Annual/Termination Reports:

[01/04/2004] [01/20/2005] [01/11/2006] [12/23/2007] [03/12/2008] [03/11/2010] [02/17/2009]

Report Information

Participants

Alabama, Auburn University  Kathy S. Lawrence*
Arkansas, University of Arkansas  Terry Kirkpatrick*
Louisiana, Louisiana State University  Edward C. McGawley*
Minnesota, University of Minnesota  Senyu Chen*
Mississippi, Mississippi State University  Gary W. Lawrence*
North Carolina, North Carolina State University  Steven L. Koenning*
South Carolina, Clemson University  Steve A. Lewis*
Tennessee, University of Tennessee  Ernie C. Bernard*
Texas, Texas A&M University  Jim L. Starr*
USDA, ARS, Mississippi  Salliana Stetina
USDA, ARS, Tennessee  Pat Donald
Virginia, Virginia Tech  Charles S. Johnson
Ron Lacewell, Administrative Advisor, Texas
Guests:
Stan Usery, Student Auburn University
Jararod Jones, Student, Auburn University
Ken Stetina, Delta Research and Education Center. Mississippi State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Present:

Ernie Bernard, Tennessee

Senyu Chen, Minnesota

Chuck Johnson, Virginia

Terry Kirkpatrick, Arkansas

Steve Koenning, North Carolina

Gary Lawrence, Mississippi

Steve Lewis, South Carolina

J. L. Starr, Texas

Salliana Stetina, USDA-ARS, Mississippi

Pat Donald, USDA-ARS, Tennessee

Ed McGawley, Louisiana

Kathy Lawrence, Alabama

Ron Lacewell, Administrative Advisor, Texas

Guests:

Stan Usery, student, Auburn University

Jararod Jones, student, Auburn University

Ken Stetina, Delta Education and Research Center, Mississippi State University





Minutes:



Dr. Gary Lawrence of Mississippi State University called the meeting to order at approximately 8:45 a.m. and welcomed all attendees to Biloxi, Mississippi and to the meeting. Before beginning state reports, those present thanked Jim Starr for his work and leadership in preparing the new S-1015 project. It was also noted that Dr. Eric Davis former student, Dr. Melissa Goellner, had been hired as nematologist at the University of Missouri.



Twenty minute-long oral reports were then presented by Steve Koenning of North Carolina State University, Chuck Johnson from Virginia Tech, Ernie Bernard from the University of Tennessee, Pat Donald from the USDA-ARS unit in Jackson, Tennessee, Terry Kirkpatrick from the University of Arkansas, Jim Starr from Texas A&M University, Steve Lewis of Clemson University, and Senyu Chen from the University of Minnesota.



State reports resumed at 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, November 2 with reports from Kathy McLean and her students from Auburn University. Salliana Stetina presented final reports for the meeting from the USDA-ARS unit in Stoneville, Mississippi and Gary Lawrence from Mississippi State University.



A short business meeting began at 11 a.m. Dr. Ron Lacewell of Texas A&M University was introduced as the groups new administrative advisor. Ron suggested that the committee develop a brochure over the next year to document its activity and progress. The format of the brochure should include bullet points, pictures, and short impact statements. Ron also suggested that the committee maintain an interesting and informative website with links to SON, APS, and IPM sites on the Internet. Cross-state collaboration and cooperation were emphasized, as was the continuing need to update publication lists for work related to the project. Kathy McLean was complimented for including students in the meeting. Ron requested a list of email addresses for all project participants and encouraged participants to continue to collect and report yield and economic information as well as nematode data.



South Carolina was identified as the 2004 meeting site, and Jim Starr nominated Steve Lewis as the chair for the 2004 meeting. After being elected unanimously, Steve suggested that the group meet on or near the Clemson campus. Discussion ensued regarding other scientists who might be encouraged to attend the 2004 meeting.



All participants were encouraged to check with their administrators regarding official participation in the project, i.e., proper completion of form E.



Jim Starr moved, and Ernie Bernard seconded, a motion to thank Gary Lawrence for his excellent performance in hosting the 2003 meeting. Jim also suggested that the group draft a letter to the University of Kentucky thanking Fred Knapp for his service to the committee. It was also suggested that this letter be copied to Eric Young, Executive Director of the Southern Association of Experiment Station Directors.



The meeting adjourned at 11:35 a.m.



Respectfully submitted,

Chuck Johnson

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1: Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes into cotton, peanut, soybean and major fruit and vegetable crops.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Cotton:<br /> <br>AL - In Alabama, cotton varieties were examined in the greenhouse and the field to determine possible resistance and/or tolerance to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Reniform nematode numbers in the greenhouse increased in all of the varieties. Reproductive factors (Rf) varied from a low of 13 in Sure-Grow 747 to a high in Phytogen GA 161 of 39. In the annual corn cotton rotation field, reniform numbers increased on all varieties from the initial population of 50 vermiform per 150 cc of soil at planting. The phenotypic correlation between Rf and cottonseed yield was non-significant. In a monoculture cotton production system the reniform numbers increased in 83% of the varieties with Rf of greater than 1. Correlations between yield and nematicide application were not significant.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Greenhouse evaluation of the TX USDA germplasm collection for resistance to the reniform nematode suggests a consistent trend between the numbers of vermiform and egg recovered at 60 days after planting. Selecting those genotypes with the lowest R. reniformis numbers and fewest eggs produced will undergo a second screening. <br /> <br><br /> <br>AR - Stoneville LA, Stoneville 5599 BR and Paymaster 1560 were compared in greenhouse and field evaluations for their reaction to the root-knot nematode.<br /> <br>Stoneville LA 887 and Paymaster 1560 BG/RR both exhibited moderate resistance. <br /> <br>In the greenhouse, Stoneville LA 887, Stoneville 5599BR and Paymaster 1560 were similar in galling severity.<br /> <br><br /> <br>LA  Cotton cultivars Deltapine NuCotton 33B, Deltapine DP 436RR, FiberMax FM 832, Stoneville ST 474, and SureGrow SG 747 were used in greenhouse studies to determine host suitability and susceptibility to reniform nematod, and supported nematode reproduction with levels as much as 100-fold. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Nine isolates of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, collected from Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii (2 isolates), Louisiana (2 isolates), Mississippi and Texas propagated from single egg masses in the lab were used in greenhouse host range studies. Over two trials, R-values among the 9 reniform nematode populations differed significantly, especially on tomato, cotton, and pepper.<br /> <br><br /> <br>MS - Seven cotton lines were examined with the reniform nematode with all susceptible to the reniform with reproductive indexes ranging from 34.1 to 109.51. Fourteen lines were examined for resistance to the root-knot nematode, thirteen, had a reproductive index less than one and would be considered resistant to root-knot nematode.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Four conventional cotton varieties and seventeen transgenic cotton varieties were were susceptible with reproduction factors ranging from 9.9 to 139. <br /> <br><br /> <br>TX - Cotton - In a BC2 generation population with Gossypium longicalyx as the resistant non-recurrent parent, 36 of 56 plants tested supported reproduction of reniform nematodes that was <5% of that on the susceptible DeltaPine 16. In a BC3 generation population, 35 of 200 plants were resistant with <5% of the reproduction of reniform nematodes as on susceptible DeltaPine 16. To introgress resistance to R. reniformis from G. barbadense, we have developed of a BC1F1 population from Tx110 x M315 with M315 as the recurrent parent. Evaluation of four F4:5 families derived from the Tx110 x M315 cross for resistance to R. reniformis indicates that resistance is a fixed trait in each.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Peanut: <br /> <br>TX - Three backcross generations have been completed in efforts to introgress nematode resistance in to peanut genotypes with resistance to TSWV and into genotypes with the High O/L trait.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Soybean:<br /> <br>MN - Four-year experiments were initiated in 2002 at three field sites in Minnesota to evaluate the cover crops alfalfa, red clover, and perennial ryegrass inter-seeded with soybean. Preliminary data indicated that red clover and alfalfa reduced SCN population density as compared with no-cover-crop control. In biological control studies, Hirsutella rhossiliensis and Hirsutella minnesotensis were effective in control of the soybean cyst nematode. In 2003, a greenhouse study determined whether the fungi could establish their population with extremely low inoculation levels. Hirsutella minnesotensis established its population over time in the natural soil even at very low inoculation levels. H. rhossiliensis had little activity 2, 5, 7 months after adding the fungus at low inoculation levels. <br /> <br> <br /> <br>MS - Twenty-two soybean germplasm entries were were considered susceptible to the reniform nematode. <br /> <br><br /> <br>NC - The identification and functional analyses of parasitism genes from soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes showed parasitism genes encode products secreted by the nematodes that enable successful infection of host crop roots. A number of the nematode parasitism genes appear to mimic the activity of (plant) host genes and may directly affect the interaction of the nematode with the plant. Three advanced lines with SCN resistance superior to cv. Fowler are currently being yield tested as cultivars. F2 populations with high levels of resistance to SCN and the herbicide roundup are being advance, and new crosses with Delsoy 5710 and herbicide resistant cultivars made. Soybean lines derived from cvs. Anand, Fowler, and Cordell were screened for SCN resistance. Both cvs. Anand and Fowler are resistant to race 1 of SCN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Approximately fifty genes encoding esophageal gland proteins secreted by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines were characterized. Products of the SCN secretory genes may serve as targets for neutralization to develop novel and durable resistance in transgenic soybean plants. The expression of different secretory genes in SCN was determined to be developmentally-regulated, suggesting specific genes to target to develop bioengineered resistance. <br /> <br> <br /> <br>SC - Soybean genotypes from the soybean-breeding program are being screened (over 850 lines) in the greenhouse against races 3 and 14 of the soybean cyst nematode. Advanced lines are developed with Roundup Ready genetics.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Nine commercially available RR. cultivars and six SC RR. experimental lines (Maturity Groups VI  VIII) were planted in fields infested with SCN race 14, M. incognita, M. arenaria, and Columbia lance nematode. Root gall and plant vigor ratings were taken in the root-knot fields. <br /> <br><br /> <br><br /> <br>USDA/ARS- MS - Breeding results from 2003 have resulted in F2: 3 progeny from crosses made among day-neutral selections of Gossypium hirsutum (T19-12, T19-13, T19-27, T19-30) and G. barbadense (T1347-2, T1347-31). Of the 889 F2: 3 families evaluated, 117 were selected for further assessment and possible advancement to stabilize the resistant phenotype. Of the 150 race stock populations evaluated, 53 were selected for further assessment and possible advancement to stabilize the resistant phenotype.<br /> <br><br /> <br>USDA/ARS - TN - Ten SCN populations maintained for screening of soybean germplasm is being characterized over time using the standard race differentials and the eight HG type indicator lines. Reproduction is measured on soybean cultivars containing PI 437654 as the source of resistance. We have a low reproduction on Anand and a CystX line by two of our field populations and high reproduction on these cultivars by LY1 And LY2 populations.<br /> <br><br /> <br><br /> <br>OBJECTIVE 2: Development of marker-assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes.<br /> <br> <br /> <br>Novel Technique: <br /> <br>SC - A PCR technique is being adapted for supplemental use to identify the four major species of Meloidogyne. Electrophoresis of esterases and perineal pattern analysis of adult females are the primary, proven techniques. Now we have primers for each species that will cut DNA into 420 (Mj), 700 (Mh), 1050 (Ma), and 1350 (Mi) base pair products, with the primer pairs being designed to give easily visible separation on the gel. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Cotton:<br /> <br>TX - Cotton - Two loci with modest linkage to loci for resistance to M. incognita have been identified (A1214 on LGA02 at 18.6 cM from a resistance locus and pAR815 on Chromosome 14 at 21.6 cM from a resistance locus). <br /> <br><br /> <br>Peanut: <br /> <br>NC - Over three hundred peanut plants - F2 progeny of crosses between peanut cultivar COAN (from Texas A & M) and breeding lines GP NC WS-5 and GP NC WS-6, and appropriate controls) were analyzed by traditional screening and through the use of RAPD markers for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria. The data indicates that resistance in COAN and North Carolina Breeding lines are controlled by the same dominant gene (Tallury, Stalker, Koenning). <br /> <br><br /> <br><br /> <br>OBJECTIVE 3: Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Cotton: <br /> <br>AL - Thirty-two winter cover crops were evaluated as potential host of the reniform nematode. Crimson clover and vetch were compared to wheat, rye, oats, ryegrass, subterranean clover, lupines and fallow treatments in the field over the winter months. Reniform numbers did not increase on any of the cover crops when sampled monthly from November through April, however they did increase through out the summer month on cotton. <br /> <br><br /> <br>AR - Forty-four soils were sample assayed for soybean cyst nematode race analysis. Races 2 and 6 were the most frequently identified. Race 3 was not found, and races 9 and 14 were found in only 9 of the fields<br /> <br><br /> <br>LA - Two experimental pesticides/nematicides Agri-Terra and Agrizide were compared for management of indigenous nematode and weed species, where yield was increased significantly by 10.8 kilograms by Agri Terra. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Agrizide was applied to soil, which was infested with indigenous soilborne nematodes, weeds, and other pathogens. Neniform nematode population density was reduced by 90 to 95 percent. On soybean and sugarcane, agrizide treatments reduced nematode populations. With tomato and pepper, both root knot and reniform nematode levels in Agrizide treated microplots were below detectable levels. <br /> <br><br /> <br>NC - An experiment where a field is infested with the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was done. This experiment is designed to have root-knot resistant and susceptible cultivars and run through 2009 (Koenning, and Edmisten). <br /> <br> <br /> <br>Experiments with treated municipal sewer sludge for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematode were established in 2002. A third project that focuses on the value of resistance to SCN was continued in Washington and Lenoir Cos. NC.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Soybean: <br /> <br>LA - On sugarcane treatments include Agri-Terra application Agrizide, Methyl Bromide, and a non-treated control. Both rates of Agrizide reduced nematode and weed populations; superior to Methyl Bromide. There was some early evidence of agrizide-related phytotoxicity to sugarcane. However, direct examination of planted stalks showed no evidence of damage.<br /> <br><br /> <br>USDA/ARS - TN - Long-term field plots are established in 1979 to examine the effects of tillage regimes on soil characteristics and soybean yield and are currently in progress. In 2002 soybean cyst nematode population densities across treatments was similar in the upper eight inches of soil in all plots.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Selected Crops:<br /> <br><br /> <br>VA - Three on farm tests and three small plot tests were conducted in 2003 to <br /> <br>evaluate cultivars and breeding lines for resistance to Globodera tabacum solanacearum. Nematode resistant cultivars suppressed nematode population development across nematicide treatments, although statistically significant increases in yield didn&lsquo;t always result. Hybrid breeding lines developed for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica appeared to also possess resistance to G. t. solanacearum.

Publications

AL - Publications:<br /> <br>Diez, Asdrubal, G. W. Lawrence and K. S. McLean. 2003. Nematode post-infection development on cotton following separate and concomitant parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology (In Press). <br /> <br><br /> <br>McLean, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2003. Efficacy of Aldicarb to Rotylenchulus reniformis and biodegradation in cotton field soils. Journal of Nematology 35 (1):65-72.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. McLean. 2003. Foliar applications of oxamyl with aldicarb for the management of Meloidogyne incognita on cotton. Nematropica Vol 32, No. 2:103-112. <br /> <br><br /> <br>McLean, K. S. and C. Dale Monks. Eds. 2002 Cotton Research Report. March 2003. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 24. Pp 52.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McLean, K. S. G. W. Lawrence, C. Overstreet, and L. D. Young. 2003. Efficacy of anhydrous ammonia on the reniform nematode in cotton. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:282-283 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Usery, S. R., K. S. McLean, C. Burmester, E. Van Saten, and Brad Meyer. 2003. Response of selected cotton varieties to the reniform nematode in Alabama. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:261-264 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hutchinson, J. L., J. R. Jones, K. S. McLean, and J. Williams. 2003. Evaluation of selected cover crops to determine host suitability for Rotylenchulus reniformis. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:248-249 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br> <br /> <br>Palmateer, A. J., K. S. McLean, and E. Van Saten. 2003. Interaction of Rotylenchulus reniformis with seedling disease pathogens of cotton. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:222-225 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Tagert, M. D., G. W. Lawrence, W. E. Batson, H. K. Lee, A. T. Kelly, and K. S. McLean. 2003. Severity of disease caused by Thielaviopsis basicola and Rotylenchulus reniformis in concomitant or sequential interactions. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:147-148 ( 2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br> <br /> <br><br /> <br>Tagert, M. D., G. W. Lawrence, W. E. Batson, H. K. Lee, A. T. Kelly, and K. S. McLean. 2003. Thielaviopsis basicola and Rotylenchulus reniformis as independent or interactive pathogens on cotton in different soil types. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:145-146 ( 2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Usery, S. R., K. S. McLean, C. Burmester, E. Van Saten, and Brad Meyer. 2003. Response of selected cotton varieties to the reniform nematode in Alabama. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:261-264 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hutchinson, J. L., J. R. Jones, K. S. McLean, and J. Williams. 2003. Evaluation of selected cover crops to determine host suitability for Rotylenchulus reniformis. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:248-249 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br> <br /> <br>Palmateer, A. J., K. S. McLean, and E. Van Saten. 2003. Interaction of Rotylenchulus reniformis with seedling disease pathogens of cotton. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:222-225 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Tagert, M. D., G. W. Lawrence, W. E. Batson, H. K. Lee, A. T. Kelly, and K. S. McLean. 2003. Severity of disease caused by Thielaviopsis basicola and Rotylenchulus reniformis in concomitant or sequential interactions. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:147-148 ( 2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Tagert, M. D., G. W. Lawrence, W. E. Batson, H. K. Lee, A. T. Kelly, and K. S. McLean. 2003. Thielaviopsis basicola and Rotylenchulus reniformis as independent or interactive pathogens on cotton in different soil types. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:145-146 ( 2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hutchinson, J. L., K. S. McLean, Y. Feng, C. Burmester, and G. W. Lawrence. 2003. Accelerated breakdown of aldicarb in Alabama cotton field soil. Phytopathology 93:S38 Publication no. P-2003-0274-AMA.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W., A. T. Kelley, H. K. Lee, W. A. Giverns, and K. S. McLean. 2003. Site specific management of the reniform nematode on cotton. Phytopathology 93:S48 Publication no. P-2003-0353-AMA.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Palmateer, A.J., K.S. McLean, J. D. Mayfield, and G. Morgan-Jones. 2003. Characterization of a Phomopsis species occurring on cotton with comparison to species colonizing soybean. Phytopathology 93:S69 Publication no. P-2003-0500-AMA.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W., A. T. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. McLean. 2003. Evaluation of Adage 5FS for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in the Mississippi delta, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 58:N004. DOI: 10.1094/FN58. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W., A. T. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. McLean. 2003. Evaluation of Telone II for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in the Mississippi delta, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 58:N005. DOI: 10.1094/FN58. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W., A. T. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. McLean. 2003. Evaluation of Nemacur 240CS for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in Mississippi, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 58:N006. DOI: 10.1094/FN58. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W., A. T. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. McLean. 2003. Evaluation of Telone II for control of Meloidogyne incognita in ultra narrow row cotton in Mississippi, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 58:N007. DOI: 10.1094/FN58. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G. W., A. T. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. McLean. 2003. Evaluation of Temik 15G for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis in the Mississippi delta, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 58:N008. DOI: 10.1094/FN58. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McLean, K. S., A. J. Palmateer, J. L. Hutchinson, J. Jones, G. W. Lawrence. 2003. Evaluation of Messenger with Temik 15G for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in central Alabama, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 58:N009. DOI: 10.1094/FN58. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Usery, S. R. Jr., K. S. McLean, C. B. Burmester, B. A. Meyer, E. van Santen. 2003. Transgenic cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in a corn cotton rotation in North Alabama, 2002. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases (online.) Report No. 18:F008. DOI: 10.1094/BC18. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Usery, S. R. Jr., K. S. McLean, C. B. Burmester, B. A. Meyer, E. van Santen. 2003. Transgenic cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in North Alabama, 2002. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases (online.) Report No. 18:F009. DOI: 10.1094/BC18. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>LA  Publications<br /> <br>C. Overstreet, E.C. McGawley and B. Padgett. 2002. Current management strategies employed against the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in cotton production in Louisiana, U.S.A Nematology 4: 306-307.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Erwin, T.L., C. Overstreet, and E.C. McGawley. 2002. Nematicides against reniform nematode in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, CD Rom, National Cotton Council, P.O. Box 820285, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Overstreet C. and E.C. McGawley. 2002-Workshop-Nematode Management: reniform/root-knot competition and reproduction. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, CD Rom, National Cotton Council, P.O. Box 820285, Mamphis, TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lewis, S. A., D. J. Chitwood, and E. C. McGawley. 2003. Nematode Biology, Morphology and Physiology in Dekker Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science, Robert M. Goodman, ed. Marcel Dekker, NY (in press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Carter-Wientjes, C.H., J.S. Russin, D.J. Boethel, J.L. Griffin and E.C. McGawley. 2003. Feeding and Maturation by Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Soybean Affected by Weed, Fungus, and Nematode Pests. Journal of Economic Entomology (in press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Bond, J.P., E.C. McGawley and J.W. Hoy. 200?. Interaction of nematodes and Pythium spp. on Sugarcane in Louisiana. Phytopathology (submitted).<br /> <br><br /> <br>MN -Publications:<br /> <br>Chen, S. Y., and F. J. Chen. 2003. Fungal parasitism of Heterodera glycines eggs as influenced by egg age and pre-colonization of cysts by other fungi. Journal of Nematology 35(3):<br /> <br><br /> <br>Liu, X. Z., and S. Y. Chen. 2003. Nutritional requirements of the ARF18 and Pochonia chlamydospora, fungal parasites of nematode eggs. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83:10-15.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Chen, S. Y., J. H. Orf, D. R. Miller, and P. J. Schaus. 2003. Performance of soybean varieties in SCN-infested and non-infested fields in Minnesota during 2002. http://sroc.coafes.umn.edu/Nematology/PDF%20Files/Variety%202002-1.pdf<br /> <br><br /> <br>Chen, S. Y., and D. W. Dickson. 2003. Biological control of nematodes by fungal antagonists. Pp. 343-403 in Z. X. Chen, S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. Nematology: Advances and perspectives. Vol. 2. Nematode management and utilization. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press and CAB International. (in press)<br /> <br><br /> <br>Chen, Z. X., S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson (eds.). 2003. Nematology, advances and perspectives. Vol. 1. Nematode morphology, physiology and ecology. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press and CAB International. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Chen, S. 2003. Biocontrol potential of the fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis and H. minnesotensis against Heterodera glycines. Phytopathology 93:S123.<br /> <br><br /> <br>MS - Publications:<br /> <br>Lawrence, G.W., A.T. Kelley, R. L. King, J. Vickery, H.K. Lee, and K. S. McLean. 2004. Remote sensing and precision nematicide applications for Rotylenchulus reniformis management in Mississippi cotton. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 2: (accepted as a manuscript to be published as part of an invited symposium. All manuscripts are awaiting the final approval from the editorial board).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lawrence, G.W., S. Samson, H.K. Lee, A.T. Kelley, and W.A. Givens. 2003. Reniform nematode management with variable rate nematicide applications. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:273-274 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>H.K. Lee, G.W. Lawrence, J.L. DuBien, and A.T. Kelley. 2003. Seasonal variation in the spatial distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Mississippi cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1: 245-246 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis<br /> <br><br /> <br>Kelley, A.T., G.W. Lawrence, R. L. King, and J. Vickery. 2003. Spectral classification of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) infected cotton plants. International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. (Accepted for publication).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Kelley, A.T., G.W. Lawrence, J. Vickery, R. King, and H.K. Lee. 2003. Detection and population estimation of the reniform nematode on cotton using hyperspectral remotely sensed data. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1:241-244 (2003) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Kelley, A.T., G.W. Lawrence, R.L. King, J. Vickery, and H.K. Lee. 2003. Spectral Classification of Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) Infested Cotton Plants Using Self-Organized Maps. Journal of Nematology 32: (abstract).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Lee, H.K., G.W. Lawrence, J.L. DuBien, and A.T. Kelley. 2003. Cultural Practices and the Dispersion of the Reniform Nematode In Mississippi. Journal of Nematology 32: (abstract).<br /> <br><br /> <br>H.K. Lee, G.W. Lawrence, and A.T. Kelley. 2003. Seasonal variation in the spatial distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Mississippi cotton. Phytopathology 93: S49 Publication P-2003-0358-AMA. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Vizzier-Thaxton, Y., G.W. Lawrence and C.L. Balzli. 2002. Cotton nematode control by broiler litter. Poultry Science (Suppl.): 81:55. <br /> <br><br /> <br><br /> <br><br /> <br>NC Publications:<br /> <br>Cervantes-Flores, J.C., G.C. Yencho, and E.L. Davis. 2002. Host reactions of sweetpotato genotypes to root-knot nematodes and variation in virulence of Meloidogyne incognita populations. HortScience 37(7): 1112-1116.<br /> <br><br /> <br> Davis, R. F., S. R. Koenning, R. C. Kemerait, T.D. Cummings, and W. D. Shurley. 2003. Rotylenchulus reniformis management in cotton with crop rotation. Journal of Nematology 35:58-64.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Gao, B., R. Allen, T. Maier, E. L. Davis, T. J. Baum, and R. S. Hussey. 2003. The parasitome of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16:270-276.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Huang, G., B. Gao, T. Maier, R. Allen, E.L. Davis, T.J. Baum, and R.S. Hussey. 2003. A profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16: 376-38<br /> <br><br /> <br>Koenning, S. R., K. L. Edmisten, K. R. Barker, and D. E. Morrison. 2003. Impact of cotton production system on Hoplolaimus columbus. Journal of Nematology 35:73-77.<br /> <br><br /> <br> Koenning, S. R., K. R. Barker, K. L. Edmisten, D. T. Bowman, and D. E. Morrison. 2003. Effects of rate and time of application of poultry litter on Hoplolaimus columbus on cotton. Plant Disease 87:1244-1249. <br /> <br><br /> <br> Wrather, J. A., S. R. Koenning, and T. Anderson. 2003. Effect of diseases on soybean yields in the United States and Ontario 1999-2002. Online. Plant Health Progress doi: 10.1094/PHP-2003-0325-01-RV. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/review/2003/soybean/.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hussey, R.S., E.L. Davis, and T.J. Baum. 2002. Secrets in secretions: genes that control nematode parasitism of plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 14:183-194.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Baum, T.J., Hussey, R.S., and Davis, E.L. 2003. Secrets in Secretions: Analysis of the Parasitome of Heterodera glycines. IX Meeting of the International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, St. Petersburg, Russia.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Sukno, S., O. Shoseyov, O. Shimerling, and E. Davis. 2003. Expression of truncated Arabidopsis thaliana Cel1 promoter during compatible plant-nematode interactions. Phytopathology 93:S81. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Huang, G., R. Dong, T. Maier, R. Allen, E. Davis, T. Baum, and R. Hussey. 2003. An efficient subtractive strategy for the identification of parasitism genes of Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology 93:S37. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Wang, X., Allen, R., Maier, T., Hussey, R.S., Baum, T.J., and Davis, E.L. 2003. Functional analysis of a parasitism gene from Heterodera glycines with similarity to CLAVATA3 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytopathology 93:S90.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Diab, H.G., B. Gao, T. J. Baum, R. S. Hussey, and E. L. Davis. 2003. Immunodetection of parasitism proteins in Heterodera glycines. Phytopathology 93:S21. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Wong, M. -Y., E. L. Davis, and J. -S. Huang. 2003. Nitric oxide synthase in higher plants: An attempt to clone the gene. Phytopathology 93:S91. <br /> <br><br /> <br>Elling, A.A., B. Gao, R. S. Hussey, E. L. Davis, and T. J. Baum. 2003. Plant nuclear import of Heterodera glycines parasitism proteins. Phytopathology 93:S23. <br /> <br><br /> <br>May, K.J., T. K. Mitchell, and E. L. Davis. 2003. Towards development of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries for plant parasitic nematodes. Phytopathology 93:S59. <br /> <br><br /> <br><br /> <br>SC - Publications:<br /> <br>Shipe, E.R., J.D. Mueller, S.A. Lewis, and R.K. Stephens. 2003. Conventional and Roundup Ready Soybean Development at Clemson. Proceedings of the 2003 AG EXPO, Feb. 3-5. Myrtle Beach, SC<br /> <br><br /> <br>Shipe, E.R., J.D. Mueller, S.A. Lewis, P.F. Williams, Jr., and R.K. Stephens. 2003. Registration of &lsquo;Santee&lsquo; soybean. Crop Science 43(6) Nov.-Dec. In press.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Robbins, R.T., E.R. Shipe, L. Rakes, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, and D.G. Dombek. 2002. Host suitability of soybean cultivars and breeding lines to reniform nematode in tests conducted in 2001. J. of Nematology 34(4): 378-383.<br /> <br><br /> <br>TX - publications<br /> <br>Simpson, C. E., J. L. Starr, G. T. Church, M. D. Burow, and A. H. Paterson. 2003. Registration of NemaTAM peanut. Crop Science 43:1561.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Bendezu, I. F., and J. L. Starr. 2003. Mechanism of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in the peanut cultivar COAN. Journal of Nematology 35:115-118.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Church, G., J. L. Starr, and C. E. Simpson. 2003. The identification and development of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in groundnut. Proc. 4th International Nematology Congress, Tenerife, Spain.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Silvey, D. T., K. Ripple, C. W. Smith, and J. L. Starr. 2003. Identification of RFLP loci linked to resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Beltwide Cotton Conferences (Abstr.).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Church, G. T., J.L. Starr, and C. E. Simpson. 2003. Resistance to Meloidogyne in Arachis hypogaea: History and future. Journal of Nematology 35:330 (Abstr.).<br /> <br><br /> <br>VA - Publications<br /> <br>Crowder*, B. J., C. A. Wilkinson, C. S. Johnson, and J. D. Eisenback. 2003. Inheritance of resistance to tobacco cyst nematode in flue-cured tobacco. Crop Science 43:1305-1312.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Johnson, C. S. 2003. Contemporary issues in managing tobacco nematodes. Pan American Plant Disease Conference (Joint meeting of the Caribbean and Southern Divisions of the American Phytopathological Society with the Latin American Association of Phytopathology and the Mexican Phytopathological Society), South Padre Island, TX, April 5-10, 2003.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, and L. Wright. 2003. Blue mold severity on selected burley tobacco cultivars in Virginia, with and without Acrobat, 2002. B&C Tests 18:F028.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, C.A. Wilkinson, and L. Wright. 2003. Blue mold severity in the Virginia official variety test for burley tobacco, 2002. B&C Tests 18:F029.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, D.R. Peek, and R.D. Miller. 2003. Blue mold severity on selected entries of burley tobacco in Virginia, 2002. B&C Tests 18:F030.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, and C. T. Clarke. 2003. Host resistance and chloropicrin to control Granville wilt in Virginia, 2002. F&N Tests 58:FC049.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, and C. T. Clarke. 2003. Host resistance and Telone C-17 to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2002. F&N Tests 58:N010.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, and W.B. Wilkinson, III. 2003. Host resistance and use of Telone products to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2002. F&N Tests 58:011.<br /> <br><br /> <br>C.S. Johnson, C. T. Clarke. 2003. Host resistance and nematicides to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2002. F&N Tests 58:N012.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Johnson, C. S., D. Faustini, D. G. Schaheen, P. J. Semtner, J. W. Walton, P. K. Blevins, J. Hartlage, R. M. Huckaba, and G. Roberson. 2003. Fumigation of Soil and Agricultural Products: A Guide for Virginia Pesticide Applicators. Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 212pp.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Johnson, C. S. 2003. Flue-Cured Tobacco Production Guide. Disease Management. <br /> <br>Publ. 436-050.<br /> <br>Johnson, C. S. 2003. Flue-Cured Tobacco Production Guide. Weed Management. Publ. 436-050.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Johnson, C. S. 2003. Pest Management Guide for Field Crops 2003. Diseases of Tobacco. Publ. 456-016.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Johnson, C. S. 2003. Pest Management Guide for Field Crops 2003. Weed Control in Tobacco. Publ. 456-016.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Peek, D. R., C. A. Wilkinson, T. D. Reed, and C. S. Johnson. 2003. Burley tobacco variety information for 2003. Publ. 436-417.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Wilkinson, C. A., T. D. Reed, C. S. Johnson, and J. L. Jones. 2003. Flue-cured tobacco variety information for 2003. Publ. 436-047.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Wilkinson, C. A., T. D. Reed, and C. S. Johnson. 2003. Virginia dark-fired tobacco variety information for 2003. Publ. 436-418.

