Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/21/2007] [01/09/2008] [04/15/2009] [01/15/2010]

Report Information

Participants

Phillip Griffiths, Cornell NYAES; Howard Schwartz, Colorado State Univ.; Tim Porch, USDA/ARS/TARS; Molly Welsh, USDA/ARS/W-6; An N. Hang, Washington State Univ.; M.A. Pastor Corrrales, USDA/ARS/Beltsville; Norm Weeden, Montana State Univ.; Jim Kelly, Michigan State Univ.; Jim Myers, Oregon State Univ.; Juan M. Osorno, North Dakota State Univ.; Maurice Bennink, Michigan State Univ.; Phillip Miklas, USDA/ARS/Prosser; Mark Brick, Colorado State Univ.;
Shree Singh, Univ. of Idaho; James Beaver, Univ. Puerto Rico; Jim Steadman, Univ. Nebraska; Jack Cecil, Univ. Wyoming; Pat Byrne, Colorado State Univ.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

ACCOMPLISHMENTS BY OBJECTIVES <br /> <br /> 1. Improve the efficiency of bean breeding through elucidation of biological and environmental controls regulating yield potential and adaptation, enhancement of breeding methodologies (including genome mapping and gene database development), and improvement of germplasm diversity utilization.<br /> <br /> <br /> 1.A. Yield and Adaptation, National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. <br /> In 2006, seven public and private institutions (ADM, Idaho Seed Bean, MSU, NYSU, U. Guelph, UI and USDA-ARS Prosser) tested 25 new bean lines along with 5 commercial varieties in the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Commercial and experimental lines representing eight market classes (black, navy/small white, great northern, pink, pinto, small red, light red kidney and cranberry) were gathered and distributed to 13 cooperators in the US and Canada. No data was collected in Scottsbluff, NE due to herbicide damage. Dry, hot weather and heavy rainfall during the growing season of 2006 contributed to the loss of yield data in Torrington, Wyoming and to low yield in Ft. Collins, Colorado. Yield and seed appearance in Othello, WA were also lower than normal due to heat stress during seed fill. Seed yield ranged from 923 to 3623 lb/A with a mean of 2273 lb/A across 10 locations. Of the same lines tested in 2005 and 2006, seed yield in 2005 was about 300 to 600 lbs higher than those of 2006. Canning data will be reported in the spring of 2007. Final report will be published on WSU-Prosser web page.<br /> <br /> Midwest Nursery.<br /> MRPN was conducted at four locations, Carrington, ND, Mitchel, NE, Ft. Collins, CO and Saginaw, MI in 2006, but harvested from only three. The nursery included 20 entries consisting of advanced pinto and great northern lines from all four breeding programs in these states. Yield ranged from 20 to 30 cwt/acre across locations. The highest yielding line ND020069 was a pinto from ND which consistently performed above the mean across these diverse locations. This cooperative nursery continues to be valuable as it provides an evaluation of potential new lines prior to release as varieties in other states.<br /> <br /> Western Regional Bean Trial. <br /> The Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) coordinated by USDA-ARS (Prosser, WA) was conducted in CO, ID, NE, and WA in 2006. There were 27 entries including 2 checks. In total, two market classes were tested, including 18 pintos and nine great northerns. Ten of the entries were from ID, 5 from CO, 8 from WA (ARS), and 2 from NE. Yields under optimum and water stress conditions were obtained in ID and WA, and yield under rainfed conditions in CO and NE. Uniform common bacterial blight infection enabled some separation for reaction to this disease among the entries.<br /> <br /> Germplasm evaluation, development, or release. <br /> From January 2006 through December 2006 the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance program continued with the regular seed increase program. Until August of 2006 all accessions grown were tested for BCMV. The virus testing position was eliminated from the project due to budget constraints. The curator began testing some accessions in November 2006 and will continue to do so as time permits. There are 14,885 accessions in the Phaseolus collection as of December 31, 2006. Seed increase has been obtained from 351 lines. 11,648 accessions are backed up at the NCPRG in Fort Collins, CO. Two hundred twenty-two new accessions (within 5 specie groups) were added to the collection and passport data on this material has been entered into GRIN. Distribution of Phaseolus germplasm from 1-1-2006 up to 12-31-2006 was 1806 accessions from 27 specie or variety groups. The distribution of germplasm from the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station was 34.6% within the western region of the U.S., 25.4% outside the western region of the U.S., and 40.0% to non-U.S. sites. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. <br /> <br /> A number of germplasm lines and varieties were evaluated and developed during 2006. Twenty-one replicated yield trials consisting of standard released varieties and over 500 advanced experimental lines of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nine commercial classes were evaluated in Michigan in 2006. Despite a favorable growing season, excessive precipitation delayed harvest and resulted in significant harvest losses, so the overall productivity was only slightly above average in 2006. All the small-seeded black and navy bean trials were direct harvested. Plans to direct harvest the medium-seeded pinto, great northern, red and pink classes were suspended due to the unusually wet weather. <br /> <br /> Light Red Kidney (LRK) beans are the predominant class of dry beans grown in New York State, with the majority processed into canned products. The NYS growing environment is stressful, with highly variable rainfall and temperatures, plus a relatively short growing season at 90 to 110 days. Large seed size has become a processing requirement and good seed appearance is still needed for the dry-pack trade. During the winter of 2003-2005 greenhouse multiplication was completed with generations of LRK material from crosses of RedKanner, Cornell line 10132 and CELRK with a late maturity, upright, highly productive light red kidney selection which has a plant with 9 nodes, large pods and large seed size. Seed was also multiplied for crosses with the earliest flowering selections from this population with other lines that we have identified as excellent yielding and good canners. Disease-free seed for summer 2006 was produced for plantings in farmer fields and at the Cornell University Freeville Research Farm. <br /> <br /> The Extension dry bean program in NY (Ithaca and grower fields) evaluated breeding lines, new varieties, and standard varieties. Conducted processing (canning) quality evaluation of 140 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, white kidney and black turtle soup classes which were grown in 1 to as many as 8 different sites located in central and western NY State. Included in the 140 lines above were 8 LRK lines in replicated trials at Freeville in 2006 which were selected from 50 lines developed by Griffiths in 2004-2005. <br /> <br /> Six new pinto breeding lines along with checks were evaluated in replicated trials (IDBT, Idaho Dry Bean Trial) in two non-stressed (NS), two drought-stressed (DS), and one continual bean (CB) production system at the Kimberly, ID, and Parma, ID, Research and Extension Centers. They were also evaluated in on-farm conventional (CP) and organic (OP) production systems. Data were recorded for growth habit, maturity, seed yield, seed weight, and post-harvest seed coat darkening. A slow darkening pinto breeding line (SDIP-1) was registered and released. Approximately 200 F2:3 families from pinto Othello/VAX 1 and Othello/VAX 3 populations were grown in non-stressed production system at Kimberly. <br /> <br /> Quincy pinto with high yield potential in the Pacific Northwest and Colorado was registered by Washington State University in 2006. This cultivar has multiple virus resistance but lacks resistance to bean rust. Silver Cloud white kidney was also registered by WSU in 2006. The white kidney bean germplasm line USWK-CBB-17 with resistance to common bacterial blight was registered in 2006 by ARS (Prosser). <br /> <br /> Heat tolerance. <br /> Several promising breeding lines (ARS, PR for heat tolerance) were evaluated under high night temperatures in the greenhouse (NY) and under high daytime temperatures (Juana Diaz, PR) and found to possess tolerance to both conditions. Heat tolerant germplasm from Cornell has been evaluated and tested with commercial heat tolerant materials and release of two snap bean lines following collaborative trials with Dr. Tim Porch in 2004 and 2005. <br /> <br /> Other. <br /> In Idaho, under severe drought stress pressure, a few pinto and great northern breeding lines exhibited high yield potential and also yielded well under favorable growing conditions. In Washington thirteen dry bean trials consisting of 335 breeding lines and check cultivars were tested under multiple stresses including compacted soil, root rot pathogens, low fertility, and moderate drought. A few pinto breeding lines performed well in this test and a high input trial and will be evaluated in the CDBN in 2007. A RIL population (130 RILs) between two high yielding parents (Buster/Roza) under optimum conditions was tested in the multiple stress trial and segregated for high and low yield/adaptation. <br /> <br /> Evapotranspiration coefficients have been developed for common bean in Puerto Rico (ARS and UPRM) using drainage lysimeters. The coefficients will be used for drought studies and for irrigation scheduling in common bean.<br /> <br /> 1.B. Breeding Methodologies.<br /> Winter Nursery. <br /> During the past year, 2,666 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in a winter nursery coordinated by University of Puerto Rico.<br /> <br /> <br /> Coordination of molecular maps. <br /> A RIL population derived from Andean common bean G-122 and an adapted pinto line, C072548, was mapped using RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SCAR markers. Among 198 polymorphic markers, 126 were used to construct a linkage map of 13 linkage groups. Composite interval mapping revealed strong evidence (LOD > 2.7) for five QTL that influenced white mold resistance in the straw test. The resistant QTL were located on linkage groups (core map) B1, B2b, B8, and B9, and were contributed from both parental lines. Together the five QTL accounted for 48% of the variation for resistance. Only one QTL, on linkage group B8, was identified for reaction in the field. Two RIL from this population had higher (P<0.05) levels of resistance than the resistant parent G122. One line RIL 67 was increased for testing in 2007. It has determinate growth habit, 96-98 d maturity and moderate yield potential.<br /> <br /> A comprehensive linkage map of disease resistance loci was updated for common bean and published as a review article in the journal Euphytica. More than 40 disease resistance loci are located on the map, and resistance gene rich (clusters) regions are evident on linkage groups B1, B2, B4, B7, B8, B10 and B11. <br /> <br /> Pollination biology. <br /> No report.<br /> <br /> Genes and genetic markers. <br /> Seed Coat Color Isolines: A project to develop snap bean isolines with attenuated seed coat colors is nearing completion (OSU, Myers). Three sets of BC3 lines in a 91G background have been developed with the following genotypes: pgri V C D Z, P V cu D Z, and P V c d z. Single plant selections were made in the three sets for plants with phenotype most similar to 91G. These will be increased in 2007 to be used in studies on field emergence and processing quality.<br /> <br /> 1.C. Genetic Diversity. <br /> Germplasm conversion. <br /> The conversion program at PR (ARS) is in the process of introgressing root rot resistance, root system traits, drought tolerance, and seed traits into several US market classes. One backcross has been completed and selection will be continued in the BC1F2 for photoperiod insensitivity as well as for the introgressed trait.<br /> <br /> Interspecific crossing.<br /> Breeding research efforts continued at Colorado State University on the introgression of genes for resistance to white mold from Andean sources and P. coccineus into adapted pinto germplasm.<br /> <br /> Bean transformation.<br /> Preliminary studies on bean transformation using pollen electroporation techniques have been completed at ARS (PR) and UPRM (PR). No transformants were developed using this technique.<br /> <br /> Interspecific transfer.<br /> Colorado researchers completed the development of a backcross inbred line (BIL) population derived to combine QTL from RIL 67 with those found by Myers et al. (BIC 2004) in P. coccineus accession PI 225956. We have initiated screening of the BIL population with molecular markers to determine which lines possess the QTLs for resistance found in our RIL population and those found in Myers et al. population to pyramid and validate their effect using the straw test. <br /> <br /> Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance has been transferred from scarlet runner bean following interspecific hybridization with 5-593, and the resistance which is controlled by multiple genes is being evaluated and selected in a snap bean background.<br /> <br /> Wide crosses.<br /> Twenty-one multiple-parent interracial F1 hybrids were evaluated in low-soil fertility production system at Kimberly. <br /> <br /> White-seeded bean lines with resistance to bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) and common bacterial blight (CBB) both in the leaves and the pods were developed by UPR. White-seeded and pinto lines were selected that combine resistance to BGYMV, bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) and rust. <br /> <br /> 2. Identification of mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions leading to efficient, environmentally- safe, and economical disease control methods.<br /> <br /> 2.A. Viral diseases.<br /> Bean Common Mosaic Virus.<br /> Allelism tests have confirmed that a gene linked to the bc-3 locus for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV conditions resistance to ClYVV (Clover yellow vein virus). Allelism tests between the bc-3 source of ClYVV resistance with existing resistance sources in great northern cultivars UI-31 and US1140 are underway. <br /> <br /> Selected bean genotypes were screened for cross resistance to candidate bean-infecting Begomoviruses Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) inoculated biolistically, and under high natural virus pressure under field conditions for Curtovirus Beet curly top virus (BCTV). Cardinal, Carioca, DOR-364, Moncayo, Othello, Royal Red, T39, and Zacatecano were resistant to SLCV, CLCrV, and BCTV. NY6020-4 was resistant to BCTV and CLCrV and tolerant to SLCV. Venture was susceptible to BCTV and SLCV but resistant to CLCrV. These and other additional genotypes are currently being evaluated for resistance to Bean golden mosaic virus. <br /> <br /> Light red kidney bean lines with enhanced seed yield potential and resistance to BCMV were developed by UPR researchers.<br /> <br /> Bean Golden Mosaic Virus.<br /> Three bean germplasm lines, PR9771-3-2, PR0247-49 and PR0157-4-1, from UPR were released in collaboration with the USDA-ARS. The lines were derived from interspecific crosses and represent a unique source of resistance to BGYMV.<br /> <br /> Other<br /> Additional populations have been developed by Cornell University (Griffiths) and selected for clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) resistance. <br /> <br /> A RIL population G122/THORT was characterized for beet curly top virus reaction in the field at Prosser, WA, in 2006. An allelism test between G122 and Cardinal which possesses Bct-1 gene for resistance to BCTV conducted by Harris Moran using a greenhouse agro-inoculation in collaboration with ARS indicated that the resistance in G122 was independent of Bct-1.<br /> <br /> 2.B. Bacterial Diseases.<br /> Warm wet conditions in Michigan favored the development of common bacterial blight (CBB) and progress was made in identification of lines with enhanced levels of resistance. Among these, the most promising were three kidney bean lines USDK-CBB-15, USWK-CBB-16 and USWK-CBB-17 from the USDA-ARS program in Washington (Miklas) and a group of navy and black seeded lines from MSU. All these lines were shown to carry the SU91 marker linked to the QTL for resistance (from tepary bean) on linkage group B8. The level of resistance conditioned by this QTL appears to be adequate for the Michigan production area and should help encourage local seed production. Future plans to release some of these materials will depend on confirming performance and quality traits. <br /> <br /> Bacterial wilt was confirmed in dry bean samples submitted to Colorado State University by collaborating scientists and growers in western Nebraska and Wyoming during 2004 to 2006 and samples from infected plants in some Colorado fields were collected during 2005 and 2006. Future collaborative work will focus on gaining a better understanding of this resurgent pathogen and disease in the high plains region, as well as evaluating cultivars and germplasm for effective sources of genetic resistance.<br /> <br /> ABC Weihing was prepared for release and submitted for registration. This great northern line developed by University of Nebraska in collaboration with ARS has the excellent seed quality of Weihing along with partial avoidance to white mold and some resistance to halo blight. ABC Weihing is the first great northern to combine XAN 159 and Montana No. 5 sources of common blight resistance. In a study of 84 common blight pathogen strains from the Americas and Africa, XAN 159 was resistant to nearly all strains from the USA.<br /> <br /> Significant differences in internal seed infection were observed when pods of CBB resistant lines were artificially inoculated under greenhouse conditions at UPR (Mayaguez) using different strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap).<br /> <br /> 2.C. Fungal diseases. <br /> Anthracnose.<br /> Progress by ARS and MI continues to be made incorporating the broadly based resistance gene Co-42 into kidney, cranberry, black and upright pinto bean germplasm. Previously the gene was only available in late maturing vine pinto and non adapted tropical black bean germplasm.<br /> <br /> Stem and Root Rots.<br /> In PR (UPRM and ARS), three root rot trials were conducted and several promising black bean lines were selected for consideration for release that show good root rot resistance and tolerance to low fertility conditions.<br /> <br /> White Mold.<br /> A white mold experiment in Colorado evaluated the role of cultural practices such as plant density upon disease development. Disease pressure was negligible, even after inoculation with lab-produced mycelia during flowering, apparently due to the relatively dry and warm conditions throughout the season. There was a noticeable increase in plot yield when plant population was increased 50 percent from 1 line to 2 lines per bed. The percent increase in yield when comparing 1 to 2 lines was 26, 55 and 74 for Matterhorn (upright growth habit), Vision (upright growth habit) and Montrose (vine growth habit), respectively. A companion experiment with a collaborator in Idaho with moderate disease pressure showed that fungicide protection improved yield by more than 50 percent for the susceptible vine type Montrose.<br /> <br /> At Oregon State University, Bean White Mold Nursery entries were grown in the greenhouse and evaluated by straw test, and were grown in the field in a white mold nursery. The fall was warm and dry, and white mold did not become apparent until late October, but a good trial was obtained. A number of common bean lines were grown for oxalate tolerance. Lines selected for testing were those identified as possessing partial resistance to white mold, or had been used as parents in recombinant inbred populations used to identify QTL for white mold resistance. With a few exceptions, white mold resistant varieties were more tolerant of oxalate than susceptible varieties, and recombinant inbred parents were ranked as would be expected based on their disease resistance. Oxalate tolerance and white mold resistance do not appear to be absolutely correlated. For example, NY6020 and OSU5630 have similar levels of oxalate tolerance, but differ in white mold susceptibility. These results suggest that factors other than oxalate tolerance may influence white mold resistance. <br /> <br /> White mold resistant breeding lines are being developed for 3 market classes (snap beans, kidney beans and black turtle soup beans) of common bean by Griffiths and Halseth, three of which were incorporated in the W-1150 national white mold trials in 2006 (Cornell 603, Cornell 604 and Cornell 605), including three of four new breeding lines that were released in 2005 (Cornell 603 (dark red kidney), Cornell 604 (black bean), Cornell 605 (light red kidney) and Cornell 606 (black kidney)). <br /> <br /> The multi-site white mold nursery coordinated by the University of Nebraska provided data that supported the identification of two black seeded lines from Cornell with white mold (WM) resistance in both field nurseries and greenhouse straw tests. A black seeded line from Idaho also was resistant in field nurseries, but susceptible in greenhouse tests indicating partial resistance similar to the WM reaction of Ex Rico which is due to disease avoidance. The 2006 greenhouse tests have 10 new lines with putative WM resistance in pinto and great northern as well as black seed classes. A study of phenotypic and genotype variation of isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, cause of WM, from resistance screening programs throughout the USA found evidence that aggressiveness variation and genetic uniqueness of isolates contribute to pathogen variability found at these test sites. <br /> <br /> Rust.<br /> Common bean rust was not found on the high plains until mid-September in 2006. This late season infection, however, was produced by pathotypes with virulence patterns similar to 2005 pathotypes. The Ur-3 resistance gene is still effective. In a search for new sources of resistance in wild bean populations from Honduras, 84 accessions including Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. augusti and P. lunatus were screened with the most virulent pathotypes found in Honduras. P. coccineus accessions were more resistant than other species, including wild P. vulgaris. More than 66% of P. coccineus accessions were resistant, while over 75% of wild beans were susceptible. New rust resistance genes were found. Belmineb - RMR -8, -9, -10, -11, -12 and -13 lines were submitted for registration. These are the first great northern bean lines to combine four rust resistance genes and two genes for resistance to the viruses causing bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis. In addition, the lines have erect habit (type II); moderately early maturity; good pod-to-ground clearance; desirable seed size, whiteness and shape; and good yield. <br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales (ARS, Beltsville), in collaboration with ARS scientists from Ft. Detrick, MD and the National Soybean Research Center in Urbana, IL, completed the evaluation of the 16 selected common bean cultivars to six isolates of the Asian soybean rust pathogen (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) from countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The objective of this study was to compare the reaction of the common bean cultivars with those of soybean accessions that were sources of single genes for resistance to P. pachyrhizi, to detect any potential sources of resistance among bean cultivars and to determine if there is a differential response among common bean cultivars to different isolates of the Asian soybean rust pathogen. This study was conducted at USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) Plant Pathogen Containment facility at Ft. Detrick, MD. The experiment contained three randomized replications and was conducted four times from February 2004 through February 2006. The sixteen cultivars included several beans with single genes for resistance to the common bean rust pathogen (Uromyces appendiculatus) such as Aurora (Ur-3), Early Gallatin (Ur-4), Mexico 309 (Ur-5), Golden Gate Wax (Ur-6), PI 181996 (Ur-11), PI 260418 (Ur-14?), Pinto 114 (used as a universal susceptible to common bean rust ) and bean cultivars combining two, three, and four genes for resistance to U. appendiculatus: CNC (with two or more undefined common bean rust resistance genes), BelDakMi-RMR-10 (Ur-4, -11)], BelDak-RR-2 (Ur-3, -6, -CNC), Belneb-RR-1 (Ur-5, -6, -7), BelMiNeb-RMR-5 and BelMiNeb-RMR-7 (Ur-4, -6, 11), BelDakMi-RMR-14 (Ur-3, -6, -11), BelMiNeb-RMR-8 and BelDakMi-RMR-18 (Ur-3, -4, -6, -11). All of these common bean cultivars were inoculated with six isolates of P. pachyrhizi from Taiwan (TW72-1 and TW-80-2), Brazil (BZ01-1) Paraguay (PG01-2), Thailand (TH01-1) and Zimbabwe (ZM0101). The soybean cultivars PI 200492 (Rpp1), PI 230970 (Rpp2) PI 459025B (Rpp4) and Ina (none known) were included as checks. The results show that several of the common bean cultivars evaluated in this study appeared to have resistance to the ASR but none were immune. Among the common bean cultivars, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, PI 181996, Aurora, and Pinto 114 were the most resistant to all six isolates of the ASR pathogen and had lower severity, less sporulation, and consistent reddish brown lesions, associated with resistance in soybeans. In addition, a differential response was observed among the common bean cultivars with a cultivar by isolate interaction for both severity and sporulation levels, as well as for the presence of or absence of the RB lesion type. The presence of genes for resistance in common bean cultivars to the common bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), singly or in combination, did not correspond with the reaction of these cultivars to the soybean rust. Two common germplasm lines with four genes for resistance to common bean rust were among the most susceptible to all six isolates of the soybean rust. On the other hand, Pinto 114 which does not appear to have resistance to common bean rust was among the most resistant to all six isolates of the soybean rust. These results suggest that resistance in common bean to common bean rust is independent from resistance to soybean rust. In addition, collaborative research with R. Frederick (ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD) was initiated to determine the inheritance of resistance in common beans to the soybean rust pathogen. We have evaluated an F2 population of 120 plants resulting from the cross between Mexico 309 (S) x CNC (R) plus the resistant and susceptible parents and soybean check cultivars. All were inoculated with a Brazilian isolate of P. pachyrhizi. Early results suggest that resistance in this P. vulgaris cross is controlled by two dominant genes. Additional evaluations are necessary to confirm these results. <br /> <br /> Resistance-linked genetic markers.<br /> Research to identify molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to soybean rust in common bean was planned and initiated by ARS (Pastor-Corrales). Many pairs of oligonucleotides sets (denominated Pri 1 to 30) based on SSR, resistance-gene analogs (RGA) and genes involved in the plant defense mechanism from different plants, including common bean, were initially selected. These primers will be used to amplify DNA fragments, through PCR reactions, of common bean cultivars CNC and PI 181996, Mexico 309 and PI 260418, that have been shown to be resistant and susceptible, respectively, to P. pachyrhizi. This research is being conducted by postdoctoral scientist Claudia Bellato.<br /> <br /> The MSU materials with resistance to CBB originated as four-way crosses to combine QTL for CBB resistance on B6 and B8. This work was undertaken by O Boyle (cited below) who evaluated the potential of independent linked markers for indirect selection of CBB resistance in field experiments in East Lansing and Saginaw, Michigan. The presence of the SU91 marker was correlated with lower CBB leaf scores in East Lansing (r = -0.50***), and Saginaw (r = -0.59***), and correlated with pod resistance in Saginaw (r = -0.48***). SU91 exhibited a negative correlation with yield (r = -0.20*) in East Lansing, but showed no association with yield in Saginaw. Plant selections carrying SU91 were crossed with additional source of CBB resistance linked to the BC420 marker on B6. The presence of SU91 was correlated with lower CBB disease ratings for leaves (r = -0.20*) and pods (r = -0.27***), whereas the presence of BC420 was only correlated with low pod ratings (r = -0.19*) in one experiment, and leaf resistance (r = -0.18*) in a second experiment. Presence of both markers resulted in lower levels of CBB resistance than provided by either marker alone, possibly indicating epistatic interactions between the loci conditioning CBB resistance in common bean. Data from the current study provides breeders with critical information on which genomic regions to target as part of an overall strategy to enhance resistance to CBB in common bean. <br /> <br /> SCAR markers linked with the Pse-1 gene conditioning resistance to Races 1, 5, 7, and 9 of the halo bacterial blight pathogen were developed and mapped to linkage group B10. Similarly a SCAR marker linked with Pse-2 gene which conditions resistance to Races 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 was developed but has not yet been integrated with the core map because the marker is only present in the resistance source A43. <br /> <br /> Other.<br /> Colorado State University coordinated the Asian soybean rust and soybean aphid monitoring network of sentinel plots (8 to 9 in each state, and fewer in each province) located in the western U.S. (Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan) to monitor for the occurrence of Asian soybean rust (SBR) and the soybean aphid (SBA). The State/Provincial Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on soybean rust and soybean aphid generated by the Sentinel Plot and/or other activities during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at http://sbrusa.net/.<br /> <br /> During 2006, the western network of more than 25 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 40 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 4 states and 3 provinces from May to September for SBR and SBA. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2006. Plans are underway to expand SBR (and other pest) monitoring on legume crops such as common bean during 2007 with the addition of other western states, such as Arizona, California, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming to the 2006 network members. This contributed valuable information to the national program involved with monitoring the outbreak and movement of the fungus in southeastern and now Midwestern states. Timely reporting in the west also allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease and insect pest status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide or insecticide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment and food supply.<br /> <br /> UPR breeding line 04SH-8730 was found to be resistant to a local isolate of ashy stem blight.<br /> <br /> Elucidate genetic controls for food quality and value-added components.<br /> <br /> 3.A. Food quality testing.<br /> California-Berkeley researchers report for the first time the core histone H3- and H4-acetylation inhibitory properties of lunasin from different (Korean) soybean varieties used for various food purposes and from tissues of rats fed lunasin-enriched soy (LES) to measure bioavailability. Lunasin was analyzed by immunostaining and inhibition of core histone acetylation by a non-radioactive histone acetyl transferase assay. Various amounts of lunasin are found in the soybean varieties, which correlated with the extent of inhibition of core histone acetylation. Both soy lunasin and synthetic lunasin inhibit core histone acetylation in a dose dependent manner. Lunasin in LES is protected from in vitro digestion by pepsin. Lunasin extracted from blood and liver of rats fed with LES is intact and inhibits core histone acetylation.<br /> <br /> 3.B. Characterization of bean constituents, nutritional value, and reduction in flatulence potential. <br /> Research on the health benefits of beans continues with the completion of the third preclinical feeding trial. The results of trials #2 and #3 confirm that beans in the diets of laboratory animals have a significant effect on reducing the incidence of mammary cancer in animals that are treated with a carcinogen. The most recent trial also included a dosage levels treatment using red bean. The results, although not completely analyzed, suggest a linear dosage response based on % of the diet that contained bean. This research is in the process of being prepared for publication. We are currently in the process of designing and preparing to conduct a clinical trial to determine the broad health benefits to humans. <br /> <br /> Research in the nutrition and health arena by Michigan State University scientists indicates that consistent consumption of beans will help reduce the odds of developing Type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and breast cancer. However, most North Americans eat very few beans due to a variety of reasons. It is clear that cooked and canned beans do not fit into the lifestyle and taste preferences of most North Americans. Therefore, a long term goal is to increase bean consumption by making alternative bean products available to the consumer. It was hypothesized that a ready to eat food made from beans would increase bean consumption and decrease certain chronic diseases.<br /> <br /> 3.C. Characterization of bean storage, soaking and cooking quality.<br /> In NY (Ithaca and grower fields), in one to as many as 13 sites, canning quality analysis was conducted on 185 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, black turtle soup and white kidney classes. <br /> <br /> A slow darkening pinto breeding line (SDIP-1) was registered and released by University of Idaho.<br /> <br /> An extruded snack type of product that contained 90% bean - 10% starch was produced. The product had an acceptable crispy texture and was shelf stable. The flavor of the puffed product was influenced by the market class of the bean. Flavor preference varied widely, but the milder flavored beans (cranberry, small reds) had the greatest acceptance. Market class influenced the texture and density of the final product also. Ranking the market classes from the lightest, softest product to the hardest, densest product was: cranberry beans > pinto beans = small red beans> navy beans > light red kidney = dark red kidney = black beans. The extruded products can be flavored or used with dips to meet individual tastes and improve palatability. The results to date indicate good acceptance of the bean snack products.

