conducted over four days was fit using a bi-logistic mixed model to describe the effects of moving and handling on Tb. Distance is important when moving steers in a thermally challenging environment. This study shows moving steers 1200m is significantly different from moving them 200m. When the steers are moved 1200m, the maximum Tb is higher 1.6C higher; the heat challenge rate constant is smaller (indicating the maximum rate of change is larger) and the challenge inflection point occurs later in the run. The rate of recovery also occurs later in the run. North Dakota: The influence of temperament on beef carcass quality traits was measured on 183 mixed composition steer calves consigned to the Carrington Research Extension Center from the Central Dakota Feeder Calf Club at Turtle Lake, ND. These data indicate that behavior in the working chute environment may be an appropriate indicator of cattle carcass performance. It was interesting to note that cattle possessing a desirable genetic index for docility had tougher steaks. This conflicts with our data showing a linear relationship between EV and steak tenderness (slower EV had more tender meat). More research is necessary involving a larger sample size with a more diverse sampling of genetic docility. Objective 2: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress. Tennessee, Florida, Colorado, USDA-Texas: An experiment was conducted to document changes in the physiology and growth of Angus and Angus x Gelvieh steers weaned using a two-stage system versus abrupt total calf removal. Preliminary results indicate that device had no effect on weight gain, however, fenceline separated calves exhibited a faster weight gain once they underwent total separation. Red blood cell number decreased in all steers from d 0 to 21. Packed cell volume for steers with the anti-suckling device were higher on d 3 and 7 compared to steers without the device, and decreased in both groups following weaning. White blood cell number decreased by d 3 following weaning for total separated steers. Cortisol concentration tended to decrease in all steers over the sampling periods, with no discernable pattern evident due to treatment. Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin levels increased in all steers by d 3 following administration of ovalbumin. Ceruloplasmin levels for fenceline separated steers were higher on d 3 and 7 following weaning compared to total separated steers. The IgG response was evident in all the calves by d 10 following administration of ovalbumin, and was not related to device or degree of separation. Tennessee: A preliminary experiment was conducted to assess the immune response in adult Sinclair mini-pigs fed a diet supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) over an 8 wk period followed by an LPS challenge. Tissue samples collected following euthanasia are presently undergoing analysis for total cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), FCI, total and differential leukocyte number, and gene expression. Tennessee, USDA-Texas: A series of experiments investigating the effects of the synthetic enkephalin syndyphalin-33 on physiological responses to weaning and immune challenge have been completed. To date, two papers are in press, one is in review, and two additional manuscripts are the final stages of preparation. Missouri Study 1: A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Ascophyllum nodosum (Tasco meal) on rectal temperature, respiration rates, and in situ NDF disappearance in cattle exposed to elevated ambient temperature. Tasco meal appeared to have a short-term effect on reducing rectal temperature; long-term feeding of TM under TN conditions followed by heat load had no effect on alleviating heat stress. Study 2: This study was conducted to determine if Tasco-14, Ascophyllum nodosum, reduces heat stress in dairy cows. From the results, inclusion of 0.25% Tasco sporadically reduced heat strain by decreasing DMI on certain days, while milk production was maintained. However, no benefit was seen with the increased inclusion rate of Tasco. The length of feeding Tasco did not have an effect. USDA-ARS Indiana: Dairy calves are susceptible to effects of pre- and post-natal heat stress. May through Aug of 2008, calf hutches were bedded with straw, sand, or wood shavings. Phagocytosis decreased over the study, but the percentage of CD14 (part of the LPS receptor) and CD18 (adhesion molecule component) expressing cells increased. Calves from the wood shaving hutches had less CD18 expression on the cells that were positive and had greater phagocytosis by the cells that were positive for phagocytosis, but no differences among treatments were found for CD14 expression. Fly counts were least in the straw hutches at the noon and afternoon counts. Fly counts on the calves legs were not different among treatments. Behavior and microbial analyses are in progress. USDA-ARS-MARC Study 1: Cattle produced in open feedlots are vulnerable to a variety of weather events; under certain conditions heat events can be especially detrimental. Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing cattle stress. A summer study was conducted during 2007 using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various shade materials for full sun days. An associated heat stress index was used to determine the effectiveness of the shading options. Analyses of the data revealed that time spent in the highest stress category was reduced by all shade materials. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05) existed between all shade materials (compared to no-shade) for hourly summaries of estimated respiration rate during peak daylight hours and for full sun days. Study 2: Heat waves have caused severe losses in beef cattle feedlots and dairies in different areas of the cattle producing areas of the world. A comparison of climatic conditions that have resulted in cattle deaths has been completed. Analyses of lethal heat waves in northeast Nebraska in 1999 and north central South Dakota 2007 were analyzed. Factors of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation dominate the impact that local climatic conditions have on livestock. Based on the analysis of these two heat waves, it appears that the following factors contribute to making an extreme event: a preceding cooling period of a few days, antecedent rainfall, two or more consecutive days in the Danger or Emergency categories as calculated by the THI or RRest, and limited nighttime cooling (THI>72). Study 3: Activities involved in receiving or working (e.g. sorting, dehorning, castration, weighing, implanting, etc.) of feedlot cattle cause an increase in body temperature. During hot weather the increased body temperature may disrupt normal behaviors including eating, which can be especially detrimental to the well-being and performance of the animals. A study was conducted to investigate sprinkle cooling of representative animals at the time of working to provide extra evaporative cooling to offset the added heat produced by activity. The heifers that were treated had a body temperature that peaked sooner with a lower peak body temperature, and recovered sooner. The treated animals also had a lower panting score. The behavior measurements that were taken did not indicate a change in behavior. It was concluded that sprinkle cooling feedlot cattle during a working event during hot conditions was beneficial. Study 4: The extreme effects of heat stress can cause losses exceeding 5% of all the cattle on feed in a single feedlot. These losses can be very devastating to a localized area of feedlot producers. Animal stress is a result of the combination of three different components: environmental conditions, animal susceptibility, and management. This paper describes the development of a model to predict individual animal susceptibility to heat stress. The model and the experts agreed perfectly on 6 of the 10 animals. Further, the model prediction and the experts opinions deviated no more than one class on the remaining 4 animals. This exercise revealed that there was agreement between the model output and the experts opinions. This work can be used as a management tool to identify cattle susceptible to heat stress in feedlots. Minnesota: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of tryptophan on controlling, aggression, social stress, and reproductive performance in group- housed gestating sows. Supplementation of dietary tryptophan reduced total duration of head to head knocking (4.9 vs. 8.6 sec/sow/h, SE = 0.96; P < 0.01), and tended to reduce the frequency of this aggressive behavior (1.2 vs. 1.9 times/sow/h, SE = 0.27; P = 0.07). Dietary tryptophan treatment did not affect parallel pressing and head to body knocking, which are more intense aggressive interactions compared to head to head knocking in swine. There was no difference in injury scores caused by aggression and in cortisol levels between treatments. Sows fed the treatment diets had more total piglets born (12.6 vs. 10.5 piglets/litter, SE = 0.54; P < 0.01) and more piglets born alive (10.9 vs. 9.7 piglets/litter, SE = 0.44; P < 0.05) than sows in the control group. Mississippi Study 1: The objectives of this study were to determine the potential of omega-3 fatty acid fortified supplements as an energy supplement to provide decreased mobilization of intramuscular fat deposition associated with cattle grazing forages and to enhance fatty acid content in meat tissue throughout the feedlot feeding period. The CON group had greater ultrasound ribeye area (P < 0.05) than FLAX group from D91 throughout harvest. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in ultrasound intramuscular fat or carcass ribeye area, marbling scores, quality grades or yield grades between the two treatment groups. CON steers tended to have greater % oil in steaks (P < 0.08); greater C17:0 (P < 0.09) and C18:2 (P < 0.04) fatty acid contents in steaks. In conclusion, the energy supplement provided to the steers did decrease mobilization of intramuscular fat while grazing pastures. Study 2: Utilization of cottonseed products in bull development programs. The objectives of this research project were to examine the inclusion of three cottonseed products in a maintenance ration for mature beef bulls. The day X treatment interaction was significant (P < 0.001) for total gossypol concentrations, BW, ADG and total testes volume (P < 0.008). Total gossypol concentrations peaked at d 56 of the feeding trial (P < 0.001), remained stable from d 84 to d 168 and by d 14 after removal from feed were back to similar concentrations at d 14 of the feeding period. From d 84 to 168, bulls in the whole seed group were lighter (P < 0.001) than bulls in the other treatment groups. Overall ADG were greatest (P < 0.005) for the control and pelleted cottonseed groups (0.50 and 0.54 kg, SEM 0.03, respectively), followed by cottonseed cake group (0.44 ± 0.03 kg) and then whole seed group (0.36 ± 0.03 kg). Bulls consuming cottonseed products derived primarily from upland cotton varieties and fed at a rate of 2.27 kg/hd/d had acceptable BW, ADG and semen quality. Texas: The effects of confinement and grouping of horses during transport, especially for the purpose of slaughter, has been a source of debate in animal welfare. The objective of this study was to determine if plasma concentrations of cortisol, corticosterone or dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among groups of yearling horses with no prior transport experience when transported in individual stalls compared to those transported in loose groups.

