Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/08/2005] [03/07/2006] [03/30/2008]

Report Information

Participants

Pardini, Ron - Administrative Adviser
Jenkins, Tom - Clemson University
Beitz, Don - Iowa State University
Fellner, Vivek - North Carolina State University
Schingoethe, Dave - South Dakota State University
Baumgard, Lance - University of Arizona
Dhiman, Tilak - Utah State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

· The meeting was called to order at 8:00 am by Vivek Fellner.
· Don Beitz motioned that Vivek Fellner be promoted from Secretary to Chair in the absence of Sharon Franklin. Tom Jenkins seconded the motion, and it was unanimously approved.
· Dave Schingoethe motioned that Lance Baumgard replace Vivek Fellner as Secretary for the January 2005 meeting and assume the Chair responsibilities for the 2006 meeting. Don Beitz seconded the motion, and it was unanimously approved.
· Moved by Dhiman and 2nd by Don Beitz to approve the minutes from the 2004 meeting. Approved unanimously.
· Tom Jenkins led the discussion regarding low attendance at 2005 meeting and indicated that an accurate list of actual active members (minus retirees, non-active member, etc.) be generated. There was inclement weather across much of the country that may have prevented some from attending. Other topics discussed were to develop guidelines for notification of dates, types of notification (email, letter etc.) of meeting as it was thought that the late notice might have kept people from attending the last two years. David Schingoethe indicated that an updated/current email list be generated, and Tom Jenkins volunteered to generate that for the Committee.
· Tom Jenkins suggested having a party for Don Palmquist at the 2005 ADSA annual meeting, similar to the party Don Beitz organized for Henry Tyrrell last year. Tom Jenkins mentioned that maybe a symposium in his honor might be appropriate, but it was deemed too late to get that organized. Don Beitz volunteered to organize a social gathering for Don Palmquist at the 2005 ADSA annual meeting. Tom Jenkins volunteered to help Don Beitz in this endeavor. Tilak Dhiman indicated that he would check for possible funding sources.
· Moved by Jenkins and 2nd by Schingoethe to make Don Beitz the organizer for the Don Palmquist reception. Unanimously approved.
· Ron Pardini, administrative advisor for W-1181, was invited by the committee to provide an update on his research activities. Using athymic mice and a series of experiments, theyve discovered that DHA is the active FA in fish oil that contains the anticarcinogenic activity.
· The group worked on modifying/editing the Impact Statement, which was originally drafted by Ron Pardini. Ron Pardini agreed to send the revised Impact Statement to the entire W-1181 to be modified/edited.
· Again, the discussion centered on what changes were necessary in order to get more involvement from other members. Moving the meetings to other locations was brought up, but the low cost of getting to Reno and cheap accommodations makes it a tough place to compete with. Moving the meeting to a different time of year was also discussed. The group thinks the primary issue is timing of notification and continuous reminding via email/phone call etc& The discussion was tabled until next year, so a larger group could help decide these issues.
· Moved by Baumgard and 2nd by Beitz, that next years meeting be on Thursday and Friday January 5th and 6th, respectively. Unanimously approved.

Station Reports:

Lance Baumgard  The University of Arizona: Research was presented indicating that genetic selection for milk yield has not altered milk fatty acid profiles. Data from two dietary vitamin E trials were presented and results indicate that vitamin E (10,000-16,000 IU/d) has little or no effect on milk fatty acid profiles. Data from two CLA transition trials was presented and results indicate that CLA can induce milk fat depression immediately postpartum in TMR and pasture fed cows, but that a larger dose of CLA is required compared to established lactation.

Don Beitz  Iowa State University: Data were presented from an on-going trial where milk was sampled from farms differing in the level of pasture grazing intensity. Results indicate that milk yield is inversely proportional and milk fat CLA content is positively correlated with increasing levels of pasture intensity. Experiments are planned utilizing the dairy-derived food products from the aforementioned experiment.

Vivek Fellner  North Carolina State University: Data were presented from a study with lactating cows fed a TMR including switchgrass silage as the main source of forage. Treatments consisted of similar TMR ingredients with different switchgrass silages selected for yield or digestibility. Experiment was designed to monitor changes in milk composition using a 3 d and a 10 d feeding interval. Compared to control, milk yield, dry matter intake and MUN of cows fed the switchgrass diets dropped within 3 d and remained low at 10 d. Total trans C18:1 in milk decreased by d 3 and remained unchanged at d 10. The content of cis-9, trans-11 decreased and the content of trans-10, cis-12 increased and the effect seemed to be greater at 10 d.

Tom Jenkins  Clemson University: Data were presented indicating that oleic acid biohydrogenation results in numerous trans-monoenes and 10-hydroxy and 10-keto stearic acids and that the conversion was reduced under low pH and dilution rate conditions. Results were also presented showing that EPA and DHA were biohydrogenated and suggests that DHA is the fatty acid in fish oil that promotes TVA accumulation.

David Schingoethe  South Dakota State University: Research evaluating the effects of linseed or fish oil in combination with sunflower seeds was presented. Results indicate that feeding sunflower seeds with fish oil increased milk production and the CLA and TVA content.

Tilak Dhiman  Utah State University: Data were presented indicating that calcium salts of fish oil fed alone or in combination with soybean products increased the CLA and n-3 fatty acid content compared to controls and these effects didnt change consumer acceptability characteristics of the milk or cheese. Results from a different project indicate that consumer acceptability of CLA-enriched dairy products are similar to those products containing normal CLA levels. In addition, results from a third study indicate that CLA levels are higher from farms that utilize some grazing practices and that individual cow CLA variation is higher on pasture than when fed a TMR.

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Characterize the regulation of milk fat synthesis.<br /> · Data with lactating cows were used to determine the ability of whole-body long-chain fatty acid balance to reflect changes in body energy storage.<br /> · Balance of C18 fatty acids was negative or zero for cows fed the control diet (no added fat).<br /> · Balance of C18 fatty acids was more positive for cows fed supplemental fat.<br /> · Calculated balance of C16 was positive at all times for cows supplemented with fat and negative at all times for control cows (no added fat).<br /> · Estimated adipose supply could not account for the shortfall in fatty acid output.<br /> · Genetic selection for milk yield has not altered milk fatty acid composition.<br /> · Feeding a mixture of soybean and marine algal oil increased milk fat content of ewes milk, in spite of large (> 2 fold) increases in trans-10 and trans-11 C18:1 concentration and increases in trans-10, cis-12 CLA concentration.<br /> · Regulation of milk fat by trans-10, cis-11 CLA involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for lipogenic enzymes.<br /> <br /> Objective 2. Enhance absorption of desired fatty acids for milk fat synthesis through manipulation of diet and lipid transformation by gut microorganisms.<br /> · Ruminal microbes convert oleic acid to a variety of trans monoenes.<br /> · In addition to trans monoenes, oleic acid carbon is the source of two additional peaks identified as 10-hydroxy stearic acid and 10-keto stearic acid.<br /> · Lowering ruminal pH and dilution rate reduced the conversion of oleic acid to the trans monoenes as well as to 10-hydroxy stearic acid and 10-keto stearic acid.<br /> · Addition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to ruminal cultures increased trans-C18:1 fatty acid accumulation and decreased C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6 biohydrogenation.<br /> · Biohydrogenation of docosahexaenoic acid leads to the accumulation of trans-C18:1.<br /> · Cows fed added fat in the form of sunflower seeds with or without linseed oil and fishoil produced more milk compared to cows fed no additional fat in the diet.<br /> · Feeding fish oil lowered milk fat percentage.<br /> · Sunflower seeds increased the concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 C18:1 and the increase was greater in the presence of fish oil.<br /> · Feeding n-3 a-linolenic acid (linseed oil) had no effect on milk CLA content when compared to feeding n-3 EPA (fish oil) fatty acid.<br /> · A year-round assessment of milk fatty acid composition indicated that CLA concentration is greatest (up to 4 folds) during the grazing months and lowest during the non-grazing time of the year.<br /> · Cows fed calcium salts of fish oil had greater CLA content in milk but similar trans-11 C18:1 when compared to control animals.<br /> · Feeding calcium salts of fish oil with extruded soybean meal or soybean oil increased milk CLA but to the same extent as feeding fish oil alone.<br /> · Milk trans-11 C18:1 was increased most when cows were fed a combination of fish oil and soybean meal.<br /> · Milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products had higher CLA and omega-3 fatty acids compared with milk from control cows.<br /> · The consumer acceptability attributes of CLA-enriched milk and cheese from cows grazing on pasture is similar to those of milk and cheese with low levels of CLA.<br /> · Variation in the CLA content between individual cows is greater when cows are grazing on pasture.<br /> · The content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA increased by 70% (3.4 vs 5.4 mg/g) from week 1 to week 16 of lactation.<br /> · Cis-9, trans-11 CLA content is closely associated with milk fat trans-11 C18:1 levels.<br /> · Supplemental vitamin E had little or no effect on milk fatty acid composition from TMR or pasture fed cows.<br /> · Pasture fed cows have little or no trans-10 C18:1 in milk and trans-11 C18:1 represents over 65% of the total trans monoenes from pasture fed cows.<br /> · A supplement of CLA can induce milk fat depression immediately postpartum but the dose required in early lactation is much higher than when compared to established lactation.<br /> · Total CLA concentration in milk fat is higher in ewes fed corn silage compared to alfalfa pellets as forage sources, and the increase in CLA concentration with supplemental oil is greater in the ewes fed corn silage.<br /> · In continuous culture fermentors, trans-11 C18:1 and CLA outflow is greater for fresh alfalfa than for alfalfa hay. <br /> · The addition of sucrose to alfalfa hay decreased the biohydrogenation of C18:2 (n-6) and C18:3 (n-3) to C18:0 in continuous culture, but did not increase CLA or trans-11 C18:1 outflow.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. Develop quantitative models for evaluation of preharvest strategies for production of milk with greater nutritional value.<br /> · Milk fat content of VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA increased by 7.5- and 8-fold, respectively, by combining feeding practices with targeted milk collection.<br /> · The increased VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents did not differ in flavor, when compared to the control, or susceptibility to the development of oxidized off-flavors.<br /> · Dairy products with a naturally enhanced content of VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA can have acceptable sensory characteristics.<br /> <br /> <br />