Publications

Aranda L., Porch T.G., and Bassett M.J. 2006. Initial AFLP tagging of the gene (Cl) for circumlineated pattern. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 49:55-56.<br /> <br /> Armenia, A. R. O. 2006. Transformation and in vitro culture studies to enhance white mold resistance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). MS Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI. 116pp.<br /> <br /> Asensio-S.-Manzanera, M.C., C. Asensio, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Gamete selection for resistance to common and halo bacterial blights in dry bean intergene pool populations. Crop Sci. 46:131-135.<br /> <br /> Baggett, J.R., D. Kean, D. Sullivan, A. Stone, and J. Myers. 2005. Vegetable Gardening in Oregon. OSUES EC871. (revised August 2005).<br /> <br /> Beaver, J.S., C.G. Muñoz-Perea, J.M. Osorno, F.H. Ferwerda and P.N. Miklas. 2005. Registration of bean golden yellow mosaic virus resistant dry bean germplasm lines PR9771-3-2, PR0247-49 and PR0157-4-1. Crop Sci. 45:2126.<br /> <br /> Blair, M.W., J.S. Beaver, J.C. Nin, E. Prophete, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Registration of PR9745-232 and RMC-3 red mottled dry bean germplasm lines with resistance to bean golden yellow mosaic virus. Crop Sci. 46: 1000-1001.<br /> <br /> Blair, M.W., C. Cardona, C. Quintero, R. Garza, N. Weeden, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Development of a SCAR marker for common bean resistance to the bean pod weevil (Apion godmani Wagner). Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:181-182.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., P.F. Byrne, H.F. Schwartz, J.B. Ogg, K. Otto, A.L. Fall, and J. Gilbert. 2006 Reaction to three races of Fusarium wilt in the Phaseolus vulgaris core collection. Crop Sci. 46:1245-1252.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., M.D. Thompson, and H.J. Thompson. 2006. Defining the Health Benefits of Dry Edible Beans. Abstracts Western Society of Crop Science meeting. June 19-21, Torrington, WY. <br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., J. J. Maxwell, P. F. Byrne, X. Shan, H.F. Schwartz, J.B. Ogg, and R. Henson. 2006. Quantitative trait loci linked to white mold resistance in common bean. Abstracts Western Society of Crop Science, 19-21 June 2006. Torrington, WY.<br /> <br /> Chipps, T.J., B. Gilmore, J. Myers, H.U. Stotz. 2005. Evidence for oxalate insensitivity and oxalate oxidase in determining partial resistance of Phaseolus coccineus to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Phytopathology 95: 292-299. <br /> <br /> Davis, J.W., D. Kean, B. Yorgey,, D. Fourie, P.N. Miklas, and J.R. Myers. 2006. A molecular marker linkage map of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:73-74.<br /> <br /> Duncan, R.W., H. Terán, S.P. Singh, and R.L. Gilbertson. 2006. Comparison of marker-assisted and direct selection for introgression of common bacterial blight resistance in common bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:1-12.<br /> <br /> Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., and J.D. Kelly. 2006. Inheritance of anthracnose resistance in the common bean cultivar Widusa. Euphytica 151:411-419.<br /> <br /> Hang, A.N., Compiler. 2005. Common Dry Bean Nursery Report, www.prosser.wsu.edu/Documents/2005cdbnreport2906.pdf. 56th Annual Report, National Cooperative Dry Bean Nurseries. Information contributed by members of the W1150 Multistate Regional Committee and ARS, USDA. <br /> <br /> Hang, A. N., P. N. Miklas, M. J. Silbernagel, and G. L. Hosfield. 2006. Registration of Silver Cloud white kidney bean. Crop Sci. 46:491-492. <br /> <br /> Harveson, R. M., Schwartz, H. F., Vidaver, A. K., Lambrecht, P. A., and Otto, K. L. 2006. New outbreaks of bacterial wilt of dry bean in Nebraska observed from field infections. Plant Disease 90:681.<br /> <br /> Hang, A. N., P. N. Miklas, M. J. Silbernagel, and G. L. Hosfield. 2006. Registration of Quincy pinto bean. Crop Sci. 46:991. <br /> <br /> Jochua, C.N., J.R. Steadman, X. Xue, K.M. Eskridge and M.I.V. Amane. 2006. Pathogenic Variability of Populations of Uromyces appendiculatus, Cause of Bean Rust in Individual Bean Fields and Development of Bean Rust Sampling Plans Based on Costs of Sampling. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Cooperative. 49:225-226. <br /> <br /> Kelly, J.D., G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, and J. Taylor. 2006. Registration of Capri cranberry bean. Crop Sci 46:2706-2707. <br /> <br /> Kelly, J.D., G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, and J. Taylor. 2006. Registration of Sedona pink bean. Crop Sci 46:2707-2708. <br /> <br /> Kusolwa, P.M. and J.R. Myers. 2006. Arcelin-like and a-amylase-like inhibitor DNA sequences cosegregate with a novel seed storage protein in Phaseolus vulgaris x P. acutifolius hybrids. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:75-76.<br /> <br /> Lanier, W. T., M. J. Brewer, F. B. Peairs, G. L. Hein, H. F. Schwartz, J. B. Campbell, and S. Blodgett. 2006. Development and assessment of an on-line High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for a regional audience. American Entomologist 52: 30-35.<br /> <br /> Lema, M., H. Terán, M. Dennis, C. Robinson, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Drought resistance in different market classes of dry bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:241-242.<br /> <br /> Lema, M., H. Terán, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Effect of isolates and concentrations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli on dry bean genotypes. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:9-10.<br /> <br /> Luthria, D. L and M. A. Pastor-Corrales. 2005. Phenolic acid profiles of three cultivars of black beans. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 48: 50-51.<br /> <br /> Luthria, D. L. and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2006. Phenolic acids content of fifteen dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. Journal of Composition and Analysis 19: 205-211. <br /> <br /> Luthria, D. L and M. A. Pastor-Corrales. 2006. Phenolic acid profiles of beans commonly consumed in the United States. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 49: 6-8.<br /> <br /> Maxwell, J., Brick, M., Byrne, P., Schwartz, H., Shan, X., Ogg, J. B., and Henson, R. 2006. Quantitative trait loci for resistance to white mold in common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:63-64.<br /> <br /> Mejia E. and de Lumen, B.O. 2006. Soybean bioactive peptides: A new horizon in the prevention of chronic diseases. Sexuality, Reproduction and Menopause 4: 91-95.<br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., K. F. Grafton, D., Hauf, and J. D. Kelly. 2006. Registration of partial white mold resistant pinto bean germplasm line USPT-WM-1. Crop Sci. 46:2339.<br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., J. Hu, N. J. Grünwald, and K. M. Larsen. 2006. Potential application of TRAP (targeted region amplified polymorphism) markers for mapping and tagging disease resistance traits in common bean. Crop Sci. 46:910-916. <br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., J. D. Kelly, S. E. Beebe, and M. W. Blair. 2006. Common bean breeding for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: from classical to MAS breeding. Euphytica 147:105-131. <br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., J. R. Smith, and S. P. Singh. 2006. Registration of USDK-CBB-15 dark red kidney bean germplasm line with improved resistance to common bacterial blight. Crop Sci. 46:1005-1006. <br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., J. R. Smith, and S. P. Singh. 2006. Registration of common bacterial blight resistant white kidney bean germplasm line USWK-CBB-17. Crop Sci. 46:2338-2339. <br /> <br /> Miles, M.R., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, G.L. Hartman and R.D. Frederick. 2006. Differential Response of common bean cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. In Press. Plant Disease.<br /> <br /> Monteagudo, A.B., A. P. Rodiño, M. Santalla, A.M. De Ron, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Resistance to fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens in a common bean core collection from the Iberian Peninsula. HortScience 41:319-322.<br /> <br /> Muñoz-Perea, C.G., H. Terán, R.G. Allen, J.L. Wright, D.T. Westermann, and S.P. Singh. 2006. Selection for drought resistance in dry bean landraces and cultivars. Crop Sci. 46:2111-2120. <br /> <br /> Mutlu, N., P. N. Miklas, and D. P. Coyne. 2006. Resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) markers co-localize with disease resistance genes and QTL in common bean. Molecular Breeding 17:127-135. <br /> <br /> O Boyle, P. D., W.W. Kirk, and J. D. Kelly. 2007. Use of marker-assisted selection to breed for resistance to common bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (in press). <br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K. and J.R. Steadman. 2006. Characterization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates used to screen for white mold resistance in US bean production areas. Phytopathology 96:S88.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K., J.R. Steadman, C. Kurowski, R. Mainz, J. Kelly, P. Griffiths, K. Grafton, J. Myers, P. Miklas, H. Schwartz, S. Singh, K. Kmiecik, R. Felix, E. Kee, and A. Oppelaar. 2006. Use of multi-sites to identify partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean over multiple years. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49: 91-92. <br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2005. Genetics of resistance to Uromyces appendiculatus in a unique common bean plant introduction from the Andean gene pool. Phytopathology 95: S80.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2005. Resistance of PI 260418 an Andean bean resistant to most races of the bean rust pathogen. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 48: 134-135.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2006. Diversity of the rust pathogen and common bean guides gene deployment for development of bean cultivars with durable resistance. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 49: 51-52.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales M.A., A.C. Aime, and J. R. Steadman J.R. 2005. Guiding the development of common bean cultivars with durable rust resistance based on the diversity of the rust pathogen and its common bean hosts. International Edible Legume Conference in conjunction with IV World Cowpea Congress. Durban, South Africa. 17-21 April 2005.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.D. Kelly, and J. R., Steadman, D.P. Coyne, and D.T. Lindgren. 2005. Release of BelMineb-RMR-8, -9, -10, -11, -12, and -13, erect, short vine, rust and mosaic resistant great northern bean germplasm lines. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 48: 194-196.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.D. Kelly, J.R. Steadman, D.T. Lindgren, J.R. Stavely and D. P. Coyne. 2006. Registration of Six Great Northern Bean Germplasm Lines with Enhanced Resistance to Rust and Bean Common Mosaic and Necrosis Potyviruses. In Press. Crop Science.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A., M.M. Liebenberg, A. Sartorato, and P.A Pereira. Reaction of common bean cultivars to the Asian soybean rust pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, under field conditions in South Africa and Brazil. 2006. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 49: 31- 32.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M. A. and H.F. Schwartz. 2005. Anthracnose. Pages 25-27 in: Compendium of Bean Diseases , 2nd ed. H. F. Schwartz, J. R. Steadman, R. Hall, and R. Forster, Ed. The American Society of Phytopathology. St. Paul, Minnesota. ISBN: 0-89054-327-5. <br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M. A. and J.R. Stavely. 2005. Soybean Rust. Pages 40-41 in: Compendium of Bean Diseases , 2nd ed. H. F. Schwartz, J. R. Steadman, R. Hall, and R. Forster, Ed. The American Society of Phytopathology. St. Paul, Minnesota. ISBN: 0-89054-327-5.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M. A., J.R. Steadman, and J. R. Stavely, J. R. 2005. Rust. Pages 38-39 in: Compendium of Bean Diseases , 2nd ed. H. F. Schwartz, J. R. Steadman, R. Hall, and R. Forster, Ed. The American Society of Phytopathology. St. Paul, Minnesota. ISBN: 0-89054-327-5.<br /> <br /> Porch T.G. 2006. Application of stress indices for heat tolerance screening of common bean. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192:390-394.<br /> <br /> Rainey, K. M. and P. D. Griffiths. 2005. Inheritance of heat tolerance during reproductive development in snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. ASHS 130(5):700-706.<br /> <br /> Rainey, K. M. and P. D. Griffiths. 2005. Diallel analysis of yield components of snap beans exposed to two temperature stress environments. Euphytica 142:43-53.<br /> <br /> Rainey, K. M. and P. D. Griffiths. 2005. Identification of heat tolerant Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray plant introductions following exposure to high temperatures in a controlled environment. Gen. Res. Crop. Evol. 52:117-120.<br /> <br /> Rainey, K. M. and P. D. Griffiths. 2005. Differential responses of common bean genotypes to high temperatures. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130(1):18-23.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F., Otto, K., Teran, H., Lema, M., and Singh, S. P. 2006. Inheritance of white mold resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris x P. coccineus crosses. Plant Dis. 90:1167-1170.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F., Steadman, J. R., and Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2006. Challenges to and priorities for management of rusts of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:53-54.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P. Slow aging, darkening, or oxidizing dry bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:175-176.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, D.T. Westermann, R. Hayes, C.G. Muñoz, M. Lema, M. Dennis, D. Fullmer, R. Parrott, K. Mulberry, and J. Smith. 2006. On-farm dry bean breeding for high- and low- input conventional and organic farming systems. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:117-118.<br /> <br /> Steadman, J.R., L.K. Otto-Hanson, J. Breathnach, C. Kurowski, R. Mainz, J. Kelly, P. Griffiths, J. Myers, P. Miklas, H. Schwartz, S. Singh and A. Oppelaar. 2006. Identification of partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean at multiple locations in 2005. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:223-224. <br /> <br /> Teran, H., Lema, M., Schwartz, H. F., Duncan, R., Gilbertson, R., and Singh, S. P. 2006. Modified Petzoldt and Dickson scale for white mold rating of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:115-116.<br /> <br /> Zapata, M. 2006. A proposal for a uniform screening procedure for the greenhouse evaluation of variability of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and resistance on leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 49:213-214.

Impact Statements

1. Adoption of new bean varieties in MI have contributed to a 10% yield increase in 2000-2006 compared to previous five year periods. Morales became the most popular white-seeded bean cultivar in Puerto Rico. Eclipse (ND) and Condor (MI) black beans have had successful debuts in the Northern Plains and Great Lakes regions, respectively. The new pink cultivar Sedona performed well in the CDBN in 2006 and is an excellent canner compared to standards. Other W1150 Participants contributed cultivars (Matterhorn, Maverick, Seahawk, etc.) have had significant impact on dry bean improvement across the U.S.
2. Stress resistance improves quality and sustainability of bean production. BGYMV resistant lines were released in PR. Recent releases will improve white mold disease control. Multiple-virus resistant cultivars will reduce aphid-transmitted virus complex plaguing snap bean. Timely reporting on Asian soybean rust advised growers regarding disease threat. As a result, dry beans were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment.
3. Significant progress is being made in characterizing the health and nutritive benefits of beans through chemical analysis, rat-feeding studies, and feeding trials involving human subjects in cooperative projects in Africa. Significant progress has been made in determining the various levels of lunasin in soybean during seed development and correlating this with an in vitro bioassay of histone acetylation inhibition. Overall, the cancer preventive properties of lunasin peptide are being confirmed and correlated with its ability to inhibit histone acetylation.

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Report Information

Participants

Griffiths, Phillip Griffiths(pdg8@cornell.edu)Cornell NYAES;Schwartz, Howard (howard.schwartz@colostate.edu)Colorado State Univ.;Porch, Tim (maytp@ars-grin.gov) USDA/ARS/TARS;Welsh, Molly (mmwelsh@wsu.edu)USDA/ARS/W-6;Hang, An (ahang@wsu.edu)Washington State Univ.;Corrales, Pastor (pastorm@doa.ars.usda.gov)USDA/ARS/Beltsville;Weeden, Norman (mweeden@montana.edu)Montana State Univ.;Kelly, Jim (kellyj@msu.edu)Michigan State Univ.;Myers, Jim (myersja@hort.oregonstate.edu) Oregon State Univ.;Osorno, Juan (juan@osorno@ndsu.edu)North Dakota State Univ.;Bennink, Maurice (mbennink@msu.edu)Michigan State Univ.;Miklas, Phillip (pmiklas@pars.ars.usda.gov)USDA/ARS/Prosser;Brick, Mark (mark.brick@colostate.edu)Colorado State Univ.;Singh, Shree (singh@kimberlyh.uidaho.edu) Univ. of Idaho;Beaver, James (j.beaver@hotmail.com)Univ. Puerto Rico;Steadman, Jim (jsteadman1@un1.edu)Univ. Nebraska;Cecil, Jim (jtcecil@wyo.edu)Univ. Wyoming;Byrne, Pat (patrick.byrne@colostate.edu)Colorado State Univ.;

Brief Summary of Minutes

W-1150 annual meeting
Genetic Improvement of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Yield, Disease Resistance, and Food Value.
Concourse Hotel and Convention Center, Wisconsin Ballroom, 1 West Dayton St., Madison-WI, 53703 - Nov 1st 2007


Minutes:
Phil Miklas called the meeting to order at 8:15AM. Minutes were taken by Juan M. Osorno, secretary. All attendees were welcomed and self-introduced.

Old Business:

Agenda for the meeting was approved. (Singh/Schwartz M/S).

1. Minutes from last years meeting at Fort Collins (Nov. 8th 2006) were approved (Singh/Steadman M/S). Jim Kelly found some spelling errors and typos in the document that needs to be corrected (e.g. Uebersax instead of Ubersax). The secretary, Juan Osorno will make the corrections in the document and forward to Miklas.

2. Miklas introduced the new Administrative Advisor for the W1150, Dr. Greg Bohach.
Comments from Bohach: He volunteered to be advisor. His background is in microbiology. He didnt have time to visit with the previous advisor, Dr. Rassmusen about his previous role. Dr. Bohach is the director of the Idaho Exp. Station. He will make sure the report is completed on time (should be ready at least 10 days before deadline). He will also facilitate the renewal of the project. Formula funds could be an issue. Federal funds could be at risk, so contacts with legislators concerning such issues are needed. Stations have been asked by CSREES about priorities for the main problems in agriculture. Plant biology and pests are the main topics.

Phil McClean asked about the National Agriculture Institute. Dr. Bohach made some comments about this process and said is too early to have a final resolution.

Phil Miklas asked if beans will be considered within specialty crops. Dr. Bohach said that is why it is important to contribute to surveys concerning topics on crop priorities. It will be part of the report sent to CSREES.