Publications

Chapters - Peer Reviewed Arizona: Collier, R.J., S.W. Limesand, M.L. Rhoads, R.P. Rhoads, and L.H. Baumgard. 2008. Homeorhesis of Heat Stress. In: Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. W.M. Rauw (Ed.). CAB International Wallingford, United Kingdom. p.72-88. Missouri: Strickland, J.R., D.E. Spiers, L.R. Fletcher, J.W. Oliver, and G.E. Aiken. 2009. Physiological basis of fescue toxicosis. p. 33-47. In H.A. Fribourg et al. (ed.) Tall fescue for the twenty-first century. Agron. Monogr. 53. ASA, CSSA, SSSA. Madison, WI. Also available at http://forages.oregonstate.edu/tallfescuemonograph/. Nebraska: USDA Climate Change Impacts Assessment. 2008. The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity. Chapter 2 Agriculture. Lead Author: J. L. Hatfield. Contributing Authors: K.J. Boote, B.A. Kimball, D.W. Wolfe, D.R. Ort, R.C. Izaurralde, A.M. Thomson, J.A. Morgan, H.W. Polley, P.A. Fay, T. L. Mader and G.L. Hahn. pp. 21-74. Reviews -Peer Reviewed Arizona: Collier, R.J., J.L. Collier, R.P. Rhoads and L.H. Baumgard. 2008. Genes involved in the Bovine heat stress response. J. Dairy Sci.91:445-454. Collier, R.J., T.R. Bilby, M.E. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard and R.P. Rhoads. 2009. Effects of Climate Change on Dairy Cattle Production. Annals of Arid Zone. 47(3 & 4): 1-12 Journal Articles -Peer Reviewed Arizona: Collier, R.J., M.A. Miller, C.L. McLaughlin , H.D. Johnson , and C.A. Baile .2008. Effects of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) and Season on Plasma and Milk Insulin-Like Growth Factors I (IGF-I) and II (IGF-II) in Lactating Dairy Cows. Domest Anim. Endocrinol 35:16-23 Rhoads, M.L., R.P. Rhoads, M.J. VanBaale, R.J. Collier, S.R. Sanders, W.J. Weber, B.A. Crooker, and L.H. Baumgard. 2009. Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein Cows. I.production, metabolism and aspects of circulating somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 92:1986-1997. Colorado: Han, H., S. L. Archibeque, and T. E. Engle. 2008. Characterization and identification of hepatic mRNA related to copper metabolism and homeostasis in cattle. J. Biological Trace Element Res. E.D. Sharman, J.J. Wagner, C.K. Larson, J.S. Schutz, N.E. Davis, and T.E. Engle. 2008. The effect of trace mineral source on performance and health of newly received steers and the impact of cobalt concentration on performance and lipid metabolism during the finishing phase. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24:1-9. Wagner, J.J., PAS, P.T. Grubb, and T.E. Engle. 2008. Case Study: The effects of severe winter weather on net energy for maintenance required by yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24:1-6. Wagner, J.J, PAS, T.E. Engle, PAS, J.J. Wagner, J.L. Lacey, and G. Walker, PAS. 2008. The effect of ZinMet brand liquid zinc methionine on feedlot performance and carcass merit in crossbred yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24: 2-11. Gruber, S.L. J.D. Tatum, T.E. Engle, K.J. Prusa, S.B. Laudert, A.L. Schroeder, and W.J. Platter. 2008. Effects of ractopamine supplementation and postmortem aging on longissimus muscle palatability of beef steers differing in biological type. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 205-210. Indiana: Marchant Forde, J.N., D.C., Lay Jr., K.A. McMunn, H.W. Cheng, E.A. Pajor, and R.M. Marchant-Forde, 2009. Post-natal piglet husbandry practices and well-being: The effects of alternative techniques delivered separately. J. of Anim. Sci. 87:1479-1492. Bewley, J.M., R.E. Boyce, J. Hockin, L. Munksgaard, S.D. Eicher, and M.M. Schutz. 2008. An exploratory study of management factors influencing lying time using an automated activity monitoring sensor. J. Dairy Res. In Press. ODriscoll, K., M.M. Schutz, A.C. Lossie and S.D.Eicher. 2008. Effect of rubber flooring on cow locomotion, leukocyte activity, and leukocyte gene expression. J. Dairy Sci. In Press. Kansas: Burkey, T.E., K.A. Skjolaas, and J.E. Minton. 2009. Board-invited review: porcine mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci. 87:1493-1501 Burkey, T.E., K.A. Skjolaas, S.S. Dritz, and J.E. Minton. 2009. Expression of porcine Toll-like receptor 2, 4 and 9 gene transcripts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Choleraesuis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 130:96-101. Minnesota: Li, Y.Z., and L.J. Johnston. 2009. Behavior and performance of pigs previously housed in large groups. J. Anim Sci. 87: 1472-1478 Strawford, M.L., Y.Z. Li, and H.W. Gonyou. 2008. The effect of management strategies and parity on the behavior and physiology of gestating sows housed in an electronic sow feeding system. Can. J. Anim Sci. 88: 559-567. Mississippi: Jung, S.-Y., S.D. Bowers, and S.T. Willard. 2009. Simulated microgravity influences bovine oocyte in vitro fertilization and preimplantation embryo development. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8(9): 1807-1814. Bowers, S.D., S. Gandy, B. Anderson, P. Ryan, and S. Willard. 2009. Assessment of pregnancy in the late gestation mare using digital infrared thermography. Theriogenology 72(3): 372-377 (doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology. 2009.03.005; Online publication May 30, 2009). Moulton, K., P. Ryan, D. Christiansen, R. Hopper, C. Klauser, W. Bennett, S. Rodts-Palenik, and S. Willard. 2009. Hormonal profiles of late gestation ewes following intra-uterine inoculation with and without lux-modified Escherichia coli. J. Reproduction and Development 55 (1): 55-62. Moulton, K., P. Ryan, D.C. Lay, Jr., and S.T. Willard. 2009. Postmortem photonic imaging of lux-modified Salmonella typhimuium within the gastrointestinal tract of swine following oral inoculation in vivo. J. Anim Sci. 87: 2239-2244 (doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1470 - Published online March 27, 2009). Jung, S. and S.T. Willard. 2009. The effect of culture methods and serum supplementation on developmental competence of bovine embryos cultured in vitro. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8(1): 67-74. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T. Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy and feedlot cows under stressful thermal environments. Livestock Environment VIII Proceedings of the ASABE (31 August 31st September 4th 2008; Iguassu Falls, Brazil); Publication Date: August 4th, 2008, ASABE Publication Number 084752; pp 745-753. Missouri: Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Regional differences in sweat rate response of steers to short-term heat stress. Int. J. Biometeorol. 52: 725-732. Kirch, B.H., G.E. Aiken, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Temperature influences upon vascular dynamics in cattle measured by doppler ultrasonography. J Therm. Biol. 33: 375-379. Carroll, J.A., R.R. Reuter, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, J.D. Arthington, and M.L. Galyean. 2009. Profile of the bovine acute-phase response following an intravenous bolus-dose lipopolysaccharide challenge. Innate Immun. 15: 81-89. Williams, J.E., L.N. Thompson, D. E. Spiers, T. Hackman, M.R. Ellersieck, L. Wax, J. B. Corners, and P.A. Lancaster. 2009. Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum in alleviation of heat stress in beef cattle. The Professional Anim. Scientist. 25: 109-117. Settivari, R.S., T.J. Evans, L.P. Yarru, P.A. Eichen, P. Sutovsky, G.E. Rottinghaus, E. Antoniou, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Effects of short-term heat stress on endophytic ergot alkaloid-induced alterations in rat hepatic gene expression. J. Anim. Sci. (In press). Nebraska: Holl, J.W., G.A. Rohrer, T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Estimates of Genetic Parameters Among Scale Activity Scores, Growth, and Fatness in Pigs. J Anim. Sci. (submitted 10/14/08) Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T. Willard, J.D. Arthington, T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Trans ASABE 51(6):2167-2178. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2009. Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model and Meteorological Instrumentation. Int J. Biometeorol. (in press 5/19/09). Brown-Brandl, T.M., E.D. Berry, J. Wells, T.M. Arthur, and J.A. Nienaber. 2009. Impacts of Individual Animal Response to Heat and Handling Stresses on Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 Fecal Shedding by Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (Published online). Brown-Brandl, T.M. and D.D. Jones. 2009. Feedlot Cattle Susceptibility to Heat Stress: An Animal Specific Model. Trans ASABE (submitted 3/10/09). Aitha, N., A.M. Parkhurst, C.N. Lee, P.E. Hillman. 2008. Nonlinear mixed models to evaluate effects of environmental conditions, hair coat, and anchor length on body temperature during afternoon milking of Holstein cows in Hawaii , Proceedings of Twentieth Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture Proceedings. 206-217 http://www.k-state.edu/stats/agstat.conference/2008 Arias, R.A., T.L. Mader, and P.C. Escobar. 2008. Climatic factors affecting cattle performance in dairy and beef farms. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 40:7-22. Buckner, C.D., T.L. Mader, G.E. Erickson, S.L. Colgan, D.R. Mark, V.R. Bremer, K.K. Karges, and M.L. Gibson. 2008. "Evaluation of Dry Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Inclusion on Performance and Economics of Finishing Beef Steers." Professional Animal Scientist. 24(2008):1-7. Gaughan, J.B., T.L. Mader, and S.M. Holt. 2008. Cooling and feeding strategies to reduce heat load of grain-fed beef cattle in intensive housing. Livestock Science 113:226-233. Gaughan, J.B., T.L. Mader, S.M. Holt, and A. Lisle. 2008. A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 86:226-234. Mader, T.L. 2008. Climate Conditions in bedded confinement buildings. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Symposium VIIII. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. August 31 to Sept. 4, 2008. Iguassu Falls City, Brazil. Mader, T.L., J.B. Gaughan, W. M. Kreikemeier, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2008. Behavioural effects of yearling grain-finished heifers exposed to differing environmental conditions and growth-promoting agents. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48:1155-1160. New York and Hawaii: Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, S.T. Willard, C.N. Lee and A.D. Kennedy. 2009. Continuous measurements of vaginal temperature of female cattle using a data logger encased in a plastic anchor. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, ASABE, 25(2):291-296. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Transactions of ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178. Gebremedhin, K.G., C.N. Lee, P.E. Hillman, and R.J. Collier. 2009. Tracking Physiological Responses of Dairy Cows to Solar Exposure, (submitted to Trans. of ASABE). Hillman, P.E., K.G. Gebremedhin, S.T. Willard, C.N. Lee, and A.D. Kennedy. 2009. Continuous measurements of vaginal temperature of female cattle using a data logger encased in a plastic anchor. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, ASABE, 25(2):291-296. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T Willard, J. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Tranactions of ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178. North Dakota: Ritter, M.J, M. Ellis, N.L. Berry, S.E. Curtis, L. Anil, M. Benjamin, E.P. Berg, D. Butler,C.Dewey, B. Driessen, P. DuBois, J. Hill, J. Marchant-Forde, P. Matzat, J. McGlone, P.Mormede, T. Moyer, K. Pfalzgraf, J. Salak-Johnson, J. Sterle, C. Stull, T. Whiting, B. Wolter, S.R. Niekamp, and A.K. Johnson. 2009. Transport losses in market weight pigs: I. A review of definitions, incidence and economic impact. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:404-414. Carr, C.C, D.H. Keisler, D.J. Newman, G.K. Rentfrow, and E.P. Berg. 2008. Effects of seasonal environment, on-farm handling, transport stocking density, and time in lairage on digestive tract temperature, serum cortisol concentrations, and pork lean quality of market hogs. Prof. Anim Sci. 24:208-218. Tennessee: Cooper, T.A., M.P. Roberts, H.G. Kattesh, and C.J. Kojima. 2009. Effects of transport stress, gender, and weaning weight on post-weaning performance in pigs. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:189-94. Kojima, C.J., S.J. Jenkins, T.A. Cooper, M.P. Roberts, J.A. Carroll, and H.G. Kattesh. 2009. Effects of syndyphalin-33 on feed intake and circulating measures of growth hormone, cortisol, and immune cell populations in the recently-weaned pig. J. Anim. Sci. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2033. Texas: Calabrese, R. and T.H. Friend. 2009. Effects of density and rest stops on movement rates of unrestrained horses during transport. J. Equine Vet. Sci. (In press). Bingham, G.M., T.H. Friend, P.A. Lancaster, and G.E. Carstens. 2009. Relationship between feeding behavior and residual feed intake in growing Brangus heifers. J. Animal Sci. (In press.)Doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1851. Edrington, T. S., B.H. Carter, T.H. Friend, G.R. Hagevoort, T.L. Poole, T.R. Callaway, R.C. Anderson and D.J. Nisbet. 2009. Influence of sprinklers, used to alleviate heat stress, on fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria in lactating dairy cattle. Letters in Appl. Micro. 48:738-743. Doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02603. Krawczel, P.D., T.H. Friend, and G.S. Archer. 2008. Behavior of lambs in rest pens during long-distance transport. J. Applied Anim. Welfare Sci. 11:337-345. Doi: 10.1080/10888700802329996. Abstracts Arizona: Zimbleman, R.B., R.P. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard and R.J. Collier. 2009. Revised temperature humidity index (THI) for high producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92. E-Suppl. 1:347 Rhoads, R.P., S.R. Sanders, L. Cole, M.V. Skrzypek, T.H. Elsasser, G.C. Duff, R.J. Collier, and L.H. Baumgard. 2009. Effects of heat stress on glucose homeostasis and metabolic response to an endotoxin challenge in Holstein steers. J. Anim. Sci. 87: E-Suppl 2:78. Cossel, S.E., M.E. Field, M.V. Skrzypek, S.R. Sanders, S.L. Marion, J.B. Wheelock, S.R. Hartman, Y. Yuxi, P.B. Hoyer, R.J. Collier, R.P. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard, and M.L. Rhoads. 2009. Effects of heat stress on ghrelin secretion in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 92. E-Suppl. 1:72 Elsasser, T., R. Rhoads, S. Kahl, R. Collier, L. Baumgard, C. Li and T. Caperna. 2009. Heat stress augments plasma tyrosine-nitrated proteins and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio after repeated endotoxin (LPS) challenge in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 87: E-Suppl 2: 9. Indiana: Lay, D.C. Jr., M.H. Rostagno, S.D. Eicher, and K.A. McMunn. 2008. Behavior, plasma cortisol, and immune cell populations of pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurum . ISAE, Dublin 2008. Janczak, A.M., R.M. Marchant-Forde, J.N. Marchant-Forde, D. Hogan, D.L. Mathews, C. Dowell, L.J. Freeman, D.C. Lay, Jr. 2008. Heart rate variability as a welfare indicator in domestic pigs. ISAE, Dublin 2008. Rostagno, M.H., S.D. Eicher, and D.C. Lay, Jr. 2009. Salmonella infection and immune response in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1): Lay, D.C. Jr, R.M. Marchant-Forde, A.M. Janczak, J.N. Marchant-Forde and D.F. Hogan. 2009. The use of heart rate variability as a novel method to differentiate between affective states. ISAE Cairns Australia. Marchant-Forde, J.N., H-W Cheng, D.C. Lay, Jr., E.A. Pajor and R.M. Marchant-Forde. 2009. The effects of tail docking method on piglets behavioral responses to a formalin pain test. ISAE Cairns Australia Rostagno, M.H.*, S.D. Eicher, and D.C Lay, Jr.,. 2009. Effect of feed withdrawal and transportation on Salmonella enterica infection in market-weight pigs. 8th International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Marchant-Forde, J.N. The behavior nutrition interaction in swine. Journal of Animal Science, 87 (E.Suppl. 2): 564. Mississippi: Ryan, P., D. Christiansen, J.R. Crouch, R. Hopper, J. Cooley, K. Moulton, and S. Willard. 2009. Evaluation of pathogen progression during induced placentitis in mares using lux-modified Escherichia coli and novel bioluminescence imaging technology. Annual Meeting Society for Theriogenology, Albuquerque, NM, August 25th to 29th 2009. Feugang, J.M., J.C. Rodriguez-Munoz, R. Black, S. Willard, R. Bathgate, and P. Ryan. 2009. Detection of relaxin receptors 1 and 2 in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes, and effect of relaxin hormone and follicular fluid on gene expression. Society of the Study of Reproduction, Pittsburgh, PA, July 2009 (Abstract #286). Welsh, Jr., T.H., N.C. Burdick, K.O. Curley, Jr., B.J. Agado, S.T. Willard, J.A. Carroll, R.C. Vann, and R.D. Randel. 2009. Influence of gender and breedtype on basal and induced secretion of cortisol in cattle. The Endocrine Society's 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, DC June 10 13, 2009 Behrends, S.M., T.B. Schmidt, D.H. Keisler, J.W. Daily, J.O. Buntyn, D.J. Sykes, L.H. Hulbert, K.M. Cooley, D.T. Dawson, and J.A. Carroll. 2009. Evaluation of the stress response of heifers during the transportation process. J. Animal Science, National Meetings. Montreal Canada, 2009. Burdick, N.C., J.A. Carroll, R.D. Randel, S.T. Willard, R.C. Vann, C.C. Chase, Jr., L.H. Hulbert, L.C. Caldwell, J.G. Lyons, and T.H. Welsh, Jr. 2009. Use of an automated sampler to assess bovine adrenal hormone response to transportation. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Vann, R.C., S.T. Willard, E.L. Schenck, K. Moulton, W. Holmes, A. Brown, B. Thomas, T.E. Lawrence, and M.S. Brown. 2009. Growth and carcass characteristics of steers fed an omega-3-fatty acid-fortified supplement from flaxseed while on improved pastures and following feedlot finishing. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Curbelo, J., K. Moulton, E. Schenck and S. Willard. 2009. Detection of bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus through bovine mammary gland tissue ex vivo. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Godfrey, R.W., R.C. Ketring, S. Robinson and S.T. Willard. 2009. Use of infrared thermal imaging of the muzzle as a measure of body temperature in sheep and cattle. ASAS-ADSA National Meeting, Montreal, Canada Curbelo, J., K. Moulton, and S. Willard. 2009. In vitro characterization and detection of photonic emissions of Staphylococcus aureus in inoculated bovine milk. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009, p. 22-23 (Abstract #67). Vann, R.C., M.K. Dowd, and S. Willard. 2009. Utilization of cottonseed products in bull development programs. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 21 (Abstract #62). Vann, R.C., E.L. Schenck, S.T. Willard and J.D. Rhinehart. 2009. Utilization of dried distillers grains for developing beef heifers grazing ryegrass-bermudagrass pastures. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 30 (Abstract #90). Dray, S., C. Johnson, A. Smith, D. Barkle, A. Fisher, A. Kouba and S. Willard. 2009. Responses of captive elephants to changes in environmental conditions. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 24 (Abstract #72). Cooley, K., T. Beck, D. Moore, B. Rude, S. Brookes, A. Kouba, R. Hansen, S. Willard. 2009. Using stable isotope analysis of hair samples to differentiate between pre-weaning and post-weaning states in dairy calves. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section, Atlanta, GA, February, 2009; p. 23 (Abstract #23). Willard, S., A. Chromiak, and A. Kouba. 2008. Use of digital infrared thermography to assess thermal gradients and abnormalities of the elephant foot, and thermal responses to changes in environmental conditions. 28th AZVT Annual Proceedings, New Bedford, MA; October 1 6, 2008; p. 9. Dray, S., C. Johnson, A. Smith, D. Barkle, A. Fisher, A. Kouba, and S. Willard. 2008. Assessing Heat Dissipation Responses in Captive Elephants to Environmental Temperature. Elephant Managers Association Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL; October 3-7, 2008. Missouri: Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle for determination of markers of sensitivity. Livestock Environment VIII. Proc. 8th Int. Livestock Environment Symp. Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Pp. 759-765. Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, T.J. Evans, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Impact of dehydration on production and thermoregulation of Angus steers at thermoneutrality. Livestock Environment VIII. Proc. 8th Int. Livestock Environment Symp. Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Pp. 465-471. Eichen, P.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, E.A. Coate, A.M.Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2008. Heat stress effects on sow reproductive performance using simulated forced air and evaporative cooling systems. Livestock Environment VIII. Proc. 8th Int. Livestock Environment Symp. Iguaçu Falls, Brazil. Pp. 773-779. Coate, E.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, P.A. Eichen, A.M. Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Thermoregulatory responses of sows to heat stress during three phases of production. Annual Meeting of Midwestern Section of American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. March 16. Williams, A.M., T.J. Safranski, D.E. Spiers, P.A. Eichen, E.A. Coate, and M.C. Lucy. 2009. Productive and reproductive responses to heat stress for sows during a production cycle. Annual Meeting of Midwestern Section of American Society of Animal Science. Des Moines, Iowa. March 16. Scharf, B., L.E. Wax, T.J. Evans, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the thermoregulation of heat stressed Angus steers. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Spiers, D.E., D.K. Kishore, P.A. Eichen, and E. Moran. 2009. Lack of adaptation to fescue toxicosis under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Coate, E.A., M.C. Lucy, T.J. Safranski, P.A. Eichen, M. Williams, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Cyclic heat stress alters the diurnal thermal status of sows during lactation. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Pompeu, L.B., J.E. Williams, D.E. Spiers, R.L. Weaber, M.R. Ellersieck, K.M. Sargent, N.P. Feyerabrand, H.L. Vellios, and F. Evans. 2009. Tasco alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows. Annual Meeting of American Society of Animal Science. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 12. Nebraska: Holl, J.W., G.A. Rohrer, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Genetic relationships among temperament score, weight, and backfat measurements in pigs [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science 86(ESuppl. 3):47. Abstract #31. Rempel, L.A., G.A. Rohrer, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2009. Prepubertal Scoring of Scale Activity in Gilts and Its Potential Relationship to Subsequent Fertility and Reproductive Performance in Landrace-Duroc-Yorkshire Cross Females [abstract]. In: Proceedings of VIII International Conference on Pig Reproduction, Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 31 Jun 4, 2009. (accepted 3/31/09) Ninaber, J.A., and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Heat and moisture production of growing-finishing barrows as affected by enviornmental temperature. Amer. Soc. of Agric. and Biol. Eng. Paper No. 084168. St. Joseph, MI:ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M., E.D. Berry, J.E. Wells, T.M. Arthur, and J.A. Nienaber. 2008. The impact of stress level on fecal bacteria and pathogen shedding in feedlot cattle.Amer. Soc. of Agric. and Biol. Eng. Paper No. 084178. St. Joseph, MI:ASABE. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2008. Development of a graphical web-based heat stress forecast for feedlot cattle. Amer. Soc. of Agric. and Biol. Eng. Paper No. 083887. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M. and D. Jones. 2009. Using Experts to Validate an Animal Specific Heat Stress Model for Feedlot Cattle. In: Proceedings American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers, Reno, NV, June 21-24. ASABE Paper No. 097325. St. Joseph,MI:ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M., R. Eigenberg, and J. Nienaber. 2009. Water Spray Cooling During Handling of Feedlot Cattle. In: Proceedings of American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers, Reno, NV, June 21-24. ASABE Paper No. 096201. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, and R.A. Eigenberg. 2008. Analysis of meteorological parameters of different extreme heat waves. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 849-855. Mader, T.L., L.J. Johnson, T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.B. Gaughan. 2008. Climate conditions in bedded confinement buildings. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 395-402. Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, and J.A. Nienaber. 2008. Effectiveness of different shade materials. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 805-812. Gebremedhin, K.G., P.E. Hillman, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, S.T. Willard, J.E. Arthington, and T.M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy and feedlot cows under stressful thermal environments. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 745-753. Li, Y.Z. 2009. Effect of maternal fear on pre-weaning mortality of piglets in a loose farrowing system. Abstracts of American Society of Animal Science Midwest Section, March 16-18, 2009. Des Moines. p. 1 Liang, B., A.M. Parkhurst, K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, and P.E. Hillman. 2009. Using time series to study dynamics of sweating rates of Holstein cows exposed to initial and prolonged solar heat stress. Conf. on Applied Agriculture Statistic, Kansas. Arias, R.A. and T.L. Mader. 2008. Effects of soil surface temperature on daily water intake in feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):595 Gaughan, J.B., M.L. Sullivan, J. Cawdell-Smith, and T.L. Mader. 2008. Effect of shade on panting score of feedlot cattle exposed to heat stress. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):594 Godsey, C.M., M.K. Luebbe, G.E. Erickson, and T.J. Klopfenstein. 2008. Effect of the grains to solubles ratio in diets containing wet distillers grains fed to feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 86 (E-Suppl. 3):62 (Abstr.) Koknaroglu, H., Z. Otles, T. Mader, T. Purefjav, and P. Hoffman. 2008. How winter conditions affect feed intake of steers in different housing systems. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):467. Li, X.M. Parkhurst, T.L. Mader. 2009. Comparing experimental designs for a bi-logistical model used to estimate heat stress when moving feedlot cattle, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Liang. B., A.M. Parkhurst, K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, P.E. Hillman. 2009. Using time series to study dynamics of sweat rates of holstein cows exposed to initial and prolonged solar heat stress, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Pathak, M, A.M. Parkhurst, R.A. Arias, T.L. Mader. 2009. Comparative Study of Time Series and Multiple Regression for Modeling Dependence of Cattle Body Temperature on Environmental Variables during Heat Stress, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Zeng, Y, A.M. Parkhurst, and J. Pantoja. 2009. Using time series to study effect of air temperature and humidity on body temperature of cows in Puerto Rico, Paper presented at Proc. 21th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Snow, D.D., S. Bartelt-Hunt, B. Kranz, T. Mader, C. Shapiro, D. Shelton, T. Zhang, S. von Donk, D. Tarkalson, S. Ensley. 2008. STAR Grant Project Report "Effects of Cattle Manure Handling and Management on Fate and Transport of hormones in the Feedlot and the Filed". Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment: A U.S. EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Progress Review, November 16, 2008. Snow, D., S. Bartelt-Hunt, B. Kranz, T. Mader, C. Shapiro, D. Shelton, and T. Zhang. 2007. Effects of Cattle Manure Handling and Management Strategies on Fate and Transport of Hormones in the Feedlot and the Field (EPA RD833423). Proceedings of the Fate and Effects of Hormones in Waste From Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) Workshop. August 20-22, 2007, EPA Region V Conference Facility. Chicago, IL. Snow, D.D., S. Bartelt-Hunt, B. Kranz, T. Mader, C. Shapiro, D. Shelton, T. Zhang, S. von Donk, D. Tarkalson, S. Enseley. 2008. EPA CAFO Project "Effects of Cattle Manure Handling and Management on Fate and Transport of Hormones in the Feedlot and the Field" Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative. Heartland Animal Manure Management Workshop, October 1-2, 2008 Stoney Creek Inn, St. Joseph Missouri. New York and Hawaii: Bojanczyk, K.S., K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, and C.C. Chase, Jr. 2009. Physical and Optical Properties of Cattle Hair Coat . ASABE Paper NO. 097419, presented at the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV. Li, S., K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, and R.J. Collier. 2009. Evaluation of Thermal Indices for Cattle. ASABE Paper No. 096003, presented at the ASABE International Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. Liang, B., A.M. Parkhurst, K.G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee, R.J. Collier, and P.E. Hillman. 2009. Using time series to study dynamics of sweating rates of Holstein cows exposed to initial and prolonged solar heat stress. Conf. on Applied Agriculture Statistic, Kansas. South Dakota: Carroll, J., E. Berg, R. Vann, R. Randel, and T. Welsh, Jr. 2008. The connection between animal stress and meat production: Uncoupling of the GH/IGF-1 axis. In Proc. 61st Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Gainesville, FL. 61(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/rmcarchv/2008/index.html Accessed August 22, 2009. Newman, D.J., M.H. Ryan, C.C. Carr, and E.P. Berg. 2009. Effect of season, transport length, deck location, and lairage length on pork quality and blood cortisol concentration. In Proc. 62nd Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Rogers, AR. 62:(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/proceedings.htm. Magolski, J.R., E.P. Berg, V.L. Anderson, N.L. Hall, and K.R. Carlin. 2009. Differences in beef tenderness associated with working chute behavior are not related to postmortem proteolysis. In Proc. 62nd Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Rogers, AR. 62:(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/proceedings.htm. Hall, N.L., V.L. Anderson, B.R. Ilse, K.R. Carlin, J.C. Galbreath, and E.P. Berg. 2009. Work chute behavior of feedlot cattle can be an indication of cattle temperament and beef carcass composition and quality. In Proc. 62nd Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Rogers, AR. 62:(E-Suppl.) http://www.meatscience.org/Pubs/proceedings.htm. Hall, N.L., V.L. Anderson, K.R. Carlin, J.C. Galbreath, and E.P. Berg. 2009. Working chute behavior of feedlot cattle can be an indication of cattle temperament and beef carcass composition and quality. J. Anim. Sci. 87: (e-Suppl. 3). Texas: Garey, S.M., T.H. Friend, D.H. Sigler, L.R. Berghman, S.C. Turr, A.D. Hayes, D. Golden, and K. Johnson-Schroeder. 2009. The effects of loose groups vs. individual stalls during transport and group vs. stall housing on glucocorticosteroids and DHEA in naïve yearling horses. Equine Science Society Proceedings, J. Equine Vet. Sci. 29:413-414. Tutt, S.C., G. Holub, T.H. Friend, S.M. Garey. 2009. Effects of Protimax and Betaine feed supplements on activity in young dairy calves. J. Animal Science 87, Suppl 2, p.327. Virgin Islands: Godfrey, R.W., R.C. Ketring, S.S. Robinson and S.T. Willard. 2009. Use of infrared thermal imaging of the muzzle as a measure of body temperature in sheep and cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 87(E-Suppl. 2):550 Thesis/Dissertations Nebraska: Arias, R. 2008. Modeling the Effects of Environmental Factors on Finished Cattle, Ph.D. dissertation. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Pathak, M. 2009. Modeling Dynamics of Dependency of the Cattle Body Temperature on the Environmental Variables during Heat Stress: A Time Series Approach. M.S. thesis. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Experiment Station Publications Nebraska: Arias, R.A. and T.L. Mader. 2008. Modeling Daily Water Intake in Cattle Finished in Feedlots. Nebraska Beef Report MP91. Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, pp. 67-70. Mader, T.L, L.J. Johnson, and S.L. Colgan. 2008. Climate Conditions in Bedded Confinement Buildings. Nebraska Beef Report MP91. Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, pp. 64-66.