Publications

Peer  Reviewed Manuscripts<br /> 1. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. Disappearance of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acids from cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. J. Dairy Sci. 87:645-651.<br /> 2. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. Short Communication: Docosahexaenoic acid promotes vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1047-1050.<br /> 3. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk when cows are fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1758-1766.<br /> 4. Bauman, D.E., J.W. Perfield, II, and A.L. Lock. 2004. Effect of trans fatty acids on milk fat and their impact on human health. Proc. Southwest Nutrition and Management Conf., Tempe, AZ. pp. 41 - 52.<br /> 5. Bobe, G., A.E. Freeman, G.L. Lindberg, and D.C. Beitz. 2004. The influence of milk protein phenotypes on fatty acid composition of milk from Holstein cows. Milchwissenschaft 50:3-6. <br /> 6. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, E. T.R. Overton, W.R. Butler, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Dietary supplements of two doses of Ca Salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. (In press).<br /> 7. Collier, R.J., L.H. Baumgard, A.L. Lock and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Physiological limitations, nutrient partitioning. In: Yields of Farmed Species: Constraints and Opportunities in the 21st Century. Proceedings: 61st Easter School. Nottingham, England. J. Wiseman and R. Bradley, eds. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, U.K. (In Press).<br /> 8. de Veth, M.J., J.M. Griinari, A.M. Pfeiffer, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Effect of CLA on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows: comparison of inhibition by methyl esters and free fatty acids, and relationships among studies. Lipids. 39:365-372.<br /> 9. Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, K. C. Olson, H. R. Bingham, A. L. Ure, and M. W. Pariza. 2004 Influence of feeding soybean oil on conjugated linoleic acid content of beef. In press J. Agric. Food Chem.<br /> 10. Dhiman, T. R., S. Nam, and A. L. Ure. 2004. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and meat. Accepted Critical Rev. in Food Sci. Nutr.<br /> 11. Kay, J.K., E.S. Kolver, N.A. Thomson, J.R. Roche and L.H. Baumgard. 2005 The effect of vitamin E supplementation on production and fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Res. (accepted).<br /> 12. Kay, J.K, T.R. Mackle, M.J. Auldist, N.A. Thomson, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 87:369-378.<br /> 13. Kay, J.K., J.R. Roche, C.E. Moore and L.H. Baumgard. Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters in grazing transition diary cows. (submitted).<br /> 14. Kay, J.K., W.J. Weber, C.E. Moore, D.E. Bauman, L. Hansen, H. Chester-Jones, B.A. Crooker and L.H. Baumgard. Effects of week of lactation and genetic selection for milk yield on milk fafty acid composition. (submitted).<br /> 15. Litherland, N.B., S. Thire, A.D. Beaulieu, C.K. Reynolds, J.A. Benson, and J.K. Drackley. 2005. Dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. J. Dairy Sci. 2005 88: 632-643.<br /> 16. Lock, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.M. Barbano, D.E. Bauman, and C. Ip. 2004. The anticarcinogenic effect of trans-11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by D9desaturase in rats. J. Nutr. 134:2698-2704.<br /> 17. Lock, A.L., J.W. Perfield II, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Trans fatty acids in ruminant-derived foods: fact and fiction. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 123-134.<br /> 18. Lynch, J.M., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, R. Norbaksh, D.M. Barbano, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Flavour and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 88:489-498.<br /> 19. Lundy III, F. P., E. Block, W. C. Bridges Jr., J. A. Bertrand, and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. Ruminal biohydrogenation in Holstein cows fed soybean fatty acids as amides or calcium salts. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1038-1046.<br /> 20. Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III, O.B. Mendivil, S.R. Sanders, D.E. Bauman and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) progressively reduce milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1886-1895.<br /> 21. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanSaale, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on heat stressed Brown Swiss and Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted).<br /> 22. Neelam Kewalramani, T. R. Dhiman and Harjit Kaur. 2003. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content of milk  A Review. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. 3:91-105.<br /> 23. Peterson, D.G., E.A. Matitashvili, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. The inhibitory effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1. J. Nutr. 134:2523-2527.<br /> 24. Perfield II, J.W., A.L. Lock, A.M. Pfeiffer, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Effects of amide-protected and lipid-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements on milk fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3010-3016.<br /> 25. Perfield II, J.W., A. Sæbø and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Use of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) enrichments to examine the effects of trans-8, cis-10 CLA and cis-11, trans-13 CLA on milk-fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1196-1202.<br /> 26. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, D. Cornforth, and K. C. Olson. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of beef from cattle fed diets containing high grain, CLA or forages. Livestock Prod. Sci. 91:117-128.<br /> 27. Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, and J.L. Firkins. 2004. Effects of dry matter intake, addition of buffer, and source of fat on duodenal flow and concentration of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-11 C18:1 in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4278-4286.<br /> 28. Qiu, X., M.L. Eastridge, K.E. Griswold, and J.L. Firkins. 2004. Effects of substrate, passage rate, and pH in continuous culture on flows of conjugated linoleic acid and trans C18:1. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3473-3479.<br /> 29. Sæbø, A., J.W. Perfield II, P. Delmonte, M.P. Yurawecz, P. Lawrence, J.T. Brenna, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milk fat synthesis is unaffected by abomasal infusion of the conjugated diene 18:3 isomers cis-6, trans-10, cis-12 and cis-6, trans-8, cis-12. Lipids. (In press).<br /> 30. Sanders, S.R., M.K. Teachey, A. Ptock, K. Kraemer, 0. Hasselwander, E.J. Henriksen and L.H. Baumgard. 2004 Effects of Specific Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Isomers on Growth Characteristics in Obese Zucker Rats. Lipids 39:537-543.<br /> 31. Shen, S., G. Bobe, S. Zimmerman, E.G. Hammond, C.M. Luhman, T.D. Boylston, A.E. Freeman and D.C. Beitz. 2004. Physical and sensory properties of dairy products from cows with various milk fatty acid compositions. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52:3422-3428.<br /> 32. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, B. Lupoli, V. Toivonen, A. S. Grandison, J. M. Griinari, and D. E. Beever. Effect of forage type and proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid responses to a mixture of sunflower and fish oil. J. Anim. Sci., in press.<br /> 33. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, A. K. Jones, B. Lupoli, G. Hervás, J. M. Griinari, A. S. Grandison, and D. E. Beever. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to fish oil and sunflower oil in the diet. J. Dairy Sci., submitted.<br /> 34. Ure, A. L., T. R. Dhiman, M. D. Stern and K. C. Olson. 2004. Treated extruded soybean meal as a source of fat and protein for dairy cows. Submitted Animal Feed Science and Technology<br /> Reviews<br /> 1. Bauman, D.E. 2004. Wandering the old growth forest: the milk fat depression story. In: Meeting Challenges to the Dairy Industry through Research. Proceedings. pp. 1-10. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.<br /> 2. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. (Eds. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell) Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, NY. pp. 235-238.<br /> 3. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid: Biosynthesis and nutritional significance. In: P.F. Fox and P.L.H. McSweeney (Eds.) Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Volume 2: Lipids, 3rd Edition. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, USA. (In press).<br /> 4. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lock, B.A. Corl, C. Ip, A.M. Salter, and P.W. Parodi. 2005. Milk fatty acids and human health: potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids. In: Proceedings 10th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. (Ed. K. Sejrsen). Wageningen Academic Publishers. (In press).<br /> 5. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Regulation of milk fat production. In: Proceedings 10th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. (Ed. K. Sejrsen). Wageningen Academic Publishers. (In press).<br /> 6. Griinari, J.M., D.E. Bauman, and E. Castañeda-Gutiérrez. 2004. Novos conceitos relacionados à manipulação da gordura do leite (New concepts regarding milk fat manipulation). In: J.W. Dürr, M. Pereira de Carvalho and M. Veiga dos Santos (Eds.) O compromisso com a Qualidada do leite no Brasil, Editora Universitária, Passo Fundo, pp. 1-17.<br /> 7. Lock, A.L. and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health. Lipids 39: 1197-1206.<br /> 8. Palmquist, D.L., A.L. Lock, K.J. Shingfield, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Edited by S.L. Taylor. Elsevier Inc. San Diego, CA. (In press).<br /> Abstracts and Reports<br /> 1. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., M. B. Riley, and T. C. Jenkins. 2004. The effect of dilution rate and pH on the conversion of stable isotopically labelled oleic acid to trans monoenes in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):337.<br /> 2. Aguiar, G., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, S. F. Porter, and L. L. Jeffs. 2004. Changes in milk fatty acids during transition of dairy cows from diest based on conserved forages and grain to pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):341.<br /> 3. Allred S. L., T. R. Dhiman, C. P. Brennand, R. C. Khanal, and D. J. McMahon. 2004. The conjugated linoleic acid and É-3 fatty acids in milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):335.<br /> 4. Baker, S.H., S.R. Sanders, S. Zibadi, R.R. Watson and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on whole animal body composition parameters in geriatric mice. FASEB J. in press.<br /> 5. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lack, L.H. Baumgard, and R.J. Collier. 2004. Nutrient Partitioning and milk yield: Constraints and opportunities in the 21st century. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 107-122.<br /> 6. Baumgard, L.H., S.R. Sanders, O.B. Mendivil, J.K. Kay, J.A. Marchello, P. Delmonte, J.M. Griinari, and M. P. Yurawecz. 2004 Subcutaneous and abdominal fatty acid composition and CLA profiles in grain finished steers. J. Anim. Sci. Supplement (1). 82: 422.<br /> 7. de Veth, M.J., Castaneda-Gutierrez, D.A. Dwyer, A.M. Pfeiffer, D.E. Putnam, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Nutrient status influences the effect of conjugated linoleic acid on milk synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):94.<br /> 8. Flux, C.L., A.L. Lock, P.J. Buttery, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2004. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism in the hamster. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session 11-3, page 155. Brighton, UK. <br /> 9. Gursoy Balog, U. 2004. Effects of supplemental fat on milk fat composition and body lipid balance during an entire lactation. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.<br /> 10. Hafliger III, H.C., C.E. Moore, S.R. Sanders, and L.H. Baumgard 2004. Effects of feeding increasing levels of vitamin E on milk production variables, plasma fatty acid composition, and milk fatty acid profiles in Holstein cows experiencing diet induced milk fat depression. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 87: 305.<br /> 11. Heravi Moussavi, A., R.O. Gilbert, T.R. Overton, D.E. Bauman, and W.R. Butler. 2004. Effects of feeding menhaden fish meal or Ca salts of fish oil fatty acids on uterine fatty acids composition, COX-2 level and PGF2± production in early lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):297.<br /> 12. Home, C.A.M., A-L. Lock, M. Hurley, D.E. Bauman, and A. Salter. 2004. Effect of a vaccenic acid (VA)/conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched butter on plasma lipoproteins in the cholesterol-fed hamster. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session J3, page 96. Brighton, UK. <br /> 13. Kalscheur, K. F., A. R. Hippen, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2004. Milk fatty acid composition and lactation performance of cows fed linseed oil or fish oil in combination with sunflower seeds. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl.1):337 (Abstr.).<br /> 14. Kay, J.K., J.R. Roche and L.H. Baumgard. 2004 Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters in pasture-fed transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 87: 95.<br /> 15. Kay, J.K., W.J. Weber, H. Chester-Jones, L. Hansen, D.E. Bauman, B.A. Crooker, and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Effects of genetic selection for milk yield and stage of lactation on milk fatty acid profiles. FASEB J. (Exp. Biol. 2004):A682. <br /> 16. Litherland, N.B. 2004. Effects of esterification, degree of saturation and amount of fatty acids infused into the rumen or abomasum of lactating dairy cows. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.<br /> 17. Lock, A.L., A. Salter, M. Hurley, D.A. Dwyer, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Effect of a vaccenic acid (VA)/conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched butter on tissue CLA concentrations in the hamster. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session 11-7, page 155. Brighton, UK. <br /> 18. Lock, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.E. Bauman, D.M. Barbano, and C. Ip. 2004. The anticancer effects of vaccenic acid in milk fat are due to its conversion to conjugated linoleic acid via D9 desaturase. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):425. <br /> 19. Lock, A.L., B.A. Corl, D.M. Barbano, C. Ip, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. The anticarcinogenic effect of trans-11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by delta-9 desaturase. Proc. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Session 4-7, page 130. Brighton, UK.<br /> 20. Lock, A.L., J.W. Perfield II, D.E. Putnam, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Evaluation of the degree of rumen inertness and bioavailability of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in a lipid encapsulated supplement. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1): 335.<br /> 21. Loor, J. J., H. M. Dann, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. K. Drackley. 2004. Mammary and hepatic gene expression analysis in peripartal dairy cows using a bovine cDNA microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1): 196.<br /> 22. Loor, J. J., N. A. Janovick, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. K. Drackley. 2004. Adipose, mammary, and hepatic gene expression profiling in lactating dairy cows using a bovine cDNA microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1): 196-197.<br /> 23. Lynch, J.M., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, R. Norbaksh, D.M. Barbano, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):236-237. <br /> 24. McConnell, C., A.L. Lock, J.W. McFadden, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Fish oil supplementation in dairy cows causes a reduction in milk fat secretion and enhances milk fatty acids of interest in human health. FASEB J. (Exp. Biol. 2004):A129. (Abstr.)<br /> 25. Mendivil, O.B., C.E. Moore, H.C. Hafliger 111, S.R. Sanders, G.C. Duff and L.H. Baumgard. 2004. Effects of CLA on tissue response to homeostatic signals and plasma lipid metabolism variables in growing beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. Supplement (1). 82: 333.<br /> 26. Moore, C.E., H.C. Hafliger III, O.B. Mendivil, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2004 Effects of dietary CLA on production parameters and milk fatty acid variables in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows during heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. Supplement (1) 87: 307. <br /> 27. Perfield II, J.W., P. Delmonte, A.L. Lock, M.P. Yurawecz, and D.E. Bauman. 2004. Trans-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces the D9desaturase index without affecting milk fat yield in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):128.<br /> 28. Reynolds, C. K., S. C. Loerch, G. D. Lowe, D. D. Clevenger, P. A. Tirabasso, V. L. Cannon, and J. R. Abril. 2004. Effects of forage source on the response of milk fatty acid composition to soybean and marine algal oil supplementation in ewes. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1): 54.<br /> 29. Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., and M.L. Eastridge. 2004. Relationship of rate of appearance of vaccenic acid and pH during in vitro biohydrogenation of linoleic acid from alfalfa hay. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):37.<br /> 30. Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., and M.L. Eastridge. 2004. Comparison of biohydrogenation of fatty acids in lyophilized forage and air dried forage with sucrose additions. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):38.<br /> 31. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, D. J. Humphries, B. Lupoli, V. Toivonen, A. S. Grandison, J. M. Griinari, and D. E. Beever. 2004. Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil supplements offered alone or in varying combinations on milk fatty acid composition in cows fed maize silage based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1): 336.<br /> 32. Shingfield, K. J., D. E. Beever, C. K. Reynolds, S. K., Gulati, D. J. Humphries, B. Lupoli, G. Hervás, and J. M. Griinari. 2004. Effect of rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid on energy metabolism of dairy cows during early to mid-lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1): 307.<br /> 33. Sonon, R.N. Jr., D.C. Beitz, A.H. Trenkle, J.R. Russell, and R. Rosmann. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in beef tissues from cattle finished on pasture initially with limited grain. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1), J. Anim. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1), Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1):134.<br /> 34. Sonon, R.N., D.C. Beitz, A.H. Trenkle, and M.M. Bohan. 2004. Assessing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in milk from pastured dairy cows. Abstr. No. 1 of 116th annual meeting of Iowa Acad. Sci.<br /> 35. Sonon, R.N. Jr., D.C. Beitz, and A.H. Trenkle. 2004. Improving health benefits of beef and milk: A field study. Animal Science Reports, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.<br /> 36. Teles, B.M., H.J.D. Rosa, D.E. Bauman, A.L. Lock, J.W. Perfield II, and L.A. Sinclair. 2004. The effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep. XIV Congresso de Zootecnia: A Zootecnia O Futuro (Animal Production-The Future). October 79, 2004. Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal.<br /> 37. Ure, A. L., T. R. Dhiman, M. D. Stern and K. C. Olson. 2004. Treated extruded soybean meal as a source of fat and protein for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):51.<br />