Phil Miklas mentioned that Ann Marie Thro wasnt able to attend due to other problems. She could be contacted by e-mail with questions. It is not sure if beans would be included as specialty crop. Jim Kelly said it is included. Dr. Bohach agreed. Organizational structure is still in the works. Phil Griffith said there are $100 million for this project and bean community needs to participate. Dr. Bohach said it is still under discussion.
Mark Brick mentioned about training of new plant breeders. Juan Osorno made comments about the RFA for proposals from NRI, specifically about the program called plant breeding and education to which he has been invited to submit a proposal after the letter of intent was approved. The project is a multi-institutional approach (NDSU, UNL, UPRM, and TARS-USDA) involving breeding for drought tolerance and education of new plant breeders. A collaborative agreement between NDSU and UPRM is already ongoing for training of new plant breeders from both institutions. A similar agreement could be made with UNL. There is a total of $1.5 million to be distributed among three or four projects. Deadline for submitting proposals is December 19th.

3. Comments by NDBC governmental affairs committee chair, Tom Grebb.
Tom Grebb wasnt able to come but Phil Miklas made some comments on his behalf, especially on the difficulties for replacing bean scientist in some positions. The current strategy of the Liaison Committee at Prosser, WA, is for all commodity groups to work together to enhance/fill one position at the time.

Jim Kelly commented about the position left by Dr. Hosfield at USDA. Kelly said that he retired 4 years ago. Position has been approved as a GS-11-13. It is at the regional office now. Greg Bohach said it is necessary to work along with USDA. Search has been difficult because some candidates turned down offers. Other positions have been either closed or filled with postdocs. A new pathologist at USDA-MSU may be interested in doing some root rot on beans. Dr. Hosfields vacant position will be posted soon.

Phil Miklas announced that he has also some new commitments with alfalfa (fte of 0.05 or 0.1) and he expects to see his FTEs going to another crops. Tim Porch at TARS-USDA mentioned the he could be facing a similar situation in the near future.

4. Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery
An Hang said that data from this year cooperative nursery needs to be sent to her as soon as possible. Jim Kelly already said he sent data. She needs to pass the responsibility of coordinating the nursery to someone else since shes is retiring soon and shes been in charge of the nursery for the past five years. She made some comments about the fees and how difficult it is for her to conduct the nursery given limited resources. Phil Mcclean asked about the fees. It is $100 per entry for public programs and $300 for private. McClean thought we should charge a flat fee $300 for everyone. Phil Miklas indicated that a volunteer was needed to coordinate the Nursery.


Jim Kelly mentioned the need for a resolution on this issue given importance of the nursery to the W1150. Shree Singh said that the coordinator did not necessarily need to be located in the West as long as the seed was western grown. Jim Myers mentioned that some problems can come from shipping seed from east to west again even if it was western grown. Shree Singh replied that as long as the seed is pathogen free shipment from east to west should be ok.

Greg Bohach asked what is the main limitation to coordinating the NDBN? Preparation and shipment of seed is the most time-consuming and costly component (An Hang). Phil Miklas asked if experimental stations could help with funding  for instance could monies within W1150 be earmarked for the coordinator of the nursery? Howard Schwartz wondered if coordination of the nursery could be contracted with a private entity. Phil McClean mentioned that out-sourcing is a common model in ND at experimental stations. Further discussions concerning funding issues for the nursery were discussed with no resolution obtained.

Phil Miklas reminded participants not to send seed to An Hang for next year.

5. Other business: National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI).
Jim Steadman conducts a National Bean White Mold Nursery (NBWMN) funded through the National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI) to test most of the material generated by NSI. He mentioned that partial resistance has been accomplished. For field screening, an experiment with around 12 entries (9 entries plus 3 checks) would be manageable. Greenhouse experiments could be made with more lines. Several projects offered lines for this nursery: Cornell, Idaho, Colorado, USDA-Prosser, and Michigan, among others. Jim Steadman will coordinate and perform these trials.

New business:

1. Election of new officers: Carlos Urrea was voted in as next secretary (Shree Singh/Mark Brick, M/S- passed unanimously). For the next meeting Juan M. Osorno will be vice-president and James Nienhuis will be president.

2. Site and date for next meeting: Shree Singh proposed Puerto Rico. Judith Brown offered Arizona. After voting, Isabela, Puerto Rico was selected for the next meeting. February 2009 would be the tentative date since several bean projects will visit their winter nurseries at the same time. Judith Brown proposed Tucson, Arizona for the following meeting after Puerto Rico. Greg Bohach will check if there are no conflicts meeting the deadlines for the reports given the date proposed for the next meeting.

3. Leveraged funds  NRI CAPS Grant  Applied Plant Genomics:

Phil McClean commented about the Coordinated Agricultural Projects (CAP). An informal meeting was held the night before to discuss some of the points and do some brainstorming. Minutes from that meeting are available under request to Phil McClean or Juan Osorno. Proposals are due on February 14th 2008. Genomics-assisted breeding is the key theme. The main goal is to integrate genomics tools into applied plant breeding programs. It must have three integrated components: Research, Extension, and Education. W-1150 could be used as the base document for support. It must have national scope. It means we need to include all other members in the country. All members do not need to be involved forl the duration of the project. Private sector needs to be involved. International is optional. A Letter of Intent is the first step that Phil McClean will be working on. Extension component is not just about field days. Education of future breeders is of key importance. It must have logic models for all three activities. Soybean has been turned down twice because of low public research present on actual cultivars. That is an advantage in the case of bean. Outcomes are of key importance and must be clear. Paul Gepts, Jim Kelly and Phil McClean started discussing this some time ago. Nutrition and production would be the main themes, with more emphasis on nutrition. Extension could include E-extension (webpages). Howard Schwartz made comments about how it works. Call for proposals are open for this too. Usually, extension and education are weak on previous projects. Extension should be managed by extension people, not the scientist. Clinical scientists and cancer researchers could be involved. Extension not only refers to production. Many groups already work on education of public on nutrition of beans. Preliminary studies are showing that bean consumption delays the onset of disease in patients with AIDS. Education has to go beyond hosting graduate students (e.g. develop online tools for the classroom). Association mapping procedures should be included; also for abiotic stress (e.g. drought). Use cooperative nurseries for screening? Support this activity with funds. Judith Brown said to put plant pathologist on the education component. However it has to address the applied genomics and the whole plant breeder and be able to use the genomic and bioinformatics tools. The issue of having integrated persons will be key for the education component. The BIC website could be used as the main platform for this project. Leveraging from many sources is available. Phil McClean will be the PI and other committees have been organized. PI can change to fit evolution of the main objectives.

Paul Gepts mentioned about the barley CAP and how it took some time to get organized. Phil McClean has copies of all previous grants. Mathew Blair offered help from CIAT for the project. He asked how nutrition will be focused. Issues are different from developing and developed countries. Leveraging is the key point.

4. Station Reports:

New York: Phillip Griffith said one of the most important processing plants has been sold to an Arkansas company. There is a lot of push for market quality. An area being explored is microwave products on snap beans. Dry bean area was down 18,000 A. Region is moving to black beans and getting away from kidneys. University opened a vegetable breeder position (60-40 commitment). Phil Miklas asked about cucumber mosaic virus? Resistance is in beans and in 3 years would be on snap beans. Phil Miklas asked: Does it look qualitative? Will it be released? University hasnt decided how to proceed to share the material with breeders. Phillip Griffith made some comments on virus problems in the region, particularly on snap beans and how economy can be affected (~6%).

Nebraska: Jim Steadman commented on new report form for hatch projects. Carlos Urrea and Jim Steadman are both working on bean pathology. Jim has new commitments as the chair of the department. Carlos main work is drought. There are several great northern and pinto lines showing rust resistance (Ur3, Ur6, Ur11). Carlos commented on mother-baby trials. Marquee and Beryl in great northern and Poncho for pintos performed well. However, new lines from the breeding project looked better. There was 40% area reduction of beans in NE because of increased corn plantings. Of total area planted, 55% were pintos, 40% great northern and the rest with other market classes. Poncho is the preferred pinto variety. There are several great northern being used. Kelley Bean Company working on genetics and breeding with Ron Shellenberger.

USDA-Beltsville: Talo Pastor Corrales talked about the CDBN evaluated for rust. Pinto group is still very susceptible. Field pressure was excellent this year. A mixture of races was used. Shree Singh asked how this mixture will help different regions? Talo said races change over time (e.g. the case with Merlot). Buster, a pinto line, would have Ur5 or Ur11. Results will be on the report. Talo also mention the release of new germplasm: six great northern lines with rust and virus resistance. There will be another publication about soybean rust on beans and on phenolic acids in beans. Talo has been transferred to another laboratory and has new commitments to soybean. A new 5-year proposal for the CRIS was submitted. Talo mentioned that field screening for rust is expensive, but 100 lines would be possible.

Michigan: Jim Kelly commented about the 2007 season. Dry at the beginning, then wet so they had double sets of pods. Yield was 15 bags on average. Then he talked about the coop trials plus first time organic trials and also first time transgenic field trials. He did direct harvest on all the trials for this year. As expected, it will have an effect on some decumbent genotypes. Jim commented about what needs to be done for organic market? There is a graduate student working on this. Organic trials were planted in two locations: One in an experimental station and the other one on farm field. Transgenics with white mold resistance were tested in the field. No progress was noted and PCR didnt show the presence or expression of the gene. Preliminary tests in greenhouse with straw test showed some promise. Electroporation of embryos was the method used. A new pinto could be released. Also, a black bean with some CBB resistance could be released in the future. It is similar to Condor, but has shown higher yield, anthracnose resistance, but focus was CBB. It also has good canning quality. This line has not been tested in Mexico. A Tebo bean will be released for the Japanese market. Virus resistance is a plus since this is a big problem for this market class. For white mold, 2 new RIL pinto populations have been produced. AN37 has been crossed with two upright pintos. Additionally, black inbred backcross lines with good resistance have been also produced. One of the lines has shown yields of 40 bags. Wild bean is in the background of these lines. However, there are some issues finding SSR polymorphism. More SSR markers are needed. These lines combine avoidance plus some physiological resistance that could come from the wild genotype. There is also a project on Empoasca resistance, especially for the potato leafhopper. Michigan and Ontario has this problem all over and it has been increasing for the last 15 years. There are some indications of a new rust race at Michigan. Previously resistant lines showed rust this year. Some comments were made about the symptoms observed on fields. Dr. Bennink didnt send a report but hes still working on bean feeding trials with rats and effect on colon cancer.

California: Paul Gepts talked about some aspects of determinacy. Haplotypes are showing some differences in function. Work is still in progress. Other species are also being considered. Another topic is the Apa locus for bruchid resistance. Some comments were made on the genetic constitution and preliminary results, including information from some other species. Jim Myers said that regulator genes might be involved on this complex. That shows the need to go towards functional genomics. Another study focuses on diversity of Brazilian beans since the student is from there. There are 270 Lines for the study with little or no passport information. Getting germplasm was very difficult. Study will include both field evaluation and markers. The question to answer is if the two gene pools were grown together, how much introgression would be expected to happen? One accession per municipality is being used. Work is in progress.

Robert Gilbertson talked about some studies on halo blight resistance and inheritance along with Shree Singh. Some results were presented in the oral and poster presentations at the BIC meetings. PCR could differentiate races of halo blight. CBB genetic variability was showed in the presentation from Robert Duncan. Breeding work is made along with Shree Singh in Idaho. Preliminary results showed that Wisconsin sudden death observed could be caused by Rhizoctonia. Robert Gilbertson also commented about virus detection protocols for breeding programs in California. Aphid populations are of key importance for virus spreading. Jim Kelly mentioned that Capri has BCMV resistance (I gene).

Colorado: Mark Brick made some comments about the MRPN, western region trials, and the coop. nursery. One pinto line (CO23704) could be released next spring. Poncho is also the #1 pinto grown in Colorado. The new pinto is very similar to Poncho. It could have some rust and CBB resistance. Resistance material for white mold is always poor agronomically. Pop beans trials have good quality but again, poor agronomics. Industry is all about yield and disease resistance. Color is not a big issue. Pinto Saltillo is the #1 variety in Mexico and highly accepted because of its slow darkening trait.

Howard Schwartz discussed about a white mold experiments trying to control disease with some cultural practices. Some comments were made about bacterial wilt contamination on seeds. Legume PIPE is ongoing and there are a lot of people involved. Beans have bean there for the last 2-3 years. Feedback is needed as well as funding. Funding for 2008 has been granted for the same amount of this year. CBB detection protocols could be developed as part of the project.

Idaho: Shree Singh talked about the legume PIPE sentinel plots. Some comments were made on production and planted area for this year. Pinto and great northern are the main focus. Reported on work on interspecific crosses for white mold, as part of the National Sclerotinia Initiative (NSI). A total of 531 families have been screened. Two interspecific lines look very promising. Congruity backcross was used. One line coming from Phaseolus costaricensis is still segregating, but is not as resistant as the ones from P. coccineus. Two cultivars and one germplasm line have been released. One is a slow darkening pinto (SDIP-1). This is not a big issue in the state given the dry conditions, but is always a preferred trait. Kimberly and Shoshone are new pintos released recently. Shree Singh said that breeding white mold resistance in pintos is ongoing. Gamete selection and recurrent selection is being used. Good results are expected in a few years. Some small reds are also showing promise. Shree Singh also mentioned Idaho participation in the coop nurseries (western nursery, coop. nursery, and NSI). Talo asked if there is any chance to have BGYMV resistance in those interspecific lines? G35172 is part of the crosses so it could be possible. Talo said that P. coccineus was very susceptible to halo in Colombia. Exchange of interspecific lines is key for other diseases. Participatory breeding is another program at Idaho. Six high yield populations are tested in organic trials to see if nutritional value can be affected by production type (conventional vs. organic). Jim Kelly asked about the Water use Efficiency (WUE) work? Is still going; data is available from the last 9 years. These are expensive trials because of the equipment needed to measure drought. Improved cultivars seem to show higher levels of drought tolerance and WUE. There are some segregating populations in the breeding pipeline; however funding is needed in order to do the selection. Roza is resistant to drought.

North Dakota: Juan M. Osorno commented about the production in the region. It was a good year in terms of weather and that allowed the growers to obtain excellent yields, not only on dry beans, but also in many other crops. Previous years have been too dry, or too cold, or too wet, making it difficult to obtain optimal production. Some forecasts expect a record year for 2007 for bean production. Juan said he had his first growing season as the new breeder and his main goal was to get to know the material left by Ken Grafton and try to downsize the breeding material at early generations. The NDSU bean breeding program had 36.5 acres of breeding material (~10,000 experimental plots) across 8 locations in ND and MN. So far, hes very impressed with the genetic material he has inherited, which reflects the knowledge and experience acquired by Ken Grafton through the years. Several lines from this breeding pipeline are expected to be released in the near future. Ken and Juan visited the fields several times during the season in order to facilitate the understanding of the project. Main goal of the project will remain the same: release of improved genotypes for the region. Disease resistance will continue to be a major component, as well as yield and quality. Two new pinto lines have been released with the names of Lariat and Stampede. Both lines have shown excellent yields, resistance to BCMV, rust, and anthracnose. The upright architecture of both lines suggests that they could be used in direct combining, given the appropriate equipment and operator care. Two navy lines may be also released next year. Other research areas will include white mold resistance, nutritional quality (Zn and Fe), and association mapping, among others. Juan mentioned that research on the genetic components of plant architecture is a project that he is interested to continue since direct combining is one of the main desirable practices in the region. In the same way, it is necessary to do research on yield losses caused by direct combining, along with an economical comparison with conventional methods. After several years of not having students in the project, a new M.S. student will start next spring. His main research will focus on plant architecture and yield losses due to direct combining. Juan made some comments about the NRI proposal that is in the works in collaboration with PR and NE. Finally, Juan acknowledged the support from Northarvest and the university in general. He also thanked to Shree Singh, Jim Kelly, Jim Beaver, and Tim Porch for allowing him to visit their programs and learn from them. Juan plans to visit other breeding programs next season.

Phil McClean talked about the importance of re-assembling the bean group of scientists at NDSU with the hiring of a new bean breeder (Juan Osorno), a new pulse pathologist (Rubella Goswami), and two new extension people involved with beans (Sam Markell and Hans Kandel). This will allow a multi-disciplinary approach to solve many of the production problems. Phil McClean also gave an update on the work with the SNP map. He also mentioned the research on the identification of genomic duplications in Phaseolus. Another work in progress is trying to find the correct number of markers to estimate pairwise comparisons.

Montana: Norman Weeden said that bean acres are maintained. He also made some comments about the research on pea and Phaseolus synteny. Some genomic regions are also conserved in Arabidopsis. Additionally, comparison between soybean and bean sequences is underway. Medicago and pea are very close in terms of map configuration. Domestication issues in pea and bean could be different.

Oregon: Jim Myers mentioned some decrease in area due to bio-fuel boost. White mold trials showed severe infestation with 87% of incidence. All the material was susceptible. Backcross genotypes with P. coccineus carry some resistance. G35171 is being used to introgress white mold resistance in snap bean. Adaptation and heat tolerance are also important traits being considered.

Puerto Rico: Jim Beaver talked about the germplasm line TARS-SA05. It is a small red with resistance to CBB and soil pathogens. Another line named Verano has been approved for release. Verano is better than Morales in yield. It also has CBB resistance coming from VAX6, and is also resistant to BCMV and BGYMV. Growers have reported the presence of Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) on their fields causing yield losses. A breeding project has been started for this. Other viruses from Dominican Republic are also a potential threat for bean production in Puerto Rico and are under investigation. Jim Beaver also mentioned the plans for the winter nurseries for this year and gave some deadlines for receiving the seed as well as the plans for planting and evaluation.

TARS-USDA: Tim Porch said that germplasm conversion has been difficult. The he commented on the breeding work for CBB resistance. Heat tolerance lines will be released soon (kidneys and blacks). They have root rot resistance combined with CBB resistance. WUE research for Puerto Rico is under work. There is also a research on drought tolerance along with Nebraska. Tim also commented about some transformation attempts with low or no results so far. Breeding for Empoasca resistance is also part of the program now.

USDA-Prosser: Phil Miklas talked about the halo blight research ongoing. So far, three qualitative genes have been mapped. A new QTL for white mold on B2 is different from the one previously reported. TRAP markers were used. A new curly top virus resistance gene has been found. The line also showed some resistance to other geminivirus. Phil also commented about the interaction between SU91 and BC420. There is also a backcrossing program for the slow darkening gene. Pintos will probably have that gene incorporated in five years. Phil commented that for the first time in many years, the Othello location was not planted due to budget issues; thus six acres worth of experimental plots were not planted. Finally, Phil mentioned his 4000 mile road trip across several states visiting different breeding programs was very interesting and productive.

Wisconsin: Jim Nienhuis talked about the participation of his graduate students in the BIC meetings (3 posters and 1 oral presentation). BIC was very useful for them. New initiative is also to work on organics in the region. Jim will keep working on education and biotechnology, as well as the main diseases in the region. High school teachers are involved in genomics and education involving DNA chips made available by a company.

5. Others:

Going back to the discussion about the National Dry Bean Cooperative Nursery:
Mark Brick said that industry could step up and help for the nursery. He suggested forming a sub-committee to solve the issue.

Committee for the DBCN:
Mark Brick
Jim Kelly
Greg Varner
John Rayapati (will be asked)

Motion to adjourn the meeting was made by Mark Brick. Jim Nienhuis seconded. Meeting ended at 12:35 PM.

Juan M. Osorno
Secretary.