Impact Statements

This research confirms what others have noted with regard to exit velocity and tough beef. In addition, evaluation of catch score of animal temperament when captured in the head restraint. showed that steers who more aggressively fight head restraint possess less marbling and a lower capacity to grade USDA choice or higher is an economically important finding.
A developed nutritional strategy for short term enhancement of evaporative heat loss in lactating dairy cattle may prove useful in animals being bred during warm summer months to reduce embryonic loss after breeding
It was demonstrated that behavioral tests can be used to assess fear response among sows. Since fear can affect performance, selecting less fearful sows may improve performance and welfare of sows in loose farrowing systems.

Date of Annual Report: 11/10/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/09/2010 - 08/10/2010
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2009 - 09/01/2010

Participants

" Jeremiah Davis, Mississippi State Univ.
" Scott Willard, Mississippi State Univ.
" Ty Schmidt, Mississippi State Univ.
" Holly Boland, Mississippi State Univ.
" Tami Brown-Brandl, ARS-MARC
" Jeff Carroll, ARS-LIRU
" Nicole Burdick, ARS-LIRU
" Terry Engle, Colorado St. Univ.
" Lily Edwards, Kansas State Univ.
" John Arthington, Univ of FL
" CN Lee, Univ. of Hawaii
" Kifle Gebremedhin, Cornell Univ.
" Ted Friend, Texas A&M Univ.
" Bob Collier, Univ. of Arizona
" Colin Kaltenbach, Univ. of Arizona
" Bob Godfrey, Univ. of the Virgin Islands
" Katherine Peterson, Univ. Rhode Island
" Angela Green, Univ. Illinois
" Reinaldo Cooke, Oregon State Univ.

Brief Summary of Minutes

August 09, 2010
Bost Conference Center, Mississippi State University.

Agenda
Part I
0800 - Meeting was convened by Dr. Jeremiah Davis (MSU); chair and host.
Following the official welcome and greetings, Dr. Colin Kaltenbach, commented on the necessary steps for the rewrite of the project. Two committees were formed: a) Objective Committee - Drs. Kifle Gebremedhin, Ted Friend, Tami Brown-Brandl and Angela Green; b) Rewrite Committee - Drs. Bob Collier, Terry Engle, and Bob Godfrey.

Part II
The annual meeting began with station presentations followed by discussion for the morning session. The poster presentation filled up afternoon period.
The group met for dinner at the MAFES Conference Center followed by smaller sub-groups held discussion on future collaborations.

August 10, 2010
Part III
0800 - The business meeting was conducted following a brief tour of the Mississippi agriculture research station and the cheese making facility.

Business Meeting Minutes
1. CN Lee will host 2011 conference in Hawai'i on July 27th-28th, Waimea, Big Island
CN Lee and Jeff Carroll will Co-Chair the Meeting.
2. John Arthington will be Secretary for the coming year.
3. Rewrite of project is due December 15th, each station is to submit to Bob Collier their
plans and collaboration by Oct. 1.
4. Objectives Committee drafted new objectives;
Title: Impacts of Stress Factors on Performance, Health, and Well-Being of Farm Animals.
Objectives will be:
1. Identify measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors
affecting the biology of stress and immune responses

2. Identify and assess genetic components of animal stress and well-being

3. Development of management strategies and/or tools to enhance farm
animal sustainability under conditions of climatic change or other stressful
environments.

