Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/20/2007] [12/20/2007] [08/22/2008] [09/07/2009] [07/29/2011] [08/19/2011] [10/26/2012]

Report Information

Participants

Larry Jacobson, University of Minnesota jacob007@tc.umn.edu
Wendy Powers, Iowa State University wpowers@iastate.edu
Lingjuan Wang, North Carolina State University Lwang5@ncsu.edu
Karl Van Devekder, University of Arkansas kvan@uark.edu
Ronaldo Maghirang, Kansas State University rmaghir@ksu.edu
Ken Casey, Tex Agri Exp Station kdcasey@ag.tamu.edu
Richard Gates, University of Kentucky gates@bae.uky.edu
Bud Malone, University of Delaware malone@udel.edu
Steven Trabve, USDA ARS trabve@nsric.ars.usda.gov
Phil Westerman, North Carolina State University phil_westerman@ncsu.edu
Yuanhui Zhang, University of Illinois yzhang1@uiuc.edu
Xinlei Wang, University of Illinois xwang2@uiuc.edu
Larry Elmore USEPA elmore.larry@epa.gov
Viney Pal Aneja, North Carolina State University viney_aneja@ncsu.edu
Albert Heber, Purdue University heber@purdue.edu
Joe Rudek, Environment Defense jrudek@ed.org
Lingying Zhao, The Ohio State University zhao.119@osu.edu
Sreekala Bajwa, University of Arkansas sgbajwa@uark.edu
Steven Safferman, Michigan State University safferma@msu.edu
Saqib Mukhtar, Texas Cooperative Extension mukhtar@tamu.edu
Dana Miles, USDA-ARS dmmiles@msa-msstate.ars.usda.gov
Dick Nicolai, South Dakota State University nicolaid@sdstate.edu
Wayne P. Robarge, North Carolina State University wayne_robarge@ncsu.edu
Sanjay Shah, North Carolina State University sbshah3@ncsu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

S1025 committee chair, Larry Jacobson, opened meeting at 1:30pm on June 7, 2006. He reported that S-1025 project has been approved by the Experiment Station directors a month ago. This is a five year (February 1, 2006 to September 30, 2011) new Hatch Multi-State project that replaces NC-189 and SC-291. Information about this project and the list of official members are on the web at http://www.nimss.umd.edu/homepages/home.cfm?trackID=4694. Typically each state/station has one designated or official representative but others individuals from that institution or state can and are encouraged to participate on the project. If you would are interested, please ask your states experiment stations representative to have your name added to the participation list in Appendix E.

After introductions by each of the individuals in attendance, Wendy Powers, chair-elect, updated the group from last years (October 2005) committee meeting in Raleigh, North Carolina. Eight tasks were identified by the committee for action during the coming year. One of these eight tasks (critical issues list for assembling a competitive grant-writing team) was selected as the activity for the coming year.

In Lieu of the absence of our new Administrative Advisor, Ron Lacewell and CSREES representatives Richard (Dick) Hegg or Ray Knighton, Dr. Jacobson informed the group that annual reports for the first year of this five year project are due in 60 days (August 6, 2006). Participants need to submit their state/station reports to S1025 Secretary Lingjuan Wang by June 30, 2006 using the designated form, so she has time to assemble them into a combined annual project report that will be uploaded to the project website.

In response to a question about the functions of this committee, Larry Jacobson addressed that this and other multi-state committees generally plans and coordinates an annual meeting, reports air quality research through the National Information Management and Support System (NIMSS) annually and helps direct and guide research and extension projects by encouraging collaborations among members from different states. There was also discussion about how to draw interests from other disciplines and other research groups to this project. Incentives are needed for participation on the committee that will make this project multi-dimensional (multi-state as well as multi-discipline).

Meeting attendees also gave brief (5 -10) minutes updates of their air quality activities from their state and/or organization

The task of annual development of critical issues list for assembling a competitive grant-writing team was selected in last years committee meeting as top priority for the coming year. Larry Jacobson has led the effort to complete this task. The products of the effort are at least two proposals from the committee members that will be submitted to USDA NRI this year for funding.

The group also discussed and identified the following two tasks for coming year:
1. evaluating/ peer-reviewing QAPP for the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) under EPA Air Consent Agreement
2. Assistance in three ASABE air quality related standards that are in the process of development:
a. Standard for Air Quality Terminology
b. Standard for Olfactometer Analyses
c. Standard for Intensity Measurement of Odor
Volunteers were asked to contact Al Heber at Purdue University for task #1, and Dick Nicolai at South Dakota State University will provide leadership in task 2

Ken Casey located at the Texas Agricultural Experimental Station in Amarillo, TX was selected as incoming Secretary of the committee.

Next years meeting for S1025 will tentatively be held at the Omni Interlocken Resort in Broomfield, Colorado during the 4th International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operation (http://www.asabe.org/meetings/airwaste2007/index.htm) on September 15-19, 2007.

Accomplishments

Activities for the reporting period focused on the following objectives:<br /> 1. Determine gaseous emission rates/factors of livestock facilities for representative housing types, manure-handling practices, and seasonal and regional differences typically encountered by the U.S. industry; <br /> 2. Quantify the efficacy of selected methods for aerial emissions abatement through dietary manipulation and manure management; <br /> 3. Provide research-based information that can be used for establishment of realistic guidelines on gaseous emissions from livestock operations; and <br /> 4. Educate industry stakeholders on means to minimize adverse impacts on environmental and natural resources while maintaining or improving their production efficiency.<br /> <br /> Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included:<br /> " Established a field research-based, foundational database on NH3, H2S, PM and odor emissions for poultry, swine, and dairy operations (MN, IA, IN, NC, TX, IL, NY);<br /> " Conducted a series of studies to evaluate the efficacies of various emission mitigation strategies for housing or lagoon/earthen basin emission. The strategies include vertical biofilter (SD and MN), windbreak shelterbelts (SD), vegetative buffers (DE), scrubber (NC), dietary manipulation (PA, IA), wetland filtration system for reducing swine odor (PA), surface aeration system/the aerator module (MN), dairy manure additive (DoL) for decreasing odor emission (MN), water sprinkler systems in reducing dust concentrations in commercial cattle feedlots (KS and TX). The effectiveness of charged water spray in reducing dust concentration is being investigated (KS); <br /> " Demonstrated that ammonia emissions can be reduced by 15% from broilers as a result of a specific diet strategy (IA, and MD);<br /> " Discovered that pH in a manure fermenter had a profound impact on the biological gas (hydrogen) production and was completely stalled when pH reached 4.0. To maintain a high rate of gas generation, the pH value in the fermenter liquid should be controlled above 5.0 (MN); <br /> " Revealed the impact of the belt slippage and dirty shutter on reduction of ventilation rate  30-60% reduction. (MN); <br /> " Revealed that proportionally more gas (H2S and NH3) and odor is emitted through the pit airstreams (by pit fans) than through the wall airstreams (by wall fans) (MN);<br /> " Conducted and completed performance evaluation of broiler chicken watering systems. Project results demonstrated that holding a nipple actuator open for one-minute resulted in significantly greater water flow rate than that seen when waterer is actuated with a more realistic bird pecking periodic impact and that watering systems that provided more water during the one-minute hold did not necessarily provide more water during bird pecking water flow. (PA).<br /> " Identified a process-based farm emissions model to estimate air ammonia emissions from a typically-designed NY dairy farm. The model will be run using several different operating conditions for an 800-milking cow central NY dairy farm. Input information specific to NY include monthly weather conditions (temperature and precipitation), herd management practice, manure storage design, and spreading methods. Results of this modeling effort will be compared to both literature results and future anticipated field ammonia sampling at this same sample farm (NY); <br /> " Modeled hydrogen sulfide emissions with two dispersion models and using a rank order comparison of data (not matched in space and time). Results showed the dispersion models (AERMOD in particular) may be useful in predicting maximum downwind concentrations over a period of time (MN);<br /> " A furnace which uses poultry manure as a fuel to heat broiler houses is being tested. Use of litter is intended to provide an alternate use of manure as opposed to land application. It is also a renewable biomass fuel which could offset significant consumption and combustion of propane and natural gas (fossil fuels) (AR);<br /> " Conducted a pilot-project bench-top laboratory study using a microtunnel apparatus to determine emission rates from a sample of 100 ml of fresh swine manure placed in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask at four different airflow rates. Findings indicate that even though gas (NH3 and H2S) concentration decreased with increasing airflow rate, the emission rate remained constant. In using SPME fibers, little collection of VOC was observed (MN);<br /> " Ambient background air hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations were collected at seven pork production facilities located in southern Minnesota using four Single Point Monitors (SPM) at each site. Background H2S concentrations are typically well below 17 ppb. Higher background concentrations are likely caused by farms within 0.5 mile or 1 mile at the maximum, although some background concentrations were low despite having a relatively large farm in close proximity while other sites recorded higher background concentrations in directions with no nearby farms (MN);<br /> " Developed a non-steady-state flux chamber instrumentation system that can quantify gas emissions using a photoacoustic muli-gas analyzer from naturally-ventilated dairy facilities. A steady-state flux chamber system was also developed for laboratory use with multiple chambers for direct comparison of gas emissions among up to five treatments plus one control; <br /> " Planned several ongoing projects on air emission monitoring and mitigation (AR), dietary study (MI), full-scale digester evaluation (MI), robust and low-cost instrument packages for measuring NH3 concentrations and fan airflow rates (NC);<br /> " Published the results of ammonia emissions from commercial broiler and layer houses, comparison of ammonia emissions from turkey brooder and grow-out houses when mechanical ventilation was in use (PA). A horse stabling design book, authored by IA, KS, and PA agricultural engineers and an Oklahoma horse specialist, was published through MidWest Plan Service that contained updated design information on ventilation and heating systems in addition to other facility topics. A second horse facilities book was submitted for publication through Blackwell for 2006 release;<br /> " Educated/trained industry, scholars and stakeholders on the findings to date of the above accomplishments through state, regional, and national meetings with each of the above audiences. Methods of information dissemination included workshop and conference settings, fact sheets and web-based delivery methods (All participants).<br />

Publications

Handbook, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations and Circulars<br /> <br /> Dixon, Phillip. 2005. A design manual for the treatment of nitrate in dairy cow drinking water. Master of Engineering, Cornell University.<br /> <br /> Lefers, R. M. 1977.A design and analysis for a vertical bed biofilter and biofilter moisture control system. M.S. Thesis, South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD.<br /> <br /> Wheeler, E., B. Koenig, J. Harmon, P. Murhpy and D. Freeman. 2005. Horse Facilities Handbook. MidWest Plan Service, Ames, IA. 232 pp.<br /> <br /> Journal Articles and Abstracts<br /> <br /> Angel R., W. Powers, S. Zamzow, and T. Applegate. 2006. Dietary modifications to reduce nitrogen consumption and excretion in broilers. Poultry Sci.<br /> Clanton, C. J., K. A. Janni, D. R. Schmidt, and M. I. Endres. 2005. Dolomitic Limestone Bedding Effects on Dairy Manure Characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21(4):697-706.<br /> <br /> E. M. Govere, M Tonegawa, M.A. Bruns. E.F. Wheeler, P.H. Heinemann, K.E. Kephart and J. Dec. 2005. Deodorization of swine manure using minced horseradish roots and peroxides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:4880-4889.<br /> <br /> Gates, R.S., H. Xin, K.D. Casey, Y. Liang, E. F. Wheeler. 2005. Method for Measuring Ammonia Emission from Poultry Houses. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4(3):622-634.<br /> <br /> Goodrich, P., D. Schmidt, and D. Haubenschild. 2005. Anaerobic digestion for energy and pollution control. Agr. Engng. Intl. Volume No. Manuscript EE 03 001. Vol. VII. Website: cigr-ejournal.tamu.edu.<br /> <br /> Guo H., L.D. Jacobson, D.R. Schmidt, R.E. Nicolai, J. Zhu, K.A. Janni. 2005. Development of OFFSET Model for Determination of Odour Annoyance Free Setback Distance from Animal Production Sites, Part II: Model Development and Evaluations. Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 48(6): 2269-2276.<br /> <br /> Hoff, S.J., D.S. Bundy, M.A. Huebner, B.C. Zelle, L. D. Jacobson, A.J. Heber, J.Q. Ni, Y.Zhang, J.A. Koziel, D.B. Beasley. 2006. Emissions of Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Odor Before, During and After Slurry Removal from a Deep-Pit Swine Finisher. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association. 56: 581-590.<br /> <br /> Jacobson, L.D., H.Guo, D.R. Schmidt, R.E. Nicolai, J. Zhu, K.A. Janni. 2005. Development of OFFSET Model for Determination of Odour Annoyance Free Setback Distance from Animal Production Sites, Part I: Review and Experiment. Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 48(6): 2259-2268.<br /> <br /> Jerez, S.B, Y. Zhang, J. McClure, L. Jacobson, A. Heber, S. Hoff, J. Koziel, and D. Beasley. 2006. Comparison of measured total suspended particulate matter concentration using tapered element oscillating microbalance and a TSP sampler. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association. 56: 261-270.<br /> <br /> Liang, Y., H. Xin, E.F. Wheeler, R. S. Gates, H. Li, J.S. Zajaczkowski, P. Topper, K.D. Casey, B.R. Behrends, D.J. Burnham and F.J. Zajaczkowski. 2005. Ammonia emissions from U.S. laying hen houses in Iowa and Pennsylvania. Transactions of ASAE 48(5):1927-1941. <br /> <br /> Liang, Y, H. Xin H. Li, R.S. Gates, E.F. Wheeler and K.D. Casey. 2005. Effect of measurement interval on estimation of ammonia emission rates for layer houses. Transactions of ASAE: 49(1): 183-186.<br /> <br /> M. Haan, J. Russell, J. Davis, D. Morrical, D. Strohbehn, and W. Powers. 2006. Effect of grazing management on cattle distribution patterns. J. Anim. Sci. 84:. (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> M. Haan, J. Russell, D. Morrical, D. Strohbehn, W. Powers, J. Lawrence, and J. Kovar. 2006. Effects of grazing management on pasture characteristics affecting sediment and nutrient loads in surface waters. J. Anim. Sci.84:W64. (Abstr.)<br /> <br /> Powers, W., R. Angel, S. Zamzow, and T. Applegate. 2006. Reducing broiler air emissions through diet. Poultry Sci. <br /> <br /> Sabeh, N.C., E.F. Wheeler, D.M. Beyer and P.H. Heinemann. 2005. Environmental control strategies in Agaricus bisporus production rooms and their effects on mushroom quality. Mushroom News 53(1):6-12.<br /> <br /> Wang, L., D.B. Parker, C. B. Parnell, R.E. Lacey, and B.W. Shaw. 2006. Comparison of CALPUFF and ISCST3 Models for Determination of Odor Emission Rates. Journal of Atmospheric Environment. 40(2006):4663-4669.<br /> <br /> Wu, W., W. Powers, R. Angel, C.E.Hale III, and T. Applegate. 2006. Effect of diet on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. International Poultry Scientific Forum.<br /> <br /> Zhang, Z., J. Zhu, and K. J. Park. 2006. A Bench-Scale Aeration Study Using Batch Reactors on Swine Manure Stabilization to Control Odour in Post Treatment Storage. Water Research 40(1): 162-174.<br /> <br /> Conference Proceedings<br /> <br /> Angel, R., W. Powers, S. Bastyr, W. Wu, and T. Applegate. 2006. Dietary modifications to reduce air emissions from broiler chickens. Proceedings of the ESA Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science. June 5-8, Potomac, MD. Ecological Society of America, Washington, D.C.<br /> <br /> Almuhanna, E.A., R.G. Maghirang, J.P. Murphy, and L.E. Erickson. 2006. Effectiveness of electrostatic-charged water spray in reducing dust concentration. ASABE Paper No. MC-06-2102. MidCentral Conference of the ASABE.<br /> <br /> Casey, K.D., R.S. Gates, A. Singh, A.J. Pescatore, E.F. Wheeler, H. Xin and Y. Liang. 2005. The effect of litter management on ammonia emissions from U.S. broiler chicken houses. In Proceedings Air and Waste Management Association 98th Annual Conference & Exhibition: Exploring Innovative Solutions. Paper No. 615. A&WMA. Pittsburgh, PA. 8 pp on CD.<br /> <br /> Clanton, C. J., D. R. Schmidt, B. C. Martinez, S. M. Hanni, and M. D. Tokah. 2006. Measuring Gas Emissions form Manure SamplesA Laboratory Pilot Study. Poster session. Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science. Bolger Conference Center. Potomac, MD. June 5-8.<br /> <br /> Costello, T. A., M. Lopez and L. A. Roe. 2005. Combustion of Poultry Litter for Space Heating. Presented at the 2005 ASAE Annual Meeting, Tampa, Florida, July 20, 2005.Goodrich, P. R., 2005. Future dairy manure management. Invited luncheon presentation at the Elite Producer Conference in Las Vegas NV. November 7-9. Farm Journal Media, Philadelphia PA.<br /> <br /> E.F. Wheeler, N.K. Diehl, J. L. Zajaczkowski, D. Brown. 2005. Horse Riding Arena Dust Measurements. Proceedings of the Seventh International Livestock Environment Symposium. Beijing, China. ASAE. St. Joseph, MI. pp. 171-178<br /> <br /> Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, A.J. Pescatore, E.F. Wheeler and H. Xin. 2005. Assessing annual U.S. broiler chicken house emissions. In Proceedings Air and Waste Management Association 98th Annual Conference & Exhibition: Exploring Innovative Solutions. Paper No.1292. A&WMA. Pittsburgh, PA. 8 pp on CD.<br /> <br /> Gates, R.S., H. Xin, E.F. Wheeler. 2005. Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Houses by Enhanced Manure and Diet Management. Final Report for US Department of Agriculture, Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems (IFAFS), Washington, DC. (bibliography of project publications) 7 pp.<br /> <br /> Gay, S.W., E.F. Wheeler, J.L. Zajaczkowski and P.A. Topper. 2005. Ammonia emissions from U.S. tom turkey grow out and brooder houses under cold weather mechanical ventilation. ASAE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 05-4034. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. 16 pp.<br /> <br /> Goodrich, P. R., D. Nelson, R. Huelskamp, D. Haubenschild, M. Drewitz, P. Burns, D. Schmidt, R. V. Morey. 2005. Comparison of fuel cell and a genset utilizing biogas. In Proceedings of the Manure management Symposium. San Antonio, TX January 5-7, 2005.<br /> <br /> Goodrich, P. R., R. V. Morey, D. Schmidt, P. Burns, M. Drewitz, D. Haubenschild, A. Bilek, D. Nelson, R. Huelskamp. 2005. Hydrogen and electrons from manure. Presented at the Water Environment Federation/US Environmental Protection Agency Regional Symposium-Innovative Uses of Agricultural Animal Manure, Biosolids and Paper Mill Residuals: Recycling of Non-Hazardous Organic Residuals to Products and Energy June 29 - July 1, 2005. Chicago, IL USA.<br /> <br /> Goodrich, P., D. Schmidt, and D. Haubenschild. 2006 Fuel cell operation on renewable biogs produce from livestock biomass. Presented at Fuel Cell 2006-Conference and exhibits on advancements in application and Technology, June 6-7 2006, Raleigh NC.<br /> <br /> Janni, K.A. L. D. Jacobson, R. E. Nicolai, B. Hetchler, and V. J. Johnson . 2005. Airflow reduction of large belt-driven exhaust ventilation fans with shutters and loose belts. IN: Proc. Seventh Int. Livestock Env. Sym., ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. pp. 245-251.<br /> <br /> Liang, Y., H. Xin, L. Hong, E.F. Wheeler, R.S. Gates. 2005. Effect of measurement intervals on estimation of annual emission rates from layer houses. ASAE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 05-0405. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. 5 pp. <br /> <br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D.B. Beasley. 2006. A review of emission models of ammonia released from broiler houses. ASABE Paper No.064101. Presented at the 2006 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting, Portland, OR.<br /> <br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D.B. Beasley, E. Oviedo, R. Munilla, G.R. Baughman and C.M. Williams. 2006. Effect of litter moisture content on ammonia emissions from broiler operations. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science. June5-8, 2006. Potomac, MD.<br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Neighbor-relations and vegetative environmental buffer research update. Delmarva Poultry Industry Grower and Live Production Mtgs., Salisbury, MD. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Planting trees around poultry farms to improve neighbor-relations. Somerset County Commission Mtg., Princess Anne, MD. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. The benefits of planting trees around poultry farms. Delaware Non-Point Sources Mtg., Lewis, DE<br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Emission abatement strategies: Ammonia issues and regulations for poultry operations. Georgetown, DE. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Design and implementation of vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms. Maryland Natural Resource and Conservation Service. Salisbury, MD<br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Vegetative environmental buffers. North Atlantic Poultry Health and Management Conf. Windsor Lock, CT. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Emission abatement strategies. WV Poultry Growers Mtg. Moorefield, WV. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms to improve neighbor relations. MD Dept. of Ag. Farming and Land Use Forum. Annapolis, MD. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Planting trees around poultry farms to improve neighbor relations. Mountaire Farms Grower Workshop. Delmar, DE. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Mtg. Annapolis, MD. <br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. The benefits of planting trees around poultry farms. Texas Broiler Sym., Nacogdoches, TX.<br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2005. Planting trees around poultry farms. KY Poultry Federation Mtg. Princeton, KY.<br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. 2006. Design and implementation of vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms. Virginia Natural Resource and Conservation Service. Salisbury, MD<br /> <br /> Mc Daniel, K. J., D. R. Schmidt, B. C. Martinez, and C. J. Clanton. 2006. Measuring Gas and Odor Emissions from Swine and Dairy Manure Using a Microtunnel. Proceedings of the Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science. Bolger Conference Center. Potomac, MD. June 5-8.<br /> <br /> Nicolai, R.E., R.S. Lefers, S.H. Pohl. 2005. Configuration of a Vertical Biofilter. In Livestock Environment VII: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium, ed. Richard R. Stowell. Beijing, China.<br /> <br /> Powers, W., S. Bastyr, R. Angel, and T. Applegate, and B. Kerr. 2006. Effects of reduced crude protein diets on gaseous emissions and swine performance. Proceedings of the ESA Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science. June 5-8, Potomac, MD. Ecological Society of America, Washington, D.C.<br /> <br /> Razote, E.B., R.G. Maghirang, J.P. Murphy, B.W. Auvermann, J.P. Harner, T. Pjesky, and W.L. Hargrove. 2005. Surface amendments for controlling dust emissions from cattle feedlots. ASAE Paper No 05-4008. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.<br /> <br /> Schmidt, D. R. and C. J. Clanton. 2005. Appendix to National Pork Board background H2S analysis for seven sites in Minnesota for data collected during 2002Data Analysis. Final Report. September 21, 2005.<br /> <br /> Topper, P.A. and E.F. Wheeler. 2005. Evaluation of Five Chicken Drinker Designs for Water Flow Rate During Finger Flow and Simulated Bird Flow. Final Report for Chore Time Corporation. The Pennsylvania State University, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University Park, PA. 41 pp.<br /> <br /> Vandevender, K. 2006. Arkansas swine odor survey. Workshop on Air Quality State of the Science, June 4-8, Potomac, MD.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. An assessment of the production benefits of planting trees around poultry farms. International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA.<br /> <br /> Wang, L., Z. Liu, D.B. Beasley, R. Munilla, G.R. Baughman, and E. Oviedo. 2006. Measuring ammonia emissions from broiler litter. ASABE Paper No.064189. Presented at the 2006 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting, Portland, OR.<br /> <br /> Wheeler, E. F. 2005 (updated annually). Horse facility resources. Agricultural and Biological Engineering Fact Sheet G-106, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2 pp.<br /> <br /> Wheeler, E.F., P.A. Topper, R.E. Graves and M.A. Bruns. 2005. Odor reduction in swine wastewater constructed wetland. ASAE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 05-4065. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. 25 pp. <br /> <br /> Wu, W., W. Powers, R. Angel, C. E. Hale III, and T. Applegate. 2006. Effect of diet on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Proceedings of the ESA Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science. June 5-8, Potomac, MD. Ecological Society of America, Washington, D.C.<br />

Impact Statements

1. U.S. poultry producers were targeted as major contributors to national ammonia inventory emissions prior to this study, based on older European data published by EPA over a decade ago. The accomplishments of this project has helped producers, extension specialists, and other stakeholders to understand the magnitude of emissions from poultry facilities, to know the current regulatory environment regarding ammonia, dust and the Clean Air Act, and the importance of finding abatement techniques that are based on science and have been field tested.
2. Practical, feasible means to mitigate air emissions from animal feeding operations will ultimately help the animal production industry improve its environmental soundness and continue its ability to provide safe and affordable food supply to the population. The project accomplishments have provided data on dietary strategies and applications of some mitigation technologies that could be implemented tomorrow, if needed. The impact is that science-based options are available to animal agriculture.
3. Emissions information obtained in the manure pit study will be helpful information for pig producers with the deep pit housing systems to strategically use control technologies like biofilters on only certain airstreams (pit fans) and remove a majority of the hazardous gases (H2S and NH3) and odor that are emitted from the barn.
4. Emission information from this research will provide producers, technical assistance providers, regulators, and compilers of emission inventories at county, state, and federal levels with accurate information that is consistent with rigorous environmental protection requirements and rural socioeconomic needs.
5. The need exists for a screening tool to be developed for assessing the potential of animal feedlots to meet the Minnesota state ambient air quality standard for hydrogen sulfide (30 ppb or 50 ppb 30 minute averages at the property line). Current methods for assessing this potential require individual, site-specific computer modeling that is often cost prohibitive to many producers. With the current economic challenges associated with animal agriculture, a low cost, high quality assessment tool is vital for the maintenance and growth of the states livestock industry. Modeling efforts under this project can be used to develop tools with multi-state applicability.

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Report Information

Participants

Brent Auvermann, Texas A&M University b-auvermann@tamu.edu
John Blake, Auburn University blakejp@auburn.edu
Ted Funk, University of Illinois funkt@uiuc.edu
Richard Gates, University of Kentucky gates@bae.uky.edu
Richard(Dick)Hegg, USDA CSREES rhegg@csrees.usda.gov
Larry Jacobson, University of Minnesota jacob007@umn.edu
Ron Lacewell, Texas A&M University r-lacewell@tamu.edu
Dick Nicolai, South Dakota State Univ. nicolaid@sdstate.edu
Wendy Powers, Michigan State University wpowers@msu.edu
Sanjay Shah, North Carolina State Univ sanjay_shah@ncsu.edu
Lingjuan Wang, North Carolina State Univ Lwang5@ncsu.edu
Eileen F. Wheeler, Pennsylvania State Univer efw2@engr.psu.edu
Garrett L. Van Wicklen, University of Delaware gvw@udel.edu
Lingying Zhao, Ohio State University zhao.119@osu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

(September 16, 2007. Omni Interlochen Hotel, Bloomfield, OH)
S1025 committee chair, Wendy Powers, called meeting to order at 5:45pm on September 16, 2007. After introductions by each of the individuals in attendance, Wendy Powers updated the group from last years (June 2006) committee meeting in Potomac, MD. Objectives of the projected were addressed to the committee for action during the coming year.

The Administrative Advisor, Ron Lacewell informed the group that annual reports for the second year of this five year project are due in 60 days. Participants need to submit their state/station reports to S1025 Secretary Ken Casey by September 30, 2007 using the designated form, so he will have time to assemble them into a combined annual project report that will be uploaded to the project website. It was pointed out that after this meeting, Wendy Power will be the past Chair, Lingjuan Wang will be the Chair and Ken Casey will be the vice Chair (Chair-elect) of the Committee.

CSREES representatives Richard (Dick) Hegg expressed his support to this group and reported USDA special grant status as well as other possible funding opportunities such as USDA NRI, USDA REE.

Brent Auvermann presented an overview of S1032 to the group and the group discussed the potential collaboration with S1032 and has a joint meeting next year in Nebraska.

Garrett L. Van Wicklen at University of Delaware was selected as incoming secretary of the committee.

Meeting attendees also gave brief (5 -10) minutes updates of their air quality activities from their states and/or organizations. It was proposed that the oral reports will be dropped at annual meeting and use some of meeting time to invite people talking to the group

Next years meeting for S1025 will tentatively be held jointly with S1032 meeting in Nebraska in May. Wendy Power and Larry Jacobson volunteered to contact S1032 chair John Classen for further details and arrangement.

The meeting was adjourned around 9:25 pm.

Accomplishments

Activities for the reporting period focused on the following objectives:<br /> 1. Determine gaseous emission rates/factors of livestock facilities for representative housing types, manure-handling practices, and seasonal and regional differences typically encountered by the U.S. industry; <br /> 2. Quantify the efficacy of selected methods for aerial emissions abatement through dietary manipulation and manure management; <br /> 3. Quantify the effectiveness of new housing designs in term of environment control and energy efficiency.<br /> 4. Provide research-based information that can be used for establishment of realistic guidelines on gaseous emissions from livestock operations; and <br /> 5. Educate industry stakeholders on means to minimize adverse impacts on environmental and natural resources while maintaining or improving their production efficiency.<br /> <br /> Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included:<br /> <br /> " Gas (NH3 and H2S) and particulate matter (PM) emissions are being measured semi-continuously from pig, poultry and dairy buildings as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS). (MN, IN, CA, NY, IA, NC, TX, WA) <br /> " Odor emission measurements are being added at four NAEMS animal building sites using both standard human sensory (dynamic forced-choice olfactometry), and a novel chemical analysis technique (GC/MS/O) for odorous compounds found in these emissions. The sensory and chemical methods would be correlated to gain both quantitative and qualitative understanding of odor emissions from animal buildings. (MN, IA, IN, TX) <br /> " GHG (Greenhouse Gases) emissions are being added to the NAEMS and Turkey emissions projects to determine CH4, N2O, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emissions from the dairy and turkey buildings respectively. (MN) <br /> " Ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM) emissions are being monitored from turkey grow-out barns in IA (Toms) and in MN (hens) that have had a section retrofitted with a mechanical ventilation system to accommodate more accurate airflow (and thus emission) measurements. (IA & MN) <br /> " NH3 and H2S emissions determined from one room (1200 head) of a mechanically tunnel ventilated pig finishing barn showed a disproportionate mass of these two gases were exhausted from the barn through pit vs. wall fans. Based upon similar magnitudes of NH3 and H2S concentrations measured in the center of the barn for all four; 0, 7, 17, and 34 m3/hr-pig pit ventilation cases used in the experiment, it was concluded that pit ventilation has little effect on the barns indoor air quality. PM10 concentrations and emissions from the pit fans are lower than it is for the wall fans. (MN) <br /> " Robust and low-cost instrument packages to measure ammonia concentrations and fan airflow rates to calculate ammonia emissions from broiler houses are currently being tested on a broiler fan in North Carolina. (NC)<br /> " A wind tunnel for sampler evaluation has been developed at UIUC and another modified at Texas A&M. as part of a project to investigate the existing sampling methods and sampler performance for particulate matter and quantify their bias when sampling PM from agricultural sources. The evaluation also includes the particle cut size and sampling efficiency for large particles; A DSP sampling head has been modified for field data collection using a high rate sheathing flow to measure particle size distributions of particulate matter emitted from concentrated swine, poultry and cattle feeding operations using four state-of-the-art instrumentations. (IL & TX)<br /> " Experiments in a mechanically ventilated swine building showed that the spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations differ in winter and summer due to the different airflow patterns. These results are important in the strategic location of the samplers in the building. Laboratory experiments showed that the type of ventilation system had a significant effect on the spatial distribution of both particles and CO2. CFD simulation showed that the magnitude of the predicted concentration were significantly higher than those of the measured concentrations primarily due to the assumption of the particle generation rate. (IL)<br /> " A BioCurtain®, which is a type of wind-break wall, is being evaluated for effectiveness to reduce odor and H2S emissions from a tunnel ventilated swine barn. (SD)<br /> " A vertical biofilter was constructed and monitored adjacent to the swine research bam at the South Dakota SE Experiment Station. (SD)<br /> " Vegetative environmental buffers are being evaluated as a technology to mitigate odor and aerosol pollutants emitted from poultry production sites. (DE, PA, IA, AR, SD) <br /> " An Electrostatic Space Charge System was installed in a swine finishing bam. Indoor dust was compared between the room with the unit and a room without. (SD)<br /> " Modification and testing is complete on a novel regenerating type scrubber for reducing ammonia emissions in the pit exhaust of swine houses. (NC)<br /> " Design, construction and evaluation of an open water curtain for reducing emissions of ammonia and PM from tunnel ventilated broiler houses. The water containing the pollutants will be either biologically treated or injected to adjacent hay fields, based on convenience and cost. (AR)<br /> " Results from a series of trials that evaluated various litter amendments in their ability to reduce ammonia volatilization and mitigation from poultry facilities indicated that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization, 2) aerobic and anaerobic bacterial levels are lower in pens that contain higher amounts of litter treatment, specifically Salmonella 3) improvements in growth performance may be possible with the use of litter treatments, 4) nutrient retention of nitrogen occurs as a result of an appreciable reduction in ammonia volatilization, 5) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, 6) the useful life of litter may be extended with the use of a litter treatment, and 7) litter treatment usage provides the producer with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. (AL) <br /> " A simplified method to evaluate litter volatilization was evaluated under a greater variety of experimental conditions with the hope that it will be adopted as a method to assist the grower in evaluating litter conditioning and litter treatment effectiveness under commercial conditions. (AL)<br /> " Researchers at Michigan State University have cooperated with researchers at the University of Maryland and Iowa State University to demonstrate effective diet modification strategies to reduce air emissions while maintaining poultry performance and reasonable diet costs. (MI)<br /> " Preliminary field study has shown indication that the use of surface aeration to control odor is feasible and achievable at the farm level, provided that the aeration efficiency of the system can be further improved. Improvement include: increasing oxygen transfer efficiency by designing an aerator complex (or module) using multiple venturi air injectors connected in series or parallel manner to increase air entrapment into the liquid and conducting extensive manure tests with the two best aerator modules (one from each configuration) to determine aeration efficiency, with the best one advancing to the field test and field testing the aeration system built on the selected aerator module on two lagoons (a swine lagoon in Minnesota and a first-stage poultry lagoon in Texas). (MN & TX)<br /> " A pilot-project bench-top laboratory study used a microtunnel apparatus to determine emission rates from a sample of 100 ml of fresh swine manure placed in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask at four different airflow rates. Findings indicate that even though gas (NH3 and H2S) concentration decreased with increasing airflow rate, the emission rate remained constant. In using SPME fibers, little collection of VOC was observed. (MN)<br /> " Clinoptilolite, a zeolite mineral was evaluated for its potential to reduce ammonia emitted from broiler houses. A lab experiment was conducted with 4 different rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg/m2) of clinoptilolite applied on broiler litter. Rectangular plastic boxes were filled uniformly with a 0.15 m deep layer (13.6 kg) of litter, and top dressed with the four rates of clinoptilolite. Each box was closed on the top such that air moved in through the vents on one side when the exhaust fan pumped out the ammonia laden air on the other side. Ammonia concentration in the exhaust air was monitored with Polytron II electrochemical ammonia sensors. Ambient concentration of ammonia was monitored with a gas analyzer. Polytron sensors were purged for 30 minutes after every 3 hrs of monitoring. Ammonia concentration was recorded every 5 min. Data analysis showed that clinoptilolite was able to decrease ammonia concentrations by over 60% during the time it was monitored. Higher rates of clinoptilolite did not change the ammonia concentration in the exhaust air. Clinoptilolite also minimized the fluctuations in ammonia concentrations in response to ambient temperature. (AR)<br /> " Energy use by poultry housing is being monitored and evaluated at farms with housing of different size, age, lighting type and insulation level. (DE)<br /> " A detailed protocol and methodology was developed and field tested that substantiates the air emission reduction values (odor, H2S, NH3, and PM10) for new odor and air emissions mitigation technologies. A H2S and NH3 HRV screening tool (MN-SET  Minnesota Setback Estimation Tool, which also incorporates odor  old OFFSET) to estimate setback distances from property lines and air quality levels at receptors near feedlots was developed and is being tested by county and state staff. (MN).<br />