Accomplishments

Progress Report of W1150<br /> Presented at annual meeting of 1150 held in Madison, WI Nov 28-30, 2007<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Kelly (NE)<br /> Nineteen replicated yield trials consisting of standard released varieties and over 500 advanced experimental lines of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nine commercial classes including the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, the National Sclerotinia Dry Bean Nurseries and two organic trials were evaluated in Michigan in 2007. All yield trials at Saginaw were direct harvested, except vine cranberry and bush tebo tests. The large-seeded kidney, cranberry and white mold trials at Montcalm were rod-pulled. Despite a favorable planting season, the lack of precipitation in June following planting severely reduced plant growth in Saginaw but there was excellent recovery in the longer season small-seeded classes such as navy and black beans due to more favorable rainfall amounts in late July and August. Yields averaged 25 cwt/acre and the best lines exceeded 30 cwt/acre, but yields were overall lower in the earlier season pinto, great northern, red and pink beans. No major disease problems were encountered in 2007 but higher temperatures limited the spread of white mold despite access to irrigation at Montcalm. Overall trails at Montcalm were excellent in 2007 and yields were high, exceeding 33 cwt/acre in cranberry and kidney tests and 42 cwt/acre in the white mold test, where the overall mean yield exceeded 32 cwt/acre.<br /> <br /> Two studies were completed to assess the potential of marker-assisted selection (MAS) based on previously reported RAPD and AFLP markers linked to QTL for resistance to white mold on linkage groups B2 and B7 in the cultivar Bunsi. Based on two years of field evaluation under white mold pressure, the Bunsi/Midland recombinant inbred lines (RILs) included in the MAS-selected group developed significantly less disease than the control group. The two groups of RILs were significantly different for disease severity index (DSI=33.9 vs. 41.4%; P =0.034). There was no significant interaction between groups or between groups and years, indicating the consistency and potential of the resistance QTL used in this study. Interestingly growth habit had no significant effect on DSI. Similar results were observed in a second RIL population from the cross of Bunsi/Raven. DSI scores in the group selected based on markers alone were significantly lower than values in the control group over two years of comparison (33.2 vs. 40.4%**). When yield was included in the selection process, DSI scores were lower in this group compared to group selected based on marker alone (27.7 vs. 33.2%*). A similar trend was observed in the third year of the study when a smaller set of 10 RILs were compared to the control group (DSI=26.3 vs. 60.4%**). Since selection based only on disease severity or incidence can result in lines with limited potential in breeding due to combinations of undesirable agronomic traits, the inclusion of agronomic traits in the selection process is important in a plant breeding program and should be the most effective way to enhance resistance to white mold in superior agronomic lines. Despite the positive results of MAS alone, gains in breeding for white mold resistance can best be achieved by also including selection for high yield under white mold pressure. <br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Molly Welsh (WA)<br /> From January 2007 through October 2007 the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance program continued with the regular seed increase program. In August of 2006 the virus testing position was eliminated from the project due to budget constraints. The curator began testing some accessions in November 2006 and continued until April when a part-time position was funded from the projects budget. As long as there is money in the projects budget, testing will be done on a part-time basis with emphasis placed on most important or most requested accessions. There are 14,684 accessions in the Phaseolus collection as of October 23, 2007. 11,602 accessions are backed up at the NCPRG in Fort Collins, CO. Three new accessions were added to the collection and passport data on this material has been entered into GRIN. Distribution of Phaseolus germplasm from <br /> 1-1-2007 up to 10/23/2007 was 1638 accessions from eleven specie or variety groups. The distribution of germplasm from the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station was 21% within the western region of the U.S., 67% outside the western region of the U.S., and 12% to non-U.S. sites. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Brick and Schwartz (CO)<br /> Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 50,000 acres in 2007, the lowest since the 1930s. There continues to be a need to provide producers and processors with updated information on cultivars and pest control to maximize economic return and reduce pesticide use. Data collected from the Midwest Performance Nursery, Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, and the Western Regional Bean Trial in 2007 were distributed to producers to provide information about yield potential and adaptation of new cultivar releases. Breeding efforts have identified one pinto bean line (CO23704) that will be released as Foundation seed in 2007. Previously released pinto cultivars contribute to increased production and reduced use of pesticides (to control rust) in the High Plains region. <br /> <br /> The dry edible bean research and development program at Colorado State University also serves the High Plains and Intermountain Western US. Production in this region is primarily limited by pathogens and yield potential of cultivars. White mold disease reduces yield annually from 10 to 30%. Research efforts have identified five quantitative trait loci (QTL) that accounted for 48% of the variation for resistance to white mold disease in common bean. Lines have been identified with high levels of resistance and have been increased for additional testing to develop white mold resistant pinto bean varieties. We completed development of a breeding population that combines genes for resistance to white mold found in scarlet runner and common bean. Cultural practice studies that influence yield determined that when plant population was increased 50 %, yield increased for varieties that had upright growth habit such as Matterhorn and Vision. A companion experiment with S.P. Singh in Idaho showed that fungicide protection improved yield by more than 50 percent for the susceptible vine type Montrose. The economic benefit to these findings should enhance the net return for production of dry beans up to 2 to 5 % and reduce the impact of white mold on the quality of commercial beans. <br /> <br /> Colorado State University coordinated the IPM Legume PIPE western network of sentinel plots throughout the western U.S. (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming), Mexico (Sonora) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan) to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust (SBR), the soybean aphid (SBA), legume viruses (e.g., Bean common mosaic, Alfalfa mosaic, Beet curly top), white mold and common bacterial blight. Legume crops included common bean, chickpea, lentil, soybean and field pea. The State/Provincial Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on pest and disease monitoring in Sentinel Plots and/or commercial legume fields during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at http://sbrusa.net/.<br /> <br /> During 2007, the western network of more than 35 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 60 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 9 U.S. states, 1 Mexican state, and 3 Canadian provinces from May to September for priority pests and diseases. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2007. However, other pests such as white mold, the bacterial blight complex, and various viruses were widely scattered and caused light to severe damage in selected sites.<br /> <br /> Plans are underway to expand pest and disease monitoring on legume crops such as common bean during 2008 with the expanded network of collaborators; and Colorado will continue to provide leadership and coordination for the western region. This contributed valuable information to the national program involved with monitoring the outbreak and movement of soybean rust which has now been reported from neighboring states including eastern Nebraska and Kansas. Timely reporting in the west also allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease and insect pest status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide or insecticide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment and food supply.<br /> <br /> Bacterial wilt of dry bean was monitored during 2007 with a statewide survey sponsored in part by the Colorado Department of Agriculture. The disease was only found in a few fields of yellow beans in the Front Range and Arkansas Valley production regions; but not in eastern or western Colorado. Future collaborative work with plant breeding will focus on evaluating cultivars and germplasm for effective sources of genetic resistance.<br /> <br /> Research on the health benefits of beans confirmed that beans in the diets of laboratory animals had a significant effect on reducing the incidence of mammary cancer. Dosage levels of dry beans in the diet of laboratory animals suggest a linear response for protection against mammary cancer. This information should enhance the consumption of dry beans and thereby reduce the incidence of chronic disease.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Porch (PR)<br /> The conversion program is introgressing traits from tropical germplasm, including root rot resistance, root system traits, drought tolerance, and seed traits, into several US market classes. Most traits are currently in the BC2 generation. Higher levels of common bacterial blight resistance have been introduced into USPT-CBB-5, USRK-CBB-15, and USCR-CBB-19 through introgression of resistance from VAX 6. These lines are currently in the BC3 or BC4 generations and one additional backcross will be completed. Promising breeding lines for heat tolerance were evaluated under high night temperatures in the greenhouse (NY) and under high daytime temperatures (Juana Diaz, PR) and found to possess tolerance to both conditions in several trials. Several kidneys with heat tolerance are being considered for release as well as several black beans with both CBB resistance and heat tolerance. The second cycle of recurrent selection for root rot resistance has been initiated, with the first cycle yielding breeding lines with tolerance to root rot and resistance to CBB. Evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, and physiological factors associated with drought tolerance have been analyzed in Puerto Rico, establishing a foundation for breeding and selection for drought tolerance, and providing information for irrigation scheduling. A shuttle breeding program for drought tolerance has been initiated (NE, ARS) for the incorporation of tolerance from tropical sources. Preliminary studies on transformation using pollen electroporation (P. vulgaris) and Agrobacterium (P. acutifolius) transformation have been completed (UPRM, ARS). While transformation was not successful using electroporation, putatively transformed tepary callus has been generated using Agrobacterium.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Beaver (PR)<br /> The white bean Verano will be released cooperatively by the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station and the Tropical Agricultural Research Station / United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Verano has tolerance to high temperature and resistance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and common bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye]. The release and adoption of this high temperature tolerant cultivar should improve yield and seed quality of green-shelled beans produced in Puerto Rico. The University of Puerto Rico also participated in the release of the small red germplasm TARS-SR05 which has resistance to common bacterial blight and soil pathogens in a high-yielding background. White-seeded and pinto lines were selected that combine resistance to BGYMV, bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) and rust. Light red kidney bean lines with enhanced seed yield potential and resistance to BCMV have been developed. Research was initiated to study the inheritance of resistance to common bacterial blight. Preliminary results indicate that modified-atmosphere packaging can be used to extend the shelf life of green-shelled beans. During the past year, 4,403 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in a winter nursery.<br /> <br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> An Hang (WA)<br /> In 2007, there were 26 lines including 4 checks tested. They are from black, navy, great northern, pink, pinto, like red kidney, dark red kidney and cranberry market classes from public (Michigan State University, University of Idaho, Cornell and ARS-Prosser) and private bean seed producers (from ADM, ISB and Basin Seed). Treated seed were sent to cooperators at Davis, California, Ft. Collins, Colorado, Geneva, NY, Parma, Idaho, Saginaw, MI, Sidney, MT, Scottsbluff, NB, Fargo, ND, Ontario, Canada, Powell and Torrington, Wyoming. Untreated seed were sent to Maryland for rust testing.<br /> Data have not been received from all cooperators. Final report will be done as soon as I receive data from all cooperators.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Miklas (WA)<br /> <br /> For CBB: Elucidated that independent QTL on linkage groups B6 (BC420) and B8 (SU91) segregating in a near-isogenic background expressed recessive epistasis or a 9:3:4 ratio whereby: both QTL together expressed the highest level of resistance to common bacterial blight; SU91 by itself contributed intermediate resistance; and BC420 did not express resistance in the absence of SU91. The individual QTL had dominant inheritance.<br /> <br /> For white mold: Marker assisted selection for two QTL on linkage groups B7 (Phs) and B8 (SS18, AW9, C5) was effective in transferring partial resistance to white mold into pinto and great northern bean. <br /> <br /> For BCTV: A new QTL for partial resistance to curly top virus was identified on linkage group B6. The QTL has stable expression across environments, and derives from G122, an Andean landrace from India. This is a first report of resistance to BCTV derived from the Andean gene pool.<br /> <br /> For HBB: Inheritance studies show that the gene conditioning resistance to Psp Race 5 derived from UI-3 has recessive inheritance (pse-4) not dominant inheritance as previously thought.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Singh (ID)<br /> Two new high yielding and light colored slow darkening pinto cultivars, namely Kimberly and Shoshone and two high quality great northern cultivars, namely Hungerford and Sawtooth were released by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Stations for production in Idaho and other western states. In addition to high seed yield and excellent seed quality, these cultivars possess resistance to BCMV and rust. The four cultivars were evaluated in replicated trials in Idaho (IDBT, Idaho Dry Bean Trial) and in the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) and the North American Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) nationwide and in Canada. Also, from early generation segregating populations and families approximately 350 new set of breeding lines were developed. These are being screened for BCMV, common bacterial blight, and white mold in the greenhouses at Kimberly R & E Center. Seed of selected breeding lines will be increased for further evaluations in 2008 onwards. Approximately 200 F2:3 families from pinto Othello/VAX 1 and Othello/VAX 3 populations were grown in non-stressed production system at Kimberly. The CDBN and WRBT, each with approximately 30 dry bean cultivars and breeding lines, were evaluated in replicated trials at Kimberly for early vigor, growth habit, days to maturity, seed yield, 100 seed weighed, post harvest darkening, and response to drought stress. Data were analyzed and a summary of results distributed to participating researchers.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Gilbertson (CA)<br /> Eight resistance sources have been previously identified to nine races of Psuedomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp). Psp race 6, a prevalent race in Africa and the United States, is pathogenic on all host differentials and no source of resistance has been identified. In a host germplasm screen, we have identified a potential source of resistance to Psp race 6 in the US14 pinto bean variety. Subsequent tests revealed that US14 carries a high level of resistance to Psp race 6. To be able to introgress this resistance into other market classes of common bean it is necessary to understand the genetics of this new resistance. US14 was crossed with 92BG-7 and backcrosses were subsequently made to each parent. The two BC1F1, F1, F2 and F3 were all compared in a randomized complete block design. It was determined that the new source of resistance in US14 is controlled by two independent recessive genes. This information should help allow the introgression of this resistance into other market classes and for understanding this complex host/pathogen system. US14 is currently being increased for a germplasm release in 2008.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Weeden (MT)<br /> The area of all dry beans planted in 2007 (18,000 acres) was slightly lower than that of 2006 (19,500 acres), and 17,000 acres were harvested. Yield per acre was higher than in 2006, resulting in nearly identical total yield figures for each year. These figures include acreage and yield on Garbanzo beans, which represent about 1/8th of the total acreage. Unfortunately, at current time data on dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) only are not available. There was a significant increase in plantings of large seeded garbanzo beans, indicating that the actual area planted in common beans dropped slightly more than is indicated in the above figures. No major problems with regard to pests or diseases were encountered this year.<br /> <br /> Matthew Moffet completed his comparison of gene order on the common bean and pea linkage maps this spring. His results suggested that for genetic distances of greater than 10 cM relatively little conservation of gene order can be observed between the two genomes. An additional bean/pea comparison examining the genes involved in the domestication of each species revealed that different sets of genes for indehiscent pod, plant habit and seed dormancy were selected during the domestication of the two crops.<br /> <br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Griffiths (NY)<br /> White mold resistant breeding lines are being developed for 3 market classes (snap beans, kidney beans and black turtle soup beans) of common bean by Griffiths and Halseth, two of which were incorporated in the W-1150 national white mold trials in 2007 (Cornell 604 (black bean), Cornell 605 (light red kidney)). Heat tolerant germplasm has also been evaluated and tested with commercial heat tolerant materials with releases of two snap bean lines following collaborative trials with Dr Tim Porch in 2004-2007. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance has been transferred from scarlet runner bean following interspecific hybridization with 5-593, and the resistance with is controlled by multiple genes is being evaluated and selected in a snap bean background. Additional populations have been developed for transfer of clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) resistance and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) resistance into snap bean.<br /> Light Red Kidney (LRK) beans and black beans (BB) are the predominant classes of dry beans grown in New York State, with the majority processed into canned products. The NYS growing environment is stressful, with highly variable rainfall and temperatures, plus has a relatively short growing season at 90 to 110 days. Large seed size has become a processing requirement for LRK and good seed appearance is still needed for the dry-pack trade. During the winter of 2003-2007 greenhouse multiplication was completed with generations of LRK material from crosses of RedKanner, Cornell line 10132 and CELRK with a late maturity, upright, highly productive light red kidney selection which has a plant with 9 nodes, large pods and large seed size. Seed was also multiplied for crosses with the earliest flowering selections from this population with other lines that we have identified as excellent yielding and canners. Disease-free seed for summer 2007 was produced for plantings in farmer fields and at the Cornell University Freeville research farm. <br /> The Extension dry bean program evaluated breeding lines, new varieties and standard varieties. In NY (Ithaca-Freeville) the annual nursery trial was conducted included 2 light red kidney lines (V773-V98, 1062-V98) developed by Don Wallace for inclusion in these national trials. In NY (Ithaca and grower fields) conducted processing (canning) quality evaluation of 140 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, white kidney and black turtle soup classes which were grown in 1 to as many as 8 different sites located in central and western NY State. (2 replicated trials [1 at Freeville research farm and a second on a grower farm] and 6 grower strip trials.) Included in the 140 lines above were 2 LRK lines in replicated trials at Freeville in 2007 which were selected from 50 lines developed by Griffiths in 2004-2006.<br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Myers (OR)<br /> The green bean breeding program continued in 2007 with emphasis on breeding for improved architecture and white mold resistant bush blue lake green bean varieties. A map based on the Phaseolus coccineus cross Wolven Pole/PI255956 F2 was created using RAPD, AFLP, and SSR markers. A total of 215 markers were placed in thirteen linkage groups and spanned a total distance of 797 cM. The two QTL relating to a five week white mold screening explained a total of 89.6% of the phenotypic variation for this trait. A second population of 115 lines from the cross OR 91G/PI255956 BC2F4 was genotyped using AFLPs and SSR markers. Seventy seven SSR and 59 AFLP markers were scoreable in this population. The linkage map constructed consisted of 11 linkage groups that correspond to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups based on known SSR marker locations, and a single LG with no anchoring loci. One QTL conditioning 6% of the variance for field resistance was identified by composite interval mapping on linkage group 09. While the homozygous recurrent parental marker class was represented at the expected rate over most loci, the heterozygotic marker class tended to be overrepresented and the homozygous donor parental marker class tended to be underrepresented. We failed to find polymorphic markers for linkage groups B01, B04 and B05. Eight backcross-inbred interspecific lines with snap bean characteristics (811/43-4, 826/48-3, 828/48-5, 853/6-9, 861/13-14, 891/15-2, 903/20-2, and 904/20-3) have shown white mold resistance similar to G122, NY6020, and Ex Rico over two field seasons. We also grew the National White Mold Nursery and experienced a high level of infection in the trial this year. <br /> <br /> <br /> Progress Report<br /> Nienhuis (WI)<br /> White mold  Mr. Yong Suk Chung completed his M.S. thesis highlighted the importance of field selection for architectural resistance in snap beans rather than greenhouse based evaluations based on the straw test or reaction to oxalic acid.<br /> Root rot  We have indentified QTL loci associated with resistance to the pathogens associated with root rot in snap bean. The complete information is available from a series of papers that are submitted to Crop Science by Mr. Felix Navarro. <br /> Virus complex. The virus complex that is impacting snap bean production in the upper Midwest is transmitted by the Soybean Aphid. The incidence of the virus was high in late planted (July) in Wisconsin. We have not identified a germplasm accession that is immune, but we have identified a germplasm accession that is near symptomless in the presence of the virus. <br /> Pop beans  Mr. Jesse Vorwald completed his M.S. thesis on the optimal environmental factors affecting popping and the genetic variance for popping in nuña beans. <br /> <br /> Arizona-J.K. Brown. Few if any studies have been undertaken to determine if existing bean germplasm or improved lines are resistant to this genetically variable virus genus. In this project, we are addressing this lack of information by screening selected bean lines against a panel of candidate bean-infecting begomoviruses that represent different regions in the Americas, and the range of phylogenetic groups within the genus: Begomovirus. A broader knowledge base that addresses geminiviruses of prior importance, together with new and emerging geminiviruses and resistance to those viruses in extant breeding lines and accessions will allow us to learn if these lines or accessions possess cross-resistance to species within the Begomovirus and Curtovirus genera, the two major groups in the family Geminiviridae that undermine bean production in the U.S. and tropical Americas. Candidate cultivars of selected Phaselous vulgaris L. in a core collection (Americas) were screened for geminivirus cross-resistance by inoculating seedlings with candidate viruses from phylogenetically divergent genera Begomovirus and Curtovirus (family Geminiviridae): Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (Puerto Rico) Bean calico mosaic virus, Squash leaf curl virus, Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV), and Beet curly top virus (BCTV)-Worland. Field trials under natural virus pressure with BCTV showed that Hystyle, Cardinal, G122, Othello, Zacatecano, Porrillo Sintetico, Moncayo, and Royal Red were highly resistant. Nine of 15 lines experimentally inoculated with BGYMV, BCaMV, CLCrV, and SLCV exhibited a resistance response. Of those Cardinal, Moncayo, Othello, Royal Red, DOR, T39 and UI-114 also were resistant to BCTV, indicating some degree of cross-resistance exists between viral genera and species (collaboration with R. Larsen, USDA-ARS, Prosser WA).

Publications

Acosta-Gallegos, J.A., J.D. Kelly, and P. Gepts. 2007. Pre-breeding in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and use of genetic diversity from wild germplasm. Int. Plant Breeding Symposium. Crop Sci. 47: supplement (in press).<br /> <br /> Ando, K., R. Grumet, K. Terpstra, and J. D. Kelly. 2007. Manipulation of plant<br /> architecture to enhance crop disease control. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition, and Natural Resources. Vol. 2. No. 026. 8pp.<br /> <br /> Aranda L. 2007. Desarrollo de métodos para la transformación genética de frijol común a través de electroporación. Thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez.<br /> <br /> Chung, Y.S. 2007. Heritability of resistance to white mold in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) based on field evaluation, oxalic acid, ans straw test and validation with RAPD markers. M.S. Thesis, Plant Breeding and Plant Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.<br /> <br /> Chung, Y.S., M.E. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2007. Correlations of white mold resistance in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) among field evaluations, oxalic acid test, and straw test. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 50:129-130.<br /> <br /> CSA. 2007. Business & People: North Dakota State University. CSA News 52:29.<br /> <br /> Duncan, R.W. Duncan, R.W., M. Lema, S.P. Singh, and R.L. Gilbertson. 2007. Linkage between a Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli resistance SCAR marker and flower and seed color in common bean. Phytopathology 97:S30.<br /> <br /> Duncan, R.W., S.P. Singh and R.L. Gilbertson. 2007. The dilemma of recurrent backcrossing for introgressing common bacterial blight resistance in common bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:105-106.<br /> <br /> Duncan, R.W., S.P. Singh and R.L. Gilbertson. 2007. Two cycles of recurrent selections for pyramiding common bacterial blight resistance in common bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:107-108.<br /> <br /> Ender, M., K. Terpstra, and J.D. Kelly. 2007. Marker-assisted selection for white mold resistance in common bean. Mol. Breed. (online:10.1007/s11032-007-9115-9).<br /> <br /> Gelin, J.R., S. Forster, K.F. Grafton, P.E. McClean and G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes. 2007. Analysis of Seed Zinc and Other Minerals in a Recombinant Inbred Population of Navy Bean. Crop Sci. [accepted].<br /> <br /> Gelin, J.R., K.F. Grafton, and G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, and A.J. Vander Wal. 2007. Breeding for high seed-Zn as a value added trait in navy bean. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:47-48.<br /> <br /> Gilmore, B.S. 2007. Genetic resistance to white mold (Sclerotinia scleotiorum (Lib.) De Bary) in Scarlet Runner Beans (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University. <br /> <br /> Haggard, J.E. 2007. Characterization of physiological resistance to white mold and search for molecular markers linked to resistance via advanced backcross QTL analysis in an interspecific cross between Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University.<br /> <br /> Haggard, J.E. and J.R. Myers. 2007. Interspecific hybrid derived-lines developed by Herbert Lamprecht: A source of disease resistance for common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Impr. Coop. 50:7-8.<br /> <br /> Hang, A.N. 2007. CDBN 2006 report. www.prosser.wsu.edu/pdf%20files/2006cdbnreport.pdf. (25pp).<br /> <br /> Harveson, R. M., and Schwartz, H. F. 2007. Bacterial diseases of dry edible beans in the central high plains. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0125-01-DG.<br /> <br /> Harveson, R. M., Schwartz, H.,F., and Vidaver, A. K. 2007. New reports of bacterial wilt form dry bean and soybean in the Central High Plains. Phytopathology 97:S161. <br /> <br /> Langham, M., Tolin, S., Sutula, C., Schwartz, H., Wisler, G., Karasev, A., Hershman, Gisler, L., Golod, J., Ratcliffe, S., and Cardwell, K. 2007. Legume/virus PIPE "A new tool for disease management in legumes. Phytopathology 97:S61.<br /> <br /> Lema, M. H. Terán and S.P. Singh. 2007. Selecting common bean with genes of different evolutionary origins for resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. Crop Sci. 47:1367-1374. <br /> <br /> Long-Ze Lin, James M. Harnly, Marcial A. Pastor-Corrales, and Devanand L. Luthria. 2008. The polyphenolic profiles of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Food Chemistry 107:399-410.<br /> <br /> Maxwell, J., Brick, M., Byrne, P., Schwartz, H., Shan, X., Ogg, J. B., and Henson, R. 2006. Quantitative trait loci for resistance to white mold in common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:63-64.<br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N., K. M. Larsen, K. Terpstra, D. C. Hauf, K. F. Grafton, and J. D. Kelly. 2007. QTL analysis of ICA Bunsi-derived resistance to white mold in a pinto x navy bean cross. Crop Sci. 47:174-179. <br /> <br /> Miklas, P. N. 2007. Marker-assisted backcrossing QTL for partial resistance to Sclerotinia white mold in dry bean. Crop Sci. 47: 935-942.<br /> <br /> Miklas, P.N. and S.P. Singh. 2007. Common Bean. p. 1-31. In C. Kole (ed) Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants Vol. 3 Pulses, Sugar and Tuber Crops. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.<br /> <br /> Miles, M.R., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, G.L. Hartman and R.D. Frederick. 2007. Differential response of common bean cultivars to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 91:698-704.<br /> <br /> Mutlu, N., C.A. Urrea, P.N. Miklas, J.R. Steadman, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, D.T. Lindgren, J. Reiser, A.K. Vidaver and D.P. Coyne. 2007. Release of ABC-Weihing Common Bacterial Blight, Rust and Mosaic Resistant, Semi-Upright, High Seed Quality Great Northern Bean Germplasm Line. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Cooperative. 50:211-212.<br /> <br /> Mutlu, N., C.A. Urrea, P.N. Miklas, J.R. Steadman, A.K. Vidaver, D.T. Lindgren, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2007. Notice of Release of Common Bacterial Blight Resistant Great Northern Bean Germplasm Line ABC-Weihing. The University of Nebraska and Agr. Res. Serv.-U.S. Dept. of Agric. Germplasm Release Notice. 4 p. <br /> <br /> Mutlu, N., C.A. Urrea, P.N. Miklas, J.R. Steadman, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, D.T. Lindgren, J. Reiser, A.K. Vidaver and D.P. Coyne. 2007. Registration of Common Bacterial Blight, Rust and Bean Common Mosaic Resistant Great Northern Bean Germplasm Line ABC-Weihing. J. Plant Registrations 1:(In Press).<br /> <br /> Muñoz-Perea, C.G., R.G. Allen, D.T. Westermann, J.L. Wright and S.P. Singh. 2007. Water use efficiency among dry bean landraces and cultivars in drought-stressed and non-stressed environments. Euphytica 155:393-402.<br /> <br /> Navarro, F.M., P. Skroch, G. Jung and J. Nienhuis. 2007. Quantitative trait loci associated with bacterial brown spot in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Crop Sci. 47:1344-1353.<br /> <br /> Nienhuis, J. and M.E. Sass. 2006. Development of root rot resistant snap beans adapted to organic production. In: Processing Crops CD and Proceedings, Appleton, WI. 29-30 Nov. 2006. Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc., Madison, WI.<br /> <br /> Nienhuis, J. and M.E. Sass. 2007. Root rot resistant snap beans adapted to organic production. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 50:145-146.<br /> <br /> O Boyle, P. D., W. W. Kirk, and J. D. Kelly. 2007. Use of marker-assisted selection to breed for resistance to common bacterial blight in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.<br /> 132:381-386.<br /> <br /> Osorno, J. M., C. G. Muñoz, J. S. Beaver, F. H. Ferwerda, M. J. Bassett, P. N. Miklas, T. Olczyk, and B. Bussey. 2007. Two genes from Phaseolus coccineus L. confer resistance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 132:530-533. <br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K. and J.R. Steadman. 2007. Identification of Partial Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Common Bean at Multiple Locations In 2006. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Cooperative. 50:133-134.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K. and J.R. Steadman. 2007. Multi-site screening for identification of small effect disease resistance traits: White mold of bean as a case study. Abstr. 059 - Proceedings of Latinamerican and Caribbean Phytopathological Societies Meeting. Cancun, Mexico, May 20-24, 2007. p. 70.<br /> <br /> Pandya, N, J.S. Beaver and C. Harper. 2007. Modified atmosphere packaging of green-shelled common beans. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 50:57-58.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.D. Kelly, J.R. Steadman, D.T. Lindgren, J.R. Stavely, and D.P. Coyne. 2007. Registration of six great northern bean germplasm lines developed for enhanced resistance to rust and bean common mosaic and necrosis potyviruses: BelMiNeb-RMR-8,-9,-10,-11,-12,-and -13. J. Plant Registrations 1:77-79.<br /> <br /> Porch T.G., Bernsten R., Rosas J.C., Jahn M. 2007. Cost benefit analysis of the introduction of heat tolerant bean varieties in Atlántida, Honduras. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 50:199-200.<br /> <br /> Porch T.G., Bernsten R., Rosas J.C., Jahn M. 2007. Climate change and the potential economic benefits of heat tolerant bean varieties for farmers in Atlántida, Honduras. (Accepted, Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico).<br /> <br /> Rivera-Vargas L.I., V. Bracero-Acosta and J. S. Beaver. 2007. Temporal and spatial dissemination of bean golden yellow mosaic virus (Begomovirus) in Phaseolus vulgaris Jamaica Red. J. of Agric. of the Univ. Puerto Rico 91(3-4):In press<br /> <br /> Rodiño, A.P., M. Santalla, A.M. González, A.M. De Ron and S.P. Singh. 2006. Novel genetic variation in common bean from the Iberian Peninsula. Crop Sci. 46:2540-2546.<br /> <br /> Sass, M.E., T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2006. Assessing germplasm resistance to the soybean aphid virus complex. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 49:179-180.<br /> <br /> Sass, M.E., T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2006. Introgression of resistance to the soybean aphid virus complex into snap beans. In: Processing Crops CD and Proceedings, Appleton, WI. 29-30 Nov. 2006. Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc., Madison, WI.<br /> <br /> Sass, M.E., T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2007. Introgression of CMV resistance into snap bean. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 50:79-80.<br /> <br /> Sayler, T. 2007. NDSU Has a New Dry Bean Breeder. Northarvest BeanGrower Mag. 13(1):39-41.<br /> <br /> Sayler, T. 2007. Bean Day 2007 Highlights: A New Chapter in Bean Breeding. Northarvest BeanGrower Mag. 13(3):5.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F. 2007. Legume PIPE A time sensitive resource for the American bean industry. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:185-186.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F., Brick, M. A., Ogg, J. B., Otto, K. L., and McMillan, M. S. 2006. Tillage, pesticide and resistance management of white mold in dry bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 49:59-60.<br /> <br /> Singh, S., Teran, H., Lema, M., Schwartz, H., and Miklas, P. 2007. Registration of white mold resistant dry bean germplasm line A 195. J. Plant Registration 1:62-63.<br /> <br /> Singh, S. P, H. Teran, M. Lema, D. M. Webster, C. A. Stausbaugh, P. N. Miklas, H. F. Schwartz, and M. A. Brick. 2007. Seventy-five years of breeding dry bean of the Western U.S. Crop Sci. 47: 981-989. <br /> <br /> Singh, S.P. 2007. Drought resistance in the race Durango dry bean landraces and cultivars. Agron. J. 99:1219-1225.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Lema, M. Dennis and R. Hayes. 2006. Registration of slow darkening pinto bean germplasm line SDIP-1. Crop Sci. 46:2726.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Dennis, M. Lema, H. Hayes and C. Robinson. 2007. Release of great northern Hungerford dry bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:213-214.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Dennis, M. Lema, H. Hayes and C. Robinson. 2007. Release of pinto Kimberly dry bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:215-216.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Dennis, M. Lema, H. Hayes and C. Robinson. 2007. Release of great northern Sawtooth dry bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:217-218.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Dennis, M. Lema, H. Hayes and C. Robinson. 2007. Release of pinto Shoshone dry bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:219-220.<br /> <br /> Singh. S.P., H. Terán, M. Lema, M. Dennis, H. Hayes and D. Fullmer. 2007. On-farm participatory breeding of the common bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:201-202.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Terán, H.F. Schwartz, K. Otto and M. Lema. 2007. Developing white mold resistant interspecific breeding lines from the secondary gene pool of common bean. Annu. Rpt. Bean Improv. Coop. 50:135-136.<br /> <br /> Smith J. R., S. J. Park, J. S. Beaver, P. N. Miklas, C. H. Canaday, and M. Zapata. 2007. Registration of TARS-SR05 multiple disease-resistant dry bean germplasm. Crop Sci. 47:457-458.<br /> <br /> Steadman, J.R. and L.K. Otto-Hanson. 2007. White mold resistance identified in multi-site tests and choice of pathogen isolates for resistance screening matters. Abstr. NDSU/USDA-ARS Sclerotinia Initiative Ann. Mtg., Bloomington, MN. January 17-19, 2007. p. 35.<br /> <br /> Vidigal Filho, P.S., M.C. Gonçalves-Vidigal, J.D. Kelly, and W.W. Kirk. 2007. Sources of resistance to anthracnose in traditional common bean cultivars from Paraná, Brazil. J. Phytopathology 155:108-113.<br /> <br /> Vorwald, J. 2007. Optimal popping and genetic variance in Nuña beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). M.S. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.<br /> <br /> Zapata M., Beaver J., and Porch T. 2007. Foliage, pod and internal seed infection of selected common bean lines when inoculated with two strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis Pv. phaseoli. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 50:117-118.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Numerous microbial and other pest affecting beans have an important influence over production yields and pesticide applications needed for control. Thus, monitoring for these pests has important implications for growers, consumers and environmental stewards. Timely reporting on soybean rust and other pest and disease monitoring in the west allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes (e.g., 30,000 irrigated acres in eastern Colorado) were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide which provided economic benefits (1 to 1.5 million dollars based on an applied fungicide cost of 20 to 25 dollars per acre) to growers and reduced chemical exposure (15,000 pounds at 8 oz per acre) to the environment and food supply.
2. Several of the state breeding programs registered and or released lines and varieties with improved agronomic or end-use qualities and are available to breeding programs across the U.S. For example, the Nebraska program released six great northern bean lines with four genes for resistance to bean common mosaic necrosis and bean common mosaic. Another great northern line, with high resistance to common bacterial blight, two rust resistance genes and resistance to bean common mosaic and excellent seed quality, was registered.
3. The California program discovered a source of resistance to Halo blight race 6. Prior to this discovery, there was no available resistance to this pathogen, a serious disease of common bean. This discovery now makes it possible to systematically breed for resistance to this disease.