Impact Statements

1. 1. This project has provided several key steps in the biohydrogenation pathways for important dietary omega fatty acids in the feed of dairy cows. Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to amides can reduce their susceptibility to biohydrogenation
2. 2. Yields of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA in milk fat can be increased by feeding a blend of sunflower seeds and fish oil. Linseed oil (a high n-3 fatty acid source, ±-linolenic acid) with sunflower seeds was not as effective in increasing milk CLA and VA as was fish oil, which is high in the n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA.
3. 3. Endogenous synthesis via D9-desaturase is the major source of milk fat cis-9, trans-11 in pasture fed cows.
4. 4. Vaccenic acid is anticarcinogenic in a biomedical model of breast cancer and the mechanism predominately, perhaps exclusively, involves its conversion to CLA via D9-desaturase.
5. 5. Milk that had a naturally elevated milk fat content of VA/CLA had no differences in flavor or susceptibility to oxidation.
6. 6. Dietary supplements of CLA were effective at reducing milk fat immediately postpartum but a higher dose was required to achieve this response.
7. 7. Reduction in milk fat content and milk fat yield from feeding rumen-protected CLA (Ca-salts) is dose responsive in early lactation with no adverse effects on cow well-being and potential positive effects on reproduction.
8. 8. The reduction in milk fat synthesis caused by trans-10, cis-12 CLA treatment involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for key enzymes involved in milk lipid synthesis and the mechanism involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1.
9. 9. The mechanism by which trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits milk fat synthesis does not involve its metabolism via pathways involved in eicosanoid formation.
10. 10. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA was effective in causing milk fat reduction in lactating sheep when used at doses (metabolic body weight basis) similar to those used in dairy cows. This contrasts with studies in growing animals and other lactating species where much higher doses of CLA are required to affect fat synthesis.

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Report Information

Participants

Participants present at the meeting


Administrative Adviser: R. Pardini


Institution Representatives:


North Carolina State University, V. Fellner -


South Dakota State University, D. Schingoethe -


University of Alberta, A. Keating (guest)-


University of Arizona, L. Baumgard -


University of California, Davis, E. DePeters -


University of Idaho, M. McGuire -


University of Maryland, R. Erdman -


Utah State University, T. Dhiman -


Participants not present at the meeting but submitted reports


Clemson University, T. Jenkins -


Cornell University, D. Bauman and D. Barbano -


Iowa State University, D. Beitz -


University of Illinois, J. Drackley -


Invited guests:


University of Alberta, A. Keating (Post-doc with J. Kennelly) -


University of Idaho, E. Mosley (PhD student with M. McGuire)-

Brief Summary of Minutes

Members present: Lance Baumgard, Ed DePeters, Tilak Dhiman, Richard Erdman, Vivek Fellner, Mark McGuire, Ronald Pardini, and David Schingoethe. Also attending were Erin Mosely and Aileen Keating.

The annual meeting of W-1181 was called to order by chairperson Lance Baumgard at 8:15 a.m.

First order of business was to select a secretary. Dave Schingoethe nominated Ed DePeters with a general second by the remaining members. Ed agreed to serve as secretary. Dave then informed the group that this meant that Ed would be chair for next years meeting.