Publications

Extension Publications and Popular Articles<br /> <br /> Malone, G.W. Amendments: Their role and use. Watt Poultry USA. pp 58-59. November 2006.<br /> Malone, G.W. (contributing author). Broiler Production and the Environment: University of Maryland Publication EB 368. 2006.<br /> <br /> Handbooks, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations, and Circulars<br /> <br /> Burns, R. T., H. Xin, R. S. Gates, S. Hoff and L. Moody. 2006. Southeastern Broiler Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emission Monitoring Quality Assurance Project Plan. Unpublished report available at: http://www.abe.iastate.edu/wastemgmt/<br /> Burns, R. T., H. Xin, R. S. Gates, H. Li, S. Hoff, L. Moody, D. Overhults and J. Earnest. Tyson Broiler Ammonia Emission Project: Final Report. Unpublished report available at: http://www.abe.iastate.edu/wastemgmt/<br /> <br /> Journal Articles and Abstracts<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson. 2007. Evaluation of hydrated lime as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86: 591 (Abstract #708).<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson. 2007. Evaluation of Poultry Guard litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86: 591 (Abstract #709).<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson. 2007. Evaluation of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) at three application rates for broiler chickens. Southern Poult. Sci. Soc., Atlanta, GA. (Abstract #T119).<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson. 2007. Evaluation of Aluminum Sulfate (Alum) at three application rates for broiler chickens. Southern Poult. Sci. Soc., Atlanta, GA. (Abstract #T120).<br /> Cai, L, J.A. Koziel, Y. Liang, A.T. Nguyen and H. Xin. 2007. Evaluation of zeolite for control of odorants emissions from simulated poultry manure storage. J. Environ. Qual. 36: 184-193.<br /> Casey, K.D., S.E. Ford, J.W. McClure, Y. Zhang and R.S. Gates. 2006. Determining fan performance using FANS: an investigation of performance impacts. App. Eng. Agric. 23: 333-338.<br /> Guarino, M., L. D. Jacobson, K. A. Janni. Dust Reduction from Oil-Based Feed Additives. App. Eng. Agric. 23: 329-332.<br /> Heber, A.J., J.-Q. Ni, T.-T. Lim, P.C. Tao, A.M. Schmidt, J.A. Koziel, D. B. Beasley, S.J. Hoff, R. E. Nicolai, L.D. Jacobson, and Y. Zhang. 2006. Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: Gas concentrations. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56: 1472-1483.<br /> Heber, A.J., T.-T. Lim; J.-Q. Ni; P.C. Tao, A.M. Schmidt, J.A. Koziel, S.J. Hoff, L.D. Jacobson, Y. Zhang, and G.B. Baughman. 2006. Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: Particulate matter concentrations. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56: 1642-1648.<br /> Hoff, S. J., D. S. Bundy, M. A. Huebner, B. C. Zelle, L. D. Jacobson, A. J. Heber, J. Ni, Y. Zhang, J. A. Koziel, and D. B. Beasley. 2006. Emission of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor before, and after slurry removal from a deep-pit swine finisher. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56: 550-559. <br /> Jerez, S. B, Y. Zhang, J. McClure, L. Jacobson, A. Heber, S. Hoff, J. Koziel, and D. B. Beasley. 2006. Comparison of measured total suspended particulate matter concentration using tapered element oscillating microbalance and a TSP sampler. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56: 261-270. <br /> Li, B., S. E. Ford, Y. Li, and Y. Zhang. 2006. Development of a fan testing chamber for agricultural and horticultural fans in china. App. Eng. Agric. 22: 115-119.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and R. A. Norton. 2007. Litter bacterial levels associated with Poultry Guard. Poult. Sci. 86: 592 (Abstract #710).<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and R. A. Norton. 2007. Bacterial levels associated with poultry litter treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (Alum). Southern Poultr. Sci. Soc., Atlanta, GA. (Abstract #P159).<br /> Nicolai, R. E., C. J. Clanton, K. A. Janni, and G. L. Malzer. 2006. Ammonia removal during biofiltration as affected by inlet air temperature and media moisture content. Trans. ASABE. 49: 1125-1138.<br /> Ocfemia, K., Y. Zhang and T. L. Funk. 2006. Hydrothermal process of swine manure into oil using a continuous reactor system: development and testing. Trans. ASABE: 49: 533-541<br /> Ocfemia, K., Y. Zhang and T. L. Funk. 2006. Hydrothermal processing of swine manure to oil using a continuous reactor system: effects of operating parameters on oil yield and quality. Trans. ASABE 49: 1897-1963.<br /> Panetta, D.M., W.J. Powers, H. Xin, B.J. Kerr, and K.J. Stalder. 2006. Nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions from pigs fed reduced crude protein diets or yucca extract. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 1297-1308.<br /> <br /> Conference Proceedings and Unpublished Presentations<br /> <br /> Amaral, M. F. P., R. S. Gates, E. G. Wilkerson, D. G. Overhults, I. F.F. Tinoco, H. Li, R. T. Burns, H. Xin and J. W. Earnest. 2007. Comparison between two systems for ammonia emission monitoring in broiler houses. Proc. of the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, 15-19 September. Broomfield, CO. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Bajwa, S. G., and H. Gadiraju. 2007. Laboratory evaluation of Clinoptilolite for ammonia emission mitigation from broiler litter. In. Proc. International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. Sept. 15-19, Broomfield, CO. <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin. 2006. Alternatives to shavings and litter amendments. 6 pp. In: Summary 2006 Alabama Broiler Industry Workshop, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Auburn, AL.<br /> Burns, R. T., H. Xin, R. S. Gates, H. Li, D. G. Overhults, L. Moody and J. W. Earnest. 2007. Ammonia emissions from poultry broiler systems in the southeastern United States. Proc. of the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, 15-19 September. Broomfield, CO. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Burns, R. T., H. Xin, R. S. Gates, H. Li, L. B. Moody, D. G. Overhults, J. Earnest and S. Hoff. 2007. Continuous monitoring method for ammonia emissions from poultry broiler houses in the United States. Page in: Ammonia Conference Abstract Book, Monteny, G.-J., E. Hartung, M. van den Top and D. Starmans, editors. 18-21 March, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. 171 pp.<br /> Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin and Y. Liang. 2007. Quantifying uncertainty for the multi-state broiler ammonia emissions project. Page 154 in: Ammonia Conference Abstract Book, Monteny, G.-J., E. Hartung, M. van den Top and D. Starmans, editors. 18-21 March, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. 171 pp.<br /> Jacobson, L. D., A. J. Heber, S. J. Hoff, Y. Zhang, D. B. Beasley, J. A. Koziel. 2007. Aerial Pollutants Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings. Presented at the Conference on Ammonia in Agriculture: Policy, Science, Control, and Implementation. March 20, 2007, Ede, The Netherlands<br /> Jacobson, L. D., B. P. Hetchler, and D. R. Schmidt. 2007. Protocol and techniques to evaluate emission control technologies from animal production operations. ASAE Paper No. 074128. Presented at the ASAE International Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, June 17-20, 2007, St. Joseph, MI: ASABE<br /> Jacobson, L. D., B. P. Hetchler, and D. R. Schmidt. 2007. Sampling pit and wall emission for H2S, NH3, CO2, PM, & odor from deep-pit pig finishing facilities. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. Sept 15-19, 2007. Broomfield, CO. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI<br /> Jacobson, L. D., B. P. Hetchler, V. Johnson, C. J. Clanton, and D.R. Schmidt. 2006. Minimizing pit emissions from pig barns to optimize "catch and treat" mitigation technologies like biofilters. ASAE Paper No. 064191. Presented at the ASAE International Meeting. Portland, OR, July 9-12, 2006, St. Joseph, MI.: ASAE<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D.B. Beasley, and E. Oviedo. 2007. Modeling ammonia emissions from broiler litter with a dynamic flow-through chamber system. ASABE Paper No. 074090. Presented at the 2007 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. Minneapolis, MN.<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D.B. Beasley. 2006. A review of emission models of ammonia released from broiler houses. ASABE Paper No.064101. Presented at the 2006 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting, Portland, OR.<br /> Malone, G. W. Design and implementation of vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms. Virginia Natural Resource and Conservation Service. January 5, 2006. Accomack, VA. <br /> Malone, G. W. Lessons learned using vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms. Delmarva NRCS Vegetative Environmental Buffer Training. July 31, 2007. Denton, MD. <br /> Malone, G. W. Vegetative environmental buffers for poultry farms. Frasier Valley Poultry Environmental Conference. July 13, 2006. Abbotsford, BC Canada. <br /> Malone, G. W., G, VanWicklen, S. Collier and D. Hansen. Efficacy of vegetative environmental buffers to capture emissions from tunnel ventilated poultry houses. Proc. of Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality. pp.875-878. June 7, 2006. Potomac, MD. <br /> Malone, G. W., J. Windsor, D. Abbott and S. Collier. Establishment of Vegetative Environmental Buffers Around Poultry Farms. Proc. of Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality. pp. 879-880. June 7, 2006. Potomac, MD. <br /> Schmidt, D. R., L. Jacobson. 2006. Hydrogen Sulfide Dispersion, Summary of Model Farms. ASAE paper #064135. St. Joseph, MI.: ASAE<br /> Schulte, D. D., M. R. Modi, C. G. Henry, R. R. Stowell, D. P. Billesbach, S. J. Hoff, and L. D. Jacobson. Modeling Odor Dispersion From a Swine Facility Using AERMOD. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. Sept 15-19, 2007. Broomfield, CO. St. Joseph, MI.: ASABE<br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2006. Economics of propane vs. feed use in turkey housing. Pennsylvania Poultry Sales & Service Conference. State College, PA<br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2006. Energy efficient poultry houses. West Virginia Poultry Federation Fall Seminar. Moorefield, WV.<br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Energy efficient houses. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. Roanoke, VA.<br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Energy: cost share programs and new technologies. Delmarva Breeder and Grow-Out Conferenc. Ocean City, MD.<br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Reducing poultry house energy costs. Cargill Turkey Growers Workshop. Harrisonburg, VA.<br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2006. Energy efficient poultry houses. Delmarva Breeder, Hatchery & Grow-out Conference. Ocean City, MD.<br /> Wang, L. E. Oviedo, Z. Liu, R. Munilla and D. B. Beasley. 2007. Field evaluation of Ozonation technology for ammonia control in broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 074135. Presented at the 2007 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. Minneapolis, MN. <br /> Wheeler, E. F., R. S. Gates, H. Xin, K. Casey, P. Topper and Y. Liang. 2007. Ammonia emissions from layer hen and broiler chicken houses in the U.S.A. Page 109 in: Ammonia Conference Abstract Book, Monteny, G.-J., E. Hartung, M. van den Top and D. Starmans, editors. 18-21 March, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. 171 pp. Xin, H., H. Li, Y. Liang and R. T. Burns. 2007. Mitigation of ammonia emission from laying hen manure storage by physical and chemical means. Presented in International Ammonia Conference in Agriculture. Wageningen, The Netherlands.<br /> <br /> Books<br /> <br /> Jacobson, L. D., S. L. Wood, D. R. Schmidt, A. J. Heber, J. R. Bicudo, R. D. Moon. 2006. Site selection of animal operations using air quality criteria. In Animal Agriculture and the Environment: National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management White Papers. pp. 505-528. J. M. Rice, D. F. Caldwell, F. J. Humenik, eds. 2006. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Kenneth D. Casey, José R. Bicudo, David R. Schmidt, Anshu Singh, Susan W. Gay, Richard S. Gates, Larry D. Jacobson, Steven J. Hoff. 2006. Air quality and emissions from livestock and poultry production/waste management systems. In Animal Agriculture and the Environment: National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management White Papers. pgs. 1-40. J. M. Rice, D. F. Caldwell, F. J. Humenik, eds. 2006. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Sweeten, J. M., Larry D. Jacobson, Albert J. Heber, David R. Schmidt, Jeffery C. Lorimor, Philip W. Westerman, J. Ronald Miner, Ruihong H. Zhang, C. Mike Williams, Brent W. Auvermann. 2006. Odor mitigation for concentrated animal feeding operations: White paper and recommendation. In Animal Agriculture and the Environment: National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management White Papers. pp. 721-758. J. M. Rice, D. F. Caldwell, F. J. Humenik, eds. 2006. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br />

Impact Statements

1. " The correlation between sensory measurements and malodorous individual compounds identification will allow more target approaches to specific segments of the odor emitted from animal production buildings.
2. " GHG emission rates are needed for animal production buildings to determine their contribution on the overall global GHG emissions and also set a baseline for mitigation technologies to reduce them in the future.
3. " NH3 and PM emissions from turkey production buildings are needed to determine is they exceed regulatory thresholds for CERCLA and EPCRA (100 lbs/day) and if they do how best to mitigate these emissions levels.
4. " NH3, H2S, and/or odor emissions can be reduced by not using pit fans but if pit fans are included in the ventilation system of deep pit barns, there is a larger benefit to treating the pit fan exhaust air with an air emission control technology rather than all of the exhaust air (wall and pit). The partitioning of air emissions between the pit and wall fan airstreams has been unknown and is valuable for regulatory purposes and to assist in the design of emission control technologies that are used.
5. " Preliminary findings are that the scrubbers have been proven to be robust in measuring time-weighted average ammonia concentrations to calculate emissions from the broiler houses. The Hall Effect sensors have been shown to be effective in monitoring fan rpm, and hence, air flow rates. The simple computer fan anemometers for monitoring fan airflow rate (to correlate anemometer speed with fan airflow rate) was found to be effective only when the foggers were not being operated inside the broiler house. As soon as the foggers started operating, build up of wet solids on the anemometer affected their performance greatly.
6. " Properly designed tree plantings around poultry houses appear to be a practical and cost-effective technology to reduce emissions and improve neighbor-relations. The Delmarva poultry industry is promoting and has hired a vegetative buffer coordinator to implement this program on commercial farms in the region.
7. " The scrubber reduced ammonia emission from the pit ventilation fan by 56-60%. Additional design work will be undertaken to make the scrubber compact, reduce the pressure drop, and increase its ammonia removal efficiency. A manuscript of this work is in its second round of review.
8. " Options are readily available for commercial implementation should producers be mandated to reduce emissions or voluntarily prioritize this action for their operation.
9. " The use of litter amendments will have a direct effect on improving bird health, litter management, nutrient enrichment, and reducing ammonia volatilization from poultry facilities. Such techniques will contribute to improving indoor air quality and reducing air pollution emissions from poultry buildings and also provide improvements in energy and resource utilization in poultry facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being.
10. " Following the completion of these trials the next phase will be to introduce this methodology to the poultry industry for use as an assessment tool.
11. " A cost efficient surface aeration system for use by livestock producers to ameliorate air pollution caused by the odor emanating from the current liquid manure storage facilities such as lagoons, earthen basins, and ponds is desperately needed on a number of farms in the U.S.
12. " Under the current economic situation, a low cost, high quality siting assessment tool is needed for the maintenance and growth of the states and countrys livestock industry.
13. " Results from this pilot study encouraged the continuation and development of critical parameters and equipment for determining gas emissions from manure in a laboratory setting.
14. " Results from these experimental trials will be far reaching. The need to identify ammonia production rates and mitigation techniques for poultry are needed under a National Air Quality Initiative. Litter production rates and techniques that contribute to the long-term usage of litter contribute to the CAFO/AFO rules that integrate farm size and manure production rates under a mandatory registration and education program. Methods that contribute to reduction in ammonia and manure output are critical in maintaining a healthy poultry production scenario for all stakeholders.
15. " Clinoptilolite could be an effective, non-corrosive and non-hazardous bedding additive for ammonia control in poultry houses.
16. " New wide housing uses approximately 58% less annual electricity and 60% less propane per 1000 birds than older narrower housing. Installing 5 W cold cathode light bulbs in a poultry house reduced total annual electric consumption by 27% compared with using 60 W incandescent bulbs.
17. " Swine producers will use information from this project to determine if this technology is viable for their swine production site.
18. " Swine producers are able to view the biofilter and determine construction methods, costs, feasibility for their own site.
19. " Information gained will be used in modeling for producers to use to learn the impact a proposed livestock production site will have on neighbors with and without a shelterbelt surrounding the site.

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Report Information

Participants

Members Attendance:
Lacewell, Ronald; r-lacewell@tamu.edu; Texas A&M AgriLife
Wang, Lingjuan; Lwang5@ncsu.edu; North Carolina State University
Casey, Ken; kdcasey@ag.tamu.edu; Texas A&M AgriLife Research
Gates, Richard;gates@bae.uky.edu; University of Kentucky
Janni, Kevin; University of Minnesoto
Blake, John; Auburn University
Nicolai, Dick; nicolaid@sdstate.edu; South Dakota State University
Powers, Wendy; wpowers@msu.edu; Michigan State University
Wicklen, Gary Van; gvw@udel.edu; University of Delaware
Jacobsen, Larry; jacob007@umn.edu; University of Minnesoto

Brief Summary of Minutes

September 28, 2008  Session 1

Members Attendance: Ron Lacewell (project administer), Lingjuan Wang (NC), Ken Casey (TX), Richard Gates (KY), Kevin Janni (MN), John Blake (AL), Dick Nicolai (SD), Wendy Powers (MI), Gary Van Wicklen (DE), Larry Jacobsen (MN)

Members of the project introduced themselves.

Ron Lacewell made several comments to the project members. The possibility of S1025 and S1032 blending together in the future was raised. For now, there should be interaction between the committees. S1025 needs an action plan to achieve some integrated action.

The format of the annual committee report was discussed. There was discussion on what information to include and the possibility of using information from forms we already have to use. It was decided that a small group would meet to decide on a form to use and it will be discussed at a second project committee meeting on September 29.

Ron Lacewell raised a point that the project membership needed to be pulled together. Producing a book or more cooperative projects were mechanisms to create cooperative committee work instead of each state working individually.
Producing a workshop and the NAEMS project were suggested as examples of cooperative work.

Project members were reminded that there will be a USDA-NRI Air Quality Workshop at Raleigh, NC on July 23-24,2008. There is also a curriculum development project with a portion being on air quality education led by Rick Stowell (Nebraska).

There was discussion regarding the outcomes of the mitigation conference recently held at Iowa. Documents might be produced on definition of terms and standards of measurement techniques.

There was discussion of the need for standard methods for emission measurement to compare products based on a standard test procedure. Standard test methods are necessary to make proper choices when comparing products. Project members offered evidence of their involvement with US-EPA and NRCS as agencies that might fund cooperative work.



September 29, 2008  Session 2 (Minutes recorded by Ken Casey)

Election of Secretary:
Lingying Zhao of Ohio State University was nominated by Larry Jacobson, seconded by Kevin Janni and elected secretary.

New and Potential Membership:
Rich Gates requested to join the group as a representative of the University of Illinois. He was accepted.

A number of NAEMS PIs are not members of S1025 and would potentially strengthen the group. The committee will contact the following individuals about becoming members:

Frank Mitloehner  University of California, Davis
Pius Ndegwa  Washington State University
Curt Gooch  Cornell University
Wayne Robarge  North Carolina State University
Rich Grant  Purdue University

Annual Report Format:
The annual report will follow the SDC-308 form with one (1) report per state. It will be optional to include a one page project description/report as per the LPES format for projects deemed suitable by the relevant PI.

Ken Casey and Gary Van Wicklen will put together an email to S1025 members regarding the annual report.

Kevin Janni volunteered to act as the liason between S1025 and LPES/eXtension

Next Meeting:
Timing for the 2009 meeting was tentatively set as early June. Lingjuan Wang and Ken Casey will represent S1025 on a committee together with Ted Funk and John Classen of S1032. The committee will explore the potential for a joint meeting of the two committees again in 2009.

Initial proposal is for the two committees to meet in the same week at the same venue with one committee convening early in the week while the other committee meets later in the week providing the potential for an overlapping day of shared presentations, activities and discussion. A potential topic, measurement techniques, for a shared overlap session was suggested.



A site visit to a NAEMS site was discussed; however, issues of confidentiality, biosecurity and site access would need to be carefully thought through and addressed.

Investigate with Rick Stowell (LPES project needs to run annual meeting)  could collocate/cosponsor meeting.
Eileen Wheeler on measurement techniques.

Other possibilities:
Western Dairy Air Quality Meeting
NCREES  Greg Zwicke (Greg Johnson)
USDA Air Quality Taskforce
Possible invited speaker from Air Quality Taskforce  Brian Shaw.

Submitted by,



Garrett L. Van Wicklen
S1025 Secretary

Accomplishments

Activities for the reporting period focused on the following objectives:<br /> 1. Determine gaseous emission rates/factors of livestock facilities for<br /> Representative housing types, manure-handling practices, and <br /> seasonal and regional differences typically encountered by the<br /> U.S. industry.<br /> 2. Quantify the efficacy of selected methods for aerial emissions <br /> abatement through dietary manipulation and manure management.<br /> 3. Quantify the effectiveness of new housing designs in terms of <br /> environmental control and energy efficiency.<br /> 4. Provide research-based information that can be used for <br /> establishment of realistic guidelines on gaseous emissions from <br /> livestock operations, and,<br /> 5. Educate industry stakeholders on means to minimize adverse impacts <br /> on environmental and natural resources while maintaining or <br /> improving their<br /> production efficiency.<br /> <br /> Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included:<br /> <br /> Ï A BioCurtain®, which is a type of wind-break wall, continued to be evaluated for effectiveness to reduce odor and H2S emissions from a tunnel ventilated swine barn. (SD).<br /> <br /> Ï A vertical biofilter treating exhaust air from a swine research barn at the South Dakota SE Experiment Station was monitored. (SD)<br /> <br /> Ï An Electrostatic Space Charge System was installed in a swine finishing barn. Dust concentration in the swine rearing room was compared to an adjacent room without the system. (SD)<br /> <br /> Ï Gases and particulate matter (PM) emissions are being measured semi-continuously from pig, poultry and dairy buildings as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS). Air emissions of NH3, H2S, CO2, PM10 PM2.5 and other variables including temperature, ventilation rate (RPM, FANS, static pressure), RH, wind speed/direction, solar radiation etc., have been monitored continuously using EPA-approved standard operation procedures . (TX, NC, IN, IA, MN, CA, NY, WA)<br /> <br /> Ï On-farm evaluation of ozonation technology for reducing NH3 and pathogens in broiler houses has been examined. Four identical tunnel-ventilated broiler houses have been monitored for NH3 and CO2 concentrations for a minimum of 48 hours per week for four flocks in 2007. Two houses were treated with O3 and two served as controlled units. Field evaluation suggests that ozonation cannot effectively remove ammonia from air inside the broiler houses. Moreover, it caused a negative effect on feed conversion in two of the five flocks evaluated and in the average of five flocks. Laboratory tests show significantly higher level of fine/ultra fine particles / aerosols in the ozone treated environment as compared with the environment without ozone treatment. The direct application of ozonation technique for ammonia mitigation in the animal facilities is not recommended. (NC)<br /> <br /> Ï Modeling ammonia emission from broiler litter focused on estimating ammonia emission fluxes from litter properties (TKN content, pH, moisture content, and total carbon content), the mass transfer coefficient (Km) and ventilation rate. Based upon experimental results from a dynamic flow-through chamber system, a preliminary statistical modeling approach was established for ammonia emission flux estimation. This approach involved calculating ammonia emissions using a core flux equation and a set of sub-models. Experiments are continuing in an effort to develop a model to estimate Km at various surface air velocities. (NC)<br /> Ï Acid scrubbers were used to measure time-weighted average ammonia concentrations both inside poultry houses and at the ventilation fans of these houses. The scrubbers placed near fans only operate when fans operate while scrubbers inside houses operate on a 33% duty cycle. (NC)<br /> <br /> Ï A protocol was developed to determine the cost/benefit of installing a cover over a manure storage structure. Included are a discussion on the cost and selection of the cover, a procedure to determine the feasibility of biogas production and capture, the technique to estimate the dilution of the slurry resulting from precipitation, and tools to estimate ammonia emissions, thereby predicting the increase in nitrogen content and the savings from reduced fertilizer hauling. Based on a sensitivity analysis a crucial benefit is the savings associated with keeping precipitation out of the manure thus avoiding extra hauling costs. As a result, relatively short payback periods can be realized. (MI)<br /> <br /> Ï A study was done to quantify the emissions of CH4, NH3, H2S, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and lactational performance of dairy cows supplemented at NRC (2001) recommended or lower rumen degradable protein concentrations and with different fat sources. Treatment factors were 1) 9.9% rumen degradable protein [RDP; the NRC (2001) recommended concentration] or 7.9% RDP; and, 2) 5% animal fat blend (AFB) or 2.5% each of AFB and coconut oil, dry basis. Treatment diets were 40% forage dry matter (71% corn silage, 18% alfalfa haylage, 10% alfalfa hay) plus concentrates formulated to contain 6.6% rumen undegradable protein; 16.5% or 14.5% crude protein, 1.93 Mcal net energy lactation/kg, 26.8% neutral detergent fiber (67% from forage), 32.9% starch, and 8.7% fat, dry basis. Thus far, only a portion of the data have been examined. Based on preliminary statistical analyses, mass of NH3 emitted was reduced by about 40% when cows were fed diets with 7.9% RDP compared with 9.9% RDP. The lower RDP diets resulted in about half as much H2S emission compared with the diets containing 9.9% RDP. Methane and NMHC emissions were greater as a result of feeding the 7.9% RDP diets. Replacement of part of the dietary animal fat blend with coconut oil reduced emissions of NMHC and CH4 , but change in NH3 or H2S emissions due to fat supplementation were not detected. Feed intake and milk yield were not affected by source of dietary fat nor concentration of RDP. (MI)<br /> Ï An open water curtain  biofilter system for reducing emissions of ammonia and PM from tunnel ventilated broiler houses was designed, built and tested. This mitigation system would be relatively low cost and easy to install. The system contains an open water scrubbing system to scrub exhaust air and a biofilter to remove nutrients in the water. After scrubbing the exhaust air, water will enter the biofilter. Initial testing of the water scrubber showed up to 70% efficiency in removing ammonia. (AR)<br /> Ï Vegetative environmental buffers (or shelterbelts) strategically planted around poultry houses is a natural air filtering structure to reduce dust and gaseous emissions. It also provides a certain dilution effect of odor plume by creating zones of ground level mechanical turbulence. Multi-row shelterbelts have been tested and shown to be successful. Research has identified vegetation that will withstand heavy loading of dust and gas emissions from tunnel fan exhaust. (AR, DE, IA, SD)<br /> <br /> Ï Poultry growers are constantly struggling between maintaining indoor air quality and litter conditions and reducing energy usage. Introduction of incoming air through attic vents is a simple means of utilizing solar energy for heating and ventilating poultry houses. Attic vents installed in broiler houses were compared to adjacent houses without attic vents in identical houses on the same farm. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded at key positions in both attic spaces and bird spaces. Gas use was monitored by individual gas meters for each house or heater operation times. Litter quality was monitored by measurements of cake and moisture content. (AR, DE)<br /> <br /> Ï A wind tunnel for particle sampler evaluation was developed at UIUC and another modified at Texas A&M. The DSP sampling head for field data collection using a high rate sheathing flow was modified. An agreement is in place (18 farms: 12 swine, 3 poultry and 3 feed lots) for PSD data collection in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Texas. Biosecurity protocols were developed for farm visits and standard operation procedures (SOPs) for data collection and analysis. Instrumentation was calibrated using commercial monodisperse particles (25, 50 and 200 ¼m) and standard test dust (Arizona Road Dust, Model A4). The PSD measurement was compared using a DSP Aerosizer, a Coulter Multisizer, Malvern Mastersizer and a Horiba Analyzer. Field data collection is 80% completed. Particles collected using a total suspended particle (TSP) sampler definitely covers large particles fractions (>50 ¼m) that no other samplers can collect. (IL, IN, TX)<br /> <br /> Ï Work on physical, chemical and biological characterizations of particulate matter from confinement livestock buildings has focused on developing sampling and analyses protocols, conducting field sampling and analyzing particle samples. Sites for field sampling (9 swine and 6 poultry buildings) in the states of Illinois and Indiana have been determined. Preliminary samplings were finished at the UI South Farm. Physical, chemical and biological analyses were conducted including: (a) particle concentration (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) and particle size distribution; (b) elemental composition of particles using EDXRF and ICP-AES; (c) soluble ions using IC; (d) near infrared spectra of particles using FT-NIR; (e) volatile organic compounds using GC/MS., and bacterial diversity using PCR and DGGE. The results are yet incomplete. (IL, IN)<br /> Ï An outreach program addressing environmental control systems for indoor fish production conducted three short courses in 2007: Honolulu, HI in cooperation with the Oceanic Institute; Ithaca, NY Cornell campus; and Ft. Pierce, FL sponsored by the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. This short course (3 to 4 days) was attended by 65 students (collectively) from all over the world. Course content covered: waste disposal, environmental sustainability, mass balances for water environmental control, monitoring and control systems, fish stress and health management protocols, and economic analysis. (NY, KY)<br /> <br /> Ï Reduction in ammonia volatilization from poultry facilities is possible by utilizing correct management techniques. High ammonia levels make birds more susceptible to respiratory diseases. Methods to reduce pathogenic microorganisms and ammonia levels include changes in management practices and the utilization of litter treatments. <br /> Results from a series of trials that evaluated the ability of various litter amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization and migration from poultry facilities indicated that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization and extending the useful life of litter, 2) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, and 3) litter treatment usage provides producers with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. (AL)<br /> <br /> Ï Various bedding sources such as sand, cotton gin trash, ground pallets, door filler materials, straw, hardwood sawdust, peanut hulls, and pine bark have been evaluated in comparison to pine shavings for broiler production. The products were evaluated on their ability to reduce paw burns on broiler feet and their influence on ammonia volatilization. (AL, DE)<br /> <br /> Ï House construction and ventilation management are also two important aspects that influence and contribute to indoor air quality by removing ammonia emissions in an cost effective manner from a poultry house. However, house design and management considerations greatly influence energy consumption and maintenance of bird well-being. Ventilation management techniques, costs associated with retrofitting older houses, improved designs for new construction, and ammonia monitoring equipment technologies will ultimately contribute to improvement of air quality and bird health. Improved methods for cooling heat-stressed broilers and broiler breeders employing integrated control of ventilation and environmental control systems were developed. Cooling efficiency, cost, and bird well-being associated with poultry performance in tunnel ventilated housing was improved using innovative controller technologies and improvements in engineering design and modifications. (AL, DE) <br /> <br /> Ï Propane and electric use has been monitored for over 3 years at several broiler farms with different insulation levels, lighting, and heaters. Energy audits were completed for several farm in different regions. Extension programs presented valuable energy conservation information to poultry growers. (DE, KY)<br /> <br /> Ï The feasibility of using a thermochemical conversion (TCC) process to convert swine manure into oil using a batch reactor was investigated. Batch experiment results showed volatile solids to oil conversions of up to 70 percent and oil heating values ranging between 32,000 and 36,700 kJ/kg. A continuous-mode thermochemical conversion (CTCC) process, which is more applicable for scaled-up operations was developed. The optimal condition for oil production was determined where an oil yield of 70 percent was achieved. An energy balance incorporating the heating value of the oil and energy consumption showed that the CTCC process was a net energy producer. IL)<br /> <br /> Ï Experiments in a mechanically ventilated swine building showed that the spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations differ in winter and summer due to the different airflow patterns. These results are important in the strategic location of the samplers in the building. Laboratory experiments showed that ventilation system type had a significant effect on spatial distribution of both particles and CO2. CFD simulation showed that the magnitude of predicted concentrations were significantly higher than those measured concentrations primarily due to the assumption of particle generation rate.<br />