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Report Information

Participants

Jim Beaver - University of Puerto Rico; Mark Brick - Colorado State University; Judith K. Brown - University of Arizona; Paul Gepts -University of California-Davis; Phillip Griffiths - Cornell NYSAES; Jim Kelly - Michigan State University; Phil Miklas -USDA-ARS; Jim Myers-Oregon State University; Jim Nienhuis -University of Wisconsin; Steve Noffsinger -Seneca Foods Corp.; Juan M. Osorno - North Dakota State University; M.A. Pastor-Corrales - ARS-USDA; Tim Porch - USDA ARS; Elvin Roman - University of Puerto Rico; Shree Singh -University of Idaho; Jim Steadman -University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Ann Marie Thro - CSREES/USDA; Carlos A. Urrea -University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Bryon Vega - University of Puerto Rico; Molly Welsh - ARS-USDA; Mildred Zapata -University of Puerto Rico

Brief Summary of Minutes

W-1150: Genetic Improvement of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Yield, Disease Resistance, and Food Value
Annual Meeting February 20-21, 2009.
Isabela Substation, University of Puerto Rico, PR


Minutes: Jim Nienhuis called the meeting to order at 8:15 AM. Minutes were taken by Carlos A. Urrea, secretary. Attendees were welcomed and introduced themselves.

1. Agenda was approved as it was.

2. Ann Marie was asked by Jim Nienhuis: Do beans in general or agriculture in general are they part of the stimulus package or not? Ann Marie - Yes and no. Our agency did not get any part of the stimulus package. The ARS got some money at least to repair the facilities of the national germplasm system, so at least the bean collection will benefit from these facilities in better shape.

Ann Marie mentioned that Dr. Lyang-Shiou Lin is the national program director for the plant breeding education part. Letters of intent for plant breeding and education are due by March 16. The stipend for grad students does not count, that is considered research. They did have another requirement to do more in the way of integrated projects. Integrated means at least two of the three functions, research, education and extension need to be addressed. In our agencies integrated has at least two of those three. That is why that has got education in there and that is why the education has to be something that the professional educator will think about. Maybe other things we can do is a mentoring program, some kind of distance exchange and the way to find out if your interested, call the program manager.

Question: What is the percentage of funding? Anne: I sit in on the panels when I can. And it seems like 8-12% but to really find out, you have to call in.

Ann: We did get some information from Sec. of Agriculture, Sec. Vilsack. He sent us a letter of his five priorities and it is the best guideline we have now, if there are any changes, any new opportunities, where they might be going. I will read the top sentence off of each one.

"Promote a safe and nutritious food supply for all Americans and people around the world. Beans are a super food so there ought to be a place for beans in the next four years. Number one is food safety. So, if you can think of a way to breed beans that is inhospitable to human pathogens, nutrition programs that alleviate hunger and prevent health care problems and prevent obesity, these are there.

"Sustainable agricultural policies. Example ag policies including viability for small and medium sized farms. Protection of natural resources. Valued added assets.

"National leadership climate change mitigation and application. Climate change - efficiency in energy use. Bio-fuels, renewal energy of all types. Clean air, water and habitat. They are not including plant breeding, but I do not know how you describe climate change without it. We may have to educate them.

"Building a modern workplace with a modern workforce. Information technology improvements led by manpower and diverse workforce.

"Support for 21st century rural communities. Broadband internet, housing, small businesses and community facilities.

3. W1150-Impact in response to request from Administrative advisor Greg Bohach, who could not attend. Jim Nienhuis and Juan Osorno agreed to summarize a two short paragraphs sent from each W-1150 participant highlighting interactions, outputs as release of varieties, outcomes as total number of acres grown and number of graduate students trained as workforce quality, and impact as prosperous business including processors and framers. Other impact parameters could be soil and environment health, and health of the consumers. P. Gepts suggested summarize the data instead of doing state-by-state. J. Steadman suggested getting a letter from ProVita staying Nebraska and others dry bean germplasm contribution into private industry. J. Brown talked about mentioning the impact on biotic and abiotic stresses. J. Nienhuis stated that we can show tremendous impact of the W-1150.

4. W1150-Renewal
Jim - That will be due January of next year to Greg Bohach. We have to have a rough draft of this at that meeting that is circulated at the W-1150. That has to be done. My suggestion is that we do this with a focused committee that will take responsibility for the organization of the renewal. Of course, everyone is going to have to contribute. Topics to be included are genomics, molecular markers, and cooperative nurseries, interaction across disciplines, extension, direct harvest, nutrition, and abiotic stresses (drought and heat tolerance). Minimum tillage will be considered as part of sustainable agriculture.
Officers: Talo nominated Jim Kelly. Jim Nienhuis, Juan Osorno, Phil Miklas, Marcial Pastor-Corrales, and Carlos Urrea are also part of the steering committee. The committee will be meeting once a month starting on April 2009. The first meeting will be a conference call where five areas of research will be determined and sent off for volunteers to contribute. The goal is to have a draft by October and discussed during the meeting. The renewal is due on January 2011 to Greg Bohach.

5. State Reports:

Arizona: Judith Brown reported about new Begomoviruses found in native weeds in the Caribbean region. These Begomoviruses are serious pathogens of dicotyledonus crops, wherever the vector Bemisia tabaci prevails. Rynchosia mosaic virus was reported in R. minima and could threat beans in the Caribbean. Plants inoculated with the virus developed mosaic-symptoms. Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) has nearly disappeared because transmission is pretty low. J. Beaver mentioned that BGYMV has not been seen lately due to develop of BGYMV resistance genes.

Idaho: Shree Singh mentioned that Henry Terán finished his PhD studies on screening methods for white mold resistance in beans. Two of his articles have been accepted for publication. White mold resistance can be pyramided into pinto bean classes. White mold resistance can be transferred from P. coccineus to dry beans. Shree is summarizing some of the organic bean production studies. Outcomes of the program were the release of two great northern ('Hungerford' and 'Sawtooth') and two pinto ('Kimberly' and 'Shoshone') cultivars. Seed has been sold as certified seed to produce registered and certified seeds. Shree is looking for a Post-Doc.

California: Paul Gepts talked about a meeting in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, regarding the SSR diversity among Mesoamerica beans in populations collected by D. Debouck in 1978. Beans were divided in 7 groups: Jalisco/Durango, Mesoamerica, Colombian wild, Mesoamerican wild, Mexican wild, Andean hybrid, and ancestral Peru & Ecuador wild. Populations have been maintained by the creek. Ancient communities in the region shave not been documented. It looks like that corn and bean were not domesticated at the same time. Selection and creek plays an important role in domestication. Genetic diversity is the basis for developing new cultivars.

Colorado: Basically Howard and I (Mark Brick) are on the W-150 and we obviously do different things, most of what we did are in the report. He mentioned about his collaborative work with Idaho in white mold introgressing P. coccineus into P. vulgaris. Several inbred backcross lines are available. 'Croissant', pinto cultivar, was released in 2008. It has upright plant architecture, reasonably maturity, and excellent seed quality. We screened for bacterial wilt and you can read the details on that. The soybean aphid has been identified in Nebraska, Wyoming and Kansas. It was the first time in Nebraska and Wyoming. The soybean aphid is not causing problems in dry beans. About his work on cancer on rats of different market classes: white kidney was the best and reduced to less than a third (number of tumors/rat) in most cases compared to some of the others. Color grain doesn't affect but race it's important. Andean race is better and significant than Middle America in reducing cancerigenic tumors in rats. There was a discussion about frozen beans in grocery store. We also did a dosage study. This was in the Journal of Medicine November issues. We feed 30% beans in the diet. Our model now is to look at all chronic diseases. Obesity, cancer, heart disease, diabetes Type II and if you talk to the people who are working with chronic diseases they are looking at bio-markers and blood plasma. This is the dosage study. Five of the most common bio-markers relate to diabetes. If you want a great article, they looked at 20 food groups and 5 different cultures. They related to incidence of cancer. If you look at breast cancer in the United States, Latino's breast cancer is way less than Whites or African Americans. We have done metabolomics on this. We have looked at six different - 3 different varieties of two different races. We look at navies and light red kidneys. Based on the pathogenic data, our demograph comes out as just as you would expect. How they cluster. We have identified some potential metabolites. We know that we can follow from the food to the blood plasma to the mammogram to the tumor, the same metabolite that comes from beans. What we are talking about doing now is taking the metabolomic data and combining it looking at 200 - 300 lines.

USDA Belstville: Marcial Pastor-Corrales started his presentation mentioning about the genetic bottleneck where beans were domesticated. The idea is to use DNA fragments from about 100 genes to compare 50 wild beans from South America and Middle America with Middle America/Andean cultivars. The same work was done with soybeans and published in National Academy of Science. Hes also using SNPs discovery for disease resistance. He also talked about the CDBN and 352 entries tested from North Dakota, USDA-WA, Cornell, Nebraska, and Colorado programs. Regarding bean common rust, Ur-4 and Ur-11 are broader resistant genes.

Nebraska: Jim Stedaman reported on the multistate sclerotinia nursery. He also reported about CIATs RIL population from G400022 x G4016 (P. acutifolius x parvifolius) that was tested to CBB, Rhizoctonia, and rust. We found a rust resistant gene for rust coming from P. acutifolius and it was tight linked with a DNA marker. Rhizoctonia is common in the sugar beet bean rotation. Carlos Urrea reported that one genotype has been identified with bacterial wilt (BW) resistance. Its resistance is being confirmed with seven BW isolates. CIAT's core P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, and P. acutifolius are being evaluated to BW. 'Coyne', a great northern released in 2007, has intermediate reaction to CBB, rust resistant (Ur-3 and Ur-6), and BCMV resistance (I). Its yield is compared to Marquis. Foundation seed is being increased by Genetics Husker. As coordinator of the WRBT, several great northern and pinto lines were evaluated at three locations: Prosser, WA, Kimberly, ID, and Mitchell, NE. PT-2 and PT7-4 were top yielders across locations. Results from a shuttle breeding for drought tolerance were presented. Several lines are top yielders in both, drought stress and non-stress environments. A pinto line (310) showed less yield reduction compared to drought stress (8%), high geometric mean and drought susceptibility index. Lines developed by Tim Porch have different backgrounds.

ARS/TARS/Puerto Rico: Tim Porch reported on new sources of root rot (Negro San Luis, A686, A774, and BAT477), root system (G21212 and G19833), drought (SER16 and SER21), CBB (VAX6), heat tolerance (EAP-9503-32A), cranberry (cargamanto), and Empoasca (EMP134 and EMP138) used in his conversion program. In case of abiotic stresses, there is a shuttle breeding program initiated in 2006. Several F4:7 lines are being tested for adaptation in Nebraska and Puerto Rico. From Tacana/VAX6, he's getting CBB resistance and drought tolerance. CBB introgression of VAX6 lines are compared to Miklas's lines. He's also working on root rot. It varies depending on the growing season. R. solani is present in rainy season and Macrophomina in dry season. He's mapping root rot in DOR364 x BAT477 population.

Puerto Rico: Jim Beaver reported on the registration of white bean Verano. Verano has tolerance to high temperature and resistance to BGYMV, Bean common mosaic virus, and common bacterial blight (CBB). He also mentioned about the release of a Large Red Kidney, T-21, with resistance to CBB. Nitrogen (N) has been tested in larger plots. J. beaver asked if N utilization could be part of the W-1150 renewal. Beans are being cropped with plantains at small farmer levels. Bean consumption is up to 15 lbs/person/year.

North Dakota: Juan Osorno talked about the release of pinto bean cultivars 'Lariat', 'Stampede' and ND-307. Both, Lariat and Stampede have darkening problems. Seeds will be available to growers for being planted in 2009 growing season. 200,000 lbs of foundation seeds will be available. Stampede is more stable under different growing conditions. Juan also reported about three graduate students working on N uptake efficiency, row spacing (12, 22, and 30). He is also collaborating with the CDBN and MRPN. A new rust race is being reported in North Dakota. None all the cultivars grown in 2008 were resistant. Talo is looking is the race is similar to the Michigan reported this year. Canada reported a new antrachnose race (105), but Co42 should take care off. Juan also mentioned that P. McClean is asking for help for the Bean-CAP proposal. Abiotic and nutritional aspects will be incorporated. Ann Marie mentioned to highlight the importance of submitting the CAP project as a group.

USDA Prosser: Phil Miklas suggested for the CAP, that develops genomic tools, the use of only one trait. Phil reported the release of Crimson, a cranberry type. Other Cardinal cranberry has a black bean, related to Boron deficiency. Co42 has been moved into cranberry USCR-ANT-22 using marker assisted selection. USPT-CBB-1 and UPST-CBB-5 are pintos with CBB resistance. They have the SU91 CBB marker. Sister lines PT7-1 and PT7-2 are widely adapted. They had the highest yield in regional 2008 trials. Slow darkening in being introduced into pinto, pink, and cranberry types. Use of UV light for slow darkening test is being implemented. Slow darkening is due to a recessive gen and has maternal effect. Phil is moving Co5 into pinto market class. BMN-RMR-1 can be used as a source of Ur-5 in great northern and pinto beans. Less genetic drag is expected. A QTL has been identified on B2 chromosome for WM resistance in Raven/I9365-31 and Benton/VA19 populations. WM field and greenhouse QTLs are independent. Same QTLs are found in three different sources in the same B2 region. Thirty seven QTL have been reported for WM resistance. Best sources of white mold are Ica Bunsi (Middle America) and G122 (Andean).

Oregon: Jim Myers mentioned that snap bean acreage in Oregon has been steady. Emphasis of breeding for improved architecture and white mold resistant blush lake green bean varieties was giving in 2008. A map based on P. vulgaris x P. coccineus from OR 91 G/PI255956 BC2F4 had a 77 SSR and 59 markers were placed in 11 linkage groups that correspond to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups based on known SSR marker locations, and a single LG with no anchoring loci. Four QTL explaining 35% of the variance for field resistance were observed with composite interval mapping on linkage group 09. Two of these were also significant for the straw test and explained 19% of the phenotypic variance. QTL on B2 and B9 are located in regions where significant QTL have been reported in P. vulgaris. The third QTL is significant located to B6. Use and develop markers of stay green types is one of the research topics. Several backcross-inbred interspecific lines with snap bean characteristics have shown white mold resistance similar to G122, NY6020, and Ex Rico over three field seasons. NY6020 and G122 sources of white mold resistance have been introgressed into a blush lake background. Blue late line 6443 is ready for release. It has intermediate white mold resistance. Economy is better than California.

Wisconsin: Jim Nienhius mentioned that organic snap bean production is carried out in Wisconsin. There are some issues in organic production such as root rots, N management, seed corn maggot, and weed control. He is developing root rot resistant cultivars to Phytium species using isolate from Aphomyces. Seed corn maggot is a major problem, but an organic insecticide has been approved and it's working. In case of N deficiency, an experiment using different levels of N such as 0, 30 and 60 lbs/a, is in place. He is looking into snap bean domestications using SNPs.

New York: Phillips Griffiths indicated a 5% cut off in budget. White mold used to be a primary focus of research. Now it's secondary. He is developing beans for Europe. There are several lines available such as Cornell 608, 609, 610, 661, and 612. On top of white mold, Phil is moving Ur-11 and Ur-4 into snap beans. Heat tolerance field trials PR. Asian soybean transmitted virus. There are some problem with virus such as CMV, BGYMV, and CYVV.

Michigan: Jim Kelly reported about a study in reducing colon cancer in rats fed with navy beans. Mice fed navy beans had significantly fewer colon tumors than mice fed the control diet. Colon cancer is also being studied in humans. A reduction in colon cancer through dietary means is important, as the annual treatment costs for color cancer in the USA are estimated to be $6.5 billion. ARS food quality position was filed. Dr. Karen Sechwe will start on June. Three new varieties were released in 2008: Zorro (black), Santa Fe (pinto), and 'Fuji' Otebo. Zorro is suitable for direct harvest, with improved levels of resistance to CBB and rust, and excellent canning quality. Santa Fe has upright plant architecture, high yield, with improved levels of rust resistance (Ur-3) and acceptable canning quality. 'Fuji' Otebo has bush growth habit, improve levels of BCMV resistance, and suitable for export markets for use in sweet bean paste.
Ur-3 resistance has been deployed in Michigan. Similar results were found in North Dakota. Bean common rust appeared late in the season. A lot of Michigan black beans are rust resistance. Their resistance maps in chromosome 4 and are close to Ur-5.