5. Writing Committee will draft a new project with the above objectives. Members are
to submit their plans to the committee by October 1st.
6. Meeting adjourned, 1230.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Identify appropriate measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of the stress response. Arizona conducted a Discover Conference on: Effect of the Thermal Environment on Nutrient and Management Requirements of Cattle. The ADSA Discover Conference series was chosen as the suggested format for the meeting because its primary goal as stated in its Charter is to foster creativity, emphasize interaction and open discussion and focus on thrusts that will synergize the development and use of science for the benefit of food animal industries and society (http://www.adsa.org/discover/Charter.pdf) . Efforts have been directed toward a book titled, "New Concepts on Improving Animal Performance in Adverse Environments." The text will summarize information published in journals on environmental impacts on livestock performance and health in one location. Colorado conducted studies on steers to evaluated the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu) on the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (HS) in the rumen gas cap. Data suggest that 100 mg/kg Mo from sodium molybdate in diet reduced the HS without adversely affecting performance. Study 2 evaluated the genes involved in Cu regulation for pulmonary arterial tissue and liver tissue across species: Angus crossbred steers, Nubian goats and Landrace pigs. The data indicates that genes involved in Cu homeostasis regulation in the arterial and liver tissue are different for species. The effects of restraining methods (snarl vs sorting boards) on blood lactate concentration (LAC) was studied in pigs (Kansas). Data showed the LAC were higher in groups restrained by snarling versus sorting board. In both treatments, LAC increased with increasing duration of restrain. Sorting board would probably be the restraining choice for short duration with minimum effect on LAC. Hawaii, Arizona and New York collaborated on a study to evaluate the effect of hot-dry vs. hot-humid conditions on sweating rates for high producing Holstein cows in the presence and absence of solar radiation at (550W/m2). The data suggest that sweating occurs in cyclic fashion(3-5min. depend the initiation and/or duration of solar exposure. Holstein has maximum sweating capability of around 600g/m2 and skin temperature drives the evaporative event. Illinois studied the use of low cost GPS collar system for cattle coupled with handling and animal training (grooming and positive reinforcement with corn feeding). After two weeks of training and grooming, there was stark reduction in equipment damage and ease of handling of animals as demonstrated the ease of approaching and working with the GPS system in 80% of the animals when they were in the field. Primiparous sows were used in a study to evaluate reliable predictors of thermal stress. Results across all periods (3 weeks of gestation, farrowing, lactation and post-weaning) showed that skin temperatures at trunk (shoulder and rump) and at the extremities (ears and tails) were significant predictors of respiration rates and rectal temperatures(Missouri). A second study on the consumption of 40µg erogvaline/kg/day endopyte infected tall fescue effects on rumen temperature in Angus steers was evaluated under thermal neutral environment and heat stress environment. Endopyte consumption resulted in higher respiration rates and higher rectal temperatures but no significant differences in rumen temperature were detected. In a subsequent study it was determined that cattle with tolerance for fescue toxicosis did not showed body temperature differences related to site of origin (OK Angus vs. MO Angus). Heat stress conditions and endopyte consumption greatly affected feed intake of both groups with greater reduction for the OK Angus. Region of origin did not affect the ability to acquire toxicosis tolerance. A fourth study examined the impact of ergopeptide alkaloids on vascular contractility using Angus of OK origin fed diets: control or 30µg ergovaline/kg BW/d in thermal neutral vs. heat stress conditions. The results affirmed the reduction of feed intake during heat stress and that animals fed ergovaline had lower feed intake. There were no differences in skin temperature during heat exposure but ergovaline treatment resulted in lower skin temperatures (ear and upper tail) in thermal neutral environment supporting that vasocontrictor properties of ergopeptide alkaloids. The fifth study focus on the physiological responses of Angus (Missouri and Oklahoma origin) and heat tolerant Romosinouano in grazing conditions under mid-Missouri summer. There were no differences in respiration rates and ruminal temperature between Angus of different origin but there was a breed difference between Angus and Romosinouano for both parameters. Both breeds shared similar pattern of adaptation from early to late summer periods. Studies with sows with different parities (1-9) showed the emotional state of sows change with gestation stages. Sows in late gestation demonstrated more fearful behavior versus those in early gestation and there was no difference between parity(Minnesota). In a second study to determine housing (group versus individual pens) and parity on pre-weaning mortality, it was discovered that parity 1 sows had lower piglet mortality and weaned larger litters compared to multi-parity sows in straw-bedded farrowing system. Intrauterine infections in the bovine can have detrimental effects on reproductive performance, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a primary causative pathogen( Mississippi). Our objectives were to characterize the photonic properties of E. coli-Xen14 (a stably transformed E. coli containing the lux operon), and conduct photonic imaging of E. coli-Xen14 from within the excised bovine uterus. Our results demonstrated that E. coli-Xen14 remained stable with respect to the percentage of photonic emitters with or without antibiotic presence (kanamycin; used to selectively culture E. coli-Xen14), however antibiotic presence suppressed photonic activity. In addition, imaging of E. coli-Xen14 was feasible through the bovine uterine horns ex vivo. Previous work in our lab has shown a high correlation among rectal, vaginal and eye temperature (RT, VT and ET, respectively) using digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) in hair sheep ewes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among VT, RT and ET and muzzle temperature (MT) in hair sheep and cattle. Our results indicated that DITI can be used to measure eye and muzzle temperatures in sheep as an indicator of body temperature in both the normothermic and febrile state. In cattle the relationship between muzzle temperature and rectal temperature was not apparent in the normothermic state, but eye temperature was correlated to rectal temperature. This study shows that DITI can be used as a non-invasive method of measuring body temperature in livestock. Nebraska developed a model to understanding thermal hysteresis during heat stress. Heat stress studies of farm animals suggest that above a certain threshold body temperature (Tb) is driven by ambient temperature (Ta). When hysteresis is present, there are two values for Tb depending on whether Ta is increasing or decreasing. A theoretical delay-relay model is proposed to illustrate the hysteretic dynamics of the Tb-Ta relationship when Ta is cyclic. Essentially, the animal requires more energy to dissipate heat than to absorb it. A statistical procedure to estimate ellipse for characterizing thermal hysteresis in body temperature of heat stressed Herefords was developed. To find out how much energy is accumulated by an animal during HS, it is necessary to find the area of the thermal hysteresis loop. Pen-day effects on body temperature when handling Feedlot Heifers during Heat Stress was analyzed. In this study, data was taken from heifers in pens located at different distances from the heifer work station on four separate summer days under hot conditions and mixed additive bilogistic models with and without treatment effects using a nested random structure or a crossed random structure were compared. The mixed additive bilogistic model using a diagonal nested random structure with treatments was preferred. This bilogistic model has seven biological parameters: initial body temperature, heat challenge rate constant, upper asymptote body temperature, challenge inflection point, baseline body temperature for recovery, recovery rate constant, and recovery inflection point. Treatment factors were significant for all parameters except the recovery inflection point. Significant pen and day interactions were found for the other six parameters. Oregon determined that plasma concentrations of cortisol, acute-phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in halter-trained beef steers (Angus, 163+7.0 kg) following i.v. (0.1µg/kg BW) corticotrophin-releasing hormone infusion increased. In a separate study the relationship of temperament, an altered physiological state, and reproductive parameters in Bos taurus (Anugs-Hereford cows) was evaluated. While no differences were detected in body condition score, haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin, excitable temperament led to lower pregnancy rates (89% vs. 94.0%). The effects of environment conditions on shade utilization and pen distribution for dairy cows was studied using 186 cows over a 72h observation period (Texas). The results showed that cows tend to spend more time at the feed-bunk when the THI was low and during periods of cloud cover and high wind speed. Shade utilization increased with decreasing cloud cover and independent of THI. Soil temperatures under the shade was consistently cooler than open lots and the cows chose to lay down where it was cooler even in the night. A collaborative effort by LIRU and Texas Tech University developed an indwelling rectal temperature probe that could be used in cattle that were group housed or individually penned. Use of this automated rectal temperature monitoring device in cattle research will enable more frequent sampling of rectal temperature, while also decreasing labor requirements; and will also decrease error introduced by human handling of cattle to obtain measurements. A collaborative study was conducted LIRU, the USDA-ARS SubTropical Agricultural Research Station, the University of Missouri, the University of Florida, and Texas Tech University to elucidate the bovine acute phase response following an intravenous challenge with an endotoxin. Specifically, the objective was to identify the changes that occur in immune and physiological parameters in beef cattle following an immunological challenge with an E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results demonstrated that the bacterial endotoxin induced a pronounced acute-phase response in beef steers. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha peaked rapidly after endotoxin challenge, followed by interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and the acute phase protein, serum amyloid A. The data clearly demonstrated that cattle are sensitive to endotoxin and, therefore, high doses (e 2.0 microgram/kilogram of body weight) may not be required to elicit an experimentally useful response. Our results also indicate that body weight, body fat content, immune system maturity, and/or health history might be factors that result in variation among cattle given an LPS challenge A collaborative study was conducted by LIRU, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center-Overton, Texas AgriLife Research-College Station and Mississippi State University to elucidate the stress hormone profiles in cattle with various temperaments in response to being transported. This study was designed to determine the influence of temperament on rectal temperature recorded without human presence and secretion of cortisol and epinephrine in bulls in response to transportation. Results indicate that maximum and minimum rectal temperature were positively correlated to the temperament of the animal, and that epinephrine tended to be positively correlated with maximum rectal temperature. Additionally, both stress hormones, cortisol and epinephrine, were positively correlated with the temperament of the cattle. Collectively, these data demonstrated that temperamental bulls had greater concentrations of cortisol and epinephrine and also had elevated rectal temperature compared to the calm bulls. Additionally, these data elucidate dynamic changes in rectal temperature to various stimuli including transportation and handling. Heat tolerance for 4 breeds (Angus, Charolais, MARC I and MARC III) of heifers with different hair coat color was evaluated (USDA-MARC). One group had accessed to shade while the other had no shade structure. It was determined that shade lowered the stress levels for all breeds with greater impact on the darker hair coat animals. The absence of shade had no effect on performance. Objective 2. Assess genetic components, including genomics and proteomics, of animal stress and well-being. A single gene has been identified for expression of a phenotype in cattle characterized by a short, sleek hair coat and increased heat tolerance as measured by lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates (Virgin Islands). Introduction of this gene into populations could be used to mitigate heat stress in livestock in areas of high heat and humidity. This gene has been found in Senepol cattle and it has been determined that it has a simple dominance mode of inheritance. The objective of this trial was to compare the hair coat characteristics and body temperature measurements of the two genotypes. Hair samples were collected from the shoulder, over the ribs and rump in a 40.6 cm2 area using electric clippers. Surface temperature (ST) of a non-clipped area over the ribs was measured using an infrared thermometer. Rectal temperature (RT) was collected using a digital veterinary thermometer. Respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting breaths for 15 s and adjusting to breaths per minute (bpm). Individual hair weight was estimated by dividing the sample weight by number of hairs. There was no difference among locations on hair density or weight (P > 0.10) so data were pooled. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in RT or ST between NH and HH cows (38.6 ± 0.06 vs 38.6 ± 0.06 °C and 34.8 ± 0.2 vs 34.4 ± 0.2 °C, respectively). The NH cows had a higher (P < 0.0004) RR than HH cows (52.0 ± 1.5 vs 43.2 ± 1.5 bpm, respectively). There was no difference (P > 0.10) in hair density between NH and HH cows (484.6 ± 41.9 vs 420.5 ± 41.9 hairs/cm2 and 8.0 ± 0.8 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 g/cm2, respectively). Individual hair weight was higher (P < 0.02) for NH cows than for HH cows (16.3 ± 0.8 vs 13.4 ± 0.8 µg, respectively). Objective 3: Evaluate management strategies that minimize the detrimental effects of animal stress. A replicated design with 24 multiparous high producing dairy cows (40 ±1.4 kg/d) was utilized to evaluate a dose range of dietary NI (0, 4, 8, or 12 g/d) in winter acclimated lactating dairy cows on body temperature indices, sweating rate, feed intake, water intake, production parameters and blood niacin concentrations under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions (Arizona). The HS environment increased skin, rectal and vaginal temperatures, respiration rate, sweating rate and water intake and decreased feed intake (4 kg/d, P<0.01), milk yield (3.4 kg/d, P<0.01), milk protein (0.18g/100ml, P<0.01). Sweating rate increased in HS (13 g/m2 h, P<0.01) compared to TN, but this increase in response to HS was 10 fold lower than reported in summer acclimated cattle. We did not detect evidence of an increase in sweating rate with supplemental NI. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition were not affected by NI. Dietary NI increased blood (P<0.07) and milk (P<0.02) niacin concentrations in a linear manner. Heat stress reduced blood (7.82 vs 6.63 ug/ml, P<0.01) but not milk niacin concentration. Reduced blood niacin concentration was partially corrected by dietary NI. Dietary NI increased water intake in a linear manner (P<0.02) in both environments but the increase was greater during HS conditions (P<0.03). Dietary NI also increased skin temperature in both environments (P<0.01) in both shaved and unshaved skin in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01) but the increase was greatest in shaved skin (P<0.04). This suggests that skin blood flow was enhanced with increasing NI dose. Results indicate that HS increases niacin requirements in lactating dairy cows and that NI supplementation partially restores blood niacin concentration during HS. Dietary NI increased water intake during HS and increased skin temperature. There may be seasonal differences in sweating rate responses to HS and NI. Hawaii, New York and USDA-MARC evaluated the behavioral activities of four breeds of feedlot heifers: Angus, Charolais, MARC 1 and MARC III with distinct differences in hair coat, in shade and no shade pens. It was found that Angus (black) hair coat absorbed 98% of the solar load, MARC III with dark red hair absorbed 92% of solar load while Charolais only absorbed 37% of the solar load. Dark hair coat animals spend more time in shade vs. white hair coat and the core body temperature of the Angus animals increased at a rate 2x faster than other breeds when lying in the sun. Studies conducted in laying hens facilities showed that different housing systems and different sites within a housing system (air, manure belts, water source, etc) yielded distinct microbial assemblages (Illinois). Detection of zoonotic pathogens also varied between housing and site of sampling suggesting that environmental factors as a consequences of housing types may influence pathogenic organism. The impact of evaporative pads (EP) on core body temperature, duration of lying and lying bouts for Holsteins housed in cross-ventilation freestall housing was studied (Kansas). Lying times and lying bouts were similar for control (without EP) and treatment. However, EP reduced core body temperature significantly (38.90C vs 39.20C). A study to determine the effect of previous housing on aggression at the time of growing pig mixing showed that pigs with previous exposure to large groups were more tolerant to unfamiliar pigs (Minnesota). The less stressful conditions subsequently led better growth performance. Mississippi conducted a study to determine the potential of omega-3 fatty acid fortified supplements as an energy supplement to provide decreased mobilization of intramuscular fat deposition associated with cattle grazing forages and to enhance fatty acid content in meat tissue throughout the feedlot feeding period. Angus crossbred steers maintained on ryegrass-bermudagrass pastures were assigned to either a control (CON; natural 15 molasses tub) or a omega-3 fatty acid fortified tub (FLAX; flaxseed molasses tub). Our data suggests that the energy supplement provided to the steers did decrease mobilization of intramuscular fat while grazing pastures. A study was conducted to develop a Comprehensive Climate Index (CCI) that has application under a wide range of environmental conditions and provides an adjustment to Ta for RH, WS, and RAD (Nebraska). Environmental data were compiled from nine separate summer periods in which heat stress events occurred and from six different winter periods to develop and validate the CCI. The RH adjustment is derived from an exponential relationship between temperature and RH with temperature being adjusted up or down from an RH value of 30%. At 35 ºC, the temperature adjustment for increasing RH from 30 to 100% equals approximately 10 ºC, while at -35 ºC temperature adjustments due to increasing RH from 30 to 100% average -2.0 ºC, with high RH values contributing to a lower apparent temperature under cold conditions. The relationship between WS and temperature adjustments were also determined to be exponential with a logarithmic adjustment to define appropriate declines in apparent temperature as WS increases. With this index, low WS results in the greatest change in apparent temperature per unit of WS regardless of whether hot or cold conditions exist. As WS increases, the change in apparent temperature per unit of WS becomes less. Based on existing wind chill and heat indices, the effect of WS on apparent temperature are sufficiently similar to allow one equation to be utilized under hot and cold conditions. The RAD component was separated into direct solar radiation and ground surface radiation. Both of these were found to have a linear relationship with Ta. Evaluated effects of feeding additional potassium and sodium on performance and tympanic temperature of heat stressed steers. Angus crossbred yearling steers (n = 168) were used to evaluate effects of feeding additional potassium and sodium on performance and tympanic temperature (TT) to steers exposed to excessive heat load (maximum daily ambient temperature exceeded 32 ºC for three consecutive days) during seasonal summer conditions. Steers were assigned 1 of 4 treatments: 1) control; 2) potassium supplemented (diet containing 2.10% KHCO3); 3) sodium supplemented (diet containing 1.10% NaCl); or 4) potassium and sodium supplemented (diet containing 2.10% KHCO3 and 1.10% NaCl). Overall, additional KHCO3 at the 2% level or NaCl at the 1% level did not improve performance or heat stress tolerance with these diet formulations. However, the addition of KHCO3 did enhance water intake. Independent of treatment effects, TT of cattle displaying high, moderate, or low levels of stress suggest that cattle that do not adequately cool down at night are prone to achieving greater body temperatures during a subsequent hot day. Cattle that are prone to get hot but can cool at night can keep average tympanic temperatures at or near those of cattle that tend to consistently maintain lower peak and mean body temperatures. In addition, during cooler and moderately hot periods, cattle change TT in a stair-step or incremental pattern, while under hot conditions, average TT of group-fed cattle moves in conjunction with ambient conditions, indicating that thermoregulatory mechanisms are at or near maximum physiological capacity. North Dakota examined the effects of exercise on resting blood oxygen levels and maternal behavior during pregnancy in Yorkshire gilts. Gilts were assigned to remain in gestation stalls or to undergo an exercise treatment. Treatment did not affect blood oxygen saturation, though a day effect was shown with saturation fluctating every 2 wks. Exercise did not affect lying duration, but exercised gilts sat less and stood more. The control gilts tended to be more restless. Effect of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) in Angus steers 30 days prior to shipping to feedlot on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake and acute-phase response proteins studied. Not differences were observed in ADG in the pre-conditioning phase but the subsequent performance in feedlot, PUFA treatment resulted in greater ADG (Oregon). Gastrointestinal nematode infections cause substantial economic losses in pasture-based sheep farming worldwide. Rhode Island evaluated the effect of vitamin E supplementation on naturally acquired parasite infection in lambs. Twenty-seven spring lambs were sequentially assigned to receive injections of vitamin E (15 or 30 IU d-a-tocopherol/kg body weight (BW) or placebo, every two weeks, from birth to 28 weeks of age. Blood was collected at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 to determine serum a-tocopherol concentration. Once the youngest animal reached 15 weeks of age all lambs were dewormed and grazed together on a pasture known to be contaminated with trichostrongylid larvae. Lambs were euthanized when they reached 28 weeks of age for determination of parasite worm burdens. Vitamin E supplementation at 30 IU/kg BW increased serum a-tocopherol over that of placebo (P < 0.001) however, there was no effect of vitamin E supplementation on liver (P = 0.804) or muscle (P = 0.16) a-tocopherol content. There was no effect of vitamin E supplementation on fecal egg counts, packed cell volume, worm burden or nematode species distribution. These results indicate that biweekly injections of vitamin E at 15 and 30 IU d-a-tocopherol/kg BW, had no effect on parasitological parameters used in the study to assess gastrointestinal nematode infection. A second study was run to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation, using the newly revised recommendations of the National Research Council, on lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production in lambs (in progress). Twenty spring lambs (Dorset and Dorset/Hampshire cross) were assigned to one of two treatment groups receiving either vitamin E (VE, 70 IU d-± tocopherol/kg body weight, n=10) or placebo (P, emulsified base, n=10). Serum samples were taken every other week for vitamin E and immunoglobluin analysis. Lambs were immunized against Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens C and D, and a novel antigen, Brucella abortus strain 19, and the immune response was measured. Total IgG and anti-tetanus IgG were measured by ELISA after vaccination. At weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 the lymphocyte proliferative response to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen was measured. There was an increase in production of IgG and anti-tetanus IgG in response to vaccination (p < 0.05). There was no effect of vitamin E supplementation on total IgG or anti-tetanus IgG production. Lambs supplemented with vitamin E showed a stronger, more rapid, and longer-lived response to B. abortus vaccination. At four weeks post vaccination 70% of vitamin E animals showed a positive reaction to vaccination compared to 30% in the placebo group. Similarly, at 8 weeks post vaccination 90% of animals were positive in the vitamin E group compared to 60% placebo. There was no effect of vitamin E supplementation on lymphocyte proliferation for all of the mitogens tested. Texas determined the effects of transportation on plasma cortisol, corticosterone or dehyroepiandrostene (DHEA) in horses with no prior transport experience. All horses exhibited a pattern of elevation in cortisol and corticosterone during hauling but the levels returned to basal concentrations by 2h after transport. There were no differences between horses transported in individual stalls vs. loose group. Horses who were accustomed to being haltered and tied adapted well to transportation. The DHEA levels did not appear to be useful in characterization of isolation or transportation stress in horses. A second study on the impact of housing, the utilization of shades and feeding regimens under heat stress environment was performed with dairy calves of age 1-3 days for 7 weeks period. Feeding regimen had no effect on shade utilization and calf activities. Activity (steps taken) were impacted negatively with high THI vs. low THI. Calves house outdoors were less active compared to calves housed indoors. It was observed that at 2 weeks of age, calves had learned to seek shade prior to lying down. Calf activity increased with age. USDA-LIRU and Iowa State University conducted a study to determine the accuracy in the time spent at the waterer and the number of visits to the waterer by individually housed nursery pigs between human observers scoring video files using Observer software (OBS) and an automatic water meter Hobo (WMHOBO, control) affixed onto the waterline. In addition, the amount of water consumed and wasted by individual pigs provided with ad libitum access to a nipple waterer was recorded. Collectively, the data from this study indicated that the use of the traditional OBS method for quantifying drinking behavior in pigs can be misleading and that quantifying drinking behavior, and perhaps other behavioral events, via the OBS method must be more accurately validated in future research studies. Perhaps a definition of drinking behavior using actual water ingestion and the notion of bout would lead to a better accuracy with OBS, though we suggest that drinking behavior should not be recorded by human observers but by automatic recording devices. A collaborative study LIRU, the USDA-ARS SubTropical Agricultural Research Station, and the University of Florida, to elucidate the bovine acute phase response following an intravenous challenge with an endotoxin in early weaned and normal weaned beef calves. Specifically, the objective of the current study was to determine if the innate immune response of early weaned calves (weaned at 80 days of age) differed from normal weaned calves (weaned at 250 days of age) in response to an i.v. endotoxin challenge. Results clearly reveal that the age of calf weaning significantly influences the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6) into the blood following i.v. endotoxin challenge. Based upon these data, the innate immune system of early weaned calves appears to be less naïve than that of normal weaned calves. Additionally, the differential IFN-gamma responses indicate that the immune system of early weaned calves may be more effective at recognizing and eliminating endotoxin. Collectively, these data suggest that an altered innate immune system may be responsible for the improved feedlot performance and reduced stress associated with transport previously reported in early weaned calves. A collaborative effort by LIRU and Texas Tech University to evaluate selenium, an integral constituent of glutathione peroxidase, as a vital antioxidant during periods of stress. Given the multiple potential stressors that young calves may encounter in various stages of the production cycle, providing additional selenium as an antioxidant could prove to be beneficial. This portion of the study focused on the performance, intake and overall health of Holstein and beef calves supplemented with 2 different sources of selenium for a period of thirty-five days prior to being exposed to with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). Our results indicated that supplementing basal diets that contained adequate selenium with additional selenium had minimal effects on body weight changes, dry matter intake, rectal temperature, and blood cell types in Holstein steers in an IBRV challenge model and on performance and morbidity in newly received heifers in a feedlot setting. A collaborative study by LIRU, Texas Tech University, Texas A&M University, North Carolina State University and Dodram B&F in Seoul, Korea determined the impact of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids with or without high protein levels during late gestation and throughout lactation on the performance of sows and their litters during the first parity and the effects of O3FA on the subsequent parity. Dietary treatments were: 1) control; 2) high protein; 3) control + 0.2% omega-3 fatty acids; and 4) high protein + 0.2% omega-3 fatty acids For control and omega-3 fatty acids groups, crude protein contents were 12.3% for late gestation and 17.9% for lactation and were 18.4% for late gestation and 19.5% for lactation for high protein and high protein plus omega-3 fatty acids. The results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids alone during lactation improved growth of nursing piglets regardless of parity. However, omega-3 fatty acids supplemented with or without high protein did not affect first-parity gestation performance, although omega-3 fatty acids alone may improve subsequent piglet birth weight. A collaborative study by LIRU, the Food and Feed Safety Research Unit in College Station, and the University of Florida to evaluate the effects of feeding citrus pulp to weaned pigs infected with Escherichia coli F18. This experiment evaluated the effects of citrus pulp on the immune and cortisol responses to Escherichia coli F18 inoculation and subsequent Escherichia coli F18 recovery in newly weaned pigs. Collectively, the results from this study demonstrate that the potentially therapeutic effects of citrus pulp are primarily the result of direct microbial modulation independent of an immune response. Therefore, supplementation of citrus pulp could potentially be used to enhance growth in weaned pigs by suppressing chronic and acute pathogenic challenges; thus allowing more of the ingested nutrients to be diverted towards growth rather than the immune system. A collaborative study by LIRU, Texas Tech University, and Lallemand Animal Nutrition to determine the effects of dry yeast on the immune/cortisol response and subsequent death in infected newly weaned piglets (26.1 + 3.4 d of age). In yeast-treated piglets, growth increased and toxin-induced piglet death was reduced. Immune cells were increased (P < 0.05) in yeast-treated animals prior to toxin dosing compared to piglets not receiving yeast. Suppression of stress-related cortisol concentrations was observed in yeast-treated piglets from before and immediately after toxin dosing compared to control animals. The production of immune agents was unique to each treatment. These results highlight the previously unidentified effects of yeast administration on immune and cortisol responses and the subsequent impact on growth and toxin-induced death in weaned piglets.