Publications

Books<br /> Applegate, T.J., W. Powers, and R. Angel. 2007. Protein and amino acid nutrition in poultry: impacts on performance and the environment. In: Gaining the Edge in Pork and Poultry Production. Edit. J.A. Taylor-Pickard and P. Spring, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. Pg. 139-151.<br /> <br /> Extension Publications and Popular Articles<br /> Blakely, J.R., E.H. Simpson, J.O, Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. The Economic Importance of House Ventilation Management. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 2, No. 5, September/October.<br /> <br /> Blakeley, J. R., E. H. Simpson, J. O. Donald. J. C. Campbell, and K. S. Macklin. 2007. The Economic Importance of House and Ventilation Management. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 49, September.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J. C., J. O.Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2006. Setting Winter Maintenance Priorities. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 7, p. 20, November.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Setting Priorities with winter house maintenance. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. October.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2006. Broiler house energy retrofitting for fuel and cost savings, Alabama Poultry. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 20, September.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, E. H. Simpson, and K. S. Macklin. 2007. Keeping Birds Cool, Costs Down in Summertime Heat. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 48, July.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J. C., J. O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2006. Keys to achieving top evaporative cooling. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. June.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J. C., E. H. Simpson, and J. O. Donald. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits for Fuel and Cost Savings. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. June 4.<br /> <br /> Donald, J. O., E. H. Simpson, and J. C. Campbell. 2006. Poultry company representatives learn about changes in housing industry. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 19, May.<br /> <br /> Donald, J. O., J. C. Campbell, E. H. Simpson, and K. S. Macklin. 2008. Evaluating Costs of Tunnel Ventilation Fans. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 51, January.<br /> <br /> Donald, J. O., J. C. Campbell, and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Managing belts, pulleys, cool pads and profits. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. March.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, R. A. Norton and S. F. Bilgili, 2007. Managing the Cleanout tradeoffs. Watt Poultry USA, August, pp.26-28.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake and K. S. Macklin, 2007. New bedding materials needed for broiler growers. Alabama Poultry, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 22.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, K. S. Macklin and J. P. Blake, 2007. Sand Revisited. Alabama Poultry, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 29.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., E. H. Simpson, J. O. Donald, and J. C. Campbell. 2007. Windrow Composting of Litter to Control Disease-Causing Pathogens. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 47, May.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H., J. C. Campbell, J. O. Donald, and K. S. Macklin. 2007. Controlling Sidewall Energy Losses. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 46, March.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H., J. O. Donald, and J. C. Campbell. 2007. Evaluating Cost Trends to Plan Profit Saving Strategies. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 45, January.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Reducing your propane use. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. November.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Ventilate wisely in cold weather. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. December.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Attic inlet vents. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. March.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Improving energy efficiency. Poultry Perspectives, June 2008. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service. College Park, MD.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Fighting killer electric bills. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. August.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Wind power. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. American Farm Publications, Easton, MD. September.<br /> <br /> <br /> Handbooks, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations, and Circulars<br /> Blakeley, John R. and Eugene H. Simpson. 2007. The Economic Importance of Ventilation Management: USA Perspective. Aviagen Technical Brief 0807-AVN-001, Aviagen International Group, Huntsville, AL. August.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. Improving Energy Efficiency in Alabama Broiler Housing with Closed Cell Foam Insulation. Final Report, Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs. April.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Basic fan maintenance, improve performance and lower electrical cost. Nicholas Turkey Technical Bulletin Issue 3, May. www.nicholas-turkey.com Lewisburg, WV.<br /> <br /> <br /> Journal Articles and Abstracts<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of hydrated lime as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. #708. Poultry Science 86(1):591.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of Poultry Guard as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. #709. Poultry Science 86(1):591-592.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 22-23, pp. 39-40.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin and C. A. Wilson, 2007. Evaluation of aluminum sulfate (Alum) as a litter treatment at three application rates for broiler chickens. Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 22-23, pp. 40.<br /> <br /> Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin, Y. Liang, A. J. Pescatore, and M. J. Ford. 2008. On-farm fan performance: implications for ventilation and operating cost. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17(2): 283-295.<br /> <br /> Casey, K.D., S.E. Ford, J.W. McClure, Y. Zhang, and R.S. Gates. 2007. Determining fan performance using FANS: An investigation of performance impacts. J. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(3): 333-338.<br /> <br /> Gates, R. S., K. D. Casey, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin and A. J. Pescatore. 2008. U.S. broiler ammonia emissions inventory. Atmospheric Environment 42(14): 3342-3350<br /> <br /> Jerez, S. B., Y. Zhang, X. Wang. 2007. Ventilation effectiveness criteria and measurement methods applicable to animal buildings  a review. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1): 400-407.<br /> <br /> Jiang, J., X. Wang and Y. Zhang. 2007. Numerical study of air movement in a slot ventilated enclosure. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 408-413.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess and R. A. Norton, 2007. Litter bacterial levels associated with Poultry Guard. #710. Poultry Science 86(1):592.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and R. A. Norton, 2007. Bacterial levels associated with Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (Alum). Proceedings of the International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 22-23, pp. 52.<br /> <br /> Powers, W. J., S. Zamzow, and B. J. Kerr. 2007. Reduced crude protein effects on aerial emissions from swine. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(4): 539-546.<br /> Sun, Y. and Y. Zhang. 2007. An overview of room air motion measurement: technology and application. Journal of HVAC&R Research. 13(6): 929-950. <br /> <br /> Sun, H, L. Zhao, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Evaluating RNG k-µ models using PIV data for airflow in animal buildings at different ventilation rates. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 358-365.<br /> <br /> Sun, H., L. Zhao and Y. Zhang. 2007. Evaluation of RNG k-µ and LES non-isothermal models for indoor airflow using PIV measurement data. Transactions of the ASABE 50(2): 621-631<br /> Topper, P. A., E. F. Wheeler, J. S. Zajaczkowski, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and K. D. Casey. 2008. Ammonia emissions from two empty broiler houses with built-up litter. Transactions of the ASABE 51(1): 215-225.<br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, C. E. Hale, III, and T. J. Applegate. 2007. Effect of an acidifying diet combined with zeolite and slight protein reduction on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poultry Science 86:182-190. <br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, C. E. Hale, III, and T. J. Applegate. 2007. Nutrient digestibility and mass balance in laying hens fed a commercial or acidifying diet. Poultry Science 86: 684-690.<br /> Zhao, L., Y. Zhang, X. Wang and G. L. Riskowski. 2007. Analysis of airflow in a full-scale room with non-isothermal jet ventilation using PTV techniques. Transactions of ASHRAE 113(1): 414-425.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Conference Proceedings and Unpublished Presentations<br /> Blake, J. P., 2007. Housing and litter management. 5 pp. In: Proceedings Eastern European Poultry School, Lexington, KY. May 17-19. Alltech, Lexington, KY.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., 2007. Benefits from litter treatments. Butler/Crenshaw County Poultry Growers. AP&EA, Regional Group. April 12.<br /> <br /> Donald, J. O. and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Insulation Considerations. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November.<br /> <br /> Donald, J. O. and J. C. Campbell. 2007. Heating System Design Requirements. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November.<br /> <br /> Liang, Y., H. Xin, H. Li, R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, K. D. Casey, B. R. Behrends, and D. J. Burnham. 2008. Dietary manipulation to reduce ammonia emission from high-rise layer houses. In: Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, IA, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, IA: ISU.<br /> <br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D. B. Beasley and S. Shah. 2008. Mass transfer coefficient of ammonia emission from broiler litter. ASABE Paper No. 084368. Presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29- July 2, 2008. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> <br /> Liu, Q., L. Wang, R. Kamens and Z. Liu. 2008. Could ozonation technology really work for mitigating air emissions from AFOs? ASABE Paper No. 084017. Presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29- July 2, 2008. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess and R. A. Norton, 2007. Effects of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia and bacterial levels in poultry litter. In: Proceedings of the 56th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Las Vegas, NV. March 26-29. WPDC, Davis, CA.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake and J. B. Hess, 2007. Bedding types, windrow composting and you., Randolf Co. Poultry Growers Meeting, Wedowee, AL, May 17. Blake, J. P., 2007. Litter treatment use and benefit. Pilgrims Pride Litter Management Meeting, Cullman, AL. March 29.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess and R. A. Norton, 2007. Effects of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia and bacterial levels in poultry litter. 56th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Las Vegas, NV. March 26-29.<br /> <br /> Nicolai, R. E. and R. Thaler. 2007. Vertical biofilter construction and performance. <br /> In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture. Broomfield, CO. September 16-19, 2007.<br /> <br /> Pohl, S. H. 2007. Engineering air filtration systems of swine facilities. In: Proceedings of Allen D. Lehman Conference. St. Paul, MN. 34: 86-88.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. and J. O. Donald. 2007. Retrofitting Considerations. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. and M. Pigg. 2007. Banking, Finance, and Profitability. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. 2007. Energy Saving Options for the Poultry Producer. Poultry House Construction and retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. 2007. Retrofitting Broiler Houses Cost Effectively. Organized and moderated a panel discussion, Annual Broiler Seminar, sponsored by the Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Auburn, AL, October.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. 2007. Cost-Effective Energy Retrofitting and Moving Toward More Efficient Heating Approaches. Presentation to broiler and breeder managers with Tyson Foods, Sanderson Farms, and Marshall-Durbin, Chamberlain, SD, October.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits and Alternative Fuel Systems. Poultry Partners/Winrock International, Gentry, AR, September.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits. Energy Conference and National Annual Meeting of RC&D Councils, Huntsville, AL. January.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E. H. 2007. Overview of Poultry Housing in the U.S. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University, November.<br /> <br /> Small, J. H., E. O. Oviedo-Rondon, L. Wang, Z. Liu, B. Sheldon, G. Havenstein and M. Williams. 2008. Effects of air ozonation on commercial broiler houses. Presented at the International Poultry Scientific Forum. Atlanta, GA.<br /> <br /> Taylor, K. and J. O. Donald. 2007. Important Features of a Modern Poultry House. Poultry House Construction and Retrofitting Short Course, Auburn University. November.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2007. Energy saving light bulbs. Auburn University Poultry House Construction Workshop, November. Auburn, AL.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Energy efficient winter ventilation. Delaware Nutrient Management Poultry Seminar. February 14, 2008. Georgetown, DE.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Poultry house energy use: what can we do? West Virginia Poultry Association. February 19, 2008. Moorefield, WV<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Poultry house energy use, what can we do? Maryland Cooperative Extension Grower Seminar. March 10, 2008. Princess Anne, MD.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Attic inlet vents: installation and operation. Delaware Nutrient Management Poultry Seminar. March 13, 2008. Georgetown, DE.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Ventilation of Virginia breeder houses. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. April 9, 2008. Roanoke, VA.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Warm weather ventilation for Virginia broiler houses. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. April 9, 2008. Roanoke, VA.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Warm weather turkey house ventilation. Virginia Poultry Federation Annual Meeting. April 9, 2008. Roanoke, VA.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G.L. 2008. Using solar energy to generate electricity for a poultry house. Rotem Distributors Conference. April 10, 2008. Charleston, SC.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. The importance of air exchange in a tunnel ventilated house. University of Georgia Tunnel Ventilation Workshop. May 5-7, 2008. Athens, GA.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Comparison of energy use by Delmarva poultry houses. ASABE Poster presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29- July 2, 2008. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Energy efficient ventilation of pullet-breeder facilities. West Virginia Poultry Association Poultry Festival. July 23, 2008. Moorefield, WV.<br /> <br /> Van Wicklen, G. L. 2008. Evaluating a poultry farms energy use. Delmarva Breeder & Grow-out Conference. September 10, 2008. Ocean City, MD.<br /> <br /> Wang, L., E. O. Oviedo-Rondon, J. Small, Q. Li, and Z. Liu. 2008. Ozone application for mitigating ammonia emission from poultry manure: field and laboratory evaluations.<br /> In: Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, IA, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, IA: ISU.<br /> <br /> Wang, L., E. O. Oviedo-Rondon, C. B. Parnell, D. B. Beasley and J. Small. 2008. Effect of ozone application on particulate matter concentrations in broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 083973. Presented at the ASABE International Meeting, Providence, RI, June <br /> <br /> Wheeler, E. F., K. D. Casey, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, and P. A. Topper. 2008. Litter management strategies in relation to ammonia emissions from floor-raised birds. In: Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Des Moines, IA, May 19-21, 2008. Ames, IA: ISU.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Ï The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) will help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from facilities where needed.
2. Ï Swine producers will use information on the effectiveness of the BioCurtain to determine if this technology is viable for their swine production site.
3. Ï Swine producers are able to view the biofilter and to determine construction methods, costs, and feasibility for their own site.
4. Ï Preliminary information on the Electrostatic Space Charge System effectiveness will be used to seek additional funding for an in-depth study.
5. Ï Results from shelterbelt/vegetative environmental buffer studies provide data to be used in modeling impact of air emissions for neighbor relations, selection of vegetative materials, and irrigation systems for maintaining plant livability.
6. Ï Numerous problems for farmers are created by the open structure including ammonia loss, methane emissions, odor complaints, and increased hauling of manure slurry. Covering a lagoon offers substantial environmental benefits and can save farmers money.
7. Ï Identifying dietary modifications to reduce ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from lactating dairy cows can improve air quality. Preliminary results indicate this is a plausible approach which potentially can be implemented on commercial farms after more research to optimize lactational performance and reduce emissions.
8. Ï A water curtain-biofilter system is expected to be a relatively simple and inexpensive system for mitigating ammonia and PM emissions from tunnel-ventilated broiler houses.
9. Ï Poultry houses implementing attic inlet vents have saved between 5 and 15% in propane use compared with identical houses not using attic vents. Growers are able to ventilate at higher rates in cold weather resulting in improved air and litter quality.
10. Ï Evaluating the effect of poultry litter amendments on ammonia volatilization and ammonia emissions from poultry houses will contribute to improving indoor air quality and reducing emissions. Such techniques will also attribute to improvements in energy and resource utilization in poultry housing to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well-being.
11. Ï Information on alternative poultry litter types is very timely since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard bedding materials.
12. Ï Standards for energy efficient agricultural ventilation equipment in poultry housing are being evaluated and developed. Integration of research findings into extension programs educating poultry producers in several states.
13. Ï Establishment of a preliminary database of particle size distributions for concentrated animal feeding operations and a protocol to evaluate the performance of PM samplers used in agricultural operations will result in accurate assessment of particulate emissions.
14. Ï A preliminary PM database for confinement livestock building emissions provides critical background knowledge for future studies in dispersion modeling, source apportionment and health effects evaluation, and produces useful data for the development of regulations and control strategies on PM emissions from confinement livestock buildings.
15. Ï In-house application of ozone to mitigate dust and ammonia in poultry housing resulted in poor feed conversion and economic loss. It is very unlikely that the use of ozonation is economically feasible in the poultry industry.
16. Ï Acid scrubbers to remove ammonia from poultry house air have proven to be effective in a wide range of temperatures and ammonia concentrations (0-400 mg/m3). This equipment may prove to be an effective method of reducing ammonia emissions from poultry housing.
17. Ï Unique research has been done to separate gas emissions from manure storage due to natural and forced convection.
18. Ï Poultry house energy audits and monitoring has identified tight housing envelopes, insulation levels, lighting components and heater types that save growers significant propane and electricity.
19. Ï Information on spatial distribution of indoor pollutants is essential in the design of pollutant control measures and ventilation systems in buildings.
20. Ï It is vitally important to develop innovative solutions to treat livestock waste. The thermochemical conversion (TCC) process offers an appealing solution. Products of this process are liquid oil, char or solids, gases, and/or post-process water.

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Report Information

Participants

Ken Casey Texas AgriLife Research kdcasey@ag.tamu.edu
Lingjuan Wang NC State University Lwang5@ncsu.edu
Lingying Zhao The Ohio State university zhao.119@osu.edu
Larry Jacobson University of Minnesota jacob007@umn.edu
Kelvin Janni University of Minnesota kjanni@umn.edu
Dick Nicolai South Dakota State University nicolaid@sdstate.edu
Sreekala Bajwa University of Arkansas sgbajwa@uark.edu
Hongwei Xin Iowa State University hxin@iastate.edu
Ted Funk University of Illinois funkt@uiuc.edu
Sanjay Shah NC State University sanjay_shah@ncsu.edu
Wendy Powers Michigan State University wpowers@msu.edu
Yanhui Zhang University of Illinois yzhang1@uiuc.edu
Wayne Robarge NC State University wayne_robarge@ncsu.edu
Jody Porswell USDA-ARS
Al Heber Purdue University heber@purdue.edu
Saqib Mukhtar Texas A&M System mukhtar@tamu.edu
Rick Stowell University of Nebraska rstowell2@unl.edu
John Blake Auburn University blakejp@auburn.edu
Rich Gates University of Illinois gates@bae.uky.edu
Doug Overhults University of Kentucky doug.overhults@uky.edu
Eleen Wheeler Penn State University efw2@engr.psu.edu
Yi Liang University of Arkansas yliang@uark.edu
Ron Lacewell Texas A&M University r-lacewell@tamu.edu
Ray Knighton USDA-CSREES rknighton@csrees.usda.gov
Richard Hegg USDA-CSREES rhegg@csrees.usda.gov

Brief Summary of Minutes

S1025 committee chair, Ken Casey, called meeting to order at 8:00am on June 4, 2009. After introducing the S1025 officers USDA Reps, the project administrative advisor, and invited speakers, Ken Casey invited the administrative advisor to give the group some comments.

The Administrative Advisor, Ron Lacewell commented that this project has participants from19 States. Only half of the State participants showed up at the past annual meetings. We have a great show up this year! He also informed the group that annual reports for the project are due in 60 days. Participants need to submit their state/station reports to S1025 Secretary Lingying Zhao soon. Dr. Lacewell emphasized that annual reports need to demonstrate multistate nature by including multistate activities and multistate collaborations. USDA ARS Southern administrator will review all the multistate projects. It was pointed out that Lingying will work with Ken Casey and individuals fromS1032 to generate an annual report template and will send it to the group soon.

Following the administrative advisor comments, the group discussed about when and where the group wants to meet for next years annual meeting. Ted Funk indicated that S1032 decided to meet with S1025 for a joint annual meeting next year in Sacramento, CA. Some members supported this idea since they are on both committees. As follow up to Teds report, Ken Casey proposed to hold S1025 annual meeting of 2010 in conjunction with S1032. No further comments were raised and the proposed was taken as agreed by the group.

Two invited speeches were given following previous group discussion. The first speech was given by Dr. Doug Overhults reporting Kentucky Poultry Energy Efficiency Project. The second speech was given by Jody Porswell discussing Broiler Housing Environment Research at USDA-ARS poultry research unit and Mississippi State University. Both presentations were well received by the group. Some interesting discussion followed after each presentation.

S1025 business meeting started at 11:30am. Ken Casey announced that there will be no incoming Chair and he will stay on the chair position for another year. Lingying Zhao will be the vice chair (chair-elect). Dr. Rich Gate was elected to be the new secretary of the committee.

The Administrative Advisor, Ron Lacewell informed the group this is the coming year will be the last year of this five year project. With one year extension, the project will only have another two years. The group needs to start doing more planning activities for next project. It was suggested that the group needs to form a subcommittee to work on objectives for next project. The following individuals were identified as the subcommittee members: Ken Casey, Lingying Zhao, Rich Gates, Larry Jacobson, Rich Stowell, Hongwei Xin, and Wendy Powers.

Dr. Al Heber at Purdue University gave another invited speech in the afternoon updating the group about the National Air Emission Monitoring Study (NAEMS), a multi-state project by nature. Dr. Heber also discussed some post NAEMS issue in his speech. The follow-up Q&A includes what EPA would do in developing emission estimation methods after the NAEMS and what formula will come out (Dr. Hegg)?; how to integrate other data, say, USDA NRI, with NAEMS (Dr. Knighton); etc&

The meeting was adjourned around 3:00 pm.

Accomplishments

Collaboration<br /> The comprehensive and complicated air quality and emissions issues associated with animal feeding operations are a growing and nationwide concern. Multi-disciplinary and multistate collaborative approaches, which involve scientists and engineers of same institution with complementary expertise and at different institutions with same expertise, have been widely used to effectively address the concerns. NAEMS study is a very good example of the collaborative efforts. Many small scale collaborations between two or three institutions or states as shown in the following accomplishment section have also been documented to be a common and effective approach for development of air emission control technologies. Determination of air emission factors, quantification of the beneficial effects of air emission control technologies, and development of cost-effective solutions can best be accomplished by the collaborative efforts of the multi-disciplinary and multi-state professionals familiar with animal feeding operation systems. <br /> <br /> Accomplishments<br /> Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included:<br /> Objective 1<br /> " (MN & TX), odor control is feasible provided that the aeration efficiency of the system can be further improved. Improvement include: increasing oxygen transfer efficiency by designing an aerator complex (or module) using multiple venturi air injectors. <br /> " (MN, IA, IN, TX) Odor and odorous compounds emissions continued to be collected at four NAEMS animal building (two pig and two dairy) sites using both standard human sensory (dynamic forced-choice olfactometry), conventional GC/MS, and a novel chemical analysis technique (GC/MS/O) for odorous compounds found in these emissions. Quality control measurements are taken periodically between olfactometry labs and also between GC/MS labs for the study. <br /> " (IA & MN) Ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM) emissions monitoring has been completed from turkey grow-out barns in IA (Toms) and in MN (hens). Emissions of these two parameters from both of these facilities showed similar trends with increasing emissions as the birds grew plus significant emissions between groups, especially during the management of the litter. <br /> " (MN) GHG (Greenhouse Gases), methane (CH4), emissions were (from turkey emission project) and are still being monitored from the NAEMS project. At the NAEMS site, besides CH4, N2O, and possibly other hydrocarbons (HC) emissions are being monitored from these freestall dairy buildings. <br /> " (MN, IN, CA, NY, IA, NC, TX, WA) Gas (NH3 and H2S) and particulate matter (PM) emissions monitoring continued for calendar year 2008 from pig, poultry and dairy buildings as part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS). <br /> " (MN) NH3, H2S, and odor emissions were monitored from both rooms of a double wide (12 head/rm), mechanically tunnel ventilated, deep pit, pig finishing barn with one room having no pit fans (fans moved from pit to sidewall) while the other room serving as the control with the normal 4 pit fans spaced along the barn sidewall. The intent is to see if emissions (gas and odor) are similar and if indoor air quality is affected by the pit fans. <br /> " (MN) Six biofilter media (i.e., wood mulch, lava rock, cedar chips, pine bark nuggets, western pine bark and wood shreds) were evaluated and sieve analysis, porosity and unit pressure drop versus unit airflow relations were determined. Media reduction efficiency and pressure drop were measured in a biofilter media testing unit with six columns with individually controlled airflow rates and moisture control. Total reduced sulfur and ammonia (NH3) reduction efficiency was assessed. All six media were effective after inoculation with compost and swine manure. Reduction efficiency for total reduce sulfur was between 21 and 75% and between 43 to 80% for NH3. <br /> " (AR) An ammonia emission mitigation system is being developed at the University of Arkansas for boiler houses. This mitigation system would combine a water scrubber along with a biofilter. Last year, we have tested 3 different nozzles for identifying the most effective nozzle set up for ammonia scrubbing from air. We have also quantified the hydrolic residence time for various biofiler media, which will aid in designing the biofitler for specific hydrolic residence times. <br /> " (AR) Ammonia emissions from mechanically-ventilated livestock houses can be quantified by measuring whole house ventilation rates and ammonia concentrations at the air inlet and fan outlets. Flux chamber method is an alternative approach to provide point estimates of ammonia flux from interior animal rearing areas such as the litter floor of a broiler house. In this work, a side-by-side comparison between flux chamber method and simultaneous whole house measurements was conducted during two winter flocks of commercial broilers at the University of Arkansas Applied Broiler Research Farm, near Savoy, Arkansas. A dynamic flux chamber was used to measure ammonia flux rates on a weekly basis for two flocks. Composite flux rates from point measurements were compared with whole house emission measurement.<br /> " (NC, IL, TX) NCSU team has been actively working with the air quality research groups at UIUC (Yuanhui Zhangs group) and TAMU (Dr. Parnells group) for conducting a research on characterizing fate and transport of particulate matter emitted from a layer operation. TEOM-PM10 concentration was continuously monitored at four ambient sampling locations around a commercial layer farm since the Fall of 2008. The TSP sampling campaign was also conducted in the layer barns in Fall, 2008, Winter 2008-2009 and Spring and Summer 2009. The TSP sample collection was carried out through two sampling protocols. To date, 120 daytime samples and 36 nighttime TSP samples in layer barns have been collected. All the TSP samples have been analyzed for concentrations and PSD by a multi-wavelength laser diffraction particle size analyzer at NC State (in progress), a Horiba Analyzer at University of Illinois and a Coulter Multisizer at Texas A&M. PM chemical speciation sampling was also conducted in Winter 2008-2009, Spring and Summer 2009. Five speciation samplers were placed around the farm in four directions with one located inside one of the tunnel-ventilated high-rise barns. Up to date, 30 sampling events have been carried out with total of 194 PM2.5 samples for OC/EC (on quartz filters), ions (on Nylon filters) and element (on Teflon filters) analyses. The actual chemical analyses for those samples were conducted at RTI International.<br /> " (NC, IN) The NCSU team has been actively working with the air quality research groups at other seven universities for collecting baseline emissions of NH3, H2S, CO2, VOC, Pm10, PM2.5, TSP from a layer operation in NC. This effort is part of National Air Emission Monitoring Study under the EPA Air Compliance Agreement for Animal Operations (AFO) and overseen by EPA. 140 variables have been monitored on the 24/7 basis. <br /> " (NC) Based on the mechanisms related to ammonia emissions from manure and the two-film interface mass transport theory, a mechanistic emission model to estimate ammonia flux from broiler litter was developed. The model was evaluated and calibrated at laboratory scale. In the proposed model, the ammonia flux is essentially a function of litter Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen (TAN) content, moisture content, pH, temperature, the Freundlich partition coefficient Kf, the mass transfer coefficient KG, the ventilation rate Q and the emission surface area A. Kf was used as a fitting parameter in the model. A dynamic flow-through chamber system and a wind tunnel were designed respectively to measure ammonia fluxes from broiler litter. <br /> " (NC) NCSU faculty members collaborated in measurement of ammonia emissions from broiler cake stockpiles. This research was part of a larger study funded by a USDA NRI grant. Ammonia emissions were measured from a broiler cake stockpiles for 9 d in summer and 15 d in winter. Environmental variables that indicated to the presence of mechanical or natural convections were also monitored. In a 13-d lab study, relative ammonia emissions from a control stockpile were compared with tarp-covered and double-depth stockpiles.<br /> " (NC) NCSU faculty members recently concluded a 2-yr study that was used to evaluate the impacts of four levels of an acidifier, PLT® applied to broiler houses on ammonia emissions and bird performance. <br /> " (IL, TX) Project entitled Size Distribution and Its Effect on Sampling Performance of Particulate Matter in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations aims to (1) investigate the existing sampling methods and sampler performance for particulate matter and quantify their bias when sampling PM from agricultural sources and (2) measure particle size distributions of particulate matter emitted from concentrated swine, poultry and cattle feeding operations using four state-of-the-art instrumentations: a modified DSP Aerosizer, a Coulter Multisizer, and a Malvern Mastersizer and a Horiba Analyzer. A wind tunnel was developed for sampler evaluation at UIUC and another one was modified at Texas A&M. The DSP sampling head was modified for field data collection using a high rate sheathing flow. PSD measurement using a DSP Aerosizer, a Coulter Multisizer, and a Malvern Mastersizer and a Horiba Analyzer were compared. Field data collection is 80% completed. <br /> " (IL) Project entitled Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterizations of Particulate Matter from Confinement Livestock Buildings aims to (1) investigate the physical properties of the particulate matter (PM) emitted from typical swine and poultry buildings, including particle size, shape, concentration and density; (2) study the chemical properties of PM, including element composition of typical individual particles, and element composition, organic compounds, and soluble ions of total particles; and (3) examine the biological properties of PM, including the diversity and concentration of bacterial and fungal populations, selected antibiotic resistance genes, and endotoxin associated bacteria cell envelope components. In last one and half years, our work mainly focused on developing sampling and analyses protocols, conducting field sampling and analyzing particle samples. We have: (1) determined the sites for field sampling, including 9 swine and 6 poultry buildings in the states of Illinois and Indiana; (2) met weekly to update the progress and discuss the problems encountered; (3) developed sampling protocols and platforms; (4) developed particle analyses protocols; (5) purchased relevant instruments and tools for particle sampling and analyses; (6) finished preliminary samplings in the UI South Farm; (7) conducted 26 field trips (totally 45 field trips for this project, partly shared with USDA-NRI project: 2006-35112-16671); (8) conducted physical, chemical and biological analyses, including: (a) particle concentration (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) and particle size distribution; (b) elemental composition of particles using EDXRF and ICP-AES; (c) soluble ions using IC; (d) near infrared spectra of particles using FT-NIR; (e) volatile organic compounds using GC/MS; (9) bacterial diversity using PCR and DGGE. The results are yet incomplete but very encouraging. <br /> " (IL) A project entitled Biofilter for Swine Building Odor Removal aims to find ways to improve and predict the ammonia reductions of simple, affordable biofilters. The study is being done in stages. Work is being conducted in the BESS lab of the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. First, five lab-scale biofilters with different packing materials (media) are challenged with air/ammonia mixtures. The critical loading (i.e. ammonia mass flow rate) of each biofilter will be examined after acclimation and the packing material with the highest critical loading (i.e. best long-term ammonia removal performance) will be studied further. Stage 2: Three biofilters with selected packing material will be acclimated to ammonia in the airstream, after which the inhibitory effects on NH3 removal will be studied. Common inhibitors, such as NO3-, NO2- and SO42- , will be selected to simulate conditions of a biofilter treating odorous air generated from a swine farm. The biofilter media will be sampled after acclimation, after inhibitors are added and after the ammonia removal. Bacteria in the media will be recovered separately and tested under fluorescent in situ hybridization to identify their communities. <br /> " (AL) Poultry facilities contribute ammonia emissions to the atmosphere and reduction in ammonia volatilization from poultry facilities is possible utilizing correct management techniques. It is known that high ammonia levels make birds more susceptible to respiratory diseases and methods to reduce pathogenic microorganisms and ammonia levels include changes in management practices and the utilization of litter treatments. This project will contribute to improvements in indoor air quality and reduce emissions from poultry buildings (Objective 1). <br /> " (AL) Various bedding sources such as sand, cotton gin trash, ground pallets, door filler materials, straw, hardwood sawdust, peanut hulls, and pine bark have been evaluated in comparison to pine shavings for broiler production. The products were evaluated on their ability to reduce paw burns on broiler feet and also their influence on ammonia volatilization. <br /> " (SD, MN) A BioCurtain®, which is a type of wind-break wall, was evaluated for effectiveness to reduce odor and H2S emissions from a tunnel-ventilated swine barn. <br /> " (SD, IL) Vertical Biofilter Project  A vertical biofilter was monitored which treats exhaust air from a swine research barn at the South Dakota SE Experiment Station.<br /> " (SD, MN) An Electrostatic Space Charge System was installed in a swine finishing barn. Dust concentration in the swine rearing room was compared an adjacent room without the system. <br /> " (SD) Shelterbelt Project-- Hydrogen sulfide concentration change at down-wind locations from a swine finishing barn is being investigated that results from a shelterbelt with various rows of tree.<br /> " (OH) "Develop an Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) particulate matter (PM) control system for CAFOs" is an OARDC and ASHRAE funded project for graduate research. The objectives of the study were to: (1) determine significant factors affecting ESP PM collection efficiency and the effects of operating parameters such as charger voltage, exhaust air velocity and PM concentration on the performance of a two-stage plate ESP (2) develop empirical models for predicting ESP performance; and (3) determine the optimized conditions for an effective ESP design and operation. Laboratory study on the possibility to apply ESP technology to control dust emission from poultry facilities was conducted. The study showed that ESP technology can control poultry dust effectively. However, optimization of ESP device design is needed to achieve low cost and effective ESP equipment for poultry facilities. The preliminary investigation shows the great potential of using electrostatic precipitation for capturing PM emissions. Investigation revealed that ESP performance can be affected by time of operation, PM type and PM particle size distribution. These issues must be addressed in order to develop a model that can accurately predict ESP field performance to treat the exhaust an actual poultry facility. It was also shown that another advantage of using ESP is low energy costs. The power consumption of the ESP to collect 90% of the total particles is 90 watts/m2 of ESP cross-sectional area. It was also shown that the ESP unit produced very negligible amount of ozone (<50 ppbv) at the extreme operating condition for ozone generation, which is at 10 kV and 1 m/s air flow.<br /> " (OH & MI) "Educational Collaborative on Sustainable Environmental and Agricultural Management (ECOSEAM)", was started in early 2008. It is multi-state collaboration project between OSU, Michigan State University, and Central Ohio State University. OSU has developed two of the four coursed proposed: 1) agricultural air emissions and air/water interface science and 2) animal manure management and technology. Curricula have been developed and peer reviewed. The courses had been offered in Spring of 2009. Enhancement of the course curriculum and materials are on-going. The courses will be offered in 2010 again and evaluation of the courses will be conducted. <br /> " (OH & MN) This is a joint project between the Ohio State University and University of Minnesota aimed at developing and disseminating an innovative wet scrubbing technology to recuperate ammonia (NH3) emitted from animal feeding operations (AFOs) for nitrogen fertilizer. The project was started on July 1, 2008 and is still an on-going project. Small-scale wet scrubber prototypes have been developed to critically determine the effects of design and operating parameters on ammonia (NH3) absorption under well controlled laboratory conditions. Effects of nozzle type and position, active spray volume, air retention time, liquid to gas ratio, and acid concentration of scrubbing liquid were determined and optimized. Acid concentration, air velocity, and inlet ammonia concentration were found to significantly affect NH3 collection efficiency. Nozzle performance was also directly proportional to the log of the Reynolds Number at the nozzles orifice. Preliminary lab results clearly show that wet scrubbing is a highly feasible technology that can remove up to 90% of ammonia at exhausts of animal facilities with NH3 concentrations of up to 400 ppmv at reasonable operating pressures (60-90 psig), liquid/gas ratio (0.009) and pressure drop (0.05 in H20<br /> " (OH & IN) Characterization and Abatement of Ammonia, Particulate, Pathogen and Odor Emissions from Egg Production Facilities--The project was a collaborative effort between the Ohio State and Purdue University. Two complete monitoring systems were setup for continuous measurement at two high-rise layer hen barns in Indiana and two belt battery layer hen barns in Ohio. The two systems monitored a total of 346 measurement variables including ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations, ventilation fan operations, barn static pressure, temperature, relative humidity, weather conditions, etc. In addition, an instrument enclosure was setup to monitor NH3 concentrations and emissions from the exhaust of a manure composting facility at the Ohio sites. The objectives of the project are to: (1) test the hypothesis that belt battery barns emit less air emissions than conventional deep pit barns with replicated field tests and establish emission factors for each type; (2) quantify effects of litter composting on air emissions from egg production facilities, and (3) effectively transfer knowledge gained about air emission rates, emission factors, and mitigation efficacy information to poultry producers, researchers, regulators, and other stakeholders. The project was able to establish a comprehensive layer-barn related air quality database containing 165 million 1-min data points from continuous measurements and 64 subsets of data from discretely measured odor, bacterial, and manure samples. <br /> " (OH ) "An on-farm tool for management of nitrogen nutrient loss and NH3 emission from animal manure" is to develop a tool based on an innovative mass balance approach to predicting NH3-N emissions from livestock facilities. The innovative mass balance approach is convenient and low cost and only needs to be proven reliable, and accurate. The study has been focused on dairy and poultry layer production systems and will lead to a web-based and producer friendly decision support tool. The project is still on data collection stage. <br /> Objective 2<br /> " (FL) A study was completed comparing the comfort of Advanced Comfort Technology Inc. waterbeds, and the waterbeds with approximately 1.5 inches of sand on top water beds, water beds with sand and with sand alone as freestall bedding. Results indicated that the freestall bedding material had a significant effect on the overall behavior, leg hygiene, and hock injuries of cows. The sand bedded freestalls had a significantly higher frequency of lying cows in the stalls (52.95%) as compared to the waterbeds which had the highest frequency of empty stalls (49.02%). The overall interaction between the cows and the freestalls of the cows using the waterbeds with 1.5 inches of sand on top resulted in no statistical difference from the sand bedded freestalls. Adding approximately 1.5 inches of sand on top of the waterbeds had no significant effect on the hock scores when compared to the waterbeds alone. The sand bedded stalls had the lowest instance of hock injuries for both trials. The waterbeds had the greatest occurrence of dirty cows; however, adding sand on top of the waterbeds resulted in the lowest hygiene scores, resulting in the cleanest cows. <br /> " (AR) Vegetative environmental buffers (or shelterbelts) strategically planted around poultry houses is a natural air filtering structure to reduce dust and gaseous emissions, while artificial windbreak wall forms a barrier to reduce wind speed and promote air pollutant dispersion. They both provide dilution effect of odor plume by creating zones of ground level mechanical turbulence. Multi-row shelterbelts (45 trees total) including Crapemyrtle, Green Giant Arborvitae, and Japanese Cedar were planted in Dec 2007 near the tunnel ventilation fans on the south side of a broiler house at Applied Broiler Research Farm in Savoy. Windbreak walls (dimension of 10 by 40) consisting of 5 panels of shade cloth material fastened to steel posts 20 feet away from another bank of tunnel fans was installed on the same farm. <br /> " (IL) A project on ventilation effectiveness is designed to provide a powerful and practical approach in quantifying the ventilation performance of animal buildings. The objectives of this project are to: (1) analyze the existing ventilation effectiveness measurement techniques or procedures for production animal facilities; (2) develop a practical method of measuring the ventilation effectiveness in animal facilities; and (3) validate the accuracy and simplicity of the method in a full-scale test room and in a swine production building. As of now, Objective 1 has been completed and a publication is being prepared. <br /> " A project entitled Development of Improved Trailer Designs for Optimum Environment To Minimize Transport Losses aims to (1) develop a computer simulation model of transport trailers for finishing pigs that predicts the environment in the various compartments of the trailer; and (2) develop recommendations for new trailer designs and management of existing trailer designs based on this model to provide the optimum environment for finishing pigs during transport across the range of weather conditions routinely experienced in the U.S. <br /> " (IL) A project entitled Airborne Pollutant Spatial Distribution, Emission and Ventilation Effectiveness for Mechanically Ventilated Livestock Buildings aims to study the spatial distribution of particles and gases, as well the emission and effectiveness of ventilation systems by conducting field and laboratory experiments and using computational fluid (CFD) dynamics simulations. Experiments in a mechanically ventilated swine building showed that the spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations differ in winter and summer due to the different airflow patterns. CFD simulation showed that the magnitude of the predicted concentration were significantly higher than those of the measured concentrations primarily due to the assumption of the particle generation rate.<br /> " (AL) House construction/retrofitting and ventilation management are two critical aspects that influence and contribute to indoor air quality by removing excess ammonia, excess moisture, and excess heat from the poultry house efficiently and cost-effectively. However, house design and management considerations greatly influence energy consumption and the in-house conditions which impact bird well-being and flock performance. Research that contributes to the seasonality of ventilation management techniques and costs associated with retrofitting older houses, improved designs for new construction, and in-house environmental conditions monitoring equipment technologies will ultimately contribute to improvements in air quality, litter quality, bird health, flock performance, and profitability. <br /> " (AL) Improved technologies for cooling heat-stressed broilers and broiler breeders in hot weather employing the integrated control of ventilation and environmental control systems were developed with the intention to improve bird performance and well-being. The cooling efficiency, economic performance, and bird well being associated with the performance of poultry in tunnel ventilated housing was improved with the implementation of new and emerging technologies and improvements in engineering design and modifications. Examples of these technologies are tunnel inlet doors, recirculating evaporative cooling systems, improved sealant and insulation materials and installation techniques, higher efficiency exhaust fans, and energy-efficient lighting.<br /> " (AL) Improved technologies for heating poultry houses in cold weather were developed with the intention to improve bird performance and well-being. <br /> " (NY& VA) Our efforts focus on an outreach program that addresses environmental control systems for indoor fish production. Two short courses were conducted in 2008: Blacksburg VA in cooperation with Virginia Tech University; and Ft. Pierce, Florida sponsored by the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. This short course (3 to 4 days) was attended by 45 students (collectively) from all over the world. Course content covered: waste disposal, environmental sustainability, mass balances for water environmental control, monitoring and control systems, fish stress and health management protocols, and economic analysis.<br /> " (OH) "Advanced Sensor and Wireless Networks for Monitoring Agricultural Ventilation and Environment". A wireless sensor network for monitoring indoor environment of swine production facilities was developed and successfully applied in another muti-state USDA NRI project Thermal Risk for Salmonella in Swine. <br /> " (OH & MI) "Thermal Risk for Salmonella in Swine" is is a longitudinal evaluation of the effect of ventilation and indoor environment of swine barns on salmonella prevalence in finishing swine. A new wireless indoor environment monitoring system has been developed and successfully used for this study. Data collection on three swine barns started in the Summer of 2008 and is still going on. The study will investigate association between indoor environmental parameters and Salmonella prevalence in four swine finishing barns over a 3 year production period. <br /> " (OH) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Bedded Dairy Pack Systems for Ohio aims to evaluate indoor air quality, building design, and manure handling systems for the new dairy facilities for safe productions. Sampling protocols and measurement methods have been developed. Three seasonal field data collection have been finished. Indoor air quality, ventilation systems, and manure handling of four Ohio dairy facilities will be monitored for four seasons in 2009. <br /> <br /> Objective 3<br /> " (AR) Evaluation of biomass-fired furnaces for space heating in poultry houses includes four commercial units that use wood pellets as the primary intended fuel and were tested for space-heating in poultry houses. These units, from small manufacturers, were capable of providing 200,000 to 400,000 btu/h as needed to perform poultry house space-heating, but the efficiency has been less than desired (40-60%). The equipment generally was lacking in heat exchanger effectiveness and exhibited very high stack temperatures (> 600 degree F). Most units did not employ any automatic adjustment of fuel/air ratios and relied on separate manual settings for combustion airflow and fuel feederate. Such manual control relies on operator intuition to optimize combustion efficiency; hence, the efficiencies achieved will be highly variable and stack gases may contain excessive concentrations of unburned combustibles. Emissions were not tested. <br /> " (AR) Energy plays a significant role in the overall cost of operating a poultry production facility. Energy costs, including electricity and fuel, comprise more than 50% of the cash expenses of the growers. A comprehensive evaluation of energy use in relation to the building characteristics, energy intensive equipments, i.e. exhaust fans, lighting and heating systems, etc. has been conducted using 17 years data collected from the Applied Broiler Research Farm. Energy efficiency measures in broiler houses have been identified that could lead to electric and fuel savings and gains of productivity benefits to the farm operations. Educational programs for poultry growers have been conducted including workshops, symposium, and farm visits.<br /> " (IL) A project entitled Thermochemical Conversion of Swine Manure to Oil aims to develop an environmentally- and economically-sound method to manage livestock manure efficiently. The research team has adapted TCC to the conversion of swine manure to crude oil. In our first stage research, we have investigated the feasibility of using the TCC process to convert swine manure into oil using a batch reactor. A systematic investigation of process parameters was conducted. Batch experiment results showed volatile solids to oil conversions of up to 70 percent and oil heating values ranging from 32,000 to 36,700 kJ/kg. In our second stage research, we have developed a continuous-mode thermochemical conversion (CTCC) process, which is more applicable for scaled-up operations. Our CTCC process, employing the use of a 2-liter continuous-stirred tank reactor, has a capacity of processing up to 48 kg of manure slurry per day. The optimal condition for oil production was determined where an oil yield of 70 percent was achieved. An energy balance incorporating the heating value of the oil and energy consumption showed that the CTCC process was a net energy producer. The composition of each of the different product streams (i.e., oil, aqueous and gas) was determined to better understand the mechanics of the reaction process and to provide information for further developments. More batch testing has been carried out to aid in the design of a farm-scale unit that could be directly integrated to an actual swine facility. Collaborations with industry partners have been established to commercialize the technology.<br /> " (OH) Development of Nano-scale Ceramic Oxide Electron Mediators for enhanced Microbial FuelCell Power Generation is an OARDC seed grant project. The objective of this project is to improve performance of microbial full cell (MFC) technology by applying new Nano technologies. Literature review on existing new nano structures that could be used to enhance the MFC performance has been conducted. <br />