USDA-ARS-WRPIS Phaseolus collection: Molly Welsh commented that the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance continued with the regular seed increase program. No all new entries are being increased due to budget constraints. The core collection is used for both private and public breeders. There are 14,679 accessions in the Phaseolus collection. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. The stimulus package will benefit Fort Collins instead of Pullman, WA.

Others:
6. 2009 BIC meeting:
Mark Brick announced the next BIC meeting to be held from October 26 to 28 at Hilton Garden Inn, Fort Collins, CO. On October 28, there will be three meeting as follows: Phaseolus CGC from 10:00-11:00 AM, BIC Genetics from 11:00-12:00 PM, and W-1150 from 1:30 PM to 5:00 PM.

7. Election of new officers:
Steve Noffsinger was elected as the 2009 W-1150 secretary. The meeting will be held in Denver, Colorado. Carlos Urrea will be the vice-president, and Juan Osorno will be president.

8. Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN):
Ann Hang used to be the coordinator of the CDBN. Since Ann is retiring, there is a need of a new coordinator. John Rayapati has been coordinating data collection, analysis, and summarizing results. Greg Varner and Jim Schild were considerate as possible candidates to coordinate the CDBN. Phil Miklas agreed in coordinating the 2009 CDBN. He suggested from us to either provide the UPS or FedEx account number for shipping seeds. Seed needs to be treated by the coordinator. Fees of $150 and $300 for each entry for public and private industry, respectively, and a $100 fee from each location to cover shipping costs were discussed. Commercial checks for different market classes were defined: Light Red Kidney (Red Hack), Pinto (Othello), Small Red (Merlot), Black or Navy (Vista).

9. Meeting adjourned.

10. Visit to winter nurseries was proposed. Field visit was leaded by Jim Beaver, Phil Miklas, Juan Osorno, and Carlos Urrea.

Respectively submitted,
Carlos A. Urrea
April 13, 2009

Accomplishments

The W1150 multistate project is a confederation of university and ARS scientists, who through multistate cooperation, teamwork and trust, are committed to an integrated complementary approach to problem solving. The track record of teamwork among W1150 cooperators to identify problems and the sharing of expertise, time, resources and technology in problem solving is unprecedented in crop-based regional projects and is based on a long-standing history of trust and respect among cooperators. The interdisciplinary project includes germplasm specialists, geneticists, plant breeders, pathologists, virologists, nutritionists, and food scientists who together define national and regional problems and coordinate activities among diverse disciplines in technology development and problem solving in beans. The W1150 is exemplary in that the problem identification and research activities made possible through multistate cooperation has resulted not only in traditional outputs, e.g. cooperative trials and scientific publications, training of graduate students and enhanced germplasm and cultivars, but also in direct impacts to growers, processors and consumers on yield, sustainability, economic improvement, food safety, and human nutrition. Several milestones have been accomplished just in the last year:<br /> <br /> New Begomovirus species have been found in native weeds in the Caribbean region. These Begomoviruses are serious pathogens of dicotyledonous crops wherever the vector, Bemisia tabaci, is prevalent. Continuing efforts in trying to understand and characterize these viruses is underway. Problems with virus such as CMV, BGYMV, and CYVV are being resolved through pyramiding resistance genes.<br /> <br /> SSR markers are being used to study the diversity among Mesoamerica beans in populations collected by D. Debouck in 1978. Beans were divided into 7 groups: Jalisco/Durango, Mesoamerica, Colombian wild, Mesoamerican wild, Mexican wild, Andean hybrid, and ancestral Peru & Ecuador wild. Populations have been maintained in proximity to waterways that run through the region. Ancient communities in the region have not been well documented. Results also suggest that corn and bean were not domesticated at the same time. A new approach is being used to address the genetic bottleneck arising from where beans were domesticated. DNA fragments of about 100 genes will be used to compare 50 wild beans from South America and Middle America with Middle America/Andean cultivars. Similar work was done with soybeans and published in the National Academy of Sciences. SNPs are also being used for discovery of disease resistance genes.<br /> <br /> Collaborative work with Idaho has been successful in introgressing WM resistance from P. coccineus into P. vulgaris. A screening for bacterial wilt (BW) was also made in CO and NE. In NE, one genotype has been identified with bacterial wilt resistance. Its resistance is being confirmed with seven BW isolates. CIAT's core P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, and P. acutifolius are being evaluated to BW.<br /> <br /> Research evaluating the impact of different market classes of beans on cancer in rats, white kidney beans performed best, in most cases reducing the number of tumors/rat to less than a third of some of the others. Grain color did not affect the number of tumors. In contrast, beans of the Andean race were significantly better at reducing carcinogenic tumors in rats than beans of the Middle American race. Results of their dosage study have been published in the November issue of the Journal of Medicine. One area of interest for researchers studying chronic diseases is the use of bio-markers and blood plasma. They have identified some promising metabolites from beans that can be followed from the food to the blood plasma. Now they are planning to evaluate 200-300 bean lines based on the results of their metabolomic work. In the same way, Preliminary results of a study where mice fed navy beans have shown significantly fewer colon cancer tumors than mice fed the control diet. A reduction in colon cancer through dietary means is important, as the annual treatment costs for color cancer in the USA is estimated to be $6.5 billion.<br /> <br /> Henry Terán finished his PhD studies in ID doing research on screening methods for white mold (WM) resistance in beans. Results have shown that WM resistance can be pyramided into pinto bean classes and can be successfully transferred from P. coccineus into dry beans. In the same way, Dr. Karen Cichy has been hired as the new ARS food quality geneticist at East Lansing and will begin in July. <br /> <br /> Bean common rust appeared late in the season and overcame varieties with the Ur-3 gene, which has been widely used in Michigan. Similar results were found in North Dakota last growing season. A number of Michigan black beans are resistant to this isolate. Their resistance maps to chromosome 4, close to the Ur-5 gene. BMN-RMR-1 can be used as a source of Ur-5 in great northern and pinto beans since less genetic drag is expected. In North Dakota evaluations, Ur-11 seems to be a good gene of resistance as well. None of the cultivars commonly grown in the region and screened in 2008 were resistant. However, few experimental lines show potential. USDA-ARS-Beltsville, MD is evaluating whether this race is similar to the one reported in Michigan this year. Canada reported a new anthracnose race (105), but Co42 should provide resistance. Several cultivars already have this gene. In the same way, Co42 gene has been moved into cranberry USCR-ANT-22 using marker assisted selection. USPT-CBB-1 and UPST-CBB-5 are new pintos with CBB resistance. They have the SU91 CBB marker. Sister lines PT7-1 and PT7-2 are widely adapted. They had the highest yield in 2008 regional trials.<br /> <br /> Multistate sclerotinia nursery was made again and results are reported in the NE station report. The CIAT G40022 x G4016 (P. acutifolius x parvifolius) RIL population was tested for resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB), Rhizoctonia, and rust. A rust resistance gene from P. acutifolius, that is tightly linked with a DNA marker, was discovered. <br /> <br /> Results from a shuttle breeding program in collaboration between UNL and USDA-PR for drought tolerance were presented. Several lines yield well in both drought stress and non-stress environments. <br /> <br /> Research on N uptake efficiency and row spacing effect on seed yield was conducted in ND during the last year with very promising results. Additional trials will be made in the next growing season. In the same way, PR also reported that tolerance to low nitrogen (N) stress is being tested in larger plots. N utilization and uptake efficiency could be part of the W1150 renewal given the significant increases in fertilizer prices. An experiment in WI evaluating different levels of N (0, 30 and 60 lbs/a) is underway to also address N deficiency issues in snap beans. <br /> <br /> Snap bean acreage in Oregon has been steady. Continued breeding effort for improved architecture and WM resistance in bush blue lake green bean varieties was made during 2008. A map based on P. vulgaris x P. coccineus from OR 91 G/PI255956 BC2F4 had 77 SSR and 59 other markers. These were located in 11 linkage groups that correspond to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups based on known SSR marker locations, and a single LG with no anchoring loci. Four QTL explaining 35% of the variance for field resistance were observed with composite interval mapping on four linkage groups (02, 03, 06 & 09). Two of these were also significant for the straw test and explained 19% of the phenotypic variance. QTL on B2 and B9 are located in regions where significant QTL have been reported in P. vulgaris. Several backcross-inbred inter-specific lines with snap bean characteristics have shown WM resistance similar to G122, NY6020 and Ex Rico over three field seasons. NY6020 and G122 sources of WM resistance have been introgressed into a bush blue lake background. Blue lake line OSU6443 is ready for release. It has intermediate WM resistance. Use and development of markers for stay green types is a new research topic. Organic snap bean production is carried out in Wisconsin. There are some issues in organic production such as root rots, N management, seed corn maggot, and weed control. Seed corn maggot is becoming a major problem, but an organic insecticide has been approved and is effective. Myers and Nienhuis are also exploring snap bean domestication using phenotypic and molecular characterization of snap bean mapping populations. <br /> <br /> For germplasm conversion, new sources of root rot (Negro San Luis, A686, A774, and BAT 477), root system (G 21212 and G 19833), drought (SER 16 and SER 21), CBB (VAX 6), heat tolerance (EAP-9503-32A), cranberry (cargamanto), and Empoasca (EMP 134 and EMP 138) resistance being used in the conversion program. CBB Introgression of CBB resistance from VAX6 lines into three commercial classes has been effective. In collaboration with the University of PR, Macrophomina resistance is being mapped in the DOR364 x BAT477 RIL population. <br /> <br /> Slow darkening is being introduced into pinto, pink, and cranberry types. UV light is being used to test for slow darkening. Slow darkening is due to a recessive gene and has maternal effect. <br /> <br /> A QTL for WM resistance has been identified on the B2 chromosome in the Raven/I9365-31 and Benton/VA19 populations. The QTLs for WM resistance were independent in field and greenhouse trials. The same QTLs have been found in three different sources in the same B2 genetic region. Thirty seven QTL have been reported for WM resistance. The best sources of WM resistance are ICA Bunsi (Middle America) and G122 (Andean).<br /> <br /> The Phaseolus germplasm maintenance continues with the regular seed increase program. Not all new entries are being increased due to budget constraints. The core collection is intensively used by both private and public breeders. There are 14,679 accessions in the Phaseolus collection. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. As stated by Molly Welsh, the USDA bean curator, the stimulus package will benefit Fort Collins instead of Pullman, WA. <br /> <br /> Several multistate yield trials are established every year. They are one of the best ways of interaction among all the programs and institutions involved in the W1150: <br /> <br /> The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN). Seven or more public and private institutions (ADM, Idaho Seed Bean, MSU, NDSU, NYSU, U. Guelph, UI and USDA-ARS Prosser, among others) routinely test advanced breeding lines of numerous market classes for adaptation and yield across 12 locations in USA and Canada. <br /> <br /> The Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) is coordinated by NDSU and generally conducted in cooperation with W1150 cooperators located in four locations, ND, NE, CO, and MI to test and compare yield and adaptation of pinto and great northern advanced breeding lines.<br /> <br /> The Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) is coordinated by UNL (Scottsbluff, NE) among W1150 cooperators in CO, ID, NE, and WA to compare yield and adaptation among advanced lines.<br /> <br /> In addition, and to gain a generation of valuable field experience and selection, W1150 cooperators from MI, ND, NE, CA, and WA, as well as USDA-ARS scientists cooperate in a large-scale winter nursery coordinated by W1150 collaborators at UPRM-Puerto Rico. Around 4,000 genotypes are planted and evaluated each year at this nursery. <br /> <br /> The following cultivars/germplasm have been released during this period:<br /> <br /> Pinto: Croissant (CO), Kimberly and Shoshone (ID), Santa Fe (MI), Lariat, Stampede, and ND-307 (ND).<br /> <br /> Great Northern: Hungerford and Sawtooth (ID), ABC-Weighing and Coyne (NE).<br /> <br /> Navy/white: Avalanche (ND), Verano (PR).<br /> <br /> Black: Zorro (MI)<br /> <br /> Kidney: T-21 (PR)<br /> <br /> Cranberry: Crimson and Cardinal (WA)<br /> <br /> Otebo: Fuji (MI)<br />

Publications

Acevedo, M., J.R. Steadman, J.C. Rosas and J. Venegas. 2008. Coevolution of the bean rust pathogen Uromyces appendiculatus with its wild, weedy and domesticated hosts (Phaseolus spp.) at a center of diversity. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:22-23.<br /> <br /> Alleyne, A.T., J.R. Steadman and K.M. Eskridge. 2008. Rep-PCR molecular markers characterize Uromyces appendiculatus pathotypes associated with Ur-6 resistance gene in Phaseolus vulgaris. European J. Plant Path. (In Press).<br /> <br /> Beaver, J.S., M. Alameda and J.C. Rosas. 2008. Breeding beans for resistance to web blight. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:30-31.<br /> <br /> Beaver, J.S., T.G. Porch and M. Zapata. 2008. Registration of 'Verano' white bean. J. Plant Registrations 2:187-189.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., M.A. Newell, P.F. Byrne, H.F. Schwartz, J.B. Ogg and J. Myers. 2008. Introgression of QTL for white mold resistance from common and scarlet runner bean. Bean Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:212-213.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., Newell, M.A., Byrne, P.F., Schwartz, Ogg, J.B., and Myers, J. 2008. Introgression of QTL for white mold resistance from common and scarlet runner bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:212-213.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., Newell, M.A., Byrne, P.F., Schwartz, Ogg, J.B., and Myers, J. 2008. Introgression of QTL for white mold resistance from common and scarlet runner bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:212-213.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., Ogg, J. B., Schwartz, H.F., Johnson, J.J., Judson, F., Miklas, P., and Singh, S.P. 2008. Release of Croissant Pinto Bean. Ann Rppt. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:271.<br /> <br /> Brick, M.A., J.B. Ogg, S.P. Singh, H.F. Schwartz, J.J. Johnson, and M.A.Pastor-Corrales. 2008. Registration of drought tolerant, rust resistant, high yielding pinto bean germplasm line CO46348. J. Plant Registrations 2:120-124. <br /> <br /> Brick, M. A., Ogg, J.B., Singh, S.P., Schwartz, H.F., Johnson, J.J., and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2008. Registration of drought tolerant, rust resistant, high yielding pinto bean germplasm line CO46348. J. Plant Registrations 2: 120-124. <br /> <br /> Brown, J.K., Rehman, M. and Idris, A.M. 2009. Infectious clones and characterization of a previously unreported bean-infecting begomovirus from Rynchosia minima (L.), an endemic legume from Puerto Rico, APS-CD Meeting, Orlando, FL, May 16-19, 2009.<br /> <br /> Chung, Y.S., M.E. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2008. Validation of RAPD markers for white mold resistance in two snap bean populations based on field and greenhouse evaluations. Crop Sci. 48:2265-2273.<br /> <br /> Godoy-Lutz, G., S. Kuninaga, J.R. Steadman and K. Powers. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of Rhizoctonia solani subgroups associated with web blight symptoms on common bean based on ITS-5.8s r DNA. J. Gen. Plant Path. 74:32-40.<br /> <br /> Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., P.S. Vidigal Filho, A.F Medeiros, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2009. Common Bean Landrace Jalo Listras Pretas is the Source of a New Andean Anthracnose Resistance Gene. Crop Sci. 49: 133-138.<br /> <br /> González, N., J. Beaver, J.C. Rosas, G. Godoy-Lutz and J. Steadman. 2008. Development of a differential set of common bean lines to screen for web blight pathogen virulence. Annu. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 51:32-33.<br /> <br /> Griffiths, P.D. 2009. Release of Cornell 601-606: Common bean breeding lines with resistance to white mold. HortScience 44:463-465.<br /> <br /> Griffiths, P.D. 2009. Development of snap beans resistant to cucumber mosaic virus. Proc. of the Empire State Fruit and Vegetable Expo. 88-90.<br /> <br /> Griffiths, P.D., M. Jahn, B. Tracy and M. A. Mutschler. 2008. Report of the vegetable breeding programs. Cornell Veg. Breeding Inst., Cornell University, NY.<br /> <br /> Griffiths, P.D. 2008. Breeding snap beans for resistance to viruses and white mold. Pennsylvania Res. Assoc. Rep.<br /> <br /> Hang A.N., and J. Rayapati. 2009. 59th Annual Report National Cooperative Dry Bean Nurseries - 2008. www.prosser.wsu.edu/pdf%20files/2008-CDBN-Report.pdf. 20p.<br /> <br /> Halseth, D.E., Sandsted, E.R., Hymes, W.L., MacLaury, R.L., Kelly, J.M., Rich, B., and Hoy, D. 2009. 2008 New York State dry bean variety trials. Cornell University, Department of Horticulture Report No. 55, 30 pages.<br /> <br /> Halseth, D.E., Sandsted, E.R., Hymes, W.L., MacLaury, R.L., Kelly, J.M., Rich, B., and Hoy, D. 2009. 2008 New York State dry bean variety fact sheet. Cornell University, Department of Horticulture Report No. 54, 22 pages. <br /> <br /> Jochua, C., M.I.V. Amane, J.R. Steadman, X. Xue and K.M. Eskridge. 2008. Virulence Diversity of the Common Bean Rust Pathogen Within and Among Individual Bean Fields and Development of Sampling Strategies. Plant Dis. 92:401-408.<br /> <br /> Johnson J.J., M.A. Brick, H.F. Schwartz, J. Hain, A. Davisson, M.M. McMillan, J.B. Ogg, and K. Otto. 2008. Dry Bean Variety Performance Trials. Colorado State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Rep. TR 08-12, 24 pp.<br /> <br /> Kandel, H. 2008. North Dakota dry bean performance testing - 2007. Bull. A-654. North Dakota State University. Ext. Serv. Fargo, ND.<br /> <br /> Knodel J., J. Luecke, P. Beauzay, D. Franzen, H. Kandel, S. Markell, J. Osorno, and R. Zollinger. 2008. Dry bean grower survey of pest problems and pesticide use in Minnesota and North Dakota. NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, in coop. with Northarvest bean growers Ass. Fargo, ND.<br /> <br /> Kusolwa, P.M. and J.R. Myers. 2008. Phylogenetic relationship of lectin-like proteins expressed in tepary bean and common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:78-79. <br /> <br /> Kusolwa, P.M. and J.R. Myers. 2008. APA locus proteins from tepary accession G40199 confers resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus in common bean interspecific backcross lines. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:16-17. <br /> <br /> Langham, M.A.C., S.A. Tolin, C. Sutula, H.F. Schwartz, G. Wisler, A. Karasev, D. Hershman, L. Giesler, J. Golod, S.T. Ratcliffe, and K.F. Cardwell. 2008. Legume PIPE, A new tool for disease management in legumes. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:60-61.<br /> <br /> Larsen, R.C., P.N. Miklas, K.C. Eastwell, and C.R. Grau. 2008. A strain of Clover yellow vein virus that causes severe pod necrosis disease in snap bean. Plant Dis. 92:1026-1032.<br /> <br /> Lee, J., J. Feng, K. Campbell, B.E. Scheffler, W.M.Garrett, S. Thibivilliers, G. Stacey, D.Q. Naiman, M.L. Tucker, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, and B. Cooper. 2009. Quantitative Proteonomic Analysis of Bean Plants Infected by a Virulent and Avirulent Obligate Rust Pathogen. Molecular and Cellular Proteonomics 8:19-31. <br /> <br /> Lin L.Z., J.M. Harnly, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, and D.L. Luthria. 2008. The polyphenolic profiles of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Food Chem. 107:399-410. <br /> <br /> Miklas, P.N., D. Fourie, J. Wagner, R.C. Larsen, and C.M.S. Mienie. 2009. Tagging and mapping Pse-1 gene for resistance to halo blight in common bean host differential cultivar UI-3. Crop Sci. 49:41-48.<br /> <br /> Mutlu, N., C.A. Urrea, P.N. Miklas, J.R. Steadman, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, D.T. Lindgren, J. Reiser, A.K. Vidaver, and D.P. Coyne. 2008. Registration of Common Bacterial Blight Resistant Great Northern Bean Germplasm Line ABC-Weihing. J. Plant Registrations 2: 53-55.<br /> <br /> Mutlu, N., A.K. Vidaver, D.P. Coyne, J.R. Steadman and P.A. Lambrecht. 2008. Differential Pathogenicity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. fuscans subsp. fuscans Strains on Bean Genotypes with Common Blight Resistance. Plant Dis. 92:546-554. <br /> <br /> Myers, J.R. 2008. BIC - the next 50 years: A public breeders perspective. Annu. Rep. Bean Impr. Coop. http://www.css.msu.edu/bic/PDF/2007%20BIC%20Workshop.pdf<br /> <br /> Myers, J.R., B.S. Gilmore and J.E. Haggard. 2008. Progress in the characterization and transfer of white mold resistance from runner to common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:80-81. <br /> <br /> Myers, J.R., B.S. Gilmore, J.E. Haggard, M. Barrett, S. Zimmerman, & J. Davis. 2008. Transfer of Sclerotinia resistance from Phaseolus coccineus to P. vulgaris: An assessment. National Sclerotinia Initiative meetings, Minneapolis MN, Jan 23-25. <br /> <br /> Navarro, F., M.E. Sass, and J. Nienhuis. 2008. Identification and confirmation of quantitative trait loci for root rot resistance in snap bean. Crop Sci. 48:962-972.<br /> <br /> Nchimbi-Msolla, S., R. Misangu, R. Mabagala, F. Magayane, S. Kweka, L. Michael Butler, and J.R. Myers. 2008. Mshindi Kablanketi Dry Bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:278-279.<br /> <br /> Nchimbi-Msolla, S., R. Misangu, R. Mabagala, F. Magayane, S. Kweka, L. Michael Butler, and J.R. Myers 2008. Pesa Large Red Dry Bean Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:280-281.<br /> <br /> Osorno, J.M., K.F Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander-Wal. 2008. Avalanche, a new navy bean for the northern plains. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:282-283.<br /> <br /> Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander-Wal. 2008. Release of 'Lariat' and 'Stampede' pinto beans. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:284-285.<br /> <br /> Osorno, J.M., G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes. 2008. Dry bean breeding program research report 2007. Northarvest mag. 14:16-17.<br /> <br /> Osorno, J.M., G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, S. Zwinger, and B. Schatz. 2008. Assessment of drought tolerance in dry bean varieties under dryland and irrigated conditions in the northern plains. Poster. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Joint Meetings. Houston, Texas October 5-10.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K., J.R. Steadman, S. Singh, P. Miklas, J. Kelly, J. Myers, B. Schatz, H. Schwartz, P. Griffiths, and K. Kmiecik. 2008. Use of multi-site screening to identify parital resistance to white mold in common bean in 2007. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:214-215.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K. and J.R. Steadman. 2008. Improvement in screening for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean through characterization of the pathogen and utilization of multi-state nurseries. Phytopathology 98:118.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K., J.R. Steadman. 2008. Multi-site screening for identification of small effect disease resistance traits: White mold of bean as a case study. Phytopathology: 98:199.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K. and J.R. Steadman. 2008. White mold resistance identified in multi site tests and choice of pathogen isolates for resistance screening matters. NDSU/USDA-ARS. p.23. National Sclerotinia Initiative Annu. Mtg, Minneapolis, MN. January 23-25.<br /> <br /> Park, S.O., J.R. Steadman, D.P. Coyne and K.M. Crosby. 2008. Development of a Coupling-Phase SCAR Marker Linked to the Ur-7 Rust Resistance Gene and its occurrence in Diverse Common Bean Lines. Crop Sci. 48:357-363.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A. and R.D. Frederick. 2008. Resistance to the soybean rust pathogen (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in common bean cultivar CNC. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51: 20-21.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A., P.A. Arraes-Pereira, L. Lewers, R. Vianello-Brondani, G. Cortopassi-Buso, M.A. Ferreira, and W. Santos-Martins. 2008. Identification of SSR markers linked to rust resistance in Andean common bean PI 260418. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51: 46-47.<br /> <br /> Sass, M.E., T.L. German and J. Nienhuis. 2008. Progress in the identification of genetic variation for tolerance to cucumber mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:88-89.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H.F. and M.A.C. Langham. 2008. PIPE, Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:4-5.<br /> Terán, H., C. Strausbaugh, I. Eujayl, J.S. Beaver, P.N. Miklas and S.P. Singh. 2008. Response of BGYM resistant common bean to Beet Curly Top Virus. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:168-169.<br /> <br /> Thompson, M.D, H.J. Thompson, M.A Brick, J.N. McGinley, W. Jiang, Z. Zhu and P. Wolfe. 2008. Mechanisms associated with dose dependent inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis by dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Nutrition 138:2091-2097. <br /> <br /> Tonneson, L. 2008. Breeding program ramps up. Northarvest Mag. 14(1):18-19.<br /> Urrea, C.A., R.M. Harveson, K. Nielsen, and J. Venegas. 2008. Identification of sources of bacterial wilt resistance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:56-57. <br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., C.D. Yonts, R. Higgins, D. Reichert, and D-M. Khu. 2008. Screening exotic dry bean drought tolerant germplasm in western Nebraska. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:72-73.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., C.D. Yonts, and D. Lyon. 2008. Breeding for drought resistance in dry beans. ASA meeting. Houston, TX.<br /> <br /> Vandemark, G.J., D. Fourie, and P.N. Miklas. 2008. Genotyping with real-time PCR reveals recessive epistasis between independent QTL conferring resistance to common bacterial blight in dry bean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 117:513-522. <br /> <br /> Venegas, J.,G. Godoy-Lutz, J.R. Steadman, C.A. Urrea, and R.M. Harveson. 2008. Morphological and molecular characterization from western Nebraska dry beans. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 51: 86-87.<br /> <br /> Versdahl, K. 2008. Dry bean research yields new varieties. Northarvest Mag. 14:7.<br /> <br /> Wasonga, C., P.D. Griffiths, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, T. Porch. 2008. Combining rust resistance and heat tolerance in snap beans. HortScience 43:1151.<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Risk is reduced and profitability increased to growers and processors due to release and licensing of both dry and snap cultivars with enhanced yield, stability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Just during this report period, a total of 18 cultivars were released in several market classes. It is estimated that dry and snap bean cultivars that are a direct result of collaboration among W1150 participants currently occupy over 1.2 million acres of total US acreage.
2. The timely monitoring, identification and communication among W1150 members about the presence of new pathogens and/or variants in productions fields have allowed quick response to these problems before they become a national threat for commercial production.
3. The economic impact of dry and snap bean cultivars that are a direct result of cooperation among W1150 cooperators is documented in many AD-421 reports. It is conservatively estimated that over 75% of current dry and snap bean cultivars produced in the US are a direct result of cooperation among W1150 cooperating scientists. This represents over 800 million dollars in farm value. In addition, many of the cultivars that are developed by W1150 collaborators are licensed to small and medium size seed companies providing royalty income to fund research as well as promoting development of many small and medium sized seed companies across the US.
4. Environmental contamination has been reduced because genetic resistance incorporated and pyramided into developed cultivars often precluded the need for application of insecticides and pesticides to growers fields.
5. The safety of the US dry and snap bean products has allowed increasing exports to over 30 countries.
6. As documented in AD-421 reports, Type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and breast cancer incidence, among other conditions and diseases, can be reduced through the consistent consumption of beans; thus, producing safe and sustainable beans provides not only nutrition, but also low-cost and effective health benefits to consumers. These topics are part of the research repertoire of the W1150 members and several results are being published as they are discovered.