Impact Statements

1. Agrizide (an experimental nematicide) reduced nemotode population density in cotton, tomato, pepper, and sugarcane and was superior to methyl bromide on sugarcane.
2. Cotton lines with resistance to to reproduction of reniform nemotodes are evolving including both conventional and transgenic varieties.
3. Marker-assisted selection of genes for resistence indicates that resistence in peanut plants, COAN and North Carolina Breeding lines are controlled by the same dominant gene.

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Report Information

Participants

Lawrence, Kathy (lawrekk@auburn.edu)-Auburn;Dickson, Don (dwd@ufl.edu)-Florida;Chen, Senyu (chenx099@gold.tc.umn.edu)-Minnesota;Lawrence, Gary (GLawrence@entomolgy.msstate.edu)- Mississippi;Koenning, Stephen (stephen_koenning@ncsu.edu)North Carolina;Lewis, Stephen (slewis@clemson.edu)-South Carolina;Bernard, Ernest (ebernard@utk.edu)- Tennessee;Davis, Richard (rfdavis@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu)-USDA,Georgia;Noel, Gregory (g-noel1@uiuc.edu)-Illinois;Eisenback, Jonathan (jon@vt.edu)- Virginia;Johnson, Charles (spcdis@vt.edu)-Virginia;Fortnum, Bruce (bfrtnm@clemson.edu)-South Carolina;Mueller, John (jmllr@clemson.edu)-South Carolina;Agudelo, Paula (agudel@clemson.edu)-South Carolina;Robbins, Robert (rrobbin@uark.edu)-Arkansas;Brito, Janete (britoj@doacs.fl.state.us);Hussey, Richard (hussey@uga.edu)-Georgia;Lacewell, Ronald (r-lacewell@tamu.edu)-Administrative Advisor; Fitzner, Michael (mfitzner@csrees.usda.gov)-CSREES Administrator.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes
MultiState Cooperative Research Project S-1015
November 18 - 19, 2004
Madren Conference Center, Trustee Board Room
Clemson, SC

Present:

Ernest Bernard, Tennessee
Senyu Chen, Minnesota
Richard Davis, USDA /ARS, Georgia
Don Dickson, Florida
Jonathan Eisenback, Virginia
Bruce Fortnum, South Carolina
Charles Johnson, Virginia
Steve Koenning, North Carolina
Kathy Lawrence, Alabama
Gary Lawrence, Mississippi
Stephen Lewis, South Carolina
John Mueller, South Carolina
Gregory Noel, USDA /ARS, Illinois
Robert Robbins, Arkansas

Guests:
Paula Agudelo pagudel@clemson.edu
Janete Brito britoj@doacs.fl.state.us
Richard Hussey, Retired, Georgia

Minutes:

Dr. Steve Lewis of Clemson University called the meeting to order at approximately 9:00 a.m. and welcomed all attendees to Clemson University and the meeting. He then asked Dr. Susan Barefood, Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Experiment Station and Associate Dean, Food Safety and Nutrition to speak. She also welcomed us to Clemson University and Clemson, South Carolina. Each representative then introduced himself or herself and to the respective university they represent.

Dr. Ron Lacewell, our Administrative Advisor, made a few announcements. He mentioned that Dr. Mike Fitzner is assigned as our USDA CSREES advisor and would join our meeting on the second day. Dr Lacewell then inspired us with words of guidance to help increase our acceptance as a multistate research group. Our project like all others is continually being reviewed. A few words concerning the length of out last reports and we now have a new format that scales down the amount of paperwork required.

Twenty - thirty minute oral reports were then presented by Chuck Johnson of Virginia Tech, Jon Eisenback of Virginia Tech, Ernie Bernard of the Univ. of Tennessee, Paula Agudelo of Clemson University, Steve Lewis of Clemson University, John Mueller of Clemson University, Bruce Fortnum of Clemson University, and Steve Koenning of North Carolina State Univ.

After the lunch break we were treated to a tour of the Clemson University campus and visited the new state-of-the-art greenhouse facilities.

At 2:00 p.m. state reports were presented by Senyu Chen of Univ. of Minnesota, Kathy Lawrence of Auburn University, Richard Hussey, retired Univ. of Georgia, (presented us with an update on the parasitism gene in the root-knot and soybean cyst nematode), Greg Noel USDA / ARS Illinois and Robert Robbins of Arkansas.

David Howle, Head, Department of Plant Industries, currently on the Asian soybean rust subcommittee, joined our group and presented us with a report on the rust issue. He mentioned that the rust had been found in Florida on Kudzu, however the infection was light. All Section 18s for fungicidal materials that are for use on the rust have or are expected to be approved.

The meeting then resumed at 8:30 on Friday morning. Mike Fitzner, our USDA, CSREES representative then presented us with an update from Washington. He also stressed the need to show results of our project to provide to the reviewers that the money has been put to good use.

State report resumed with reports form Don Dickson of Univ. of Florida, Janete Brito of the Univ. of Florida, Richard Davis USDA / ARS Georgia, and Gary Lawrence Mississippi State University.

Dr Steve Lewis then called to order a short business meeting at approximately 10:00a.m. Ron Lacewell emphasized the need to include in our accomplishments a few major what if statements. Ron suggested that when we send our reports to Steve Lewis that we include a so what statement. It was suggested that all reports be received by Nov. 29, 2004. Ron Lacewell will also send the necessary code to Steve in order to submit the report via e-mail. The minutes of the meeting will be attached to the annual report.

North Carolina was identified as the 2005 meeting site and Steve Koenning was designated as the chair for this meeting. Steve then invited everyone to attend the 2005 meeting which will be held in Raleigh, NC in the SRIPM center. The meeting date will be similar to this meeting, around November 17 and 18, 2005. Ron Lacewell suggested that we hold a workshop and a discussion ensued regarding possible speakers. Dr. Lacewell suggested that we meet in Washington in 2006.


At the mention of no further business, Gary Lawrence asked for everyone to join him in expressing thanks to Steve Lewis for his performance in hosting an excellent 2004 meeting.

The meeting Adjourned at 11:35 a.m.
Respectfully submitted,
Gary Lawrence

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes into cotton, peanut, soybean and major fruit and vegetable crops.<br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> <br /> AL - In Alabama, commercial cotton varieties were examined in the greenhouse and the field to determine possible resistance and/or tolerance to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. The sixty cotton varieties tested in the greenhouse were susceptible to the reniform nematode. The reproductive indexes ranged from 13 to 70 on Sure Grow 747 and Deltapine 424 BGII/RR, respectively. In south Alabama, possible tolerance was indicated when seed cotton yields were not (P < 0.05) increased by the application of a nematicide for Stoneville 4793 RR, Fiber Max 991 RR and Fiber Max 991 BR. The yields for the remaining 29 varieties (P < 0.05) were increased by the application of 1,3-D as compared to the non treated controls. In north Alabama, all varieties treated with the nematicide out yielded (P < 0.05) varieties without the nematicide. <br /> <br /> The initial greenhouse evaluation of the entire TX USDA germplasm collection for resistance to the reniform nematode is complete. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates a consistent trend between the number of vermiforms and eggs recovered at 60 days after planting. We are currently selecting those genotypes with the lowest R. reniformis numbers and fewest eggs produced for a second screening. In 2005, we will reevaluate those genotypes with the lowest number of vermiforms and eggs from the initial screening.<br /> <br /> MS - Two studies were initiated in 2004: screening cotton germplasm and breeding lines for resistance to the reniform nematode, a cooperative project with the cotton breeder located at Mississippi State University to evaluate early crosses for possible nematode resistance, and establish a reniform nursery to screen advanced breeding lines across the southeast cotton belt. One preliminary study indicated that all entries were significantly less susceptible to the standard PM 1218 based on reproductive factors.<br /> <br /> NC - Work continued on identification and characterization of cotton tolerance to the Columbia lance (Hoplolaimus columbus) and sting (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) nematodes. Two experiments were conducted in 2004 with six transgenic cotton cultivars. Thus far, tolerance to H. columbus does not appear to be related to tolerance to B. longicaudatus (Koenning and Bowman).<br /> <br /> TX - In the efforts to introgress resistance to the reniform nematode from G. barbadense into G. hirsutum, eight F5 families were screened for resistance to R. reniformis. Resistance appeared to be a fixed trait in four families and still segregating in four families. Selected resistant plants had poor fertility, apparently due to low pollen viability, thus these plants have been backcrossed to the M. incognita resistant G. hirsutum line M315.<br /> <br /> USDA, GA - Dr. Davis is collaborating with Dr. O. Lloyd May (Univ. of Georgia, Tifton, GA) in developing cotton genotypes with a high-level of resistance to the southern root-knot nematode, M. incognita. This is being accomplished through a multiple backcross breeding program in a greenhouse. The highly-resistant but agronomically unacceptable germplasm M-120 and M-155 were crossed with the elite breeding line PD94042, the resulting hybrids were back-crossed to PD94042 three times, and then the plants were self-pollinated so that some plants would be homozygous for the nematode resistance genes. The most nematode-resistant plants were selected at each stage of the process for use in the next generation. They will verify that nematode resistance is not segregating (resistance genes are homozygous) and begin field selection for agronomic characteristics in 2005. Root galling in these plants is reduced by about 80-90%, though egg production has not been measured. This work should result in a cultivar release. <br /> <br /> <br /> Soybean:<br /> <br /> AR - 194 lines of soybean new to the Arkansas Soybean Variety Testing Program in 2004 were evaluated for reniform nematode reproduction. Also, reniform reproduction indices were calculated for 34 Clemson Breeding lines of E. R. Shipe and 8 breeding lines of the Arkansas Breeding Program of P. Chen. In the reniform test, 183 of 194 lines had significantly more reproduction than Forrest, a resistant check; whereas, 189 lines, including Forrest, had more reproduction than the resistant Hartwig. Of the 34 Clemson breeding lines 22 reproduced more than on Forrest, while 33 reproduced more than on Hartwig. All of the 8 Arkansas breeding lines reproduced more than both Forrest and Hartwig. <br /> <br /> A total of 285 new or recently released commercial soybean cultivars were screened for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and for several races of Heterodera glycines in greenhouse tests. The soybean cultivars represented a range of maturity from early maturity group (MG) IV to late MG V. While there was a range in the susceptibility of the soybean cultivars to H. glycines, as indicated by their relative reproductive rates in relation to the susceptible standard, very few cultivars were resistant to any of the races tested. The results of this study are rather disappointing because it appears that while new soybean cultivars are forthcoming in abundance, very few of them hold promise for growers with severe soybean cyst nematode problems. Many of the cultivars were ranked as moderately resistant or moderately susceptible in this experiment, which may be an indication that some cultivars might perform slightly better under nematode pressure. However, greenhouse tests are probably not sufficient to be used to advise growers of possible utility of some of these cultivars under full season field conditions.<br /> <br /> Root-knot nematode resistant cultivars were also rather scarce among the cultivars tested. While a few of the early maturity group cultivars showed some promise, the majority of the cultivars with resistance to this nematode were in MG V.<br /> <br /> LA - Genomic differences in populations of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, are being studied among seven populations collected from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Analysis of genomic differences among populations is based on examination of the two intergenic spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Nematode genomic DNA is extracted from 10 swollen females dissected from tomato roots. A fragment with the size of approximately 1100 bp has been produced from every population. Digestion of the amplification product with a number of restriction enzymes will be followed to detect differences in RFLP banding patterns among populations. <br /> <br /> MN - A total of 59 soybean cultivars in southern Minnesota and 26 cultivars in central Minnesota were evaluated for their resistance to H. glycines in 2004. Most resistant cultivars reduced nematode egg density while susceptible cultivars increased egg density during the growing season. Several cultivars labeled as resistant supported a high population in the fields and were probably susceptible to most populations of H. glycines in Minnesota.<br /> <br /> MS - There is ongoing work screening soybean varieties for resistance to Mississippi populations of the soybean cyst nematode.<br /> <br /> NC - The identification and functional analyses of parasitism genes encoding products secreted from the esophageal gland cells of soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes has progressed. The first confirmation that the soybean cyst nematode could secrete a parasitism gene product that could mimic the function of a plant gene was obtained. The data suggested that the nematodes may augment plant cell developmental pathways for feeding and that these specific mechanisms may represent points to disrupt with parasitic interaction. It was confirmed that a nematode parasitism gene could be inhibited by a method called RNA-interference (RNAi), and that RNAi to target genes like nematode signal molecules may be expressed in plants to disrupt parasitism specifically (this could provide novel mechanisms for resistance) (E.L. Davis).<br /> <br /> Soybean populations derived from cv. Hartwig were screened for resistance to multiple races of SCN, Heterodera glycines. Three advanced lines with SCN resistance superior to cv. Fowler are currently being yield tested for potential use as cultivars. F2 populations with high levels of resistance to SCN and the herbicide Roundup are being advanced this year, and new crosses with Delsoy 5710 and herbicide resistant cultivars were made. Additionally, soybean lines derived from cvs. Anand, Fowler, and Cordell were screened for SCN resistance. The yield of 30 lines derived from Hartwig or Anand X Hartwig derived lines that have previously been selected for high levels of SCN and or reniform resistance are being yield tested this year. Anand and Fowler are resistant to race 1 of SCN (S.R. Koenning, A. Cardinal, J. W. Burton, and T. E. Carter).<br /> <br /> SC - Approximately 650 lines of soybean developed by Dr. Emerson Shipe, soybean breeder, were evaluated for resistance to races 3 and 14 of SCN. These genotypes are planted and rated as five replicates against two races and tests are sometimes repeated. SCN'resistant cultivars and breeding lines are sources of SCN resistance. Preliminary greenhouse screens are followed up by field evaluations. Initial screening begins with F2 progenies and continues with F4 progenies and experimental breeding lines. Five plants of each genotype are grown in conetainers and inoculated with 1,000 eggs of SCN. Hutcheson and Hartwig are the positive and negative controls, respectively, for race 3. Pickett and Hartwig, respectively, are the controls for race 14. Plants are grown in the greenhouse for approximately 35 days and the cysts on the roots rated according to number: 0=0, 1=1-5, 2=6-10, 3=11-20, 4=21-40, and 5=>40 (Lewis and Shipe). Field screening of elite experimental lines is done at Edisto Research & Education Center in cooperation with Dr. John Mueller. Experimental lines advanced to the USDA Regional Tests are also screened by Dr. Pat Donald (USDA-ARS).<br /> <br /> Dr. Paula Agudelo was hired on a grant written by Dr. Bruce Fortnum entitled, "Increasing effectiveness of soybean host resistance using an improved nematode identification system." She joined Dr. Lewis's lab in July 2004 as a postdoctoral researcher and is working on the feasibility of using real-time PCR to identify two of the major root-knot nematode species. Progress is being made, but it is clear that there are some fundamental problems associated with this technique when applied to Meloidogyne diagnostics. Dr. Agudelo will discuss this matter in light of her work and current review of the literature.<br /> <br /> In 2003, Dr. Emerson Shipe, soybean breeder, evaluated approximately 92 S.C. breeding lines and eight check (6 resistant, 2 susceptible) cultivars in field tests for resistance to M. arenaria, Hoplolaimus columbus, and Heterodera glycines, race 14. Plots consisted of two rows, twenty feet in length, with two replications. Fields were sampled to monitor nematode population levels. Plant vigor ratings are made sometime between R1 and R4 growth stages. Root systems are evaluated and rated for galling severity in the RKN fields. At maturity, plots are harvested and seed weights recorded. Plant response parameters from the nematode nurseries are evaluated along with seed yield from noninfested nurseries to determine which breeding lines will be advanced for further evaluation or released as cultivars. Twenty-six advanced SC breeding lines are in the 2004 USDA Southern Regional Tests. <br /> <br /> In 2003 and 2004, Dr. John Mueller conducted field nematode screening tests at Edisto REC. Popular commercially available RR® cultivars and elite SC RR® experimental lines (maturity groups VI - VIII) were planted in fields infested with SCN (race 14), M. incognita, M. arenaria (evaluated at Pee Dee REC), and Columbia lance nematode. Root gall and plant vigor ratings were taken in the root-knot fields. Plots are harvested and seed yield comparisons made.<br /> <br /> USDA, TN - Characterization of responses to resistance: Greenhouse testing of soybean varieties was done in conjunction with University of Tennessee Extension Soybean Specialist, Melvin Newman, who conducted field disease evaluations for the lines. Race 3 testing was done on 220 soybean varieties submitted by private companies and public breeders. The soybean varieties were in MG III to V. Three plants per line were inoculated with soybean cyst nematode eggs and there were three replications in time. The inoculum levels were 4,113, 3,870, and 4,331 eggs per pot for the replications in time. The Female Index was calculated for each test and averaged over the replications. Screening of germplasm in Jackson has been conducted with seven replications at one point in time. Our estimate of the standard deviation is 43.2. Variability is seen among pot replications as well as in cultures over time. This study was designed to determine the variability in SCN-plant response over time using the female index as the measured variable. Female Indices ranged from less than 1 to 136. The standard deviation of the egg population density was a linear relation between cyst count and standard deviation.<br /> <br /> Peanut: <br /> <br /> FL - Thirty-six peanut genotypes evaluated for their susceptibility to the peanut root-knot nematode showed no resistance as compared to the susceptible "Georgia Green", whereas the standard resistant variety "NemaTAM" was negative for galling. <br /> <br /> GA - Dr. Timper is collaborating with Dr. Corley Holbrook (USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA) to develop a peanut cultivar with a high level of resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) and the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). By crossing the TSWV-resistant peanut C99R with the nematode-resistant COAN, they have created a high-yielding peanut with a high level of resistance to both the nematode and the virus. This family of genotypes has been designated C724. Agronomic testing of C724 will be continued in 2005 and should result in a cultivar release.<br /> <br /> Selected crops:<br /> <br /> FL - Two root-knot nematode resistant tomato cultivars developed for Florida production had few galls as compared to the susceptible control when evaluated in autumn season. Meloidogyne mayaguensis, a new root-knot nematode species in the continental USA, was found in 11 of 26 counties sampled in Florida. The nematode has been found in agricultural fields as nurseries.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Development of marker-assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes. <br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> <br /> TX - Efforts are under way to identify SSR markers linked to resistance to "M. incognita in the progeny of G. hirsutum<br /> m315" x G. barbadense "Tx110" .<br /> <br /> USDA, GA - Dr. Davis is collaborating with Dr. Peng Chee (Univ. of Georgia, Tifton, GA) in developing molecular markers for the genes that impart resistance to the southern root-knot nematode, M. incognita. An interspecific mapping population was created by crossing the highly-resistant Gossypium hirsutum M-120 with the susceptible G. barbedense Pima S-6. DNA was collected from 225 plants in the F2 generation on the day that the plants were evaluated for nematode resistance based on galling and egg production. The 16 most susceptible and the 16 most resistant plants were used for bulk segregation analysis. The genome was scanned with 160 RFLP markers spaced approximately 20 centimorgans apart, and 8 markers with possible links to resistance genes were identified. Further analysis utilizing DNA from the 225 individual F2 plants identified 2 markers with strong correlation to nematode resistance. Work is currently underway with more closely-spaced RFLP markers in the two regions with linkage to nematode resistance to more precisely identify the location of the resistance genes. This work is a critical step in developing molecular markers that can be used in cotton breeding.<br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems.<br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> <br /> AL - Thirty-two winter cover crops have been evaluated as potential hosts of the reniform nematode. All winter cover crops tested supported lower (P < 0.05) populations of R. reniformis compared to the cotton. Populations of R. reniformis / 500 cm3 soil on "AU Robin" crimson clover were 54% less than those on cotton, however, populations were 48% and 68% higher (P < 0.05) when compared to "Hairy" vetch and "Mt. Barker" Subterranean clover, respectively. The number of eggs produced on "AU Robin" crimson clover and "Hairy" vetch were 45% and 60% less than that of cotton but an average of 98 % higher (P < 0.05) when compared to the other cover crop treatments. Paymaster 1218, "AU Robin" crimson clover, "Hairy" vetch, and "Mt. Barker" Subterranean clover had Rf values of 15.8, 7.2, 3.7, and 2.2, respectively. The Rf values for all other cover crops averaged 0.15 compared to 0.07 for the fallow treatment. These cover crops were placed in microplots and in the field over the winter months for two years. In microplots at cover crop termination, the reniform populations were reduced an average of 68% over all cover crops and fallow treatments. In the producer's field, R. reniformis population densities were reduced 67% over all cover crop treatments. At winter cover crop termination, Rf values for each of the winter cover crop were less than 1 indicating no increase in R. reniformis over two consecutive cover cropping seasons under field conditions. The populations of R. reniformis increased through out the summer months on cotton with or without the application of aldicarb. Aldicarb reduced R. reniformis numbers and increased seed cotton yields more efficiently than any of the cover crop treatments. The highest seed cotton yields were observed in treated and untreated plots in which a leguminous cover crop had previously been grown.<br /> <br /> LA - In field trials, at the same rate and method of application of Agri-Terra, a colloidal suspension containing 1% monobasic potassium phosphate as the active ingredient, significant yield responses were observed in four consecutive years with cotton and in two of three years with soybean. In a multi-year field trial with sugarcane, the pounds of sugar per ton of cane harvested from the plant crop were numerically, but not significantly, greater than that of the non-treated control. At harvest of the first ratoon crop, however, there was a significant increase in the sugar content per ton of sugarcane.<br /> <br /> Microplot studies were conducted to determine the effects of cotton (LA 887), soybean (Pioneer 96B21), and three endemic weed species, [morning glory-MG (Ipomoea purpurea), hemp sesbania-HS (Sesbania exaltata) and Johnson grass-LG (Sorghum halepense)], on reproduction of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Treatments were arranged as a RCB design with seven replications of seven treatments: 1) cotton or soybean alone; 2) MG alone; 3) JG alone; 4) HS alone; 5) cotton or soybean co-cultured with MG; 6) cotton or soybean co-cultured with JG; and 7) cotton or soybean co-cultured with HS. Over three trials/years, the co-culture of cotton with any of the three weed species suppressed reproduction of reniform nematode significantly. Reniform reproduction data for soybean over 2 years followed a trend similar to that observed for cotton. Suppression of reniform nematode populations could have resulted either from crowding due to the increased amount of biomass present in microplots containing two plant species or from the secretion of allelopathic compounds by weed roots. Greenhouse studies were conducted to test the allelopathy hypothesis. Fifty seedlings of MG, JG or HS were transplanted into coco-fiber baskets containing 1 kg of an inert planting medium. The bottom of each basket was fitted with a 20 cm diameter plastic funnel. A piece of neoprene tubing connected the funnel bottom with a sterile, 0.5 L capacity, light-tight flask. Once each day, water was added to the baskets until the growing medium was flooded and leachate flowed into the funnels and accumulated in the flasks. These three weed leachates, control solutions (leachates from baskets containing cotton seedlings, or planting medium only) or tap water were added daily to cotton seedlings inoculated with R. reniformis and growing in 20-cm-d clay pots containing 2 Kg of steamed soil. These pots of cotton seedlings, 60 in all, represented 5 replications of 12 treatments. The first five treatments involved addition of the individual weed or control leachates to pots and the last seven treatments involved addition of tap water daily to pots containing cotton, each of the weeds separately, or each weed co-cultivated with cotton. At the conclusion of the experiment, 56 days after initiation, the numbers of reniform nematodes per pot in soil averaged 4756 for cotton; 4537, 3025 and 3207 for MG, JG and HS, respectively and 1421, 1276 and 1731 for cotton co-cultivated with MG, JG and HS. Numbers of reniform recovered from pots of cotton to which leachate from MG, JG, and HS was added averaged 109, 619 and 638 individuals, respectively. Numbers of nematodes recovered from controls were not different from those recovered from the "cotton alone" treatment. Overall, results of this experiment were almost identical with those described for the microplot environment trials with cotton and add support for the allelopathy hypothesis. This experiment is being repeated and a similar series will be established using soybean as the host plant species.<br /> <br /> Populations of R. reniformis from Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas and Hawaii have been used in these studies to evaluate the relative influence of egg production and viability on the rate of population growth. Over the course of two preliminary trials, hatch of eggs of reniform nematode isolates from 10 major cotton-producing parishes of LA were determined in soil and in water. In the first trial, the percent egg hatch in water and soil, respectively, averaged 90% and 93% for the Catahoula parish isolate and 58% and 45% for the Avoyelles isolate. In trial two, the Opelousas isolate had the highest percent egg hatch, which was 91% in water and 94% in soil. The Evangeline isolate had the lowest percent egg hatch in water, which averaged 58% . In subsequent trials, hatch of eggs of R. reniformis was evaluated using incubators maintained at temperatures of 23, 28 and 32C. One hundred freshly harvested eggs that were past the 8-cell but not yet at the juvenile stage of development were hand-picked using a micropipette and placed in sterile soil. Averaged over 3 trials, each with 10 replications for each population, the percent hatch at 23C ranged from 44% for the TX population to 93% for the HI population. At 28C, egg hatch ranged from 51% for the AR population to 90% for the HI population. Hatch at 32C was greatest, 91 and 93% respectively, for the LA and HI populations and least, 61%, for the AR population and 62% for the TX population. <br /> <br /> NC - An experiment concerning cotton rotation with corn, root-knot resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in Lenoir Co. in 2002 and continued in 2004. The field is infested with the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This experiment is designed to have root-knot resistant and susceptible cultivars and run through 2009. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in both 2003 and 2004. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded 20% more than FM989BR in when cotton was grown continuously in this rotation, but final root-knot population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance (Koenning, and Edmisten). <br /> <br /> USDA, GA - The cumulative, multi-year effect of growing a cotton cultivar with a moderate level of resistance to M. incognita is being determined in an ongoing field experiment. Moderate resistance reduced nematode levels by about 50% after one year, but levels were still above the action threshold. Growing cotton with moderate resistance for two years resulted in root galling that was significantly lower than on susceptible cotton and nematode levels that were below the action threshold and approximately 25% of the level following susceptible cotton. There is a cumulative effect from growing moderately-resistant cotton that may provide a small benefit after one year but a much larger benefit after two or more years.<br /> <br /> Plants with nematode resistance reduce the amount of nematode reproduction that occurs, and plants with tolerance suffer less damage when parasitized by nematodes. Nematode resistance and tolerance in plants are not always linked and can occur independently of each other. Our objective was to determine if there is a relationship between resistance and tolerance in cotton. Reproduction of M. incognita was evaluated on 17 breeding lines in two greenhouse trials; a susceptible variety and a highly resistant germplasm were included for comparison. Yield was determined in 2001 and 2002 in fumigated and non-fumigated plots in a field infested with M. incognita. The amount of yield suppression caused by nematode infection differed among genotypes. Regression analysis showed that yield suppression decreased as nematode resistance increased, which indicates that tolerance in these breeding lines was largely a result of resistance, and that even moderate levels of resistance can reduce the damage caused by the nematode.<br /> <br /> Currently-available cotton cultivars support significant reproduction of the southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita), but they have not been evaluated for differing levels of yield suppression (tolerance). The objective of this study was to evaluate a collection of cotton cultivars that are susceptible to M. incognita to determine if some cultivars are more tolerant than others of parasitism by this nematode. The percentage yield suppression caused by M. incognita differed among cotton genotypes and yield suppression ranged from 18.0% to 47.3% in 2002 and from 8.5% to 35.7% in 2003. Though significant levels of tolerance were measured in our study, two years of data on percentage yield suppression document that tolerance is not consistently related to specific cultivars in the absence of nematode resistance. Regression analysis based on the two years of field data revealed a relationship in which percentage yield suppression increased linearly as yield potential increased. It appears unlikely that cotton cultivar selection for tolerance to M. incognita can be utilized to minimize yield suppression. Unfortunately, increasing yield potential increases the percentage yield suppression in cotton caused by M. incognita. Therefore, because the absolute and percentage losses to nematodes increase as yield potential increases, nematode management becomes increasingly important and beneficial.<br /> <br /> MS - New Technique. Ongoing projects include estimation of population numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes on cotton using hyperspectral imagery and reniform nematode management with VRT equipment and site-specific applications.<br /> <br /> Soybean: <br /> <br /> MN - Four-year experiments were initiated in 2002 at three field sites in Minnesota to evaluate the cover crops alfalfa, red clover, and perennial ryegrass inter-seeded with soybean for their effects on the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines and soybean and corn yields in the soybean/corn annual rotation production system. Data obtained in 2002-2003 demonstrated that red clover and alfalfa reduced the nematode population density as compared with no-cover-crop control.<br /> <br /> Hirsutella rhossiliensis and Hirsutella minnesotensis are two fungal parasites of second-stage juveniles of H. glycines. The potential of liquid cultures of the two fungi in control of H. glycines was evaluated in two greenhouse experiments. Both fungi at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g of fresh mycelium/300 cm3 soil were effective in control of the nematode.<br /> <br /> Soils collected from two fields that have been in long-term soybean monoculture and one field that has been in corn/soybean annual rotation were evaluated for their degree of suppressiveness to H. glycines. The soils from the monoculture fields were more suppressive than the soil from the corn/soybean rotation. Hirsutella rhossiliensis was observed in all three soils, and it parasitized a high percentage of second-stage juveniles of H. glycines in the monoculture soils. The fungus may be a major factor for the suppression of the nematode population, but other biological factors cannot be ruled out in the study.<br /> <br /> NC - Experiments with treated municipal sewer sludge for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematode were established in 2002 and continued in 2004. A third project that focuses on the value of resistance to SCN was continued in Lenoir County. A new study focusing on blends of SCN resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars for management of H. glycines was initiated in 2004. Resistant cultivars used are Delsoy 5710, Anand and Fowler.<br /> <br /> TN - Experiments were continued to determine the effect of Monarda didyma (bee balm) amendments on hatch and infectivity of southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Egg hatch was enhanced with increasing amendment fraction, but root galling was reduced significantly at the higher amendment levels. Gall number divided by hatched juvenile number provided a estimate of fitness: 0.37 for treatments without amendment (37% of hatched juveniles successfully formed galls), 0.10 for the highest treatment (only 10% of hatched juveniles formed galls. Bee balm itself was a poor host for M. incognita, with moderate nematode invasion but very poor reproduction.<br /> <br /> USDA, TN - A study on the impact of SCN reproduction during the non crop period was initiated to determine if winter annual weeds should be removed from fields and whether cover crop planting of SCN host plants posed a threat to crop production management of SCN. The effect of cover crops and winter annual weeds on SCN reproduction has been research in TN for three years. The field studied most intensively is a race 14 field located in Jackson, TN. Two other fields, one located at Milan Experiment Station and one located in Middle TN are also part of this study. Winter annual weeds and cover crop roots were examined for presence of SCN monthly throughout the non soybean crop production period. SCN life stages were recorded. Adult males or females were not present in any of the root samples over the three year time period. Cover crops (wheat and crimson clover) had no effect on SCN reproduction despite crimson clover being a host for SCN. At the two other TN locations, crop rotations included corn, cotton, and soybean and the winter treatments were canola, hairy vetch, poultry litter, wheat and fallow. Differences in SCN population density were seen in presence of soybean in the rotation, the number of years away from soybeans, and winter treatment. The highest SCN population density was continuous soybean; the lowest was in the continuous cotton and continuous corn. Poultry litter treatment samples were several orders of magnitude lower in SCN eggs than other fall treatments.<br /> <br /> Selected Crops:<br /> <br /> USDA, SC - Southern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) significantly reduce production of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the U.S. and worldwide. Pre-plant soil fumigation with methyl bromide is currently used to control root-knot nematodes in peppers. However, methyl bromide use is being restricted due to its negative effects on atmospheric ozone. We studied the utility of resistant cultivars for managing root-knot nematodes in bell peppers in the Southeastern U.S. Resistance of two bell pepper cultivars, Charleston Belle and Keystone Resistant Giant, which are near-isogenic for the N gene that conditions resistance to M. incognita was evaluated in field tests in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Charleston Belle (NN) was highly resistant; root galling was minimal at all test sites. Keystone Resistant Giant (nn) was highly susceptible; root galling was severe in all tests. Reproduction of M. incognita was 64% to 99% less (P< 0.05) on "Charleston Belle" than "Keystone Resistant Giant". "Charleston Belle" produced 35% (P< 0.05) and 50% (P< 0.0006) heavier fruit yields than "Keystone Resistant Giant" in Blackville, SC and Citra, FL, respectively.<br /> <br /> VA - Five isolates of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and four combinations of these isolates were compared with standard soil fumigants and aldicarb for control of tobacco cyst nematodes (Globodera tabacum solanacearum) in 2004. No PGPR isolates or combinations of isolates were associated with improved control of tobacco cyst nematodes at mid-season. Induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by use of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) in the field also did not reduce mid-season population densities of G. t. solanacearum. Parasitism by G. t. solanacearum was significantly lower on flue-cured tobacco lines containing the Ph gene, and on several breeding lines with partial resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria, compared to susceptible flue-cured tobacco cultivars.<br /> <br />