The committee reviewed and unanimously accepted the minutes of last year's meeting.

The group had a general discussion about next year's meeting. Most members felt that the value of the meeting was "beyond the reports". The discussions that occurred around the reports were of most value to all members.

How do we improve attendance at the meeting was discussed. Each member agreed that he/she would work to convince others of the importance in attending the meeting. A goal is to increase attendance at next year's meeting.

The group discussed how we can get participation of colleagues from food science. This has been an ongoing point of discussion for years. On occasion we have had a food scientist attend the annual meeting, but it is rare for the person to attend another meeting. Food scientists tend to be funded well by dairy check-off funding so many do not see a benefit to attending the W-1181 meetings. There was no proposed course of action.

The group would like to have a speaker at next year's annual meeting, possibly two speakers. Mark suggested that we invite Stu Patton to talk about the history of milk fat. Ed agreed to approach Joe ODonnell of the CA Dairy Research Foundation for funding to support travel and a small honorarium. Lance suggested that we also contact some companies with fat supplements to support speaker travel. If Stu agreed to speak, he would be the lead for day 1 in the morning. A second speaker on a research topic would be selected for the afternoon program. Mark suggested a presentation by Peter Moate on the fat submodel. Mark will be asked to talk with Moate about providing a presentation.

The committee emphasized the goal of more graduate student and post-doc participation. Erin Mosely who is completing her doctoral dissertation with Mark attended the meeting and presented the report from Idaho. Aileen Keating, a post doc, represented John Kennelly and the University of Alberta and the University of Vermont.

Ron had some opening remarks. In Washington DC there have been discussions to reduce funding support of the Ag Experiment Stations. One proposal would cut funding 50% in the first year and initiate a competitive grant funding structure. Funding to Exp Stations would be reduced to 0% in the second year. The proposal would establish an Institute of Agricultural Research, somewhat like the NIH structure, and involve intramural, extramural, and land grant support. Everything is under discussion and regardless, expect probable changes.

Ron emphasized that our W-1181 report must show impact. Impacts to science, stakeholders (e.g. dairy producers, feed industry, etc.) and the discipline are what the group needs to demonstrate. It is also important to emphasize collaborative efforts in the report. Impact can also include outreach activities, for example, (1) presenting research related to W-1181 at field days, (2) presentations to companies, and (3) presentations at nutrition conferences. These activities are demonstrations of transferring information from research activities of W-1181.

Station reports began at 9 a.m. Copies of reports were distributed by each presenter. Don Bietz also sent a report, but he could not attend. Submitting annual reports is important since each Ag Experiment Station is receiving funding for the activities. It would be helpful if everyone submitted their reports electronically to Lance Baumgard. If any member is interested in receiving a copy of a specific station report, Lance can distribute it.

Mark McGuire volunteered to write a proposal that would compare methodology at various stations. Details are yet to be worked out. As an example, milk fat or butter samples would be sent from Idaho to any station willing to participate. Each station would perform a fatty acid analysis on each sample and send their results back to Mark. This would, for example, allow a comparison of methods. Methylated samples might also be exchange among participants. Another option is for interested participants to collect one or two butter samples from their region and send them to Mark for distribution. This would compare methodology and evaluate regional differences in fatty acids within butter. Mark will distribute the proposal and any station member interested in participating should contact Mark. Mark also agreed to prepare the draft of the publication summarizing the findings of the study. This activity would demonstrate collaboration and hopefully prominently highlight W-1181 in the title.

The group discussed again having a speaker. If any members have suggestions for a speaker, please let Ed know.

Ron again emphasized that our annual report address impact. Think impact to "cows, society, and environment".

Meeting next year will be January 4 & 5, 2007 at University of Nevada, Reno. More information will follow later. We hope to improve participation next year.

There were no further discussions. The group decided business was completed and therefore it was not necessary to meet January 6. At 5:45 p.m. Mark McGuire made a motion that the 2006 Annual Meeting of W-1181 adjourn, second by Dave Schingoethe, and unanimously approved by the committee.

Accomplishments

Station Reports:<br /> Tom Jenkins - Clemson University: Data indicate that oleic acid biohydrogenation results in 10-hydroxy and 10-keto stearic acids and that the conversion was directly related to the amount of oleic acid input. Methods of protecting PUFA from ruminal biohydrogenation were also evaluated and preliminary results indicate that a formaldehyde-treated protein capsules substantially reduced fatty acid loss to biohydrogenation<br /> <br /> Dale Bauman - Cornell University: Identified two new CLA isomers that reduces milk fat synthesis (trans-9, cis-11 and cis-10, trans-12 CLA). Methods of evaluating rumen protection were also evaluated and results indicate most of the available methods are equally effective (<40%). Butter enriched with vaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol in the Golden Syrian hamster (a coronary heart disease model).<br /> <br /> Don Beitz - Iowa State University: Results from 233 cows demonstrate that milk fatty acid composition is highly variable, but this variability provides an opportunity to market products such as spreadable butter to niche markets.<br /> <br /> Vivek Fellner - North Carolina State University: Cows on ryegrass pasture had lower levels of linoleic acid and increased concentrations of linolenic acid and cis-trans methylene isomers.<br /> <br /> David Schingoethe - South Dakota State University: The effects of condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) on milk fatty acid composition will be determined in 2006.<br /> <br /> Lance Baumgard - University of Arizona: Preliminary evidence suggests that all mammary most lipogenic genes are down regulated equally within 12 hr after trans-10, cis-12 I.V. infusion suggesting that CLA is acting through a global gene regulator such as SREBP. <br /> <br /> Ed DePeters - University of California Davis: A novel method of protecting PUFA from rumen biohydrogenation was evaluated. Preliminary evidence suggests that a whey protein gel complex is very effective at protecting linoleic and linolenic acid from biohydrogentation.<br /> <br /> Richard Erdman - University of Maryland & James Drackley  The University of Illinois: Principle component analysis and multivariate analysis suggests that trans-10 18:1 as well as trans 6-8 18:1 may be involved with milk fat depression. This analysis also suggests that trans-7, cis-9 CLA may also cause milk fat depression. Microarray data indicate that milk fat depression is associated with complex changes in mammary transcript expression patterns.<br /> <br /> Tilak Dhiman - Utah State University: The CLA and TVA contents of milk from cows fed fresh green chopped alfalfa forage can be enhanced up to 60% by feeding 475 g/d of linseed oil plus menhaden fish oil at a 65:35 ratio without any negative effects on feed intake, milk yield or milk composition. The best combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a calcium salt supplement was 66:34, respectively for optimum productivity and fatty acid profile of milk from dairy cows. <br /> <br /> <br /> Collaborations:<br /> A variety of collaboration and key discoveries have resulted from relationships generated and fostered at the W-1181 meeting (see accomplishments and publication lists). <br /> <br /> Accomplishments<br /> <br /> Objective 1. Characterize the regulation of milk fat synthesis.<br /> <br /> Regulation of milk fat synthesis by trans-10, cis-11 CLA involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for lipogenic enzymes and this appears to occur within 12 hr after infusion.<br /> <br /> The regulation of milk fat synthesis by trans-10, cis-12 CLA is direct and does not involve a downstream metabolite (i.e. conjugated triene). <br /> <br /> Trans-9, cis-11 and cis-10, trans-12 CLA both reduce milk fat synthesis.<br /> <br /> Trans-7, cis-9 CLA is negatively associated with milk fat synthesis.<br /> <br /> Specific trans monoenes (10, 6, 7 & 8) are negatively associated with milk fat production.<br /> <br /> Trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep in a manner comparable to lactating cows when the CLA dose is compared on a metabolic body weight basi.<br /> <br /> Objective 2. Enhance absorption of desired fatty acids for milk fat synthesis through manipulation of diet and lipid transformation by gut microorganisms.<br /> <br /> Oleic acid is the source of 10-hydroxy stearic acid and 10-keto stearic acid and the rate of production depends on the amount of oleic acid in the rumen.<br /> <br /> Altering the dietary safflower and fish oil combinations increases the milk fat content of 20:5 and 22:5 but these changes were biologically small.<br /> <br /> Feeding diets containing high levels of plamitc acid reduced the milk trans-monoene content and created a harder milk fat.<br /> <br /> Adding pasture (10-30%, ryegrass) to a TMR ration can support high milk yields and decreases and increases, respectively the milk fat contents of linoleic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. Develop quantitative models for evaluation of preharvest strategies for production of milk with greater nutritional value.<br /> <br /> Large variation exists in milk fatty acid composition and this variation influences the atherosclerosis index.<br /> <br /> Yogurt made from milk with a low atherosclerosis index had similar organoleptic qualities as normal milk.<br /> <br /> Butter naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid resulted in lower plasma LDL-cholesterol in Golden Syrian hamsters.<br /> <br /> Flavor and susceptibility to the development of oxidized off-flavors were not altered in 2% fat pasteurized milk that had an 8-fold increase in the cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid contents.<br /> <br /> Research involving animal models and published epidemiological data indicate that adverse health effects associated with trans fatty acids are associated with industrial sources (partial hydrogenation) rather than ruminant sources.<br /> <br /> Nutrition and individual variation were major factors affecting cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels and desaturase index of milk fat whereas milk yield and milk fat content and yield had only minimal effects.<br /> <br /> Milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA increases with advancing lactation, but the magnitude is small, especially compared to changes induced my nutrition alterations.<br /> <br /> Outreach:<br /> <br /> Information generated by this group is disseminated to the general public and agricultural communities via a variety of routes. Most, if not all of the W-1181 participants present their results at regional industry targeted conferences (Cornell Nutrition Conference, Intermountain Nutrition Conference, California Nutrition Conference, Northwest Nutrition Conference, Southwest Nutrition Conference, etc..) and producer orientated meetings (field days etc.). This allows for immediate transfer of Academic knowledge to the agriculture industry.<br /> <br />