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Report Information

Participants

Jim Beaver, University of Puerto Rico;Mark Brick, Colorado State University;Karen Cichy, USDA-ARS, Michigan State University;Paul Gepts, University of California, Davis; Maria Gonçalves, Universidad Estadual de Maringa, Brazil; Rubella Gosami, North Dakota State University; Phil Griffith , Cornell University; Mike Grusak, USDA-ARS, Baylor College of Medicine; Mike Harrington, WAAESD, CSU; Jim Myers, Oregon State University; Jim Kelly, Michigan State University; Rich Larsen, USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA; Phil Miklas, USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA; Steve Noffsinger, Seneca Foods Corp, Dayton, WA; Juan Osorno, North Dakota State University; M.A. Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; Tim Porch, USDA-ARS, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico; Howard Schwartz, Colorado State University; Shree Singh, University of Idaho; Jim Steadman , University of Nebraska  Lincoln; Carlos Urrea, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Pedro Soares Vidigal Filho, Universidad Estadual de Maringa, Brazil; Dan Wahlquist, Syngenta Seeds; Giles Waines, University of California, Riverside; John Wamatu, Brotherton Seed Co., Inc., Moses Lake, WA; Molly Welsh, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA

Brief Summary of Minutes

Juan Osorno called the meeting to order at 1:30 PM and Steve Noffsinger took minutes. The previous meeting minutes and agenda were passed out by Mark Brick. Participants were welcomed and introduced themselves. Howard Schwartz moved to approve the minutes and agenda, Jim Steadman 2nd the motion to approve, and the motion carried.

New Business

W-1150 award: Mike Harrington talked about the W-1150 award. Members put it together last year, and the Western Regional Experiment Stations put together one for a regional certificate award with the names of people who helped with it, plus a plaque from the Experiment Station Directors. Mark Brick stated were in the process of getting an Administrative Advisor, and we may have one already. Mike Harrington serves as a liaison between the Western Experiment Station Directors and the USDA.

CREATE-21: Mike Harrington talked about CREATE-21 (http://www.create-21.org/) a project to update the partnership between the USDA and land-grant and related universities to Create Research, Extension and Teaching Education for the 21st century. With regard to the proposed reorganization of the USDA under one umbrella, they never intended for anyone to lose identity or getting their money. It was supposed to get a bigger piece of the pie and increased recognition of the USDA as a scientific entity. It also was supposed to strengthen USDA science.

Juan Osorno stated that Jim Nienhuis compiled the information for the award. Mark Brick moved that we collectively thank Jim Nienhuis, Jim Beaver 2nd, and the motion passed. Juan Osorno said the document is online and he will distribute it.

W-1150 renewal: Juan Osorno discussed renewal of the W-1150 document. Juan and Shree Singh both wanted to modify the title and were looking for ideas. Objectives for the renewal document were discussed: To improve yield potential and resistance/tolerance to major abiotic and biotic stresses affecting bean production (includes disease resistance, drought, and compaction); To study and implement efficient agronomic production practices for better yields and sustainability of agricultural systems; To have a better understanding of the genetic aspects related to nutritional quality and health benefits of beans and its potential impact in human wellness; and To broaden the genetic base of bean cultivars of major market classes by using germplasm conversion.

Juan stated that he will send a new version of the W-1150 renewal document and it will be due back to him by the 1st week of December. It is due in January 2010. Shree Singh wanted emphasis on collaboration as shown in the nurseries, etc. Juan Osorno stated that Carlos Urrea will help with references. Howard Schwartz and Juan Osorno stated that everyone will need to send Milestones year by year for 2011-2015. Juan stated that our current W-1150 runs out in July 2010. Juan said he will make sure the W-1150 renewal document flows and he will move it through to submission.

Report on CDBN (Phil Miklas)

There are 18 entries and 2 checks (Othello for pinto and northern and T-39 for navy and black market classes). No Andean types were submitted. Eleven sites where planted, not including the rust nursery and observation plots for Idaho Seed Bean. The fee structure set up is $150/entry public; $300/entry private. Phil reduced the amount of seed to match the amount for distribution to 12 locations. The minimum amount of data id s yield, and seed weight, maturity and other date is helpful if available. Phil will send data to John Rayapati to analyze. Phil will send seed to jim Beaver for replicated trials in Puerto Rico. Phil will send out a request for data and entries soon. More entries are needed. Seeds need to be western grown and bacteria free.

White mold nursery: Jim Steadman said it is coming up. For 9 entries in multi-site locations, he needs 5 lbs of seed plus a small amount for the greenhouse screen.

Winter nursery: Jim Beaver needs seed by the 1st of December for his winter nursery.

Old Business

Annual Station Reports:

California Davis (Paul Gepts): 1. In Mexico, they studied field components of genetic diversity in wild germplasm and landraces. 2. For the genes in domestication syndrome, you need 2 loci for individual beans because the interactions matter between genes. They looked at days to flowering and other traits, 3. They have a MAS project with Africa, and the database and DNA sequencing are at Davis. They hope everyone will use the database and maybe the repository at UC Davis. Karen Cichy asked if they have done the determinate locus. Paul Gepts replied they've tried to associate it with the phenotype. Juan asked could they use determinate soybean? Paul Gepts replied sure, dt1 and dt2. Jim Myers said he may have a mutant different from fin. Karen Cichy asked is the determinate gene in the root and not the shoot? Shelby is looking at that; among mutants at the fin locus, that represent 70% of genotypes which raises the question why is that mutation so widespread? Someone commented that a QTL, ppb locus is there; maybe the whole region is responsible for growth habit.

California Riverside (Giles Waines): There were interesting outcrossing results in beans. The bumble bee seems to be the best for F1 seed production. Carpenter bees don't seem to do this well. Honey bees will do F1 crosses if you put them in the field but they are not as good as the bumble bees. There was 80% outcrossing with a large plot of Mimulus close by to attract bumble bee pollinators. A small blue butterfly transfers pollen late in season. Mark Bassetts male sterile line which was homozygous recessive, is much smaller, and the seeds may be much lighter > perhaps there is a technique for separating seeds before planting? They are black-seeded at the moment and in 5-593, which is not the best genotype for study in southern California.

Nebraska (Carlos Urrea and Jim Steadman): 10-15% of beans were still in the field because planting was delayed due to a heavy rain at planting season. Carlos is testing for bacterial wilt resistance in the CIAT collection (1700 accessions including P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolius, and P. dumosus), 93.6% of the collection is susceptible to the Nebraska race, some are showing resistance (1.7%) and they need to retest. One line from the USDA core collection was tested 5 times to 7 different bacterial wilt isolates. It showed resistance. It is a wild bean. Lines from the regional trials, WRBT and MRPN, were tested to CBB in North Platte. Nine elite lines (5 great northern and 4 pinto) were tested in growers fields and had better yield than the local great northern (Orion, Marquis and Beryl-R) and pintos (Poncho and Othello). Seventeen white mold field/greenhouse tests were conducted at 11 locations by cooperators in 2008-09. Every location now uses the same protocol for rating the greenhouse straw test screening method. In analysis of data from 156 S. Sclerotiorum isolates collected across all major bean production areas of the U.S., 64 mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were identified. Thus genetic variability was relatively high. Elite NE germplasm and recent GN release Coyne have 2-3 resistance genes and are resistant to the new Michigan and North Dakota races. Western Regional Bean Trial coordinator: compiled and summarized data (ID, WA, CO, and NE). A M.Sc. student is testing lines coming from the drought selection project for Rhizoctonia solani resistance.

Maryland (Talo Pastor-Corrales): He developed cultivars with Mark Brick and Carlos Urrea and released one line with resistance to rust, ABC-Weihing. Mark Brick's 1st pinto has 1 or 2 genes, Ur-11. Talo is doing conversion with Carlos and Idaho. Pintos with resistance genes may have 2-3 additional genes. He is working with Phil Griffiths and Tim Porch on heat tolerance and genes for resistance. CBDN was tested for bean rust.

Puerto Rico (Tim Porch): He is doing some shuttle breeding work with Nebraska; some reds, pintos, navies, and blacks look good. They have additional material to cross (wild) besides the bean classes. Some lines came through root rot and CBB as well. Additional lines are black, heat tolerant and drought tolerant from backcrosses. Over 2,000 M4 EMS mutagenized lines have been generated in the BAT 93 genetic background and TILLING protocols are being tested and optimized with several gene specific primers.

Puerto Rico (Jim Beaver): The light red kidney bean variety 'Badillo' was released by the UPR Ag. Research Extension and TARS/USDA. Badillo has BCMV and common blight resistance. White and pinto lines have been developed that combine resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV, and rust. Bean breeding lines with enhanced resistance to web blight have been developed. Resistance to common blight is conferred by a single dominant gene. During the past year, 2891 been breeding lines from MSU, UNL, NDSU, and USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in a winter nursery.

Colorado State (Mark Brick and Howard Schwartz): Mark participated in the MRPN.
Results from genetic studies on resistance to white mold revealed that genes for white mold resistance from common and scarlet runner bean can be combined to provide high levels of resistance and validated that marker assisted selection should improve white mold resistance. We completed development of a breeding population to introgress genes for white mold resistance into adapted pinto germplasm (USPT-WM 1), and started to phenotype and genotype the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. CO 29258 has decent architecture, Ur-11, is pretty susceptible to CBB and doesn't yield. It prefers sand hills, and narrow rows. During 2009, the western network of more than 35 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 60 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 9 U.S. states, 1 Mexican state, and 3 Canadian provinces from May to September for priority pests and diseases. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2009. However, other pests such as white mold, the bacterial blight complex, and various viruses were widely scattered and caused light to severe damage in selected sites.

Washington (Phil Miklas): They have characterized the Pse-2 gene for halo blight, did synteny work with soybean for linkage group 10, found resistance to 7 of 9 races with the recessive gene in some and the dominant gene in most, and a hypersensitivity response to race 3 and 4. For Pse-2 the resistance to races 3 and 4 is not associated with I gene. The Pse 3 locus has hypersensitivity to halo blight, and there is not a break in linkage of I gene and this locus. They are starting a bacterial wilt project with Parthiba in Lethbridge and may see resistance which could be mapped. For white mold, they finished with 2 populations and QTLs mapped to the same loci as previous locations. They are moving Co-42 into Andean types; Co-5 into Durango types. They are working with slow darkening pinto using the UV light test. Some lines are too light and dont have enough contrast for the commercial industry. Phil Miklas and Rich Larsen finished clover yellow vein testing using the bc-3 gene. They found a recombinant with eif4-e but not bc-3 using a marker. This marker is public. The bc-12 gene is linked to peanut mottle. They finished up QTLs for B-6 and b-7 for curly top. They may combine the QTL with a major gene and look at testing with Shrees viruluferous leafhoppers. They are continuing CBB interaction studies. They worked with Deidre Fourie using lines with SU91 and BC20 separately, or none, and experienced no yield drag in low disease environment. Talo stated that halo blight is increasing in Nebraska, North Dakota, Colorado and lots of places (including Wyoming). Phil Miklas is characterizing genes, and he needs someone to test to see if they are the same or different. The Wyoming strain is destroying Andean types.

Idaho (Shree Singh): Idaho had a lot of snow on October 4, 2009 but he was able to harvest everything. The white mold in the greenhouse was fine but the field didnt have white mold. Shree is working on white mold resistance with P. coccineus resistance background. In some interspecifics, the white mold resistance looks good. The Othello interspecifics don't look good (may be due to the combining ability). Shree is collaborating with Prosser, WA on resistance to leafhopper carrying BCTV with BGYMV (Bgm-1 gene). Halo blight in Wyoming could affect seed certification.

Oregon (Jim Myers): OSU 5630 is out with the processors, no particular problems seen. White mold breeding is still the main objective with the Bush Blue Lake types. Miles Barrett finished pyramiding G122 resistance into BBL material but it was not better than NY6020, because G122 and NY6020 have the same QTLs. Jim Nienhuis group reported that in a G122 derived population, a B8 QTL in addition to the T Phaseolin (B7 QTL) group had the highest scores. NY6020 works well in snaps, G122 in dry beans. Miles Barrett did an association mapping study with markers and screening with the straw test. Two RAPD markers were significant but T phaseolin locus wasnt significant. Both markers were Mesoamerican in origin and while B18 is unmapped, C8 is on B6. The combined effect of the 2 markers is 1.6 units (sig) and the material is not known in snap white mold resistance. Preliminary data will be needed to follow up, and maybe do a straw test in/for BeanCap.

Michigan (Karen Cichy): She started there in July and got a lot of help from people in BIC. Karen would like to screen for low stachyose and use 8 lines with different class types for quality trait screening. Jim Kelly stated there is a black bean RIL with shiny and dull seed coat that could maybe be used to develop a map for the leaching trait. Someone asked does leaching affect antioxidants? Someone needs to look at the zinc deficiency gene and improve the related QTL mapping

Michigan (Jim Kelly): The MSU breeding program has moved to a new research farm, near Frankenmuth, MI which is more in a bean growing area. It has a lighter, true loam soil which produces good yields. Results from 2009 trials MRPN, Mark Bricks pintos look good. New MSU pinto which stays green until maturity and then drops leaves, stays upright, and has a true navy bean upright architecture yields well and is suited for direct harvest. With regards to anthracnose race 73, some growers replanted their own seed. They planted resistant fields next to susceptible, and brought back the anthracnose problem in 2009. The breeding program is close to having a Co-42 release variety for anthracnose resistance in navy and black bean. One MSU navy line was the only resistant line to the new Michigan rust, according to data from Talo.. They had rust in Michigan in 2007, but hardly any in 2008. In 2009, they saw more rust and some fields were 100% affected while others had almost none. The new race may have fitness/vitality issues. New vine cranberry line with type IIb or IIIa growth habit is under consideration for release. The line cans well as cranberry type, good quality, stands up, has the I gene, but is white mold susceptible. Some kidneys from Jim Beaver didnt have problems, and stood up well to white mold, providing adapted; new varieties: Zorro looked good, retains color (Condor parentage; CBB, I gene, lacks anthracnose resistance). 115M black is resistant to rust (Talo confirmed) and the resistance mapped to linkage group B4.

North Dakota (Juan Osorno): A new Stampede came out for purification of the Ur-11 gene. Rust is usually found in late material at the end of the cycle. They are finding it in commercial fields but it is not causing economic damage. Rubella found Fusarium specific high resistance in pintos and secondary root proliferation. Foundation seed fields in Wyoming had halo blight. There were symptoms on pods but not on the leaves (which isn't normal), mainly in pintos. They now have a canning facility at NDSU; Jim Kelly and his group helped set up the protocols. The 1st run was 2 weeks ago. They could collaborate on canning, once protocol is developed.
A student showed the results of direct harvesting vs. windrows. Theyre doing drought tolerance studies with Tim Porch, Carlos Urrea, and Mark Brick. They have bacterial blight pressure every year in North Dakota. Last year with fuel costs, direct harvest was better. 50% of growers direct harvest with pintos and undercut.

North Dakota (Rubella Goswami): She received an email from Dr. Berlin Nelson, wanting to do a collaborative project on SCN resistance because of soybean. Berlin needs germplasm to screen. If you have anything for screening for root rot, contact Rubella.

Election of new Secretary for 2010: Rubella Goswami was elected as a W1150 secretary for 2010.

W-1150 site for Feb 2011: Mark Brick moved for Tucson, AZ with Judy Brown; Jim Meyers 2nd, the motion passed.

Mark Brick moved to close the meeting, Shree Singh 2nd the motion, and we adjourned at 5:01 PM.