Publications

AL Publications:<br /> Palmateer A.J., K. S. Lawrence, E. van Santen, and G. Morgan-Jones. 2004. Interaction of Rotylenchulus reniformis with seedling disease pathogens of cotton. Journal of Nematology 36: 160-166.<br /> <br /> Diez, Asdrubal, G. W. Lawrence and K. S. Lawrence. 2003. Nematode post-infection development on cotton following separate and concomitant parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology 35: 422-429. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, Kathy S., Yucheng Feng, Gary W. Lawrence, Charlie H. Burmester, and Shannon H. Norwood. 2004. Microbial Degradation of Aldicarb in Reniform Nematode Infested Cotton Field Soils. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 395-396 (2004) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br /> Jones, Jarrod R. and Kathy S. Lawrence. 2004. Greenhouse and Field Evaluations of Selected Winter Cover Crops for Reniform Nematode Suppression in Cotton. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 397  399 (2004) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br /> Usery, Stan Jr., Kathy S. Lawrence, Charles Burmester, Kathy Glass, Gary W. Lawrence,<br /> Randy Akridge, and Brad Meyer. 2004. Response of Selected Cotton Varieties to the Reniform Nematode in Alabama. (online) Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 403-409 (2004) National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., A. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. Lawrence. 2004. Evaluation of Adage 5FS for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in the Mississippi delta, 2001. F&N Tests 59:N007. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., A. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. Lawrence. 2004. Evaluation of Telone II and Vapam for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in the Mississippi delta, 2001. F&N Tests 59:N008. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., A. Kelley, H. K. Lee, K. S. Lawrence. 2004. Evaluation of Temik 15G applied in-furrow and as a side dress for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in the Mississippi delta, 2001. F&N Tests 59:N009. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., J. R. Jones, S. R. Usery, G. W. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester. 2004. Evaluation of biologicals for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N010. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., J. R. Jones, S. R. Usery, G. W. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester. 2004. Evaluation of the soil fumigants Vapam and Telone II for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N011. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., J. R. Jones, S. R. Usery, G. W. Lawrence, R. Akridge. 2004. Evaluation of the soil fumigants Vapam and Telone II for reniform nematode management in cotton, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N013. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., J. R. Jones, S. R. Usery, C. H. Burmester. 2004. Evaluation of Vydate C-LV for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N012 <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., J. R. Jones, S. R. Usery, D. Moore. 2004. Evaluation of Temik 15 G side dress application for reniform nematode management in cotton in central Alabama, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N014.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., J. R. Jones, S. R. Usery, D. Moore. 2004. Evaluation of selected seed treatment fungicides for management of cotton seedling disease in central Alabama, 2003. F&N Tests 59:ST023. <br /> <br /> Usery, S. U. Jr., K. S. Lawrence, J. R. Jones, R. Akridge, K. Glass, G. W. Lawrence. 2004 Cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in Huxford, Alabama, 2003. B&C Tests 19:FC018. <br /> <br /> Usery, S. U. Jr., K. S. Lawrence, J. R. Jones, C. H. Burmester, B.A. Meyer. 2004. <br /> Transgenic cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in Lawrence Co. AL, 2003. B&C Tests 19:FC019. <br /> <br /> Usery, S. U. Jr., K. S. Lawrence, J. R. Jones, C. H. Burmester, G. W. Lawrence. 2004.<br /> Transgenic cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in North Alabama, 2003 B&C Tests 19:FC020.<br /> <br /> Usery, S. U. Jr., K. S. Lawrence, J. R. Jones, C. H. Burmester, B. A. Meyer. 2004. Transgenic cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in a corn cotton rotation in North Alabama, 2003. B&C Tests 19:FC017. <br /> <br /> FL Publications:<br /> Thomas, J. E., L.-T. Ou, L. H. Allen, Jr., L. A. McCormack, J. C. Vu, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Persistence, distribution and emission of Telone C35 injected into a Florida sandy soil as affected by moisture, organic matter, and plastic film cover. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part BPesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes B39:505-516.<br /> <br /> Thomas, J. E., L. H. Allen, Jr., L. A. McCormack, J. C. Vu, D. W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Atmospheric volatilization and distribution of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene in field beds with and without plastic covers. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part BPesticides, Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes B39:709-723.<br /> <br /> Brito, J. A., T. Powers, P. G. Mullin, R. N. Inserra, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Morphological and molecular characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis isolates from Florida. Journal of Nematology 36:232-240.<br /> <br /> Cetintas, R., and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Persistence and suppressiveness of Pasteuria penetrans to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. Journal of Nematology (in press).<br /> <br /> Schmitt, L. M., J. F. Preston, G. Nong, D. W. Dickson, and H. C. Aldrich. 2004. Detection of Pasteuria penetrans infection in Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 in planta by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 48:457-464.<br /> <br /> Kokalis-Burelle, N., and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Evaluation of Plantpro 45 and Plantpro 20EC as alternatives to methyl bromide soil fumigation for tomato production in Florida. Nematropica 33:171-178.<br /> <br /> Walia, R. K., T. E. Hewlett, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Microwave treatment of Pasteuria penetrans parasite preparation for selective elimination of undesired microorganisms. Nematologia Mediterranea 32:15-17.<br /> <br /> LA Publications:<br /> McGawley, E.C., M.J. Pontif and J.B. Sumner. 2004. Efficacy of Agri-Terra against phytoparasitic nematode species indigenous to Louisiana. Pp. 138-141 In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Alternatives to Methyl Bromide, 27-30 September, 2004,Lisbon, Portugal. <br /> <br /> Carter-Wientjes, C.H., J.S. Russin, D.J. Boethel, J.L. Griffin, and E.C. McGawley. 2004. Feeding and maturation by soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on soybean affected by weed, fungus, and nematode pests. Journal of Economic Entomology 97:14-20.<br /> <br /> Li, Y. and E. C. McGawley. 2004. Variation in populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis in the southern U.S.A. Abstracts of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. p. 63 (O-23).<br /> <br /> McGawley, E. C. and M. J. Potif. 2004. Chemical management of nematodes in Louisiana: 2000-2003 field and microplot trials with cotton, soybean, sugarcane, rice and assorted vegetables. Abstracts of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. p. 65-66 (O-27).<br /> <br /> Pontif, M. J. and E. C. McGawley. 2004. Impact of three weed species on reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton and soybean. Abstracts of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. p. 68-69 (O-32).<br /> <br /> Sumner, J. B. and E. C. McGawley. 2004. Influence of egg biology on reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis isolates from the southern U. S. A. Abstracts of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. p. 76 (O-46).<br /> <br /> Overstreet, C., M. Wolcott, E. C. McGawley, B. Padgett, G. Burris, and D. Sullivan. 2004. Limitations of soil bulk electrical conductivity and nematode management zones. Abstracts of the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. p. 66-67 (O-29).<br /> <br /> McGawley, E. C., M. J. Pontif, J. W. Hoy. 2004. Chemical management of nematodes in Louisiana: 20000-2002 filed and microplot trials with cotton, soybean, sugarcane, rice and assorted vegetables. p. 55. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Plant Protection Congress, 11-16 May, 2004, Beijing, China.<br /> <br /> MN Publications:<br /> Chen, S., and X. Liu. 2004. Control of the soybean cyst nematode by the fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis and Hirsutella minnesotensis in greenhouse studies. Biological Control (in press).<br /> <br /> Li, Y., S. Chen, and N. D. Young. 2004. Effect of the rhg1 gene on penetration, development and reproduction of Heterodera glycines race 3. Nematology 6: (in press).<br /> <br /> Chen, S. Y., and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Biological control of nematodes by fungal antagonists. Pp. 979-1039. in Z. X. Chen, S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. Nematology, advances and perspectives. Vol. II: Nematode management and utilization. Cambridge, MA: Tsinghua <br /> University Press and CABI Publishing.<br /> <br /> Niblack, T. L., and S. Y. Chen. 2004. Cropping systems. Pp. 181-206. in D. P. Schmitt, J. A. Wrather, and R. D. Riggs, eds. Biology and management of the soybean cyst nematode. Marceline, MO: Schmitt & Associates of Marceline.<br /> <br /> Chen, S. Y. 2004. Management with biological methods. Pp. 207-242. in D. P. Schmitt, J. A. Wrather, and R. D. Riggs, eds. Biology and management of the soybean cyst nematode. Marceline, MO: Schmitt & Associates of Marceline.<br /> <br /> Chen, Z. X., S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson (eds.). 2004a. Nematology: Advances and perspectives. Volume 2. Nematode management and utilization. Cambridge, MA: Tsinghua University Press and CABI Publishing. 656 pages.<br /> <br /> Chen, Z. X., S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson (eds.). 2004b. Nematology: Advances and perspectives. Volume I. Nematode morphology, physiology, and ecology. Cambridge, MA: Tsinghua University Press and CABI Publishing. 608 pages.<br /> <br /> Chen, S. Y., and F. J. Chen. 2003. Fungal parasitism of Heterodera glycines eggs as influenced by egg age and pre-colonization of cysts by other fungi. Journal of Nematology 35:271-277.<br /> <br /> MS Publications:<br /> Ellis, G. R., G. W. Lawrence, S. Samson, W. A. Givens, and K. S. Lawrence. 2004. Variable rate nematicide application on cotton for reniform nematode management. Journal of Nematology (In Press).<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., F. Yucheng, G. W. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and S. H. Norwood. 2004. Accelerated biodegradation of aldicarb and its metabolites in cotton field soils. Journal of Nematology (In Press).<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. Lawrence. 2004. Effect of Visible, a soil additive, on the growth of cotton in a reniform nematode infested field. Journal of Nematology (In Press).<br /> <br /> Usery, Jr., S. R., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, K. Glass, R. Akridge, B. A. Meyer, and G. W. Lawrence. 2004. Cotton variety response to Rotylenchulus reniformis in Alabama. Journal of Nematology (In Press).<br /> <br /> NC Publications:<br /> Gao, B., Allen, R., Davis, E.L., Baum, T. J., and Hussey, R. S. 2004. Developmental expression and biochemical properties of a ß-1,4-endoglucanase family in the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Molecular Plant Pathology 5:93-104.<br /> <br /> Guimaraes, P.M., Leal-Bertioli, S.C.M., Curtis, R.H., Davis, E.L., and Bertioli, D.J. 2003. Isolation of two cDNAs encoding a tropomyosin and an intermediate filament protein from the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Nematropica 33:87-95.<br /> <br /> Huang, G., Dong, R., Maier, T., Allen, R., Davis, E.L., Baum, T.J., and Hussey, R.S. 2004. Use of solid-phase subtractive hybridization for the identification of parasitism gene candidates from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant Pathology 5:217-222.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R., T. L. Kirkpatrick, J. L. Starr, J. A. Wrather, N. A. Walker, and J. D. Mueller. 2004. Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking cotton in the US: old and emerging production challenges. Plant Disease 88:100-113.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2004. Resistance of soybean cultivars to field populations of Heterodera glycines in North Carolina. Plant Disease 88:942-950.<br /> <br /> Mitchum, M. G., Sukno, S., Wang, X., Shani, Z., Tsabary, G., Shoseyov, O., and Davis, E.L. 2004. The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cel1 endo-1,4-ß glucanase gene is differentially expressed in plant feeding cells induced by root-knot and cyst nematodes. Molecular Plant Pathology 5:175-181.<br /> <br /> Barker, K. R., S. R. Koenning, and D. P. Schmitt 2004. Population density based management. Pp. 89-110. In D.P. Schmitt, J.A. Wrather, and R.D. Riggs eds. Soybean Cyst Nematode, Biology and Management. Schmitt and Associates of Marceline: Marceline, MO.<br /> <br /> Baum, T.J., R.S. Hussey, and E.L. Davis. 2004. Parasitism gene discovery in sedentary phytonematodes. In Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 2004, Vol. 2, pp 581-588. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden.<br /> <br /> Davis, E.L., R.S. Hussey, and T.J. Baum. 2004. Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes. Trends in Parasitology 20 (3):134-141.<br /> <br /> Davis, E.L. 2004. Diseases/Nematodes: Parasitism Genes. Pp. 793-796 In: Goodman, R.M., ed. Encyclopedia of Plant & Crop Science, Marcel Dekker, NY.<br /> <br /> Hussey R.S. and Davis E.L. 2004. Nematode esophageal glands and plant parasitism. In Nematology, Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 1 - Nematode Morphology, Physiology, and Ecology. CAB International, UK.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2004. Population biology. Pp. 73-88. In D.P. Schmitt, J.A. Wrather, and R.D. Riggs eds. Biology and Management of Soybean Cyst Nematode, Second Edition. Schmitt and Associates of Marceline: Marceline, MO.<br /> <br /> Smant, G., E.L. Davis, R.S. Hussey, T.J. Baum, M.N. Rosso, J. Bakker, and J. Helder. 2004. On the evolution of parasitism genes. In Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, 2004, Vol. 2, pp 573-579. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden<br /> <br /> SC Publications:<br /> Shipe, E.R., J.D. Mueller, and S.A. Lewis. 2004. Roundup Ready Soybean Varieties for South Carolina. Proceedings of the 2004 AG EXPO, Feb. 10. Columbia, SC.<br /> <br /> Shipe, E.R., J.D. Mueller, S.A. Lewis, P.F. Williams, Jr., and R.K. Stephens. 2003. Registration of 'Santee' soybean. Crop Science 43:2305-2306.<br /> <br /> Lewis, S. A., D. J. Chitwood, and E. C. McGawley. 2004. Nematode, Biology, Morphology, and Physiology in Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.<br /> <br /> Perez, E. E., J. D. Mueller, and S. A. Lewis. 2003 (Published mid-2004). Seasonal population densities of Hoplolaimus columbus and their impact on soybean yield. Nematropica 33:197-207.<br /> <br /> TN Publications:<br /> Eisenback, J. D., E. C. Bernard, J. L. Starr, T. A. Lee, Jr., and E. K, Tomaszewski. 2003 (published 2004). Meloidogyne haplanaria n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing peanut in Texas. Journal of Nematology 35:395-403.<br /> <br /> USDA, GA Publications:<br /> Timper, P., C.C. Holbrook, & W.F. Anderson. 2003. Reproduction of Meloidogyne spp. on resistant peanut genotypes from three breeding programs. Journal of Nematology 35:417-421.<br /> <br /> Holbrook, C.C., P. Timper, & A.K. Culbreath. 2003. Resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus and root-knot nematode in peanut interspecific breeding lines. Crop Science 43:1109-1113.<br /> <br /> Davis, R. F., and O. L. May. 2003. Relationships between tolerance and resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in cotton. Journal of Nematology 35:411-416.<br /> <br /> May, O. L., R. F. Davis, and S. H. Baker. 2004. Registration of GA96-211 upland cotton germplasm line. Crop Science 44:700-701.<br /> <br /> Thies, J. A., R. F. Davis, J. D. Mueller, R. L. Fery, D. B. Langston, and G. Miller. 2004. Double-cropping cucumbers and squash after resistant bell pepper for root-knot nematode management. Plant Disease 88:589-593.<br /> <br /> USDA, SC Publications:<br /> Levi A., C.E. Thomas, J.A. Thies, A.M. Simmons, and A.P. Keinath. 2004. Notice of release of USVL-200, A Novel Watermelon Breeding Line. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Cultivar Release. <br /> <br /> Levi, A., C.E. Thomas, J.A. Thies, A.M. Simmons, Y. Xu, X. Zhang, O.U.K. Reddy, A.R. Davis, and T. Wehner. 2004. Developing a genetic linkage map for watermelon: polymorphism, segregation and distribution of markers. Progress in Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding Research. A. Lebeda and H.S. Paris (Eds.). p. 515-523. <br /> <br /> Thies, J.A., R.F. Davis, J.D. Mueller, R.L. Fery, D.B. Langston, and G. Miller. 2004. Double-cropping cucumbers and squash after resistant bell pepper for root-knot nematode management. Plant Disease 88(6):589-593.<br /> <br /> Thies, J.A., R.L. Fery, J.D. Mueller, G. Miller, and J. Varne. 2003. Response of bell pepper cultivars near-isogenic for the N gene to Meloidogyne incognita in field trials. HortScience 38(7):1394-1396.<br /> <br /> Thies, J.A., and A. Levi. 2003. Resistance of watermelon germplasm to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1). HortScience. 38(7):1417-1421.<br /> <br /> VA Publications:<br /> Johnson, C. S., Way, J. A., and Barker, K. R. 2004. Nematode parasites of tobacco. In: Luc, M., R. A. Sikora, and J. Bridge (eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxford, UK (In press).<br /> <br /> Syracuse, A. J., Johnson, C. S., Eisenback, J. D., Nessler, C. L., and Smith, E. P. 2004. Intraspecific variability within Globodera tabacum solanacearum using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Journal of Nematology 36: (In press).<br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S. 2004. Host resistance for control of tobacco cyst nematodes in flue-cured tobacco in Virginia, 2003. B&C Tests 19:FC006.<br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S. 2004. Relative efficacy of various nematicides against tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N001.<br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S. 2004. Host resistance and use of Telone products to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N002.<br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S., and Clarke, C. T. 2004. Host resistance and nematicides to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N003.<br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S., and Clarke, C. T. 2004. Host resistance and two rates of Telone C-17 to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N004.<br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S., and Clarke, C. T. 2004. Host resistance and Telone C-17 for control of tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2003. F&N Tests 59:N005.<br />

Impact Statements

1. Newly developed plant cultivars with resistance to plant-parasitic nematodes provide environmentally sound management tools, controlling nematodes without chemicals.
2. Rotating crop cultivars having different mechanisms of nematode resistance extends the durability of the resistance, saving money and time.
3. Assessment of the host status of cover crops to the reniform nematode aids in environmentally sound management in cotton cropping systems
4. Two new root-knot nematode species may improve crop production.
5. A new technique under development is the estimation of numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes using hyperspectral imagery data.
6. Assessment of resistance/tolerance of genetically engineered crop varieties is important since many have little or no resistance.
7. Advanced breeding lines of peanut have been created with high levels of resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode and tomato spotted wilt virus, which should result in resistant cultivars being released.
8. Monarda powder provides an environmentally benign approach to management of multiple pathogens in enclosed or greenhouse production systems. Monarda didyma is a suitable trap/antagonistic plant against root-knot nematodes.
9. Excellent progress is being made in the development of new cultivars of important crops having resistance/tolerance to major plant-parasitic nematodes. Development of new resistant varieties is enhanced in certain crops by marker-assisted selection technique.
10. Resistant bell pepper cultivars should provide a viable alternative to methyl bromide for managing southern root-knot nematode in bell pepper in sub-tropical environments.
11. Reduced nematicide use through the use of resistant cultivars saves time and money for growers, reduces risk of pesticide exposure, provides a safer food supply and is safer for the environment.
12. Significant economic loss results from complexes of pest species present at levels usually considered individually to be below damage thresholds.
13. Commercialization of an effective, environmentally friendly nematicide could benefit all of plant production related agriculture.

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Report Information

Participants

Lawrence, Kathy (lawrekk@auburn.edu)-Auburn University
Dickson, Don (dwd@ufl.edu)  University of Florida
Lawrence, Gary (GLawrence@entomolgy.msstate.edu) - Mississippi State University
Koenning, Stephen (stephen_koenning@ncsu.edu) North Carolina State University
Eisenback, Jonathan (jon@vt.edu) - Virginia Polytechnic University
Johnson, Charles (spcdis@vt.edu) -Virginia Polytechnic University
Agudelo, Paula (agudel@clemson.edu) - Clemson University
Robbins, Robert (rrobbin@uark.edu) - University of Arkansas
Kirkpatrick, Terrence (tkirkpatrick@uaex.edu) - University of Arkansas
Starr, James (j-starr@tamu.edu) Texas A & M University
Barker, Kenneth (kenneth_barker@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University
Eric Davis (eric_davis@ncsu.edu) - North Carolina State University
Timper, Patricia (ptimper@TIFTON.USDA.GOV)
Lacewell, Ronald (r-lacewell@tamu.edu)  Texas A & M University, Administrative Advisor

Brief Summary of Minutes

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting: Minutes Multi-State Cooperative Research Projec S-1015 November 15  16, 2004 Brown Stone Hotel, Raleigh, NC

Present:

Patricia Timper, USDA /ARS, Georgia Don Dickson, Florida Jonathan Eisenback, Virginia Charles Johnson, Virginia, Steve Koenning North Carolina, Kathy Lawrence, Alabama, Gary Lawrence Mississippi, Terry Kirkpatrick and Robert Robbins, Arkansas, Paula Agudelo South Carolina, Jim Starr Texas, Ronald Lacewell, Texas
Guests: Steven Rideout, Virginia, Ken Barker Retired, North Carolina, Weiman Ye NCDA & CS, Dr Robert Nichols, Director of Agricultural Research Projects for Cotton Incorporated

Guest Speakers: Charles Opperman, David Byrd, and Eric Davis North Carolina

Minutes:

Dr. Steve Koenning of North Carolina State University called the meeting to order at 8:30 a.m. and welcomed all attendees to the meeting. Drs. Roger Crickenberger and James Moyer, Associate CALS Dean and Head of Department of Plant Pathology at North Carolina State University, spoke about the long tradition of the committee, its importance and connection to NCSU. Dr. Robert Nichols, Director of Agricultural Research Projects for Cotton Incorporated, expressed his continuing interest in the activities of the committee and its importance to the cotton industry in the United States.