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Manuscripts<br /> <br /> 1. Litherland, N. B., S. Thire, A. D. Beaulieu, C. K. Reynolds, J. A. Benson, and J. K. Drackley. 2005. Dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. J. Dairy Sci. 88:632-643.<br /> <br /> 2. Cohen-Zinder M., E. Seroussi, D. M. Larkin, J. J. Loor, A. Everts-van der Wind, J.-H. Lee, J. K. Drackley, M. R. Band, A. G. Hernandez, M. Shani, H. A. Lewin, J. I. Weller, and M. Ron. 2005. Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ABCG2 gene with a major effect on the QTL on chromosome 6 affecting milk yield and composition in Holstein cattle. Genome Research 15:936944.<br /> <br /> 3. Dann, H. M., D. E. Morin, M. R. Murphy, G. A. Bollero, and J. K. Drackley. 2005. Prepartum intake, postpartum induction of ketosis, and periparturient disorders affect the metabolic status of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3249-3264. <br /> <br /> 4. Loor, J. J., H. M. Dann, R. E. Everts, R. Oliveira, C. A. Green, N. A. Janovick- Guretzky, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. K. Drackley. 2005. Microarray analysis of liver from dairy cows during the dry period through early lactation reveals complex adaptive mechanisms in hepatic gene expression. Physiol. Genomics 23:217-226.<br /> <br /> 5. Lynch, J.M., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, R. Norbaksh, D.M. Barbano, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 88:489-498.<br /> <br /> 6. Sæbø, A., J.W. Perfield II, P. Delmonte, M.P. Yurawecz, P. Lawrence, <br /> J.T. Brenna, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milk fat synthesis is unaffected by abomasal infusion of the conjugated diene 18:3 isomers cis-6, trans-10, cis-12 and cis-6, trans-8, cis-12. Lipids. 40:89-95.<br /> <br /> 7. de Veth, M.J., S.K. Gulati, N.D. Luchini, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Comparison of calcium salts and formaldehyde-protected conjugated linoleic acid in inducing milk fat depression. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1685-1693.<br /> <br /> 8. Lock, A.L., D.E. Bauman, and P.C. Garnsworthy. 2005. Short Communication: Effect of production variables on the cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content of cows milk. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2714-2717.<br /> <br /> 9. Delmonte, P., A. Kataoka, B.A. Corl, D.E. Bauman, and M.P. Yurawecz. 2005. Relative retention order of all isomers of cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid FAME from the 6,8 to 13,15 positions using silver ion HPLC with 2 different elution systems. Lipids 40:509-514.<br /> <br /> 10. Lock, A.L., C.A.M. Horne, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid alters tissue fatty acids and improves the plasma lipoprotein profile in cholesterol-fed hamster. J. Nutr. 135:1934-1939.<br /> <br /> 11. Kay, J.K., W.J. Weber, C.E. Moore, D.E. Bauman, L.B. Hansen, H. Chester-Jones, B.A. Crooker, and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of week of lactation and genetic selection for milk yield on milk fatty acid composition in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3886-3893.<br /> <br /> 12. McCaughey, K.M., E.J. DePeters, S.J. Taylor, P.H. Robinson, J.E.P. Santos, and J.W. Pareas. 2005. Impact of feeding whole Upland cottonseed, with or without cracked Pima cottonseed with increasing addition of iron sulfate, on milk and milk fat composition of lactating dairy cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123/124:667-685.<br /> <br /> 13. Morimoto, K.C., A.L. Van Eenennaam, E.J. DePeters, and J.F. Medrano. 2005. Hot Topic: Endogenous production of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in mammalian cells. Journal of Dairy Science 88:1142-1146.<br /> <br /> 14. Khanal, R. C., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, C. P. Brennand, R. L. Boman, and D. J. McMahon. 2005. Consumer acceptability of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched milk and Cheddar Cheese from cows grazing on pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1837-1847.<br /> <br /> 15. Poulson, C. S., T. R. Dhiman, A. L. Ure, D. Cornforth, and K. C. Olson. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid content of beef from cattle fed diets containing high grain, CLA or forages. Livestock Prod. Sci. 91:117-128.<br /> <br /> 16. Tiffany, M.E., V. Fellner, and J. W. Spears. 2005. Influence of cobalt concentration on vitamin B12 production, and fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous culture flow-through fermentors. J. Anim. Sci. In Press.<br /> <br /> 17. Kay, J.K., E.S. Kolver, N.A. Thomson, J.R. Roche and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on production and fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Res. 72:322-332.<br /> <br /> 18. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on heat stressed Brown Swiss and Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1732-1740. <br /> <br /> Reviews<br /> <br /> 1. Bauman, D.E. and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Science. (Eds. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell) Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, NY. pp. 235-238.<br /> <br /> 2. Lock, A.L., P.W. Parodi, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. The biology of trans fatty acids: implications for human health and the dairy industry. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 60:134-142.<br /> <br /> 3. Palmquist, D.L., A.L. Lock, K.J. Shingfield, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. (Ed. by S.L. Taylor). Elsevier Inc., San Diego, CA. Volume 50, pp. 179-218.<br /> <br /> 4. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lock, B.A. Corl, C. Ip, A.M. Salter, and P.W. Parodi. 2005. Milk fatty acids and human health: Potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids. In: Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. (Eds. K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund and M.O. Nielson). Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 523-555.<br /> <br /> 5. Griinari, J.M. and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Regulation of milk fat production. In: Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. (Eds. K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund and M.O. Nielson). Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 383-411.<br /> <br /> 6. Dhiman, T. R., S. Nam, and A. L. Ure. 2005. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and meat. Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45:436-482.<br /> <br /> 7. AbuGhazaleh, A. A., M. B. Riley, E. E. Thies, and T. C. Jenkins. 2005. Dilution rate and pH effects on the conversion of oleic acid to trans C18:1 positional isomers in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4334-4341.<br /> <br /> 8. Baumgard, L.H. J.K. Kay, C.E. Moore, M.J. VanBaale and R.P. Rhoads. 2005. Mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis: potential on-farm applications of basic science. New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 65:33-39.<br /> <br /> Conference Proceedings<br /> <br /> 1. Bauman, D.E., A.L. Lock, and J.W. Perfield II. 2005. The role of trans fatty acids in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Proc. Intermountain Nutr. Conf. pp. 85-96.<br /> <br /> 2. Lock. A.L., K.J. Harvatine, I. Ipharraguerre, M. Van Amburgh, J.K Drackley, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. The dynamics of fat digestion in lactating cows: What does the literature tell us? Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 83-94.<br /> <br /> 3. Perfield II, J.W. and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Current theories and recent advances in the biology of milk fat depression. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 95-106.<br /> <br /> 4. Lock, A.L., L.A. Sinclair, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Milk fat synthesis and its regulation in dairy sheep. Proc. 11th Great Lakes Dairy Sheep Symposium. pp. 67-80<br /> <br /> 5. Beitz, D.C. 2005. Contributions of animal products to healthy diets. Proc. 2005 Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 117-126.<br /> <br /> 6. Odens, LJ., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Managing and improving energy balance through the transition period. Reunioin Internacional Sobre Produccion De Carne Y Leche En Climas Calidos. Mexicali, Baja California pp. 66-86.<br /> <br /> 7. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Calculating and improving energy balance during times of nutrient limitation. Proc. Southwest Nutr. Conf: 173-185.<br /> <br /> Abstracts and Reports <br /> <br /> 1. Kadegowda, A. K. G., L. S. Piperova, and R. A. Erdman Principal component and multivariate analysis of milk fatty acid composition data from experiments designed to induce dietary milk fat depression in lactating cows. 2005. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):176.<br /> <br /> 2. Loor, J. J., L. Piperova, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, J. K. Drackley, R. A. Erdman, and H. A. Lewin. 2005. Mammary gene expression profiling in cows fed a milk-fat depressing diet using a bovine 13,000 oligonucleotide microarray. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):120. <br /> <br /> 3. Moutsioulis, A.A., D.C. Rule, C.M. Murrieta, D.E. Bauman, A.L. Lock, D.M. Barbano, and G.B. Cary. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid appearance in human breast milk. The FASEB Journal 19 (No. 4), A436.<br /> <br /> 4. Sims, H.M., C. Major, A.L. Lock, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturases activity induces hypercholesterolaemia in cholesterol-fed hamsters. Nutrition Society Summer Meeting, June 28  July 1, Norwich, UK. <br /> <br /> 5. Ryan, K.J.P., C. Major, A.L. Lock, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase activity on lipogenic gene expression. Nutrition Society Summer Meeting, June 28  July 1, Norwich, UK.<br /> <br /> 6. Sinclair, L.A., A.L. Lock, J.W. Perfield II, B.M. Teles, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. The effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep. Proc. Brit. Soc. Animal Sci. (No. 92).<br /> <br /> 7. Salter, A.M., A.L. Lock, C.A.M. Claire, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Effect of butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid on plasma lipoproteins the cholesterol-fed hamsters. 2nd European Symposium on Dietary Fatty Acids and Health. Euro. Fed Lipid. Frankfurt, Germany.<br /> <br /> 8. Salter, A.M., A.L. Lock, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Absorption and tissue accumulation of conjugated linoleic acid: A comparison of butter fat and a free fatty acid supplement. 2nd European Symposium on Dietary Fatty Acids and Health. Euro. Fed Lipid. Frankfurt, Germany.<br /> <br /> 9. Sæbø, A., P.-C. Sæbø, K.J. Shingfield, D.E. Bauman, L. Granlund, J.I. Pedersen, P. Delmonte, and J.M. Griinari. 2005. Identification of novel CLA isomers with anti-lipogenic effect. The 23rd Noridic Lipid Symposium. Reykjavík, Iceland.<br /> <br /> 10. Castaneda-Gutierrez, E., W.R. Butler, M.J de Veth, A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, D. Luchini, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Effect of supplementation with Ca-salts of fish oil on omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):179-180. <br /> <br /> 11. McConnell, C., A.L. Lock, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Rumen vs. abomasal infusion of fish oil as a novel approach to determine the extent of rumen biohydrogenation of omega-3 fatty acids and their transfer into milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):180.<br /> <br /> 12. Lock, A.L., J.W. Perfield II, B.M. Teles, D.E. Bauman, and L.A. Sinclair. 2005. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating sheep. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):210.<br /> <br /> 13. Perfield II, J.W., A.L. Lock, S. Sæbø, J.M. Griinari, and D.E. Bauman. 2005. Trans-9, cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):211.<br /> <br /> 14. Lock, A.L., C.A.M. Horne, D.E. Bauman, and A.M. Salter. 2005. Effect of vaccenic acid/conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter on plasma lipoproteins in the cholesterol-fed hamster. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88 (Suppl. 1):290. <br /> <br /> 15. Bauman, D.E., J.W. Perfield II, E. Castañeda-Gutiérrez, K.J. Harvatine, and A.L. Lock. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acids in ruminants: Functional food implications and agricultural applications. Proc. 26th World Congress of International Society for Fat Research, September 2528, Prague, Czech Republic. pp. 55.<br /> <br /> 16. Chardigny, J.-M., F. Destaillats, C. Malpuech-Brugère, F. Enjalbert, D.E. Bauman, D.M. Barbano, B. German, R.P. Mensink, N. Combe, P. Chaumont, F. Guiffrida, J.-B. Bezelgues, I. Cristiani, J. Moulin, Y. Boirie, F. Dionisi, P.-A. Golay, and J.-L. Sébédio. 2005. Comparative effect of the two different sources of trans fatty acids (milk fat vs hydrogenated oil) on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. First International Symposium on Trans Fatty Acids and Health. Rungstedgaard. Copenhagen, Denmark. <br /> <br /> 17. Dhiman, T. R., Poulson, C. S., Ure, A. L. and D. Cornforth. 2005. Feed forages enhance CLA and vitamin E content in beef. Feedstuffs Sept. 19:14-17.<br /> <br /> 18. Dhiman, T. R., S. A. Hagos, J. L. Walters, and S. Tamminga. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega fatty acids in milk from cows fed green chopped forage. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):276.<br /> <br /> 19. Dhiman, T. R., A. L. Ure, and S. Nam. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk and meat products and its intake in humans. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1):181.<br /> <br /> 20. Vibart, R., V. Fellner, J. Burns, and M. Gumpertz. 2005. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed rations and pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 88 (Suppl. 1) : 94. <br /> <br /> 21. Myers. P. J., S. E. Ellis, K.J.L. Burg, and T. C. Jenkins. 2005. Use of formaldehyde-treated protein capsules as a means to protect conjugated linoleic acid from ruminal biohydrogenation. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1): 83:97.<br /> <br /> 22. Jenkins, T. C., A. A. AbuGhazaleh, E. J. Thies, and M. B. Riley. 2005. <br /> Conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxy and 10-keto stearic acids in vitro and their accumulation in milk of cows fed added fat. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):371.<br /> <br /> 23. Rhoads, M.L., R.P. Rhoads, L.J. Odens, R. Burgos, S.H. Baker, B.C. Pollard, C.E. Moore, J.K. Kay, M.J. VanBaale, R.J. Collier and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of dietary CLA on thermogenesis and body temperature indices in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88. Suppl. (1):211.<br /> <br /> 24. Moore, C.E., J.K. Kay, R.P. Rhoads and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. A comparison of trans-10, cis-12 CLA effectiveness at reducing milk fat synthesis in early vs. established lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 88. Suppl. (1):210-211<br /> <br /> 25. Baker, S.H., S.R. Sanders, S. Zibadi, R.R. Watson and L.H. Baumgard. 2005. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on whole animal body composition parameters in geriatric mice. FASEB J. 19:A45-46.<br />