Accomplishments

Milestone Accomplishments<br /> (2009): To develop and release new cultivars and breeding lines resistant to curly top, bean golden mosaic, common and halo bacterial blights, Fusarium root rot and wilt, rust, and/or white mold by 2010, identification of new sources of resistance, inheritance of resistance, including identification and tagging of resistance alleles and QTL, needs to be completed by 2009. Also by 2009, most of crossing or population developments, and early generation selections should be accomplished; and state, regional and national testing of new breeding lines initiated.<br /> Cultivars/ Germplasm<br /> Two upright early maturing pinto breeding lines were developed by University of Idaho, IPO8-1 and IP08-2. IP08-1 is susceptible to bean rust and IP08-2 was resistant to BCMV and bean common rust. IP08-2 was susceptible to white mold in greenhouse test. Nine lines from the Idaho Dry Bean Trial (IDBT), comprising 49 pinto breeding lines and check cultivars, were selected for further evaluations. Fifteen F1s and 11 F2s populations were screened under low soil fertility conditions at Kimberly. Approximately 700 individual plant selections were made for further evaluations.<br /> <br /> The light red kidney bean variety 'Badillo' was released by the UPR Ag. Research Extension and TARS/USDA. 'Badillo' has BCMV and common blight resistance. The release and adoption of this cultivar should improve seed quality of light red beans produced in Puerto Rico and other countries in the Caribbean. White and pinto lines have been developed that combine resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV, and rust. Bean breeding lines with enhanced resistance to web blight have been developed. Resistance to common blight is conferred by a single dominant gene.<br /> <br /> Germplasm from the core collections and elite lines and cultivars from U.S. breeding programs were tested under drought in these same locations. Superior lines from the shuttle breeding program are being considered for release. Advanced lines with root rot and CBB resistance and tolerance to low fertility, resulting from two cycles of recurrent selection, were evaluated in under root rot and CBB pressure in Geneva, New York. These lines will continue to be evaluated for potential release. Several kidney germplasm lines will be released for heat tolerance that have been evaluated under high night temperatures in the greenhouse (Cornell) and under high daytime temperatures in Juana Diaz, PR. Several black bean lines with CBB, heat, and drought tolerance are being considered for release. <br /> <br /> The confirmation of moderate resistance in bean seed classes for Nebraska allows breeding for white mold resistance combined with resistance to other diseases in agronomically superior bean lines. The discovery of a new race of bean rust in NE as well as MI and ND challenges recently released rust resistant bean varieties that are now susceptible. Elite NE germplasm and recent GN release Coyne have 2-3 resistance genes and are resistant to the new race. Genes for drought and heat tolerance, bacterial wilt resistance, and common bacterial wilt resistance are being introgressed into elite NE germplasm. Nine elite lines (5 great northern and 4 pinto) were tested in growers fields and had better yield than the local great northern (Orion, Marquis and Beryl-R) and pintos (Poncho and Othello). <br /> <br /> Most of the acreage grown by the snap bean industry in Oregon is OR 91G but a recent release, OSU 5630 now occupies about 1/3 of the acreage. OSU 5630 is showing about a one T/A yield advantage, and has better uniformity and quality than OR 91G. An advanced breeding line, OSU 6443 is being considered for release. It has about ½ T/A higher yield advantage over OSU 5630, and possesses very high quality pods and a significantly better growth habit. Pyramiding of the G122 Pv7 and the NY6020 Pv8 QTL is a short term goal in achieving white mold resistant BBL green bean cultivars. The Pv7 QTL was backcrossed into a BBL background while breaking the linkage with seed color. The NY6020 Pv8 QTL was introduced through a single cross.<br /> High levels of CBB resistance in black, navy, pinto, red and great northern market classes have been identified in Michigan. With few exceptions the highest-yielding entries in all tests had the highest levels of CBB resistance. Yields were favorable despite the disease pressure and averaged 24-31 cwt/acre and the best lines exceeded 35 cwt/acre. Trials at Montcalm were severely damaged by white mold in 2009 and yields reflected damage due to the disease. The cranberry beans were the most susceptible followed by kidneys, but certain lines that showed more tolerance were identified. One family in particular had significantly less white mold and this was reflected in high yields equivalent to 50% higher than the commercial check (30 cwt/acre versus 20 cwt/acre). Certified seed was produced of three new varieties, Zorro black, Santa Fe pinto, and Fuji otebo bean in 2009.<br /> Germplasm exchange has been facilitated by some regional trials such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN), the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), and the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT).<br /> National Testing: 20 cultivars and advanced breeding lines from seven breeders, including two checks, representing four market classes(12 pinto, 4 black, 3 navy, and 1 otebo), entered into the 2009 CDBN. Data collected from 10 locations (CA, CO, MI, MT, ND, NE, NY, ON, WA, WY) showed Lariat pinto, Eclipse black, and Lightning navy bean, to have the highest yields for the respective market classes. Half of the entries exhibited resistance to rust in the ARS Beltsville field disease nursery. <br /> Regional Testing: Twenty-one and 29 cultivars and lines were tested into the WRBT and the MRPN, respectively. In the WRBT grown at Fort Collins, CO; Mitchell, NE; and Othello and Prosser, WA, NE1-08-29 and PT7-2 had the highest yield across locations for the great northern and pinto bean classes, respectively. In the MRPN tested at Hatton, ND; Mitchell, NE; Frankenmuth, MI; and Fort Collins, CO, NE1-08-29 and CO 34142 had the highest across locations for the great northern and pinto bean classes, respectively. <br /> Seventeen white mold field/greenhouse tests were conducted at 11 locations by cooperators in 2008-09. Every location now uses the same protocol for rating the greenhouse straw test screening method. Use of the CIAT disease reaction scale in field nurseries also provides more informative results for bean breeders and pathologists, and it allows screening field sites with low infection to be identified.<br /> Colorado State University coordinated the IPM Legume PIPE western network of sentinel plots throughout the western U.S. (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming), Mexico (Sonora) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan) to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust (SBR), common rust, root rots, the soybean aphid (SBA), legume viruses (e.g., Bean common mosaic, Alfalfa mosaic, Beet curly top), white mold and common bacterial blight. During 2009, the western network of more than 35 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 60 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 9 U.S. states, 1 Mexican state, and 3 Canadian provinces from May to September for priority pests and diseases. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2009. However, other pests such as white mold, the bacterial blight complex, and various viruses were widely scattered and caused light to severe damage in selected sites. Timely reporting in the west also allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants, insurance adjustors and growers regarding disease and insect pest status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide or insecticide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment and food supply.<br /> <br /> QTL<br /> Results from genetic studies and QTL for resistance to white mold revealed that genes for white mold resistance from common and scarlet runner bean can be combined to provide high levels of resistance and validated that marker assisted selection should improve white mold resistance. Development of a breeding population was completed to introgress genes for white mold resistance into adapted pinto germplasm (USPT-WM 1), and started to phenotype and genotype the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population.<br /> <br /> Utility of molecular markers for facilitating introgression of CBB resistance into various common bean market classes was investigated. A cross was made between two dark red kidney breeding lines DRK 27 (white/lilac striped [wl] flowers, lighter seed color, intermediate response to CBB and lacks BC420) and DRK 26 (purple [P] flowers, a darker seed color, resistant response to CBB and has BC420). The F1 had lilac (L) flower color, the darker seed color, a resistant response to CBB and the BC420 marker. In the F2 and F3, all plants with P or L flower color had the darker seed color and the BC420 marker, indicating no recombination among these traits. Most plants with wl flower color had the lighter seed color, an intermediate response to CBB and lacked BC420. However, in the F3, three plants were found with wl flowers, the lighter seed color, a resistant CBB response, but lacked BC420. This is consistent with transgressive segregation of an unlinked CBB QTL, which could be very useful in breeding for CBB resistance in market classes with light colored seed coats.<br /> <br /> Preliminary field trials in S. Africa tested the yield drag effects from deployment of SU91 and BC420 QTL into Teebus white bean. Under high disease pressure SU91 QTL had the most positive effect on yield. Under low disease pressure BC420 QTL exhibited slight yield drag, and also a negative effect on canning quality.<br /> <br /> Major QTLs associated with A. euteiches, F. oxysporum, F. solani, P. ultimum, and R. solani are independent, indicating that it may be possible to use molecular markers to pyramid resistance to all five soil borne pathogens tested in the Eagle x Puebla 152 RIL population.<br /> <br /> The population OR 91G/PI25596 (115 lines) was characterized phenotypically in the greenhouse and field, and genotypically with 98 SSR and 59 AFLP markers. The linkage map consisted of 11 linkage groups that corresponded to 9 of the 11 core map linkage groups. Composite Interval Mapping revealed QTL on Pv2, Pv6 and Pv9 that collectively explained 34.7% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL on Pv2 and Pv6 were also associated with resistance in the straw test and explained 18.6% of phenotypic variation. Pv1, Pv5, and Pv8 were not represented in this population and a high level of segregation distortion was observed. A number of polymorphic SSRs were unlinked, and based on their position on the bean consensus map, we infer that large regions of the linkage groups had reverted to common bean. The Pv2 and Pv9 QTL are located near markers that are in chromosome regions associated with WM resistance QTL in common bean. We identified eight BCIB lines that have WM resistance levels statistically similar to partially resistant common bean checks G122, NY6020, and Ex Rico over three field seasons.<br /> For white mold, DNA synteny between P. vulgaris and G. max was leveraged for fine mapping QTL conditioning resistance to white mold in common bean. The QTL on LG7 and LG8, appear to be homologous with QTL in soybean on chromosomes Gm17 and Gm02, respectively. Interaction studies for QTL on LG2, 7, and 8, in inbred line populations revealed that a combination of QTL only gave a slight increase in level of resistance in the straw test compared to the level of effect for individual QTL. <br /> For potyvirus, preliminary studies revealed that the bc-12 locus conditioning resistance to BCMV was associated with resistance to Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV). <br /> Over 2,000 M4 EMS mutagenized lines have been generated in the BAT 93 genetic background and TILLING protocols are being tested and optimized with several gene specific primers.<br /> (2009): To enhance consumer acceptance of beans and promote new bean products by 2010, the laboratory, preclinical, and clinical trials needed for the identification of health benefits associated with beans and the bean constituents responsible for these benefits need to be finished, and necessary food processing technologies made available by 2009.<br /> Research on the health benefits of beans was published that confirmed that beans in the diets of laboratory animals had a significant effect on reducing the incidence severity of mammary cancer. Furthermore, dosage levels of dry beans in the diet of laboratory animals suggest a linear response for protection against mammary cancer. This information should enhance the consumption of dry beans and reduce the incidence of chronic disease.<br /> Rapid fermentation of oligosaccharides 3-5 hr after eating beans is the primary cause of flatus during that time period, but oligosaccharides account for less than 50% of the gas produced in the large intestine when beans are consumed. Fermentation of bean fiber accounts for more than 50% of the gas associated with eating beans. An experiment was designed to determine if feeding bean oligosaccharides reduce colon cancer. The colon cancer incidence was higher in the group of rats fed the extract containing oligosaccharides than in the group fed the extract with hydrolyzed oligosaccharides. Thus, bean oligosaccharides do not help prevent colon cancer and bean breeding or food processing techniques to reduce or eliminate oligosaccharides would not expected to reduce the anti-colon cancer activity associated with eating beans.<br /> A new canning facility is being conditioned at NDSU in order to provide canning tests not only to the NDSU dry bean breeding program, but to other institutions interested.<br />

Publications

2009 W-1150 Publications:<br /> <br /> Barrett, M. 2009. Marker assisted selection and transfer of white mold QTL into snap beans. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.<br /> <br /> Barrett, M., J. Davis, S. Zimmerman and J.R. Myers. 2009. Pyramiding QTL conditioning partial resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum into a bush blue lake green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) background. (abstract) HortSci. 44:1144-1145.<br /> <br /> Bassett, M. J., and P. N. Miklas. 2009. Blue pattern flower in common bean expressed by <br /> interaction of Prpi-2 with a new gene tbp. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 134:423-427.<br /> <br /> Beaver, J.S., and J.M. Osorno. 2009. Achievements and limitations of contemporary common bean breeding using conventional and molecular approaches. Euphytica 168:145-176.<br /> <br /> Bewley, M. 2009. Winning the rust race. AgWeek. 25:9<br /> <br /> Cichy, K.A., M. W. Blair, C. H. Galeno-Mendoza, S. S. Snapp, and J. D. Kelly. 2009. QTL analysis of root architecture traits and low phosphorus tolerance in an Andean bean population. Crop Sci. 49:59-68. <br /> <br /> Davis, J., J.R. Myers, P. McClean, and R. Lee. 2009. STAYGREEN is a Candidate for the Persistent Color (pc) in Common Bean. Bean Improv. Coop. Biennial Meeting, Ft. Collins, CO, Oct. 25-28, 2009.<br /> <br /> Davis, J., J.R. Myers, P. McClean, and R. Lee. 2009. Staygreen (sgr), a candidate gene for the persistent color phenotype in common bean. Acta Hort (in press).<br /> <br /> Dorcinvil, R., A. Ramirez, D. Sotomayor, and J.S. Beaver. 2009. Performance of dry bean lines in a low N soil in Puerto Rico. Annu. Rept. Bean Coop. 52:124-125.<br /> <br /> Gambhir, A., R.S. Lamppa, J.B. Rasmussen, and R.S. Goswami. 2009. Fusarium species associated with root rot of dry beans in North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science. 63:46. <br /> <br /> Goswami, R.S., A. Gambhir, Y.W. Chang, R.S. Lamppa. 2009. Dry edible bean pathogens prevalent in North Dakota with special emphasis on root rots. Proceedings of the Twentieth Biennial meeting of The Bean Improv. Coop. pp32 Fort Collins, CO Oct 25-28. <br /> <br /> Goswami, R.S., R.S. Lamppa, A. Gambhir, and S.G. Markell. 2009. Assessment of foliar and root pathogens of dry beans currently prevalent in North Dakota. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52: 98-99. <br /> <br /> Hergert, M. 2009. Breeding breakthrough. Northarvest Bean Grower Mag. 15:6-7.<br /> Kelly, J.D., G.V.Varner, P. OBoyle, and B. Long. 2009. Registration of Zorro black bean. J. Plant Reg. 3:226-230. <br /> <br /> Kelly, J.D., G.V.Varner, B. Roman, and B. Long. 2009. Registration of Fuji Otebo bean. J. Plant Reg. 3:223-225. <br /> <br /> Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, and C.L. Sprague. 2009. Zorro. A new black bean for Michigan. Ext. Bull. E-3069. <br /> <br /> Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, and C.L. Sprague. 2009. Santa Fe. A new pinto bean for Michigan. Ext. Bull. E-3070. <br /> <br /> Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, and C.L. Sprague. 2009. Fuji. New Otebo (Tebo) bean for Michigan. Ext. Bull. E-3071. <br /> <br /> Lamppa, R.S., Y.W.Chang, S.G. Markell, F.M. Mathew, and R.S. Goswami. 2009. Potential ability of bacterial blight pathogens to move between soybean and dry edible bean. Proceedings of the Twentieth Biennial meeting of The Bean Improv. Coop. pp42 Fort Collins, CO Oct 25-28.<br /> <br /> Markell, S., and R. Goswami. 2009. Dry bean rust found in ND. Northarvest Bean Grower. Vol. 15, Issue 1.Winter 2009. pp. 11.<br /> <br /> Markell, S.G, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, and R.S. Goswami. 2009. Virulence of Uromyces appendiculatus to the resistance gene ur-3 identified in North Dakota in 2008. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52: 82-83.<br /> <br /> Markell, S.G., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, and R.S. Goswami. 2009. Virulence of Uromyces appendiculatus to the resistance gene Ur-3 identified in North Dakota. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:82-83.<br /> <br /> McCoy, S., and J.R. Steadman. 2009. Use of Multi-Site Screening to Identify Partial Resistance to White Mold in Common Bean in 2008. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:158-159.<br /> <br /> Mentor-Marcel, R.A., G. Bobe, K. Barret, M.R. Young, P.S. Albert, M.R. Bennink, E. Lanza, and N.H. Colburn. 2009. Inflammation-associated serum and colon markers as indicators of dietary attenuation of colon carcinogenesis in ob/ob mice. Cancer Prev. Res. 2(1):60-69.<br /> <br /> Miklas, P.N., Y.-S. Seo, and R.L. Gilbertson. 2009. Quantitative resistance to Bean dwarf mosaic virus in common bean is associated with the Bct gene for resistance to Beet curly top virus. Plant Dis. 93:645-648. <br /> <br /> Myers, J.R. 2009. Transfer and characterization white mold resistance from Phaseolus coccineus into P. vulgaris. 2009 Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting Bloomington, MN January 21-23, 2009. (http://www.whitemoldresearch.com/files/2009AnnualMeeting01.pdf). <br /> <br /> Navarro, F.M. M.E. Sass, and J. Nienhuis. 2009. Marker-facilitated selection for a major QTL associated with root rot resistance in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Crop Sci. 49:850-866.<br /> <br /> Newell, M.A., M.A. Brick, P.F. Byrne, H.F. Schwartz, B. Gilmore, J. Myers. 2009. QTL for white mold resistance in an interspecific backcross dry bean population. 2009 Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting Bloomington, MN January 21-23, 2009. (http://www.whitemoldresearch.com/files/2009AnnualMeeting01.pdf). <br /> <br /> Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, J.B. Rasmussen, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, J.R. Gelin JR, and A.J. Vander-Wal. 2009. Release of Eclipse black bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:160-161.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K., S. McCoy, and J.R. Steadman. 2009. Improvement in screening for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean through characterization of the pathogen. 14th International Sclerotinia Workshop. Wilmington, NC. May 31  June 4, 2009. Abstract 13.<br /> <br /> Otto-Hanson, L.K., J. R. Steadman, and S. McCoy. 2009. Multi-site screening for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: A successful approach to identifying resistance in dry and snap beans. 14th International Sclerotinia Workshop. Wilmington, NC. May 31  June 4, 2009. Abstract 27.<br /> <br /> Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.D. Kelly, S.G. Markell, E.M. Wright, H.E. Awale, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, and R.S Goswami. 2009. New races of the bean rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. 20th biennial meeting of the Bean Improv. Coop. Oct. 25-28. Hilton Garden Inn, Fort Collins CO.<br /> <br /> Porch, T.G., M.W. Blair, P. Lariguet, C. Galeano, C.E. Pankhurst, and W.J. Broughton. 2009. Generation of a mutant population for TILLING common bean genotype BAT 93. J. of the Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci 134:348-355. <br /> <br /> Porch, T.G., V.H. Ramirez, D. Santana, and E.W. Harmsen. 2009. Evaluation of common bean for drought tolerance in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. J. of Agr. and Crop Sci. 195:328-334.<br /> <br /> Sass, M.E., R.L. Groves, and J. Nienhuis. 2009. Management of seed corn maggot for organic snap bean production. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:142-143<br /> <br /> Ronquillo-Lopez, M.G. 2009. Characterization of field-based resistance to specific root rot and wilt pathogens in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). M.S. Thesis, Plant Breeding & Plant Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI<br /> <br /> Schild, J., B. Hawley, and C. Urrea. 2009. 2008 dry edible variety trials, Scottsbluff and Mitchell Ag Labs. The Bean Bag 27(1): 6, 11, 12, 14, and 15.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F. 2009. Bacterial wilt of common bean. pp. 182-184. In T.A. Coutinho, S.N. Venter, T. Goszczynska, and C.L. Lennox (eds) Bacterial Diseases of Plants in South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa.<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F., M.A.C. Langham, J. Golod, S.A. Tolin, J. LaForest, and K.F. Cardwell. 2009. Legume ipmPIPE  The next evolution of web-based interactive tools for disease management and extension outreach. APSnet - http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/ipmPIPE/<br /> <br /> Schwartz, H. F., K. Otto, M.A. Brick, and J.B. Ogg. 2009. Resistance to bacterial wilt in the Phaseolus core collection. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:68-69.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Teran, H.F. Schwartz, K. Otto, and M. Lema. 2009. White mold-resistant interspecific common bean germplasm lines VCW 54 and VCW 55. J. of Plant Reg. 3:191-197.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Teran, H.F. Schwartz, K. Otto, and M. Lema. 2009. Introgressing white mold resistance from two Phaseolus species of the secondary gene pool into common bean. Crop Sci. 49:1629-1637.<br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Teran, C.G. Munoz-Perea, M. Lema, M. Dennis, R. Hayes, R. Parrott, K. Mulberry, D. Fullmer, and J. Smith. 2009. Dry bean landrace and cultivar performance in stressed and non-stressed organic and conventional production systems. Crop Sci. 49:1859-1866. <br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Teran, H.F. Schwartz, K. Otto, M. Lema. 2009. Introgressing white mold resistance from Phaseolus species of the secondary gene pool into common bean. Crop Sci. 49:1629-1637. <br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Teran, H.F. Schwartz, K. Otto, and M. Lema. 2009. White mold resistant interspecific common bean germplasm lines VCW 54 and VCW 55. J. Plant Reg. 3:191-197. <br /> <br /> Singh, S.P., H. Teran, and S. Beaver. 2009. Scarlet runner bean germplasm accessions G 35006 and G 35172 possess resistance to multiple diseases of common bean. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:22-23.<br /> <br /> Tako, E., R.P. Glahn, J. M. Laparra, R.M. Welch, X. Lei, J.D. Kelly, M.A. Rutzke and D.D. Miller. 2009. Iron and zinc bioavailabilities to pigs from red and white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are similar. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 31343140.<br /> <br /> Teran, H., and S.P. Singh. 2009. Response to gamete selection for resistance to white mold in common bean. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:20-21. <br /> <br /> Teran, H., and S.P. Singh. 2009. Efficacy of three greenhouse screening methods for identification of physiological resistance to white mold in dry bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89:755-762.<br /> <br /> Teran, H., and S.P. Singh. 2009. Gamete selection for improving physiological resistance to white mold in common bean. Euphytica 167:271-280.<br /> <br /> Teran, H., M. Lema, D. Webster, and S.P. Singh. 2009. 75 Years of breeding pinto bean for resistance to diseases in the United States. Euphytica 167:341-351.<br /> <br /> Thomas, J.A., C.A. Urrea, R.M. Harveson, and K. Nielsen 2009. Identification of sources of bacterial wilt resistance in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The Bean Improv. Coop. P-36: 44.<br /> <br /> Thompson, M.D, M.A. Brick, J.N. McGinley, and H.J. Thompson. 2009. Chemical Composition and Mammary Cancer Inhibitory Activity of Dry Bean. Crop Sci. 49:179186.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., J.R. Steadman, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, D.T. Lindgren, and J.P Venegas. 2009. Registration of great northern common bean cultivar Coyne with enhanced disease resistance to common bacterial blight and bean rust. J. Plant Reg. 3:219-222.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., Porch T. 2009. Phenotypic evaluation of a subset of the Phaseolus vulgaris core collections and the P. acutifolius germplasm collection, and advanced common bean lines for drought tolerance in Nebraska. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:104-105.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., C.D. Yonts, D.J. Lyon, and A.E. Koehler. 2009. Selection for drought resistance in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from the Mesoamerican gene pool in western Nebraska. Crop Sci. 49(6):2005-2010.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., J. Steadman, M. Pastor-Corrales, D. Lindgren, and J.P. Venegas. 2009. Registration<br /> of great northern common bean cultivar Coyne with enhanced disease resistance to common bacterial blight and bean rust. J. of Plant Reg. 3:1-4.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., and T.Porch. 2009. Phenotypic evaluation of a subset of the Phaseolus vulgaris core collections and the P. acutifolius. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52: 104-105.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., C. Dean Yonts, D.L. Lyon, and A. E. Koehler. 2009. Selection for drought tolerance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from Mesoamerican race in western Nebraska. The Bean Bag 27(1): 18 and 21.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A. 2009. 2008 Mother and baby trials. The Bean Bag 27(1): 21.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., J.R. Steadman, and A. Koehler. 2009. 2008 Mother and baby results revealed. Star-Herald. Jan 18: 1-2.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A. 2009. Drought tolerant seeds: whats the future?. Star-Herald. April 19: 1.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C..A., C. Dean Yonts, J. Smith, and a. Koehler. 2009. Beans in limited irrigation, compaction studies under way. Star-Herald. May 31:1 and 4.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., J.R. Steadman, D.T. Lindgren, and R.M. Harveson. 2009. Multiple disease resistance, high performance, exotic dry bean germplasm the goal in western dry bean research. Star-Herald June 7: 2.<br /> <br /> Urrea, C.A., C. Dean Yonts, and J. Smith, 2009. Effect of soil compaction and irrigation in dry bean production. The Bean Improv. Coop. O-07: 20. Bean Improv. Coop. Biennial Meeting, Ft. Collins, CO, Oct. 25-28, 2009.<br /> <br /> Vallejo, V., and J. D. Kelly. 2009. New insights into the anthracnose resistance of common bean landrace G 2333. The Open Horticulture J. 2:29-33. <br /> <br /> Vandemark, G. J,D. Fourie, R.C. Larsen, and P.N. Miklas. 2009. Resistance to common bacterial blight in red kidney and pinto bean populations is conditioned by the QTL SU91 in the presence or absence of QTL SAP6. Euphytica 170:371-381.<br /> <br /> Zapata M., Beaver J., Porch T. 2009. Testing the model for a dominant resistance gene expressed on leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris F2 (0313-58 x Rosada Nativa) to the common bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:72-73.<br /> <br /> Zimmerman, S.J., J.R. Myers, M. Barrett, J.E. Haggard, and B. Gilmore. 2009. Progress in Breeding for White Mold Resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris at Oregon State University. Bean Improv. Coop. Biennial Meeting, Ft. Collins, CO, Oct. 25-28, 2009.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Timely reporting on soybean rust and other pest and disease monitoring in the west allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes (e.g., 25,000 irrigated acres in eastern Colorado) were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide which provided economic benefits (1 to 1.25 million dollars based on an applied fungicide cost of 20 to 25 dollars per acre) to growers and reduced chemical exposure (12,500 pounds at 8 oz per acre) to the environment and food supply.
2. Pinto bean cultivars released by Colorado State University that possess that possess multiple pest resistance and high yield potential have increased per acre production and reduced the need for costly and environmentally damaging pesticides.
3. Common bacterial blight is a very important diseases and negatively impacts yield and seed quality. Introgression of CBB resistance in to common bean market classes, such as DRK, will reduce losses due to the disease and reduce growers&lsquo; costs, by eliminating seed treatments or having to grow seed in arid environments.
4. Identification of white mold, bean rust and common blight resistance in common bean germplasm and eventual adapted high-yielding varieties will reduce costs of production for growers. The research generates data for the NE breeding program and improved germplasm for the USA which provides new and broader resistance to plant diseases for reduced input and stable yields for bean producers to be competitive with energy crops. The shuttle breeding programs expedite progress because two generations are evaluated in one year. Most lines carry drought (evaluated at UNL) and heat (evaluated at USDA-TARS) tolerance and some root rot resistance. GN Coyne released in 2008 continues performing well. It&lsquo;s resistant to common blight and bean common rust. Foundation seed increase is under way.
5. Several thousand pounds of Foundation seed of newly released cultivars Kimberly, Sawtooth, and Shoshone was sold again to dry bean producers and processors in Idaho in 2009. Seed of these cultivars and slow darkening breeding line was distributed to public and private researchers nationwide for use in further genetics and breeding studies.
6. Morales has become the most popular white-seeded bean cultivar in PR. More than 10,000 lbs of Morales was produced at the Isabela substation. The guide containing recommendations for bean production in Puerto Rico is available to farmers, extensionists and students at the http://academic.uprm.edu/jbeaver/

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