Dr. Ron Lacewell, our Administrative Advisor, made a few announcements. He mentioned that Dr. Mike Fitzner, our USDA CSREES advisor, was unable to attend our meeting. Dr Lacewell then provided words of guidance to help increase our acceptance as a multistate research group. Our project like all others is continually being reviewed. He stressed the need to include important impact statements and if possible include information on stakeholders and their input to the group in terms of support.
Invited speakers Drs. David Byrd, Charles Opperman, and Erik Davis provided reports on their nematology programs at NCSU and updated us on the latest findings from their research.
After lunch, state reports from Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Arkansas (2) were presented by Drs. Patricia Timper, Puala Agudelo, Steve Koenning, Bob Robbins and Terry Kirkpatrick respectively.
The meeting resumed at 8:30 on Wednesday morning with state reports from Mississippi, Alabama, Virginia (2), Texas by Gary Lawrence, Kathy Lawrence, Jon Eisenbach, Chuck Johnson, and Jim Starr respectively. Dr Steve Koenning then called to order a short business meeting at approximately 11:00a.m. Ron Lacewell emphasized the need to include in our accomplishments a few major what if statements. Ron suggested that when we send our reports to Steve Koenning that we include support received from stakeholders. It was suggested that all reports be received by Nov. 29, 2005. Ron Lacewell will also send the necessary code to Steve in order to submit the report via e-mail. The minutes of the meeting will be attached to the annual report.
Savanah, Georgia was identified as the 2006 meeting site and Patricia Timper was designated as the chair for this meeting. Patricia then invited everyone to attend the 2006 meeting which will be held in Raleigh, NC in the SRIPM center. The meeting date will be similar to this meeting, around November 17 and 18, 2006. Ron Lacewell suggested that we hold a workshop and a discussion ensued regarding possible speakers
At the mention of no further business, Gary Lawrence asked for everyone to join him in expressing thanks to Steve Koenning for his performance in hosting an excellent 2004 meeting.
The meeting Adjourned at 11:35 a.m. Dr Weiman Yei hosted a tour of the NCDA & CS Nematode Diagnostic Laboratory on Blue Ridge Rd in Raleigh.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: Objective 1: Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes into cotton, peanut, soybean and major fruit and vegetable crops.<br /> <br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> <br /> AL - Transgenic and conventional cotton cultivars were examined in the greenhouse and two field locations for resistance and tolerance to R. reniformis. Greenhouse evaluations of 52 cotton cultivars found all cotton cultivars tested were susceptible to R. reniformis. Reproductive factors (Rf) ranged from a high of 59.4 to a low of 4.1. The cultivars SG 105, DP 543 BGII/RR, DP 445BG/RR, and FM 989 R exhibited the lowest 5% of the Rf values. Selected cotton cultivars were evaluated for tolerance to the reniform nematode in both north and south R. reniformis infested areas of Alabama. None of the cultivars evaluated were found to be tolerant to R. reniformis and able to maintain yield potential in both north and south Alabama locations. Results from both Alabama locations indicated that cultivars such as DP 451 BR, DPL 444BG/RR, DPL 445BG/RR, DPL 555 BG/RR and FM 991 BR, which are intolerant to R. reniformis, can be of economic value in R. reniformis infested fields. <br /> <br /> <br /> The initial greenhouse evaluation of the entire TX USDA germplasm collection for resistance to the reniform nematode is complete. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates a consistent trend between the number of vermiforms and eggs recovered at 60 days after planting. We have reevaluated those genotypes with the lowest R. reniformis numbers and fewest eggs produced. These were also compared to ten genotypes with the highest numbers of R. reniformis. <br /> <br /> <br /> MS - A field on the Mississippi State University Plant Science Research farm was identify as a location for establishing a long-term reniform nematode nursery. The purpose of the nursery is to provide a location in the southeast cotton belt available for cotton breeders to submit entries for germplasm evaluation. This will provide immediate and needed information on current varieties and provide a method of screening for potential new varieties and germplasm. The focus of the first year of this study was to establish a uniformly infested reniform nursery and then to conduct an initial study to examine the effect of the reniform nematode on selected cotton strains and varieties. The experiment was designed as a split plot in which whole plots were the addition of the nematicide Vapam and subplots were cotton varieties. Twenty-two selections were received and two standard varieties STV-474 and FM-958 were planted with four replications in a randomized complete block within the nematicide treated or untreated parts of the field. The addition of Vapam significantly lower reduced renifom nematode numbers averaged across all treated plots (11,050 reniform/500cc soil) 7 days after planting compared with the non-treated control (7031 reniform/500cc soil). Population numbers ranged from 4,257 to 10,256 reniform per 500cc soil with no significant difference between locations where the cotton entries were planted in the nematicide treated plots. We had a greater variation (P=0.05) in nematode numbers in the control plots with a range of 7805 to 16319 reniform per 500cc soil. Average cotton yields recovered in the non-Vapam treated control plots ranged from 471 to 762 lbs per acre with an average yield of 620.3. In the Vapam treated plots yields ranged from 541 to 822 <br /> lbs of lint with an average yield of 678.7.Our standard susceptible varieties suffered the greatest percent yield reduction in the non-Vapam treated controls compared to yields in the Vapam treated plots. Early analysis indicate that the addition of a nematicide such as Vapam may provide a more uniform distribution if the reniform nematode. This will provide a better baseline for at plant (Pi) nematode population numbers for comparing the cotton entries for their reaction to the reniform nematode. . However, non-uniformity in the non-nematicide treated control will provide a greater challenge.<br /> <br /> <br /> GA- Dr. Davis is continuing a project that was begun with a former University of Georgia cotton breeder, Dr. Lloyd May, in which resistance to the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is incorporated into elite cotton germplasm through serial backcrossing. Final selection for the highest level of nematode resistance will occur in 2006. Field selection for agronomic characteristics should be finished in 2008 with a germplasm release planned for 2009. A cultivar also may be developed from this project.<br /> <br /> <br /> AR - Co-infection of cotton seedlings by both T. basicola and M. incognita also appears to alter the effective range at which the pathogens cause damage, although this effect has been documented primarily under constant temperature conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil temperatures representative of the first 6-weeks of the growing season in southeastern Arkansas on each pathogen alone and on the interaction between them. A second objective was to determine the effect of M. incognita population densities on the severity of the seedling damage associated with this interaction.<br /> <br /> <br /> LA - Microplot studies were conducted to determine the effects of cotton (LA 887), soybean (Pioneer 96B21), and three endemic weed species, [morning glory-MG (Ipomoea purpurea), hemp sesbania-HS (Sesbania exaltata) and Johnson grass-LG (Sorghum halepense)], on reproduction of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniforms. Treatments were arranged as a RCB design with seven replications of seven treatments: 1) cotton or soybean alone; 2) MG alone; 3) JG alone; 4) HS alone; 5) cotton or soybean co-cultured with MG; 6) cotton or soybean co-cultured with JG; and 7) cotton or soybean co-cultured with HS. Over three trials/years, the co-culture of cotton with any of the three weed species suppressed reproduction of reniform nematode significantly. Reniform reproduction data for soybean over 2 years followed a trend similar to that observed for cotton.<br /> <br /> <br /> Intrapopulation pathogenicity tests using single egg mass (SEM) isolates of Rotylenchulus reniformis from TX and LA were conducted and repeated under greenhouse conditions. There were no significant differences in pathogenicity on LA887 cotton between SEM isolates and their original, parent populations from either geographic location. Interpopulation greenhouse studies with SEM isolates from seven different geographic locations (LA 1 & 2, TX, AK, MS, HI, and GA) , however, showed significant differences in reproduction and pathogenicity on cotton and tomato.<br /> <br /> <br /> NC - Work continued on identification and characterization of cotton tolerance to the Columbia lance (Hoplolaimus columbus) and sting nematode (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) . Two experiments were conducted in 2005 with six transgenic cotton cultivars. Tolerance to H. columbus is not related to tolerance to B. longicaudatus. An experiment concerning cotton rotation with corn, root-knot resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in Lenoir Co. in 2002 and continued in 2005. This experiment is designed to have root-knot resistant and susceptible cultivars and run through 2009. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in both 2004 and 2005. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded 20% more than FM989BR when cotton was grown continuously, but final root-knot population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance.<br /> <br /> <br /> Soybean:<br /> <br /> <br /> AR - Soybean cultivars (312 total) entered in the University of Arkansas Official Variety Test (OVT) for 2005 were evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita,and Heterodera glycines (races 2, 5, and 6). In addition, 214 of these cultivars plus several breeding lines were evaluated for host suitability to Rotylenchulus reniformis. The soybean cultivars and lines represented a range of maturity from early maturity group (MG) IV to late MG V. All results may be found at the following address: http:www.arkansasvarietytesting.org/soybeans/disease ratings 2005.<br /> <br /> <br /> SC - The objectives of the South Carolina Soybean Board funded projects are to (1) develop productive soybean cultivars for South Carolina, resistant to multiple species of nematodes (soybean cyst nematode, root-knot nematode, Columbia lance nematode, and reniform nematode), and (2) to evaluate commercially available glyphosate-tolerant soybean cultivars and elite glyphosate-tolerant S.C. soybean lines for resistance to multiple species of nematodes and naturally occurring diseases. <br /> <br /> <br /> Field evaluation of 29 genotypes for Meloidogyne incognita (galling and plant vigor) and incidence of frogeye leaf spot. Several South Carolina breeding lines did not differ from the resistant check cultivars for seed yield and galling score.<br /> <br /> <br /> In collaboration with Robert Robbins, University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR), ten South Carolina experimental lines were found to have the same or a better level of resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis as Forrest, the resistant standard. Motte and Santee, cultivars released by Clemson University, were also included in the test as previously determined resistant cultivars. <br /> <br /> <br /> At Pee Dee Research & Education Center (Florence, SC), multiple soybean lines have been evaluated in the field for resistance to M. arenaria. Nine South Carolina lines have been identified that have greater or equal seed yield than the resistant cultivar Perrin.<br /> <br /> <br /> More than 900 soybean lines/year were evaluated in the greenhouse at Clemson University for resistance to Heterodera glycines.<br /> <br /> <br /> NC - -Functional analyses to study the effects of secreted nematode parasitism gene products on host plant cells have included experiments designed to express each gene in plant tissues and to knockout these genes in the nematode to assess effects on infection. We have demonstrated that one of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) parasitism genes (designated SYV46) has a function similar to a plant gene called CLAVATA3 that controls the differentiation of plant cells. This evidence suggests that secretion of this SCN gene product into host roots could function in forming the essential feeding sites for the nematode, as could many of the other SCN parasitism genes that we have isolated. Likewise, knockout of any of these genes could disrupt parasitism if the target gene was essential to maintain the parasitic interaction. Thus year, we completed the development of gene constructs to express double-stranded RNA to target nematode genes in plants to attempt to induce RNA interference (RNAi) of the target nematode gene in plants. Primary transformed plants with the RNAi constructs to the target nematode genes will be tested for their effects on nematode parasitism in the coming year. These studies have potential to lead to the development of novel resistance genes to develop transgenic resistance to nematodes. A collaboration with a university consortium to transform these nematode-RNAi constructs into whole soybean plants has been established for these efforts against SCN (E.L. Davis).<br /> <br /> <br /> Materials obtained from a cooperative agreement with Dr. Pantalones program (UT) were screened for SCN resistance to races 1, 14, 5, and 4(2) by Dr. Koenning in previous years. Five conventional lines and one Roundup Ready line that were resistant or moderately resistant to races 2 and 4 had average yield in 2004 and were grown in yield tests in 2005. Most of the SCN resistant lines had below average yields in 2004 and were used as parents for the new crosses in 2005. Seven resistant to moderately resistant lines were grown in first year yield trials in 2005. <br /> <br /> <br /> Seven hundred conventional lines and 576 Roundup Ready lines from populations segregating for nematode resistance were planted in hills at three sites with high nematode populations of known races. Every ten hills a susceptible and a resistant parent were included. Four to five weeks after planting the plants were uprooted and roots were examined for the presence of cysts. Lines were scored resistant or susceptible by Dr. Koenning. Eighty three conventional lines and 42 Roundup Ready lines have been selected to be resistant to SCN races 2 and 5. Those lines will be re-screened in the winter in the greenhouse and grown in yield trials in 2006.<br /> <br /> <br /> Several F4 populations were grown in Clayton in 2005. Eight conventional populations and 5 Roundup Ready populations were segregating for SCN resistance. Individual plants will be harvested from these populations and plant-rows will be grown in Plymouth and screened for SCN resistance in 2006. New crosses were made in 2005.<br /> <br /> <br /> Two thousand four hundred conventional plant-rows were grown in Plymouth in 2005. Seven hundred conventional plant-rows were derived from populations segregating for nematode resistance. Eighty three plant-rows have been selected to be resistant to SCN races 2 and 5. Those lines will be re-screened in the greenhouse in the winter and grown in yield trials in 2006. Two hundred seventy four conventional plant-rows from maturity groups IV and V have been selected based on their agronomic appearance and will be grown in yield trials in 2006. Selections remain to be made for maturity groups VI and VII.<br /> <br /> <br /> Five thousand four hundred Roundup Ready plant-rows were grown in Plymouth in 2005. Five hundred seventy six Roundup Ready plant-rows were derived from populations segregating for nematode resistance. Forty two Roundup Ready plant-rows resistant to SCN races 2 and 5 were selected to be re-screened in the greenhouse in the winter and grown in yield trials in 2006. <br /> <br /> <br /> TN - Research in 2005 concentrated on the validity and flexibility of current soybean germplasm screening methodology. Several researchers at Midwestern Universities have screened public and private soybean germplasm against soybean cyst nematode (SCN) and found that under their conditions, the soybean-SCN reaction did not match published reactions. In some cases further investigation revealed that the soybean-SCN reaction reported did match the SCN population used by the original reporting entity. A regional study on the validation of SCN greenhouse screening methodology was completed in 2005. The eight private and public labs conducted a replicated blind screening of 100 soybean lines using one SCN population (Race 3) and each labs testing protocol and documented environmental conditions. At the end of the study the participating labs were provided with the published resistance reactions of the soybean lines and their particular correlation between the lab results and published reactions. Summary of the entire study is ongoing and will provide important information of the effects of variable temperature during the test, soil container size and composition, soil mix, inoculum level, and different geographic SCN populations with the same phenotype. Further research was conducted in Jackson on the effects of inoculum concentration on resistance reactions. The USDA Southern Uniform and Preliminary Soybean SCN Screening Test is conducted at Jackson.<br /> <br /> <br /> Seeds of Edamame-type soybean cultivars Beer Friend, Sapporo, and White Lion were germinated in vermiculite, then after two weeks transplanted into pots of soil containing juveniles and eggs of soybean cyst nematode (Hg, Heterodera glycines), root-knot nematode (Mi, Meloidogyne incognita), or reniform nematode (Rr Rotylenchulus reniformis), at rates of about 100 juveniles and eggs per 100 cubic centimeters of soil. A check cultivar, Essex, was similarly treated. After two weeks, root systems were harvested and stained to detect invasion and development. All cultivars were excellent hosts for Hg, with rapid development of males and juvenile females. Invasion and establishment of Mi was varaiable. Spindle-shaped galls were most pronounced on Beer Friend and frequently had adventitious branching. Galling was less noticeable on Sapporo and White Lion. Reniform nematode was not found in the roots of any of the cultivars, even the check, suggesting that the inoculum was of poor quality.<br /> <br /> <br /> MS - A soybean cyst population was collected from an infested soybean field located in Tippa county Mississippi. A host race study was established using the appropriate soybean PIs and varieties in the greenhouse and allowed to develop for 50 days. The specific race that was collected was identified as host race 15. <br /> <br /> <br /> Ten to fifteen varieties are included in separate trials to keep each test manageable. The test consists of 6 replications of each variety placed in a randomized complete block design. Therefore each test consisted of 66 to 96 experimental units. Each variety was inoculated with 2,500 eggs of the SCN. The tests ran for 50 days before harvest. At harvest the white females and mature cysts are extracted from each pot by hand and then enumerated using a stereomicroscope. The variety Hutcheson was included in the test to compare the relative susceptibility of each entry to a widely known soybean variety. The initial plants examined for each test are Hutcheson. If SCN development and reproduction is low on this variety the test is discarded and then re-established in the greenhouse.<br /> <br /> <br /> Six screening tests were established in 2004. Three of the tests were discarded due to poor reproduction. Results are presented on three successful tests. In test 1, SCN reproduction on the selected varieties ranged from 365 to 839 individuals per 500cc soil. Six of the varieties produced fewer cysts compared with Hutcheson. DK 3961 RR produced the fewest cysts, 364 cysts/500ccsoil. When compared as a percent of Hutcheson reproduction was 43.6 percent. All varieties were less susceptible than Hutcheson with a range of 44 to 94 percent reproduction. All varieties were susceptible to this population of the SCN.<br /> <br /> <br /> In test 2, SCN reproduction on the selected varieties ranged from 86 to 329 cysts per 500cc soil. None of the varieties produced fewer (P=0.05) cysts compared with Hutcheson. DPX 3940 produced the fewest cysts, 86 cysts/500cc soil. When compared as a percent of Hutcheson reproduction was 44 percent. Five varieties were less susceptible than Hutcheson with a range of 44 to 96 percent reproduction. SCN reproduction from five varieties was greater than Hutcheson with a range of 118 to 170 percent. All varieties were susceptible to this population of the SCN.<br /> <br /> <br /> In test 3, SCN reproduction on the selected varieties ranged from 71 to 1215 cysts per 500cc soil. One of the varieties produced fewer (P=0.05) cysts compared with Hutcheson. RT5302n produced the fewest cysts, 71-cysts/500cc soil. When compared as a percent of Hutcheson reproduction was 8.3 percent. Eleven varieties were less susceptible than Hutcheson with a range of 8.3 to 66.7 percent reproduction. SCN reproduction from four varieties was greater than Hutcheson with a range of 108.3 to 175.8 percent. Based on less than 10 percent reproduction on Hutchenson only RT5302n was resistant to this race 15 population of the SCN. Of the thirty-five varieties that were successfully screened in 2004, only one was considered to be resistant to the race15 of the soybean cysts nematode used in this study. <br /> <br /> <br /> Peanut<br /> <br /> <br /> GA - Dr. Timper in collaboration with Dr. Corley Holbrook (USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA) has identified peanut germplasm with a high level of resistance to both the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) and the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. Agronomic testing of this resistant material will be continued in 2006 and should result in a cultivar release in 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> FL - Fifty peanut genotypes were tested in a peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) infested site for resistance to this nematode. Several of the genotypes showed a high degree resistance and should lead to cultivars that are acceptable for production in Florida and the southeastern United States.<br /> <br /> <br /> Vegetables<br /> <br /> <br /> FL - The root-knot nematode resistant MI gene in two tomato cultivars was evaluated for its ability to stand up to Florida spring and autumn soil temperatures in a production system of raised beds, full mulch covering, and drip irrigation. The degree of root-knot nematode galling of the two tomato cultivars with the MI gene was significantly less than on cultivars without the MI gene. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Development of marker-assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes.<br /> <br /> <br /> Peanut<br /> <br /> <br /> GA - In cooperation with Dr. Corley Holbrook (USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA) and Dr. Peggy Ozias-Akins (Univ. of Georgia, Tifton, GA), a new PCR-based marker 197/909 was developed to identify resistance to M. arenaria in peanut. When used with high throughput DNA extraction, this marker will be cost effective for screening for nematode resistance in peanut breeding programs. <br /> <br /> <br /> Cotton<br /> <br /> <br /> GA - Dr. Davis is collaborating with Dr. Peng Chee, University of Georgia molecular plant breeder, to develop molecular markers for the genes conferring resistance to M. incognita in cotton. RFLP markers have been used to identify two chromosomal regions that are highly correlated to resistance. This information will be used to develop PCR-based markers that can be used by cotton breeders.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems.<br /> <br /> <br /> Cotton<br /> <br /> <br /> AL - The effect of tillage and two experimental nematicides on Meloidogyne incognita populations and cotton plant growth, development and yield were observed in a cotton trial conducted at the Auburn University, E. V. Smith Research Station, in 2003 and 2004. The plot area had been a tillage cover crop test for the previous 10 years. The two tillage regimes were conventionally tilled or conservation tilled. Nematicide treatments consisted of an at plant application of aldicarb, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and a non-treated control. The numbers of thirps and the resulting insect damage index were reduced (P < 0.05) by all the nematicide treatments in both tillage regimes as compared to the control. Plants were taller (P < 0.05) in the no tillage plots as compared to the conventional tillage plots at 21 and 35 DAP. The numbers of M. incognita were reduced by all nematidices at 60 and 90 DAP in the conventional tillage plots. No reductions in numbers of nematodes were observed in the conservations tillage treatment. Gall ratings averaged 3.5 in conventional tillage plots as compared to 4.1 in conservation tillage plots; however, aldicarb reduced (P < 0.05) gall ratings when compared to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. Seed cotton yield was increased (P < 0.05) by aldicarb under conventional tillage as compared to the experimentals and the control; however, under the conservation tillage system imidacloprid increased (P < 0.05) yields over all other treatments.<br /> <br /> <br /> Aldicarb degradation has been further explored in Alabama. Observations indicate that when aldicarb degrades rapidly reniform nematode and early season insect populations increase. To test this hypothesis we assessed these populations in eight cotton fields in northern Alabama and concurrently evaluated the degradation of aldicarb in those fields. Treatments consisted of aldicarb (Temik 15G) applied as a granular in-furrow at planting, avermectin (Avicta) seed treatment, and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) seed treatment. Plots were 8 rows by 100 m long arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the degradation of aldicarb and its metabolites. Reniform population levels were determined monthly fore each plot at each location. Plots were also evaluated for thrips, aphids, and mites at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after planting. HPLC indicated aldicarb degraded within 10 days in four of the eight soils. In three of these four soils, reniform populations were not reduced (P< 0.05) by aldicarb as compared to the thiamethoxam treatment. Similar results were found for thrips. In 3 of the 4 fields, no difference between the thiamethoxam and aldicarb treatments were observed as measured by total thrip adults and larve numbers. <br /> <br /> <br /> GA - Dr. Davis is conducting a study to determine the cumulative effect of moderate resistance to M. incognita in cotton on nematode population density and yield loss when a moderately resistant genotype is employed continuously for several years. Root galling and nematode population densities in the soil were significantly lower, and percentage yield suppression was numerically lower, after moderately resistant cotton compared to the susceptible standard in all years. The benefits appear to be cumulative, but most of the effect occurs after the first year. This study will be completed in 2006.<br /> <br /> <br /> NC - An experiment concerning cotton rotation with corn, root-knot resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in Lenoir Co. in 2002 and continued in 2005. The field is infested with the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This experiment is designed to have root-knot resistant and susceptible cultivars and run through 2009. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in both 2003 and 2004. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded 20% more than FM989BR when cotton was grown continuously in this rotation, but final root-knot population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance. <br /> <br /> <br /> A project evaluating the value of rotation for management of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis was initiated in 2005. Corn, peanut, cotton, reniform resistant, and susceptible soybean cultivars are included in the rotation which is intended to be continued through 2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Soybean<br /> <br /> <br /> MN - A field experiment was carried out to evaluate alfalfa, red clover, and perennial ryegrass as cover crops interseeded in SCN-resistant and susceptible soybean, and rye planted after harvesting corn for their effects on SCN and soybean and corn yields in three sites in Minnesota in 2002-2005. Red clover and alfalfa reduced SCN population density, probably due to reduced soybean growth, but the effect was small and inconsistent. Perennial ryegrass did not affect SCN egg population density in most cases. No effect of rye was observed on SCN population as compared with fallow. The cover crops reduced soybean yield in some cases but not all. No difference in corn yield was observed at one site, but the cover crops reduced corn yield in some cases at the other two sites. The results suggest that a later planting date may be more appropriate for beneficial use of these cover crops in the soybean/corn rotation system in Minnesota.<br /> <br /> <br /> A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of Hirsutella minnesotensis (an endoparasitic fungus) and N-Viro Soil (NVS, a recycled municipal biosolid) on five Meloidogyne hapla populations. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with either 0 or 600 eggs of each nematode population separately mixed with either 0 or 0.1 g fresh H. minnesotensis mycelium and 0 or 1 g of NVS/100 cm3 soil in pots containing 500 cm3 soil and maintained at 25C for 1 month. Hirsutella minnesotensis at 0.1 g reduced nematode number by 31-83% for individual nematode populations in one test, but only slightly reduced densities of two populations in another test. NVS reduced nematode number by 33-92% for individual populations in two repeated tests. The combination of the two agents resulted in greater nematode reduction compared with Hm alone, but not compared with NVS alone. <br /> <br /> <br /> Sixty soybean cultivars were evaluated for their resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) in five SCN-infested fields across southern and central Minnesota. Nematode population densities and soybean yields varied among the cultivars. <br /> <br /> <br /> Field plots were established in 2003 to evaluate the effect of rotation of SCN-resistance sources on SCN population development. The experiment was a split-plot design with tillage (no-till and conventional tillage) as main plot and cultivar sequence (12 combinations of cultivars with different sources of resistance) as sub-plot. The cultivars used were 92B13 (S1, susceptible), 92B38 (S2, susceptible), EX547RRN (R1, with PI88788 resistance source), 91M90 (R2, with Peking resistance source), and AR5084 (R3, with CystX (PI437654) resistance source). The cultivars 91M90 with Peking resistance source and AR5084 with PI437654 resistance source were better than the cultivar EX547RRN with PI88788 resistance source in lowering nematode population density. However, the cultivar with PI 88788 produced higher yield than the cultivar with Peking and the cultivar with PI437654 resistance sources. Sequence of soybean cultivars affected yield of SCN-susceptible cultivar, but not SCN-resistant cultivars. Conventional tillage produced higher yield than no-till in 2005. <br /> <br /> <br /> SC - Increasing effectiveness of soybean host resistance using improved nematode identification systems- USDA CSREES funded project. The objective of this project is to use a combination of global positioning systems and real-time PCR technologies to map root-knot nematode communities in soybean fields and examine relationships among species of root-knot nematode, yields, and soil type in order to design site-specific nematode control strategies, such as precision-planting resistant varieties.<br /> <br /> <br /> A real-time PCR assay to identify M. arenaria was developed (based on a species-specific sequence characterized amplified region, SCAR, marker). The assay was validated and compared with other identification methods. Primer specificity was confirmed by increase of the characteristic fluorescence signal for all the populations of M. arenaria tested, but not for other root-knot nematode species. This assay has the potential to be optimized and adapted for simultaneous detection and quantification of individuals in soil samples, and allows the use of portable real-time PCR devices for on-site field diagnosis.<br /> <br /> <br /> Phylogenetic relationships among Meloidogyne species based on ribosomal DNA sequences. The objectives of this project are to construct a more inclusive phylogeny of the genus Meloidogyne, and to examine the correspondence between morphology-based taxa and evolutionarily inferred entities.We have increased the number of root-knot nematode species included in the International Meloidogyne Project collection (donated by North Carolina State University to Clemson University) from 15 to over 50 species. We have initiated sequencing of a portion of the 18S rDNA gene and the D3 expansion region of the 26S rDNA gene for all the species in the collection.<br /> <br /> <br /> NC - Experiments with treated municipal sewer sludge for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematode were established in 2002 and continued in 2005. A third project that focuses on the value of resistance to SCN was continued in Lenoir County. NC.<br /> <br /> <br /> A new study focusing on blends of SCN resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars for management of H. glycines was initiated in 2004 and continued in 2005. Resistant cultivars used are Delsoy 5710, Anand and Fowler.<br />