Publications

Journal Articles and Abstracts <br /> <br /> Aitchison, T.F., M.B. Timmons, J.J. Bisogni, R.H. Piedrahita, and B.J. Vinci. 2007. Using oxygen gas transfer coefficients to predict carbon dioxide removal. International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture, 8 (June):21-41.<br /> Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin and C.A. Wilson, 2008. Evaluation of sulfuric acid application at three levels as a litter treatment for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 87(1):24.<br /> <br /> Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin, C.A. Wilson, R. N. Lehman, and S. Kocakaya, 2008. Evaluation of liquid aluminum sulfate litter treatment (A-7) at three application rates for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 87(1):24.<br /> <br /> Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin and C.A. Wilson, 2008. Evaluation of acidifying litter treatments for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 87(1):25.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin, and C. A. Wilson, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization. In: Book of Abstracts of the XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. Worldss Poult. Sci. J. 64(Suppl. 2):137.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and L. M. Stevenson, 2008. An ash supplement derived from combustion of broiler litter used as an alternative energy source. In: Book of Abstracts of the XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. Worldss Poult. Sci. J. 64(Suppl. 2):373.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. P. 32. In: Technology Summaries Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. Annual Meeting for Multistate Research Project S-1025, Systems for Controlling Air Pollutant Emissions and Indoor Environments of Poultry, Swine, and Dairy Facilities. Boulder, CO. 1 p.<br /> <br /> Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Alternative bedding sources for rearing broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 87(1):159.<br /> Bucklin, R. A., D. R. Bray, J. G. Martin, L. Carlos and V. Carvalho. 2009. Environmental Temperatures in Florida Dairy Housing. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. (In press).<br /> Darr, M. J. and L.Y. Zhao. 2008. A model for predicting signal transmission performance of wireless sensors in poultry layer facilities. Trans. ASABE. 51(5): 1817-1827.<br /> Dongning Li, Yuanhui Zhang, Yigang Sun, Wei Yan. 2008. A multi-frame particle tracking algorithm robust against input noise. J. Measurement Science and Technology. 19:1-11.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and R. D. Reynnells, 2008. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium as a forum for discussion on poultry waste management issues. Poultry Sci. 87(1):127.<br /> <br /> Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Schmidt, D.R., Nicolai, R.E., Heber, A.J., Ni, J., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Parker, D.B., Zhang, Y., Beasley, D.B. 2008. Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 3 -Odor Concentrations: AWMA Journal 58: 806-811.<br /> Jacobson, Larry, Brian Hetchler, David R. Schmidt, Richard E. Nicolai, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni, Steven J. Hoff, Jacek A. Koziel, David B. Parker, Yuanhui Zhang and David B. Beasley. 2008. Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Odor Concentrations. J. Air & Waste Management Association. 58: 806-811. <br /> Keener, H. M. and L.Y. Zhao. 2008. A modified mass balance method for prediction NH3 emissions from manure N for livestock facilities. Biosystems Engineering 99(1):81-87.<br /> Lee, J. M. and Y. Zhang. 2008. Evaluation of Gas Emissions from Animal Building Dusts Using a Cylindrical Convective Chamber. J. Biosystems Engineering. 99: 403-411. <br /> Liang, Y., G.T. Tabler, S.W. Watkins, H. Xin, and I.L. Berry. 2009. Energy use analysis of open-curtain and enclosed systems at a commercial-scale broiler research farm. Trans. of ASABE (accepted). <br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D.B. Beasley and Sanjay Shah. 2008. Modeling ammonia emissions from broiler litter at laboratory scale. Transaction of the ASABE. In review<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, and D.B. Beasley. 2008. Comparison of three techniques for determining ammonia emission fluxes from broiler litter. Transactions of the ASABE. Vol. 51(5): 1783-1790.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Litter bacterial levels associated with liquid aluminum sulfate (A-7) litter treatment. Poultry Sci. 87(1):25.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. The effect of various litter treatments on bacterial levels for two consecutive growouts. Poultry Sci. 87(1):101-102.<br /> <br /> Manuzon, R.B., and L.Y. Zhao 2009. Laboratory Evaluation and Modeling of Electrostatic Precipitation of PM Emissions from Poultry Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 115, Part 2. Preprint # LO-09-082.<br /> Myer, R. O., J. H. Brendemuhl, and R. A. Bucklin. 2008. Effect of season on growth performance of finishing pigs fed a low-protein, amino acid supplemented diet type. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 34(1): 1-8.<br /> Saenmahayak, B., K. S. Macklin, S. F. Bilgili, J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Microbial profile of bedding sources for rearing broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 87(1):102.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and T. A. McCaskey, 2008. Bacterial levels associated with lime as a litter amendment. Poultry Sci. 87(1):168.<br /> <br /> Wang, Aijun, Yuanhui Zhang, Yigang Sun and Xinlei Wang. 2008. Experimental study of ventilation effectiveness and air velocity distribution in an aircraft cabin mockup. Building and Environment. 43(3): 337-343. <br /> Yan, Wei, Yuanhui Zhang, Yigang Sun and Dongning Li. 2009. Experimental and CFD Study of Unsteady Airborne Pollutant Transport within an Aircraft Cabin Mock-up. J. Building and Environment. 44(1): 34-43. <br /> <br /> Conference Presentations and Proceedings Paper<br /> <br /> Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin, B. Saenmahayak, J. P. Blake, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Bedding alternatives for broilers. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., 2008. Managing poultry farm residues. In: Proceedings of the 8th Seminar of the Association of Veterinarian Specialists in Aviculture. Colon, Entre Rios, Argentina. 6 pp. <br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin, and C. A. Wilson, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization. In: Proceedings of the XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. Worldss Poult. Sci. J. 64(Suppl. 2), 4 pp.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and L. M. Stevenson, 2008. An ash supplement derived from combustion of broiler litter used as an alternative energy source. In: Proceedings of the XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. Worldss Poult. Sci. J. 64(Suppl. 2), 4 pp.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. Pp. 64-67. In: Conference Proceedings Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Effectiveness of PLT, All-clear, and hydrated lime for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broilers. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hesss, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Poultry guard, sulfuric acid, and A-7 treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> Boone, R. E., R. A. Bucklin and D. R. Bray. 2009.Comparison of Freestall Bedding Materials and Their Effect on Cow Behavior and Cow Health. ASABE Paper Number 09-5702. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI 49085.<br /> Cao, Z., L. Wang, Z. Liu, Q. Li, and D. B. Beasley. 2009. Particle Size Distribution of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Layer Operation in Southeast U.S. ASABE Paper No. 090025. Presented at the 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. June 21  June 24, 2009. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Costello, T. A. 2009. Alternate fuels for space heating poultry houses. Presented at the Atlantic Poultry Conference, Greenwich, Nova Scotia, February 20, 2009.<br /> Costello, T.A. 2009. Poultry litter: potential as a fuel for space heating. Presented at the National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Des Moines, Iowa, October 21, 2008. <br /> Darr, M. and L.Y. Zhao. 2008. A Wireless data acquisition system for monitoring temperature variations in swine barns. In "The Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII)", Paper number: PAP0755, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. <br /> Heber, A.J., Bogan, W.W., Ni, J.-Q., Lim, T.T., Ramirez-Dorronsoro, J.C., Cortus, E.L., Diehl, C.A., Hanni, S.M., Xiao, C., Casey, K.D., Gooch, C.A., Jacobson, L.D., Koziel, J.A., Mitloehner, F.M., Ndegwa, P.M., Robarge, W.P., Wang, L., and Zhang, R. 2008. The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study: Overview of Barn Sources. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 199-205. Aug 31  Sept 4, 2008. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. <br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and R. A. Norton, 2008. In-house composting of broiler litter. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and C. Coufal, 2008. Proceedings 2008 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 112 pp.<br /> Hofer, B.J., R.E. Nicolai. 2008. Effect of Shelterbelt on H2S Emissions from Swine Barns. ASABE Section Meeting Paper No. RRV-08-502. St. Joseph, Mich.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Janni, K.A., Linn, J., Heber, A.J., and E. Cortus. 2008. Animal and Environmental Performance of a Retrofitted Mechanical Cross-Ventilation System to a Naturally Ventilated Freestall Dairy Barn in the Midwestern U.S. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 411-418. Aug 31  Sept 4, 2008. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. <br /> Jacobson, L.D. and Heber, A.J. 2008. Update on the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) Project. 69th Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Owatonna, MN. Pp 34. Sept 16, 2008. University of Minnesota Animal Science Department, St. Paul, MN 55108.<br /> <br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2008. Air Quality Issues and Perspectives. Proceedings of the 2008 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN. Sept 20-22, 2009. pp. 131-138.<br /> <br /> Janni, K.A., Jacobson, L.D., and Hetchler, B.P. 2008. Three-Zone Model of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide in a Deep-Pit Swine Finishing Barn. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 229-235. Aug 31  Sept 4, 2008. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. <br /> <br /> Li, H., Xin, H., Burns, R.T., Hoff, S.J., Harmon, J.D., Jacobson, L.D., and Noll, S.L. 2008. Effects of Bird Activity, Ventilation Rate and Humidity on PM10 Concentration and Emission Rate of a Turkey Barn. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 111-116. Aug 31  Sept 4, 2008. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. <br /> <br /> Li, H., Xin, H., Burns, R.T., Hoff, S.J., Harmon, J.D., Jacobson, L.D., and Noll, S.L. 2008. Effects of Measurement Schemes on Estimation of Ammonia and Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turkey Barn. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 245-252. Aug 31  Sept 4, 2008. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu, D. B. Beasley, and R.K.M. Jayanty. 2009. Chemical Characterization of Particulate Matter Emitted from AFOs. ASABE Paper No. 095948. Presented at the 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. June 21  June 24, 2009. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu, and D. B. Beasley. 2009. Particulate Emission from Egg Productions Facilities: Source vs. Surrounding Area. ASABE Paper No. 095949. Presented at the 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. June 21  June 24, 2009. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, and D. B. Beasley. 2008. Investigation of Ammonia Concentration Variations in the Vicinity of a Large Commercial Chicken Layer Farm. Presented at 2008 AWMA Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology. Nov. 3-6, 2008. Chapel Hill, NC.<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, D. B. Beasley, S. B. Shah, and P. Bloomfield. 2009. Validation and Uncertainty Analysis of an Ammonia Emission Model for Broiler Litter. ASABE Paper No. 096414. Presented at the 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. June 21  June 24, 2009. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Effectiveness of All-clear, hydrated lime and poultry litter treatment (PLT) for reduction of litter bacterial levels. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Effectiveness of poultry guard, sulfuric acid, and All-clear-A7 for reduction of litter bacterial levels. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Direct application of acid to control ammonia and bacterial levels in litter. Pp. 213-215. In: Proceedings of the Fifty-seventh Western Poultry Disease Conference, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. <br /> Manuzon R.B. and L.Y. Zhao. 2009. Are Wet Scrubbers Applicable for Controlling Ammonia and Particulate Matter Emissions from AFOs? -A Review. Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Air and Waste Management Association. Paper Number 561. June 15-19, 2009, Detroit, MI.<br /> Manuzon, R.B., L.Y. Zhao, M.J. Darr, H. Li, H.M. Keener, J.-Q. Ni, and A. Heber. 2007. PM2.5 and PM10 Emissions from an Ohio Belt-Battery Layer Barn. Presented at the ASABE Annual International Meeting. Minneapolis, Minnesota. <br /> Ni, J.-Q., Heber, A. J., Darr, M. J., Lim, T. T., Diehl, C. A., and Bogan, B. (2008). Air quality monitoring and data acquisition for livestock and poultry environment studies. In "The Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII)", Paper number: PAP-0626, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. <br /> Nicolai, R.E., B.J. Hofer. 2008. Swine Finishing Barn Dust Reduction Resulting From A Electrostatic Space Discharge System. In Livestock Environment VIII: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium, ed. Richard Stowell. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. September 1-3, 2008.<br /> Nicolai, R.E., K.J. Janni, D.R. Schmidt. 2008. Biofiltration-Mitigation Odor and Gas Emissions from Animal Operations. Des Moines, IA. May 19-21, 2008.<br /> Shunli Wang, S., L.Y. Zhao, X. Wang, R. Manuzon, M. Darr, H. Li, H. Keener, A. Heber, and J. Ni. 2009. Estimation of Ammonia Emission from Manure Belt Poultry Layer Houses Using an Alternative Mass-Balance Method. Presented at the ASABE Annual International Meeting. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Wang, L., Q. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Cao, D. B. Beasley and A. J. Heber. 2009. National Air Emission Monitoring Study: Source, Fate and Transport of Aerial Pollutants from a Layer Operation in Southeast U.S. Paper#916. Presented at 102nd A&WMA Annual Conference and Exhibition, June 16-19, Detroit, MI<br /> Wang, L. Cao, Z., Q. Li, D. B. Beasley and E.O. Oviedo-Rondón. 2008. Particle Size Distribution of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Broiler Farm: A Preliminary Study. Presented at 2008 AWMA Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology. Nov. 3-6, 2008. Chapel Hill, NC.<br /> Wang, L., Q. Li, R. K. Esch, O. D. Simmons, J. Classen, D. B. Beasley. 2009. Biological Characteristics of Aerosols Emitted from a Layer Operation in Southeast U.S. ASABE Paper No. 096358. Presented at the 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. June 21  June 24, 2009. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Zhang, S., Cai, L., Koziel, J.A., Heathcote, K., Hoff, S.J., Caraway, E., Parker, D., Celen, I., Hetchler, B., Jacobson, L., Schmidt, D., Clanton, C., Anderson-Bereznicki, S., and Heber, A.J., 2008. Characterization and quantification of livestock odorants using sorbent tube sampling and thermal desorption coupled with multidimensional gas chromatographymass spectrometry-olfactometry (TD-MDGC-MS-O). ASAE Paper No. 085164, presented at the ASABE International Meeting held in Providence, RI, June 29 to July 2, 2008, St. Joseph, Mich. ASABE.<br /> Zhao, L. Y., Manuzon, R., Darr, M., Keener, H., Heber, A. J., and Ni, J.-Q. (2008). Ammonia emissions from a commercial poultry manure composting facility. In "The Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII)", Paper number: PAP0758, Iguassu Falls, Brazil. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. <br /> Zhao, F., Y. Liang, T.A. Costello, and S.G. Bajwa 2009. Comparison of Point Estimates from the Litter Floor and Whole-house Monitoring of Ammonia Emissions of Poultry Houses. ASAE meeting paper 097046. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE<br /> <br /> <br /> Extension Presentations, Publications and Popular Articles<br /> Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin, B. Saenmahayak, J. P. Blake, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Bedding alternatives for broilers. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. October 21-23.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations, Des Moines, IA. May 19-21.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin, and C. A. Wilson, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization. XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. June 30-July 4.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and L. M. Stevenson, 2008. An ash supplement derived from combustion of broiler litter used as an alternative energy source. XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. June 30-July 4.<br /> Blake, J. P. J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Litter treatments. 36th Annual Commodity Producers Conference, ALFA Farmers, Birmingham, AL. August 9.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., 2008. Introduction to AFO/CAFO educational update. Equity Group, Troy, AL. February 13.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Effectiveness of PLT, All-clear, and hydrated lime for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broilers. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. October 21-23.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hesss, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Poultry guard, sulfuric acid, and A-7 treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. October 21-23.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Litter treatments to control ammonia. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Coffee County Agricultural Center, New Brocton, AL. May 15.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Litter treatments to control ammonia. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Pike County Cattlemans Facility, Troy, AL. May 14.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Litter treatments to control ammonia. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Moulton Recreation Center, Moulton, AL. April 30.<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Litter treatments to control ammonia. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, AL. April 29.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J.C., E.H. Simpson, and J.O. Donald. Top 10 Survival Basics in Poultry Housing, ALFA Commodities Meeting, Birmingham, AL, February 2008.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J.C. and E.H. Simpson. Walling Up Options for Poultry Houses, UGA Winter Ventilation Workshop, Athens, GA October 2008.<br /> Campbell, J.C, and E.H. Simpson. Retrofitting the Building Envelope, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> Donald, J.O. Winter Ventilation of Poultry Houses, Pilgrims Pride Service Tech Workshop, Enterprise, AL, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Poultry House Construction & Energy Conservation, Aviagen International Workshop, Huntsville, AL June 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Growing Chickens and Saving Money, Central AL Poultry & Egg Association Meeting, Greenville, AL, July 2008.<br /> Donald, J.O. Summer Ventilation Basics, Cagles Service Tech Seminar, Dalton, GA, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Attic Inlets for Poultry Houses, Wayne Farms Corporate Meeting, Guntersville, AL, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Ventilation Basics for Poultry Houses, Cumberland Housing Meeting, Assumption, IL, June 2008.<br /> Donald, J.O. Energy Basics in Modern Poultry Houses, Arkansas Poultry Symposium, Little Rock, AR, April 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Breeder House Ventilation Basics, Arkansas Poultry Symposium, Little Rock, AR April 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Energy Basics of Poultry Housing, Rotem Corporate Seminar, Statesville, AL, April 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Winter Ventilation Basics, Peco Foods Service Tech Workshop, Gordo, AL, February 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Alternative Fuels for Poultry Houses, UGA Winter Ventilation Workshop, Athens, GA, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Walling Up Options for Poultry Houses, UGA Winter Ventilation Workshop, Athens, GA October 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Saving Fuel and Energy, APEA Broiler Workshop, Auburn, AL, October 2008. <br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Winter Ventilation Basics, Cagles Winter Service Tech Meeting, Bowden, GA, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Winter Ventilation Basics & Energy Conservation, Peco Foods Winter Refresher Meeting, Gordo, AL, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Winter Ventilation & Energy Flow in Poultry Houses, Koch Foods Service Tech Meeting, Fort Payne, AL, December 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Operating Poultry Houses in Winter, Jackson County ALFA Farmers Meeting, Rosalie, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Energy Conservation & Winter Ventilation, Koch Foods Service Tech Seminar, Montgomery, AL, November 2008. <br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Insulation Considerations for New Poultry Houses, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. Electrical Systems for Poultry Houses, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. High Density Brooding, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O. and E.H. Simpson. High Density Brooding, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. AU Research: Other Litter Sources. 36th Annual Commodity Producers Conference, ALFA Farmers, Birmingham, AL. August 9.<br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, and S. F. Bilgili, 2008. Managing broiler litter: Decision making. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Coffee County Agricultural Center, New Brocton, AL. May 15.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, and S. F. Bilgili, 2008. Managing broiler litter: Decision making. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Pike County Cattlemans Facility, Troy, AL. May 14.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and R. A. Norton, 2008. In-house composting of broiler litter. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. October 21-23.<br /> Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Alternative litter sources/Litter amendments. 2008 Pennsylvania Poultry Sales and service Conference, State College, PA. September 12.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, and S. F. Bilgili, 2008. Managing broiler litter: Decision making. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Moulton Recreation Center, Moulton, AL. April 30.<br /> <br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, and S. F. Bilgili, 2008. Managing broiler litter: Decision making. Auburn University Grower Seminars. Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, AL. April 29.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Effectiveness of All-clear, hydrated lime and poultry litter treatment (PLT) for reduction of litter bacterial levels. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. October 21-23.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Effectiveness of poultry guard, sulfuric acid, and All-clear-A7 for reduction of litter bacterial levels. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. October 21-23.<br /> <br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Direct application of acid to control ammonia and bacterial levels in litter. Fifty-seventh Western Poultry Disease Conference, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. April 9-12.<br /> Nicolai, R.E., B.J. Hofer, K. Chirpich, 2008. Evaluation of a Bio-Curtain, Final Report. Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD 57007<br /> Simpson, E.H. Importance of Retrofitting and the Bottom Line, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., Poultry House Energy Saving Tips And Low Cost Energy Retrofitting, Regional Extension Agent and Grower meeting, Crossville, AL, December 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H. Economics of Winter Ventilation & Attic Inlets, Koch Foods Grower meeting, Fort Payne, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Operating Poultry Houses Cost Effectively in Winter, Jackson County ALFA Farmers Meeting, Rosalie, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Energy Conservation & Attic Ventilation, Koch Foods Service Tech Seminar, Montgomery, AL, November 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Overview of Poultry Housing in the U.S., Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Banking and Finance Issues, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H. and J.O. Donald. Insulation Retrofits, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. and J.O. Donald. Alternative Energy Sources and Furnaces, Auburn University Poultry House Construction, Retrofitting, and Energy Conservation Short Course, Auburn, AL, November 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. and J.O. Donald Alternative Fuels for Poultry Houses, UGA Winter Ventilation Workshop, Athens, GA, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. and J.C. Campbell, Issues with High Density Brooding, Tyson Foods Service Tech meeting, Ft. Payne, AL, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Saving Fuel and Energy, APEA Broiler Workshop, Auburn, AL, October 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Winter Ventilation Basics, Cagles Winter Service Tech Meeting, Bowden, GA, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Economics of Winter Ventilation Basics & Energy Conservation, Peco Foods Winter Refresher Meeting, Gordo, AL, October 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Economics of Poultry House Winter Ventilation, Pilgrims Pride Service Tech Workshop, Enterprise, AL, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Alternative Energy Systems for Poultry Houses, LATCO Seminar, Lincoln, AR, July 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Use of Alternative Energy Systems on Commercial Poultry Farms, Energy Seminar, Tuskegee University, AL, July 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Growing Chickens and Saving Money, Central AL Poultry & Egg Association Meeting, Greenville, AL, July 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Economics of Poultry House Construction & Energy Conservation, Aviagen International Workshop, Huntsville, AL June 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Summer Ventilation Economics, Cagles Service Tech Seminar, Dalton, GA, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Attic Inlets for Poultry Houses, Wayne Farms Corporate Meeting, Guntersville, AL, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Ventilation Economics for Poultry Houses, Cumberland Housing Meeting, Assumption, IL, June 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Energy Economics of Poultry Housing, Rotem Corporate Seminar, Statesville, AL, April 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Poultry House Energy Auditing, EnSave Seminar, Snead, AL, April 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Energy Economics in Modern Poultry Houses, Arkansas Poultry Symposium, Little Rock, AR, April 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Winter Ventilation Economics, Peco Foods Service Tech Workshop, Gordo, AL, February 2008.<br /> <br /> <br /> Handbooks, Technical Bulletins, Theses, Dissertations, and Circulars<br /> <br /> Blake, J. P., and J. B. Hess, 2008. Litter treatment methods can achieve results. Poultry Times 55(13):3, 13.<br /> Boone, R. E. 2009.: Comparison of Freestall Bedding Materials and Their Effect on Cow Behavior and Cow Health. Masters Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.<br /> <br /> Donald, J.O., E.H. simpson, and J. C. Campbell, Five-step Program to Prepare for Winter, Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc., October 2008.<br /> <br /> Campbell, J.C., J.L. Purswell, E.H. Simpson, and J.O. Donald, Actuated Attic Inlets  A Progress Report (technical monograph), National Poultry Technology Center, Auburn, University, July 2008.<br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, and J. P. Blake, 2008. Using litter treatments for broilers. Alabama Poultry 3(3):24-25.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and T. A. McCaskey, 2008. Bacterial levels associated with lime as a litter amendment. World Poultry 24(4):25.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Energy Auditing Your Own Poultry House, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 52, March 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and J. Purswell, Attic Inlet Technology, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 54, July 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, The Economics of Converting from Propane to Natural Gas, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 3, May/June 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Economics of Converting to Natural Gas, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 53, May 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Energy Auditing Your Own Poultry House, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 2, March/April 2008. <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Evaluating Costs of Tunnel Ventilation Fans, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 1, January/February 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Evaluating Costs of Tunnel Ventilation Fans, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 51, January 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, and J. C. Campbell, Attic Inlets: Issues & Concerns, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 57, January 2009.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Managing Built-Up Litter in Broiler Houses, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 56, December 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Managing Built-up Litter in Broiler Houses, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 6, Winter 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Five-step Program to Prepare for Winter, Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc., October 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Getting Ready for Winter: The Three Basic Steps, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 5, September/October 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H. Saving Fuel and Energy, Proceedings, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association (AP&EA) Annual Broiler Seminar, Auburn, AL, October 2008. <br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Get Ready for Winter! The Five Step Program, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 55, September 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, The Economics of Converting to Natural Gas, Natural Gas News, Dekalb-Cherokee Counties Gas District Newsletter, Fort Payne, AL, Summer-Fall 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Proper Maintenance Equals Higher Profits, Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc., August 2008.<br /> <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Attic Inlet Technology, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol 3. No. 4, July/August 2008. <br />

Impact Statements

1. A cost efficient surface aeration system for use by livestock producers to ameliorate air pollution caused by the odor emanating from the current liquid manure storage facilities such as lagoons, earthen basins, and ponds is needed on many farms in the U.S.
2. If NH3, H2S, and/or odor emissions can be reduced by not using pit fans this will save not only costs but also lower the environmental impact of fan ventilated deep pit buildings.
3. results of TEOM measurements inside the barns and at the surrounding ambient locations indicate strong relationship of fate and transport of PM and ambient condition (weather condition). Moreover, significant impact of animal activity on PM concentration has been detected. Results of this project will fill the gaps in the study of fate and transport of PM emitted from AFOs.
4. The thermochemical conversion (TCC) project potentially can help to resolve the livestock manure management problem to save billions of dollars spent annually on transportation, treatment and land application; reduce manure impact on the environment; and to provide an economic and environmental friendly solution to the livestock industry for the continued prosperity of U.S. agriculture and rural communities.
5. The developed wet scrubbing ammonia recovery technology will create a new source of ammonia fertilizer while reducing the detrimental impacts of ammonia emission on health and the environment.
6. The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool with which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, adoption of management practices and mitigation technologies, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations.
7. The quantitative information about advantages and disadvantages of waterbeds and sand bedding materials will help producers to choose proper bedding to improve cow overall behavior and leg hygiene and prevent hock injuries of cows.
8. Laboratory experiments showed that the type of ventilation system had a significant effect on the spatial distribution of both particles and CO2. The information is also essential in the design of pollutant control measures and ventilation systems in buildings.
9. Based on the deficiencies of the biomass-fired furnaces tested for space-heating, we recommend farmers to be very careful in choosing a unit which will be efficient, clean-burning and function with minimum operator oversight/repair over a long life.
10. Poultry producers are adopting cost-effective energy saving strategies, i.e. changing incandescent lighting to fluorescent lighting, choosing energy efficient exhaust fans at farm renovation, etc. Switching to energy efficient lighting is identified as the most cost-effective means of saving energy in production facilities with one year payback. Implementing this change on a typical four-house broiler farm is estimated to result in 17,000 kWh annual saving of electricity.

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Report Information

Participants

Lingying Zhao (Chair) Ohio State University
Ken Casey (Past Chair) Texas A&M AgriLife Research
Ron Lacewell (Advisor) Texas A&M AgriLife Research
Lingjuan Wang-Li NC State University
Shafiur Rahman North Dakota State University
Mary Ann Rozum USDA NIFA
Erin Cortus South Dakota State University
Teng Lim Univ. of Missouri
Gerald Riskowski Texas A&M
Joseph L. Taraba University of Kentucky
Rich Gates (Vice Chair) University of Illinois
Sreekala Bajwa University of Arkansas
Angela Green University of Illinois
Yi Liang University of Arkansas
Rick Stowell University of Nebraska
Larry Jacobson University of Minnesota
Wendy Powers Michigan State University
Jactone Arogo Ogejo (Secretary) Virginia Tech

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting was called to order by the committee chair at 8:00 am. After brief introductory remarks describing the purpose of the meeting, chair invited the project administrative advisor, Dr. Lacewell to address the committee.

ADMINISTRATIVE ADVISORS COMMENTS:
"Reminded the committee that the new project should be written and approved by September 2012, when the current one expires. Would like to have the minutes of the business meeting and annual report within 60 days of meeting.
"Urged committee to focus on the critical issue of writing a new project proposal and encouraged the membership to form a writing committee to perform the task.
"Committee needs to think about national awards to compete for recognition of exemplary work  an example given was a submission this year by S1032

PRESENTATIONS
After the administrative advisors comments, the following three presentations on some emerging issues were made to the committee:
"Sustainable Animal Barn Design (Dr. Larry Jacobson, University of Minnesota)
"Challenges in Engineering Systems Related to Animal Husbandry: A Focus on Animal Welfare (Dr. Angela Green, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign )
"NIFA Climate Change funding programs (Mary Ann Rozum, USDA-NIFA)

ELECTION OF SECRETARY:
Rick Stowell, University of Nebraska was elected as secretary for the 2011-2012 project year.

OTHER COMMITTEE OFFICERS:
Richard Gates  Chair; Jactone Arogo Ogejo  Vice Chair and Lingying Zhao  past chair.

S1025 COMMITTEE MEETING, 2012:
"Agreed to meet at the same location as S1032. The meetings should overlap and not run concurrently.
"Meeting location: Michigan State University. Dr. Wendy Powers will be
the host.
"Meeting date: to be decided but suggestion was for between May 14 and May 31, 2012.