Publications

Peer Reviewed Publications: Bass, P. D., T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, P. L. Chapman, S. L. Archibeque, G. C. Smith, and J. D. Tatum. 2010. Effects of sex and short-term magnesium supplementation on stress responses and LM quality characteristics of crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 349-360. Bingham, G.M., T. H. Friend, P. A. Lancaster, and G. E. Carstens. 2009. Relationship between feeding behavior and residual feed intake in growing Brangus heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 87:26852689. Doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1851. Brown Brandl, T.M., Berry, E.D., Wells, J., Arthur, T.M., Nienaber, J.A. 2009. Impacts of Individual Animal Response to Heat and Handling Stresses on Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 Fecal Shedding by Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6(7):855-864. Bryant, T. C., J. J. Wagner, J. D. Tatum, M. L. Galyean, R. V. Anthony, and T. E. Engle. 2009. Effect of dietary vitamin A concentration on performance, carcass merit, serum metabolites, and lipogeneic enzyme activity in yearling beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 1463-1478. Burdick, N. C., J. A. Carroll, L. E. Hulbert, J. W. Dailey, M. Ballou, R. D. Randel, S. T. Willard, R. C. Vann, T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2010. Temperament influences endotoxin-induced changes in rectal temperature, sickness behavior and plasma epinephrine concentrations in bulls. Innate Immunity (The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/1753425910379144; published online 3 August 2010). Burdick, N.C., J.A. Carroll, L.E. Hulbert, J.W. Dailey, S.T. Willard, R.C. Vann, T.H. Welsh, Jr., and R.D. Randel. 2010. Relationships between temperament and transportation with rectal temperature and serum concentrations of cortisol and epinephrine in bulls. Livestock Science 129:166-172. Calabrese, R, and T. H. Friend. 2009. Effects of density and rest stops on movement rates of unrestrained horses during transport. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 29:782-785. Doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.005. Carroll, J.A., R.R. Reuter, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.G. Riley, D.E. Spiers, J.D. Arthington, and M.L. Galyean. 2009. Profiling of the bovine acute phase response following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge. Innate Immunity 15:81-89. Carroll, J.A., J.D. Arthington, and C.C. Chase, Jr. 2009. Early weaning alters the acute phase response to an endotoxin challenge in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 87:4167-4172. Chau, G., C.T. Collier, T.H. Welsh, Jr., J.A. Carroll and J.C. Laurenz. 2009. Beta-1-3-glucan effect on sow antibody production and passive immunization of progeny. Food Agri. Immun. 20(3):185-193. Collier, R.J., T. R. Bilby, M. E. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard and R. P. Rhoads. 2009. Effects of Climate Change on Dairy Cattle Production. Annals of Arid Zone. 47(3 & 4): 1-12. Collier,R. J., D Romagnolo and L.H. Baumgard. 2010. Lactation (f) Galactopoiesis/Seasonal Effects. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. (revised) H. Roginski, J. W. Fuquay and P. F. Fox, Ed. Academic Press, NY. pp 35-46. Correa-Calderón,A, G. Des Santos, L. Avendaño, F. Rivera, D. Alverez, F. Ardon, R. Diaz and R. Collier. 2009. Cooling and conception rate in Holstein heifers with heat stress. Archivos de Zootecnia 58:231-239 Covey, T.L. N.E. Elam, J.A. Carroll, D.B. Wester, and M.L. Galyean. 2010. Effects of supplemental selenium source in Holstein steers given an intranasal challenge of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus and in newly received beef heifers: Performance, morbidity, antibody titers, and blood cell counts. The Professional Animal Scientist 26:82-92. Covey, T.L. N.E. Elam, J.A. Carroll, D.B. Wester, M.A. Ballou, D.M. Hallford and M.L. Galyean. 2010. Effects of supplemental selenium source in Holstein steers given an intranasal challenge of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus: Blood metabolites, hormones, and cytokines. The Professional Animal Scientist 26:93-102. Curbelo, J., K. Moulton and S. Willard. 2010. Photonic characteristics and ex vivo imaging of Escherichia coli-Xen14 within the bovine reproductive tract. Theriogenology 73: 48-55. (doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.020) Davis, J.D., J.L. Purswell, E.P. Columbus, and A.S. Kiess. 2010. Evaluation of Chopped Switchgrass as a Litter Material. Int. J. of Poult. Sci., 9(1): 39-42. Edrington, T. S., B. H. Carter, T. H. Friend, G. R. Hagevoort, T. L. Poole, T. R. Callaway, R. C. Anderson and D. J. Nisbet. 2009. Influence of sprinklers, used to alleviate heat stress, on fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria in lactating dairy cattle. Letters in Appl. Micro. 48:738-743. Doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02603. Edwards, L.N., T. Grandin, T.E. Engle, M.J. Ritter, A. Sosnicki, S.P. Porter and D. B. Anderson. 2010. Use of exsanguination blood lactate to assess the quality of pre-slaughter pig handling. Meat Science. 86 (2): 384-390. Edwards, L.N., T.E. Engle, T. Grandin, J.A. Correa and D.B. Anderson. 2010.The relationship between exsanguination blood lactate concentration and carcass quality in slaughter pigs. Meat Science. 85(3): 435-40. Eigenberg, R.A., Brown Brandl, T.M., Nienaber, J.A. 2009. Shade Material Evaluation Using a Cattle Response Model and Meteorological Instrumentation. International Journal of Biometeorology 53:501-507. Gaughan, J. B., T. L. Mader, S. M. Holt, M. L. Sullivan, and G. L. Hahn. 2009. Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes. Int J Biometeorol. DOI 10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4. Gebremedhin, K.G., C.N. Lee, P.E. Hillman and RJ. Collier.2010. Physiological responses of dairy cows during extended solar exposure. Trans ASABE 53:239-247. The Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (R. A. Gibbs, &J.A. Carroll&F.Q. Zhao), C.G. Elsik, R.L. Tellam and K.C. Worley. 2009. The genome seqeunce of taurine cattle: A window to ruminant biology and evolution. Science 324:522-528. Green, A.R., H Xin. 2009. Effects of Stocking Density and Group Size on Heat and Moisture Production of Laying Hens Under Thermoneutral and Heat Challenging Conditions. Trans ASABE 52(6):2027-2032. Green, A.R., H Xin. 2009. Effects of Stocking Density and Group Size on Thermoregulatory Responses of Laying Hens Under Heat Challenging Conditions. Trans. ASABE 52(6):2033-2038. Green, A.R., I Wesley, DW Trampel, H Xin. 2009. Air quality and hen health status in three types of commercial laying hen houses. J Appl Poult Res. 18(3):605621. Gruber, S. L., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, P. L. Chapman, K. E. Belk, and G. C. Smith. 2009. Relationships of behavioral and physiological symptoms of pre-slaughter stress to beef LM tenderness. J. Anim. Sci. 2010 88: 1148-1159. Haan, M.M., J.R. Russell, J.D. Davis, D.G. Morrical. 2010. Grazing management and microclimate effects on cattle distribution related to a cool season pasture system. Rangeland Ecology and Management. In Publication. Han, H., S. L. Archibeque, and T. E. Engle. 2009. Characterization and identification of hepatic mRNA related to copper metabolism and homeostasis in cattle. J. Biological Trace Element Res. 129: 130-136. Holl, J.W., Rohrer, G.A., Brown Brandl, T.M. 2010. Estimates of Genetic Parameters among Scale Activity Scores, Growth, and Fatness in Pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 88:455-459. Jenkins, S.J., T.A. Cooper, M.P. Roberts, A.G. Mathew, J.A. Carroll, H.G. Kattesh, and C.J. Kojima. 2009. Effects of Syndyphalin-33 on immune function during a Salmonella challenge in recently weaned pigs. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8(12):2562-2567. Kojima, C.J., S.J. Jenkins, T.A. Cooper, M.P. Roberts, J.A. Carroll and H.G. Kattesh. 2009. Effects of syndyphalin-33 on feed intake and circulating measures of growth hormone, cortisol, and immune cell populations in the recently-weaned pig. J. Anim. Sci. 87:3218-3225. Li, Y. Z., L.J. Johnston, and A. M. Hilbrands. 2010. Pre-weaning mortality of piglets in a bedded, goup-farrowing system. A Case Report. J. Swine Health Prod. Vol. 18 (2): 75-80. Mader, T. L., L. J. Johnson, and J. B. Gaughan, 2010. A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. J. Anim. Sci, 2010: 2153-2165. Mader, T. L., J. B. Gaughan, L. J. Johnson, and G. L. Hahn. 2009. Tympanic temperature in confined beef cattle exposed to excessive heat load. Int J Biometeorol. DOI 10.1007/s00484-009-0229-0. MacAuley, A.L., A.J. Weis and R.W. Godfrey. 2010. Hair coat traits and body temperature of Senepol cows based on phenotype and genotype for the slick hair gene. J. Anim. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):21. Mateo, R.D., J.A. Carroll, Y. Hyun, S. Smith and S.W. Kim. 2009. Effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 fatty acids and elevated concentrations of dietary protein on performance of sows. Journal of Animal Science 87:948-959. Meiszberg, A., A.K. Johnson, L. Sadler, J.A. Carroll, J.W. Dailey and N. Krebs. 2009. Drinking behavior in the nursery pig: Determining the accuracy between an automatic water meter versus human observers. J. Anim. Sci. 87:4173-4180. Moulton K, Ryan P, Lay Jr. D, Willard S. 2009. Photonic plasmid stability of transformed Salmonella typhimurium: a comparison of three unique plasmids. BMC Microbiology 9: 152-159. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/9/152 Nevill, C. H., T. H. Friend and A. G. Windom. 2010. An evaluation of exercise pen usage by circus tigers (Panthera tigris tigris). J. Applied Anim. Welfare Sci. 13:164-173. Doi: 10.1080/10888700903583459. Parkhurst, A.M.,2010. Model for understanding thermal hysteresis during heat stress: A matter of direction. International Journal of Biometeorology. Springer. Published online: http://www.springerlink.com/content/gp2x266nx7879503/ Reuter, R.R., J.A. Carroll, L.E. Hulbert, J.W. Dailey, and M.L. Galyean. 2010. Development of a self-contained, indwelling rectal temperature probe for cattle research. J. Anim. Sci. jas.2010-3093v1-20103093. Rhoads, M.L., J.W. Kim, R.J. Collier, B.A. Crooker, Y. R. Boisclair, L.H. Baumgard and R.P. Rhoads.2010. Effects of heat stress and nutrition on lactating Holstein Cows: II. Aspects of hepatic growth hormone responsiveness. J. Dairy Sci. 93:170-179. Ryan, P.L., D.L. Christiansen, R.M. Hopper, F.K. Walters, A.J. Cooley, K. Moulton and S.T. Willard. 2010. Use of bioluminescence imaging technology and lux-modified bacteria to determine pathogen progression during uterine infections in the pregnant mare and rate of clearance post partum. Animal Reproduction Science (Accepted). Ryan PL, Christiansen DL, Hopper RM, Walters FK, Cooley AJ, Moulton K, Willard ST. 2010. Use of bioluminescence imaging technology and lux-modified bacteria to determine pathogen progression during uterine infections in the pregnant mare and rate of clearance post partum. Animal Reproduction Science 121(S):S341S342. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.051 Ryan PL, Christiansen DL., Hopper RM, Walters FK, Moulton K, Curbelo J, Willard ST. 2010. Monitoring pathogen progression during uterine infection in the mare using biophotonic imaging technology and lux-modified bacteria. J Anim Sci 88 (Suppl 2):857 (Abstr #1095). Scharf, B., J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase, Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, R.L. Weaber, and D.E. Spiers. 2010. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 1910. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2551. Scharf, B., M.J. Leonard, R. L. Weaber, T. Mader, L. Hahn, and D.E. Spiers. 2010. Determinants of bovine thermal response to heat and solar radiation exposures in a field environment. Int. J. Biometeorology. (In Press). Scharf, B., J.A. Carroll, D.G. Riley, C.C. Chase Jr., S.W. Coleman, D.H. Keisler, R.L. Weaber and D.E. Spiers. 2010. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat susceptible (Angus) Bos Taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 88:2321-2336. Settivari, R.S., T.J. Evans, L.P. Yarru, P.A. Eichen, P. Sutovsky, G.E. Rottinghaus, E. Antoniou, and D.E. Spiers. 2009. Effects of short-term heat stress on endophytic ergot alkaloid-induced alterations in rat hepatic gene expression. J. Anim. Sci. 87: 3142-3155. Sexson, J. L., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and J. W. Spears. 2010. Effects of water quality and dietary potassium on performance and carcass characteristics of yearling steers. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 296-305. Wagner, J. J., T. E. Engle, and T. C. Bryant. 2009. The effect of rumen degradable and rumen un-degradable intake protein on feedlot performance and carcass merit in heavy-yearling steers. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 1073-1081 Williams, P.N., J.A. Carroll, T.H. Welsh, Jr., C.T. Collier and J.C. Laurenz. 2009. Temporal pattern and gender effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced stress hormone and cytokine response in pigs. Dom. Anim. Endo. 37(3):139-147. Zimbelman, R.B., L.H. Baumgard, and R.J. Collier.2010. Effects of Encapsulated Niacin on Evaporative Heat Loss and Body Temperature in Moderately Heat-Stressed Lactating Holstein Cows. J. Dairy Science. Chapters in Books: Friend, T. H. 2009. Transportation of Horses. In: N. E. Robinson. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. 6th edition. Saunders, New York. P 119-123.

Impact Statements

The group efforts to identify stress factors on domestic livestock places priority in addressing the well being of animals in production environment. Together we addressed some of the emerging concerns of animal welfare raised by the public.
Studies in alternative housing, pre-conditioning, feeding regimens, grouping strategies, etc. aid in finding alternative management approach that can be easily adapted by producers. These solutions are targeted for economic gains with minimal investments thus ensuring sustainability for livestock producers.
The collaborative efforts by this group demonstrated the utilization of the strength of each station and its contribution to efficient animal production under challenging climate change conditions. It also demonstrated the versatility of the group in utilizing a range of skills, knowledge and resources.

Date of Annual Report: 10/17/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 07/27/2011 - 07/28/2011
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 09/01/2011

Participants

Colin Kaltenbach (AZ, Administrative Advisor);
C.N. Lee (HI, Chair);
Kifle Gebremedhin (NY);
Bob Collier (AZ);
John Smith (AZ);
Ignacy Miztal (GA);
Don Spiers (MO);
John Gaughan (University of Melbourne, Australia);
Reinaldo Cook (OR);
Terry Engle (CO);
Kelley Neuhold (HI);
Cassandra Tucker (CA);
Karin Schutz (NZ);
Anne Parkhurst (NE);
Angela Green (IL)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Colin Kaltenbach (AZ) called the meeting to order and provided a discussion of W-2173, the new 5 year project which was approved by the Multistate Review Committee with some suggested changes. He went through the changes requested with the need to have these implemented in the write-up within the next week. These changes included; 1) incorporate the 3rd output in the Statement of Issues and Justification, 2) Conduct a CRIS/NIMSS search and address potential duplication, 3) Reword farm animal sustainability to ensure it is measurable, 4) Redraft the Outcomes and Potential Impacts to address ways the end user will benefit, 5) Clarify how the milestones are time-linked accomplishments, and 6) Consider bolstering the outreach plan, especially since the projects deals with issues of great public interest.