Publications

ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI<br /> <br /> <br /> Jones, J.R., K.S. Lawrence, and G. W. Lawrence. 2005. Implementation of winter cover crops in cotton cropping for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica 35: (Submitted).<br /> <br /> <br /> Usery, S.R..Jr., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester and G. W. Lawrence. 2005 Evaluation of transgenic and non-transgenic cotton varieties for resistance and tolerance to Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica: (In Press) <br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and E. van Santan 2005 Effect of Controlled Cold Storage on Recovery of Rotylenchulus reniformis from Naturally Infested Soil. Journal of Nematology 37: (In Press)<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., Yucheng Feng, G. W. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and S. H. Norwood 2005 Accelerated Degradation of Aldicarb and its Metabolites in Cotton Field Soils. Journal of Nematology 37: 190-197. <br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K.S., S.R. Usery, J. Kloepper, G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Evaluation of Equity for root-knot nematode management in cotton in central Alabama, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:N005. DOI: 10.1094/FN60. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K.S., S.R. Usery, G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Evaluation of Temik 15 G and new experimental compounds for root-knot nematode management in cotton in central Alabama, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:N002. DOI: 10.1094/FN60. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K.S., S.R. Usery, G.W. Lawrence.2005. Evaluation of recommended and experimental compounds for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:N004. DOI: 10.1094/FN60. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K.S., S.R. Usery, C.H. Burmester, G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Evaluation of Telone II, Vapam HL, and Temik 15G for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:N003. DOI: 10.1094/FN60. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> <br /> S.R. Usery, Jr., K.S. Lawrence, G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Response of cotton varieties to Rotylenchulus reniformis in a greenhouse, 2004. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases (online.) Report 20:FC009. DOI:10.1094/BC20. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Usery, Jr., S.R., Lawrence, K.S., C.H. Burmester, K.M. Glass, R. Akridge, B. Meyer, and G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Effect of Rotylenchulus reniformis on commercial transgenic and non-transgenic cotton cultivars. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1: 209-214. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ellis, G.R., G.W. Lawrence, S.Samson, W.A. Givins and K.S. Lawrence. 2005. Variable rate applications of Telone II on cotton for reniform nematode management. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:195-196. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. <br /> <br /> <br /> Usery, S, K.S. Lawrence, C.H. Burmester, R.Akridge, K. Glass, and G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Evaluation of commercial cotton varieties for resistance and tolerance to the reniform nematode in Alabama. Bulletin 657 Alabama Agricultral Experiment Statiion, Auburn University. <br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G.W., K.S. Lawrence, A.T. Kelley and H.K. Lee. 2005. Nematode anagement investigations in Mississippi, 2003. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 1151.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G.W., K.S. Lawrence, A.T. Kelley, and Hee-Kyung Lee. 2005. Nematode management investigations in Mississippi, 2002. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 1147.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G.W., K.S. Lawrence, A.T. Kelley and H.K. Lee. 2005. Nematode management investigations in Mississippi, 2001. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 1145.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S.R. Usery, C.H. Burmester, and G.W. Lawrence. 2004. Evaluation of seed treatment nematicides for reniform nematode management in cotton in North Alabama..in: 2004 Cotton Research Report 26: 41. <br /> <br /> <br /> Usery, S.R.Jr., K.S. Lawrence, C.H. Burmester, and G.W. Lawrence. 2004. Response of selected transgenic cotton varieties to Rotylenchulus reniformis in North Alabama. in: 2004 Cotton Research Report 26: 7.<br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S.R. Usery, C.H. Burmester, and G.W. Lawrence. 2004. Evaluation of Telone II, Vapam HL and Temik 15G for reniform nematode management in cotton in North Alabama..in: 2004 Cotton Research Report 26: 40. <br /> <br /> <br /> Ellis, G.R., G.W. Lawrence, S. Samson, W.A. Givens and K.S. lawrence. 2005. Variable rate applications of Telone II on cotton for reniform nematode management. Journal of Nematology 37: In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Usery, S.R., K.S. Lawrence, C.H. Burmester, and G.W. Lawrence. 2005. Management of Rotylenchulus reniformis using poultry litter as a soil amendment. Journal of Nematology 37: In press. <br /> <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G.W., and K.S. Lawrence. 2005 Effect of Metam Sodium applicatioins on cotton for management of the reniform nematode in Mississippi. Journal of Nematology 37: In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Jones, J. R., K. S. Lawrence, E. van Santen. and S. R. Usery. 2005. Effect of soil volumes and container materials in Rotylenchulus reniformis and Melodogyne incognita race 3 reproduction. Journal of Nematology 37: In press.<br /> <br /> <br /> F. Robinson,R. Akridge, J.M. Bradford, C.G. Cook, W.S. Gazaway, T.L. Kirkpatrick, G.W. Lawrence, G.R. Lee, E.C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, G.B. Padgett, R. Rodriguez-Kabana, W. Westphal, And L.D. Young. 2005. Rotylenchulus reniformis below plow depth in 20 cotton fielad across the Southern United States. Journal of Nematology 36: (In-Press).<br /> <br /> <br /> GEORGIA - USDA<br /> <br /> <br /> Anderson, W.F., C.C. Holbrook, and P. Timper. 2005. Registration of root-knot nematode resistant peanut germplasm lines NR 0812 and NR 0817. Crop Science. in press.<br /> <br /> Hanna, W., J. Wilson, and P. Timper. 2005. Registration of pearl millet parental lines A1/B1 Tift 99D2. Crop Science. 45: Crop Science. 45:2671.<br /> <br /> Hanna, W., J. Wilson, and P. Timper. 2005. Registration of pearl millet parental line Tift 454. Crop Science. 45:2670-2671.<br /> <br /> Davis, R. F., and O. L. May. 2005. Relationship between yield potential and percentage yield suppression caused by the southern root-knot nematode in cotton. Crop Science 45:2312-2317.<br /> Thies, J. A., R. F. Davis, J. D. Mueller, R. L. Fery, D. B. Langston, and G. Miller. 2005. Host resistance and metam sodium for managing root-knot nematodes in a pepper-cucumber rotation. HortScience (in press; accepted July 2005).<br /> <br /> <br /> Chu, Y., P. Ozias-Akins, C.C. Holbrook, and P. Timper. 2005. Marker-assisted selection for nematode resistance. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc. (APRES) 37: in press.<br /> <br /> Davis, R. F., and O. L. May. 2004. The relationship between cultivar yield potential and percentage yield loss to M. incognita in cotton. Journal of Nematology 36:314-315. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Thies, J., R. Fery, D. Dickson, R. Davis, and J. Mueller. 2004. Utility of resistant bell pepper for managing southern root-knot nematodes in Southeastern US. Proceedings of the 17th International Pepper Conference, Naples, FL, 14-16 November 2004: 29 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Davis, R. F. 2005. The cumulative effect of moderately-resistant cotton on M. incognita population densities after two years. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, 4-7 January, 2005:148 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> FLORIDA<br /> <br /> <br /> Chen, Z. X., S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. 2004. Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 1. Nematode morphology, physiology and ecology. Beijing, PR China:Tsinghua University Press and Cambridge, MA:CABI Publishing. Pp. 636.<br /> <br /> <br /> Chen, Z. X., S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. 2004. Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 2. Nematode management and utilization. Beijing, PR China:Tsinghua University Press and Cambridge, MA:CABI Publishing. Pp. 1,234.<br /> <br /> <br /> Dickson, Don W., and Dirk DeWaele. 2004. Nematode pathogens of peanut. Pp. 393-436 in M. Luc, R. A. Sikora, and J. Bridge, eds. Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA:CABI Publishing. <br /> <br /> <br /> Dickson, D. W. 2004. Irriation effects on plant-parasitic nematodes. Pp. 1201-1217 in Chen, Z. X., S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. 2004. Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 2. Nematode morphology, physiology and ecology. Beijing, PR China:Tsinghua University Press and Cambridge, MA:CABI Publishing. Pp. 636.<br /> <br /> <br /> Chen, S. Y, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Biological control of nematodes by fungal antagonists. Pp. 979-1039 in Z. X. Chen, S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 2. Nematode management and utilization. Beijing, PR China:Tsinghua University Press and Cambridge, MA:CABI Publishing.<br /> <br /> <br /> Chen, Z. X., and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Biological control of nematodes with bacterial antagonists. Pp. 1041-1082 in Z. X. Chen, S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 2. Nematode management and utilization. Beijing, PR China:Tsinghua University Press and Cambridge, MA:CABI Publishing.<br /> <br /> <br /> Cetintas, R., and D. W. Dickson. 2005. Distribution and downward movement of Pasteuria penetrans in field soil. Journal of Nematology 37:155-160.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ou, L.-T., J. E. Thomas, L. H. Allen, L. A. McCormack, J. C. Vu, and D. W. Dickson. 2005. Effects of application methods and plastic covers on distribution of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin in root zone. Journal of Nematology (In press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Tigano, Myrian S., Carneiro, Regina M. D. G., Jeyaprakash, Ayyamperumal, Dickson, Don W., and Adams, Byron J. 2005. Phylogeny of Meloidogyne spp. based on 18S rDNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nematology (in press)<br /> <br /> <br /> Jeyaprakash, A., M. S. Tigano, J. Brito, R. M. D. G. Carnerio, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Characterization of mitrochondrial AT-rich sequences from five Meloidogyne species and molecular differentiation of M. floridensis from M. arenaria. Nematology (In press).<br /> <br /> <br /> Nelson, S. D., D. W. Dickson, H. A. Ajwa, and D. A. Sullivan. 2004. Efficacy of metam sodium under drip and surface spray application in Florida tomato production. Subtropical Plant Science. Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society 56:16-20.<br /> <br /> <br /> Thomas, J. E., L. H. Allen, Jr., L. A. McCormack, J. C. Vu, D. W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Diffusion and emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film. Pest Management Science 60:390-398.<br /> <br /> Thomas, J. E., L.-T. Ou, L. H. Allen, Jr., L. A. McCormack, J. C. Vu, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Persistence, distribution and emission of Telone C35 injected into a Florida sandy soil as affected by moisture, organic matter, and plastic film cover. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part BPesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes B39:505-516.<br /> <br /> <br /> Thomas, J. E., L. H. Allen, Jr., L. A. McCormack, J. C. Vu, D. W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Atmospheric volatilization and distribution of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene in microplots and field beds with and without plastic covers. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part BPesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes B39:709-723.<br /> <br /> <br /> Brito, J. A., T. Powers, P. G. Mullin, R. N. Inserra, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Morphological and molecular characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis isolates from Florida. Journal of Nematology 36:232-240.<br /> <br /> <br /> Cetintas, R., and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Persistence and suppressiveness of Pasteuria penetrans to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. Journal of Nematology 36:540549.<br /> <br /> <br /> ILLINOIS<br /> <br /> Assunção, M. S., Atibalentja, N., and Noel, G. R. 2005. Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, resistance genes in PI89.772 and PI209.332 soybean. Nematropica 34:165-181.<br /> <br /> <br /> Niblack, T. L., Noel, G. R., and Bond, J. 2005. Replacing races: Adaptation of the soybean cyst nemaotde HG type test for practical applications. Proc. Southern Soy. Dis. Workers. P. 14.<br /> <br /> <br /> Noel, G. R., Atibalentja, N., and Domier, L. 2005. Emended description of Pasteuria nishizawae. Int. J. Sys. Evol. Micro. 55:1681 1685. <br /> <br /> <br /> Atibalentja, N., Bekal, S., Domier, L. L., Niblack, T. L., Noel, and Lambert, K. N. 2005. A genetic linkage map of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Mol. Genet. Genom. 273(3):273-281. <br /> <br /> <br /> Lambert, K. N., Bekal, S., Atibalentja, N., Niblack, T. L., Noel, G. R., and Smyth, C. 2005. Selection of Heterodera glycines Chorismate Mutase-1 Alleles on Nematode Resistant Soybean. Mol. Plant Micro. Inter. 18:593-601. <br /> <br /> <br /> Schmitt, L. M., J. F. Preston, G. Nong, D. W. Dickson, and H. C. Aldrich. 2004. Detection of Pasteuria penetrans infection in Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 in planta by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 48:457-464.<br /> <br /> <br /> Walia, R. K., T. E. Hewlett, and D. W. Dickson. 2004. Microwave treatment of Pasteuria penetrans parasite preparation for selective elimination of undesired microorganisms. Nematologia Mediterranea 32:15-17.<br /> <br /> <br /> LOUISIANA<br /> <br /> Carter-Wientjes, C.H., J.S. Russin, D.J. Boethel, J.L. Griffin and E.C. McGawley. 2004. Feeding and Maturation by Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Soybean Affected by Weed, Fungus, and Nematode Pests. Journal of Economic Entomology: 14-20.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bond, J.P., E.C. McGawley and J.W. Hoy. 2004. The Impact of Nematodes on Sugarcane Cultivars. Nematropica 34:235-243.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bond, J.P., E.C. McGawley and J.W. Hoy. 2004. Sugarcane Growth as Influenced by Nematodes and Pythium arrhenomanes. Nematropica 34:245-256.<br /> <br /> <br /> McGawley, E.C. and M.J. Pontif. 2004. Chemical management of nematodes in Louisiana: 2000-2003 field and microplot trials with cotton, soybean, sugarcane, rice and assorted vegetables. Program and Abstracts: 36th Annual Meeting of the <br /> Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Nematropica 34:136.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pontif, M.J. and E.C. McGawley. 2004. Impact of three weed species on reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton and soybean. Program and Abstracts: 36th Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Nematropica 34:138. <br /> <br /> <br /> Sumner, J. B. and E. C. McGawley. 2004. Influence of egg biology on reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis isolates from the southern U.S.A. Program and Abstracts: 36th Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Nematropica 34:143-144.<br /> <br /> <br /> Li, Y. and E.C. McGawley. 2004. Variation in populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis in the southern U.S.A. Program and Abstracts: 36th Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Nematropica 34:134.<br /> <br /> <br /> Overstreet, C., M. Wolcott, E.C. McGawley, B. Padgett, G. Burris, and D. Sullivan. 2004. Limitations of soil bulk electrical conductivity and nematode management zones. Nematropica 34:136-137.<br /> <br /> <br /> MINNESOTA<br /> <br /> <br /> Li, Y. H. and S. Y. Chen. 2005. Effect of the rhg1 gene on population development of Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology 37:168-177.<br /> <br /> Liu, S. F. and S. Y. Chen. 2005. Efficacy of the fungi Hirsutella minnesotensis and Hirsutella rhossiliensis from liquid culture for control of the soybean cyst nematode. Nematology 7:149-157.<br /> <br /> Mennan, S., S. Y. Chen, and H. Melakeberhan. 2005. Suppression of Meloidogyne hapla populations by Hirsutella minnesotensis. Biocontrol Science and Technology: in press.<br /> <br /> Miller, D. R., S. Y. Chen, P. M. Porter, G. A. Johnson, D. L. Wyse, S. R. Stetina, L. D. Klossner, and G. A. Nelson. 2005. Evaluation of rotation crops for management of the soybean cyst nematode in Minnesota. Agronomy Journal: in press.<br /> <br /> Porter, P. M. and S. Chen. 2005. Sugarbeet cyst nematode not detected in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota. Journal of Sugar Beet Research 42:79-85.<br /> <br /> Zhang, L., X. Liu, S. Zhu, and S. Chen. 2005. Detection of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in soil by real-time PCR and parasitism bioassay. Biological Control 32:in press.<br /> <br /> <br /> Xian, M., X. Liu, S. Chen, and R. Ma. 2004. Nematode-endoparasitic fungi: Case study of Hirsutella. Pp. 120-131 in X. Liu, K. Zhang, and T. Li, eds. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Beijing, China: China Science<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NORTH CAROLINA<br /> <br /> <br /> Davis, E.L., and Mitchum, M.G. 2005. Nematodes: sophisticated parasites of legumes. Plant Physiology 137:1182-1188.<br /> <br /> <br /> Huang, G., R.,Dong, R., Allen, R., Davis, E.L., Baum, T.J., and Hussey, R.S. 2005. Developmental expression and molecular analysis of two Meloidogyne incognita pectate lyase genes. International Journal for Parasitology:685-692.<br /> <br /> <br /> Huang, G, R. Dong, R. Allen, E.L. Davis, T.J. Baum, and R.S. Hussey. 2005. Two chorismate mutase genes from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Molecular Plant Pathology 6:23-30.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hudson, L.H., C.H. Haigler, and E.L. Davis. 2005. Analysis of cell wall synthesis in feeding cellsformed by root-knot nematodes. Biennial meeting of the International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe-Interactions in Cancun, Mexico.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ithal N., L. Hearne, D. Nettleton, T. R. Maier, T. J. Baum, E. L. Davis, M. G. Mitchum. 2005. Developmental Gene Expression Profiles of Feeding Cells Induced in Plant Roots by Sedentary Endoparasitic Nematodes. Annual meeting of the American Society for Plant Biology in Seattle, WA.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gao, B., R. Allen, E. L. Davis, T. J. Baum, and R. S. Hussey. 2004. Molecular characterisation and developmental expression of a cellulose-binding protein gene in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines International Journal for Parasitology 34:1377-1383.<br /> <br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R., Morrison, D. E., Edmisten, K. L., and R. N. Taylor. 2004. Efficacy of selected nematicides from management of Hoplolaimus Columbus in Cotton. Nematropica 34:211-218.<br /> <br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R., Bowman, D. T. 2005. Cotton tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus and Impact on Population Densities. Plant Disease 89:649-653.<br /> <br /> <br /> Koenning S. R. 2005. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2004. Pp.1- 5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-second Annual Meeting, February 15-16, 2005 Scottsdale, AZ.<br /> <br /> <br /> Patel N., Diab, H., Gao, B., Wang, X., Hussey, R.S., Baum, T.J., and Davis, E.L. 2005. Identification and functional analysis of parasitism genes of the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii. Biennial meeting of the International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe-Interactions in Cancun, Mexico.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wang X., Mitchum M.G., Gao B., Li C., Diab H., Baum T.J., Hussey R.S., Davis E.L. 2005. A parasitism gene from a plant-parasitic nematode with function similar to CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) of Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular Plant Pathology 6:187-191.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wang X., D. Tian, R.S. Hussey, T.J. Baum, and E.L. Davis. 2005. Identification of putative parasitism genes of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society in Austin, TX.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wang J., Hussey R., Davis E., Baum T., Mitchum M.G. 2005. Identification and functional analysis of soybean cyst nematode parasitism proteins with a role in virulence. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society in Austin, TX.<br /> <br /> <br /> TENNESEE USDA <br /> <br /> <br /> Mengitsu, A., T. Kilen, and P. Donald 2005 Registration of D98-1218 Soybean Germplasm Line Resistant to Phytophthora Rot (Rps2) and Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 (HG Type 0) and 14 (HG Type 1.3.6.7). Crop Science 45:427-428.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mehabatu, T., T. Devine, P. Donald and S. Abney. 2005. Registration of Asmara Vegetable Soybean. Crop Science 45:408-409.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mehabatu T. T. Devine, P. Donald, and S. Abney. Registration of Randolph Soybean. Crop Science. 45:2644-2645.<br /> <br /> <br /> VIRGINIA<br /> <br /> <br /> Johnson, C. S., J. A. Way, and K. R. Barker. 2005. Nematode parasites of tobacco. pp 675-708 In: Luc, M., Sikora, R. A., and Bridge, J. (eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 871 pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> C.S. Johnson. 2005. Nematicides and induced resistance activators against tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2004. F&N Tests 60:In press.<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. AL In Alabama, all commercial cotton varieties are susceptible the reniform nematode reducing yields by $55 to $275 per acre. The entire TX USDA germplasm collection had been screened for resistance to the reniform nematode and preliminary breeding has begun to develop resistant varieties. Aldicarb degradation if a problem in multiple cotton fields across the southeast. HPLC indicated aldicarb degraded within 10 days in four of the eight soils. In three of these four soils, reniform populations were not reduced (P< 0.05) by aldicarb as compared to the thiamethoxam treatment.
2. FL Root-knot nematode resistant peanut cultivars will give producers a much better means of competing on the world market by dropping input cost for nematode management. The demonstration that the MI gene stands up under a Florida production system in both spring and fall trials will be a strong incentive for plant breeders to pursue incorporation of the MI gene in to more acceptable tomato cultivars for Florida production system.
3. MN The information generated in these studies is essential for the management of the soybean cyst nematode and northern root-knot nematode in the Midwest. The data of soybean cultivar evaluation are provided to growers for selecting appropriate cultivars in managing the soybean cyst nematode. Biological control and cultural methods are needed for long-term effective control of the two nematodes.
4. GA When used with high throughput DNA extraction, the new PCR-based molecular marker 197/909 will allow for rapid, cost-effective screening for nematode resistance in peanut breeding programs which should speed the development of new cultivars. Two chromosomal regions with strong linkage to root-knot nematode resistance in cotton have been identified, and this should allow development of PCR-based molecular markers for marker-assisted selection in cotton breeding programs.
5. MS The reniform nursery will provide a location in the southeast cotton belt for cotton breeders to submit entries for early germplasm evaluations. This will provide immediate and needed information on current cotton varieties and provide a method of screening for potential new varieties. Screening soybean varieties for their reaction to SCN will give the soybean producers a means in which they can choose a specific variety to plant in their particular situation to maximize yields. Related projects: Hyperspectral imagery data will provide our agricultural producers with a cost efficient and reliable nematode population estimation tool that will replace the time consuming and high cost of ground sampling for nematode population levels.
6. NC The value of the annual loss in soybean yield due to nematode damage in North Carolina alone is estimated at 12 million dollars US. Other North Carolina crops suffer yield losses on the order of five to ten percent annually. The use of resistant and (or) tolerant cultivars lowers the amount of soil applied pesticide needed to prevent nematode damage to crops. The reduction in the use of soil applied pesticides applied for nematode and associated fungal pathogen management have a positive impact on environmental quality.

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Report Information

Participants

University of Florida (FL) Don Dickson , Virginia Tech (VA)  Jon Eisenback* , University of Arkansas (AR)  Bob Robbins* , USDA-ARS-Georgia  Patricia Timper and Richard Davis , Clemson University (SC)  Paula Agudelo , North Carolina State University (NC)  Steve Keonning* , USDA-ARS-Illinois  Greg Noel , University of Minnesota (MN)  Senyu Chen* , Texas A&M - Ron Lacewell (Administrative Advisor) . Guests: Robert Nichols BNichols@cottoninc.com  Cotton Incorporated, Peng Chee
 University of Georgia, Weibo Dong  University of Georgia, Kyle Montfort  USDA-ARS-Georgia. * Members.

Brief Summary of Minutes

16 November 2006. Patricia Timper called the meeting to order at 8:30 am, welcomed everyone to Savannah, and provided some brief opening remarks. Special thanks were given to Delta and Pine Land Company for paying for the meeting room, and to Cotton Incorporated for paying for coffee and tea during the meeting. Dr. Lacewell, the S-1015 administrative advisor, reminded everyone that we need to submit a report within 60 days of the meeting. He also stated that our project expires in 2008, and he recommended creating a subcommittee to start planning a new project. We can ask for a one-year-long extension for the current project, but we should not wait to begin work on a new project. He also told us that we needed to update the official project membership list. Prior to the state reports, we had two invited presentations. Dr. Robert Nichols (Cotton Incorporated) described recent work to develop host plant resistance to root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes in cotton, and he discussed the role of Cotton Incorporated in funding and coordinating some of the work. Dr. Peng Chee presented the work he has led at the University of Georgia in developing molecular markers for specific QTLs in cotton, including a major and a minor QTL for resistance to root-knot nematodes. State reports were presented from South Carolina, North Carolina, Arkansas, Florida, Virginia, Georgia, Illinois, and Minnesota. States not represented at the meeting, but from which a report will be submitted, were Texas, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi.

17 November 2006. The S-1015 Regional Project business meeting was convened by Dr. Patricia Timper at 8:30 am. The minutes from the 2005 meeting in Raleigh, NC were corrected and then approved. Corrections included misspelled names, minor typographical errors, and incorrectly stating that the 2006 meeting would again be held in Raleigh, NC. Dr. Timper stated that Dr. Ernie Bernard had contacted her and volunteered to host the 2007 meeting in Tennessee (presumably in Knoxville, TN). Dr. Bernard will have to set the dates for the meeting, get the dates approved by Dr. Lacewell, and then notify the members of the meeting dates. Dr. Lacewell promised to send an e-mail message to everyone on his list with the form used to add members to the project. This is necessary because many people who used to be members have been dropped inexplicably from the membership list. This will be a chance to update and correct the membership list. Dr. Lacewell discussed the new project proposal, and emphasized that the new project must be slightly different from the old project, and not simply a continuation of the old project. Coordinating the activity of the states in a more obvious way than has been done in the past would be very good and make the proposal stronger. Dr. Lacewell suggested putting together a subcommittee to start organizing the next proposal, which should be submitted in 2008 and start in 2009, with the idea that we outline the objectives now and start writing the actual proposal in 2007. Steve Koenning suggested that we focus on deployment of resistance in the next project proposal, and the suggestion seemed to have wide support. Everyone present agreed that the subcommittee should have representatives from the major commodity groups of soybean, peanut and cotton. Dr. Timper called for volunteers for the subcommittee. Following brief discussion and prompting, Drs. Agudelo, Dickson, and Timper volunteered. Dr. Lacewell suggested that Dr. Jim Starr (Texas A&M University) be put on the committee pending his agreement to serve, and that Dr. Bob Nichols (Cotton Incorporated) be on the subcommittee to provide stakeholder input. Dr. Nichols agreed to serve. Dr. Lacewell then asked Dr. Timper to take the lead on the subcommittee, and she agreed. Dr. Lacewell asked Dr. Nichols to consider a potential NSF proposal for nematode resistance in cotton. The NSF proposal would not be part of the Regional Project, but a few of the Regional Project members might be involved, and it would build on some of the achievements of the regional project, so some of it might be claimed as an accomplishment or impact of the regional Project. Dr. Dickson publicly thanked Dr. Timper for organizing the meeting, and thanked Dr. Davis and Mr. Kyle Montfort (USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA) for assisting Dr. Timper. Everyone present joined in with thanks.  Recorded by R.F. Davis

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1: Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes into cotton, peanut, soybean and major fruit and vegetable crops.<br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> AL - Greenhouse evaluation of the TX USDA germplasm collection for resistance to R. reniformis is complete. We have identified seven accessions of upland cotton that consistently support lower populations of R. reniformis than the control, PM 1218 BGRR. Three accessions are from North America (Mexico), one from Central America (Guatemala), one from South America (Brazil), two from the Caribbean (Guadeloupe), and one from Africa (Sudan). Because of the diversity of the accession origin, these accessions probably have different genes for resistance. The variation in resistance genes would allow for recombination to occur leading to the development of genotypes with higher levels of resistance. However, the heritability and gene action of resistance in these accessions is yet to be determined. <br /> <br /> GA - In collaboration with Dr. Peng Chee (University of Georgia, Tifton), we are continuing a project that was begun in 2001 to incorporate resistance to the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) into elite cotton germplasm (PD94042) through serial backcrossing. Field selection for fiber quality was begun in 2006. The level of resistance will be documented in greenhouse tests this winter, but preliminary data suggests that these germplasm lines have resistance equal to their resistant parent (either M-120 RNR or M-155 RNR): Two separate inoculations with 15,000 eggs each at 3-weeks and 5-weeks after planting in a greenhouse resulted in very minimal galling approximately five months after planting.<br /> <br /> We initiated a study in collaboration with Dr. Peng Chee which builds on our identification of a molecular marker for a major QTL for nematode resistance to identify resistance genes outside of the known QTL. We have seed of 12 cotton germplasm lines created from primitive race stocks and released as potentially new sources of resistance to M. incognita, though it is not known if any of them have unique resistance genes. We have crossed the lines with G. barbedense (Pima S-6) to produce F1 seed which are currently being self-pollinated to produce an F2 generation which is segregating for nematode resistance and has polymorphisms. DNA markers we already have identified will be used to determine if the resistance genes in these lines are in the same genomic regions as the previously documented resistance genes derived from Auburn 623 RNR. <br /> <br /> NC - Work continued on identification and characterization of cotton tolerance to the Columbia lance nematode (Hoplolaimus columbus). One experiment was conducted in 2005 with six transgenic cotton cultivars. Tolerance to H. columbus is not related to tolerance to B. longicaudatus and the work on B. longicaudatus has been terminated and published. An experiment concerning cotton rotation with corn, root-knot resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in Lenoir Co. in 2002 and continued in 2006. This experiment is designed to have root-knot resistant and susceptible cultivars and run through 2007. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded 20% more than FM989BR when cotton was grown continuously, but final root-knot population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance (Koenning, and Bowman). <br /> <br /> Tolerance to reniform nematode was evaluated for 34 cotton varieties in a field study. The study was a strip-plot design treated or nontreated with Telone II at 4.5 gallons/acre. Tolerance indices varied from 73 to 104, but tolerance was not significantly different between varieties. Varieties with tolerance indices above 85, were among the lowest yielders.<br /> <br /> Tolerance to root-knot nematode was evaluated for 8 cotton varieties in a field study. The study was a split-plot design treated or untreated with Telone II at 4.5 gallons/acre. None of the cultivars evaluated had tolerance to this nematode. Average yield loss was about 200 lbs/acre.<br /> <br /> SC - We have started a collection of populations representative of the presence of reniform nematode in the cotton-growing areas in South Carolina. The purpose of this collection is to have updated information on the geographic distribution of the species in the state and make observations on its variability. We will characterize the variability among and within the collected populations by examining morphological characters, host range and reproduction, mode of reproduction, thermal requirements for embryogenesis, and multi-locus molecular markers.<br /> <br /> TX - In cotton, resistance to the reniform nematode has been introgressed into the M315 genotype that is also resistant to root-knot nematodes. Final assays of resistance to both nematodes is in progress. Release of germplasm as breeding lines is anticipated for 2007.<br /> <br /> Soybean:<br /> AR - Soybean cultivars (315 total) entered in the University of Arkansas Official Variety Test (OVT) for 2005 were evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, and Heterodera glycines (races 2, 5, and 6).The methodology used and results may be found at the following address: http:www.arkansasvarietytesting.org/soybeans/disease ratings 2006. One hundred ninety-eight samples new to the Arkansas Soybean Variety Testing Program were tested for reniform nematode reproduction, as well as 55 lines from Soybean Breeders of Clemson (E. Shipe), Missouri (G. Shannon), USDA (P. Arelli), and Arkansas (P. Chen). Of the 198 Arkansas test varieties 4 had reproductive indexes (RI) less than Forrest (MPV 5206NRR, Jake, MorSoy RT5306N, Pioneer 95M60 and three had an RI of 2 or less than Forrest (MPG Exp 7552NRR, Stoddard, and Armor GP-555. Of the 55 private breeding lines nine line had a RI less than Forrest, three each from the Missouri (M), Clemson (C), and USDA US) programs (S01-9265 (M), S01-9364 (M), JTN-5503 (US), SC98-1930 (C), JTN-5303 (US), S01-9391 (M), JTN-5203 (US), SC03-9153 (C), and Motte, whereas nine more had a RI of less than 2 times that of Forrest, Eight from Clemson (SC03-045, SC01-783A, SANTEE, SC01-819, SC03-9438, SC03-9093, SC03-9383, SC01-809, SC02-208) and one from Arkansas (A7R01-4747).<br /> <br /> IL - In collaboration with Dr. Ted Hymowitz, 499 accessions of the perennial soybeans G. argyrea, G. canescens, G. clandestia, G. curvata, G. cyrtoloba, G. dolichocarpa, G. falcata, G. latifolia, G. microphylla, G. pindanica, G. tabicina, and G. tomentella were evaluated for resistance to H. glycines HG Type 0 (Race 3). All species except C. curvata and G. pindanica had at least one accession that was immune to H. glycines. Glycine tomentella (accession PI 483218, 2n=78), which was immune to H. glycines, was used to introgress resistance into intersubgeneric hybrids of G. max (cv. Altona) and this G. tomentella accession. Fifty clones of the amphiploid hybrid lines (2n=118) resulting from this hybridization were challenged with H. glycines HG Type 0. All of the clones were immune to the nematode. <br /> <br /> MS - A soybean cyst population (host race 15) was used to inoculate soybean entries for their reaction to the soybean cyst nematode. The variety Hutcheson was included in the test to compare the relative susceptibility of each entry to a widely known soybean variety. One hundred seventy entries were examined in 2006. Eighty-five of the entries had an index of reproduction less than Hutcheson. Only three varieties (ANAND MGV, LONOAK MGV, RT5302n MGV) resulted in a reproductive factor less than 10% of Hutcheson. Two additional varieties (94B73 MGIV, HBK4944CX MGIV) resulted in a reproductive factor less than 20% of Hutchenson<br /> <br /> NC - Functional analyses to study the effects of secreted nematode parasitism gene products on host plant cells have included experiments designed to express each gene in plant tissues and to knockout these genes in the nematode to assess effects on infection. We have demonstrated that an expressed RKN parasitism gene (designated 16D10) can accelerate the growth of plant root cells and directly interact with a plant cell (SCARECROW) transcription factor. This evidence suggests that secretion of this 16D10 RKN gene product into host roots could function in forming the essential feeding sites for the nematode, as could many of the other RKN and SCN parasitism genes that we have isolated. Likewise, knockout of any of these genes could disrupt parasitism if the target gene was essential to maintain the parasitic interaction. We have completed the development of gene constructs to express double-stranded RNA to target nematode genes in plants to attempt to induce RNA interference (RNAi) of the target nematode gene in plants. Expression of RNAi to the RKN 16D10 gene in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana could completely inhibit RKN infection of the plants, rendering them resistant to the four major species of RKN. A collaboration continues with a university consortium to transform the RKN 16D10 and other nematode parasitism gene-RNAi constructs into cultivars of the crop species (that are the focus of this project) to provide novel genes for resistance to RKN and SCN.<br /> <br /> Two thousand four hundred conventional and five thousand four hundred roundup ready soybean plant-rows were grown in 2006. Seven hundred conventional and five hundred seventy roundup ready plant-rows were derived from populations segregating for nematode resistance. <br /> Eighty three plant-rows have been selected to be resistant to SCN races 2 and 5. Two hundred seventy four conventional plant-rows from maturity groups IV and V have been selected based on their agronomic appearance are being grown in yield trials in 2006. Several varieties or potential varieties showed tolerance to Columbia lance nematode at the Scotland Co. location including NC Roy, NC Raleigh, S76-L9, and N01-11777. The experiments will be repeated in 2007.(Koenning and Carter). (S.R. Koenning, A. Cardinal, J. W. Burton, and T. E. Carter).<br /> <br /> A soybean germplasm line, DS4SCN05, with broad resistance to soybean cyst nematode was jointly released by the USDA/ARS, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.<br /> <br /> SC - Drs. Emerson Shipe and John Mueller have identified soybean germplasm with high levels of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and Cercospora sojina. Several South Carolina breeding lines did not differ significantly from the resistant check cultivars for seed yield and root-knot nematode galling score. Eight S.C. lines showed no frogeye leaf spot symptoms. <br /> <br /> In greenhouse evaluations, conducted in collaboration with Dr. Robert Robbins (University of Arkansas), five S.C.experimental lines were found to have the same level of resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis as Anand, the resistant standard. <br /> <br /> All S.C. lines in the studies mentioned above were also evaluated in non-infested fields at three locations in South Carolina and USDA Nurseries across the South. Breeding lines have been selected and advanced based on seed yield, agronomic performance, and nematode/disease resistance traits. The goal is to combine multiple-disease resistance traits with high yield potential in the absence of disease in the same cultivar. <br /> <br /> TN - We have identified several PIs which have resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) populations which reproduce on all sources of commercial germplasm and all indicator lines in the HG Type test. Populations LY1 was selected in the greenhouse and LY2 in the field by Lawrence Young in Jackson, TN. These two populations are resistant to different PIs. We have obtained an additional population from Kansas which also reproduces on commercially available germplasm and the HG Type test indicator lines. This population was placed on the 119 PIs which have documented resistance to SCN. Data analysis for this population is underway.<br /> <br /> Peanut:<br /> GA - In collaboration with Dr. Corley Holbrook (USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA), we completed our final year of yield testing on a peanut line (C724-19-15) with a high level of resistance to both the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) and the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). Egg production and gall indices on C724-19-15 were similar to NemaTAM. Yields of C724-19-15 in a field site heavily infested with M. arenaria were 2112 lbs/A greater than GA Green, 3046 lbs/A greater than NemaTAM, and 894 lbs/A greater than a sister line C724-19-25 that has resistance to TSWV, but not nematode resistance. We plan to submit C724-19-15 for cultivar release in 2007.<br /> <br /> TX - Peanut germplasm with resistance to several diseases and root-knot nematodes, and which has a high ratio of oleic to linoleic fatty acids was advanced another general and field tests of yield potential has begun for several lines.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2: Development of marker-assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes.<br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> GA - We collaborated with Dr. Peng Chee to identify DNA markers for a major QTL (on chromosome 11) and a minor QTL (on chromosome 7) for root-knot nematode resistance in cotton. We have begun fine mapping in the region with the major QTL to identify more tightly-linked flanking markers that can distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes.<br /> <br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3: Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems.<br /> <br /> Cotton:<br /> AL - Cotton cultivars were examined in south Alabama for tolerance to R. reniformis by planting with and without the nematicide Telone II. DPL 444BG/RR and DP 515BG/RR seed cotton yields were 5% greater without a nematicide in 2005 and 2006 under low rainfall and high temperature environmental conditions. <br /> <br /> Evaluations of poultry litter amendments on R. reniformis populations, soil borne bacterial populations, and seed cotton yields were conducted in greenhouse, microplots, and in field experiments. Results obtained from greenhouse tests indicate that poultry litter has an antagonistic effect on R. reniformis populations. House poultry litter produced 42% fewer R. reniformis vermiform life stages compared to its inorganic fertilizer equivalent. The application of house poultry litter reduced R. reniformis eggs per gram of root by 56%, while compost litter applications had 52% fewer compared to the inorganic fertilizer equivalents. Increases in bacterial populations were observed in the house poultry litter treatments in the greenhouse evaluations. At 30 and 60 DAP, the 2.0% rate of house litter continued to increase bacterial populations by 80% and 69% versus its inorganic fertilizer equivalent. Poultry litter applications in microplot and field trials reduced R. reniformis population development through the season. Numbers of nematodes were similar between the aldicarb control treatment and the poultry litter amendment at 2  5 tons per acre. <br /> <br /> An IPM rotation system of cotton and corn is often utilized for R. reniformis nematode management; however recently nematode populations have not declined during the corn cycle. Greenhouse trials indicated that of the 28 weed species tested, the majority of dicotyledonous weeds have the capability to serve as host to the reniform nematode while the monocotyledonous weeds did not. In microplot studies, corn growing in combination with selected weed species increases the R. reniformis populations. Weed densities in corn plots with only a pre-emergence herbicide application increase R. reniformis populations as compared to the weed-free treatments. <br /> <br /> AR  Corn is frequently grown in rotation with cotton. Seventy-three commercial corn hybrids and four resistant inbred lines were evaluated in greenhouse trials to assess their suitability as hosts for Meloidogyne incognita and to determine if useful levels of M. incognita resistance existed in any of them. In the first test, nematode reproduction factors (Rf = final nematode population/initial inoculum level) were <1.0 for two of the lines and five hybrids. The 14 hybrids with Rf <2.0, line Mp709 (Rf = 0.2), and the two hybrids with the highest reproduction in trial 1 were studied in a second trial. Meloidogyne incognita reproduction as measured by the number of eggs produced per gram (dry weight) of root tissue was low on the resistant line. Reproductive factors for the hybrids ranged from 46  233. Meloidogyne incognita were evaluated on Pioneer 31N28 (susceptible cultivar) and Mp712 (resistant line) in field microplots in 2006. Mp712 substantially suppressed M. incognita relative to the susceptible cultivar with only limited population density increase during the growing season. Seed yield, however, was low with the resistant line.<br /> <br /> GA - We concluded a field study with two locations to determine the cumulative effect of moderate resistance to M. incognita in cotton on nematode population density and yield loss when a moderately resistant genotype is employed continuously for three years. Root galling and nematode population densities in the soil were significantly lower, and percentage yield suppression was numerically lower, after moderately resistant cotton compared to the susceptible standard in both fields in all three years. The benefits appear to be slightly cumulative, but most of the effect occurs after the first year. <br /> <br /> LA - Dr. McGawley is continuing a project to evaluate variation in southern populations of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. In microplot trials, populations of the nematode from LA, MS and TX were more damaging to cultivars popular in LA and produced higher populations at harvest than did populations from GA, FL or HI. Survival and hatch of eggs of the nematode either in water or in soil was also greater for LA, MS and TX populations than for populations from GA, FL and HI.<br /> <br /> The efficacy of Agri-Terra, a promising new material from Cal-Agri Products, LLC, was evaluated on cotton against reniform nematode under field conditions at rates of 10, 15 and 20 GPA of a 1% solution. For the fourth consecutive year, yields in 2006 were increased significantly and populations of the nematode were reduced significantly.<br /> <br /> MS - Multitemporal spectral classification of the root-knot and reniform nematode using self-organized maps. Remotely sensed hyperspectral data was examined for use in detecting the root-knot and reniform nematodes on cotton. Reflectance of hyperspectral signatures was used as features for classification purposes. Overall classification accuracies varied from the upper 60s to lower 80 percent. Individual accuracies for the cotton plants affected by the reniform nematode were higher compared to that of the root-knot nematode. The use of map grid and U-matrix to visualize supervised SOM indicates there exists data clustering between samples affected by the two nematode species.<br /> <br /> Reniform nematode management with VRT equipment and site-specific applications. A fully working multi-modal variable rate applications system was developed. This system is capable of applying low volumes of liquid nematicides (Telone II) to georeferenced locations in the field corresponding to specific nematode classes. Target rates were attained within 1 second during volume changes at a ground speed of 6 mph. <br /> <br /> Soybean:<br /> MN - Surveys were conduced to determine the soybean cyst nematode races of 59 H. glycines populations collected in 1997 to 1998 and races and HG Types of 94 populations collected in 2002 from soybean fields across southern and central Minnesota. There was no noticeable change of frequencies of virulence phenotypes in response to the use of resistant cultivars during 1997 to 2002, and race 3 was the predominant in Minnesota.<br /> <br /> A greenhouse screening was conducted to determine the effect of growth and decomposition of 46 crops on population density of H. glycines. Sunn hemp most consistently showed the lowest numbers of eggs and cysts. As a group, legumes resulted in lower egg population densities than monocots, Brassica species, and other dicots. In a more detail study, sunn hemp, Illinois bundleflower, oilseed rape, perennial ryegrass, red clover, corn, and H. glycines-susceptible soybean were compared in their effects on H. glycines hatch, viability, and development in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The results suggest that sunn hemp and red clover were the most effective rotation crops for managing H. glycines, and stimulating H. glycines egg hatch was the main mechanism involved in reducing the H. glycines population density.<br /> <br /> The effect of tillage on parasitism of H. glycines second-stage juvenile (J2) by the nematophagous fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis and/or Hirsutella minnesotensis was investigated at four sites in Minnesota during 2002-2004. Tillage had no or limited effect on the percentages of parasitized J2. <br /> <br /> NC - Research to evaluate blends of SCN resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars was initiated in 2004 and continued in 2006. Delsoy 5710 was highly resistant to the race 5 population present at the Caswell research station, and Fowler and Anand were also resistant to this population. Resistant varieties yielded more than susceptible varieties, but the highest yield was for a blend of 70% Fowler and 30% Holladay in both 2005 and 2006. Lowest numbers of SCN were on resistant varieties but blends with a high proportion of either Delsoy 5710 or Fowler had lower SCN numbers than expected. There is a trend toward increasing SCN reproduction on Anand and Delsoy 5710, but not on Fowler. (Koenning).<br /> <br /> SC - Dr. Mueller evaluated ten commercial RR@ cultivars and eight S.C. elite RR@ breeding lines in maturity groups VII and VIII in nematode infested fields and also in a non-infested field at early and late planting dates. Data of yield performance from a Columbia lance nematode infested field as well as ratings on frogeye leaf spot are available. Also, there were differences among the 18 genotypes for gall ratings in a field infested with southern root-knot nematode.<br /> <br /> TN - A field study was conducted to evaluate whether combined use of a nematicide and host resistance would be an improved method for managing SCN. Data for the two year study indicated that host resistance had a bigger impact on end of season SCN egg population density than presence of the nematicide seed treatment.<br /> <br /> Vegetables: <br /> FL - Studies are being conducted to determine whether the MI-gene in tomato holds up when grown in polyethylene mulch covered beds during spring months in a Meloidogyne spp. infested field in Florida. Root-knot nematode resistant Crista grown in beds treated with Telone C35 at 35 and 26 gpa, methyl bromide at 350 lbs/a, and untreated had gall ratings of 0.03, 0.31, 0, and 1.2 (based on a 0 to 100 scale), respectively. Root-knot nematode susceptible Talladega grown in beds treated with Telone C35 at 35 and 26 gpa, methyl bromide at 350 lbs/a, and untreated had gall ratings of 13, 16, 2, and 77, respectively. However, marketable yield of Crista in untreated plots was reduced by half of that obtained in methyl bromide treated plots. This study will continue through 2008.<br /> <br /> LA - In vegetable field trials conducted in soil heavily infested with reniform nematode, overall yields of tomato and cucumber but not bell pepper were increased significantly in plots treated with 10 GPA of Agri-Terra. All fruit was graded according to commercial standards. Overall yield increases for tomato and cucumber resulted from significant increases in the Extra-Large and Large and Super-Select and Select categories, respectively.<br />