NEW PROJECT WRITING TEAM
Following members were appointed to lead the writing of the new project.
" Ken Casey
" Rich Gates (Lead)
" Lingying Zhao
" Lingjuan Wang-Li
" Jactone Arogo Ogejo
" Wendy Powers
" Rick Stowell

Accomplishments

PROJECT OBJECTIVES<br /> 1. Develop and improve sustainable technologies and systems to measure, model and control indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings.<br /> 2. Quantify animal response to thermal environments, develop and improve methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability.<br /> 3. Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being. <br /> Most activities for the year 2010 reporting period focused on the objective 1. Objectives 2 and 3 are either in planning stages or implemented by a couple of stations for the year 2011.<br /> COLLABORATION<br /> The issues associated with air pollutant emissions from animal feeding operations are complex and a growing concern nationally. The S1025 membership, during this reporting period used multi-disciplinary and multistate collaborative approaches, involving scientists and engineers of same institution with complementary expertise and at different institutions with same expertise, have been widely used to effectively address the concerns. NAEMS study is a very good example of the collaborative efforts. Many small scale collaborations between two or three institutions or states as shown in the following accomplishment section have also been documented to be a common and effective approach for development of air emission control technologies. Determination of air emission factors, quantification of the beneficial effects of air emission control technologies, and development of cost-effective solutions can best be accomplished by the collaborative efforts of the multi-disciplinary and multi-state professionals familiar with animal feeding operation systems. <br /> ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /> Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included:<br /> OBJECTIVE 1: DEVELOP AND IMPROVE SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS TO MEASURE, MODEL AND CONTROL INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND REDUCE AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS<br /> " (OH, MI, MN) Engaged in projects related to systems for controlling air pollutant emissions and indoor environments. The indoor thermal environment of three swine finishing barns in Michigan were monitored to develop preventive measures to manage the prevalence of salmonella in swine facilities. The data collected were used to refine a wireless sensor network for monitoring indoor environment for swine production facilities. Also, an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for poultry barn dust control was developed. Poultry dust were collected and characterized for development of the ESP. CFD simulation and field ESP performance tests will be conducted. With funding from the USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant, curricula for two of the four courses for agricultural air emissions and air/water interface science and b) animal manure management and technology were developed and peer reviewed. The courses materials were further developed into distance learning materials and were offered in spring of 2010 and student and peer evaluations conducted in late 2010. Work on the development of wet scrubbers to recover ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations continued. Limited field tests were conducted on one wet scrubber for covered manure storage at University Minnesota; a wet scrubber was installed at a commercial poultry composting facility in July of 2010 for long-term field performance tests; and a wet scrubber for a swine pit building was developed and tested in lab. An ammonia absorption model was underdevelopment. Field measurement campaign was conducted in August of 2010 to evaluate PM emission and dispersion data were collected from an Ohio poultry barn by researchers of University of Iowa and the Ohio State University to feed into a large eddy simulations model of PM dispersions from CAFOs. An on-farm tool for management of nitrogen nutrient loss and NH3 emission from animal manure was developed based on an innovative mass balance approach for livestock facilities. The study focused on dairy and poultry layer production systems and resulted in a web-based and producer friendly decision support tool and several journal and conference papers.<br /> <br /> " (SD, MN) Developed a novel design for a swine barn that cleans, conditions and recirculates swine barn air was developed. This new design theoretically improves the thermal environment and improves air quality from grow-finish swine facilities; and also improves feed utilization for swine facilities while reducing air emissions This design was presented in a conference presentation.<br /> <br /> " (AR, SD, NE) Use of vegetative buffer and shelterbelts to mitigate pollution from CAFOs were studied is several stations. In AR, vegetative buffer consisted of four rows of evergreen and deciduous trees/tall bushes were planted downwind of four tunnel ventilation fans. Windbreak walls (10 ft by 40 ft) consisting of 5 panels of shade cloth material fastened to steel posts 20 feet away from the bank of tunnel fans was installed on the same farm. Seven wind vanes and anemometers were installed in the vicinity of the structural windbreak wall to quantify the local wind pattern. Smoke bomb tests were conducted to depict wind pattern as affected by the windbreak. Guidelines and recommendation of design and maintenance for vegetation and structural windbreak have been developed to assist local livestock producers in adopting these affordable, cost-effective technologies. Collaborative work between SD and NE used data from previous studies to develop a sub-model to demonstrate the effectiveness of shelter belts to reduce downwind odor/gas concentrations. The model is to be used in conjunction with the odor footprint model. The emerging results show hydrogen sulfide concentrations change with addition of shelterbelts. Modeling work is ongoing.<br /> <br /> " (AR, MN, MO, NC, SD) Several stations are working collaboratively or individually on bioscrubbers looking at the different design parameters on the effectiveness of scrubbers to reduce pollution from barns in animal feeding operations. Vertical biofilters are being evaluated, moisture, biofilter media, retention time, C:N ratio, and ammonia concentration. At NC a biofilter was designed to treat the pit ventilation exhaust from a swine finishing barn. The biofilter was evaluated for NH3, methane, and nitrous oxide removal efficiency during summer, fall, and winter. With an empty bed residence time (EBRTs) of 10 s, it was most effective in reducing ammonia emissions while it is only moderately effective in reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Additional monitoring is underway to evaluate its impact on selected volatile organic gases. In AR, six lab scale biofilters were constructed and tested to understand the ammonia removal from air as affected by retention time, C:N ratio, ammonia concentration, and biofilter media composition. Preliminary data indicate over 99% of ammonia removal during the first three months of operation. The moisture content of the filter media varied between 40 and 60% by weight during this period and the retention times were 60-78 seconds. The biofilter with higher C:N ratios of 40 and 50 reached the max performance faster than the biofilters with a C:N ratio of 30. In MN, a 24-h air sampling method for testing the effectiveness of mitigation technologies was developed. The portable units fill 50 L air sample bags over 24-hour sampling periods for later analysis with gas analyzers in a laboratory. The portable 24-h sampling units were used in this study to collect air samples four times from eight existing biofilters located in western and southeastern Minnesota. The purpose of the study was to measure H2S, SO2, NH3, CH4 and N2O reduction efficiencies of full-scale biofilters used by dairy and swine producers. The biofilter media characteristics (age, media depth, porosity, density, particle size, water absorption capacity, and pressure drop) and the biofilters ability to reduce gases were assessed. Collaborative (SD, MN, MO) work on the vertical biofilter on a tunnelventilated building along with a moisture sensor is ongoing.<br /> <br /> " (MI) Researchers at Michigan State University cooperated with researchers at the University of Maryland and Purdue University to demonstrate effective diet modification strategies to reduce air emissions while maintaining animal performance and reasonable diet costs. Studies were conducted to evaluate low emission diets in turkey toms and laying hens. Excreta from each species were collected and used for additional post-excretion amendment studies. This project, demonstrated that by changing the diet, manure composition can be altered, resulting in a change in emissions from the manure and, ultimately, the livestock facility. In order to estimate emissions it may prove useful to be able to consider how diet impacts emissions and identify key dietary predictors for emissions of specific gases. Findings have been compiled with the objective of identifying key nutritional characteristics to explain changes in emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, within and across species. Since the last reporting period we have focused on emissions from cattle and cattle feeding areas. Emphasis has been placed on feeding of distillers dried grains plus solubles (DDGs) on emissions from cattle, with particular interest in hydrogen sulfide emissions. Cross et al. (2010) reported from our work that cattle fed diets containing 40% DDGs diets resulted in increased ammonia emission (5.44 g/d vs. 11.73 g/d for the 0% DDGs diet compared to the 40% DDGs diets; SEM=1.34; P = 0.01) and hydrogen sulfide (16.41 mg/d vs. 183.45 mg/d for the 0% DDGs diet compared to the 40% DDGs diets; SEM=40.30; P = 0.03). Dietary addition of Cu and Mo did not mitigate hydrogen sulfide emissions. No diet effect was observed for methane emissions (25.04 g/d; SEM=2.49; P>0.05). Separating feces from urine reduced ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from exhausted room air. Most hydrogen sulfide (>100 %) and ammonia (88.2 %) emissions were from the manure and not eructated by the animal. Most methane emissions were due to eructation (>100 %). <br /> <br /> " (AR) Alternative cooling systems of broiler chickens were evaluated in two tunnel-ventilated commercial broiler houses during summers of 2009 and 2010 in NW Arkansas, and compared with two evaporative-cooled houses on the same farm. Direct surface wetting by overhead sprinkling (operated at 40 psi) achieved satisfactory cooling of birds. Bird performance including feed conversion, livability, and live weights from sprinkler cooling houses and conventional evaporative cooling houses were not significantly different. Sprinkler cooling houses saved at least 62% of water used by evaporative cooling houses, but consumed equivalent amount of electricity for fan operations. Litter conditions from the sprinkler cooling houses were equivalent with the evaporative cooling houses. Air in the sprinkler cooled houses was warmer but drier than that of the evaporative cooled houses. <br /> <br /> " (IL) The Bioenvironmental Structural Systems (BESS) Lab at the University of Illinois provides the public with a database of Agricultural Ventilation Fans, Performance and Efficiencies, which is updated annually (http://bess.illinois.edu/). The database includes performance data for over 800 commercially available ventilation. Designers of poultry and livestock buildings can make an optimal selection of ventilation fans based on the data in the database for ventilation system energy efficiency and healthy indoor air quality. Building operators can learn about actual ventilation rates and power usage. The BESS Lab also calibrates airflow measurement instruments used in poultry and livestock buildings. Airflow rate accuracy is critical when calculating emission rates of gaseous pollutants from intensive poultry and livestock housing. We have calibrated Fan Assessment Numeration Systems (FANS) for the following universities: University of Kentucky, Texas A&M University, Iowa State University, University of Minnesota, Pennsylvania State University and Purdue University<br /> <br /> " (AL, VA) Projects evaluating the effects of litter amendments on NH3 volatilization were conducted in AL and VA. In AL, a series of trials evaluated the ability of various litter amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization and mitigation from poultry facilities and found that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization, 2) aerobic and anaerobic bacterial levels are lower in pens that contain higher amounts of litter treatment, specifically Salmonella 3) improvements in growth performance may be possible with the use of litter treatments, 4) nutrient retention of nitrogen occurs as a result of an appreciable reduction in ammonia volatilization, 5) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, 6) the useful life of litter may be extended with the use of a litter treatment, and 7) litter treatment usage provides the producer with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. Also, in AL, An indexing method to assist the grower in evaluating litter conditioning and litter treatment effectiveness under commercial conditions has been introduced. Various bedding sources such as sand, cotton gin trash, ground pallets, door filler materials, straw, hardwood sawdust, peanut hulls, and pine bark have been evaluated in comparison to pine shavings for broiler production. The products were evaluated on their ability to reduce paw burns on broiler feet and also their influence on ammonia volatilization. In VA, work was conducted to develop biodegradable litter amendment from agricultural residues such as corn cobs, corn stover, silage corn, poplar wood, pine wood, and soybean straw using a combination of steam explosion and augmentation with metal salts (aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, or ferric sulfate). The best ammonia absorption capacities for steam exploded materials, using titration as an indicator, were obtained at residence times of 3 minutes for the corn cob, and corn silage residues; the residence time for treating corn stover, poplar wood, pine wood, and soybean straw was 5 minutes. Overall, steam treated corn stover produced material with the highest ammonia absorption. Materials produced from poplar wood had the least ammonia absorption capacity. Augmentation of the agricultural residues was completed for corn stover and soybean straw. Compared to the control (no salt added), ferric sulfate provided the largest increase in ammonia absorption at 187%; aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride increased ammonia absorption by 50 and 132%, respectively, compared to the control. Augmenting soybean straw with ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, and aluminum sulfate resulted in increases of ammonia absorption of 52, 63, and 74 percent, respectively.<br /> <br /> " (MN) A project was begun that includes 12 months of monitoring at a full scale swine gestation, farrowing and nursery facility in western Minnesota. The facility began operation in early 2009 and incorporates a full scale geothermal system to provide building heating and cooling. Monitoring will include continuous monitoring of airflow, energy use, temperature, and humidity in three representative rooms (gestation, farrowing, and nursery) in the facility. In addition, six times during this 12 month period the indoor air quality in these representative rooms will be measured continuously for twenty-four hours. Samples will be collected in Tedlar bags and returned to the University of Minnesota for analysis, including odor and particulate matter. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations will be determined using a TEI 45 C Analyzer (Themo Environmental Instruments, MA) and ammonia concentrations determined using a TEI 17 C Analyzer (Themo Environmental Instruments, MA). Monitored data (energy use and indoor air quality) will be compared to theoretical calculations for geothermal heating and cooling. Additionally, animal performance data will be collected throughout the project along with capital investment, in an attempt to quantify the economic impact of the integrated geothermal system.<br /> <br /> " (MN, IL, IA, SD, NE) The objectives of this integrated research and Extension project address mitigating gas emissions from livestock operations. The research will assess whether 24-hour bag samples are an effective method for measuring and monitoring biofilter performance; whether alternative media are effective at reducing odor, hazardous gas and greenhouse gas emissions; and whether filamentous fungi accumulation on biofilter media is correlated to percent gas reduction. The Extension component will engage stakeholders through conference calls and meetings to identify and address barriers to adopting effective researched mitigation technologies. An economic web-based decision aid is being developed and a series of videos are planned to describe emissions issues and mitigation practices to help people make science-based decisions for managing odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gas emissions from livestock and manure storage facilities. The materials will be available on the web through continued technology transfer. Stakeholders and web users will assess the materials to evaluate their impact on decision making. Work on this project continues.<br /> <br /> " (VA) As part of the extension outreach component of the project, the last of the four listening sessions on agricultural air quality was conducted in Harrisonburg, Va. The session was conducted to gather information from the community (stakeholders) about their perceptions, concerns, what they would like to know, and who should be educated about agricultural air quality. We made a short presentation to introduce the subject and then solicited stakeholder reaction. These meetings were very informal but facilitated to meet our objectives. Meals were served at each meeting. Participants in the listening sessions at Harrisonburg expressed similar concerns as other localities. They wanted to learn more about agricultural air quality (AAQ), how it is measured, current regulations or impending regulations for AAQ, and to get information on the topic to share with others. The participants also wanted educators to provide comparisons between agricultural air pollutants and other non-agricultural sources, for example, dairy cows and household pets such as dogs or cats. These comparisons, they indicated, would highlight good AAQ practices already being used by farmers, to realize the psychological aspects of AAQ that people smell with their eyes, the need for general awareness of agriculture by the public, and the interrelationships between AAQ and water quality. Agricultural AQ appears to be a relatively new issue for many communities in Virginia.<br /> <br /> " (MN, IN) Real time methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission measurements were made from two commercial dairy buildings located in Midwestern (Wisconsin) U.S. during an 18 month period. The two cross-flow mechanically ventilated dairy buildings (approximately 275 and 375 cow capacities) were part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS), which collected hazardous gas (NH3 and H2S) and particulate matter (PM) emission data from various dairy, pig, and poultry buildings in the U.S. Hourly CH4 and N2O emission rates were calculated for both dairy buildings over approximate 18 and 6 month time periods respectively. Average daily methane emissions were approximately 300 g/d/AU or 400 g/d/hd from both buildings. There seems to be very limited seasonal effect on CH4 emissions, however, there was a major increase in methane concentrations during the winter but because of reduced airflow rates the emission rates was only slightly higher than in the summer. Average daily nitrous oxide emissions were very low, with an approximate rate of only 615 mg/d/AU. Also, in the fall of 2008 both barns manure collection system was switched from a flush (using manure storage effluent as flush water) to a tractor scrape system. Little variation is seen in methane emission rates before and after this key manure management change, probably suggesting that most of the methane emissions are enteric losses directly from the dairy cows. Nitrous oxide emissions may have varied more during the flushing than tractor scrape but the study was unable to quantify any N2O emission difference.<br /> <br /> " (TX) The analysis of data collected from a 2800 sow facility located in the Panhandle of Oklahoma, which was part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) study was completed and a report written and submitted to Purdue University. Other activities in 2010 included contributing to AAQTF white papers on methodologies and protocols for data analysis to minimize uncertainty in resultant aerial emissions estimates, and recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions. Installed an electrostatic particle ionization & biocurtain to reduce dust, odor and other pollutants from broiler houses in central Texas. The effectiveness of these technologies in reducing emissions of particulates, hydrogen sulfide and VOCs were evaluated for 2 days at the end of a fall and winter flock. Emissions from the modified house are compared with those from an adjacent unmodified control house. The fans in both houses have been characterized using a FANS unit and the impact of the biocurtain on fan operating pressure has been measured.<br /> <br /> " (MN) Limited experiences in Minnesota suggested that odor and hydrogen sulfide emissions were greater from recycled sand systems but no research data was available to support or refute the perception. The purpose of this project was to measure gas flux rates and estimate emissions from primary sources on dairy operations using sand bedding. Eight dairy operations representing four types of sand systems (ex. mechanical sand separation, sand lanes with continuous operation, sand lanes with intermittent operation and seeping wall liquid separation) were invited to participate in this project. The eight dairy operations were visited three times to measure flux rates from four to six sources at each site using a portable wind-tunnel and air sample bags. The sources sampled included cow manure lanes, sand lanes, manure storage basins, sand separating room, and recycled sand piles. Liquid and solids were collected and used in a micro-tunnel method for standard emissions comparisons between manure samples. Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide flux rates were measured using both the wind-tunnel and the micro tunnel methods. Manure samples from each source were collected and frozen for physical and chemical analysis.<br /> OBJECTIVE 2: QUANTIFY ANIMAL RESPONSE TO THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS, DEVELOP AND IMPROVE METHODS FOR PROVIDING PRODUCTIVE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS WITHOUT DEGRADING AIR QUALITY OR SUSTAINABILITY<br /> " (FL) Data collection and analysis for a study evaluating the Clegg Impact hammer used for pavement and foundation design (http://www.clegg.com.au/Products.asp) as tool to evaluate water beds, sand and rubber matting freestall bedding materials was completed. The Clegg tester successfully produced index numbers that distinguished between the softness of the bedding materials. Additional work is planned to relate the tester readings to cow comfort. The evaporative cooling methods currently used can provide effective cooling for cows, but because of issues with water consumption and treatment and concerns about hoof health on wet floors, this summer, we are evaluating the feasibility of directly cooling freestalls by embedding cooling pipes in the freestall base material<br /> " (IL) Work continued on flow visualization research, resulting in completion of one dissertation and a conference paper on ventilation in large naturally ventilated free-stall buildings.<br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: DEVELOP AND IMPROVE METHODS OF OPTIMIZING ENERGY AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK FACILITIES TO INCREASE PROFITABILITY WITHOUT DEGRADING AIR QUALITY OR ANIMAL WELL-BEING. <br /> <br /> " (MI) Researchers at Michigan State University examined the potential to anaerobically digest livestock manure to produce energy, potentially increasing farm profitability and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work will continue into the next year. Databases for large farms, landfills, wastewater treatment plant biosolids, schools, universities, and prisons were incorporated into the interactive, GIS based Michigan Biomass Inventory. Net energy modeling for 5 conversion technologies (anaerobic digestion, gasification, ethanol, biodiesel, and direct combustion) is also incorporated into the tool. Currently, the databases are being updated, food processing waste is being added, and the databases are being mined to locate the best locations to initiate waste to resource technologies. Further, spreadsheets for all energy conversion technologies will be available to be used independently of the mapping tool. Over 40 biomass blends, including various animal manures and food processing wastes, have been tested to determine their biogas potential. The percentage of methane and carbon dioxide produced and the amount of COD and volatile solids reduction are monitored. These biogas assays help determine if further consideration for establishing a renewable energy system is warranted for a specific waste blend. Further, the impact of amendments such as trace nutrients, enzymes, and microorganisms on the digestion process has been tested on several blends. A database is currently being developed to conveniently represent synergistic, additive, and antagonistic blends.<br /> <br /> " (IL) The environmental preference research that has been planned over the last two years is going to be initiated with layer hens in 2011. This will provide an interesting evaluation of the role of animal preference in comparing different possible environments, such as encountered in alternative egg production housing systems.<br /> <br />

Publications

JOURNAL ARTICLES AND ABSTRACTS<br /> Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni and I.A. Salnikov. 2011. Biofilter performance of pine nuggets and lava rock as media. Bioresour. Technol. 102:4974-4980.<br /> Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2011. Comparison of gas sampling bags 1 to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases. Trans ASABE 54(2): 653-661.<br /> Applegate, T.J., C. Romero, M.E.B. Abdallah, R. Angel, and W. Powers. 2010. Effect of dietary adipic acid and dried distillers grains plus solubles in combination with post-excretion amendment with sodium bisulfite on nitrogen loss from stored laying hen excreta. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract W319.<br /> Boone, R.E., R. A. Bucklin and D. R. Bray. 2010. Comparison of freestall bedding materials and their effect on cow behavior and cow health. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26(6): 1051-1060.<br /> Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, R. C. Shores, E. D. Thoma, and D. B. Harris. 2010. Ammonia Emissions from a US Broiler House-Comparison of Concurrent Measurements Using Three Different Technologies. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 60(8):939-948.<br /> Casey, K.D., R.S. Gates, R.C. Shores, E.D. Thoma, and D.B. Harris. 2010. Ammonia emissions from a U.S. broiler house  comparison of concurrent measurements using three different technologies. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 60(8):939-948.<br /> Cross, L.D., S.R. Rust, and W.J. Powers. 2010. Inclusion of molybdenum and copper with high distillers grain diets as a strategy to mitigate hydrogen sulfide emissions. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 553.<br /> Li, Hui, L.Y. Zhao, and P. Ling. 2010. Wireless control of residential HVAC systems for energy efficient and comfortable homes. ASHRAE Transactions 116(2): xxx-xxx. <br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, E.O. Oviedo-Rondón, and C.B. Parnell. 2010. Impact of ozonation on particulate matter in broiler houses. Journal of Poultry Science 89:2052-2062<br /> Li, W., W. J. Powers, D. Karcher, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. Effect of DDGS and mineral sources on air emissions from laying hens. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 544.<br /> Liu, Z., W. J. Powers, D. Karcher, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on nutrient mass balance and air emissions from turkeys. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 545.<br /> Purswell, J.L. R.S. Gates, L.M. Lawrence and J.D. Davis. 2010. Thermal environment in a four-horse slant-load trailer. Transactions of the ASABE 53(6):1885-1894.<br /> Tinoco, I.F.F., J.A.O. Saraz, R. Piexoto, M. de Paula and R.S. Gates. 2010. Evaluation of prefabricated concrete roof slabs made with lightweight expanded clair and applied to covering facilities for animal production. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia de Colombia, 63(2).<br /> Wang, L., E.O. Oviedo-Rondón, J. Small, Z. Liu, B.W. Sheldon, G.B. Havenstein, and M.C. Williams. 2010. Farm-scale evaluation of ozonation for mitigating ammonia emissions from broiler houses. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 60:789-796.<br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. The use of distillers dried grains plus soluble as a feed ingredient on performance and air emissions from laying hens. Poult. Sci. 89:1355-1359. <br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, D. Karcher, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. Evaluation of a low sulfur diet on air emissions, nutrient excretion, and performance of laying hens. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 541.<br /> Xin, H., R.S. Gates, A. R. Green, F. M. Mitloehner, P. A. Moore Jr., and C. M. Wathes. 2010. Environmental impacts and sustainability of egg production systems. Poultry Science 90(1):263-277. doi:10.3382/ps.2010-00877.<br /> Zhang, S.,Cai, L., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Schmidt, D.R., Clanton, C.J., Jacobson, L.D., Parker, D.B., Heber, A. J. Field. 2010. Air Sampling and Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis of Livestock Odorants with Sorbent Tubes and GC-MS/Olfactometry. Sensors Actuators: B. Chemical 146: 427-432.<br /> <br /> CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND PROCEEDINGS<br /> Akdeniz, A., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2010. Comparison of gas sampling bags to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and greenhouse gases. In Int. Sym. Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conf. Proc., ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. 711P0510cd.<br /> Akdeniz, N., Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Cortus, E.L., Lim, T.T., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B., & Caraway, E.A. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 2- Odor Emissions. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Al Mamun, M.R., R. Nicolai, E. Cortus, S. Pohl, and S. Cortus. 2010. Emission measurement methods for monoslope beef barns in South Dakota. ASABE Paper Number MBSK 10-204. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Jacko, R.B., Lim, T.T., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B., & Caraway, E.A. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 1- Project Overview and Collection Methods. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Estimating litter nutrients for broiler chickens. In: Proc National Poultry and Animal Waste Management Symposium, Greensboro, NC.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Litter treatment usage and trace element accumulation in broiler litter. In: Proc. National Poultry and Animal Waste Management Symposium, Greensboro, NC.<br /> Borges, G., K.O.S. Miranda, R.S. Gates, G.T. Sales. 2010. Environmental conditions effects in noise emissions by piglets in an intensive production farm. ASABE Paper No. 10-09625. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Borges, G., R.S. Gates, G.T. Sales and K.O.S. Miranda. 2010. Fuzzy logic application on the determination of noise levels as an indicative of swine welfare in controlled environments. ASABE Paper No. 10-0916. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Cai, L., Zhang, S., Koziel, J.A., Sun, G., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Parker, D.B., Caraway, E.A., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Cortus, E.L, & Lim, T.T. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 3- Chemical Emissions. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Cortus, E. L., B. Bogan, K. Wang, T. T. Lim, J. Ni, M. Eisentraut, P. Eisentraut, and A. Heber. 2010. Using CAPECAB to process emission data in the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study. In International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conference, Dallas, Texas. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Cortus, E.L., S. Spronk, C. Lanoue, R. Nicolai, and S. Pohl. 2010. Heat and moisture balances for a new barn design with recirculated air. ASABE Paper MBSK 10-202. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and S. F. Bilgili, 2010. Alternative litter sources/litter management. North American Gamebird Association Annual Convention, San Antonio, TX. Feb. 15-16.<br /> Jacobson L.D., Hetchler B.P., Cortus E., Heber A.J., and Bogan B.W., 2010. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Two Dairy Freestall Barns with Flush and Scrape Manure Collection Systems. Presented at the Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture Conference in Banff, Alberta, CANADA on Oct 3-8, 2010.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2010. GHG Emissions From Livestock Housing. 71th Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Owatonna, MN. Pp 53. Sept 21, 2010. University of Minnesota Animal Science Department, St. Paul, MN 55108.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2010. Real time measurement of GHG Emissions from pig barns. Proceedings (CD, Vol 37) of the 2010 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN. Sept 19-21, 2010. pp. 95 - 99.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Heathcote, K., Parker, D.B., Heber, A. J., Bereznicki, S., and Caraway, E., 2010. Odor Emissions and Chemical Analysis of Odorous Compounds from Animal Buildings. Presented at WEF/A&WMAs Odors and Air Pollutants Conference 2010 in Charlotte, NC on March 22-24, 2010. <br /> Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Jacko, R.B., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B., & Caraway, E.A. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 4- Correlations Between Sensory and Chemical Measurements. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., and Noll, S.L. 2010. Measuring emissions from a Naturally Ventilated turkey grow-out Building. Presented at CIGR Section II: Farm Buildings, Equipment, Structures and Livestock Environment Conference or Symposium in Québec City, Canada June 13-17, 2010<br /> Janni, K.A., N. Akdeniz, D.R. Schmidt, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2010. A 24-hour air sample collection system. ASABE Paper No. 1009597, ASABE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.<br /> Jin, Y., T. T. Lim, J. Ni, A. Heber, R. Liu, B. Bogan, and S. Hanni. 2010. Aerial emission monitoring at a dairy farm in Indiana. ASABE Paper No. 1009527. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Kirk, D., Faivor, L., Wu-Haan, W., Safferman, S. 2010. Anaerobic Digestion Performance on Blended Feedstorcks. Biogas Summit. Flint, MI. Kettering University, Oct. 29, 2010. <br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu, R.K.M. Jayanty. 2010. Major ions characterization of PM2.5 emitted from AFOs. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu, R.K.M. Jayanty. 2010. Patterns and spatial variation of elements in PM2.5 emitted from AFOs. Paper No. 1008743. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu. 2010. Influence of temperature setting of tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) sampler on particulate measurements. Paper No. 1008744. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu. 2010. PM2.5 mass concentrations at commercial egg production facility and its vicinity. Paper No. 1008750. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Liang, Y. K.W. VanDevender, and G.T. Tabler. 2010. Field evaluation of windbreak effect on airflow downwind of poultry housing tunnel fans. Proc. International Symposium on Air Quality & Manure Management for Agriculture, Dallas, TX. ASABE St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Liang, Y., G.T. Tabler, I. Berry, and S.E. Watkins. 2010. Field evaluation of controlled surface wetting system to cool broiler chickens. ASABE Paper No. 1008478, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Lim, T. T., J. Ni, A. Heber, and S. Hanni. 2010b. Field evaluation of dried distiller grain solubles and best management practices to reduce ammonia emissions from a high-rise layer barn. ASABE Paper No. 1009997. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Lim, T. T., J.-Q. Ni, A. J. Heber, and Y. Jin. 2010a. Applications and calibrations of the FANS and traverse methods for barn airflow rate measurement. In International Symposium on Air Quality & Manure Management for Agriculture, Dallas, Texas. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, Q. Li, and R.K.M. Jayanty. 2010. Measurements of ammonia gas, ammonium aerosol, and related inorganic particulate matter in vicinity of a southeast layer operation. Paper No. 1009200. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Lopes, I.M., D.G. Overhults, G.M. Morello, J. Earnest Jr., R.S. Gates, A. Pescatore, J. Jacob and M. Miller. 2010. Assessing air leakage in commercial broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 0-09236. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Morello, G.M., D.G. Overhults, I.M. Lopes, J. Earnest Jr., R.S. Gates, A. Pescatore, J. Jacob and M. Miller. 2010. Influence of fan operations on FANS (Fan Assessment Numeration System) test results. ASABE Paper No. 10-09235. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Mukhtar, L. Jacobson, P. Bredwell, A. Stokes, D. Shelmidine, T. Applegate, B. Weinheimer, G. Zwicke. 2010. Recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions from animal agriculture. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010. <br /> Ogejo, J.A., R.S. Gates, F.A. Agblevor, N. Franz, F.W. Pierson, and K. Stephenson. 2010. Integrating education and development of biodegradable litter amendment to mitigate ammonia emissions from poultry houses. NIFA AFRI Air Quality PD annual meeting, Aug 23-24.<br /> Overhults, D. G., G. M. Morello, I. M. Lopes, A. Pescatore, J. Jacob, M. Miller, R. S. Gates, and J. W. Earnest, Jr. 2010. Broiler house fan performance. ASABE Paper No. 10-09240. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Overhults, D.G., I.M. Lopes, G.M. Morello, A. Pescatore, M. Miller, R.S. Gates and J.W. Earnest, Jr. 2010. Energy use in Kentucky broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 10-09232. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> protocols for analysis of raw data to minimize uncertainty of resultant aerial emissions estimation. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010. <br /> Safferman, S., Kirk, D., Faivor, L., Liu, Y. 2010. Holistic Anaerobic Digester Development-Michigan State University Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center. Biogas Summit. Flint, MI. Kettering University, Oct. 29, 2010.<br /> Safferman, S.I. 2010. Feedstocks Available for Use in a Bio-Based Economy. Michigan Biomass Waste to Energy Summit. East Lansing, MI. MSU Dec. 7, 2010. <br /> Sales,G.T., A.R. Green and R.S. Gates. 2010. Performance assessment of an environmental preference chamber for animals. ASABE Paper No. 10-09155. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Souza, C.F., G.B. Day V., J.L. Taraba, R.S. Gates and W.P.M. Ferreira. 2010. BIOG-C: Modeling the volumetric methane production in the anaerobic digestion process applied to swine wastes. ASABE Paper No. 10-09181. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Stowell, R.R., J. Heemstra, D. Schulte , R. Sheffield , K. Janni , E. Wheeler. 2010. Using webcasts to highlight air quality research. In Int.l Sym. Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conf. Proc., ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. 711P0510cd<br /> Wang, L., Q. Li, G. Byfield, O. D. Simmons, J. Classen. 2010. Biological characteristics of aerosols emitted from a layer operation in Southeast U.S. Paper No. 1009290. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Wang, L., Q. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Cao, R.K.M. Jayanty, G. Byfield, and M. Franklin. 2010. Characterization of Particulate Matter Emitted from Commercial Egg Production Facilities in Southeastern U.S. Paper#244. Presented at A&WMA International Specialty Conference: Leap frogging Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement. May 10-14, 2010. Xian China.<br /> Wang, L., Z. Cao, Q. Li, Z. Liu. 2010. Particle size distribution and concentration of total suspended particulate in layer barns. Paper No. 1009287. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Wang, S., L.Y. Zhao, R. Manuzon, H. Keener, and A. Heber. 2010. Prediction of NH3 Emission from Confinement Dairy Housing System using an Alternative Mass-Balance Method. ASABE Paper No. 109409. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Wheeler, E.F., D. Meyer, P. Martin, D. Schmidt, W. Powers, K. Casey, R. Stowell, S. Mukhtar, L. Jacobson, P. Bredwell, A. Stokes, D. Shelmidine, T. Applegate, B. Weinheimer, G. Zwicke. 2010. Recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions from animal agriculture. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010.<br /> Xin, H., H. Li, R. Gates, R. Burns, and K. Casey. 2010. Methodologies and protocols for analysis of raw data to minimize uncertainty of resultant aerial emissions estimation. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010. <br /> Yan, W., D. Barker, Y. Sun, Y. Zhang and R.S. Gates. 2010. Performance simulation of high volume low speed fans in a free stall barn. XVIIth World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR), 13-17 June, Quebec City, Canada.. <br /> Yang, L. X. Wang, T.L. Funk, R.S. Gates and N. Jiang. 2010. Optimization of livestock air pollutants removal biofilter Part I: media selection. ASABE Paper No. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Yang, X., and X. Wang, J. Lee, and Y. Zhang. 2010. Concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria and fungi in swine and poultry confinement buildings, In ASABE Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, PA: ASABE.<br /> Zhang, S., Cai, L., Koziel, J.A., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Parker, D.B., Caraway, E.A., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Cortus, E.L, & Lim, T.T. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 5- Correlations between Odor Intensities and Chemical Concentrations (gc-ms/o). Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> <br /> EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS AND POPULAR PRESS ARTICLES<br /> Liang, Y., K. VanDevender, and G.T. Tabler. 2011. Vegetative shelterbelts on poultry farms for air emission management. FAS 1071. Univ. of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Fact sheet.<br /> Ogejo, J.A., N. Franz, and K. Stephenson. 2010. A summary of agricultural air quality perceptions in Virginia. Publication 3004-1442. Virginia Cooperative Extension. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/3004/3004-1442/3004-1442_pdf.pdf<br /> <br /> EXTENSION PRESENTATIONS<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, Cullman, AL. October 18.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, Boaz, AL. October 18.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, Troy, AL. October 19.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, New Brockton, AL. October 19.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Litter treatments to control ammonia. Koch Grower Meeting, Heflin, AL. March 10.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Broiler litter  Decision making. Koch Grower Meeting, Heflin, AL. March 10.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Broiler litter  Decision making. Central Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Meeting, Greenville, AL. January 21.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Ammonia-Broiler health and performance. 2010 Alabama Poultry Producers Organizational Meeting, Alabama Farmers Federation, Birmingham, AL. February 3.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and J. J. Giambrone, 2010. Litter Issues. Alltech Brazilian Group Visit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL. May 13.<br /> <br /> HANDBOOKS, TECHNICAL BULLETINS, THESES, DISSERTATIONS, REPORTS, AND CIRCULARS<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Proceedings of the National Poultry and Animal Waste Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 102 pp. <br /> Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2010. Compiled Proceedings of the National Poultry Waste Management Symposium from 1988-2008. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 3,112 pp.<br /> Yang, X. 2010. Physical, chemical and biological properties of airborne particles emitted from animal confinement buildings. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL.<br /> Yan, W. 2010. Development of hybrid particle tracking algorithms and their applications in airflow measurement within an aircraft cabin mock-up. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL.<br /> BESS. 2010. Annual update of database of agricultural ventilation fans performance and efficiencies. http://bess.illinois.edu<br /> Cortus, E.L., K. D. Casey, A. P. Caramanica, K. J. Mickey and A.J. Heber. 2010.<br /> National Air Emissions Monitoring Study: Emissions Data from Two Sow Barns and One Swine Farrowing Room in Oklahoma- Site OK4B. Final Report. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, July 2.<br />

Impact Statements

1. " Biofilter studies from several stations showed the feasibility of using biofilters as mititgation technology for pollutants in swine and poultry farms. The information generated will help producers determine construction methods, costs, and feasibility of implementation on their farms. Biofilters were shown to be very efficient in removing ammonia from the air containing ammonia thus contributing to environmental quality and environmental sustainability of poultry production. The environmental impacts of biofilters are very minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate.
2. " The development of wireless indoor environment monitoring systems enabled collection of extensive amounts of high quality data and will be of use to other peer researcher collecting similar kind of data to enhance the quality research data collected.
3. " Ammonia recovery technologies developed for animal building exhausts and broiler litter amendments will create a new source of ammonia fertilizer while reducing the detrimental impacts of ammonia emission on health and the environment.
4. " Preliminary findings demonstrate that diet can change air emissions substantially. The impact of these findings is that as we refine diets to reduce emissions without compromising animal performance, producers will have alternatives to engineering strategies to meet environmental objectives. Diet parameters have the potential to be used as a predictor of air emissions from livestock facilities.
5. Dietary treatment and amendment effects vary between sources and manures. Animal performance needs to be considered and the optimal strategy, relative to goals, selected.
6. " The PM dispersion model development research will provide a new modeling tool for optimizing the design and siting of the CAFO and landscape around it to minimize the impacts on surrounding neighborhoods.
7. " The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations.
8. " The vegetative or wall windbreaks as natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities will provide immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind generated by exhaust fans and serve as a screen for dust emission. The adoption of these simple yet effective management practices could demonstrate the growers stewardship in reducing environmental impact of confined poultry production.
9. " Emissions flux rates and emissions rates for total reduced sulfur (TRS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) vary from source to source and farm to farm. TRS and H2S flux rates were the highest from both intermittent and continuous flow sand lanes and the reception pits at the ends of the continuous flow sand lanes. Cow manure alleys and piles of recycled sand consistently had the lowest TRS and H2S flux rates. Several sources had NH3 emissions flux rates greater than 15 µg/ m2s included the solids and liquids manure basins on farms that did not recycle sand, liquid manure basins on farms with continuous flowing sand lanes and manure basins on farms with intermittent sand lanes.
10. Manure storages were generally the sources with the largest emissions rates of TRS, H2S and NH3. These sources generally had some of the lowest flux rates but they have some of the largest emitting surface areas. Both the continuous flow and intermittent flow sand lanes were important sources of TRS and H2S emissions. They had relatively small emitting surface area compared to other sources but some of the larger flux rates. Cow manure alleys are also important sources of NH3 emissions.
11. Growers who face water shortage, or who use city or rural water, could benefit largely from reduced water footprint at their farm. It also allows poultry farms with no evaporative cooling pads to improve their bird performance and productivity by replacing interior fogging system with controlled sprinkler system.
12. " The development of the biodegradable litter amendment provides an environmentally friendly method compared to the inorganic acid salts currently used as litter amendment to control ammonia in broiler houses. The material traps ammonia in litter through conversion to non-volatile salts and reduces ammonia levels in and emissions from broiler houses. This product also increases the fertilizer value of poultry litter by improving the N and P balance of the litter and reduces odor complaints.
13. " Cow comfort is an important factor in feed consumption and milk production. This work provides an evaluation tool to evaluate comfort of cow bedding materials.
14. " A dissertation completed during the year (Yang, 2010) clearly indicated the impact of various swine and poultry operations on air quality, including issues of dust and air-borne microbes (both bacterial and fungal). Since limited information of this kind exists for U.S. facilities, the major impact is that we have provided key baseline information of particle size distributions for concentrated animal feeding operations, and a protocol to evaluate the performance of PM samplers used in agricultural operations.
15. " The Michigan Biomass Inventory is functioning allowing facility owners, operators, developers, and policy makers to determine the amount of waste biomass and potential net energy for a selected site. Maps are currently being produced that show locations that have the best potential for waste to energy facilities in Michigan.
16. A database of the anaerobic digester biogas potential from blended wastes, including manure and food processing residuals, will be published and linked to the Michigan Biomass Inventory. This data will allow for the rapid screening of mixtures to determine energy potential from anaerobically digesting.