Project Presentations by Station Followed; 1) Kifle Gebremedhin (NY) Cooling cows by wetting the udder, 2) John Gaughan (University of Melbourne, Australia) Heat index for dairy cattle, 3) Terry Engle (CO) Humane hypobaric hypoxia euthanasia for pigs and Hydrogen sulfide production in the rumen of feedlot of cattle, 4) Bob Godfrey (UVI, St. Croix) Evaluation of heat indices in Senepol Cattle and long haired sheep, 5) Bob Collier and John Smith (AZ) Use of conductive cooling for lactating dairy cows, Regulation of Heat Shock Factor I gene expression, and Effects of heat stress on placental and mammary development during pregnancy, 6) Cassandra Tucker and Karin Schutz (CA) Effect of shade on cattle behavior, and Physiological and behavioral responses to sprinklers, 7) Anne Parkhurst (NE) Thermal Hysteresis, 8) Ignacy Miztal (GA) Genetics of heat tolerance for Holsteins, General impact of selection in farm species on stress tolerance, and Use of genomics for selection, 9) Terry Mader (NE) Maintaining cattle comfort under environmental stress and Generalized linear mixed model analysis to determine factors contributing to summer feedlot deaths, 10) Don Spiers (MO) Adaptation in cattle (Romosinuano vs Angus), Studying heat stress and fescue toxicosis using field and chamber approaches, Predictors of heat stress in cattle using 24-h measurements, and Evaluation of infrared heat gun effectiveness, 11) Reinaldo Cook (OR) Determine how stress affects immune system in cattle, and Stress and inflammation, 12) Angela Green (IL) Cattle temperament and response to positive reinforcement during handling, Validation of GPS unit accuracy, and Vocalizations in pigs in response to heat challenge, 13) C.N. Lee (HI) Nutrition stress and reproduction and Effects of pasture quality on embryonic health.

Business Meeting: The business meeting was opened by C.N. Lee, current Chair. The first order of business was to appoint a new secretary to serve in 2012. John Arthington is the current secretary and will host the meeting next year in Orlando (25 and 26 August, 2012). John Gaughan agreed to serve as the Secretary for 2012 and to host the meeting at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia in 2013.