Publications

Agudelo, P., R.T. Robbins, J.McD. Stewart, A. Bell, and A.F. Robinson. 2005. Histological Observations of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Gossypium longicalyx and Interspecific Cotton Hybrids. Journal of Nematology 37:444-447. <br /> <br /> Agudelo, P., S.A. Lewis, B.A. Fortnum. 2006. Comparison of methods for identification of Meloidogyne arenaria from field soil samples with mixed M. arenaria and M. incognita populations. Journal of Nematology 38: in press.<br /> <br /> Assunção, M. S., Atibalentja, N., and Noel, G. R. 2005. Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, resistance genes in PI89.772 and PI209.332 soybean. Nematropica 34:165-181. <br /> <br /> Bauer, S., Hymowitz, T. and Noel, G. R.. 2005. Resistance of Gylcine max _ Glycine tomentella to Heterodera glycines. Nematropica 35:61-62.<br /> <br /> Baum, T.J., R.S. Hussey, and E.L. Davis. 2006. Root-knot and cyst nematode parasitism genes: the molecular basis of plant parasitism. Pp. 17-42 In: Setlow, J.K., ed. Genetic Engineering Volume 28, Springer.<br /> <br /> Boozer, R. V., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, Y. Feng, B. L. Freeman, and E. van Santen. 2006. Concurrent evaluation of reniform nematode and early season insect populations as influenced by enhanced degradation of aldicarb. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 12-19. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Bruce, J. M. and E. C. McGawley. 2006. Egg Biology, Reproduction and Ecology of Rotylenchulus Reniformis Isolates. Journal of Nematology 38: 264.<br /> <br /> Caceres, J. K. S. Lawrence, and G. W. Lawrence. 2006. Evaluation of commercial and experimental seed treatments on cotton stand in Alabama and Mississippi. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 66. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Carpenter, D., K. S. Lawrence, and T. V. Boozer. 2006. Efficacy of Abvermectin on Rotylenchulus reniformis nematode development of cotton in various soil types. Journal of Nematology 38:265-266.<br /> <br /> Chen, S.Y. 2006. Tillage and crop sequence effects on Heterodera glycines and soybean and corn yields. Journal of Nematology 38:267.<br /> <br /> Chen, S.Y., D.L. Wyse, G.A. Johnson, P.M. Porter, M.J. Haar, S.R. Stetina, D.R. Miller, K.J. Betts, L.D. Klossner, and M.J. Haar. 2006. Effect of cover crops alfalfa, red clover, perennial ryegrass, and rye on soybean cyst nematode population and soybean and corn yields in Minnesota. Journal of Nematology 38:267.<br /> <br /> Chen, S.Y., D.L. Wyse, G.A. Johnson, P.M. Porter, S.R. Stetina, D.R. Miller, K.J. Betts, L.D. Klossner, and M.J. Haar. 2006. Effect of cover crops alfalfa, red clover, and perennial ryegrass on soybean cyst nematode population and soybean and corn yields in Minnesota. Crop Sci. 46:1890-1897.<br /> <br /> Chu, Y. , C.C. Holbrook, P. Timper, and P. Ozias-Akins. 2006. Development of a PCR-based molecular marker to select for nematode resistance in peanut. Crop Science. In press.<br /> <br /> Dismukes, A. L., K. S. Lawrence, A. J. Price, G. W. Lawrence, and R. Akridge. 2006. Host status of noxious weed plants associated with Gossypium hirisutum- Zea mays rotation systems to Rotylenchulus reniformis . Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 7-11. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Donald, P.A. 2006. Host resistance and seed treatment to manage the soybean cyst nematode, 2004-2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61: NO22.<br /> Dong, W., C.C. Holbrook, P. Timper, T. Brenneman, and P. Ozias-Akins. 2006. Resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and breeding lines to three root-knot nematode species. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc. (APRES) 38:45.<br /> <br /> Faske, T. R. and J. L. Starr. 2006. Characterization of Meloidogyne incognita suppression by abamectin as a seed treatment. Phytopathology 96 (S): IN PRESS.<br /> <br /> Faske, T. R., and J. L. Starr. 2006. Sensitivity of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis to abamectin. Journal of Nematology 38:240-244.<br /> <br /> French, N. M. T. L. Kirkpatrick, P. D. Colyer, J. L. Starr, K. S. Lawrence, J. R. Rich, and G. W. Lawrence. 2006. Influence N-Hibit and ProAct on nematodes in field cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1:137-132. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Holbrook, C.C., P. Timper, W.B. Dong, C.K. Kvien, and A.K. Culbreath. 2006. Development of high yielding, TSWV resistant isolines with and without resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc. (APRES) 38:26.<br /> <br /> Huang, G., R. Dong, R. Allen, E.L. Davis, T.J. Baum, and R.S. Hussey. 2006. Engineering broad root-knot resistance in transgenic plants by RNAi silencing of a conserved and essential root-knot nematode parasitism gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:14302-14306.<br /> <br /> Huang, G., R. Dong, R. Allen, E.L. Davis, T.J. Baum, and R.S. Hussey. 2006. A root-knot nematode secretory peptide functions as a ligand for a plant transcription factor. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 19:463-470.<br /> <br /> Hudson, L.C., C. H. Haigler, and E. L. Davis. 2006. Analysis of Cell Wall Synthesis in Feeding Cells Formed by Root-Knot Nematodes. Journal of Nematology 38: in press.<br /> <br /> Jones, J.R., K.S. Lawrence, and G. W. Lawrence. 2005. Implementation of winter cover crops in cotton cropping for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica 36:53-66.<br /> <br /> Kirkpatrick, T. L., K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, J. D. Muller, and N. M. French. 2006. Greenhouse evaluation of experimental harpin-based seed and foliar treatments on root-knot nematodes in cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 30-35. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2006. Blends of Heterodera glycines resistant and susceptible cultivars for management of soybean yield suppression. Nematropica 36:000. (in press).<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2006. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2005. Pp1- 5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-third Annual Meeting, Jackson, Tennessee.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R., D. T. Bowman, and R.H. Morris. 2006. Quantifying Potential Tolerance of Cotton Cultivars to Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology 38:187-191. <br /> <br /> Koenning, S.R., and D.T. Bowman. 2006. Management of Sting and Columbia lance nematodes with tolerant varieties and nematicides. Cotton Incorporated Agricultural Research Projects, Summary Reports 2005. P. 97.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S.R., and K. L. Edmisten. 2006. Rotations for management of root-knot nematode in cotton. Cotton Incorporated Agricultural Research Projects, Summary Reports 2005 P. 95.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., K. S., Lawrence, and J. Caceres. 2006. AVICTA complete pack and Temik 15 G for reniform nematode management on cotton. Journal of Nematology 38:278.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., R. King, G. R. Ellis, R. Doshi, K. S. Lawrence, Caceres, and J. S. Samson. 2006. Populations estimation of the reniform nematode using hyperspectral reflectance data and applications to variable rate nematicide applications. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 165. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., C. Dale Monks, and D. Delaney. Eds. 2005 Cotton Research Report. March 2006. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 28. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/communications/researchreports/05cottonrr.pdf<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and S. R. Usery. 2006. Poultry litter as an organic means of Rotylenchulus reniformis management of cotton. Journal of Nematology 38:278-279.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Usery, C. Burmester, and G. W. Lawrence. 2005. Evaluation of Telone II, Vapam HL, and Temik 15G for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2004. F&N Tests 60:N003<br /> <br /> McGawley, E. C., and Pontif, M. J. 2006 Chemical Management of Nematodes in Louisiana: 2000-2005 Field and Microplot Trials With Cotton, Soybean, Sugarcane, Rice, Assorted Vegetables and Turf. Nematropica 36: in press<br /> <br /> McGawley, E. C., Pontif, M. J., Bruce, J. B., and Overstreet, C. 2006. Efficacy of Agri-Terra Against Nematodes Associated With Major Crop Species in Louisiana. Journal of Nematology 38: 282.<br /> <br /> Mennan, S., S.Y. Chen, and H. Melakeberhan. 2006. Suppression of Meloidogyne hapla populations by Hirsutella minnesotensis. Biocont. Sci. and Tech. 16:181-193.<br /> <br /> Meyer, S. L. F., N. Kokalis-Burelle, R. F. Davis, J. A. Thies, I. A. Zasada. 2006. USDA-ARS research on practices compatible with organic agriculture for management of plant-parasitic nematodes on vegetable crops. Journal of Vegetable Science. In press.<br /> <br /> Miller, C. L. X. Gao, M. Kolomiets, and J. L. Starr. 2006. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase in maize  Response to infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology 96 (S): IN PRESS.<br /> <br /> Miller, D.R., S.Y. Chen, P.M. Porter, G.A. Johnson, D.L. Wyse, S.R. Stetina, L.D. Klossner, and G.A. Nelson. 2006. Evaluation of rotation crops for management of the soybean cyst nematode in Minnesota. Agron. J. 98:569-578.<br /> <br /> Muitia, A., Lopez, Y., Starr, J. L., Schubert, A. M., and M. D. Burow. 2006. Introduction of resistance to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria Neal (Chitwood)) into high oleic peanut. Peanut Science 32:IN PRESS<br /> <br /> Nakada, N., Steckler, R. M., and McGawley, E.C. 2006. Cal-Agri Products for the Management of Important Agricultural Pests. Nematropica 36: in press<br /> <br /> Newman, M.A. and P.A. Donald. 2006. Soybean Disease and Nematode Identification Field Guide. University of Tennessee Extension.<br /> <br /> Nielsen, D. I., Kemper, R. B., Steckler, R. M. and McGawley, E. C. 2006. Cal-Agri Products for the Management of Important Agricultural Pests. Journal of Nematology 38: 285.<br /> <br /> Overstreet, C., McGawley, E. C., Burris, E., Cook, D., Padgett, G. B., and M. Wolcott, M. 2006. Progress in Field Mapping Nematode Populations and Potential Uses of Electrical Conductivity to Create Management Zones. Nematropica 36: in press<br /> <br /> Patel, N., H. Diab, B. Gao, X. Wang, R. Hussey, T. Baum, and E. L. Davis. 2006. The Isolation and Functional Analysis of Parasitism Genes of the Beet Cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii. Journal of Nematology 38: in press.<br /> <br /> Pontif, M. J., and McGawley, E. C. 2006. Impact of Three Weed Species on Reproduction of Rotylenchulus Reniformis on Cotton and Soybean. Journal of Nematology 38: 287.<br /> <br /> Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Chen, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek. 2005. Reproduction of reniform nematode on soybean cultivars in 2004 tests. Journal of Nematology 37(3):390-391.<br /> <br /> Robinson, A. F., Akridge, J. R., Bradford, J. M., Cook, C. G., Gazaway, W. S. McGawley, E. C., Starr, J. L., and Young, L. D. 2006. Suppression of Rotylenchulus reniformis 122-cm Deep Endorses Resistance Introgression in Gossypium. Journal of Nematology 38: 195-209.<br /> <br /> Shen, X., G. Van Becelaere, P. Kumar, R. F. Davis, O. L. May, and P. Chee. 2006. QTL mapping for resistance to root-knot nematodes in the M-120 RNR upland cotton line (Gossypium hirsutum L.) of the Auburn 623 RNR source. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113:1539-1549.<br /> <br /> Shen, X., G. Van Becelaere, P. Kumar, R. F. Davis, O. L. May, and P. Chee. 2006. QTL mapping for resistance to root-knot nematodes in the M-120 RNR upland cotton line (Gossypium hirsutum L.) of the Auburn 623 RNR source. Proceedings of the International Cotton Genome Initiative. In press.<br /> <br /> Shen, X., P. Chee, G. Van Becelaere, R. Davis, and O. L. May. 2006. Progress for mapping loci for resistance to root-knot nematodes in an interspecific Gossypium population. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX, 3-6 January, 2006:144-149.<br /> <br /> Simpson, C. E., M.D. Burow, M. R. Baring, and J. L Starr. 2006. Environmental Effects on the genetic Expression of Resistance to Sclerotina Blight, Leafspot, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Rootknot Nematodes in Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. Proc APRES <br /> <br /> Steckler, R. M., Nakada, N., and McGawley, E. C. 2006. Efficacy of Agri-Terra Against Phytoparasitic Nematodes. Nematropica 36: in press<br /> <br /> Timper, P. , and J.P. Wilson. 2006. Root-knot nematode resistance in pearl millets from west and east Africa. Plant Disease. 90:339-344.<br /> <br /> Timper, P. , and J.P. Wilson. 2006. Root-knot nematode resistance in African pearl millets. Presented at the APS Southern Division Meeting. Phytopathology. 96S:188<br /> <br /> Timper, P. , and M.D. Krakowsky. 2006 Reproduction of Paratrichodorus minor on corn hybrids and inbreds. Journal of Nematology 38: in press. <br /> <br /> Timper, P., R.F. Davis, and P.G. Tillman. 2006. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on winter cover crops used in cotton production. Journal of Nematology. 38:83-89. <br /> <br /> Timper, P., T.B. Brenneman, and W.W. Hanna. 2006. Pearl millet as a rotation crop for reducing nematodes and soil-borne diseases in peanut. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc. (APRES) 38:48.<br /> <br /> Timper, P., T.B. Brenneman, W.W. Hanna, and J.P. Wilson. 2006. Pearl millet as a rotation crop for peanut. Plant Health Progress. In press.<br /> <br /> Warnke, S.A., S.Y. Chen, D.L. Wyse, G.A. Johnson, and P.M. Porter. 2006. Effect of rotation crops on Heterodera glycines population density in a greenhouse screening study. Journal of Nematology 38:391-398.<br /> <br /> Warnke, S.A., S.Y. Chen, D.L. Wyse, P.M. Porter, and G.A. Johnson. 2006. Effect of rotation crops on Heterodera glycines hatch, viability, and development in laboratory and greenhouse studies. Journal of Nematology 38:300.<br /> <br /> Weaver, D. B., K. S. Lawrence, and E. van Santen. 2007. Reniform nematode resistance in Upland cotton germplasm. Crop Science (in press).<br /> <br /> Wrather, J. A., and S. R. Koenning. 2006. Estimates of disease effects on soybean yields in the United States 2003-2005. Journal of Nematology 38:173-180.<br /> <br /> Xiang, M.C., E.C. Yang, Q.M. Xiao, X.Z. Liu, and S.Y. Chen. 2006. Hirsutella vermicola sp. nov., a new species preying on bacteria-feeding nematodes. Fungal Diversity 22:255-265.<br /> <br /> Zhang, L., X. Liu, S. Zhu, and S. Chen. 2006. Detection of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in soil by real-time PCR and parasitism bioassay. Biological Control 32:316-323.<br /> <br /> Zheng, J.W., Y.H. Li, and S.Y. Chen. 2006. Characterization of the virulence phenotypes of Heterodera glycines in Minnesota. J. Nematol. 38:383-390.<br />

Impact Statements

1. 1. Progress made in this research project to facilitate the development and use of nematode-resistant crop cultivars for nematode management in agriculture will reduce the estimated $80 billion in world crop losses due to nematode damage each year. The use of resistant cultivars will lower the quantity of nematicide needed to reduce nematode damage to crops, and thus, have a very positive influence on maintaining environmental quality. The return on investment in nematode-resistant crop cultivars will be realized in the marketplace as a safer and less expensive food and fiber supply for all members of society.
2. 2. AL - Poultry litter amendments have an antagonistic effect on R. reniformis. However, composting the litter reduces the antagonism to the nematode.
3. 3. FL - Root-knot nematode galling in a tomato cultivar with the MI-gene was very low relative to that in a susceptible tomato cultivar in a spring crop grown under black or aluminized metallic polyethylene mulch.
4. 4. GA  In cotton, a marker (SSR marker CIR316) linked to root-knot nematode resistance genes was found on chromosome 11. Results from this study indicate that the marker CIR316 may replace the laborious greenhouse screening used in breeding programs to identify genotypes resistant to the southern root-knot nematode.
5. 5. LA - Variation in pathogenicity and reproduction among populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis is a major obstacle to efforts to develop resistant crop cultivars.
6. 6. MN - Several crops, such as sunn hemp and Illinois bundle flower, were identified as effective rotation crops of soybean for managing the soybean cyst nematode.
7. 7. SC - Soybean germplasm with high level of resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita has been identified.
8. 8. TN - There was no advantage of a nematicide seed treatment in addition to host plant resistance for increasing soybean yield or reducing SCN egg population density.

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Report Information

Participants

Agudelo, Paula* (pagudel@clemson.edu)  Clemson University (SC);
Bernard, Ernest* (ebernard@utk.edu)  University of Tennessee (TN);
Chen, Senyu* (chenx099@tc.umn.edu)  University of Minnesota (MN);
Davis, Richard (rfdavis@tifton.usda.gov)  USDA-ARS-Georgia;
Dickson, Donald* (dwd@ufl.edu)  University of Florida (FL);
Eisenback, Jonathan* (jon@vt.edu)  Virginia Tech (VA);
Johnson, Charles (spcdis@vt.edu)  Virginia Tech;
Lawrence, Gary* (glawrence@entomology.msstate.edu)  Mississippi State University;
Lawrence, Katheryn* (lawrekk@auburn.edu)  Auburn University;
Robbins, Robert* (rrobbin@uark.edu)  University of Arkansas (AR);
Timper, Patricia* (ptimper@tifton.usda.gov)  USDA-ARS-Georgia;

Guests: Nichols, Robert (BNichols@cottoninc.com)  Cotton Incorporated.
* Voting Members.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Ernie Bernard called the meeting to order at 8:50 am. He announced that our Administrative Advisor, Ron Lacewell, could not attend this year due to a scheduling conflict. Jon Eisenback moved to approve the minutes from 2006, Gary Lawrence seconded, and the minutes were unanimously approved. Reports started at 9:10 am after a few technical difficulties. State reports were presented by Tennessee (Ernie Bernard, University of Tennessee) and Virginia (Jon Eisenback and Chuck Johnson, Virginia Tech).

After a break, discussion was started on the new project. Patricia Timper outlined the three objectives: 1) integrate resistant cultivars with other nematode management tactics to reduce selection pressure on nematode populations and communities, 2) identify and incorporate new sources of resistance into elite cultivars (multiple sources of resistance will reduce selection pressure on nematode populations), and 3) facilitate and improve identification of nematode species and races (identification of the species and race of nematode is critical for effective deployment of host resistance). Agudelo and Chen suggested changing the terminology in Objective 3  replace race with virulence phenotype. Timper asked for volunteers to help write the new project. She explained that she did not want to take the lead on it because she is not employed or funded by a State Experiment Station. Several members of the group use the S-1015 project as their State CRIS project and receive Experiment Station funds; therefore, someone from a university should take the lead in writing the new project. The following individuals volunteered to serve on the writing committee: Paula Agudello, Don Dickson, Ernie Bernard, and Patty Timper. Although Jim Starr was not present at the meeting, his name came up as a possible leader for the committee given is long involvement with host-plant resistance (peanut and cotton). Ernie Bernard will contact Starr about serving as Chair of the Writing Committee. Bernard will also contact Ron Lacewell and ask for a 1-year extension on the project plan. The group came up with the following names for potential reviewers of the new project plan: Phil Roberts (UC Riverside), Don Schmitt (Retired nematologist), Terry Niblack (University of Illinois), George Bird (Michigan State U.), and Steve Thomas (New Mexico State U.).

Following discussion of the new project plan, the state reports resumed. State reports were given by South Carolina (Paula Agudelo, Clemson University), Arkansas (Bob Robbins, University of Arkansas), Minnesota (Senyu Chen, University of Minnesota), Georgia (Patricia Timper and Richard Davis, USDA-ARS), Florida (Don Dickson, University of Florida), Mississippi (Gary Lawrence, Mississippi State U.), and Alabama (Kathy Lawrence, Auburn University).

The Business Meeting was called at 5 pm. The major point of business (the new project) had already been discussed earlier in the day. Next of the agenda was the site of the next meeting (2008). Ernie Bernard relayed a message from Jim Starr that the next meeting is scheduled for Florida. Don Dickson invited the group to Florida. Jon Eisenback motioned that we convene next year in Florida, Chuck Johnson seconded, and the motion was unanimously approved.