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Report Information

Participants

Lingying Zhao (Chair) Ohio State University
Ken Casey (Past Chair) Texas A&M AgriLife Research
Ron Lacewell (Advisor) Texas A&M AgriLife Research
Lingjuan Wang-Li NC State University
Shafiur Rahman North Dakota State University
Mary Ann Rozum USDA NIFA
Erin Cortus South Dakota State University
Teng Lim Univ. of Missouri
Gerald Riskowski Texas A&M
Joseph L. Taraba University of Kentucky
Rich Gates (Vice Chair) University of Illinois
Sreekala Bajwa University of Arkansas
Angela Green University of Illinois
Yi Liang University of Arkansas
Rick Stowell University of Nebraska
Larry Jacobson University of Minnesota
Wendy Powers Michigan State University
Jactone Arogo Ogejo (Secretary) Virginia Tech

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting was called to order by the committee chair at 8:00 am. After brief introductory remarks describing the purpose of the meeting, chair invited the project administrative advisor, Dr. Lacewell to address the committee.

ADMINISTRATIVE ADVISORS COMMENTS:
" Reminded the committee that the new project should be written and approved by September 2012, when the current one expires. Would like to have the minutes of the business meeting and annual report within 60 days of meeting.
" Urged committee to focus on the critical issue of writing a new project proposal and encouraged the membership to form a writing committee to perform the task.
" Committee needs to think about national awards to compete for recognition of exemplary work  an example given was a submission this year by S1032

PRESENTATIONS
After the administrative advisors comments, the following three presentations on some emerging issues were made to the committee:
" Sustainable Animal Barn Design (Dr. Larry Jacobson, University of Minnesota)
" Challenges in Engineering Systems Related to Animal Husbandry: A Focus on Animal Welfare (Dr. Angela Green, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign )
" NIFA Climate Change funding programs (Mary Ann Rozum, USDA-NIFA)

ELECTION OF SECRETARY:
Rick Stowell, University of Nebraska was elected as secretary for the 2011-2012 project year.

OTHER COMMITTEE OFFICERS:
Richard Gates  Chair; Jactone Arogo Ogejo  Vice Chair and Lingying Zhao  past chair.

S1025 COMMITTEE MEETING, 2012:
" Agreed to meet at the same location as S1032. The meetings should overlap and not run concurrently.
" Meeting location: Michigan State University. Dr. Wendy Powers will be the host.
" Meeting date: to be decided but suggestion was for between May 14 and May 31, 2012.

NEW PROJECT WRITING TEAM
Following members were appointed to lead the writing of the new project.
" Ken Casey
" Rich Gates (Lead)
" Lingying Zhao
" Lingjuan Wang-Li
" Jactone Arogo Ogejo
" Wendy Powers
" Rick Stowell

Accomplishments

PROJECT OBJECTIVES<br /> 1. Develop and improve sustainable technologies and systems to measure, model and control indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings.<br /> 2. Quantify animal response to thermal environments, develop and improve methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability.<br /> 3. Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being. <br /> Most activities for the year 2010 reporting period focused on the objective 1. Objectives 2 and 3 are either in planning stages or implemented by a couple of stations for the year 2011.<br /> COLLABORATION<br /> The issues associated with air pollutant emissions from animal feeding operations are complex and a growing concern nationally. The S1025 membership, during this reporting period used multi-disciplinary and multistate collaborative approaches, involving scientists and engineers of same institution with complementary expertise and at different institutions with same expertise, have been widely used to effectively address the concerns. NAEMS study is a very good example of the collaborative efforts. Many small scale collaborations between two or three institutions or states as shown in the following accomplishment section have also been documented to be a common and effective approach for development of air emission control technologies. Determination of air emission factors, quantification of the beneficial effects of air emission control technologies, and development of cost-effective solutions can best be accomplished by the collaborative efforts of the multi-disciplinary and multi-state professionals familiar with animal feeding operation systems. <br /> ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /> Specific accomplishments for the reporting period included:<br /> OBJECTIVE 1: DEVELOP AND IMPROVE SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS TO MEASURE, MODEL AND CONTROL INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND REDUCE AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS<br /> " (OH, MI, MN) Engaged in projects related to systems for controlling air pollutant emissions and indoor environments. The indoor thermal environment of three swine finishing barns in Michigan were monitored to develop preventive measures to manage the prevalence of salmonella in swine facilities. The data collected were used to refine a wireless sensor network for monitoring indoor environment for swine production facilities. Also, an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for poultry barn dust control was developed. Poultry dust were collected and characterized for development of the ESP. CFD simulation and field ESP performance tests will be conducted. With funding from the USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant, curricula for two of the four courses for agricultural air emissions and air/water interface science and b) animal manure management and technology were developed and peer reviewed. The courses materials were further developed into distance learning materials and were offered in spring of 2010 and student and peer evaluations conducted in late 2010. Work on the development of wet scrubbers to recover ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations continued. Limited field tests were conducted on one wet scrubber for covered manure storage at University Minnesota; a wet scrubber was installed at a commercial poultry composting facility in July of 2010 for long-term field performance tests; and a wet scrubber for a swine pit building was developed and tested in lab. An ammonia absorption model was underdevelopment. Field measurement campaign was conducted in August of 2010 to evaluate PM emission and dispersion data were collected from an Ohio poultry barn by researchers of University of Iowa and the Ohio State University to feed into a large eddy simulations model of PM dispersions from CAFOs. An on-farm tool for management of nitrogen nutrient loss and NH3 emission from animal manure was developed based on an innovative mass balance approach for livestock facilities. The study focused on dairy and poultry layer production systems and resulted in a web-based and producer friendly decision support tool and several journal and conference papers.<br /> <br /> " (SD, MN) Developed a novel design for a swine barn that cleans, conditions and recirculates swine barn air was developed. This new design theoretically improves the thermal environment and improves air quality from grow-finish swine facilities; and also improves feed utilization for swine facilities while reducing air emissions This design was presented in a conference presentation.<br /> <br /> " (AR, SD, NE) Use of vegetative buffer and shelterbelts to mitigate pollution from CAFOs were studied is several stations. In AR, vegetative buffer consisted of four rows of evergreen and deciduous trees/tall bushes were planted downwind of four tunnel ventilation fans. Windbreak walls (10 ft by 40 ft) consisting of 5 panels of shade cloth material fastened to steel posts 20 feet away from the bank of tunnel fans was installed on the same farm. Seven wind vanes and anemometers were installed in the vicinity of the structural windbreak wall to quantify the local wind pattern. Smoke bomb tests were conducted to depict wind pattern as affected by the windbreak. Guidelines and recommendation of design and maintenance for vegetation and structural windbreak have been developed to assist local livestock producers in adopting these affordable, cost-effective technologies. Collaborative work between SD and NE used data from previous studies to develop a sub-model to demonstrate the effectiveness of shelter belts to reduce downwind odor/gas concentrations. The model is to be used in conjunction with the odor footprint model. The emerging results show hydrogen sulfide concentrations change with addition of shelterbelts. Modeling work is ongoing.<br /> <br /> " (AR, MN, MO, NC, SD) Several stations are working collaboratively or individually on bioscrubbers looking at the different design parameters on the effectiveness of scrubbers to reduce pollution from barns in animal feeding operations. Vertical biofilters are being evaluated, moisture, biofilter media, retention time, C:N ratio, and ammonia concentration. At NC a biofilter was designed to treat the pit ventilation exhaust from a swine finishing barn. The biofilter was evaluated for NH3, methane, and nitrous oxide removal efficiency during summer, fall, and winter. With an empty bed residence time (EBRTs) of 10 s, it was most effective in reducing ammonia emissions while it is only moderately effective in reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Additional monitoring is underway to evaluate its impact on selected volatile organic gases. In AR, six lab scale biofilters were constructed and tested to understand the ammonia removal from air as affected by retention time, C:N ratio, ammonia concentration, and biofilter media composition. Preliminary data indicate over 99% of ammonia removal during the first three months of operation. The moisture content of the filter media varied between 40 and 60% by weight during this period and the retention times were 60-78 seconds. The biofilter with higher C:N ratios of 40 and 50 reached the max performance faster than the biofilters with a C:N ratio of 30. In MN, a 24-h air sampling method for testing the effectiveness of mitigation technologies was developed. The portable units fill 50 L air sample bags over 24-hour sampling periods for later analysis with gas analyzers in a laboratory. The portable 24-h sampling units were used in this study to collect air samples four times from eight existing biofilters located in western and southeastern Minnesota. The purpose of the study was to measure H2S, SO2, NH3, CH4 and N2O reduction efficiencies of full-scale biofilters used by dairy and swine producers. The biofilter media characteristics (age, media depth, porosity, density, particle size, water absorption capacity, and pressure drop) and the biofilters ability to reduce gases were assessed. Collaborative (SD, MN, MO) work on the vertical biofilter on a tunnelventilated building along with a moisture sensor is ongoing.<br /> <br /> " (MI) Researchers at Michigan State University cooperated with researchers at the University of Maryland and Purdue University to demonstrate effective diet modification strategies to reduce air emissions while maintaining animal performance and reasonable diet costs. Studies were conducted to evaluate low emission diets in turkey toms and laying hens. Excreta from each species were collected and used for additional post-excretion amendment studies. This project, demonstrated that by changing the diet, manure composition can be altered, resulting in a change in emissions from the manure and, ultimately, the livestock facility. In order to estimate emissions it may prove useful to be able to consider how diet impacts emissions and identify key dietary predictors for emissions of specific gases. Findings have been compiled with the objective of identifying key nutritional characteristics to explain changes in emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, within and across species. Since the last reporting period we have focused on emissions from cattle and cattle feeding areas. Emphasis has been placed on feeding of distillers dried grains plus solubles (DDGs) on emissions from cattle, with particular interest in hydrogen sulfide emissions. Cross et al. (2010) reported from our work that cattle fed diets containing 40% DDGs diets resulted in increased ammonia emission (5.44 g/d vs. 11.73 g/d for the 0% DDGs diet compared to the 40% DDGs diets; SEM=1.34; P = 0.01) and hydrogen sulfide (16.41 mg/d vs. 183.45 mg/d for the 0% DDGs diet compared to the 40% DDGs diets; SEM=40.30; P = 0.03). Dietary addition of Cu and Mo did not mitigate hydrogen sulfide emissions. No diet effect was observed for methane emissions (25.04 g/d; SEM=2.49; P>0.05). Separating feces from urine reduced ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from exhausted room air. Most hydrogen sulfide (>100 %) and ammonia (88.2 %) emissions were from the manure and not eructated by the animal. Most methane emissions were due to eructation (>100 %). <br /> <br /> " (AR) Alternative cooling systems of broiler chickens were evaluated in two tunnel-ventilated commercial broiler houses during summers of 2009 and 2010 in NW Arkansas, and compared with two evaporative-cooled houses on the same farm. Direct surface wetting by overhead sprinkling (operated at 40 psi) achieved satisfactory cooling of birds. Bird performance including feed conversion, livability, and live weights from sprinkler cooling houses and conventional evaporative cooling houses were not significantly different. Sprinkler cooling houses saved at least 62% of water used by evaporative cooling houses, but consumed equivalent amount of electricity for fan operations. Litter conditions from the sprinkler cooling houses were equivalent with the evaporative cooling houses. Air in the sprinkler cooled houses was warmer but drier than that of the evaporative cooled houses. <br /> <br /> " (IL) The Bioenvironmental Structural Systems (BESS) Lab at the University of Illinois provides the public with a database of Agricultural Ventilation Fans, Performance and Efficiencies, which is updated annually (http://bess.illinois.edu/). The database includes performance data for over 800 commercially available ventilation. Designers of poultry and livestock buildings can make an optimal selection of ventilation fans based on the data in the database for ventilation system energy efficiency and healthy indoor air quality. Building operators can learn about actual ventilation rates and power usage. The BESS Lab also calibrates airflow measurement instruments used in poultry and livestock buildings. Airflow rate accuracy is critical when calculating emission rates of gaseous pollutants from intensive poultry and livestock housing. We have calibrated Fan Assessment Numeration Systems (FANS) for the following universities: University of Kentucky, Texas A&M University, Iowa State University, University of Minnesota, Pennsylvania State University and Purdue University<br /> <br /> " (AL, VA) Projects evaluating the effects of litter amendments on NH3 volatilization were conducted in AL and VA. In AL, a series of trials evaluated the ability of various litter amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization and mitigation from poultry facilities and found that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization, 2) aerobic and anaerobic bacterial levels are lower in pens that contain higher amounts of litter treatment, specifically Salmonella 3) improvements in growth performance may be possible with the use of litter treatments, 4) nutrient retention of nitrogen occurs as a result of an appreciable reduction in ammonia volatilization, 5) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, 6) the useful life of litter may be extended with the use of a litter treatment, and 7) litter treatment usage provides the producer with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. Also, in AL, An indexing method to assist the grower in evaluating litter conditioning and litter treatment effectiveness under commercial conditions has been introduced. Various bedding sources such as sand, cotton gin trash, ground pallets, door filler materials, straw, hardwood sawdust, peanut hulls, and pine bark have been evaluated in comparison to pine shavings for broiler production. The products were evaluated on their ability to reduce paw burns on broiler feet and also their influence on ammonia volatilization. In VA, work was conducted to develop biodegradable litter amendment from agricultural residues such as corn cobs, corn stover, silage corn, poplar wood, pine wood, and soybean straw using a combination of steam explosion and augmentation with metal salts (aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, or ferric sulfate). The best ammonia absorption capacities for steam exploded materials, using titration as an indicator, were obtained at residence times of 3 minutes for the corn cob, and corn silage residues; the residence time for treating corn stover, poplar wood, pine wood, and soybean straw was 5 minutes. Overall, steam treated corn stover produced material with the highest ammonia absorption. Materials produced from poplar wood had the least ammonia absorption capacity. Augmentation of the agricultural residues was completed for corn stover and soybean straw. Compared to the control (no salt added), ferric sulfate provided the largest increase in ammonia absorption at 187%; aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride increased ammonia absorption by 50 and 132%, respectively, compared to the control. Augmenting soybean straw with ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, and aluminum sulfate resulted in increases of ammonia absorption of 52, 63, and 74 percent, respectively.<br /> <br /> " (MN) A project was begun that includes 12 months of monitoring at a full scale swine gestation, farrowing and nursery facility in western Minnesota. The facility began operation in early 2009 and incorporates a full scale geothermal system to provide building heating and cooling. Monitoring will include continuous monitoring of airflow, energy use, temperature, and humidity in three representative rooms (gestation, farrowing, and nursery) in the facility. In addition, six times during this 12 month period the indoor air quality in these representative rooms will be measured continuously for twenty-four hours. Samples will be collected in Tedlar bags and returned to the University of Minnesota for analysis, including odor and particulate matter. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations will be determined using a TEI 45 C Analyzer (Themo Environmental Instruments, MA) and ammonia concentrations determined using a TEI 17 C Analyzer (Themo Environmental Instruments, MA). Monitored data (energy use and indoor air quality) will be compared to theoretical calculations for geothermal heating and cooling. Additionally, animal performance data will be collected throughout the project along with capital investment, in an attempt to quantify the economic impact of the integrated geothermal system.<br /> <br /> " (MN, IL, IA, SD, NE) The objectives of this integrated research and Extension project address mitigating gas emissions from livestock operations. The research will assess whether 24-hour bag samples are an effective method for measuring and monitoring biofilter performance; whether alternative media are effective at reducing odor, hazardous gas and greenhouse gas emissions; and whether filamentous fungi accumulation on biofilter media is correlated to percent gas reduction. The Extension component will engage stakeholders through conference calls and meetings to identify and address barriers to adopting effective researched mitigation technologies. An economic web-based decision aid is being developed and a series of videos are planned to describe emissions issues and mitigation practices to help people make science-based decisions for managing odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gas emissions from livestock and manure storage facilities. The materials will be available on the web through continued technology transfer. Stakeholders and web users will assess the materials to evaluate their impact on decision making. Work on this project continues.<br /> <br /> " (VA) As part of the extension outreach component of the project, the last of the four listening sessions on agricultural air quality was conducted in Harrisonburg, Va. The session was conducted to gather information from the community (stakeholders) about their perceptions, concerns, what they would like to know, and who should be educated about agricultural air quality. We made a short presentation to introduce the subject and then solicited stakeholder reaction. These meetings were very informal but facilitated to meet our objectives. Meals were served at each meeting. Participants in the listening sessions at Harrisonburg expressed similar concerns as other localities. They wanted to learn more about agricultural air quality (AAQ), how it is measured, current regulations or impending regulations for AAQ, and to get information on the topic to share with others. The participants also wanted educators to provide comparisons between agricultural air pollutants and other non-agricultural sources, for example, dairy cows and household pets such as dogs or cats. These comparisons, they indicated, would highlight good AAQ practices already being used by farmers, to realize the psychological aspects of AAQ that people smell with their eyes, the need for general awareness of agriculture by the public, and the interrelationships between AAQ and water quality. Agricultural AQ appears to be a relatively new issue for many communities in Virginia.<br /> <br /> " (MN, IN) Real time methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission measurements were made from two commercial dairy buildings located in Midwestern (Wisconsin) U.S. during an 18 month period. The two cross-flow mechanically ventilated dairy buildings (approximately 275 and 375 cow capacities) were part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS), which collected hazardous gas (NH3 and H2S) and particulate matter (PM) emission data from various dairy, pig, and poultry buildings in the U.S. Hourly CH4 and N2O emission rates were calculated for both dairy buildings over approximate 18 and 6 month time periods respectively. Average daily methane emissions were approximately 300 g/d/AU or 400 g/d/hd from both buildings. There seems to be very limited seasonal effect on CH4 emissions, however, there was a major increase in methane concentrations during the winter but because of reduced airflow rates the emission rates was only slightly higher than in the summer. Average daily nitrous oxide emissions were very low, with an approximate rate of only 615 mg/d/AU. Also, in the fall of 2008 both barns manure collection system was switched from a flush (using manure storage effluent as flush water) to a tractor scrape system. Little variation is seen in methane emission rates before and after this key manure management change, probably suggesting that most of the methane emissions are enteric losses directly from the dairy cows. Nitrous oxide emissions may have varied more during the flushing than tractor scrape but the study was unable to quantify any N2O emission difference.<br /> <br /> " (TX) The analysis of data collected from a 2800 sow facility located in the Panhandle of Oklahoma, which was part of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) study was completed and a report written and submitted to Purdue University. Other activities in 2010 included contributing to AAQTF white papers on methodologies and protocols for data analysis to minimize uncertainty in resultant aerial emissions estimates, and recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions. Installed an electrostatic particle ionization & biocurtain to reduce dust, odor and other pollutants from broiler houses in central Texas. The effectiveness of these technologies in reducing emissions of particulates, hydrogen sulfide and VOCs were evaluated for 2 days at the end of a fall and winter flock. Emissions from the modified house are compared with those from an adjacent unmodified control house. The fans in both houses have been characterized using a FANS unit and the impact of the biocurtain on fan operating pressure has been measured.<br /> <br /> " (MN) Limited experiences in Minnesota suggested that odor and hydrogen sulfide emissions were greater from recycled sand systems but no research data was available to support or refute the perception. The purpose of this project was to measure gas flux rates and estimate emissions from primary sources on dairy operations using sand bedding. Eight dairy operations representing four types of sand systems (ex. mechanical sand separation, sand lanes with continuous operation, sand lanes with intermittent operation and seeping wall liquid separation) were invited to participate in this project. The eight dairy operations were visited three times to measure flux rates from four to six sources at each site using a portable wind-tunnel and air sample bags. The sources sampled included cow manure lanes, sand lanes, manure storage basins, sand separating room, and recycled sand piles. Liquid and solids were collected and used in a micro-tunnel method for standard emissions comparisons between manure samples. Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide flux rates were measured using both the wind-tunnel and the micro tunnel methods. Manure samples from each source were collected and frozen for physical and chemical analysis.<br /> OBJECTIVE 2: QUANTIFY ANIMAL RESPONSE TO THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS, DEVELOP AND IMPROVE METHODS FOR PROVIDING PRODUCTIVE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS WITHOUT DEGRADING AIR QUALITY OR SUSTAINABILITY<br /> " (FL) Data collection and analysis for a study evaluating the Clegg Impact hammer used for pavement and foundation design (http://www.clegg.com.au/Products.asp) as tool to evaluate water beds, sand and rubber matting freestall bedding materials was completed. The Clegg tester successfully produced index numbers that distinguished between the softness of the bedding materials. Additional work is planned to relate the tester readings to cow comfort. The evaporative cooling methods currently used can provide effective cooling for cows, but because of issues with water consumption and treatment and concerns about hoof health on wet floors, this summer, we are evaluating the feasibility of directly cooling freestalls by embedding cooling pipes in the freestall base material<br /> " (IL) Work continued on flow visualization research, resulting in completion of one dissertation and a conference paper on ventilation in large naturally ventilated free-stall buildings.<br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: DEVELOP AND IMPROVE METHODS OF OPTIMIZING ENERGY AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK FACILITIES TO INCREASE PROFITABILITY WITHOUT DEGRADING AIR QUALITY OR ANIMAL WELL-BEING. <br /> <br /> " (MI) Researchers at Michigan State University examined the potential to anaerobically digest livestock manure to produce energy, potentially increasing farm profitability and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work will continue into the next year. Databases for large farms, landfills, wastewater treatment plant biosolids, schools, universities, and prisons were incorporated into the interactive, GIS based Michigan Biomass Inventory. Net energy modeling for 5 conversion technologies (anaerobic digestion, gasification, ethanol, biodiesel, and direct combustion) is also incorporated into the tool. Currently, the databases are being updated, food processing waste is being added, and the databases are being mined to locate the best locations to initiate waste to resource technologies. Further, spreadsheets for all energy conversion technologies will be available to be used independently of the mapping tool. Over 40 biomass blends, including various animal manures and food processing wastes, have been tested to determine their biogas potential. The percentage of methane and carbon dioxide produced and the amount of COD and volatile solids reduction are monitored. These biogas assays help determine if further consideration for establishing a renewable energy system is warranted for a specific waste blend. Further, the impact of amendments such as trace nutrients, enzymes, and microorganisms on the digestion process has been tested on several blends. A database is currently being developed to conveniently represent synergistic, additive, and antagonistic blends.<br /> <br /> " (IL) The environmental preference research that has been planned over the last two years is going to be initiated with layer hens in 2011. This will provide an interesting evaluation of the role of animal preference in comparing different possible environments, such as encountered in alternative egg production housing systems.<br />

Publications

Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni and I.A. Salnikov. 2011. Biofilter performance of pine nuggets and lava rock as media. Bioresour. Technol. 102:4974-4980.<br /> Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2011. Comparison of gas sampling bags 1 to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases. Trans ASABE 54(2): 653-661.<br /> Applegate, T.J., C. Romero, M.E.B. Abdallah, R. Angel, and W. Powers. 2010. Effect of dietary adipic acid and dried distillers grains plus solubles in combination with post-excretion amendment with sodium bisulfite on nitrogen loss from stored laying hen excreta. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract W319.<br /> Boone, R.E., R. A. Bucklin and D. R. Bray. 2010. Comparison of freestall bedding materials and their effect on cow behavior and cow health. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26(6): 1051-1060.<br /> Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, R. C. Shores, E. D. Thoma, and D. B. Harris. 2010. Ammonia Emissions from a US Broiler House-Comparison of Concurrent Measurements Using Three Different Technologies. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 60(8):939-948.<br /> Casey, K.D., R.S. Gates, R.C. Shores, E.D. Thoma, and D.B. Harris. 2010. Ammonia emissions from a U.S. broiler house  comparison of concurrent measurements using three different technologies. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 60(8):939-948.<br /> Cross, L.D., S.R. Rust, and W.J. Powers. 2010. Inclusion of molybdenum and copper with high distillers grain diets as a strategy to mitigate hydrogen sulfide emissions. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 553.<br /> Li, Hui, L.Y. Zhao, and P. Ling. 2010. Wireless control of residential HVAC systems for energy efficient and comfortable homes. ASHRAE Transactions 116(2): xxx-xxx. <br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, E.O. Oviedo-Rondón, and C.B. Parnell. 2010. Impact of ozonation on particulate matter in broiler houses. Journal of Poultry Science 89:2052-2062<br /> Li, W., W. J. Powers, D. Karcher, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. Effect of DDGS and mineral sources on air emissions from laying hens. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 544.<br /> Liu, Z., W. J. Powers, D. Karcher, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on nutrient mass balance and air emissions from turkeys. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 545.<br /> Purswell, J.L. R.S. Gates, L.M. Lawrence and J.D. Davis. 2010. Thermal environment in a four-horse slant-load trailer. Transactions of the ASABE 53(6):1885-1894.<br /> Tinoco, I.F.F., J.A.O. Saraz, R. Piexoto, M. de Paula and R.S. Gates. 2010. Evaluation of prefabricated concrete roof slabs made with lightweight expanded clair and applied to covering facilities for animal production. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia de Colombia, 63(2).<br /> Wang, L., E.O. Oviedo-Rondón, J. Small, Z. Liu, B.W. Sheldon, G.B. Havenstein, and M.C. Williams. 2010. Farm-scale evaluation of ozonation for mitigating ammonia emissions from broiler houses. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 60:789-796.<br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. The use of distillers dried grains plus soluble as a feed ingredient on performance and air emissions from laying hens. Poult. Sci. 89:1355-1359. <br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, D. Karcher, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. Evaluation of a low sulfur diet on air emissions, nutrient excretion, and performance of laying hens. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 88, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 93, E-Suppl. 1/Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1. Abstract 541.<br /> Xin, H., R.S. Gates, A. R. Green, F. M. Mitloehner, P. A. Moore Jr., and C. M. Wathes. 2010. Environmental impacts and sustainability of egg production systems. Poultry Science 90(1):263-277. doi:10.3382/ps.2010-00877.<br /> Zhang, S.,Cai, L., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Schmidt, D.R., Clanton, C.J., Jacobson, L.D., Parker, D.B., Heber, A. J. Field. 2010. Air Sampling and Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis of Livestock Odorants with Sorbent Tubes and GC-MS/Olfactometry. Sensors Actuators: B. Chemical 146: 427-432.<br /> <br /> CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND PROCEEDINGS<br /> Akdeniz, A., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2010. Comparison of gas sampling bags to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and greenhouse gases. In Int. Sym. Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conf. Proc., ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. 711P0510cd.<br /> Akdeniz, N., Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Cortus, E.L., Lim, T.T., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B., & Caraway, E.A. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 2- Odor Emissions. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Al Mamun, M.R., R. Nicolai, E. Cortus, S. Pohl, and S. Cortus. 2010. Emission measurement methods for monoslope beef barns in South Dakota. ASABE Paper Number MBSK 10-204. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Jacko, R.B., Lim, T.T., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B., & Caraway, E.A. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 1- Project Overview and Collection Methods. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Estimating litter nutrients for broiler chickens. In: Proc National Poultry and Animal Waste Management Symposium, Greensboro, NC.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Litter treatment usage and trace element accumulation in broiler litter. In: Proc. National Poultry and Animal Waste Management Symposium, Greensboro, NC.<br /> Borges, G., K.O.S. Miranda, R.S. Gates, G.T. Sales. 2010. Environmental conditions effects in noise emissions by piglets in an intensive production farm. ASABE Paper No. 10-09625. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Borges, G., R.S. Gates, G.T. Sales and K.O.S. Miranda. 2010. Fuzzy logic application on the determination of noise levels as an indicative of swine welfare in controlled environments. ASABE Paper No. 10-0916. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Cai, L., Zhang, S., Koziel, J.A., Sun, G., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Parker, D.B., Caraway, E.A., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Cortus, E.L, & Lim, T.T. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 3- Chemical Emissions. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Cortus, E. L., B. Bogan, K. Wang, T. T. Lim, J. Ni, M. Eisentraut, P. Eisentraut, and A. Heber. 2010. Using CAPECAB to process emission data in the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study. In International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conference, Dallas, Texas. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Cortus, E.L., S. Spronk, C. Lanoue, R. Nicolai, and S. Pohl. 2010. Heat and moisture balances for a new barn design with recirculated air. ASABE Paper MBSK 10-202. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and S. F. Bilgili, 2010. Alternative litter sources/litter management. North American Gamebird Association Annual Convention, San Antonio, TX. Feb. 15-16.<br /> Jacobson L.D., Hetchler B.P., Cortus E., Heber A.J., and Bogan B.W., 2010. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Two Dairy Freestall Barns with Flush and Scrape Manure Collection Systems. Presented at the Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture Conference in Banff, Alberta, CANADA on Oct 3-8, 2010.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2010. GHG Emissions From Livestock Housing. 71th Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Owatonna, MN. Pp 53. Sept 21, 2010. University of Minnesota Animal Science Department, St. Paul, MN 55108.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2010. Real time measurement of GHG Emissions from pig barns. Proceedings (CD, Vol 37) of the 2010 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN. Sept 19-21, 2010. pp. 95 - 99.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Heathcote, K., Parker, D.B., Heber, A. J., Bereznicki, S., and Caraway, E., 2010. Odor Emissions and Chemical Analysis of Odorous Compounds from Animal Buildings. Presented at WEF/A&WMAs Odors and Air Pollutants Conference 2010 in Charlotte, NC on March 22-24, 2010. <br /> Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Jacko, R.B., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B., & Caraway, E.A. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 4- Correlations Between Sensory and Chemical Measurements. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., and Noll, S.L. 2010. Measuring emissions from a Naturally Ventilated turkey grow-out Building. Presented at CIGR Section II: Farm Buildings, Equipment, Structures and Livestock Environment Conference or Symposium in Québec City, Canada June 13-17, 2010<br /> Janni, K.A., N. Akdeniz, D.R. Schmidt, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2010. A 24-hour air sample collection system. ASABE Paper No. 1009597, ASABE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.<br /> Jin, Y., T. T. Lim, J. Ni, A. Heber, R. Liu, B. Bogan, and S. Hanni. 2010. Aerial emission monitoring at a dairy farm in Indiana. ASABE Paper No. 1009527. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Kirk, D., Faivor, L., Wu-Haan, W., Safferman, S. 2010. Anaerobic Digestion Performance on Blended Feedstorcks. Biogas Summit. Flint, MI. Kettering University, Oct. 29, 2010. <br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu, R.K.M. Jayanty. 2010. Major ions characterization of PM2.5 emitted from AFOs. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu, R.K.M. Jayanty. 2010. Patterns and spatial variation of elements in PM2.5 emitted from AFOs. Paper No. 1008743. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu. 2010. Influence of temperature setting of tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) sampler on particulate measurements. Paper No. 1008744. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Li, Q., L. Wang, Z. Liu. 2010. PM2.5 mass concentrations at commercial egg production facility and its vicinity. Paper No. 1008750. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Liang, Y. K.W. VanDevender, and G.T. Tabler. 2010. Field evaluation of windbreak effect on airflow downwind of poultry housing tunnel fans. Proc. International Symposium on Air Quality & Manure Management for Agriculture, Dallas, TX. ASABE St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Liang, Y., G.T. Tabler, I. Berry, and S.E. Watkins. 2010. Field evaluation of controlled surface wetting system to cool broiler chickens. ASABE Paper No. 1008478, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Lim, T. T., J. Ni, A. Heber, and S. Hanni. 2010b. Field evaluation of dried distiller grain solubles and best management practices to reduce ammonia emissions from a high-rise layer barn. ASABE Paper No. 1009997. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Lim, T. T., J.-Q. Ni, A. J. Heber, and Y. Jin. 2010a. Applications and calibrations of the FANS and traverse methods for barn airflow rate measurement. In International Symposium on Air Quality & Manure Management for Agriculture, Dallas, Texas. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, Q. Li, and R.K.M. Jayanty. 2010. Measurements of ammonia gas, ammonium aerosol, and related inorganic particulate matter in vicinity of a southeast layer operation. Paper No. 1009200. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Lopes, I.M., D.G. Overhults, G.M. Morello, J. Earnest Jr., R.S. Gates, A. Pescatore, J. Jacob and M. Miller. 2010. Assessing air leakage in commercial broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 0-09236. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Morello, G.M., D.G. Overhults, I.M. Lopes, J. Earnest Jr., R.S. Gates, A. Pescatore, J. Jacob and M. Miller. 2010. Influence of fan operations on FANS (Fan Assessment Numeration System) test results. ASABE Paper No. 10-09235. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Mukhtar, L. Jacobson, P. Bredwell, A. Stokes, D. Shelmidine, T. Applegate, B. Weinheimer, G. Zwicke. 2010. Recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions from animal agriculture. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010. <br /> Ogejo, J.A., R.S. Gates, F.A. Agblevor, N. Franz, F.W. Pierson, and K. Stephenson. 2010. Integrating education and development of biodegradable litter amendment to mitigate ammonia emissions from poultry houses. NIFA AFRI Air Quality PD annual meeting, Aug 23-24.<br /> Overhults, D. G., G. M. Morello, I. M. Lopes, A. Pescatore, J. Jacob, M. Miller, R. S. Gates, and J. W. Earnest, Jr. 2010. Broiler house fan performance. ASABE Paper No. 10-09240. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Overhults, D.G., I.M. Lopes, G.M. Morello, A. Pescatore, M. Miller, R.S. Gates and J.W. Earnest, Jr. 2010. Energy use in Kentucky broiler houses. ASABE Paper No. 10-09232. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> protocols for analysis of raw data to minimize uncertainty of resultant aerial emissions estimation. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010. <br /> Safferman, S., Kirk, D., Faivor, L., Liu, Y. 2010. Holistic Anaerobic Digester Development-Michigan State University Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center. Biogas Summit. Flint, MI. Kettering University, Oct. 29, 2010.<br /> Safferman, S.I. 2010. Feedstocks Available for Use in a Bio-Based Economy. Michigan Biomass Waste to Energy Summit. East Lansing, MI. MSU Dec. 7, 2010. <br /> Sales,G.T., A.R. Green and R.S. Gates. 2010. Performance assessment of an environmental preference chamber for animals. ASABE Paper No. 10-09155. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Souza, C.F., G.B. Day V., J.L. Taraba, R.S. Gates and W.P.M. Ferreira. 2010. BIOG-C: Modeling the volumetric methane production in the anaerobic digestion process applied to swine wastes. ASABE Paper No. 10-09181. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Stowell, R.R., J. Heemstra, D. Schulte , R. Sheffield , K. Janni , E. Wheeler. 2010. Using webcasts to highlight air quality research. In Int.l Sym. Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conf. Proc., ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. 711P0510cd<br /> Wang, L., Q. Li, G. Byfield, O. D. Simmons, J. Classen. 2010. Biological characteristics of aerosols emitted from a layer operation in Southeast U.S. Paper No. 1009290. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Wang, L., Q. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Cao, R.K.M. Jayanty, G. Byfield, and M. Franklin. 2010. Characterization of Particulate Matter Emitted from Commercial Egg Production Facilities in Southeastern U.S. Paper#244. Presented at A&WMA International Specialty Conference: Leap frogging Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement. May 10-14, 2010. Xian China.<br /> Wang, L., Z. Cao, Q. Li, Z. Liu. 2010. Particle size distribution and concentration of total suspended particulate in layer barns. Paper No. 1009287. Presented at 2010 ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 21 24, 2010. Pittsburgh, PA.<br /> Wang, S., L.Y. Zhao, R. Manuzon, H. Keener, and A. Heber. 2010. Prediction of NH3 Emission from Confinement Dairy Housing System using an Alternative Mass-Balance Method. ASABE Paper No. 109409. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.<br /> Wheeler, E.F., D. Meyer, P. Martin, D. Schmidt, W. Powers, K. Casey, R. Stowell, S. Mukhtar, L. Jacobson, P. Bredwell, A. Stokes, D. Shelmidine, T. Applegate, B. Weinheimer, G. Zwicke. 2010. Recommended units and supporting data for standardized reporting of air emissions from animal agriculture. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010.<br /> Xin, H., H. Li, R. Gates, R. Burns, and K. Casey. 2010. Methodologies and protocols for analysis of raw data to minimize uncertainty of resultant aerial emissions estimation. Presented at USDA Agricultural Air Quality Taskforce - Livestock and Poultry Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Sep 27-28, 2010. <br /> Yan, W., D. Barker, Y. Sun, Y. Zhang and R.S. Gates. 2010. Performance simulation of high volume low speed fans in a free stall barn. XVIIth World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR), 13-17 June, Quebec City, Canada.. <br /> Yang, L. X. Wang, T.L. Funk, R.S. Gates and N. Jiang. 2010. Optimization of livestock air pollutants removal biofilter Part I: media selection. ASABE Paper No. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.<br /> Yang, X., and X. Wang, J. Lee, and Y. Zhang. 2010. Concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria and fungi in swine and poultry confinement buildings, In ASABE Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, PA: ASABE.<br /> Zhang, S., Cai, L., Koziel, J.A., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Parker, D.B., Caraway, E.A., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Cortus, E.L, & Lim, T.T. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 5- Correlations between Odor Intensities and Chemical Concentrations (gc-ms/o). Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> <br /> EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS AND POPULAR PRESS ARTICLES<br /> Liang, Y., K. VanDevender, and G.T. Tabler. 2011. Vegetative shelterbelts on poultry farms for air emission management. FAS 1071. Univ. of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Fact sheet.<br /> Ogejo, J.A., N. Franz, and K. Stephenson. 2010. A summary of agricultural air quality perceptions in Virginia. Publication 3004-1442. Virginia Cooperative Extension. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/3004/3004-1442/3004-1442_pdf.pdf<br /> <br /> EXTENSION PRESENTATIONS<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, Cullman, AL. October 18.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, Boaz, AL. October 18.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, Troy, AL. October 19.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2010. Controlling Ammonia. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Grower Educational Seminars, New Brockton, AL. October 19.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Litter treatments to control ammonia. Koch Grower Meeting, Heflin, AL. March 10.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Broiler litter  Decision making. Koch Grower Meeting, Heflin, AL. March 10.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Broiler litter  Decision making. Central Alabama Poultry and Egg Association Meeting, Greenville, AL. January 21.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Ammonia-Broiler health and performance. 2010 Alabama Poultry Producers Organizational Meeting, Alabama Farmers Federation, Birmingham, AL. February 3.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and J. J. Giambrone, 2010. Litter Issues. Alltech Brazilian Group Visit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL. May 13.<br /> <br /> HANDBOOKS, TECHNICAL BULLETINS, THESES, DISSERTATIONS, REPORTS, AND CIRCULARS<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Proceedings of the National Poultry and Animal Waste Symposium. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 102 pp. <br /> Blake, J. P. and J. B. Hess, 2010. Compiled Proceedings of the National Poultry Waste Management Symposium from 1988-2008. National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee, Auburn University, AL. 3,112 pp.<br /> Yang, X. 2010. Physical, chemical and biological properties of airborne particles emitted from animal confinement buildings. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL.<br /> Yan, W. 2010. Development of hybrid particle tracking algorithms and their applications in airflow measurement within an aircraft cabin mock-up. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL.<br /> BESS. 2010. Annual update of database of agricultural ventilation fans performance and efficiencies. http://bess.illinois.edu<br /> Cortus, E.L., K. D. Casey, A. P. Caramanica, K. J. Mickey and A.J. Heber. 2010.<br /> National Air Emissions Monitoring Study: Emissions Data from Two Sow Barns and One Swine Farrowing Room in Oklahoma- Site OK4B. Final Report. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, July 2.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Biofilter studies from several stations showed the feasibility of using biofilters as mititgation technology for pollutants in swine and poultry farms. Biofilters were shown to be very efficient in removing ammonia from the air containing ammonia thus contributing to environmental quality and environmental
2. The environmental impacts of biofilters are very minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate.
3. Development of wireless indoor environment monitoring systems enabled collection of extensive amounts of high quality data
4. Ammonia recovery technologies developed for animal building exhausts and broiler litter amendments creates a new source of ammonia fertilizer while reducing the detrimental impacts of ammonia emission on health and the environment.
5. Preliminary findings demonstrate that diet can change air emissions substantially.
6. The PM dispersion model development research will provide a new modeling tool for optimizing the design and siting of the CAFO and landscape around it to minimize the impacts on surrounding neighborhoods.
7. The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations.
8. The vegetative or wall windbreaks as natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities will provide immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind generated by exhaust fans and serve as a screen for dust emission.
9. Emissions flux rates and emissions rates for total reduced sulfur (TRS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) vary from source to source and farm to farm. TRS and H2S flux rates were the highest from both intermittent and continuous flow sand lanes and the reception pits at the ends of the continuous flow sand lanes. Cow manure alleys and piles of recycled sand consistently had the lowest TRS and H2S flux rates.
10. Overhead sprinkling system costs about ¼ to install compare to evaporative cooling pad system.
11. The development of the biodegradable litter amendment provides an environmentally friendly method compared to the inorganic acid salts currently used as litter amendment to control ammonia in broiler houses.
12. Impact of various swine and poultry operations on air quality, including issues of dust and air-borne microbes (both bacterial and fungal)was defined. The major impact is that we have provided key baseline information of particle size distributions for concentrated animal feeding operations, and a protocol to evaluate the performance of PM samplers used in agricultural operations.
13. The Michigan Biomass Inventory is functioning allowing facility owners, operators, developers, and policy makers to determine the amount of waste biomass and potential net energy for a selected site. Maps are currently being produced that show locations that have the best potential for waste to energy facilities in Michigan.