The group then broke up into collaborative discussions. The following collaborations were established; 1) Cornell University, The University of the Virgin Islands, The University of Hawaii and The University of Arizona will continue their T-STAR grant funded work on evaporative heat loss in tropical breeds. Work in 2012 will focus on long-haired sheep and estimating pattern of sweating rate, 2) The University of Arizona, Cornell University and Kansas State University will collaborate on use of conductive cooling for dairy cows, 3) The University of Missouri, University of Nebraska, Kansas State University and University of Queensland will develop an AFRI proposal for Climate Change and Beef Production (grazing and feedlot). Research, Extension and Teaching will be included, 4) The University of Missouri and University of Nebraska will continue their collaboration on estimating hysteresis during heat stress in cattle, 5) The University of Arizona will provide data to the University of Nebraska to estimate hysteresis in dairy cow heat stress data sets, 6) The University of Arizona, University of Missouri, Colorado State University, Iowa State University, Virginia Polytechnic University and Cornell University will collaborate on developing an AFRI proposal for Climate Change and Dairy Production (grazing and confinement). Research, Extension and Teaching will be included, 7) The University of Hawaii, Colorado State University and Oregon State University will collaborate to estimate effects of organic trace mineral supplementation during late gestation on calf birth weight and performance of the calf. Heat stress in feedlot cattle will also be studied. Coat color, water quality and heat dissipation will be evaluated as factors affecting thermal response, 8) The University of California, Davis and University of Arizona will collaborate to study behavioral responses to cooling strategies. This will include new approaches to analyzing Pendent G Hobo data loggers which measure posture, 9) The University of California, Davis and University of Nebraska will collaborate to evaluate hysteresis in cattle studies carried out by the UC Davis, 10) The University of Illinois and University of California, Davis will collaborate on sensor development and monitoring applications, 11) The University of California, Davis and Clay Center will collaborate on monitoring and sensor development and swine vocalization responses to environment, 12) Several Universities plan to submit a paper for a special issue of the Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, and 13) The University of Hawaii, Cornell University and Mississippi State University will collaborate on alternative cooling strategies for lactating dairy cows.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Identify measures of animal stress and well-being and characterize factors affecting the biology of stress and immune responses (ARS-IN) The influence of heat load (UV intensity) during late gestation on the microbial exposure and immune competence of dairy calves was studied. The side and udder of the cows had greater aerobic bacteria, but no differences in coliform counts were detected. Toll-like receptor 4 only tended to be greater at wk 2 for summer-born calves. However, TNF-± expression was greater at wk 2 and tended to be greater at wk 1 for spring calves. (IN and HI). (CO) Fifty-eight nursery pigs (5.6 ± 1.3 kg) were utilized to compare physiological, behavioral, and neurophysiological parameters of hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) euthanasia. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included euthanasia method: A) hypobaric hypoxia (approximate ascension of 36.9 m/sec) or B) CO2 gas (induction of approximately 20% of the chamber volume/minute) and 2) health status: A) healthy or B) moribund. There were no differences for epinephrine or norepinephrine between euthanasia method (P = 0.21) or health status (P = 0.62) of piglets. There was a sample by health interaction (P = 0.04) for cortisol. Moribund pigs exhibited higher post-euthanasia cortisol values than healthy pigs (P = 0.001). (HI) Cornell, Hawaii and Mississippi State conducted a short intensive study comparing the wetting of udders of lactating cows vs conventional wetting on the backs. Control animals were not wetting. Wetting was following with fan or without fan. Physiological response parameters were respiration rates, rectal temperature by digital thermometer 10 min. following treatment, vaginal temperature by water-temp. probes, dorsal skin temperature by digital infra-red thermometer and infra-red thermography on dorsal skin and udder skin surfaces. The dynamic response from wetting the udder resulting in lower body temperatures suggest an alternative cooling system that potentially utilizes less water (KS) Crossbred heifers (n=30; 448 ± 27 kg initial BW) were used in an randomized complete block experiment to assess impact of exercise regimen on serum IGF-1 and insulin, plasma glucose and lactate, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics. Heifers were stratified by initial BW and body condition and assigned randomly, within strata, to Sedentary and Exercised groups. This trial provided preliminary data indicating that moderate physical activity may be a potential alternative production practice for cattle producers that could improve animal welfare. (MN) Previous studies have indicated that fear can induce chronic stress, alter behaviors, and reduce productivity. As a trait of personality, fearfulness may be determined by genetics and regulated by CNS and hormones. The objective of this study was to assess differences in serum prolactin and cortisol levels between fearful and less fearful sows. Results indicate sow fearfulness as measured in this study was not related to circulating concentrations of prolactin or cortisol pre- and post-farrowing. Fearfulness in sows is not associated with prolactin and cortisol levels pre- and post-farrowing. (MN) Previous studies have indicated that rearing environment in early life affects behavioral development, which consequently modifies behavioral response of pigs to stressful environments in later stages of the production. A study was conducted to investigate effects of group-farrowing system on behavior of growing pigs at mixing. A total of 216 pigs at 8 weeks of age with equal number of pigs that were born and reared in a group-farrowing system and in a confinement system were used. The reduced aggression in pigs reared in group-farrowing system could alleviate injuries and associated stress caused by mixing. Group-farrowing systems may enhance social skills, and thereby enhance welfare of offspring at mixing in later stages of the production. (MS) We have developed in vivo mammary imaging capabilities for the dairy cow for the real-time monitoring of mastitis. After overcoming significant regulatory hurdles, we have successfully initiated the in vivo imaging in the dairy cow to assess the progression of experimentally induced mastitis. These are the first to take biophotonic imaging to the field in the dairy cow, and for the real-time monitoring of bacterial pathogenesis as it occurs. We have also successfully achieved assessments of antibiotic efficacy in real-time in vivo with this model system in a series of clinical case studies. These studies are aiding in the establishment of novel animal models of animal disease and for assessing methods for therapeutic intervention in cattle. (MS) New studies have been initiated using Doppler Sonography to assess blood flow, vasodilation and circulatory phenomenon as they relate to changes in the production environment and/or livestock behavior. The preliminary findings demonstrated that treatment with acetylsalicylic acid improved uterine arterial blood perfusion in beef cows and thus, may be an economical means of enhancing reproductive efficiency in postpartum cows. There was a relationship between temperament and some important indicators of the animals physiological status (e.g., internal body temperature and pulsatility index). (MO) Heat stress studies are often conducted using short-term, controlled laboratory exposures or long-term field exposures. Two controlled heat challenges were conducted. During the heat challenge trials, steers were given similar types of diets to maintain the pasture treatment states. Telemetric temperature transmitters in each rumen monitored core temperature. Some variables (e.g., feed intake, sweat rate, and rumen temperature) showed no change between tests, while others (e.g., rectal temperature) showed adaptation. (MO) Little is known about adaptive differences in bovine species raised in separate thermal environments for generations. Heat-sensitive angus steers (ANG) from Missouri (MO; n=5) and Oklahoma (OK; n=5) were tested against each other along with a heat-tolerant breed called Romosinuano (RO; n=5), and housed in the Brody Environmental Chambers (University of Missouri). Steers were maintained at 19-22oC (TN) through day 8, followed by 2 weeks of cycling heat stress (HS: ANG 26-36 oC; RO 30-40 oC). RO were kept at a higher ambient temperature to incur the same levels of HS as ANG. MO Angus displayed more thermal plasticity when compared to OK. While RO have some similarities with Angus, they can withstand higher environmental temperatures. (MO) This study identified shifts in predictors of thermal strain for heat-tolerant and-sensitive breeds of Bos taurus cattle that occur with adaptation to heat stress. Heat-sensitive Angus steers from Oklahoma (n = 6 per trial) and Missouri (n = 6 per trial) were compared against heat-tolerant Romosinuano steers (n = 5 per trial. Air temperature (Ta), rectal temperature (Tre) and respiration rate (RR), as well as skin temperatures for ear, shoulder, rump, upper tail and lower tail were measured hourly for 24 h during one day midway through each temperature interval. Rump and shoulder sites were better Tre predictors under all conditions. Use of only times when daily Ta increased (0500 to 1500 h) further improved predictions. Trunk temperature, and not RR or Ta, during the daily temperature rise is the best predictor of rectal temperature across heat-tolerant and -sensitive breeds. The best predictor of thermal strain in heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle is trunk skin temperature during the rise in daily air temperature. (MO) There is little information regarding the differences in febrile response of heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Likewise, there has been no comparison of febrile responses across different regions of the body. Eighteen month-old Angus and Romosinuano heifers, all derived from Florida, were fitted with ruminal telemetric transmitters (Tru), rectal temperature dataloggers (Tre), and vaginal temperature dataloggers (Tvg). Ambient temperature (Ta) was within cycling thermoneutral range for one week, followed by cycling heat stress for another two weeks. On Day 20, an E coli LPS challenge was administered intravenously. Although Tvg increased by over 2°C 6 h post-LPS injection (P<0.05), there were no general breed or environment differences. These results show that there are regional differences in thermal response to LPS injection, with Tre providing the greater separation across breed and environment (NE) Estimated Heat Load and Lag Associated with Thermal Hysteresis in Cattle. Thermal hysteresis in cattle becomes visible when the phase diagram of body temperature (Tb) vs ambient temperature (Ta) exhibits a loop. The objectives of this project are 1) to develop three statistical methods to characterize thermal hysteresis, 2) to fit parameters of thermal hysteresis ellipse and estimate the lag and area, 3) to compare parameters from three methods in simulated data, and 4) to compare estimated area and lag along with their standard errors. The ability to accurately quantify the heat load area and lag associated with a hysteresis loop is an important tool for assessing the energy accumulated by an animal during heat stress. The accumulated energy indicates the degree of thermoregulatory control, which is related to the animal's heat dissipation capabilities and ultimately to productive performance during HS, and survival under extreme conditions. (NE) Compared steer body temperature time series between thermoneutral and thermal challenging environments. This study investigates time series of cattle housed in controlled chambers under thermoneutral (TN) and a sinusoidal heat challenge. For both conditions, body temperature (Tb), and its relationship to air temperature (Ta) are examined and compared. The objective is to quantify the smoothness of the Tb series and to use this quantify to identify difference between TN and HS in the controlled chambers where Ta is regulated. Smoothness for single dimension (Tb) is measured via Hurst Exponent, and smoothness for two dimensions (Tb-Ta) is measured by comparing hysteresis area and perimeter estimations from ellipse model with ones from alpha-hull method. The hysteresis loop formed by the Tb-Ta relationship can be estimated by an ellipse during HS. During TN stage the shape of the hysteresis loop is more variable. This study provides a tool to discriminate between thermoneutral and heat stress stages when steers are housed in controlled chambers under thermoneutral and a sinusoidal heat challenge. This is a first step in helping researchers identify when the animal is experiencing HS in the field and help them discover effective management strategies. (OR) Fourteen weaned Angus steers (BW = 191 ± 2.1 kg, age = 167 ± 4.7 d) fitted with indwelling jugular catheter and rectal temperature (RT) monitoring device were ranked by BW and assigned to receive 1 of 3 treatments (i.v.): 1) 0.1 ¼g of bovine corticotrophin-release hormone (CRH)/kg of BW (CRH1; n = 5), 2) 0.5 ¼g of bovine CRH/kg of BW (CRH5; n = 5), and 3) 10 mL of saline (0.9 %; n = 4). The bovine acute-phase response stimulated by CRH infusion is depended on the dose of CRH applied, and on the subsequent response in circulating cortisol. (OR) The acute-phase protein response is an important component of the innate immune system, but can be highly detrimental to cattle productivity. A comprehensive understanding of the causes and mechanisms that stimulate the bovine acute-phase protein response is required for development of management strategies to modulate this immune reaction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if feed and water restriction stimulates an acute-phase protein response in overtly healthy beef steers. Feed and water restriction elicits an acute-phase protein response in overtly healthy beef cattle, which may be detrimental subsequent health and productivity parameters. (OR) The objective was to evaluate the effects of temperament on performance and carcass traits of feeder calves originated from a range cow-calf operation. Ninety-seven Angus × Hereford calves (62 heifers and 35 steers) were evaluated for BW and temperament at weaning (d 0). Temperament was assessed by chute score (13 scale) and exit velocity (EV), which was subsequently converted into an EV score (1 = EV < 1 SD from the mean; 2 = EV within 1 SD from the mean, and 3 = EV > 1 SD from the mean). Aggressive temperament is detrimental to performance and profitability of range-originated feeder calves at weaning and upon slaughter. (OR) The objective of the present experiment was to assess the effects of temperament on pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI (FTAI) in Bos indicus beef cows. Pregnancy rates to FTAI were negatively affected by exit score (P = 0.05), and the probability of cows becoming pregnant to FTAI was negatively associated with exit score and with actual exit velocity (linear effects, P < 0.01). Excitable temperament is detrimental to pregnancy rates of B. indicus cows assigned to an estrus synchronization + FTAI protocol. (TX) Lack of acclimation in Holstein calves exposed to repeated transport. Little is known about the adaptation of livestock to repeated transport stress. This study determined how repeated transport affected plasma cortisol (CORT) concentrations and post-transport calf behavior. Thirty-six 4-month-old Holstein steer calves were housed in groups of 6 with each group randomly assigned to either transport (T) or control (C) treatments. T calves were transported for 6 h in their groups in a 7.3 m x 2.4 m goose-neck trailer divided into 3 compartments, at an average density of 0.87 m2/calf, every 7 d for 5 consecutive wk. (TX) Repeated transport influences feed intake, but not feed efficiency in holstein calves. Previous studies have determined that stress causes decreases in feed intake and efficiency in cattle, but the effect of repeated transport on these parameters has not been well-studied. This study determined how repeated transport affected feed intake and growth in calves. Thirty-six 4-month-old Holstein steer calves were housed in groups of 6 and each group was randomly assigned to either transport (T) or control (C) treatments. Each calf was assigned to an individual feed bunk and feed intake was recorded daily. Transported and control calves did not have access to feed during treatment. Calves were transported for 6 h in their group of 6 in a 7.3 m x 2.4 m goose-neck trailer divided into 3 compartments, at an average density of 0.87 m2/calf, every 7 d for 5 consecutive wk. These results suggest that calves exposed to repeated transport may decrease feed intake as an initial response to stress, however, overall feed efficiency is not affected and calves may quickly acclimate to repeated transport. (TX) Cortisol and DHEA concentrations in foals identified as high versus low behavioral responders during weaning. Weaning of young animals from their dams has been shown to induce stress. Frequent whinnying and increased movement displayed by foals are common behavioral indicators of distress. The objective of this study was to determine if cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among foals identified as high versus low behavioral responders during weaning. Fifteen 5 to 6 month-old Quarter Horses were weaned by removal and relocation of their dams. This study suggests that foals who demonstrate a high behavioral reaction to weaning may actually be experiencing a similar amount of distress (indicated by plasma cortisol and DHEA) as foals who demonstrate little behavioral response. Objective 2: Identify and assess genetic components of animal stress and well-being (MO) Fescue toxicosis may result from intake of ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. The liver is the major organ involved in the pathology of fescue toxicosis, as it is the site where the toxic ergot alkaloids are metabolized. A study was performed to determine if intake of E+ fescue affected expression of detoxification enzymes and antioxidants in cattle. Missouri- (MO; n=10; 513±13.6 Kg BW) and Oklahoma- (OK; n=10; 552.8±12.0 Kg BW) derived Angus steers, maintained at 19-22°C air temperature, were fed diets containing either endophyte-free (E-) or E+ seed (30 ¼g ergovaline/Kg BW/day) for 8 days. Fescue toxicosis in the absence of heat stress affects over 50 genes involved in Phase II conjugation reactions, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism. (MO) Previous studies have shown that a breed heat-tolerant Bos taurus cattle (i.e., Romosinuano; RO) maintain a lower core temperature than more heat-sensitive Angus cattle (ANG) even with a lower respiration rate during heat stress. A new study was performed to further identify regional skin differences between RO (Florida-derived; n=5) and ANG (Missouri/Oklahoma-derived; n=10). Animals were tested in the Brody Environmental Chambers (University of Missouri), with an adjustment period of 8 d at thermoneutrality (TN; 19-22°C), followed by 2 weeks of cycling heat stress (HS; 26-36°C). A thermal imaging camera (Fluke Corp., Everett, WA) created thermal images of hooves, legs, rump, and shoulder areas during TN, early HS (HS1; d 10) and late HS (HS2; d 21) periods. Increased heat dissipation through the leg may be a major avenue by which the heat-tolerant breed may efficiently radiate excess heat to the environment and maintain a lower core body temperature. (NY) Body Temperature and Behavioral Activities of Four Breeds of Heifers in Shade and Full Sun. Four breeds of heifers, 8 of each breed, were housed in two types of feedlot pens one with shade and the other with no shade (exposed to full sun). The breeds were: black Angus, white Charolais, tan-colored MARC I and dark-red colored MARC III. The objectives were to determine whether shade made a significant difference in thermal responses (animal activities and vaginal temperature), and determine the effect of hair-coat color on body temperature due to solar exposure. Providing shade is critical for cattle in feedlots as it would provide a shield from direct solar load, especially for animals with black and dark-colored hair coats. In the USA, however, feedlots continue to be without shades. Providing shade lowered the vaginal temperature especially for the black and dark-red-colored heifers. Cows activities, in terms of lying down or standing up, is affected by the presence or absence of shade. (TX) Effects of acute and chronic stress on immune- and inflammatory-response gene expression in beef calves. Transport stress research has shown correlations between stress, morbidity, and mortality in calves subjected to the traditional U.S. market system, indicating compromised immune function. The objective of this study was to determine if expression of specific immune- and inflammatory-response genes differed between calves that were subjected to an acute stress (AS, weaned and handled for 1.5 h) and a chronic stress (CS, weaned, handled and transported over 3-4 d. Two groups of forty calves, Bos taurus (n = 20) and Bos indicus cross (n = 20), weighing 181kg to 250kg were used in this study. Similar cortisol concentrations in both the AS and CS calves indicate that both groups experienced significant stress. However, the gene expression differences show a greater immune response in the calves subjected to CS, indicating that these measurements may be more useful than cortisol for identifying detrimental long-term stress. (UVI) Body temperature measurements of Senepol and crossbred calves in the tropics. This study was conducted to evaluate body temperature of tropically adapted Senepol (SEN; n = 18) and crossbred (SENX; n = 11; Charolais X Angus X Senepol) calves at 118 d of age. Thermal imaging of the left and right side of each calf was done in a shaded pen to determine temperature of areas over the shoulder, ribs and rump. Senepol and crossbred calves had similar body temperatures in tropical conditions. (UVI) Evaluating the influence of breed on hair coat characteristics and body temperature of hair sheep in the tropics. St. Croix White sheep are adapted to the hot, humid tropics but the Dorper breed was developed in an arid environment and may not be as adapted to high heat and humidity. The objective of this project was to compare body temperature and hair coat traits of St Croix White and Dorper x St Croix White hair sheep in the tropics. During the sampling period ambient conditions were 26.7 °C, 89.7 % relative humidity and a THI of 78.7. Objective 3: Development of management strategies and/or tools to enhance farm animal sustainability under conditions of climatic change or other stressful environments (AZ) The Effect of Feed-Line Soaking and Niashure® (NI) on Heat-Stressed Lactating Holsteins Results indicate that the effect of feed-line soaking reduced body temperature indices while NI supplementation in addition to soaking did not further reduce core temperatures of lactating dairy cows. This completes the evaluation of Niacin as a dietary aid to improve response of cattle to thermal stress. Although we did achieve slight reductions in body temperature we were not able to demonstrate improved performance in treated animals. (AZ) Groundwater Cooling For Dairy Cows was investigated. Various forms of evaporative cooling are currently heavily used in the dairy industry for reducing heat stress in cattle and Evaporative cooling in the arid southwest imposes high water and electrical costs and has low effectiveness in the humid southeastern U.S. Conductive cooling using groundwater offers a low-cost alternative or enhancement of current cooling management strategies. However, it is clear that use of groundwater for conductive cooling is a viable management opportunity for dairy producers in the summer. A new approach to conductive cooling using groundwater to reduce bedding temperature is proposed. Successful implementation of this technology on farms will reduce carbon and water footprint of dairies especially in the arid southwest. (ARS-IN) A heat stress study was completed (IN NE) that investigated the benefit of providing a commercially available antioxidant (Agrado Ultra®) prior to and during heat stress in laying hens. Common indicators of heat stress occurred; increased core body temperature, decreased body weight, liver, and spleen weight. Heat stress also increased heterophil lymphocyte ratio, a common indicator of stress, and increased heat shock protein (HSP)70 concentration and HSP70 mRNA expression. Blood gas analysis indicated respiratory alkalosis that is evident in control fed but not Agrado fed hens. Hens under HS were observed to have decreased levels of vitamin A and E concentrations and lower glutathione peroxiase activity. Agrado Ultra® supplementation functioned to inhibit the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD as well as the increase of carbonyl in hens under HS. (ARS-NE) Prediction model for feedlot cattle susceptibility to heat stress. The extreme effects of heat stress can cause losses exceeding 5% of all the cattle on feed in a single feedlot. These losses can be devastating to feedlot producers. Animal heat stress is a result of the combination of three different components: environmental conditions, animal susceptibility, and management. ARS Researchers at (Clay Center, NE) developed a model to predict individual animal susceptibility to heat stress. The model summarize effects of animal color, sex, species, temperament, hair thickness, previous exposure to hot conditions, age, condition score, previous cases of pneumonia, previous other health issues, and current health into a single value of susceptibility to heat stress. Model validation assessed ten hypothetical animals and the output was tested against the experts' opinions. The model accurately predicted susceptibility. (CA) Sprinklers effectively reduce heat load in cattle. In some studies, however, cattle readily use sprinklers, while others find that they either avoid or show no preference for it. These studies differ in many ways including previous experience of the animals and the amount of water delivered. Our objective was to test preferences for the amount of water delivered using animals that had no previous experience with man-made water cooling. Each group was tested with two nozzle types that delivered different amounts of water in a cross-over design (1.3 L/min vs. unsprinkled control; 2.6 L/min vs. unsprinkled control). Preferences and behavioral responses can be used to evaluate responses to environmental conditions. In addition, Naïve cattle will readily choose to use overhead sprinklers in this study. The amount of water sprayed influenced preferences for water cooling. (CO) Crossbred yearling steers (n = 432) were used to study the effects of Cattlyst and Aureomycin (CA) vs. Rumensin and Tylan (RT) and variation in Sulfur (S) intake on rumen fluid pH and rumen gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration. An unbalanced randomized block design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized. Factors included feed additive (CA vs. RT) and S concentration (constant vs. variable). The variable concentration (VAR) was intended to simulate the use of random loads of wet distillers grains (WDG). Random numbers were generated for each d of the study. High S diets (S = 0.60% of DM) were fed to VAR on d associated with an even number. Low S diets (S = 0.48% of DM) were fed to CON all d of the study and to the VAR only on d associated with an odd number. These data indicate that rumen H2S concentration was related to rumen fluid pH suggesting that management of rumen pH is likely a key in dietary S management. (HI) Hawaii, Purdue and USDA-ARS completed the analyses of samples collected from calves born in winter versus summer of 2010. Cows calving in summer vs winter months (cool) had higher counts on hide and udder surfaces. Subsequent analysis of nasal swaps showed that calves borned in summer had higher levels of aerobes compared to spring calves. There were no counts for summer vs winter colostrum samples, winter calves had higher levels of coliform in nasal and rectal swap samples. Calves borned in summer also had lower TNR-±. This study suggest that heat load in late pregnancy affects calf immunity. Heat load in summer resulted in higher bacteria counts in hides and udder of cows. Heat load in late pregnancy further impacted the immune response of calves which may affect morbidity and mortality. (MN) A major concern about group-housed gestating sows is aggression at mixing, which impairs both welfare and performance of sows. Aggression is associated with excitement, and suppressing excitement at mixing reduces aggression. Tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, reduces aggression in humans and several species of farm animals. But effects of Trp supplementation on controlling aggression among gestating sows has not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine effects of dietary Trp supplementation on mixing-induced aggression and the associated stress, and on reproductive performance in gestating sows. Sows (n = 168) were mixed in groups of 21 ± 2.8 in 8 pens after weaning, with 4 pens assigned to the control diet, and 4 pens assigned to the high-Trp diet (2.3 times the dietary Trp fed to control sows 3 d before and after mixing. Supplementation of Trp at 2.3 times Trp level in the control diets for 3 d before and after mixing did not effectively reduce aggression and the associated stress in sows. (MS) Two-stage weaning can potentially reduce stress associated with abrupt weaning of calves. British crossbred beef cattle (n=96 cow-calf pairs) were used to evaluate three weaning methods: "one-size fits all" nose-clips (ONE), adjustable size nose-clips (ADJ), and fence-line weaning (FL). In a fourth control treatment group (CTRL) calves remained in pastures with their dams. Nose-clips were placed on ONE and ADJ calves on d -4 and FL calves were placed in pastures adjacent to their dams on d -4. All calves were completely separated from cows the morning of d 0. Calves wore bite counters and IceTag" sensors in order to evaluate pre-separation grazing behavior and locomotor activity. The data indicate that use of these gradual weaning methods did not greatly alter behavior of calves during the first stage of the weaning process compared with calves that continued to nurse. (NE) Investigated Factors Contributing to Summer Feedlot Deaths. Cattle deaths at a single Midwestern feed yard in July 2010 were analyzed for factors contributing to deaths during intense warm weather conditions. Daily pen, cattle, and feed type traits were recorded. In addition, both quantity and associated changes of daily feed intake were examined to assess effects of metabolic heat flux. Major interest was on the type of ration and dietary feed additive consumed. Increasing pen space/animal decreased deaths in lighter weight groups but not in heavier cattle. For all pen areas, heavier cattle maintain larger odds of death than lighter cattle. The Beta-agonists, Zilmax and Optaflexx, were not found to be contributors to cattle death. (NY) Alternative Cooling of Dairy Cows by Udder Wetting. Heat stress is a major inhibitor of production in livestock operations, causing severe economic loss. The objective of this study was to explore an alternative way to cool cows in time of heat stress. The procedure followed was to compare wetting the udder only to wetting the body, which is commonly practiced. Twelve pregnant, lactating Holstein cows were used in the study. The cows were exposed to four treatments each day over 4 days. The treatments were: (1) wetting the body without blowing air (n = 72), (2) wetting the body and blowing air (n = 24), (3) wetting the udder only without blowing air (n = 72) , and (4) wetting the udder and blowing air directly towards the udder (n = 24). The results suggest that udder wetting is as effective as body wetting. In addition to alleviating heat stress of dairy heifers, if an effective system to cool the udder of cows is developed, it will result in significant savings in water and energy use. (OR) Two experiments were conducted to compare ruminal, physiological, and performance responses of forage-fed cattle consuming grain-based supplements without (NF) or with the inclusion (10%; DM basis) of a rumen-protected PUFA (PF) or SFA source (SF). Supplements were offered and consumed at 0.6 % of BW/animal daily (DM basis). In Exp. 1, DMI and ruminal in situ forage degradability were evaluated in 3 Angus × Hereford cows. In Exp. 2, preconditioning DMI, ADG, carcass traits, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, FA, acute-phase proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed in 72 Angus × Hereford steers receiving supplement treatments during a 28-d preconditioning period. All steers were transported to a commercial growing lot after preconditioning (d 1), and later moved to an adjacent commercial finishing yard (d 144) where they remained until slaughter. PUFA supplementation did not impact ruminal forage degradability, but impaired DMI in beef cows. Further, PUFA supplementation to steers during preconditioning reduced plasma concentrations of TNF-± following transportation, and benefited growing lot ADG and carcass marbling. (OR) Three experiments were designed to compare performance, physiological, ruminal, and thyroid gland responses of forage-fed cattle consuming grain-based supplements without (CO) or with the inclusion of camelina meal (CAM). In Exp. 1, preconditioning (PC) and feedlot receiving (FR) performance, cortisol, fatty acids, and acute-phase response were assessed in 60 Angus x Hereford steers receiving treatments during a 28-d PC and FR periods. In Exp. 2, DMI, in situ forage degradability, and plasma CCK were evaluated in 9 Angus x Hereford steers fitted with ruminal cannulas. Exp. 3, acute-phase response and thyroid hormones were evaluated in 14 Angus steers fitted with a jugular catheter. Camelina meal supplementation did not impair thyroid gland function, alleviated the acute-phase response, and benefited feedlot feed efficiency if supplemented during PC only. (OR) Thirty-eight Angus × Hereford heifers were initially evaluated, within 45 d after weaning, for body weight (BW) and puberty status (d 0 and 10), and temperament by measurements of chute score and exit velocity (d 10 only). On d 11, heifers were stratified by puberty status, temperament, BW and age, and randomly assigned to receive or not (control) an acclimation treatment. Acclimated heifers were exposed to a handling process 3 times weekly (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays) for 4 weeks (d 11 to 39 of the experiment). The acclimation treatment was applied individually to heifers by processing them through a handling facility, whereas control heifers remained undisturbed on pasture. Acclimation to human handling after weaning reduced circulating concentrations of substances associated with behavioral stress and hastened puberty attainment in Bos taurus beef heifers. (TN) Effects of PUFA supplementation on growth and physiological indicators of stress in pre- and post-weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to examine the growth and physiological stress response in recently-weaned pigs provided a diet supplemented with É-3 PUFA for approximately 10 d prior to, and 7 d following weaning. Pigs (19 d of age, n = 48) were provided access to 0.7-1.2 kg of a commercially available pre-weaning diet supplemented by weight with 0, 2, or 4% of a commercially available É-3 PUFA source twice each day (16 pigs/dietary treatment). On d 28, pigs were weaned and relocated to nursery pens (8 pigs/pen) by treatment and, from d 29-35, provided ad libitum access to the same diet as received prior to weaning. These data confirm the stressful nature of weaning on the physiology of the pig. Supplementation of a pre-weaning diet with a É-3 PUFA source, at the levels provided here, had minimal influence on modifying this stress response. (TX) Group Pasture versus Stall Housing Effects on Cortisol and DHEA Concentrations in Young Quarter Horses. Individual stall housing of horses is common in the U.S. Whether horses are able to adapt to the stress of isolation, or if this type of housing presents a long-term stress for the animal is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among groups of young horses when housed in individual stalls versus in a group on pasture. Fourteen 2 to 3 year-old Quarter Horses were randomly assigned to either stall or pasture housing for 28 d. Differences in cortisol concentrations between the treatment groups were significant, but diminished toward the end of the study. These results suggest that horses housed in an individual stall over an extended period of time may acclimate to the stress of isolation.