Don Dickson moved that we thank Ernie Bernard for host the meeting, a round of applause was given. The meeting was adjourned at 5:07 pm.  Recorded by Patty Timper.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes in cotton, peanut, soybean, and major fruit and vegetable crops.<br /> <br /> Cotton<br /> <br /> AL: David Weavers lab grew approximately 1200 BC1F1 ((adapted X resistant) X adapted) and F2 (adapted X resistant) plants this past summer in the field. Primary sources of resistance we are using are TX245 and TX1419. All plants were self-pollinated and we will plant the selfed progenies (BC1F1:2 and F2:3 lines) in the field next summer to increase seed for evaluation of these lines.<br /> <br /> NC: An experiment concerning cotton rotation with corn, root-knot resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in Lenoir Co. in 2002 and completed in 2007. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded more than FM989BR when cotton was grown continuously, but final root-knot population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance (Koenning, and Bowman). <br /> <br /> Tolerance to reniform nematode was evaluated for 34 cotton varieties in a field study. The study was a strip-plot design treated or nontreated with Telone II at 4.5 gallons/acre. Tolerance indices varied from 73 to 104, but tolerance was not significantly different between varieties. Varieties with tolerance indices above 85, were among the lowest yielders.<br /> <br /> Tolerance to root-knot nematode was evaluated for 8 cotton varieties in a field study. The study was a split-plot design treated or untreated with Telone II at 4.5 gallons/acre. None of the cultivars evaluated had tolerance to this nematode. Average yield loss was about 200 lbs/acre.<br /> <br /> USDA-GA: In collaboration with Dr. Peng Chee (University of Georgia, Tifton), we are continuing a project that was begun in 2001 to incorporate resistance to the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) into elite cotton germplasm (PD94042) through serial backcrossing. Replicated field tests to select for yield and fiber quality were conducted in 2007. The level of resistance was documented in greenhouse tests, and these germplasm lines suppress M. incognita reproduction by more than 90% and have resistance statistically equal to their resistant parent (either M-120 RNR or M-155 RNR). <br /> <br /> We initiated a study in collaboration with Dr. Peng Chee to search for previously unidentified resistance genes. We previously identified a molecular marker (CIR316) for a major QTL for nematode resistance, and we will use that marker to identify resistance genes outside of the known QTL. We obtained two cotton germplasm lines created from primitive race stocks and released as potentially new sources of resistance to M. incognita. CIR316 does not indicate that the lines have the previously identified nematode resistance gene. We crossed the lines with G. barbadense (Pima S-6) to produce F1 seed, then we self-pollinated the F1 plants to produce an F2 generation which is segregating for nematode resistance and has polymorphisms. We will verify the lack of association with known DNA markers associated with root-knot nematode resistance, then we will search for new markers that are associated with resistance in these lines. <br /> <br /> Peanut<br /> <br /> FL: One hundred thirty two peanut lines from Dr. Barry Tillmans breeding program were evaluated for root-knot nematode galling. There was so little galling on pods, pegs and roots that no data were collected. <br /> <br /> SC: Plants were selected from a 2005 F2 population resulting from the hybridization of PI594651-L2, resistant to peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria), with the adapted S.C. cultivar, Dillon. The objective is to develop germplasm and/or cultivars with an improved level of M. arenaria resistance, high seed yield, and acceptable agronomic traits. Progeny were screened for resistance to M. arenaria in a greenhouse and 33 F2 lines identified as resistant. F3:4 progeny will be grown in 2008 and evaluated for agronomic traits.<br /> <br /> USDA-GA: In collaboration with USDA ARS and University of Georgia scientists, we identified peanut germplasm from China with a high level of resistance to the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. Nematode reproduction on the resistant germplasm was < 10% of that on the susceptible control, Georgia Green. We also identified sources of resistance to M. arenaria (both moderate and high levels) that appear to be different from the existing genes for resistance found in the cultivars NemaTAM and Tifguard.<br /> <br /> Soybean<br /> <br /> AR: For SSR mapping and confirmation of soybean QTL from PI 437654 conditioning resistance to reniform nematode, we refined the QLT locations and identified additional resistance.<br /> <br /> MS: A soybean cyst population (host race 15) was used to inoculate soybean entries for their reaction to the soybean cyst nematode. The variety Hutcheson was included in the test to compare the relative susceptibility of each entry to a widely known soybean variety. One hundred seventy entries were examined in 2006. Eighty-five of the entries had an index of reproduction less than Hutcheson. Only three varieties (ANAND MGV, LONOAK MGV, RT5302n MGV) resulted in a reproductive factor less than 10% of Hutcheson. Two additional varieties (94B73 MGIV, HBK4944CX MGIV) resulted in a reproductive factor less than 20% of Hutcheson.<br /> <br /> NC: Functional analyses to study the effects of secreted nematode parasitism gene products on host plant cells have included experiments designed to express each gene in plant tissues and to knockout these genes in the nematode to assess effects on infection. We have demonstrated the ability of some cyst nematode parasitism proteins secreted into host plant cells to localize within the host cell nucleus, suggesting potential direct effects of the secreted proteins on nematode feeding cell gene expression and development. We have demonstrated the quantitative and specific effect of RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of parasitism genes expressed within the esophageal gland cells of cyst nematodes, confirming the mechanism of RNAi inhibition of nematode parasitism of host plant roots. The upregulated activities of two plant endoglucanase (cellulase) gene promoters, AtCel1 and NtCel7, were demonstrated in giant-cells formed by root-knot nematodes for both promoters, and additionally, the NtCel7 promoter (but not AtCe1) was also upregulated in syncytia formed by cyst nematodes. The RNAi constructs to inhibit root-knot and cyst nematode infection of roots, and the plant promoters to drive RNAi construct expression in nematode feeding cells, are being combined to develop transgenic plants with nematode resistance. Transformation of soybean plants with such constructs has been initiated with a university-based Soybean Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Center.<br /> <br /> Several varieties or potential varieties showed tolerance to Columbia lance nematode at the Scotland Co. location including NC Roy, NC Raleigh, S76-L9, and N01-11777. The experiments will be terminated in 2007. <br /> <br /> SC: Thirty-six genotypes were evaluated in a field infested with soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for seed yield, root-knot (RKN) galling, and plant vigor. Average seed yield was 20.4 bushels per acre. Fourteen S.C. breeding lines did not differ significantly from the resistant check cultivars for seed yield and galling score. <br /> <br /> South Carolina lines were evaluated for resistance to reniform nematode in greenhouse experiments conducted by Dr. R. T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas June 29 to October 9, 2006. Nine S.C. experimental lines and two cultivars (Motte and Santee) were found to have the same or a higher level of resistance as Forrest, the resistant standard. <br /> <br /> USDA-TN: Three germplasm lines were registered and released. <br /> <br /> Vegetables<br /> <br /> FL: The Mi gene in tomato cv. Crista provided a high level of resistance to a high density of Meloidogyne javanica, and a mixture of M. arenaria and M. incognita, when evaluated under virtually impermeable film (black on black) and aluminized metallic reflective film. The root-knot nematode susceptible tomato cv. Talledega was included for comparison and marketable yields were evaluated following treatment with methyl bromide, Telone C35, or nontreated. There were no differences in marketable yield between Talladega and Crista cultivars (P d 0.05).<br /> <br /> In cooperation with Dr. Judy Thies the N-gene in pepper cv. Charleston Belle is being tested in a spring crop rotation study with the Mi gene in tomato cv. Crista in a fall crop. Crista followed in the fall planting in the same plots where Charleston Belle was grown in the spring. The resistant cultivars are being compared with root-knot nematode susceptible cultivars Keystone Resistant Giant pepper and Talladega tomato. Both Telone C35 fumigated and nonfumigated plots are included for comparison. <br /> <br /> TN: Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita was studied in repeated replicated experiments on five species: two plants with promising nematicidal characteristics (Monarda `Croftway Pink` [bee balm] and Chenopodium epazote `Glossy`) and three good hosts (`Rutgers` tomato, `Beer Friend` edamame-type soybean, and `Mammoth` sunflower). Results of both experiments were similar. Invasion of roots was similar among the plants but females rarely developed on epazote and bee balm. In epazote roots, swollen juveniles and females produced weakly developed giant cell systems and in several instances appeared to be attempting to establish new giant cells in cortical rather than vascular tissue. Developed galls usually contained a spherical mass of tightly packed, differentiated vessels not connected to functional vascular tissue.<br /> <br /> Objective 2: Development of marker assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes.<br /> <br /> Cotton<br /> <br /> TX: Three cotton breeding lines with resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis have been develop. Seed increase is in progress in preparation for release as parental materials in 2008. Additionally, allelic relationships among seven cotton accessions with resistance to root-knot nematodes are being determined. Inheritance of resistance in these primitive cotton accessions is complex with both dominant and recessive alleles identified.<br /> <br /> USDA-GA: We collaborated previously with Dr. Peng Chee to identify DNA markers for a major QTL (on chromosome 11) for root-knot nematode resistance in cotton. We are currently fine mapping in the region with the major QTL to identify more tightly-linked flanking markers that can distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes with greater accuracy.<br /> <br /> Peanut<br /> <br /> TX: We have developed 47 peanut breeding lines with multiple disease resistance (M. arenaria, M. javanica, TSWV, and Sclerotinia Blight) and with the high O/L trait. Yield testing is in progress and expectations are to release a new cultivar in 2009.<br /> <br /> Objective 3: Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems.<br /> <br /> Cotton<br /> <br /> AL: The cotton - corn annual rotation is the principal rotated system utilized to reduce R. reniformis populations. However, nematode soil samples recently collected after a season of corn have contained economically significant populations of R. reniformis. Such findings suggested that non-controlled common weed species associated with the cotton - corn rotation may serve as hosts for R. reniformis and sustain populations during the corn crop. Selected weed species commonly associated with corn and cotton production in the southeastern U.S. were screened to determine their host status to R. reniformis in the greenhouse. In a microplot field study, corn and individual weed species were grown in mixtures to evaluate R. reniformis population density changes. Corn was also produced under four herbicide regimes simulating various weed densities to determine if increasing weed populations would maintain or increase R. reniformis numbers. Greenhouse trials indicated that of 43 species tested, the majority of dicotyledonous weed species serve as host to R. reniformis while the monocotyledonous weeds did not. In field microplot studies, corn growing in mixtures with individual weed species increased R. reniformis nematode populations. Uncontrolled weed species in corn field plots treated with only a pre-emergence herbicide application increased R. reniformis populations compared to the weed-free treatments. The presence of uncontrolled weeds in the cotton-corn rotation system may support a persistent R. reniformis population during rotations with a non-host crop. <br /> <br /> MS: Multitemporal spectral classification of the root-knot and reniform nematode using self-organized maps was further investigated. Remotely sensed hyperspectral data was examined for use in detecting the root-knot and reniform nematodes on cotton. Reflectance of hyperspectral signatures was used as features for classification purposes. Overall classification accuracies varied from the upper 60s to lower 80 percent. Individual accuracies for the cotton plants affected by the reniform nematode were higher compared to that of the root-knot nematode. The use of map grid and U-matrix to visualize supervised SOM indicates there exists data clustering between samples affected by the two nematode species.<br /> <br /> Reniform nematode management with VRT equipment and site-specific applications was further advanced. A fully working multi-modal variable rate applications system was developed. This system is capable of applying low volumes of liquid nematicides (Telone II) to georeferenced locations in the field corresponding to specific nematode classes. Target rates were attained within 1 second during volume changes at a ground speed of 6 mph.<br /> <br /> SC: We have started a collection of populations representative of the presence of reniform nematode in the cotton-growing areas in South Carolina. The purpose of this collection is to have updated information on the geographic distribution of the species in the state and make observations on its variability. We have sampled 75 fields in cotton-growing areas in 5 counties in South Carolina (Dorchester, Calhoun, Orangeburg, Kershaw, and Lee). Many of the selected fields have a history of also growing corn, soybean, or peanuts. No reniform nematodes were detected in the samples collected from fields in Dorchester and Orangeburg counties. The six fields sampled in Kershaw Co. contained reniform nematodes. Eleven of 28 fields sampled in Calhoun Co. were positive for reniform nematodes, as were 11 of 15 fields in Lee Co. The highest population densities of reniform nematode (1600 individuals/100 cc) were found in Calhoun Co.<br /> <br /> Soybean<br /> <br /> AR: In 2007 128 soybean varieties were tested for reniform nematode reproduction; of these Pioneer 93M90, Agventure 44D4, DB02-2517, and MPV 4406nRR were not different than Hartwig and would be useful to reduce reniform numbers. Of 48 private soybean breeding lines 15 could be useful in breeding for reniform resistance.<br /> <br /> Impact of soil texture and temperature on reniform nematode on cotton was studied in northern and central Arkansas. Mean densities indicated that silt loam and sandy clay loam supported greater nematode survival and reproduction than sandy loam or loamy sand and the central one reproduced more. <br /> <br /> LA: The nematology project of the LSU AgCenter is continuing research to evaluate variation in southern populations of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Populations of this nematode from LA, TX, MS, AK, FL and HI were used in laboratory studies with the objective of comparing the hatch of eggs and infectivity of juveniles representing these six populations. Knowledge of the variation in aggressiveness and reproductive potential among populations of this nematode is imperative for the development of durable, resistant germplasm.<br /> <br /> MN: A survey was conducted in 2006 to determine distribution and frequencies of Heterodera glycines and other major plant-parasitic nematodes in the organic-farming fields in Minnesota. Heterodera glycines was found in 35% of the 108 sampled fields. Other common genera found in the state included Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus and related genera, Xiphinema, and Paratylenchus. <br /> <br /> Control of H. glycines with swine manure was investigated. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine effectiveness of raw, volatile fatty acid (VFA)-enriched, and NH4+-enriched swine manure in control of the soybean cyst nematode. The SCN population densities were inversely related to the manure application rates in a linear manner for all three manures 35 days after planting. VFA-enriched manure performed best in reducing SCN egg counts and suppressed egg population density at by 21, 45, and 53% at the application rate of 62, 125, and 250 mL/L of soil, respectively. <br /> <br /> NC: Research to evaluate blends of SCN resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars was initiated in 2004 and continued in 2007. Delsoy 5710 was highly resistant to the race 5 population present at the Caswell research station, and Fowler and Anand were also resistant to this population. Resistant varieties yielded more than susceptible varieties, but the highest yield was for a blend of 70% Fowler and 30% Holladay in 2005 and 2006. Lowest numbers of SCN were on resistant varieties but blends with a high proportion of either Delsoy 5710 or Fowler had lower SCN numbers than expected. There is a trend toward increasing SCN reproduction on Anand and Delsoy 5710, but not on Fowler.<br /> <br /> USDA-TN: Soil samples collected to determine the population density of soybean cyst nematode in soybean producer fields have been characterized to determine the effectiveness of current soybean resistance to this nematode. Those populations which have been evaluated can be categorized as 81% capable of reproducing on the Peking (PI548402) source of resistance and 81% capable of reproducing on PI 88788 source of resistance. No population was found which failed to reproduce on at least one source of resistance in the HG Type indicator lines. Greenhouse screening of most commonly used soybean cultivars against soybean cyst nematode populations which can reproduce on PI 88788 indicate that few cultivars are available to effectively limit reproduction of the currently most common soybean cyst nematode population in TN.<br />

Publications

Journal Articles<br /> <br /> Chen, S. Y. 2007. Suppression of Heterodera glycines in soils from fields with long-term soybean monoculture. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17:125-134.<br /> <br /> Chen, S. Y., J. E. Kurle, S. R. Stetina, D. R. Miller, G. A. Nelson, L. D. Klossner, and N. C. Hansen. 2007. Interactions between iron-deficiency chlorosis and soybean cyst nematode in Minnesota soybean fields. Plant and Soil 299:131-139.<br /> <br /> Chen, S., and S. F. Liu. 2007. Effects of tillage and crop sequence on parasitism of Heterodera glycines juveniles by Hirsutella spp. and on juvenile population density. Nematropica 37:93-106.<br /> <br /> Dong, W. B., C. C. Holbrook, P. Timper, T. B. Brenneman, Y. Chu, and P. Ozias-Akins. 2008. Resistance in peanut cultivars and breeding lines to three root-knot nematode species. Plant Disease (in press).<br /> <br /> Dong, W., C. C. Holbrook, P. Timper, T. B. Brenneman, and B. G. Mullinix. 2007. Comparison of methods for assessing resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria. Journal of Nematology. 39:169-175.<br /> <br /> Elling, A.A., E. L. Davis, R. S. Hussey, and T. J. Baum. 2007. Active uptake of cyst nematode parasitism proteins into the plant cell nucleus. International Journal for Parasitology 37:1269-1279.<br /> <br /> Faske, T. R., and J. L. Starr. 2007. Cotton root protection from plant-parasitic nematodes by abamectin-treated seed. Journal of Nematology 39:27-30.<br /> <br /> Ha, Bo-Kuen, R. T. Robbins, F. Han, R. Hussey, J. Soper, and H. R. Boerma. 2007. SSR mapping and confirmation of soybean QTL from PI 437654 conditioning resistance to reniform nematode. Crop Science 47:1336-1343. <br /> <br /> Han, H-R., D. W. Dickson, and D. P. Weingartner. 2006. Biological characterization of five isolates of Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Nematropica 36:26-35.<br /> <br /> Han, H-R., A. Jeyaprakash, D. P. Weingartner, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Morphological and molecular biological characterization of Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Nematropica 36:37-51.<br /> <br /> Holbrook, C. C., P. Timper, and A. K. Culbreath. 2007. Registration of peanut germplasm line TifGP-1 with resistance to the root-knot nematode and tomato spotted wilt virus. Journal of Plant Registrations (in press).<br /> <br /> Holbrook, C. C., P. Timper, W. Dong, C. K. Kvien, and A. K. Culbreath. 2007. Development of high yielding tomato spotted wilt resistant near isogenic lines with and without resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode. Crop Science (in press).<br /> <br /> Jeyaprakash, A., M. S. Tigano, J. Brito, R. M. D. G. Carneiro, and D.W. Dickson. 2006. Differentiation of Meloidogyne floridensis from M. arenaria using high-fidelity PCR amplified mitochondrial AT-rich sequences. Nematropica 36:1-12.<br /> <br /> Jones, J.R., K. S. Lawrence, and G. W. Lawrence. 2005. Implementation of winter cover crops in cotton cropping for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica 36:53-66.<br /> <br /> Kariuki, G. M., J. A. Brito, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Effects of Pasteuria penetrans endospore rate of attachment on root penetration and fecundity of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. Nematropica 36:261-267. <br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R., D. E. Morrison, and K. L. Edmisten. 2007. Relative efficacy of selected fumigant nematicides for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton. Nematropica 37 (in press).<br /> <br /> Melakeberhan, H., S. Mennan, S. Chen, B. Darby, and T. Dudek. 2007. Integrated approaches to understanding and managing Meloidogyne hapla populations' parasitic variability. Crop Protection 26:894-902.<br /> <br /> Mennan, S., S. Y. Chen, and H. Melakeberhan. 2007. Effects of Hirsutella minnesotensis and N-Viro soil on populations of Meloidogyne hapla. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17:233-246.<br /> <br /> Ou, L., J. E. Thomas, L. H. Allen, Jr., J. C. Vu, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Effects of application methods of metam sodium and plastic covers on horizontal and vertical distributions of methyl isothiocyanate in bedded field plots. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 51:164-173.<br /> <br /> Pontif, M. J., and E.C. McGawley. 2007. The Influence of morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) on reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Nematropica 37 (in-press).<br /> <br /> Robinson, A. F., J. R. Akridge, J. M. Bradford, C. G. Cook, W. S. Gazaway, E. C. McGawley, J. L. Starr, and L. D. Young. 2006. Suppression of Rotylenchulus reniformis 122-cm deep endorses resistance introgression in Gossypium. Journal of Nematology 38:195-209.<br /> <br /> Shannon, J. G., J. A. Wrather, D. A. Sleper, R. T. Robbins, H. T. Nguygen, and S. C. Anand. 2007. Registration of Jake soybean. Journal of Plant Registrations 1:29-30.<br /> <br /> Starr, J. L., S. R. Koenning, T. L. Kirkpatrick, A. F. Robinson, P. A. Roberts, and R. L. Nichols. 2007. The future of nematode management in cotton. Journal of Nematology 39 (in press).<br /> <br /> Starr, J. L., K. L. Ong, M. Huddleston, and Z. A. Handoo. 2007. Control of Meloidogyne marylandi on Bermuda grass. Nematropica 37:43-49.<br /> <br /> Sukno, S. A., J. McCuiston, M. Y. Wong, X. Wang, M. R. Thon, R. S. Hussey, T. J. Baum, and E. L. Davis. 2007. Quantitative detection of double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing of parasitism genes in Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology 39:145-152.<br /> <br /> Sukno, S., O. Shimerling, J. McCuiston, G. Tsabary, Z. Shani, O. Shoseyov, and E. L. Davis. 2006. Expression and regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cel1 endo 1,4 b glucanase gene during compatible plant-nematode interactions. Journal of Nematology 38:354-361.<br /> <br /> Thomas, J. E., L. Ou, L. H. Allen, Jr., J. C. Vu, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Henry's law constants and mass transfer coefficients for methyl bromide and 1,3-dichloropropene applied to Florida sandy field soil. Chemosphere 62:980-988. <br /> <br /> Wang, X., A. Replogle, E. L. Davis, and M. G. Mitchum. 2007. The tobacco NtCel7 gene promoter is auxin-responsive and locally induced in nematode feeding sites of heterologous plants. Molecular Plant Pathology 8:423-436.<br /> <br /> Weaver, D. B., K. S. Lawrence, and E. van Santen. 2007. Reniform nematode resistance in upland cotton germplasm. Crop Science 47:19-24.<br /> <br /> Xiang, M. C., X. Z. Liu, Q. M. Xiao, and S. Y. Chen, S. Y. 2007. Nutritional requirements of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 37:151-158.<br /> <br /> Xiang, M. C., Z. X. Wang, X. Z. Liu, X. H. Yang, S. Y. Chen, and Q. M. Xiao. 2007. Variability of morphology, parasitism, and nucleotide sequences among isolates and species of nematophagous Hirsutella. Biological Control 33:110-119.<br /> <br /> Xiao, J., J. Zhu, S. Chen, W. Ruan, and C. Miller. 2007. A novel use of anaerobically digested liquid swine manure to potentially control soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 42:749-757. <br /> <br /> Abstracts<br /> <br /> Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, D. W. Dickson, J. R. Rich, and L. A. Haley. 2006. Biological notes and parasitic habits of the pecan root-knot nematode, Meloidogye partityla, in Florida. Nematropica 36:115 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Chen, S., C. C. Sheaffer, D. L. Wyse, P. Nickel, H. Kandel, and C. M. Fernholz. 2007. Distribution and frequency of Heterodera glycines and other plant-parasitic nematodes in the organic-farming fields in Minnesota. Journal of Nematology 39:99 (Abstr.). <br /> <br /> Davis, R. F., and R. C. Kemerait. 2007. The multi-year, cumulative effects of monocropping cotton resistant to the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology 39:71-72 (Abstr.).<br /> Donald, P. A., R. Hayes, R., and E. Walker. 2007. Potential for soybean cyst nematode reproduction on winter weeds and cover crops in Tennessee. Online: Plant Health Progress do8i:10.1094/PHP-2007-0226-01-RS (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Donald, P. A., T. Kilen, and A. Mengitsu. 2007. Registration of soybean germplasm line D99-2018 resistant to Phytophthora rot (Rps6) and soybean cyst nematode races 3 (HG Type 0) and 14 (HG Type 1.3.6.7). Crop Science 47:451-452 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Faske, T. R., Starr, J. L., and Smith, C. W. 2007. Evaluation of advanced interespecific cotton genotypes for resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis. Phytopathology 97 (S):34 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Johnson, E. A., J. A. Brito, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Comparison of pathogenicity of six isolates of Meloidogyne mayaguensis from Florida on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Solar Set. Nematropica 36:129-130 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Kariuki, G. M., J. A. Brito, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Effect of Pasteuria penetrans endospore density on attachment, penetration, and fecundity of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. Nematropica 36:130 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., K. S. Lawrence, and J. Caceres. 2006. AVICTA complete pack and Temik 15 G for reniform nematode management on cotton. Journal of Nematology 38:278 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and S. R. Usery. 2006. Poultry litter as an organic means of Rotylenchulus reniformis management of cotton. Journal of Nematology 38:278-279 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Mebrahtu, T., T. E. Devine, P. A. Donald, and T. S. Abney. 2007. Registration of Owens vegetable soybean. Journal of Plant Registrations 1:95-96 (Abstr.). <br /> <br /> Mengistu, A., T. C. Kilen, and P. A. Donald. 2007. Registration of D95-5048 soybean germplasm line resistant to Phytophthora rots and soybean cyst nematode races 3 and 14. Crop Science 47:452 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Mercer, C., F. Shah, Bulman, and J. Starr, J. 2007. Plant-parasitic nematodes pose identification challenge. New Zealand Society of Parasitologists (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Stanley, J., N. Kokalis-Burelle, and D. W. Dickson. 2006. Host status of Meloidogyne floridensis on selected weeds and cover crops common to Florida. Nematropica 36:149 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Starr, J. L., and C. Mercer. 2006. Egg hatch from cysts and white females of Heterodera trifolii (Nematoda). New Zealand Society of Parasitologists (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Sun, M., S. Chen, J. E. Kurle, S. Naeve, D. L. Wyse, L. A. Stahl, G. A. Nelson, and L. D. Klossner. 2007. Effect of rotation crops on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and iron-deficiency chlorosis of soybean. Phytopathology 97:S113 (Abstr.). <br /> <br /> Xiao, J., J. Zhu, S. Chen, W. Ruan, and C. Miller. 2007. Control of the soybean cyst nematode using anaerobically digested liquid swine manure. Journal of Nematology 39:73 (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Other Publications and Reports<br /> <br /> Boozer, R. V., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, Y. Feng, B. L. Freeman, and E. van Santen. 2006. Concurrent evaluation of reniform nematode and early season insect populations as influenced by enhanced degradation of aldicarb. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 12-19. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Bridge, J., and J. L. Starr. 2007. Plant nematodes of agricultural importance. London, UK: Manson Publishing. <br /> <br /> Burmester, C. H., K. S. Lawrence, T. B. Hatchett, and C. Norris. Evaluation of Avicta formulation variants for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:N009. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Burow, M. D., J. L. Starr, C.-H. Park, and C. E. Simpson. 2008. Identification of QTLs for resistance to early leafspot (Cercospora archidicola S. Hori) in an introgression population of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Genome meetings, San Diego.<br /> <br /> Caceres, J., K. S. Lawrence, and G. W. Lawrence. 2006. Evaluation of commercial and experimental seed treatments on cotton stand in Alabama and Mississippi. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 66. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Carpenter, D., K. S. Lawrence, and T. V. Hatchett. 2007. AVICTA's Effect on reniform nematode morphological development on cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:189-191. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings.<br /> <br /> Davis, R. F. 2007. Utilization of resistance and tolerance to root-knot nematode in cotton. Proceedings of the Fourth World Cotton Research Conference, Lubbock, TX, 10-14 September, 2007 (In press).<br /> <br /> Dismukes, A. L., K. S. Lawrence, A. J. Price, G. W. Lawrence, and R. Akridge. 2006 . Host status of noxious weed plants associated with Gossypium hirsutum- Zea mays rotation systems to Rotylenchulus reniformis . Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 7-11. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> French, N. M., T. L. Kirkpatrick, P. D. Colyer, J. L. Starr, K. S. Lawrence, J. R. Rich, and G. W. Lawrence. 2006. Influence of N-Hibit and ProAct on nematodes in field cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1:137-132. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Gazaway, W. S., K. S. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge. 2007. Impact of Crop Rotation and Fumigation on Cotton Production in Reniform Infested Fields. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:1357-1360. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings.<br /> <br /> Gazaway, W. S., K. S. Lawrence, C. D. Monks, and R. Akridge. 2007. Crop rotation- an effective tool for managing reniform nematodes in cotton. Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference. (In Press) National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> T. V. Hatchett, T. V., K. S. Lawrence, S J. Suh, and J. Cofield. 2007. Survey of the biological activity of 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8-octadecenoic acid (TOD) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:1349-1355. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings.<br /> <br /> Jones, J. R., K. S. Lawrence, and E. van Santen. 2007. Effects of pot material and soil volume on Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita population development <br /> Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference. (In Press) National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Kirkpatrick, T. L., K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, J. D. Muller, and N. M. French. 2006. Greenhouse evaluation of experimental harpin-based seed and foliar treatments on root-knot nematodes in cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1: 30-35. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., R. A. Doshi, R. L. King, K. S. Lawrence, and J. Caceres. 2007.<br /> Nematode management using remote sensing technology, self-organized maps and variable rate nematicide applications. Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference. (in press). National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., R. King, G. R. Ellis, R. Doshi, K. S. Lawrence, J. Caceres, and J. S. Samson. 2006. Population estimation of the reniform nematode using hyperspectral reflectance data and applications to variable rate nematicide applications. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Vol 1:165. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., and G. W. Lawrence. 2007. Performance of the new nematicide treatments on cotton. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:602-605. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., K. S. Lawrence, and J.Caceres. 2007. Options after the furrow is closed. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1:598-601. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., T. B. Hatchett, and R. Akridge. 2007. Evaluation of experimental Temik formulations for reniform nematode management in cotton in south Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:N005. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., T. B. Hatchett, C. H. Burmester and C. Norris. 2007. Evaluation of experimental Temik formulations for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:N006. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., T. B. Hatchett, C. H. Burmester and C. Norris. 2007. Evaluation of experimental Gaucho Grande seed treatment formulations for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:N008. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., T. B. Hatchett, W. S. Gazaway, and R. Akridge. 2007. Evaluation of experimental Gaucho Grande seed treatment formulations for reniform nematode management in cotton in south Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:N007. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., T. B. Hatchett, and S. Nightingale. 2007. Evaluation of Avicta alone and in combination with seed treatment fungicides for protection of cotton from Fusarium wilt, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 1:N013. DOI:10.1094/PDMR01. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., C. D. Monks, and D. Delaney. Eds. 2005 Cotton Research Report. March 2006. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 28. <br /> http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/communications/researchreports/05cottonrr.pdf<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., A. J. Price, G. W. Lawrence, J. R. Jones, and R. Akridge. 2007. Several common weeds support reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) reproduction in cotton-corn rotations. Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference. (In Press) National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Usery, C. Burmester, and G. W. Lawrence. 2005. Evaluation of Telone II, Vapam HL, and Temik 15G for reniform nematode management in cotton in north Alabama, 2004. F&N Tests 60:N003.<br /> <br /> McGawley, E. C. 2007. s. A summary of six years of greenhouse, microplot and field experimentation with a new in-furrow, at-planting material for the management of plant parasitic nematodes of major agricultural crops in the southern United States. Proceedings of the XVI International Plant Protection CongresPages 12-19.<br /> <br /> McGawley, E. C. 2007. Management of nematode parasites of major crops in Louisiana with Agri-Terra. Proceedings of the 2007 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. 13: 1-4.<br /> <br /> Robbins, R. T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, P. Chen, G. Shannon, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek. 2007. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2006. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans.<br />

Impact Statements

1. AL: Common uncontrolled weed species associated with the cotton-corn rotation system can host R. reniformis populations when rotating with a non-host rotation crop allowing populations to remain above threshold levels.
2. FL: Both methyl bromide and C35 were equally effective in the suppression of root-knot nematode throughout the crop season on the root-knot nematode susceptible tomato cv. Talladega
3. Covering beds with VIF is more likely to result in phytotoxicity of C35 when environmental conditions are not conducive for degradation of the compound. Greater care must be taken when transplanting into bed treated with C35 that are covered with VIF.
4. LA: A significant factor contributing to differences in reproduction among populations of R. reniformis is the viability of eggs rather than the levels of egg production by females, the infectivity of juveniles or the subsequent rate of maturation following infection.
5. MN: Organic production has been increasing steadily recent years and will continue to grow in Minnesota. Use of manure to suppress the soybean cyst nematode population added an option in the nematode management and increased the value of the swine waste.
6. NC: Progress made in this research project to facilitate the development and use of nematode-resistant crop cultivars for nematode management in agriculture will reduce the estimated $80 billion in world crop losses due to nematode damage each year. The use of resistant cultivars will lower the quantity of nematicide needed to reduce nematode damage to crops, and thus, have a very positive influence on maintaining environmental quality. The return on investment in nematode-resistant crop cultivars will be realized in the marketplace as a safer and less expensive food and fiber supply for all members of society.
7. SC: Soybean germplasm with high level of resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita has been identified.
8. TN: The apparent discovery of a strong resistance mechanism in epazote that results in proliferation of xylem into a spherical mass rather than into giant cells may be a new phenomenon that can be exploited for further investigation into the mechanisms by which root-knot nematodes induce giant cells.
9. USDA-GA: USDA and university scientists in Georgia released the first peanut cultivar, named Tifguard, with a high level of resistance to both M. arenaria and TSWV. Planting this new cultivar will reduce input costs associated with nematode control and improve peanut yields in fields infested with M. arenaria; moreover, in fields without the nematode, yields should be comparable to currently available cultivars with good TSWV resistance.
10. USDA-GA: A marker (SSR marker CIR316) linked to resistance genes on chromosome 11 was found. Results from this study indicate that the marker CIR316 may replace the laborious greenhouse screening used in breeding programs to identify genotypes resistant to the southern root-knot nematode.
11. USDA-TN: Most commonly found soybean cyst nematode populations in TN are capable of reproducing on major sources of soybean resistance and few commercially available soybean cultivars effectively limit reproduction of the nematode. This emphasizes the need to scout, sample and monitor field populations of soybean cyst nematode and well as incorporating management strategies known to reduce soybean cyst nematode.