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Report Information

Participants

Ken Casey (TAMU)
Erin Cortus (SDSU)
Al Heber (Purdue)
Larry Jacobson (UMN)
Teng Lim (MU)
Jactone Ogejo (VT)
Wendy Powers (MSU)
Gary Riskowski (TAMU)
Rick Stowell (UNL)
Lingying Zhao (OSU)
Advisor: Ron Lacewell r-lacewell@tamu.edu (TAMU)
Visiting: Zeifei Liu (MSU, vice KSU) Venkata Vaddella (MSU)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Wednesday, May 16th
Vice-Chair Ogejo conducted the meeting in place of Chair Gates who was not available to attend.
Discussion of needs for 1025. With the focus of the meeting being development of a new proposal, we began with some groundwork discussion and review of last years notes.
Is 1025s work redundant to that of 1032?
- Consensus was No. S-1032 has a much broader, system perspective.
- There is an unmet need to do indoor animal environment work.
- Its OK to have our research inform S-1032s work, but S-1025 needs to differentiate itself in proposed and completed work.
What incentives exist for keeping S-1025 active?
- Institutional benefit is derived from multi-state activity, but no additional funds are available to support more multi-state activity and states have individual discretion on how they allocate multistate [Hatch] funds.
- More funding going to larger, multistate efforts, as well as to integrated projects.
What do we want to achieve as a group?
- Focused research
- Collaborative activity (research, publications, etc.)
Would our needs be met by a coordinating committee?
- Probably not as rigorous requirements for proposal and reporting.
- Coordination is desirable, but not the desired goal.
The majority viewpoint at the end of this discussion was that there is a need for the committees research and it is preferable to achieve desired objectives as a research committee.
We adjourned for lunch and afternoon tour of MSUs animal Ag. research facilities, including:
- MSU Air Quality Facility
- MSU Anaerobic Digestion Research and Education Center
- MSU Campus Plug-Flow Digester, Algae Raceways, and Composting Facility
Thursday, May 17th
The morning discussion focused in on the three proposal objectives:
Obj. 1  Measure and model source, fate and transport of [air]* emissions from food animal production facilities. (Teng Lim and Al Heber leading)
We noted that foundational emissions measurements are probably 90% done other than GHG.
Needs remain for:
- Continued publication and dissemination of National Air Emission Monitoring Study.
- Inclusion of findings into process-based models (e.g. DairyGEM).
- Additional study of particulates (esp. fine and nanoparticulates), bioaerosols, and PRRS potentially, with growing potential for NIH funding.
- Addressing odor and complaints.
Obj. 2  Develop, evaluate and demonstrate effective mitigation strategies. (Lingying Zhao and Gary Riskowski leading)
Discussion revealed continued (e.g. regulation) and expanding (e.g. PRRS and foam) needs for improved mitigation technologies, with specific mentioning of:
- Dietary manipulation, scrubbers, biofilters, electrostatic particulate systems
- Do include GHG
- Modeling effects of different systems
Dissemination and resulting impact of research could be improved via:
- Organizing a conference for researchers  output is a monograph (symposium w/ ASABE?)
- Developing virtual tours of alternatives  part of integrated project, CIG, industry collaboration?
Obj. 3  Develop, evaluate and demonstrate food animal production facilities that adapt to climate change, accommodate public health, animal welfare, feed and energy efficiency, and food safety needs, and improve environmental quality. (Larry Jacobson leading)
The discussion on this objective moved toward developing new/improved design guidelines for livestock and poultry facilities, and addressing competing/conflicting needs. Ideas being worked on / to work on included:
- Developing a sustainability matrix
- Needs of sow facilities wo/gestation stalls
- New designs in swine housing
- Cooling needs and options for climate changes
- Indoor environment of deep-bedded beef barns
- Implementing new manure systems
- Filtering barns
- Improved control strategies
Officers are Jactone Arogo Ogejo as Chair, Eric Cortus secretary and Rick Stowell as Vice Chair.

Accomplishments

The S-1025 "Systems for controlling air pollutant emission and indoor environments of poultry, swine, and dairy facilities" multi-state project was initiated in the year 2006 and ended on September 30, 2012. The project was a collaborative effort that drew participants from 20 state universities, USDA ARS stations, and universities abroad. The participants included scientists and engineers from the states of Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Illinois (IL), Iowa (IA), Kentucky (KY), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE), New York (NY), North Carolina (NC), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), Pennsylvania (PA), Indiana (IN), South Dakota (SD), Texas (TX), and Virginia (VA). The participants addressed the subject of air quality associated with livestock and poultry production.<br /> <br /> Air quality and in particular, emissions of aerial pollutants from animal feeding operations is a complex issue and a growing concern nationally. To tackle the challenges of this subject, the participants in the S-1025 project used multi-disciplinary and multistate collaborative approaches, involving scientists and engineers from within and across institutions with complementary expertise to effectively address the concerns. The researchers quantified beneficial effects of nutrition, manure management, air cleaning, and ventilation approaches, to facilitate the development of cost-effective solutions for the mitigation of air quality issues. The findings from their work was presented at different professional meetings, published in peer reviewed journals, published as extension factsheets, as well as articles in the popular press. The project also mentored and trained graduate students, post-doctoral researchers. The objectives and detailed outcome of the project are outlined below.<br /> PROJECT OBJECTIVES<br /> 1. Develop and improve sustainable technologies and systems to measure, model and control indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings.<br /> 2. Quantify animal response to thermal environments, develop and improve methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability.<br /> 3. Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well being. <br /> ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS<br /> Objective 1: Develop and improve sustainable technologies and systems to measure, model and control indoor air quality and reduce air pollution emissions from poultry and livestock buildings<br /> <br /> Under this objective, work involving measurement and development and evaluation of mitigation techniques of air pollutants from animal feeding operations was conducted. A summary of the activities and accomplishments are summarized below. <br /> <br /> Measurement<br /> " Fifteen institutions including Purdue, University of California at Davis, Washington State University, Texas Agri-Life, Iowa State University, University of Missouri, University of Idaho, University of Minnesota, South Dakota State University, Cornell University, North Carolina State University, University of Illinois, Zhejiang University, and Uludag University completed a comprehensive field measurements of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), methane (CH4), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particulate (TSP), and odor emissions from swine, layer, broiler and dairy farms. These measurements were conducted under the umbrella the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) managed by Purdue University. These measurements were made to establish the baseline concentrations of these aerial pollutants in emissions from animal feeding operations. The team also conducted sensory odor measurements to estimate odor emitted from land application of dairy and swine manure, from digested and undigested dairy manure, and from biofilter mitigated layer house exhaust air. The NAEMS study enabled the development of a data acquisition software that can be used for both lab and field studies. The data acquisition software developed for the NAEMS has been used in 13 states for 8 laboratory and 25 long-term field studies and had handled three billion data points by 2010, about 65% of the worlds agricultural air quality data in the past five decades. The software is also being adopted in new projects in the U.S. (North Carolina State University, Texas A&M, University of Missouri, University of California at Davis, and Washington State University) and in China (Zhejiang University and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science). Sixteen new air sampling systems were built at Purdue University and used in 9 states and also adopted in China. A new flow sensor under commercialization will fill a technical gap for continuously and directly measuring airflow from large fans.<br /> " OH, MI, and MN conducted a study to understand how indoor thermal environment impacted the prevalence of salmonella in swine finishing barns. As part of their study, they developed a wireless data collection and monitoring system. The data collected was then used to refine a wireless sensor network for monitoring indoor environment for swine production facilities. <br /> " SD, USDA-ARS MARC, IA, and NE conducted a study to establish baseline emissions data for mono slope beef cattle facilities to evaluate differences in emissions and barn air quality due to season, time of day, growth cycles of animals and building management. Additional research emphasis was placed on methods to measure the airflow through naturally-ventilated facilities.<br /> " In MN, researchers assessed (i) whether 24-hour bag sampling is an effective method for measuring and monitoring biofilter performance from pig facilities; whether alternative media are effective at reducing odor, hazardous gas and greenhouse gas emissions; and whether filamentous fungi accumulation on biofilter media is correlated to percent gas reduction and (ii) gas flux rates and estimate emissions from primary sources on dairy operations using sand bedding. They found that emissions flux rates for total reduced sulfur (TRS), hydrogen sulfide and ammonia varied from source and farm. TRS and H2S flux rates were the highest from both intermittent and continuous flow sand lanes and the reception pits at the ends of the continuous flow sand lanes. These results provide dairy producers with information to prioritize source mitigation.<br /> " NC State conducted a study that continuously monitored particulate matter (PM) at four ambient sampling locations around a commercial layer (egg production) farm for three years to capture diurnal pattern and seasonal variations at the farm and surrounding areas. The PM monitoring and chemical speciation sampling generated considerable amount of data for characterization of the spatial and temporal variations in PM mass concentration, chemical composition and particle size distribution between source and downwind areas. This examination advanced our understanding of source, fate and transport of aerosols in rural environment. Moreover, key factors that may influence the aerosol source generation were also examined. This identification of the influencing factors will enable industry to develop better management practices for mitigation of PM emissions<br /> The NCSU team conducted projects to measure and model (i) bioaerosol fate and transport in vicinity of a commercial egg production farm and (ii) plume-rise of air emissions from animal housing. They will use the bioaerosol data assess the viability of airborne bacteria and fungi under hot and cold conditions with different relative humidity and solar radiation. The work will include assessing if there is any link between the emissions and possible public exposure under different ambient condition. The results will lead to the understanding of aerosols by identifying and analyzing specific sources and sinks of aerosols in the rural ambient environment.<br /> " Researchers at MO analyzed emission rates from various livestock and poultry facilities, and developed different emission models based on latest data set. New websites of air emission models are setup and being improved to offer detailed air emission values for commercial swine operations. Results were reported in several final reports to different funding agencies or institutes. The results are also published in several extension and journal articles, or conference proceedings. Our team continued to enhance multi-agency (USDA-NRCS and Missouri Department of Natural Resources) collaboration and contribute to various extension and research effort. The team updated Missouri Department of Natural Resources Manure Storage Design Regulations.<br /> <br /> Mitigation<br /> " OH and MN worked on developing wet scrubbers as a technology to recover NH3 from covered manure storages, poultry composting, deep pits under swine buildings. The recovered NH3 can then be used a liquid nitrogen fertilizer. <br /> " MN and TX developed a cost efficient surface aeration system for use by livestock producers to ameliorate air pollution caused by the odor emanating from the current liquid manure storage facilities such as lagoons, earthen basins, and ponds is needed on many farms in the United States <br /> " MN, IA, IN, and TX developed correlations between odor sensory measurements and malodorous individual compounds from animal buildings. This research allows more targeted approaches to specific segments of the odor emitted from animal production buildings.<br /> " MN and IA investigated how to mitigate NH3 and PM emissions from turkey production buildings not to exceed regulatory thresholds for CERCLA and EPCRA (100 lbs/day). Sources including dry litter and wet liquid manure as in pig and dairy facilities were investigated.<br /> " MN worked on the reduction of NH3, H2S, and odor emissions from pig houses with deep pit manure storage. They reported that these pollutants can be reduced by replacing pit fans with fans exhausting from the wall in mechanically ventilated deep pit pig buildings. Even if producers want to continue to use pit fans, there is a larger benefit to treating the pit fan exhaust air with an air emission control technology before treating the wall exhaust air. The partitioning of air emissions between the pit and wall fan airstreams has been unknown and is valuable for regulatory purposes and to assist in the design of emission control technologies that are used. <br /> " NC evaluated a field scale ozonation technology for reducing NH3 and pathogens in broiler houses. Their field evaluation suggested that ozonation does not effectively remove ammonia from air inside the broiler houses. In some instances, ozonation caused a negative effect on feed conversion. The concluded that ozonation technique is not effective for ammonia mitigation in the animal facilities is not recommended. They also modeled NH3 emissions from broiler litter based on total nitrogen pH and moisture content of the litter. <br /> " Managing and/or controlling emission from animal feeding operations using shelterbelts was also a topic of interest for many institutions. OH and IA developed a model and conducted field measurements to evaluate the dispersion of particulate matter from CAFOs as affected by vegetation and buildings near the sources of air pollutants. SD, MN, and NE evaluated the impacts of shelterbelts and bio-curtains on the effectiveness of reducing odor and H2S from CAFOs. They found that the greatest percent reduction in gas concentration is immediately downwind of the shelterbelt. In AR, vegetative buffer consisting of evergreen and deciduous trees/tall bushes planted downwind of tunnel ventilation fans were evaluated for mitigation of emissions from broiler houses. Vegetative buffer is a natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities. Structural windbreak provided immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind speed generated by exhaust fans and served as a screen for dust emission. The results from the study in AR were used to develop guidelines and recommendation for the design and maintenance of vegetation and structural windbreak. The guidelines can be used by livestock producers and environmental consultants interested in adopting the shelter belt technology.<br /> " Cleaning the exhaust air from animal buildings as a method of managing pollutants was a subject of investigation by several institutions. The main technology investigated was biofiltration. SD, MN, IL, NE, MO, and NC were involved in studies on the use of biofilters to reduce aerial pollutants from animal housing. The team from SD and MN completed the design and testing a vertical biofilter for treating exhaust air from swine barns. Their focus was on evaluating design parameters that minimized the effects that settling of media in the filter has on the operation efficiency of the biofilters. In AR, installation of biofilters on broiler barns was shown to be efficient in removing ammonia from the exhaust air thus contributing to environmental quality and sustainability of poultry production. The environmental impacts of biofilters are minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate.<br /> " Mitigation of ammonia and other aerial pollutant emissions from poultry houses using different litter management methods were conducted by researchers in AL, AR, VA and IL. Researchers in AL evaluated the use of different litter amendments and litter type on ammonia emissions. They observed that: 1) litter treatments are effective in reducing litter pH and ammonia volatilization and extending the useful life of litter, 2) not all litter treatments are equally effective and higher levels of treatment may be required to provide long-term effectiveness, and 3) litter treatment usage provides the producer with methods for improving the economic viability of their poultry production facility. In AR, research focused on the evaluation of windrowing litter between flocks as a litter management method. In-house litter windrowing during downtime of broiler production are effective in reducing Clostridium and E. coli populations. However, ammonia emissions during windrow construction and destruction were high due to exposure of nitrogen compounds to the air during physical disturbance. The 8 to 12-day processes do not seem to change either carbon to nitrogen ratio or soluble P concentration. The windrowing process does not seem to be having a negative impact on litter characteristics pertinent to soil application/fertility, or be improving the litter quality (in regard to fertility). Researchers at VA and IL evaluated the use of a novel biodegradable litter amendment made from agricultural residues on the reduction of ammonia emissions from broiler houses. The material traps ammonia in litter through conversion to non-volatile salts and reduces ammonia levels in and emissions from broiler houses. This product also increases the fertilizer value of poultry litter by improving the N and P balance of the litter and reduces odor complaints. The product is different from the inorganic acid based litter amendments - it is biodegradable and in addition to improving the air quality in poultry houses, it will make the litter more amenable as an organic fertilizer to the emerging niche market of organic farming.<br /> " Dietary intervention. Researchers at MI, IN, MD, IA, the Netherlands and China collaborated on diet studies to determine formulation, feed ingredient and additive effect on NH3, H2S, CH4 emissions from growing/finishing swine, lactating dairy cows, dairy heifers, beef steers, broiler chickens, laying hens, and turkeys. Overall, the findings illustrated that diet is a potential mitigation strategy for air emissions from livestock production facilities. Specifically, in a turkey production their study demonstrated the potential of reducing NH3 and H2S emissions through diet modification of amino acids while maintaining acceptable production performance. No diet effect was observed on greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CH4). Results from swine studies demonstrated that DDGS will increase H2S, CH4, NH3, and non- methane total hydrocarbons (NMTHC) emissions from pigs, but organic sources of trace minerals are a promising mitigation strategy to alleviate the adverse effect of DDGS on H2S emissions. <br /> <br /> Outreach and Extension Education<br /> " OH and MI developed curricula for four courses on agricultural air emissions and air/water interface science and b) animal manure management and technology. The courses materials were further developed into distance learning materials and were offered in spring of 2010 and student and peer evaluations conducted in late 2010. <br /> <br /> " MN, IL, IA, SD, and NE collaborated on an integrated research and extension project addressing mitigation of gas emissions from livestock operations. The research will assess whether 24-hour bag samples are an effective method for measuring and monitoring biofilter performance; whether alternative media are effective at reducing odor, hazardous gas and greenhouse gas emissions; and whether filamentous fungi accumulation on biofilter media is correlated to percent gas reduction. The Extension component engaged stakeholders through conference calls and meetings to identify and address barriers to adopting effective researched mitigation technologies. An economic web-based decision aid is being developed and a series of videos are planned to describe emissions issues and mitigation practices to help people make science-based decisions for managing odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gas emissions from livestock and manure storage facilities. The materials will be available on the web through continued technology transfer. Stakeholders and web users will assess the materials to evaluate their impact on decision making. Work on this project continues.<br /> <br /> " VA is developing an extension outreach program for agricultural air quality. The program focuses on definition of agricultural air quality (AAQ), how it is measured, current regulations or impending regulations for AAQ, and mitigation or air pollution control strategies on farms.<br /> <br /> Objective 2: Quantify animal response to thermal environments, develop and improve methods for providing productive thermal environments without degrading air quality or sustainability<br /> Building Design<br /> " SD and MN. Developed a novel design for a swine barn that cleans, conditions and recirculates swine barn air was developed. This new design theoretically improves the thermal environment and improves air quality from grow-finish swine facilities; and also improves feed utilization for swine facilities while reducing air emissions. <br /> " AR evaluated alternative cooling systems for tunnel-ventilated commercial broiler houses and compared with two evaporative-cooled houses. Direct surface wetting by overhead sprinkling (operated at 40 psi) achieved satisfactory cooling of birds. Bird performance including feed conversion, livability, and live weights from sprinkler cooling houses and conventional evaporative cooling houses were not significantly different.<br /> " Researchers in MN assessed the benefits of a geothermal system on a swine gestation, farrowing, and nursery facility in Minnesota and other facilities in the Midwest. The assessment included pig performance, barn air quality, and direct carbon footprint (site energy use) as well as management required.<br /> " MI, IN, MD, IA, the Netherlands and China collaborated collected data to document heat production from todays livestock. Data were collected from 17 different studies associated with growing/finishing swine, lactating dairy cow, dairy heifer, beef steers, broiler chicken, laying hen, and turkey production. The data have been assembled for publication and use in making decisions about ventilation needs in livestock housing.<br /> <br /> Objective 3. Develop and improve methods of optimizing energy and resource utilization in poultry and livestock facilities to increase profitability without degrading air quality or animal well-being.<br /> <br /> " NCSU team conducted a project of design and fabrication of nine-modular poultry production chamber systems to accurately simulate conditions typical of those observed in commercial broiler production environments serving as a core facility for the studies of air emission, broiler housing ventilation and animal welfare.<br /> <br /> IMPACTS<br /> " The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) study has help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from animal feeding operations.<br /> " Biofilter studies from several stations showed the feasibility of using biofilters as mitigation technology for pollutants in swine and poultry farms. The information generated will help producers determine construction methods, costs, and feasibility of implementation on their farms. Biofilters were shown to be very efficient in removing ammonia from the air containing ammonia thus contributing to environmental quality and environmental sustainability of poultry production. The environmental impacts of biofilters are very minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate.<br /> " The new Missouri Manure Storage Design Regulations (10 CSR 20-8.500) is published in the state regulation in April of 2012. The improved details will help clarify many design and planning needs, while updates were included to better reflect the changes required. Publication of the biofilter effectiveness research provides records and recommendations of a simple and low cost biofilter technology tested at a commercial farm. Detailed analysis of the emission data aids better understanding of the nature of the air emissions from commercial facilities. Air emission models help explain the different emission cycles due to season and growth cycles, and provide better understanding and options for more effective mitigation<br /> " The development of wireless indoor environment monitoring systems enabled collection of extensive amounts of high quality data and will be of use to other peer researcher collecting similar kind of data to enhance the quality research data collected.<br /> " Ammonia recovery technologies developed for animal building exhausts and broiler litter amendments will create a new source of ammonia fertilizer while reducing the detrimental impacts of ammonia emission on health and the environment.<br /> " Preliminary findings demonstrate that diet can change air emissions substantially. The impact of these findings is that as we refine diets to reduce emissions without compromising animal performance, producers will have alternatives to engineering strategies to meet environmental objectives. Diet parameters have the potential to be used as a predictor of air emissions from livestock facilities. However, additional emission measurements and inputs across a broader range are needed to continue to develop these types of prediction equations for field applications. There is a need to consider additional variables (e.g. manure ammonium N) to better predict emissions from diet and/or manure constituents. Results illustrate, also, the need to consider how pre- and post-excretion strategies work together when developing an air emissions reduction strategy. Dietary treatment and amendment effects vary between sources and manures. Animal performance needs to be considered and the optimal strategy, relative to goals, selected.<br /> " The PM dispersion model development research will provide a new modeling tool for optimizing the design and siting of the CAFO and landscape around it to minimize the impacts on surrounding neighborhoods. <br /> " The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations.<br /> " The vegetative or wall windbreaks as natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities will provide immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind generated by exhaust fans and serve as a screen for dust emission. The adoption of these simple yet effective management practices could demonstrate the growers stewardship in reducing environmental impact of confined poultry production.<br /> " The information obtained from the developing and testing various bedding materials is very timely for meeting the needs of the poultry industry since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard as bedding materials. Alternative sources of quality bedding materials need to be evaluated and considered for their absorbability, quality, and cost prior to large-scale use by the industry.<br /> " The use of stakeholders such as livestock and poultry producers, agricultural equipment suppliers, state and county regulators, local-county and township elected officials, medical and public health professionals, veterinary medicine professionals, Extension educators and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to provide input to direct development of an economic web-based decision aid and a series of videos on air emissions issues, selecting mitigation practices and sources of additional science-based information for review before making decisions improves acceptability and implementation of mitigation technologies.<br /> " Water is a valuable resource in agricultural production. Overhead sprinkling system costs about ¼ to install compare to evaporative cooling pad system. With an estimated 17,000 poultry houses in the state of Arkansas and Oklahoma, water footprint of poultry live production can be greatly reduced if each house uses 50,000 gallon less water in the summer for bird cooling annually. Growers who face water shortage, or who use city or rural water, could benefit largely from reduced water footprint at their farm. It also allows poultry farms with no evaporative cooling pads to improve their bird performance and productivity by replacing interior fogging system with controlled sprinkler system. It is imperative that poultry remains profitable in order to keep the poultry industry economically sustainable and competitive in the global market place.<br /> " Methods to improve management practices and the use of litter treatments can contribute to improving indoor air quality and reducing emissions from commercial poultry buildings. This information generated from testing different kind of litter is very timely for meeting the needs of the poultry industry since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard as bedding materials. Alternative sources of quality bedding materials need to be evaluated and considered for their absorbability, quality, and cost. <br /> " The development of the biodegradable litter amendment provides an environmentally friendly method compared to the inorganic acid salts currently used as litter amendment to control ammonia in broiler houses. Above all, if implemented in poultry houses in the Chesapeake Bay, the material will address the mitigation of ammonia which is one of the current TMDL challenges facing the poultry farmers in the Bay. If not met, violation of the TMDL may result in shut down of farms leading to loss of jobs and economic viability of the farming communities.<br />