Publications

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Alexander, M. B., T. Friend and L. Haug. 2011. Obedience training effects on search dog performance. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 132:152-159. Doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.008. Bass, P. D., T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, P. L. Chapman, S. L. Archibeque, G. C. Smith, and J. D. Tatum. 2010. Effects of sex and short-term magnesium supplementation on stress responses and LM quality characteristics of crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 349-360. Brown-Brandl, T.M. and D.D. Jones. Feedlot Cattle Susceptibility to Heat Stress: An Animal Specific Model. Trans ASABE 54(2): 583-598. 2011. Brown-Brandl, T.M., J.A. Nienaber, R.A. Eigenberg. Temperature and humidity control in indirect calorimeter chambers. Trans ASABE 54(2):685-692. 2011 Bryant, T. C., T. E. Engle, M. L. Galyean, J. J. Wagner, J. D. Tatum, R. V. Anthony, and S. B Laudert. 2010. Effects of ractopamine and trenbolone acetate implants with or without estradiol on growth performance, carcass characteristics, adipogenic enzyme activity, and blood metabolites in feedlot steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 2901v1-20102901. Burdick, N. C., J. A. Carroll, L. E. Hulbert, J. W. Dailey, S. T. Willard, R. C. Vann, R. D. Randel, T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2011. Temperament influences endotoxin-induced changes in rectal temperature, sickness behavior, and plasma epinephrine concentrations in bulls. Innate Immunity. 17: 355-364. (doi:10.1177/1753425910379144) Burdick, N. C., J. A. Carroll, R. D. Randel, S. T. Willard, R. C. Vann, C. C. Chase, Jr., S. D. Lawhon, L. E. Hulbert, and T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2011. Influence of temperament and transportation on physiological and endocrinological parameters in bulls. Livestock Science. 139: 213-221. (doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.01.013) Cannata, S., T. E. Engle, S. J. Moeller, H. N. Zerby, A. E. Radunz, M. D. Green, P. D. Bass, and K. E. Belk. 2010. Effect of visual marbling on sensory properties and quality traits of pork loin. Meat Sci. 85:428-434. Carroll, J.A., N.C. Burdick, R.R. Reuter, C.C. Chase, Jr., D.E. Spiers, J.D. Arthington, and S.W. Coleman. 2011. Differential acute phase immune responses by Angus and Romosinuano steers following an endotoxin challenge. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.06.00 Cooke, R. F., and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Bovine acute-phase response following corticotrophin-release 1 hormone challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 89:252-257. Cooper, T. A., S. J. Jenkins, L. Wojakiewicz, H. G. Kattesh, and C. J. Kojima. 2011. Effects of weaning and syndyphalin-33 on expression of melanocortinergic appetite-regulating genes in swine. Dom. Anim. Endo. Dom. Anim. Endo. 40:165-72. Dorton, K. L., J. J. Wagner, C. K. Larson, R. M. Enns, T. E. Engle. 2010. Effects of Trace Mineral Source and Growth Implants on Trace Mineral Status of Growing and Finishing Feedlot Steers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23:907 915. Edrington, T. S., B. H. Carter, R. L Farrow, A. Islas, G. R. Hagevoort, T. H. Friend, T. R. Callaway, R. C. Anderson and D. J. Nisbet. 2011. Influence of weaning on fecal shedding of pathogenic bacteria in dairy calves. Foodborn Pathogens and Disease 8:395-401. Doi: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0686. Edwards, L. N., T. E. Engle, J. A. Correa, M. A. Paradis, T. Grandin, and D. B. Anderson. 2010. The relationship between exsanguinations blood lactate concentration and carcass quality in slaughter pigs. Meat Sci. 85: 425-440. Edwards, L. N., T. E. Engle, M. A. Paradis, J. A. Correa, and D. B. Anderson 2010. Persistence of blood changes associated with alteration of the dietary electrolyte balance in commercial pigs following feed withdrawal, transportation, and lairage, and the effects on performance and carcass quality. J. Anim. Sci. 2139v1-20092139. Edwards, L. N., T. Grandin, T. E. Engle, M. J. Ritter, A. A. Sosnicki, B. A. Carlson, and D. B. Anderson. 2010. The effects of pre-slaughter pig management from the farm to the processing plant on pork quality. Meat Sci. 86:938-944. Edwards, L. N., T. Grandin, T. E. Engle, S. P. Porter, M. J. Ritter, A. A. Sosnicki, and D. B. Anderson. 2010. Use of exsanguinations blood lactate to assess the quality of pre-slaughter pig handling. Meat Sci. 86:384-390. Engle, T. E. 2011. Copper and lipid metabolism in beef cattle: A Review. J. Anim. Sci. 889: 591-596. Garey, S. M., T. H. Friend, D. H. Sigler and L. R. Berghman. 2010. The effects of transport in loose groups vs. individual stalls on glucocorticosteroids and DHEA in yearling horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 30:696-700. Doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.11.003. Koger,T. J., D. M. Wulf, A. D. Weaver, C. L. Wright, K. E. Tjardes, K. S. Mateo, T. E. Engle, R. J. Maddock, and A. J. Smart. 2010. Influence of feeding various quantities of wet and dry distillers grains to finishing steers on carcass characteristics, meat quality, retail-case life of ground beef, and fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 3399-3408. Lay, D. C., H. G. Kattesh, J. E. Cunnick, M. J. Daniels, G. Kranendonk, K. A. McMunn, M. J. Toscano, and M. P. Roberts. 2011. Effect of prenatal stress on subsequent response to mixing stress and a lipopolysaccharide challenge in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89:1787-94. Legrand, A, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2011. Using water to cool cattle: Behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. J Dairy Sci, 94: 3376-3386. Li, Y. Z., and L. H. Wang. 2011. Effects of previous housing systems on agonist behaviors of growing pigs at mixing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 132: 20-26. Li, Y. Z., S. K. Baidoo, L. J. Johnston and J. E. Anderson. 2011. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on aggression among group-housed gestating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 89: 1899-1907. Mader T, J. Nienaber , T. Brown-Brandl 2010. Foreword to special issue LeRoy Hahn. Int J Biometeorol 2010 Nov 5. Mader, T. L., L. J. Johnson, and J. B. Gaughan, 2010. A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 2153-2165. Nevill, C. H., T. H. Friend and A. G. Windom. 2010. An evaluation of exercise pen usage by circus tigers (Panthera tigris tigris). J. Applied Anim. Welfare Sci. 13:164-173. Doi: 10.1080/10888700903583459. Parkhurst, A.M. 2010. Model for understanding thermal hysteresis during heat stress: A matter of direction. Int J Biometeorol 54:637645 DOI 10.1007/s00484-009-0299-z Phillips, K. M., D. M. Ruggio, K. Y. Patterson, J. C. Howe, J. L. Leheska, S. B. Smith, T. E. Engle, A. S. Rasor, and N. A. Conley. 2010. Preparation and characterization of control materials for the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-vaccenic acid in beef. Food Res. Int. 43:2253-2261. Pompeu, L.B., J.E. Williams, D.E. Spiers, R.L. Weaber, M.R. Ellersieck, K.M. Sargent, N.P. Feyerabend, H.L. Vellios, and F. Evans. 2011. Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum on alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows. Prof. Anim. Sci. 27: 181-189. Rhoads, M.L., J.W. Kim, R.J. Collier, B.A. Crooker, Y. R. Boisclair, L.H. Baumgard and R.P Rhoads.2010. Effects of heat stress and nutrition on lactating Holstein Cows: II. Aspects of hepatic growth hormone responsiveness. J. Dairy Sci. 93:170-179. Rogers, W.M., C.A. Roberts, J.G. Andrae, D.K. Davis, G.E. Rottinghaus, N.S. Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Seasonal fluctuation of ergovaline and total ergot alkaloid concentrations in tall rescue regrowth. Crop Sci. 51: 1291-1296. Ryan PL, Christiansen DL, Hopper RM, Walters FK, Moulton K, Curbelo J, Greene JM, Willard ST. 2011. A novel approach to monitoring pathogen progression during uterine and placental infection in the mare using biophotonic imaging technology and lux-modified bacteria. J. Anim Sci. first published on January 14, 2011 as doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3629 Scharf, B., M.J. Leonard, R. L. Weaber, T. Mader, L. Hahn, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Determinants of Bovine Thermal Response to Heat and Solar Radiation Exposures in a Field Environment. Int. J. Biometeorology. 55: 469-480. Schutz, J. S., J. J. Wagner, PAS, E. D. Sharman, PAS, N. E. Davis, and T. E. Engle, PAS. 2010. Effect of feeding frequency on feedlot steer performance. Prof. Anim. Sci. 27:14-18. Schütz, KE, Rogers, AR, Cox, NR, Webster, JR, Tucker, CB. 2010. Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: effects on behavior and physiology. J Dairy Sci, 94: 273-283. Schütz, KE, Rogers, AR, Poulouin, Y, Cox, NR, and Tucker, CB. 2010. The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 93: 125-133. Seabrook, J. L., R.K. Peel, T.E. Engle. 2011. The effects of replacing dietary carbohydrate with calcium salts of fatty acids on finishing lamb feedlot performance, blood metabolites, muscle fatty acid composition, and carcass characteristics. Small Ruminant Res. 85:97-103. Sexson, J. L., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and J. W. Spears. 2010. Effects of water quality and dietary potassium on performance and carcass characteristics of yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 26:380-386. Sexston, J. L., J. J. Wagner, J. S. Schutz, J. L. Seabrook, M. J. de Veth, and T. E. Engle. 2010. The impact of trace mineral source, water quality, and short-term choline supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steer. J. Anim. Sci. 2010-3014v1-20103014. Spears, J. W. and T. E. Engle. 2011. Feed Supplements: Microminerals. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. 2ed. 2: 378-383. Woerner, D. R., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, and D. W. Couch. 2011. Effects of sequential implanting and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on carcass characteristics and longissimus muscle tenderness of calf-fed steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 89: 201-209. Books and Book Chapters Collier,R. J., D Romagnolo and L.H. Baumgard. 2011. Lactation (f) Galactopoiesis/Seasonal Effects. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Second Edition, H. Roginski, J. W. Fuquay and P. F. Fox, Ed. Academic Press, NY. Vik3m 38-44. J. Bryant, D. Kishore. 2010. Fescue toxicosis and heat stress: Recent advances. Fescue Toxicosis Session. The International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, June 27 July 1, Lexington, Kentucky, 2011. Roy, K.S., and R.J. Collier 2011. Regulation of Acclimation to Environmental Stress. In: Environmental Physiology of Domestic Animals, R.J. and J.L. Collier Ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Spiers, D.E. 2011. Physiology of temperature regulation in domestic animals. In: Environmental Physiology of Livestock. Eds. R.J. Collier and J. Collier. Wiley-Blackwell. Hoboken, NJ. Spiers, D.E., P. A. Eichen, L. Wax, B. Scharf, R. Settivari, H. Vellios, J. Johnson, Abstracts Adams, A. L., T. H. Friend, G. A. Holub, S. M. Garey, and C. L. Terrill. 2010. Shade utilization and distribution of dairy cows in response to environmental conditions. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p. 772. Adams, A. L., T. H. Friend, G. A. Holub, S. M. Garey, and C. L. Terrill. 2010. Behavioral responses to feeding regimens, housing and heat stress in dairy calves. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p.790. Adeniji, O. B., M. O. Smith, and H. G. Kattesh. 2011. Effect of environmental enrichment strategies on behavior and physiology of broiler breeders reared under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Presented at the Poultry Science Association annual meeting, St. Louis, MO. July 2010. Binverse,J.A, J. D. Davis, K. G. Gebremedhin, C.N. Lee and J.E. Larson. 2011. Alternative cooling of dairy cows by wetting the udder. Joint meeting of ADSA/ASAS. #M275. Boland, H.T., S. T. Willard, K. Umemura, G.Scaglia, J. A. Parish, and T. F. Best. 2011. Pre-separation behavior of calves being weaned by different methods. J. Anim. Sci. 89:9 (E-Suppl.1). Boland, H.T., S.T. Willard, K. Umemura, G. Scaglia, J.A. Parish, and T.F. Best . 2011. Behavior of calves when weaned by nose-clips or fence-line contact. Annual Meeting American Society of Animal Science, New Orleans, LA. July, 2011. Bryant, J., J. Johnson, B. Scharf, D. Kishore, E. Coate, P.A. Eichen, K. Wells, J. Green, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Effect of fescue toxicosis on the expression of selected hepatic genes in Angus cattle. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Camelina meal supplementation to beef cattle: II. Effects on DMI, in situ forage digestibility, and plasma cholecystokinin concentrations. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:387-389. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, D. W. Bohnert, J. Dailey, and J. A. Carroll. Camelina meal supplementation to beef cattle: III. Effects on acute-phase and thyroid responses. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:261-263. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, D. W. Bohnert, J. Dailey, and J. A. Carroll. 2011. Camelina meal supplementation to beef cattle: I. Effects on performance, DMI, and acute-phase protein response of feeder steers following transport. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:7-10. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, F. N. T. Cooke, and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Feed and water restriction elicits an acute-phase protein response in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):269. Cappellozza, B. I., R. F. Cooke, F. N. T. Cooke, and D. W. Bohnert. 2011. Effects of acclimation to handling on performance, reproductive, and physiological responses of Bos taurus beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):498. Chaffin, R.E., B. Scharf, J.S. Johnson, J.K. Bryant, D.K. Kishore, P.A. Eichen, J.A. Carroll, C.C. Chase, S.W. Coleman, N.C. Burdick, R.L. Weaber, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. A comparison of lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile responses across heat-tolerant and sensitive Bos taurus cattle in different thermal environments. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Chaffin, R.E., K.J. Hoernig, J.S. Johnson, J.K. Bryant, B. Scharf, D.K. Kishore, P.A. Eichen, E.S. Dierenfeld, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Use of infrared thermography to identify thermoregulatory differences between heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant breeds of Bos taurus cattle. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Chen, JM, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2011. Dairy cattle preferences for feed bunks with or without sprinklers in summer. 45th International Society for Applied Ethology, Indianapolis, IN. Clausen, J., A. M. Parkhurst, and T. L. Mader, 2011. Logistic regression analysis to determine factors contributing to summer feedlot deaths. Paper presented at Proc. 23th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Cooke, R. F., D. W. Bohnert, and R. R. Mills. 2011. Effects of temperament on performance and carcass traits of range-originated feeder calves. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 62:148-150. Cooke, R. F., J. A. Carroll, F. N. T. Cooke, B. I. Cappellozza, C. Trevisanuto, V. D. Tabacow, J. Dailey, and D. W. Bohnert. Bovine acute-phase response following different doses of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):518. Creighton, T., A.M. Hogg and R.W. Godfrey. 2011. Evaluating the influence of breed on hair coat characteristics and body temperature of hair sheep in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. (Presented at Southern Section meetings, Feb 2011). Curbelo J., J. Brett, C. Steadman, H. L. Sanchez, T. Rowlison, K. S. Seo, P. L. Ryan, S. T. Willard. 2011. Biophotonic imaging as a method to evaluate efficacy of intramammary antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. 2011 ASAS-ADSA National Meetings, New Orleans, LA. July 10 14, 2011. Eichen, P.A., D.K. Kishore, M.R. Waldron, T.J. Evans, K.L. Fritsche, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Effect of different short- and long-term heat stress exposure period and fescue toxicosis on the immune system. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Garey, S. M., T. H. Friend, L. R. Berghman, D. L. Golden, A. L. Adams, and C. L. Terrill. 2010. Effects of pasture versus stall housing on cortisol and DHEA concentrations in young quarter horses. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p. 464. Johnson, J.S., J.K. Bryant, B.A. Scharf, D.K. Kishore, E.A. Coate, P.A. Eichen, and D.E. Spiers. 2011. Differences in adaptive responses to heat stress comparing heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cattle over 24-hour periods. Experimental Biology 2011 Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Jung, S. and S.T. Willard. 2011. Quantitative Bioluminescence Imaging of Functional Estrogen Receptor Activity within Intact Porcine Ovarian Follicles in vitro. 2011 ASAS-ADSA National Meetings, New Orleans, LA. July 10 14, 2011. Legrand,AL, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2010. Voluntary use of showers: effects on behavior and physiology of dairy cattle in summer. American Dairy Science Assoication, Denver, CO. Li, Y. Z., C. E. Phillips, S. K. Baidoo, and L. J. Johnston. 2010. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on aggression among group-housed gestating sows. Page 43 in Proc. 71st Minnesota Nutr. Conf., Owatonna, MN (Abstract). Li.,X.,F. Yang, A. M. Parkhurst, and D.E.Spiers 2011 Comparing steer body temperature time series between thermoneutral and thermal challenging environments. Paper presented at Proc. 23th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS. Martin, W.R., T.J. Safranski, D.E. Spiers, and M.C. Lucy. 2011. Effect of parity on thermal response and energy balance (EB) of sows housed at 24-27°C during lactation. Joint Annual Meeting of Am. Dairy Science Assoc. and Am. Animal Science Assoc., New Orleans, LA. Martins, P. G. M. A., R. Cassiolato, F. Frigoni, M. M. Salin, D. B. Araujo, R. F. Cooke, M. Meneghetti, J. M. B. Vendramini, G. C. Lamb, T. H. Friend and J. D. Arthington. 2010. Evaluation of a distinct white Angus phenotype in southern Florida. J. Animal Science 88, Suppl 2, p. 683. Pan, D., C. N. Lee, M. H. Rostagno, and S. D. Eicher. 2011. Dam heat load affects neonatal calves bacterial prevalence and innate immunity. J. Dairy Sci. 203. Abstract. Parola, F, Hillman, E, Schütz, KE, Tucker, CB. 2011. 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Impact Statements

Calves exposed to repeated transport may decrease feed intake as an initial response to stress, however, overall feed efficiency is not affected and calves may quickly acclimate to repeated transport
The comprehensive climate index can be used to identify biological response functions, which contribute to death loss associated with hot weather conditions and changes associated with energy exchange