Impact Statements

1. This project has provided several key steps in the biohydrogenation pathways for important dietary omega fatty acids in the feed of dairy cows. Identification of intermediates produced during biohydrogenation is important to determine fatty acid isomers that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, deposited in meat and milk and then enter the human food chain where they possibly have health effects. The project also has shown that conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to amides can reduce their susceptibility to biohydrogenation.
2. Yields of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA in milk fat can be increased by feeding a blend of sunflower seeds and fish oil. Linseed oil (a high n-3 fatty acid source, ±-linolenic acid) with sunflower seeds was not as effective in increasing milk CLA and VA as was fish oil, which is high in the n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA.
3. Milk that had a naturally elevated milk fat content of VA/CLA significantly improved plasma cholesterol profiles that are associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
4. Milk that had a naturally elevated milk fat content of VA/CLA had no differences in flavor or susceptibility to oxidation.
5. The reduction in milk fat synthesis caused by trans-10, cis-12 CLA treatment involves a coordinated reduction in expression of genes for key enzymes involved in milk lipid synthesis and the mechanism involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1.
6. Evidence suggests biological differences in human health implications for trans fatty acids derived from ruminant and industrial sources.

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Report Information

Participants

Institution Representatives:
South Dakota State University  D. Schingoethe
University of California, Davis  A. Van Eeenennaam
University of California, Davis  E. DePeters
University of Illinois  J. Drackley
University of Idaho  M. McGuire
University of Maryland  R. Erdman

Brief Summary of Minutes

Summary of minutes of annual meeting
" The meeting was called to order at 8:30 am by Ed DePeters.
" David Schingoethe nominated Mark McGuire for Secretary with a second by Rich Erdman. Nomination was unanimously approved.
" Ed DePeters made a motion to approve the minutes of the January 2007 meeting, second by James Drackley. Motion was unanimously approved.
" There was a general discussion on how to improve attendance at the annual meeting. This continues to be a problem. Mark McGuire will prepare a survey to (1) find a time of year that is better for the majority of members and (2) query participants about expanding the project beyond milk fat, which would include all milk components.

Action 1  New Members:
1. In 2007/2008 there were two new members: Adam Lock at the University of Vermont and Alison Van Eenennaam at the University of California, Davis.
2. Invitations were offered to Benjamin Corl at Virginia Tech and Amer AbuGhazaleh at Southern Illinois University. Both agreed to participate in future meetings.

Action 2  New Meeting Site:
1. A survey will be developed and based on the responses of participants the site and date for the 2009 meeting will be decided.

Action 3  Future project rewrite
1. A survey form will be developed to query participants about expanding the project beyond milk fat to include all milk components. If expanded, the project rewrite would reflect this change.

Action 4  Collaborative efforts:
1. University of Illinois and University of California: impacts of dietary lipid and structural and functional properties of milk triglycerides.
2. Cornell University and University of Vermont:
3. University of Illinois and University of Maryland: determine the gene-level factors associated with milk fat depression and altered milk fat composition.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments:<br /> <br /> Objective 1. Characterize the regulation of milk fat synthesis.<br /> " Oligonucleotide microarray analyses were used to determine the impact of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on mammary lipid metabolism. <br /> " 13C labeled fatty acid were used to determine the activity of the delta-9 desaturase enzyme in the lactating mammary gland. <br /> " Feeding high amounts of distillers grains and distillers solubles, by-products of ethanol production, impacted milk fatty acids in response to the unsaturated fat in the distillers grains but depressed total milk fat percentage.<br /> " Feeding corn distillers solubles, a by-product of ethanol production, increased the cis 9 trans 11 C18:2 and trans 10 cis 12 C18:2 content of milk fat. <br /> " Feeding trans 9 cis 10 C18:2 reduced milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows.<br /> " Transgeneic mice expressing an omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) gene were used to study de novo synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.<br /> " Cloning the echidna LPAAT gene is in progress to develop a model to study fatty acid esterification at the sn-2 position of triacylglyderols. <br /> " Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to measure various lipid components in milk offering a rapid, nondestructive method based on vibrational modes of covalent bonds.<br /> " Butter composition and texture was studied in response to feeding cows either fish or or roasted soybeans as a source of dietary lipids.<br /> " Abomsal infusion of trans 10 C18:1 within the physiological range of rumen production had no effect on milk fat yield. <br /> " Effect of heat stress was found to impact mammary gland lipid synthesis with a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids and an increase in saturated fatty acids. <br /> " Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk in response to abomasal infusion of selected fatty acids were studied.<br /> " Milk fat depression in response to trans 10 cis 12 CLA there was an upregulation of lipogenic genes in adipose tissue. <br /> " Medium and long chain fatty acids were infused postruminally to study the effects on the fatty acid composition of milk fat.<br /> <br /> Objective 2. Enhance absorption of desired fatty acids for milk fat synthesis through manipulation of diet and lipid transformation by gut microorganisms.<br /> " In vitro rumen fermentation cultures demonstrated the production of cis 9 trans 11 and trans 10 cis 12 isomers of CLA, but there were also additional CLA isomers produced. <br /> " Impacts of feeding fish oil and corn distillers solubles on the immune competency of lactating cows was investigated. Algal oil altered the fermentation and fatty acid profile of mixed ruminal cultures.<br /> " There was minimal biohydrogenation of the LC PUFA in algal oil.<br /> " DPA and DPA seemed to interfere with biohydrogenation of the C18 fatty acids.<br /> " <br /> " By-products from ethanol production including condensed corn distillers solubles and corn germ are fed to dairy cattle significantly impact the trans C18:1 monoenes and the CLA isomers in milk fat.<br /> " Feeding whey protein gels of soybean and linseed oils reduced rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2 and C18:3) and increased their concentration in milk fat compared with feeding rumen unprotected oils.<br /> " Continuous cultures were fed fresh or oxidized unsaturated fatty acids demonstrated that oxidized oils had a negative effect on rumen fermentation measured as microbial N yield and protein digestibility. <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Develop quantitative models for evaluation of preharvest strategies for production of milk with greater nutritional value.<br /> " Whey protein gels reduced rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased their concentration in milk fat.<br /> " Oxidative stability of milk fat with elevated concentration of C18:2 and C18:3 is being determined to address issues related to consumer acceptability of sensory characteristics. <br /> " Using mice as a model animal allows the screening of a wide range of dietary fatty acids and the study of their effects on gene expression in mammary, adipose, and liver is a collaborative effort between the University of Maryland and the University of Illinois. <br /> " High fat by-products from the ethanol production industry when included in dairy diets can be used to enrich the trans 11 C18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of milk fat.<br /> " Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk in response to abomasal infusion of selected fatty acids were studied relative to butter hardness and melting profiles of lipids.<br /> " Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quickly and precisely determine the health-promoting index scores of cows milk.<br /> " Trans 10 cis 12 CLA, intermediate of rumen biohydrogenation, inhibited milk fat synthesis in animal models including dairy cattle, sheep, and goats.<br /> " Hamsters were used as an animal model to study the intake of trans fatty acids on the risk of developing coronary heart disease.<br /> " Clinical study is in progress to evaluate the impact of foods made from milk that was naturally enhanced in trans 11 C18:1 content.<br /> " Bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) was used with real time PCR analysis to determine genes associated with lipid synthesis.<br /> " Mammary tissue biopsies were subjected to cDNA microarray analysis to identify potential control points in lipid synthesis.<br />