Publications

PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS<br /> Akdeniz, N. and K.A. Janni. 2012. Full-scale biofilter reduction efficiencies assessed using portable 24-hour sampling units. J. A&WMA 62(2) 170-182.<br /> Akdeniz, N., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson, B.P. Hetchler. 2011. Comparison of gas sampling bags to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases. Transactions of the ASABE, 54(2): 653-661. <br /> Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni and I.A. Salnikov. 2011. Biofilter performance of pine nuggets and lava rock as media. Bioresour. Technol. 102:4974-4980.<br /> Akdeniz,N., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2011. Comparison of gas sampling bags 1 to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and greenhouse gases. Trans ASABE 54(2): 653-661.<br /> Akdeniz, N., L. D. Jacobson, B. P. Hetchler, S. D. Bereznicki, A. J. Heber, E. L. Cortus, T.-T. Lim, K. Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, J. A. Koziel, L. S. Cai, S. Zhang, D. B. Parker, and E. A. Caraway. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 2 - Odor emissions. Transactions of the ASABE, accepted pending revision.<br /> Akdeniz, N., L. D. Jacobson, B. P. Hetchler, S. D. Bereznicki, A. J. Heber, E. L. Cortus, T.-T. Lim, K. Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, J. A. Koziel, L. S. Cai, S. Zhang, D. B. Parker, and E. A. Caraway. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 4  Correlations between sensory and chemical emissions. Transactions of the ASABE, accepted pending revision.<br /> Bereznicki, S. D., A. J. Heber, N. Akdeniz, L. D. Jacobson, B. P. Hetchler, K. Y. Heathcote, S. J. Hoff, J. A. Koziel, L. S. Cai, S. Zhang, D. B. Parker, E. A. Caraway, T.-T. Lim, E. L. Cortus, and R. B. Jacko. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal building: Part 1 - Project overview, collection methods, and quality control. Transactions of the ASABE, accepted<br /> Bilgili, S. F., J. B. Hess, J. P. Blake, K. S. Macklin, and J. L. Sibley, 2008. Alternative bedding sources for rearing broiler chickens. #T107. Poultry Sci. 87(1):159.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Litter nutrient estimates for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 88(1):50.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Trace element accumulation during litter treatment usage for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 88(1):50.<br /> Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin and C.A. Wilson, 2008. Evaluation of sulfuric acid application at three levels as a litter treatment for broiler chickens. #74. Poultry Sci. 87(1):24.<br /> Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin and C.A. Wilson, 2008. Evaluation of acidifying litter treatments for broiler chickens. #76. Poultry Sci. 87(1):25.<br /> Blake, J.P., J.B. Hess, K.S. Macklin, C.A. Wilson, R. N. Lehman, and S. Kocakaya, 2008. Evaluation of liquid aluminum sulfate litter treatment (A-7) at three application rates for broiler chickens. #75. Poultry Sci. 87(1):24.<br /> Chai, C.A., J.-Q. Ni, , Y. Chen, C.A. Diehl, A.J. Heber, and T.-T. Lim. 2010. Assessment of long-term gas sampling design at two commercial manure-belt layer barns. Journal of AWMA 60:702-710.<br /> Chai, L., J.-Q. Ni, C.A. Diehl, I. Kilic, A.J. Heber, Y. Chen, E.L. Cortus, B.W. Bogan, T.T. Lim, J.-C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro, and L. Chen. 2012. Ventilation rates at large commercial layer houses with two-year continuous monitoring. British Poultry Science 53(1): 19-31.<br /> Chen, Y., J.-Q. Ni, C.A. Diehl, A.J. Heber, W.W. Bogan, L. Chai. 2011. Large scale application of vibration sensors for fan monitoring at commercial layer hen houses. Sensors 10(12):11590-11604.<br /> Darr, M. J. and L.Y. Zhao. 2008. A model for predicting signal transmission performance of wireless sensors in poultry layer facilities. Trans. ASABE. 51(5): 1817-1827.<br /> Darr, M. J., L. Y. Zhao, J. Ni, and C. Gecik. 2007. Robust Sensor for Agricultural Ventilation Fan Monitoring. Transactions of the ASABE. Vol. 50(3): 1019-1027.<br /> Darr, M. J., L. Zhao, J.-Q. Ni, and C. Gecik. 2007. A robust sensor for monitoring the operational status of agricultural ventilation fans. Transactions of the ASABE 50(3): 1019-1027.<br /> Darr, M. J., L.Y. Zhao, and M. R. Ehsani. 2007. Implementation of Controller Area Networks for Animal Environment Monitoring. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1): 406-413.<br /> Gholap, D. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, and S. F. Bilgili, 2011. Evaluation of air and litter quality with microbiological fluctuations in commercial broiler facilities using a biological and a chemical litter treatment. Abstract #194. Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO. July 16-19.<br /> Guarino, M., L. D. Jacobson, K. A. Janni. 2007. Dust Reduction from Oil-Based Feed Additives. Vol.23(3): 329-332. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (ASABE).<br /> Henry, C.G., D.D. Schulte, S.J. Hoff, L.D. Jacobson, and A.M. Parkhurst. 2011, Comparison of Ambient Odor Assessment Techniques in a Controlled Environment. Trans. ASABE 54(5): 1865-1872.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Recent Alabama broiler litter usage changes. Abstracts of Alabama Water Resources Conference, Perdido Beach, AL.<br /> Hess, J. B., J. P. Blake, and R. D. Reynnells, 2008. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium as a forum for discussion on poultry waste management issues. #TP403. Poultry Sci. 87(1):127.<br /> Hoff, S.J., D.S. Bundy, M.A. Nelson, B.C. Zelle, L.D. Jacobson, A.J. Heber, J.Q. Ni, Y. Zhang, J.A. Koziel, and D.B. Beasley. 2009. Real-time airflow rate measurements from mechanically ventilated animal buildings. AWMA Journal 59(6):683-694.<br /> Hoff, S.J., J.D. Harmon, L. Chen, K.A. Janni, D.R. Schmidt, R.E. Nicolai, L.D. Jacobson. 2009. Partial biofiltration of a hybrid ventilated deep-pit swine finisher. Applied Engineering in Agric. 25(2): 269-280.<br /> Hollman, M., W. Powers, A. Fogiel, N. Bello, J. Liesman, D. Beede. 2012. Enteric methane emissions and lactational performance of Holstein cows fed different concentrations of coconut oil. J. Dairy Sci. 95:26022615.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., B.P. Hetchler, D.R. Schmidt, R.E., Nicolai, A.J. Heber, J.-Q. Ni, S.J. Hoff, J.A. Koziel, D.B. Parker, Y. Zhang, and D.B. Beasley. 2008. Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 3 -Odor Concentrations: AWMA Journal 58: 806-811.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Brian P. Hetchler, Neslihan Akdeniz, Steven Hoff, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni, Yuanhui Zhang, and Jacek Koziel. Air Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings (APECAB) Project, 2011. Project Summary, pp. 1-13. ASABE On-Line Publication.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Schmidt, D.R., Nicolai, R.E., Heber, A.J., Ni, J., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Parker, D.B., Zhang, Y., Beasley, D.B. 2008. Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 3 -Odor Concentrations: AWMA Journal 58: 806-811.<br /> Jacobson, Larry D. (2007) Animal Structures: Air Quality Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, 1:1, 1-3, DOI: 10.1081/E-EAFE-120007233. <br /> K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and R. A. Norton. 2007. Litter bacterial levels associated with Poultry Guard. Poultry Sci. 86(1):592 (Abstract #710).<br /> Lahav O., T. Mor T., A.J. Heber, S. Molchanov, J.C. Ramirez, C. Li, and D.M. Broday. 2008. A new approach for minimizing ammonia emissions from poultry houses. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 191:183-197.<br /> Latshaw, J. D., and L. Y.Zhao. 2011. Dietary protein effects on hen performance and nitrogen excretion. Poult. Sci. 90:99-106.<br /> Lawrence, A.F., R.H.Grant, M.T. Boehm, A.J. Heber, J.M.Wolf, S.D.Cortus, B.W. Bogan, J.C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro and C.A. Diehl. 2009. Measurements of air quality around various open area sources in USA. International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1(4):195-198.<br /> Lee, S.-H., C. Li, A.J. Heber and C. Zheng. 2010. Ethylene removal using biotrickling filters: Part I. Experimental description. Chemical Engineering J. 158(2): 79-88.<br /> Lee, S.-H., C. Li, A.J. Heber and C. Zheng. 2010. Ethylene removal using biotrickling filters: Part II. Parameter estimation and mathematical simulation. Chem. Engineering J. 158(2): 89-99.<br /> Li, H., Xin, H., Burns, R.T., Jacobson, L.D., Noll, S., Hoff, S.J., Harmon, J.D., Koziel, J.A., and Hetchler, B.P. 2011. Air Emissions from Tom and Hen Turkey Houses in the U.S. Midwest. Transactions of the ASABE. Vol. 54(1): 305-314.<br /> Li, Hui, L.Y. Zhao, P. Ling, and J. Liu. 2012. A Model for Predicting Wireless Signal Transmission Performance of ZigBee-Based Sensor Networks in Residential Houses. ASHRAE Transactions 118(1): xxx-xxx. <br /> Li, Q., L. Wang-Li, Z. Liu and A.J. Heber. 2012. Field evaluation of particulate matter measurements using tapered element oscillating microbalance in a layer house. Journal of AWMA 62(3):322-335.<br /> Li, W., W. Powers, and G. M. Hill. 2011. Feeding DDGS to swine and resulting impact on air emissions. J. Anim. Sci. 89:3286-3299.<br /> Lim, T. T., H. Sun, J.-Q. Ni, L. Y. Zhao, C. A. Diehl, A. J. Heber, and P.-C. Tao. 2007. Field tests of a particulate impaction curtain on emissions from a high-rise layer barn. Trans. ASABE 50(5): 1795-1805.<br /> Lim, T.T., H. Sun, J.-Q. Ni, L. Zhao, C.A. Diehl, A.J. Heber, and S.M. Hanni. 2007. Field tests of a particulate impaction curtain on emissions from a high-rise layer barn. Trans. ASAE 50(5):1795-1805.<br /> Lim, T.-T., Y. Jin, J.-Q. Ni, and A.J. Heber. 2012. Field evaluation of biofilters in reducing aerial pollutant emissions from a commercial pig finishing barn. Biosystems Engineering. Doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.04.001.<br /> Lin, X-.J., E.L. Cortus, R. Zhang, S. Jiang, and A.J. Heber. 2011. Ventilation monitoring of broiler houses in California. Transactions of ASABE 54(3):1059-1068.<br /> Lin, X.-J., E.L. Cortus, R. Zhang, S. Jiang, and A.J. Heber. 2012. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter emissions from California high-rise layer houses. Atmospheric Environment 46: 81-91.<br /> Liu, Z., L. Wang, and D.B. Beasley. 2008. Comparison of three techniques for determining ammonia emission fluxes from broiler litter. Transactions of the ASABE. Vol. 51(5): 1783-1790.<br /> Liu, Z., W. Powers, D. Karcher, R. Angel, and T. Applegate. 2011. Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on air emissions from turkeys. Trans. ASABE 54:617628.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. Litter bacterial levels associated with liquid aluminum sulfate (A-7) litter treatment. #77. Poultry Sci. 87(1):25.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, and J. B. Hess, 2008. The effect of various litter treatments on bacterial levels for two consecutive growouts. #MP320. Poultry Sci. 87(1):101-102.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and R. A. Norton. 2007. Bacterial levels associated with poultry litter treatment (PLT) and aluminum sulfate (Alum). Abstract #P159. Southern Poultry Science Society, Atlanta, GA.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and T. A. McCaskey, 2008. Bacterial levels associated with lime as a litter amendment. #P144. Poultry Sci. 87(1):168.<br /> Macklin, K. S., Z. T. Williams, M. A. Bailey, J. T. Krehling, and J. P. Blake, 2011. The effect of sodium bisalfate on reducing Salmonella in poultry litter. Abstract #82. International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, GA. P. 24. <br /> Manuzon R. and L.Y. Zhao. 2009. Laboratory Evaluation and Modeling of Electrostatic Precipitation of PM Emissions from Poultry Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions 115(2): 850-886.<br /> Manuzon, R. B., L. Y. Zhao, H. M. Keener, and M. J. Darr. 2007. An Acid Spray Wet Scrubber for Absorbing Ammonia Emissions from Exhaust Fans of Animal Buildings. Transactions of the ASABE 50(4): 1395-1407.<br /> Ni, J.-Q. and A.J. Heber. 2010. An on-site computer system for comprehensive agricultural air quality research. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 71(1): 38-49.<br /> Ni, J.-Q.* and A. J. Heber. 2008. Chapter 4. Sampling and measurement of ammonia at animal facilities. In Advances in Agronomy, D.L. Sparks, ed. vol. 98. pp. 201-269. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press. Cited by 17.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., A.J. Heber, A.L. Sutton, and D.T. Kelly. 2009. Mechanisms of gas releases from swine wastes. Transactions of the ASABE 52(6):2013-2025.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., A.J. Heber, A.L. Sutton, D.T. Kelly, J.A. Patterson, and S.-T. Kim. 2010. Effect of swine manure dilution on ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide releases. Science of the Total Environment 408(23): 59175923.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., A.J. Heber, M.J. Darr, T.T. Lim, C.A. Diehl, and B.W. Bogan. 2009. Air quality monitoring and on-site computer systems for livestock and poultry environment studies. Transactions of the ASABE 52(3):937-947.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., A.J. Heber, S.M. Hanni, T.T. Lim, and C.A. Diehl. 2010. Characteristics of ammonia and carbon dioxide releases from layer hen manure. British Poultry Science 51(3):326-334.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., A.J. Heber, T.-T. Lim, P.-C. Tao, and A.M. Schmidt. 2008. Methane and carbon dioxide emission from two pig finishing barns. Journal of Environmental Quality 37:2001-2011.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., E.L. Cortus, and A.J. Heber. 2011. Improving ammonia emission modeling and inventories by data mining and intelligent interpretation of comprehensive agricultural air quality databases. Atmosphere 2(2):110-128.<br /> Ni, J.-Q., L. Chai, L. Chen, B.W. Bogan, K. Wang, E.L. Cortus, A.J. Heber, T.-T. Lim and C.A. Diehl. 2012. Characteristics of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter concentrations in high-rise and manure-belt layer hen houses. Atmospheric Environment (doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.023).<br /> Ni, J.-Q., W.P. 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Sibley, 2008. Microbial profile of bedding sources for rearing broiler chickens. #MP322. Poultry Sci. 87(1):102.<br /> Saha, C.K., G. Zhang, and J.-Q. Ni. 2010. Airflow and concentration characterisation and ammonia mass transfer modelling in wind tunnel studies. Biosystems Engineering 107(4):328-<br /> Saha, C.K., G. Zhang, J.-Q. Ni, and Z. Ye. 2011. Similarity criteria for estimation of gas emission from scale model studies. Biosystems Engineering. 108(3):227-236.<br /> Schäfer, K., R.H. Grant, S. Emeis, A. Raabe, C. von der Heide and H.P. Schmid. 2012. Areal-averaged trace gas emission rates from long-range open-path measurements in stable boundary layer conditions. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 5, 138, 2012; doi:10.5194/amtd-5-1-2012<br /> Sun, H., L.Y. Zhao, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Evaluating RNG k-µ models using PIV data for airflow in animal buildings at different ventilation rates. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1): 358-365.<br /> Sun, H., L.Y. Zhao, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Evaluation of RNG º-µ and LES non-isothermal models for indoor airflow using PIV measurement data. Trans. ASABE 50(2): 621631.<br /> Wu-Haan, W., W. J. Powers, C. R. Angel, and T. J. Applegate. 2010. The use of distillers dried grains plus soluble as a feed ingredient on performance and air emissions from laying hens. Poult. Sci. 89:1355-1359.<br /> Wu-Haan, W., W.J. Powers, C.R. Angel, C.E. Hale, III, and T.J. Applegate. 2007. Effect of an acidifying diet combined with zeolite and slight protein reduction on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poult. Sci. 86:182-190.<br /> Zhang, S., L. Cai, J.A Koziel, S.J. Hoff, D.R. Schmidt, C.J Clanton, L.D Jacobson, D.B Parker, A.J. Heber. 2010. Field air sampling and simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis of livestock odorants with sorbent tubes and GC-MS/Olfactometry. Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical 146: 427-432.<br /> Zhang, S.,Cai, L., Koziel, J.A., Hoff, S.J., Schmidt, D.R., Clanton, C.J., Jacobson, L.D., Parker, D.B., Heber, A. J. Field. 2010. Air Sampling and Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis of Livestock Odorants with Sorbent Tubes and GC-MS/Olfactometry. Sensors Actuators: B. Chemical 146: 427-432. <br /> Zhao, L.Y., Y. Zhang, X. Wang, and G.L. Riskowski. 2007. Analysis of airflow in a full-scale room with non-isothermal jet ventilation using PIV techniques. ASHRAE Transactions 113(1): 414-425<br /> <br /> SYMPOSIUM AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS<br /> Akdeniz, A., K.A. Janni, L.D. Jacobson and B.P. Hetchler. 2010. Comparison of gas sampling bags to temporarily store hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and greenhouse gases. In Int. Sym. Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture Conf. Proc., ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. 711P0510cd.<br /> Multiple contributions. 2010. Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 2- Odor Emissions. Presented at the International Symposium on Air Quality and Manure Management for Agriculture (ASABE) in Dallas, TX on Sept 13-16, 2010.<br /> Al Mamun, M. R. H. E. Cortus, S. Pohl and R. Nicolai. 2012, Data filtering for accurate airflow measurement in a monoslope beef barn. ASABE Paper Number RRV12118. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Al Mamun, M.R.., R. Nicolai, E. Cortus, S. Pohl and S. Cortus. 2010. Emission measurement methods for monoslope beef barns in South Dakota. ASABE Paper Number MBSK 10-204. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Ayadi, F.L., EL Cortus, LD Jacobson, BP Hetchler, AJ Heber. 2011. Seasonal and diurnal changes of air emissions from crossventilated dairy freestall barns in Midwestern United States (Abstract). J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 1, pp. 609-610.<br /> Multiple contributions, 2008. Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA.<br /> Blake, J. P., 2007. Housing and litter management. 5 pp. In: Proceedings Eastern European Poultry School, Lexington, KY. May 17-19. Alltech, Lexington, KY.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization in broiler production. Pp. 64-67. In: Conference Proceedings Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2009. Evaluation of litter treatment regimens at three usage levels. Pp. 49-51. In: Proceedings of the 58th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Sacramento, CA.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Estimating litter nutrients for broiler chickens. In: Proceedings National Poultry and Animal Waste Management Symposium, 4 pp.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, and K. S. Macklin, 2010. Litter treatment usage and trace element accumulation in broiler litter. In: Proceedings National Poultry and Animal Waste Management Symposium, 4 pp.<br /> Blake, J. P., J. B. Hess, K. S. Macklin, and C. A. Wilson, 2008. Effectiveness of litter treatments for reduction of ammonia volatilization. In: Proceedings of the XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Brisbane, Australia. Worldss Poult. Sci. J. 64(Suppl. 2), 4 pp.<br /> Cai, L, J. Koziel, J. Mickelson, S.J. Hoff, J. Harmon, E.L. Cortus, B.W. Bogan, A.J. Heber and J. Ni. 2009. Monitoring of gas and PM emissions from swine gestation and farrowing barns in central Iowa. AWMA Meeting, Detroit, MI, June 16-19 (on CD).<br /> Cao, Z., L. Wang, Z. Liu, Q. Li, and D. B. Beasley. 2009. Particle Size Distribution of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Layer Operation in Southeast U.S. ASABE Paper No. 090025. Presented at the 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Annual International Meeting. June 21  June 24, 2009. Reno, Nevada.<br /> Casey, K.D., A.P. Caramanica, A.J. Heber, and E.L. Cortus. 2009. Experiences with the establishment and operation of the National Air Emission Monitoring Study site at a swine breeder facility in the Oklahoma Panhandle. AWMA Meeting, Detroit, MI, June 16-19 (on CD).<br /> Casey, K.D., A.P. Caramanica, A.J. Heber, E.L. Cortus. 2009. Establishment and operation of the NAEMS site at a pig breeder facility in Oklahoma. International Symposium of the Australian Society for Engineering in Agriculture. Brisbane, Queensland, Sept, 13-16.<br /> Chen, L., T.-T. Lim, Y. Jin, A.J. Heber, J.-Q. Ni, E.L. Cortus, and I. Kilic. 2011. Airflow rate calculation and uncertainty analysis for mechanically ventilated swine buildings. Int. Symp. on Health Environment and Animal Welfare (ISHEAW-2011). Chongqing, China, Oct. 19-22. p. 1-14.<br /> Chen, Y., T.T. Lim, J.-Q. Ni, and A.J. Heber. Development of emission models for commercial swine finishing barns. #1111422.<br /> Cortus, E.L., L.D. Jacobson, B.P. Hetchler and A.J. Heber. 2010. Evaluation of greenhouse gas monitoring equipment for a freestall dairy barn. Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture Conference, Banff, Canada.<br /> Cortus, E.L., L.D. Jacobson, B.P. Hetchler, A.J. Heber, and B.W. Bogan. The impact of manure removal systems on freestall dairy emissions. #1111180.<br /> Cortus, E.L., L.D. Jacobson, B.P. Hetchler, and A.J. Heber. 2012. Emission monitoring methodology at a NAEMS dairy site, with an assessment of the uncertainty of measured ventilation airflow rates. Ninth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES-IX), Valencia, Spain, July 8-12.<br /> Cortus, E.L., S. Spronk, C. Lanoue, R. Nicolai and S. Pohl. 2010. Heat and moisture balances for a new barn design with recirculated air. ASABE Paper MBSK 10-202. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.<br /> Grant, R.H. ; M.T. Boehm and A.J. Heber. 2010. Measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from an anaerobic dairy waste lagoon using a backward-Lagrangian Stochastic model. Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture Conference, Banff, Canada. <br /> Grant, R.H.; M.T. Boehm; A.J. Lawrence; A.J. Heber; J.M. Wolf; S.D. Cortus; B.W. Bogan; J.C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro and. C.A. Diehl. 2008. Methodologies of the National Air Emissions Measurement Study open source component. Proceedings, Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology, Air Waste Management Assn., Durham, NC. (CD)<br /> Harner, J.P., Smith, J.F., de Haro Marti, M. Sheffield, R.E., Zulovich, J.M., Pohl, S.H., Pasikanti, S., Fulhage, C.D., Nicolai, R.E., Hetchler, B.P., Jacobson, L.D., Dhuyvetter, K., and Brouk, M.J. 2007. Sixth International Diary Housing Conference Proceedings, Jun 16-18, 2007. ASABE Pub # 701P0507e. <br /> Heber, A.J., B.W. Bogan, J.Q. Ni, T.T. Lim, E.L. Cortus, J.C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro, C.A. Diehl, S.M. Hanni, C. Xiao, K.D. Casey, C.A. Gooch, L.D. Jacobson, J.A. Koziel, F.M. Mitloehner, P.M. Ndegwa, W.P. Robarge, L. Wang and R. Zhang. 2008. The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study: Overview of barn sources. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES VIII), Iguassu Falls, Brazil, Sept. 1-5.<br /> Heber, A.J., B.W. Bogan, J.-Q. Ni, T.-T. Lim, J.C. Ramirez-Dorronsoro, E.L. Cortus, C.A. Diehl, S.M. Hanni, C. Xiao, K.D. Casey, C.A. Gooch, L.D. Jacobson, J.A. Koziel, F.M. Mitloehner, P.M. Ndegwa, W.P. Robarge, L. Wang, and R. Zhang. 2008. Methods of monitoring barn emissions in the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study. Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology, Air Waste Management Assn., Durham, NC. (CD)<br /> Heber, A.J., Bogan, W.W., Ni, J.-Q., Lim, T.T., Ramirez-Dorronsoro, J.C., Cortus, E.L., Diehl, C.A., Hanni, S.M., Xiao, C., Casey, K.D., Gooch, C.A., Jacobson, L.D., Koziel, J.A., Mitloehner, F.M., Ndegwa, P.M., Robarge, W.P., Wang, L., and Zhang, R. 2008. The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study: Overview of Barn Sources. Eighth International Livestock Environment Symposium. Iguassu Falls, Brazil. pp. 199-205. Aug 31  Sept 4, 2008. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. <br /> Heber, A.J., J.-Q. Ni, E.L. Cortus, T.-T. Lim, and B.W. Bogan. 2011. National study of livestock air quality in USA. Proc. Int. Symp. on Health Environment and Animal Welfare (ISHEAW-2011). Chongqing, China, Oct. 19-22. pp. 42-66.<br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, J. P. Blake, S. F. Bilgili, and R. A. Norton, 2008. In-house composting of broiler litter. In: Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Ames, IA. 4 pp.<br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, S. F. Bilgili, T. A. McCaskey, and J. P. Blake, 2009. Broiler litter management issues and trends. In: Midwest Poultry Federation Convention Proceedings, St. Paul, MN. 4 pp.<br /> Hofer, B. 2009. Effect of a shelterbelt on H2S concentrations from swine barns. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.<br /> Hofer, B.J., R.E. Nicolai. 2008. Effect of Shelterbelt on H2S Emissions from Swine Barns. ASABE Section Meeting Paper No. RRV-08-502. St. Joseph, Mich.<br /> Jacobson L.D., Hetchler B.P., Cortus E., Heber A.J., and Bogan B.W., 2010. Methane andNitrous Oxide Emissions from Two Dairy Freestall Barns with Flush and Scrape Manure Collection Systems. Presented at the Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture Conference in Banff, Alberta, CANADA on Oct 3-8, 2010.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2011. Rethinking Pig Barn Design. 2011 London Swine Conference, London, Ontario, CANADA, March 31, 2011.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2011. Energy and Ventilation Management Issues in U.S. Pig Buildings. 2011 London Swine Conference, London, Ontario, CANADA, March 30, 2011.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2008. Air Quality Issues and Perspectives. Proceedings of the 2008 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN. Sept 20-22, 2009. pp. 131-138.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2010. GHG Emissions From Livestock Housing. 71th Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Owatonna, MN. Pp 53. Sept 21, 2010. University of Minnesota Animal Science Department, St. Paul, MN 55108.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2010. Real time measurement of GHG Emissions from pig barns. Proceedings (CD, Vol 37) of the 2010 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN. Sept 19-21, 2010. pp. 95 - 99.<br /> Jacobson, L.D. 2011. Pig housing systems designed to manage or adapt to climate change impacts. Proceedings (CD, Vol 38) of the 2011 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN. Sept 18-20, 2011. pp. 215 - 224. <br /> Jacobson, L.D. and Heber, A.J. 2008. Update on the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) Project. 69th Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Owatonna, MN. Pp 34. Sept 16, 2008. University of Minnesota Animal Science Department, St. Paul, MN 55108.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., A.J. 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Assessing air emissions from two upper Midwest dairy buildings: June 20-24, Paper 2009-A-567, AWMA Meeting, Detroit, MI, June 16-19 (on CD).<br /> Jacobson, L.D., B.P. Hetchler, and D.R. Schmidt. 2007. Protocol and techniques to evaluate emission control technologies from animal production operations. ASAE Paper No. 074128, presented at the ASAE International Meeting held in Minneapolis, MN, June 17-20, 2007, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE<br /> Jacobson, L.D., B.P. Hetchler, E.L. Cortus, A.J. Heber, and B.W. Bogan. 2010. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from two dairy free stall barns with flush and scrape manure collection systems. Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture Conference, Banff, Canada.<br /> Jacobson, L.D., B.P. Hetchler, K.A, Janni, J. Linn, A.J. Heber, and E. Cortus. 2008. 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June.<br /> Campbell, J.C., J.L. Purswell, E.H. Simpson, and J.O. Donald, Actuated Attic Inlets  A Progress Report (technical monograph), National Poultry Technology Center, Auburn, University, July 2008.<br /> Campbell, J.C., J.O. Donald, and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Setting Priorities with winter house maintenance. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. October.<br /> Campbell, J.C., J.O. Donald, and E.H. Simpson. 2006. Broiler house energy retrofitting for fuel and cost savings, Alabama Poultry. Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 20, September.<br /> Campbell, J.C., J.O. Donald, E.H. Simpson, and K.S. Macklin. 2007. Keeping Birds Cool, Costs Down in Summertime Heat. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 48, July.<br /> Campbell, J.C., J.O.Donald, and E.H. Simpson. 2006. Setting Winter Maintenance Priorities. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 7, p. 20, November.<br /> Campbell, Jess, Gene Simpson, and Jim Donald. 2007. Poultry House Energy Retrofits for Fuel and Cost Savings. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. June 4.<br /> Donald, J.O., E.H. simpson, and J. C. Campbell, Five-step Program to Prepare for Winter, Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc., October 2008.<br /> Donald, J.O., E.H. Simpson, and J.C. Campbell. 2006. Poultry company representatives learn about changes in housing industry. Alabama Poultry Magazine, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 19, May.<br /> Donald, J.O., J.C. Campbell, and E. H. Simpson. 2007. Managing belts, pulleys, cool pads and profits. Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc. March.<br /> Donald, J.O., J.C. Campbell, E.H. Simpson, and K.S. Macklin. 2008. Evaluating Costs of Tunnel Ventilation Fans. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 51, January.<br /> Hess, J. B., K. S. Macklin, and J. P. Blake, 2008. Using litter treatments for broilers. Alabama Poultry 3(3):24-25.<br /> Hess, J.B., J.P. Blake, K.S. Macklin, R.A. Norton and S.F. Bilgili, 2007. Managing the Cleanout tradeoffs. Watt Poultry USA, August, pp.26-28.<br /> Hess, J.B., S.F. Bilgili, J.P. Blake and K.S. Macklin, 2007. New bedding materials needed for broiler growers. Alabama Poultry, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 22.<br /> Hess, J.B., S.F. Bilgili, K.S. Macklin and J.P. Blake, 2007. Sand Revisited. Alabama Poultry, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 29.<br /> Janni, K.A. 2010. Agricultural Odors What is the stink about? Resource: Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World. 17(5): 8-9.<br /> Janni, K.A., R.K. Nicolai, S.J. Hoff and R.M. Stenglein. Biofilters for Odor and Air Pollution Mitigation in Animal Agriculture. November 2011. Access at http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/BiofiltersforOdor%20FINAL_0.pdf<br /> Liang, Y., K. VanDevender, and G.T. Tabler. 2011. Vegetative shelterbelts on poultry farms for air emission management. FAS 1071. Univ. of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Fact sheet.<br /> Lim, T.-T., & Parker, D. 2011. An automated scraper system for swine confinement facilities, University of Missouri Extension. http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G2531.<br /> Macklin, K. S., J. P. Blake, J. B. Hess, and T. A. McCaskey, 2008. Bacterial levels associated with lime as a litter amendment. World Poultry 24(4):25.<br /> Macklin, K.S., E.H. Simpson, J.O. Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. Windrow Composting of Litter to Control Disease-Causing Pathogens. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 47, May.<br /> Manuzon, R. L.Y. Zhao, and A. Jonjak. 2011. Wet scrubbers for mechanically ventilated animal facilities. eXtension Factsheet. http://www.extension.org/pages/15538/air-quality-in-animal-agriculture.<br /> Ogejo, J.A., N. Franz, and K. Stephenson. 2010. A summary of agricultural air quality perceptions in Virginia. Publication 3004-1442. Virginia Cooperative Extension. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/3004/3004-1442/3004-1442_pdf.pdf<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.C. Campbell, J.O. Donald, and K.S. Macklin. 2007. Controlling Sidewall Energy Losses. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 46, March.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. Improving Energy Efficiency in Alabama Broiler Housing with Closed Cell Foam Insulation. Final Report, Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs. April.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, and J. C. Campbell, Attic Inlets: Issues & Concerns, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 57, January 2009.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, and J.C. Campbell. 2007. Evaluating Cost Trends to Plan Profit Saving Strategies. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. Number 45, January.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and J. Purswell, Attic Inlet Technology, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 54, July 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Attic Inlet Technology, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol 3. No. 4, July/August 2008. <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Economics of Converting to Natural Gas, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 53, May 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Energy Auditing Your Own Poultry House, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 2, March/April 2008. <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Energy Auditing Your Own Poultry House, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 52, March 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Evaluating Costs of Tunnel Ventilation Fans, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 1, January/February 2008. <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Five-step Program to Prepare for Winter, Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc., October 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Getting Ready for Winter: The Three Basic Steps, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 5, September/October 2008. <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Get Ready for Winter! The Five Step Program, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 55, September 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Managing Built-Up Litter in Broiler Houses, Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter, Number 56, December 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Managing Built-up Litter in Broiler Houses, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 6, Winter 2008. <br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, Proper Maintenance Equals Higher Profits, Poultry Times, Division of Poultry and Egg News, Inc., August 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, The Economics of Converting to Natural Gas, Natural Gas News, Dekalb-Cherokee Counties Gas District Newsletter, Fort Payne, AL, Summer-Fall 2008.<br /> Simpson, E.H., J.O. Donald, J. C. Campbell, and K.S. Macklin, The Economics of Converting from Propane to Natural Gas, Alabama Poultry, Alabama Poultry and Egg Association, Montgomery, AL, Vol. 3. No. 3, May/June 2008. <br /> Stenglein, R.M., C.J. Clanton, D.R. Schmidt, L.D. Jacobson and K.A. Janni. Covers for Mitigating Odor and Gas Emissions in Animal Agriculture: An Overview. March 2011. Air Quality in Animal Agriculture. Access at http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/Covers%20overview%20FINAL_0.pdf<br /> Stenglein, R.M., C.J. Clanton, D.R. Schmidt, L.D. Jacobson and K.A. Janni. Impermeable Covers for Odor and Air Pollution Mitigation in Animal Agriculture: A Technical Guide. April 2011. Air Quality in Animal Agriculture. Access at http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/Impermeable%20covers%20FINAL.pdf<br /> Stenglein, R.M., C.J. Clanton, D.R. Schmidt, L.D. Jacobson and K.A. Janni. Permeable Covers for Odor and Air Pollution Mitigation in Animal Agriculture: A Technical Guide. October 2011. Air Quality in Animal Agriculture. Access at http://www.extension.org/sites/default/files/PermeableCovers%20FINAL_0.pdf<br /> Zhao, L.Y. 2011. Animal heat stress in hot weather. Ohios Country Journal. August, 2011, Page 46. <br /> Zhao, L.Y. 2011. Mitigate gas emissions from animal facilities. Ohios Country Journal. December, 2011, Page 48. <br /> <br /> THESIS AND DISSERTATIONS<br /> <br /> Lee, S.-H. Biofiltration for Advanced Life Support. 2007. Purdue University.<br /> Bereznicki, S.B. 2009. Development of a Multiple-Source Odor Setback Model for Livestock Production Systems. Purdue University.<br /> Gholap, D.B., 2012. Evaluation of air and litter quality with microbiological fluctuations in commercial broiler facilities using a biological or chemical litter treatment. MS Thesis, Auburn University, Department of Poultry Science, Auburn, AL. 142 pp.<br /> Lefers, R. M. 2007.A design and analysis for a vertical bed biofilter and biofilter moisture control system. M.S. Thesis, South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD.<br />

Impact Statements

1. " The National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) study has help establish science-based guidelines for potential regulation of livestock air emissions and to develop strategies for reducing emissions from animal feeding operations.
2. " Biofilter studies from several stations showed the feasibility of using biofilters as mitigation technology for pollutants in swine and poultry farms. The information generated will help producers determine construction methods, costs, and feasibility of implementation on their farms. Biofilters were shown to be very efficient in removing ammonia from the air containing ammonia thus contributing to environmental quality and environmental sustainability of poultry production. The environmental impacts of biofilters are very minimal as the captured ammonia is immobilized to microbial biomass as wells as nitrate.
3. " The new Missouri Manure Storage Design Regulations (10 CSR 20-8.500) is published in the state regulation in April of 2012. The improved details will help clarify many design and planning needs, while updates were included to better reflect the changes required. Publication of the biofilter effectiveness research provides records and recommendations of a simple and low cost biofilter technology tested at a commercial farm. Detailed analysis of the emission data aids better understanding of the nature of the air emissions from commercial facilities. Air emission models help explain the different emission cycles due to season and growth cycles, and provide better understanding and options for more effective mitigation
4. " The development of wireless indoor environment monitoring systems enabled collection of extensive amounts of high quality data and will be of use to other peer researcher collecting similar kind of data to enhance the quality research data collected.
5. " Ammonia recovery technologies developed for animal building exhausts and broiler litter amendments will create a new source of ammonia fertilizer while reducing the detrimental impacts of ammonia emission on health and the environment.
6. " Preliminary findings demonstrate that diet can change air emissions substantially. The impact of these findings is that as we refine diets to reduce emissions without compromising animal performance, producers will have alternatives to engineering strategies to meet environmental objectives.
7. " The PM dispersion model development research will provide a new modeling tool for optimizing the design and siting of the CAFO and landscape around it to minimize the impacts on surrounding neighborhoods.
8. " The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations.
9. " The vegetative or wall windbreaks as natural barrier for gaseous and dust exhausted from broiler facilities will provide immediate mitigation effect for reducing wind generated by exhaust fans and serve as a screen for dust emission. The adoption of these simple yet effective management practices could demonstrate the growers stewardship in reducing environmental impact of confined poultry production.
10. " The information obtained from the developing and testing various bedding materials is very timely for meeting the needs of the poultry industry since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard as bedding materials. Alternative sources of quality bedding materials need to be evaluated and considered for their absorbability, quality, and cost prior to large-scale use by the industry.
11. " The information obtained from the developing and testing various bedding materials is very timely for meeting the needs of the poultry industry since there has been a shortage of pine shavings and sawdust that has always served as the industry standard as bedding materials.
12. Overhead sprinkling system costs about ¼ to install compare to evaporative cooling pad system. With an estimated 17,000 poultry houses in the state of Arkansas and Oklahoma, water footprint of poultry live production can be greatly reduced if each house uses 50,000 gallon less water in the summer for bird cooling annually.
13. " Methods to improve management practices and the use of litter treatments can contribute to improving indoor air quality and reducing emissions from commercial poultry buildings.
14. " The development of the biodegradable litter amendment provides an environmentally friendly method compared to the inorganic acid salts currently used as litter amendment to control ammonia in broiler houses. Above all, if implemented in poultry houses in the Chesapeake Bay, the material will address the mitigation of ammonia which is one of the current TMDL challenges facing the poultry farmers in the Bay.

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