Publications

Peer  Reviewed Manuscripts<br /> Annen, E.L., A.C. Fitzgerald, P.C. Gentry, M.A. McGuire, A.V. Capuco, L.H. Baumgard, and R.J. Collier. 2007. Effect of continuous milking and bST supplementation on mammary epithelial cell turnover. J. Dairy Sci. 90:165-183.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bionaz M., and Loor J. J. 2007. Identification of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle. Physiol. Genomics 29:312-39.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bionaz M., and J. J. Loor. 2007. Gene networks regulating lipid synthesis in bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle. FASEB J. 21:855.5.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bionaz, M., L. Piperova, R. Erdman, and J J Loor. LPIN1-, PPAR-, and SREBF-responsive gene networks regulate mammary lipid synthesis during diet-induced milk fat depression. FASEB J. 21:855.6.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bobe, G., S. Zimmerman, E.G. Hammond, A.E. Freeman, P.A. Porter, C.M. Luhman, and D.C. Beitz. 2007. Butter composition and texture from cows with different milk fatty acid compositions fed fish oil or roasted soybeans. J. Dairy Sci. (submitted)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bongiovanni, K.D., E. J. DePeters, and A. L. Van Eenennaam. 2007. Neonatal Growth and Development of Mice Raised on Milk Transgenically-Enriched with Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Pediatric Research. 62:412-6.<br /> <br /> <br /> Castañeda-Gutiérrez, E., W. R. Butler. M. J. de Veth, A. L. Lock, D. A. Dwyer, D. Luchini, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Effect of supplementation with Ca-salts of fish oil on omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 4149-4156.<br /> <br /> <br /> Deines, K.C., K. A. Lewis and A. L. Van Eenennaam. 2007. Investigation of the Agalactic Phenotype in Fat-2 Transgenic Mice. Transgenic Animal Research Conference VI. August 12-16, 2007. Tahoe City, CA. Transgenic Research 16: 861-862.<br /> <br /> <br /> Douglas, G. N., J. Rehage, A. D. Beaulieu, A. O. Bahaa, and J. K. Drackley. 2007. Prepartum nutrition alters fatty acid composition in plasma, adipose tissue, and liver lipids of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:2941-2959. <br /> <br /> <br /> Drackley, J. K., T. R. Overton, G. Ortiz Gonzalez, A. D. Beaulieu, D. M. Barbano, J. M. Lynch, and E. G. Perkins. 2007. Responses to increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5165-5175.<br /> <br /> <br /> Frago, F., R. Manzo, J.C. Dalton, M.A. McGuire, and A. Ahmadzadeh. 2007. Case study: Naloxone increases serum calcium concentrations after parturition in multiparous Holstein cows. Prof. Anim. Scientist 23:70-72.<br /> <br /> <br /> German, J.B., F.L. Schanbacher, B. Lönnerdal, J.F. Medrano, M.A. McGuire, J.L. McManaman, D.M. Rocke, T.P. Smith, M.C. Neville, P. Donnelly, M. Lange, and R. Ward. 2006. International milk genomics consortium. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 17:656-661.<br /> <br /> <br /> Graves, E. L. F., A. D. Beaulieu, and J. K. Drackley. 2007. Factors affecting the concentration of sphingomyelin in bovine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 90:706-715. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hasin, A., J.M. Griinari, J.E. Williams, A.M. Shahin, M.A. McGuire, and M.K. McGuire. 2007. Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women. Lipids 42:835-843.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kadegowda, A.K.G., L.S. Piperova, and R.A. Erdman. 2008. Principal Component and Multivariate Analysis of Milk Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition During Diet-Induced Milk Fat Depression. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (Accepted).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kadegowda, A.K.G., L.S. Piperova, P. Delmonte, and R.A. Erdman. 2008. Abomasal Infusion of Butterfat Increases Milk Fat in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91 (submitted)<br /> <br /> <br /> Kay, J.K., T.R. Mackle, D.E. Bauman, N.A. Thomson, and L.H. Baumgard. 2007. Effects of a supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on bioenergetic and milk production parameters in grazing dairy cows offered ad libitum or restricted pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 90:721-730.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lock, A. L., C. Tyburczy, D. A. Dwyer, K. J. Harvatine, F. Destaillats, Z. Mouloungui, L. Candy, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Trans-10 octadecenoic acid does not reduce milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. J. Nutr. 137: 71-76.<br /> <br /> <br /> Loor J.J., Everts R.E., Bionaz M., Dann H.M., Oliveira R., Morin D.E., Rodriguez-Zas S.L., Drackley J.K., Lewin H.A. 2007. Nutrition-induced ketosis alters metabolic and signaling gene networks in liver from periparturient cows. Physiol. Genomics 32:105-116.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mosley, S.A., E.E. Mosley, B. Hatch, J.I. Szasz, A. Corato, N. Zacharias, D. Howes, and M.A. McGuire. 2007. Effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:987-993.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mosley, S.A., A.M. Shahin, J. Williams, M.A. McGuire, and M.K. McGuire. 2007. Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption and milk macronutrient and fatty acid contents in healthy lactating women. Lipids 42:723-729.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mosley, E.E., and M.A. McGuire. 2007. Methodology for the in vivo measurement of the 9-desaturation of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in lactating dairy cattle. Lipids 42:939-945.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ortiz Gonzalez, G., R. Jimenez Flores, D. R. Bremmer, J. H. Clark, E. J. DePeters, S. J. Schmidt, and J. K. Drackley. 2007. Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk with experimentally altered fat composition. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5018-5031. <br /> <br /> <br /> Perfield II, J. W., A. L. Lock, A. Sæbø, J. M. Griinari, D. A. Dwyer, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Trans-9, cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2211-2218.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pohlmeier, W.E., K. A. Lewis and A. L. Van Eenennaam. 2007. Reproductive Abnormalities in Fat-1 Transgenic Mice. Transgenic Animal Research Conference VI. August 12-16, 2007. Tahoe City, CA. Transgenic Research 16: 861.<br /> <br /> <br /> Sasikala-Appukuttan, A. K., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, K. Karges, and M. L. Gibson. 2008. The feeding value of corn distillers solubles for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 279-287.<br /> <br /> <br /> Sinclair, L. A., A. L. Lock, R. M. Early, and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Effects of a supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat synthesis and cheese properties in dairy ewes fed two levels of energy. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 33263335.<br /> <br /> <br /> St-Hilaire, S., K. Cranfill, M.A. McGuire, E.E. Mosley, J.K. Tomberlin, L. Newton, W. Sealey, C. Sheppard, and S. Irving. 2007. Fish offal recycling by the Black Soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 38:309-313.<br /> <br /> <br /> St-Hilaire, S., C. Sheppard, J.K. Tomberlin, S. Irving, L. Newton, M.A. McGuire, E.E. Mosley, R.W. Hardy, and W. Sealey. 2007. Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. World Aquaculture Soc. 38:59-67.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tyburczy, C., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, F. Destaillats, Z. Mouloungui, L. Candy, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Uptake and utilization of trans octadecenoic acids during lactation. FASEB J.:21 (5):LB58<br /> <br /> <br /> Van Eenennaam, A.L. 2007. Transgenic Animals: Where to from here? Transgenic Animal Research Conference VI. August 12-16, 2007. Tahoe City, CA. Transgenic Research 16: 839-840<br /> <br /> <br /> Warntjes, J.L., P.H. Robinson, E. Galo, E.J. DePeters, and D. Howes. 2008. Effects of feeding supplemental palmitic acid (C16:0) on performance and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows under summer heat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 140:241-257.<br /> <br /> <br /> Reviews<br /> Van Eenennaam, A.L., and J. F. Medrano. 2008. Manipulation of Milk Fat Composition Through Transgenesis, pages 343-354, Chapter in Bioactive Components in Milk, Edited by Z. Bösze. Springer. 483 pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> Abstracts and Reports<br /> Ballou, M.A. M.K. Yelle, R.C. Gomes, D.W. Kim, and E.J. DePeters. 2007. The energetic and non-energetic effects of supplemental fish oil during the peripartum period on the metabolic status of multiparous Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 658.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ballou, M.A., R.C. Gomes, and E.J. DePeters. 2007. Feeding unprotected fish oil 3 weeks prepartum alters the fatty acid composition of plasma in both cow and calf at parturition, but had no effect on bactericidal or cytokine function. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 472.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ballou, M.A., J.G. Fadel, and E.J. DePeters. 2007. Modeling fatty acid kinetics in plasma and immune cells of neonatal calves in response to increasing levels of dietary fish oil. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 121.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bauman, D.E. 2007. Biology of CLA: An Overview of the Ruminant Perspective. II International Congress on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): From experimental models to human applications. pg. 2. (Plenary Lecture)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bauman, D.E., C. Tyburczy, A.M. ODonnell, and A.L. Lock. 2007. Production and use of high CLA foods in human health. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):429. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> <br /> Beattie, S., E. Hammond, and D. Beitz. 2006. Decreasing the atherosclerotic index of milk. Annu. Rpt. Midwest Dairy Foods Res. Ctr. pp. 132-133.<br /> <br /> <br /> Beitz, D., S. Veysey, M. Porter, E. Hammond, and A.E. Freeman. 2006. Finding the soft butter cow. Annu. Rpt. Midwest Dairy Foods Res. Ctr. pp. 6-7.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bharathan, M., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2007. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk increases in cows fed condensed corn distillers solubles and fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 90:29 (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bharathan, M., D. J. Schingoethe, R. S. Kaushik, K F. Kalscheur, G. Moorkanat and A. R. Hippen. 2007. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate immune responses in dairy cows characterized by an elevated plasma trans-10, cis-12 CLA and n-3 fatty acids but not cis-9, trans-11 CLA. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1):298-299 (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> <br /> Harvatine, K.J. and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Recent advances in milk fat depression: 1. Time course of milk fat depression and 2. Adipose tissue lipogenesis during milk fat depression. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 135-142<br /> <br /> <br /> Harvatine, K.J., and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Expression of PPAR and LXR nuclear hormone receptor families are not modified during milk fat depression induced by diet or treatment with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):59. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> <br /> Harvatine, K.J., J.L. Capper, Y.R. Boisclair, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Recent advances in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. EAAP-58th Annual Meeting, pg. 10. Dublin, Ireland. (Abstr.). Invited Lecture<br /> <br /> <br /> Harvatine, K.J., D.A. Dwyer, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Expression of lipogenic genes in adipose tissue increases during milk fat depression induced by treatment with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):206. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinrichsen, T., A.L. Lock, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. The relationship between trans-10, 18:1 and milk fat yield in cows fed high oleic acid or high linoleic acid plant oil supplements. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):206. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> <br /> Hippen, A. R., K. F. Kalscheur, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2007. Feeding fats for regulation of milk fat and fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 90:85 (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> <br /> Juchem, S.O., J.M. Heguy, E.J. DePeters, J.E.P. Santos, M. Rosenberg, and S.J. Taylor. 2006. Feeding whey protein gel composites or calcium salts to reduce rumen biohydrogenation and modify the unsaturated fatty acids in milk lipids. Oils, Fats and Lipids for a Healthier Future  The Need for Interdisciplinary Approaches. 4th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Oct. 1-4. University of Madrid (UCM), Spain. Abstract (pg. 356)<br /> <br /> <br /> Kadegowda, A. K. G., L. S. Piperova, and R. A. Erdman. 2007. Abomasal infusion of <br /> butterfat increases milk fat in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1):116.<br /> <br /> Kadegowda, A. K. G., B. B. Teter, J. Sampugna, P. Delmonte, L. S. Piperova, and R. A. Erdman. 2007. Trans-7-octadecenoic acid decreased milk fat and altered CLA composition in milk of lactating mice. J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1):179.<br /> <br /> Kay, J.K., C.E. Moore, D.E. Bauman, R.P. Rhoads, S.R. Sanders, A.F. Keating, and L.H. Baumgard. 2007. Temporal effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on mammary lipogenic gene expression. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):58. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> <br /> Kelsey, J.A., and M.A. McGuire. 2007. The impact of lipid metabolism on staphylococcal mastitis. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Intermountain Nutrition Conference. pp. 267-277.<br /> <br /> <br /> Knight, T.J. and D.C. Beitz. 2006. Use of biotechnology to improve food production and quality. In: Nutritional HealthStrategies for Disease Prevention, 2nd ed., pp. 373-386, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lock, A. L. and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Milk fat depression: what do we know and what can we do about it? Proc. Pacific Northwest Nutr. Conf. pp. 21-32.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lock, A. L. and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Dietary component and rumen environment interactions on milk fat. Proc. 4-State Nutr. Conf. pp. 68-74.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lock, A. L. and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Conjugated linoleic acids and the dairy cow. Fertility in Dairy Cows: Bridging the Gaps, BSAS-EAAP Satellite Meeting. pp. 21.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mendonca, A., D. Beitz, and T. Boylston. 2006. Stability of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes for using as a cholesterol-lowering dietary adjunct in dairy products. Annu. Rpt. Midwest Dairy Foods Res. Ctr. pp. 157-158.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mosley, E., B. Hatch, K. Hunt, A. Morrison, C. Roberts, D. Sevier, and M. McGuire. 2007. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression and fatty acid concentrations in bovine tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl. 1)/Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):59.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rovi, M., A. Lock, T. Gipson, A. Goetsch, and D. Bauman. 2007. A conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplement containing trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduces milk fat synthesis. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6(Suppl. 1):629-631.<br /> <br /> Salter, A.M., A.L. Lock, P.C. Garnsworthy, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Milk fatty acids: Implications for human health. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition -2007. pp. 1-18. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.<br /> <br /> Thering, B., D. Graugnard, P. Piantoni, R. L. Wallace, R. E. Everts, S. L. Rodriguez-Zas, H. A. Lewin, and J. J. Loor. 2007. Transcriptional regulation of mammary and adipose tissue gene expression in dairy cows fed a milk fat-depressing or milk fat-enhancing diet. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):M253.<br /> <br /> Tyburczy, C., D. Bauman, F. Destaillats, A. Lock, and A. Salter. 2007. Evidence that neither elaidic nor vaccenic acid are responsible for the plasma cholesterol-raising properties of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. II International Congress on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): From experimental models to human applications. pg. 30. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Tyburczy, C., A.L. Lock, D.A. Dwyer, F. Destaillants, Z. Mouloungui, L. Candy, and D.E. Bauman. 2007. Characterization of the utilization of trans octadecenoic acids in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1):205. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Yelle, M.K., D.W. Kim, E.J. DePeters, and M.A. Ballou. 2007. Dietary fish oil does not impact the response of early lactating cows to an endotoxic mastitis challenge. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 470.<br /> <br /> Weerasinghe, W.M.P.B., R.G. Wilkinson, A.L. Lock, M.J. de Veth, D.E. Bauman, and L.A. Sinclair. 2007. Effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and altered dietary protein level on the performance of dairy ewes. 5th Euro-Fed Lipid Congress, September 2007, Gothenburg, Sweden.<br /> <br /> Weinstein, J.A., E.J. DePeters, M. Rosenberg, S.J. Taylor, A. Aljadeff. 2007. Feeding a whey protein gel to prevent rumen hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and increase the n3 and n6 fatty acid content of goat milk. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (Suppl.1): 210.<br /> <br /> Thesis<br /> Bharathan, M. 2007. Feeding fish oil and condensed corn distillers soluble increases conjugated linoleic acid in milk and modulates immune response in dairy cows. M. S. Thesis, South Dakota State University, 101 pages.<br /> <br /> <br /> Deines, K. A. 2007. Analysis of the Impact of Differing n-3 PUFA Gestational and Lactational Environments on Adipose Development in Transgenic Fat-1 Mice and Investigation of the Agalactic Phenotype in Fat-2 Transgenic Mice. M.S. thesis in Animal Biology, UC Davis.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kelsey, J.A. January 2007; The impact of lipids on the host-pathogen interaction of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cattle. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow.<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. Collaborative work between the University of Illinois and the University of Maryland involving in vitro (mammary epithelial cell lines) and in vivo (mice and cattle) and cDNA microarray analysis will delineate the critical control points in lipid metabolism in the mammary gland, liver, and adipose.
2. Use of transgenic mice for Fat-1 gene that allows mice to de novo synthesize unsaturated fatty acids will contribute to our knowledge obtained under impact statement 1. Continues efforts to understand the genetic control of milk fat synthesis.
3. Collaborative work between the University of Illinois and the University of California will describe the impact of postruminal fatty acid composition on the physical and chemical properties of butter triacylglycerols and the impact on dairy products.
4. Collaborative work between Cornell University and the University of Vermont will further define the role of rumen intermediates of biohydrogenation on milk fat synthesis.
5. Collaborative work between the University of Illinois and the University of California will describe the impact of dietary lipids on lipid synthetic pathways as they related to immune function of transition dairy cows.
6. In vitro rumen fermentation studies continue to improve our understanding of biohydrogenation of fatty acids. The impacts of these biohydrogenation intermediates on lipid biosynthesis are being studied at a number of institutions.
7. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, nondestructive method that is being investigated for use in milk. It is possible to do simultaneous determination of several milk components. FTIR is being compared with traditional gas chromatographic determination of fatty acids. This is a promising new methodology for the study of milk lipids and estimation of the health-promoting index (HPI) of milk.
8. Milk from cows with a higher unsaturated fatty acid concentration produced butter samples with a higher health-promoting index (HPI). Butter was also more spreadable, softer, and less adhesive. HPI is the inverse of atherogenic index (AI) where a higher AI is related to lipids for cardiovascular disease. It is possible through feeding management to improve the HPI of milk and dairy products.
9. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is being used to predict the health-promoting index (HPI). FTIR is a rapid method and offers significant opportunity to screen large numbers of milk samples. FTIR might become a tool that nutritionists can use to modify the diet of lactating cows to improve the HPI of milk fat for selected dairy products.
10. Whey protein gels have successfully reduced rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and increased the n3 and n6 fatty acids in the milk fat of dairy cows and dairy goats. The method is relatively simple and could be practical to use on the dairy farm to produce milk fat with a higher nutritive (high HPI) value.
11. Distillers grains and solubles, byproducts of ethanol production, impact the fatty acid composition of the milk fat. Distillers grains are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, which effect rumen biohydrogenation. The intermediates of biohydrogenation, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 and trans-11 C18:1, are substrates for milk fat synthesis.
12. Human clinical studies are evaluating the impact of dairy products with altered fatty acid composition on human health related to anti-cancer and anti-atherogenic effects of dairy products.

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