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Brief Summary of Minutes

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Accomplishments

Publications

Bell, A.L., Starr, J.L., Jones, J. E., Lemon, R.G., Nichols, R. L., Overstreet, C., and Stelly, D.M. 2009. Nematode resistance and agronomic performance of LONREN and NEMASTACK lines. Proc Cotton Disease Council, Belt Cotton Conferences. <br /> <br /> Chen, S., and Zheng, J. 2009. Fast loss of resistance in cultivars with current sources of resistance: A challenge in soybean cyst nematode management. World Soybean Research Conference VIII Proceedings. Online http://www.wsrc2009.cn/en/index.asp.<br /> <br /> Davis, R. F., P. W. Chee, E. L. Lubbers, O. L. May. 2010. Development of root-knot nematode resistant germplasm with high yield and fiber quality. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, 4-7 January, 2010: in press (Abstr.). <br /> <br /> Davis, R. F., and R. C. Kemerait. 2009. The multi-year effects of repeatedly growing cotton with moderate resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology (in press)<br /> <br /> Dong, W.B., T.B. Brenneman, C.C. Holbrook, P. Timper, & A.K. Culbreath. 2009. The interaction between Meloidogyne arenaria and Cylindrocladium parasiticum in runner peanut. Plant Pathology. Online. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01932.x<br /> Faske, T. R., and Starr, J.L. 2009. Penetration and development of Meloidogyne incognita on susceptible and resistant cotton genotypes. Nematropica 39: 263-270.<br /> <br /> Faske, T. R. and Starr. J. L. 2009. Reproduction of Meloidogyne marylandi and M. incognita on several Poaceae. Journal of Nematology 41: 2-4<br /> <br /> He, Y., N. Aqbal, X. Shen, R. Davis, and P. W. Chee. 2010. QTL mapping for resistance to root-knot nematodes in the primitive Gossypium hirsutum L. line M495. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, 4-7 January, 2010: in press (Abstr.). <br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2009. Effects of diseases on soybean yields in the United States 1996-2007. P1, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting, Pennsacola, FL.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2009. Emerging nematode problems in US cotton production. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Tropical Nematology. Maceio, Alagoas State, Brazil.<br /> <br /> Koenning, S. R. 2009. Management of reniform and lesion nematodes in North America. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Tropical Nematology. Maceio, Alagoas State, Brazil.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G.W. K.S. Lawrence, J. Caceres, Gerry R. Ellis, Tyler P. Wilemon. 2009. Nematode management investigations in Mississippi, 2005. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 1172. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G.W. K.S. Lawrence, J. Caceres, Gerry R. Ellis, Tyler P. Wilemon. 2009. Nematode management investigations in Mississippi, 2006. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 1173.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., K. S. Lawrence, E. van Santen, A. Winstead, S. Norwood, C. Burmester, R. King, and C. Overstreet. 2009. Use of Hyperspectral Imagery and Soil Electrical Conductivity for Site Specific Reniform Nematode (R. reniformis) Evaluations and Management. Proceedings of the National Beltwide Cotton Conference, Vol. 1, National Cotton Council, Memphis TN. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings. <br /> <br /> Lawrence, G. W., K. S. Lawrence, E. van Santen, A. Winstead, S.Norwood, and C. Burmester. 2009. Use of NDVI and soil electrical conductivity for site-specific reniform nematode evaluations. 6th International Integrated Pest Management Symposium: Vol. 6: 86-87. Portland, OR. http://www.ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium09/Final_Poster_Abstracts.pdf.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2009. Chapter 14: Pest Management: Nematodes.In Conservation Tillage Systems: Production, Profitability and Stewardship. eds Bergtold, J. , Raper, R. , Hawkins, G., and Iversen, K. CRC Press LLC. (in review). <br /> <br /> Lawrence, K.S. and G.W. Lawrence. 2009. Meloidogyne incognita potential yield reduction and management options in corn in the deep South. Phytopathology<br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Moore, G. W. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and Chet Norris. 2009. Evaluation of seed treatment combinations with seed quality for seedling disease management in cotton in north Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:ST012. DOI:10.1ST012/PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Moore, J. C. Castillo, N. Sekora, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge. 2009. Evaluation of cotton seed treatment and granular nematicides for reniform nematode management in south Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:ST015. DOI:10.1ST015/PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Moore, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge. 2009. Evaluation of Avicta seed treatments for reniform management in soybean in Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:ST018. DOI:10.1ST018/PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, D. P. Delaney, G. W. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. 2009. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for soybean rust management and yield in Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:FC029. DOI:10.FC029/PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Moore, J. C. Castillo, N. Sekora, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge. 2009. Evaluation of Aeris seed treatment and granular nematicides for reniform nematode management in south Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:FC081. DOI:10.1FC081/PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., S. R. Moore, J. C. Castillo, N. Sekora, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge. 2009. Evaluation of experimental biological nematicide seed treatments for reniform nematode management in cotton in south Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:FC083. DOI:10.1FC083PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and S. Nightingale. 2009. Efficacy of experimental seed treatments on root-knot nematode in corn in central Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:N009. DOI:10.1N009PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and R. J. Akridge. 2009. Efficacy of experimental seed treatments on root-knot nematode management on corn in Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:N010. DOI:10.1N010PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and S. Nightingale. 2009. Efficacy of experimental seed treatments on root-knot nematode in corn in central Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:N011. DOI:10.1N011PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and R. J. Akridge. 2009. Efficacy of Counter on root-knot nematode on corn in Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:N013. DOI:10.1N013PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Lawrence, K. S., G. W. Lawrence, and R. J. Akridge. 2009. Efficacy of Counter, Cruiser, and AVICTA on root-knot nematode on corn in Alabama, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report 3:N014. DOI:10.1N014PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.<br /> <br /> Liu, S. F., and Chen, S. Y. 2009. Effectiveness of Hirsutella minnesotensis and H. rhossiliensis in control of the soybean cyst nematode in four soils with various pH, texture, and organic matter. Biocontrol Science and Technology 19:595-612.<br /> <br /> McGawyley, E. C., C. Overstreet and M.J. Pontif. 2009. Introduction to Nematodes. training video to be posted at http://www.nematologists.org<br /> Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, P. Chen, G, Shannon, S. Koenning, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur and D. G. Dombek. 2009. Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2008. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, Texas, January 5 8 proceeding Pgs. 104 114.<br /> <br /> Shen, X., Y. He, R. Davis, R. L. Nichols, and P. W. Chee. 2010. High-resolution genetic mapping of the Mi-C11 locus on chromosome 11. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, 4-7 January, 2010:in press (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Stanley, J. D., J. A. Brito, N. Kokalis-Burelle, J. H. Frank, and D. W. Dickson. 2009. Biological evaluations and comparison of four Florida isolates of Meloidogyne floridensis. Nematropica 39: 255-271.<br /> <br /> Starr, J. L., R. L. Nichols, E. Moresco, and C. W. Smith. 2009 INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA IN PRIMITIVE COTTON ACCESSIONS. Journal of Nematology 41: IN PRESS<br /> <br /> Wrather, J.A., and S. R. Koenning. 2009. Effects of diseases on soybean yields in the United States 1996 to 2007. Plant Health Progress doi10:1094/PHP-2009-0401-01-RS.<br /> <br /> Zheng, J. W., and Chen, S. Y. 2009. Estimating virulence of soybean cyst nematode field populations in response to use of resistant cultivars. Society of Nematologists 48th Annual Meeting & Soil Ecology Society 12th Biennial Meeting Abstracts:212. (Abstract).<br /> <br />

Impact Statements

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Participants

Agudelo, Paula* (pagudel@clemson.edu)  Clemson University
Bernard, Ernest* (ebernard@utk.edu)  University of Tennessee
Chen, Senyu* (chenx099@tc.umn.edu)  University of Minnesota
Davis, Eric (eric_davis@ncsu.edu)  North Carolina State University
Davis, Richard (rfdavis@tifton.usda.gov)  USDA-ARS-Georgia
Dickson, Donald* (dwd@ufl.edu)  University of Florida
Eisenback, Jonathan* (jon@vt.edu)  Virginia Tech
Johnson, Charles (spcdis@vt.edu)  Virginia Tech
Kirkpatrick, Terry (tkirkpat@uaex.edu)  University of Arkansas
Koenning, Steve* (stephen_koenning@ncsu.edu)  North Carolina State University
Lawrence, Gary* (glawrence@entomology.msstate.edu)  Mississippi State University
Lawrence, Katheryn* (lawrekk@auburn.edu)  Auburn University
McGawley, Edward* (emcgawley@agctr.lsu.edu)  Louisiana State University
Noel, Greg* (g-noel1@uiuc.edu)  USDA-ARS, University of Illinois
Overstreet, Charlie (coverstreet@agctr.lsu.edu)  Louisiana State University
Robbins, Robert* (rrobbin@uark.edu)  University of Arkansas
Starr, Jim* (j-starr@tamu.edu)  Texas A&M University
Timper, Patricia* (ptimper@tifton.usda.gov)  USDA-ARS-Georgia

Guests: Nichols, Robert (BNichols@cottoninc.com)  Cotton Incorporated.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Administrative Advisor R. Lacewell indicated that S1015 had received a 1-year extension to September 31, 2009, in order to develop a new project, and that during 2009 a final cumulative report would need to be prepared. he also pointed out that a writing committee needed to be formed, and that its members should be reported to the CSRS staff. R. Lacewell stressed the need for the proposed research to be integrated among the participating states.

The meeting then moved on to research findings and reports. The Florida report was given by graduate students J. Stanley and J. Orajay. J. Stanley reported on the biological comparison of four Florida isolates of Meloidogyne floridensis. Discussion centered on the likelihood of this nematode eventually being distributed in peach orchards everywhere. J. Orajay discussed the dynamics of Pasteuria penetrans and Meloidogyne arenaria in the field following fumigation, and characterized Pasteuria isolates infecting Mesocriconema xenoplax.

S. Koenning (NC) described the screening process for soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance; more than 2,000 lines are screened each year. P. Timper (USDA-GA) discussed her research on biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita with DAPG-producing pseudomonad bacteria, which can be applied as a seed treatment. Also, microwaving destroyed the ability of a naturally suppressive soil to suppress M. arenaria. She also discussed the possibility that fungicides used to control peanut diseases could reduce biological suppression of M. arenaria, and it was pointed out that use of Abound seemed to cause an increase in eggs/ root, perhaps because fungal antagonists were reduced. E. McGawley (LA) reviewed the uses of AgriTerra on turf, especially golf courses, presented data on strawberry nematode management with methyl bromide vs. AgriTerra, and gave an overview of his research program on nematodes attacking vegetables. E. Bernard (TN) discussed the histopathology of M. incognita on epazote roots. Vascular tissue appeared to fragment or otherwise develop abnormally in the presence of the nematode, so that many vessels in the galls consisted of single, unconnected cells or clumps of cells not connected to functioning xylem.

W. Crow, turfgrass nematologist at U. Florida, then was invited to give an overview of his research program on sting nematode management. He discussed Pasteuria usgae, a parasite of sting nematode, and promising results in greenhouse tests of Divergence DX10808 and DL-methionine for controlling sting nematode. Also, he pointed out that impatiens is very susceptible to root-knot nematodes and so is a good alternative to tomato.
Continuing with state reports, J. Eisenback (VA) indicated the presence of numerous undescribed Meloidogyne spp. on turf in Virginia, also the presence of Anguina agrostis. In addition, he described the extensive surveys of nematodes on soybean and corn being conducted in Virginia.

The meeting adjourned at 11:55 am for lunch, and reconvened at 1:00 pm. The remaining state reports were deferred in order to discuss the new project. J. Starr indicated the three objectives to be pursued and members volunteered to serve on the writing committee as follows:

Objective Writing Committee Member(s)
1. Integrate resistant cultivars with other nematode management tactics to reduce selection pressure on nematode populations and communities. D. Dickson (coordinator)
J. Starr
2. Identify and incorporate new sources of resistance into elite cultivars (multiple sources of resistance will reduce selection pressure on nematode populations). P. Timper (coordinator)
J. Starr
3. Facilitate and improve identification of nematode species and races (identification of the species and races of nematode is critical for effective deployment of host resistance). P. Agudelo (coordinator)
J. Eisenback
R. Robbins

The following crops were identified as priorities for the new project: soybean, turf, cotton, and peanut. J. Starr iterated the need to have a complete draft by May 1, 2009, and brought up the perennial question, which must be answered in the proposal, of how to show true collaboration among the participating scientists.

Another item discussed was the need to access the objectives of the other nematode multistate projects, and to determine whether joining with the Western or Northeastern projects would be a positive step. J. Starr will provide the objectives of the Western Committee, and D. Dickson will provide the objectives of NE1019.

J. Starr indicated it was his turn to host the next meeting and invited the committee to come to Texas in 2009.

(Several members voiced the continuing problem of not receiving resources from their administrations for pursuit of multistate project objectives, and that in a time of strong fiscal constraint travel as well as research has become much more expensive to carry out.)

State reports then resumed. R. Robbins (AR) described the extensive soybean screening program in Arkansas. K. Lawrence (AL) discussed the population dynamics and effects of long host rotations on Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton. She also outlined the use of fatty acid analysis to identify and quantify nematodes in soil, and indicated the method separates root-knot, cyst, and reniform nematodes. G. Lawrence (MS) followed with a report on screening of 199 soybean cultivars and lines , and reviewed the use of hyperspectral imagery to detect and quantify R. reniformis densities for precision application of nematicides. J. Starr (TX) described the state of resistance in cotton to nematodes, indicating that combining resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis in cotton has proven extraordinarily difficult. He also pointed out the growing prominence of root-knot nematodes that parasitize grasses, especially the mistake in assuming that infestations are always M. marylandi.

The meeting adjourned for the day at 4:50 pm and reconvened the next day at 8:30 am to further discuss the new project. J. Starr informally chaired this discussion. he pointed out that each participant needed to write up what he/she wants to do under each objective and send it to the objective coordinator.

The following elaborations on the objectives, and possible participants, were outlined:

For Objective 1: loss of methyl bromide will force more work on resistance in vegetables, especially for expanding nematode species, e.g. M. floridensis. This objective also can include other options such as biocontrol, tillages, rotations, and grafting of susceptible tops onto resistant rootstocks. Possible participants are W. Crow, R. Davis, D. Dickson, G. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, J. Thies, and J. Starr.

For Objective 2: New resistance sources can be an emphasis, such as peanut, soybean, and turf. Among the possible participants are W. Crow, D. Dickson, S. Koenning, and P. Timper.

For Objective 3: The dynamics of nematode distributions and new or emerging species need to be addressed. Cyst race compositions need to be evaluated anew. Changes in distributions and composition of root-knot infestations need analysis. Some possible participants: P. Agudelo, D. Dickson, J. Eisenback, R. Robbins.

J. Starr reiterated the need for speed and asked that plans for each objective, and the crops to be targeted, be sent to him by the end of January. R. Lacewell indicated that information on the new project should be sent to all possible participants in order to cast the widest possible net.

A hurriedly prepared but absolutely sincere resolution was prepared, thanking Don Dickson and his students arranging an outstanding meeting at a beautiful venue.

There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 11:00 am.

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1. Identification, characterization and introgression of genes for resistance and tolerance to nematodes in cotton, peanut, soybean, and major fruit and vegetable crops.<br /> <br /> Alabama. We are currently evaluating 1200 BC1F1 for resistance to the reniform nematode in cotton. Lines are being evaluated in the greenhouse in groups of 45 replicated four times and compared to the parents, FM 966, PM 1218 and LonRen. Currently 675 lines have been evaluated for reniform number per conetainer and per gram of root with reniform numbers being similar in each. No differences in line susceptibility or vigor have been differentiated by including per gram of root parameter. Forty-four of the progeny are supporting fewer than 1500 R. reniformis per 150 cc of soil. <br /> <br /> Mississippi. One hundred ninety nine soubean varieties were screened for resistance to the root-knot nematode. Thirty-seven varieties were found to be resistant. Eighty-four varieties were considered moderately susceptible. Twenty-two varieties were susceptible and twenty-three varieties were considered highly susceptible. <br /> <br /> North Carolina. Functional analyses on the effects of secreted nematode parasitism gene products on soybean plant cells have included experiments designed to express each gene in plant tissues and to knockout these genes in the nematode to assess effects on infection. Two cyst nematode parasitism proteins have been confirmed to interact with host plant proteins involved in plant defense response against pathogens, suggesting that the nematodes suppress plant defenses when they infect host roots. Arabidopsis plants transformed to produce RNA interference (RNAi) against the two parasitism genes that encode these proteins greatly reduced infection rates by cyst nematodes. The RNAi constructs for these two cyst nematode parasitism genes have been transformed into soybean plants by the collaborating university-based Soybean Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Center. Homozygous RNAi soybean plants are being developed from the original transformants to test for potential novel resistance to SCN. Eighteen lines with resistance derived from PI437564 were evaluated for yield and resistance to SCN race 2 in a field trial. Resistance to races 1, 3, 9 and 14 were ineffective against SCN and lines with race 2 resistance had much greater yields. Twelve thousand lines were screened for race 2 resistance and will be advance in 2009. Seed of 15 advance lines with improved nematode resistance with potential for release as cultivars were sent to Arkansas for evaluation of resistance to cyst and reniform nematodes. These lines were also sent for screening by USDA, Jackson, TN. The line N02-7084, a maturity group VII soybean, with resistance similar to Jake, Fowler, and Anand will be released in 2009. <br /> <br /> A cotton rotation trial with corn, root-knot nematode resistant soybean, and susceptible soybean was established in 2002 and completed in 2007. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton in 2004 - 2006. Cotton cultivar ST 5599BR yielded more than FM989BR when cotton was grown continuously, but final root-knot nematode population densities on the two cultivars did not differ suggesting that ST5599BR may have some tolerance. Tolerance to reniform nematode was evaluated for 34 cotton varieties. The study was a strip-plot design treated or nontreated with Telone II applied at 4.5 gpa. This is the final year of the 3 year study. Results are not available at this time. Tolerance to root-knot nematode was evaluated for eight cotton varieties. The study was a split-plot design treated or untreated with Telone II at 4.5 gpa. None of the cultivars evaluated had tolerance to this nematode. Average yield loss was about 200 lbs/acre.<br /> <br /> South Carolina. Ten experimental soybean lines that had been found to have the same or a higher level of resistance as Forrest (the resistant standard) were re-evaluated for resistance to SC population of reniform nematode. We wanted to confirm that the response of these soybean lines to different geographic populations was similar. Two other resistant cultivars (Motte and Santee) were also included in the evaluation. The SC population of reniform nematode had higher reproduction on the positive control (Braxton) and lower reproduction on the negative control (Forrest) than the population from Arkansas. The level of resistance observed in nine of the experimental lines was comparable to the resistance found in Motte and Santee, but lower than the resistance observed in Forrest. Only one line was equal to Forrest. The effect of the population was significant.<br /> <br /> Soybean plants were selected from an F2 population resulting from the hybridization of PI594651-L2, resistant to Meloidogyne arenaria, with the adapted S.C. cv. Dillon. The objective is to develop germplasm and/or cultivars with an improved level of M. arenaria resistance, high seed yield, and acceptable agronomic traits. Progeny were screened for resistance to M. arenaria in the greenhouse and 33 F2 lines were identified as resistant. <br /> <br /> In collaboration with soybean breeders from the University of Illinois, we were interested in determining whether the Rag2 gene identified in soybean PI200538 to confer resistance to the soybean aphid is allelic with one of the genes identified to give Ma race 2 resistance. Rag2 maps within the genomic region of at least one of the Ma genes on soybean linkage group F. We wanted to determine if Rag2 was analogous with the Mi gene in tomato that gives resistance to RKN, potato aphid, and white flies. We evaluated plants that had recombination events between Rag2 and flanking simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. If the aphid and Ma resistance genes were allelic, most of the aphid resistant plants should have also been Ma resistant. Our results indicated that aphid and Ma resistance were independent from each other.<br /> <br /> Tennessee. Host parasite relationships of Meloidogyne incognita on Chenopodium epazote were studied. Epazote is used traditionally in Mexico as a food preservative in the absence of refrigeration; as a food additive and in laboratory studies it demonstrates fungistatic, fungicidal, and bacteriocidal properties. Galls typically were small (<2 mm diameter) and without adventitious root branching. Development of females and egg production were variable but never as robust as on a good host. Giant cells were poorly developed and sometimes appeared to be in the cortex. Vessel deformation and fragmentation were common in vascular tissue. Many galls developed a woody texture due to proliferation of either poorly formed vessels or endodermis-like fibers.<br /> <br /> Texas. Development of a cotton breeding line with resistance to both M. incognita and R. reniformis has been completed. This material will be released in 2009.<br /> <br /> Additionally, analysis of inheritance of resistance M. incognita in five primitive G. hirsutum accessions is nearly complete. The resistance in these accessions appears to be unique from the resistance present in other known sources of resistance and will increase the durability of the resistant phenotype. <br /> <br /> USDA ARS MidSouth Area, Tennessee. Commercial soybean cultivars and soybean germplasm from the USDA Southern Uniform Trials are screened in the greenhouse to determine which lines have resistance to HG Type indicators 1, 2, 3, 5 & 7. The results for commercial cultivars are published out of University of Tennessee. Results for the USDA Southern Uniform Trials are available from the Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Stoneville, MS. Lines from the SCN Northern Trials are tested at our location in the field (HG Type 1.3.5.7). Data are available from Crop Science Dept., University of IL.<br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 2. Development of marker assisted selection systems for more efficient introgression of multiple resistance genes into agronomically superior crop genotypes.<br /> <br /> Texas. A project has been initiated to map loci for resistance to R. reniformis in progeny from a cross between the susceptible G. hirsutum M315 and the resistant G. barbadense Tx110. Two date ca 150 F2 progeny have been phenotyped and DNA extracted for mapping purposes.<br /> <br /> USDA Tifton, GA. We collaborated previously with Dr. Peng Chee to identify DNA markers for a major QTL (on chromosome 11) for root-knot nematode resistance in cotton. We are finishing a project to finely map the region with the major QTL to identify more tightly-linked flanking markers that can distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes with greater accuracy.<br /> <br /> OBJECTIVE 3. Deployment of resistance and tolerance to nematodes in sustainable cropping systems.<br /> <br /> Alabama. A series of crop rotations including cotton, soybean, corn and peanut with and without nematicides applied to cotton following a nonhost crop rotation were conducted. Cotton rotations with corn and peanuts for one season increased cotton yields the following year. These crops reduced R. reniformis by an average of 65% in one year. However, fall reniform nematode populations returned to damaging levels after one season back in cotton. The type of nonhost or the number of successive years from 1 to 3 the nonhost crop was grown between cotton crops did not affect the reniform nematodes ability to rapidly rebound to damaging levels. With adequate rainfall, Telone was as effective as a 1 year rotation with corn in increasing cotton yield. <br /> <br /> Non-controlled weed species in corn field plots treated with only a pre-emergence herbicide application increased R. reniformis populations compared to the weed-free treatments. The presence of non-controlled weeds in the cotton-corn rotation system may support a persistent R. reniformis population during rotations with a non-host crop. <br /> <br /> The conservation tillage plots with non-inversion in-row subsoiling underneath the row (strip tillage) to maximize belowground disruption, supported higher M. incognita populations that conventional tillage plots that consisted of chisel plowing, disking, and in-row sub soiling. Both tillage regimes were planted with a rye cover crop that had been rolled and crimped to maintaining maximum residue cover on the soil surface. Populations of M. incognita averaged 71% higher (range of 98 to 45%) in the conservation tillage regime. Yields however, were cultivar dependent. The cultivars, ST 5599 and the experimental STM, supported the lowest numbers of root-knot nematodes and produced larger yields; however correlations between root-knot nematode numbers and yield were not significant (P < 0.01). <br /> <br /> FAME fatty acid analysis was used to determine if Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Heterodera glycines could be differentiated from one another. Forty-five different fatty acids were observed from among the three nematode genera. Of these 45, 11 were found to be significant to distinguishing among R. reniformis, M. incognita, and H. glycines. Five of these fatty acids  20:4 É6,9,12,15c, 18:1 É5c, 18:2 É6,9c, 15:1 anteiso A, and 12:0 2OH  are significant (P < 0.0001) to separate H. glycines from R. reniformis (D2 = 26.07) and M. incognita (D2 = 31.56). These fatty acids are present in greater concentrations in H. glycines than either R. reniformis or M. incognita. The fatty acid 15:1 anteiso A is only expressed in the observed H. glycines samples. The remaining six fatty acids  18:0 3OH, 15:0 iso, 16:1 É5c, 18:1 É9c, 14:0, and 17:0 iso  significantly differentiate (P < 0.0001) R. reniformis from M. incognita (D2 = 3.78). All six of these fatty acids are observed in a much greater concentration in R. reniformis than M. incognita, such as 16:1 É5c, whose relative mean concentration is 147 times greater in R. reniformis. These results indicate that R. reniformis, M. incognita, and H. glycines can be demarcated by FAME analysis.<br /> <br /> Reniform nematode from aged greenhouse cotton plants and three cotton fields (Escambia, Limestone, and Baldwin counties) were extracted and observed under the stereoscope. Nematodes and eggs with dark coloration and constricting rings were cultured on 1.5% of water agar supplemented with 12.5 mg of chlortetracycline HCl and 300 mg of streptomycin sulfate per liter. Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Fusarium oxysporum and Dactylaria brachophaga were identified colonizing the nematodes. A high percentage (17.5%) of colonized nematodes did not produce a fungal culture on the media. Arthrobotrys dactyloides, P. lilacinus, F. oxysporum, and D. brachophaga have been previously reported as nematophagous fungi in other nematode species. <br /> <br /> The vertical, horizontal and temporal movements of Rotylenchulus reniformis was evaluated in a field study under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Selected rows in each field were inoculated with vermiform females and juveniles of R. reniformis at planting. Vertical movement of both R. reniformis males and vermiform females and juveniles was observed to the maximum sampling depth of 91cm in irrigated and non-irrigated test plots in one season. Horizontal movement of R. reniformis vermiform life stage did not differ between tests, both dimensional movements of approximately 75cm from the inoculated row. Movement of R. reniformis males was affected by irrigation, with males in the irrigated test being observed to have moved >150cm from the inoculated row at 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP). Males in the non-irrigated test had moved only approximately 25 cm from the inoculated row at 60 DAP, increasing to ca. 125 cm at 90 DAP. These results illustrate how quickly R. reniformis can spread upon introduction in a cotton system. <br /> <br /> Arkansas. In 2008 162 varieties were tested for reniform nematode reproduction, of these AGVENTURE 53D3NRR and MPG 5308nRR were not different than Hartwig and would be useful to reduce reniforn numbers. Of 84 public soybean breeding lines tested 33 could be useful in breeding for reniform resistance. During 2008 290 soybean varieties tested by the Arkansas soybean variety testing program were tested for root-knot nematode (M. incognita) and races 2 & 5 of the SCN resistance. The screening results can be obtained at: www.arkansasvarietytesting.org<br /> <br /> Florida. A root-knot nematode resistant tomato cv. Crista was compared to a root-knot nematode susceptible cv. Talladega during the spring cropping seasons in 2007-08. Each cultivar was grown in drip irrigated raised beds treated with methyl bromide, 1,3-D, 1,3-D + chloropicrin 35%, or nontreated. The beds were covered with either virtually impermeable film (VIF) or metallic aluminized reflective film. The experimental design was a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial randomized complete block. When data for mulch type and cultivars were averaged over both fumigant types there was an increase in total marketable yields over the nontreated control (P = 0.05). In spring 2007 Mbr and C35 increased yields 41% and 35%, respectively, over the nontreated control, whereas in spring 2008 Mbr, 1,3-D, and C35 increased yields 35, 39 and 35% over the untreated control, respectively. All these increases were significant (P = 0.05). Less than 5.0% root-knot nematode galling was observed on Talladega in plots treated with fumigants, whereas the galling index on the nontreated plants averaged 34% and 29% on Talladega in 2007 and 2008, respectively (scale based on a 0 =no galls, 1 = 10% of root system galled....to 10 = 100% of root system galled). A lower marketable yield was recorded from plant grown in plots covered with the VIF as compared with the metallic mulch in 2007 (P = 0.05). This was most likely caused by some phytotoxicity of C35 on the two cultivars when grown under the VIF. There was no difference in marketable yield between Talladega and Crista in 2007, however in 2008 there was a 14% increase with Crista over Talladega (P # 0.05). No galling was observed on Crista in the nontreated plots during either year.<br /> <br /> Louisiana. Evaluations were made of variation in southern populations of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Populations of this nematode from LA, TX, GA, HI, Puerto Rico and Australia were compared in laboratory studies to determine rate of egg hatch and infectivity of juveniles. Knowledge of variation in aggressiveness and reproductive potential among populations of this nematode is imperative for the development of durable, resistant germplasm.<br /> <br />  Mississippi. A means to estimate population numbers of specific nematodes species associated with nematode infected plants through the use of remote sensing is being developed. A low volume environmentally safe pesticide application system is being developed and tested that would be compatible with application equipment that our agricultural produces currently posses.<br /> <br /> North Carolina. An evaluation of soybeans blends of SCN resistant and susceptible cultivars was initiated in 2004 and continued in 2008. Delsoy 5710 was highly resistant to race 5 present at the Caswell research station, and Fowler and Anand were also resistant to this population. Resistant varieties did not yield more than susceptible varieties in 2008, but the highest yield was for a blend of Delsoy 5710 and Holladay in 2008, although a blend of Fowler and Holiday yielded highest in previous years. Lowest numbers of SCN were on resistant varieties but blends with a high proportion of either Delsoy 5710 or Fowler had lower SCN numbers than expected. There is a trend toward increasing SCN reproduction on Anand and Delsoy 5710, but not on Fowler. Experiments to evaluate the potential of cover crops for managing nematodes in cotton and soybean were initiated in 2008.<br /> <br /> South Carolina. A project was begun to use amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) to assess the host-induced selection on populations of reniform nematode. Our first experiment measures the effect of rotation of cotton with corn and resistant soybean. No population structure studies have been published for this nematode, so we want to show the selection pressure that occurs during these rotations. Our second experiment includes six soybean varieties representing a range of susceptibility to R. reniformis. We report AFLP markers correlated to the genetic variation within populations under the different selection pressures of the host. The results provide insight into the durability of host plant resistance and the development of resistance-breaking populations. This project also has the potential of identifying soybean genotypes that could be useful for a standardized test to identify reniform nematode variants.<br /> <br /> Texas. Efforts to develop a multiple disease resistance peanut (including resistance to M. arenaria and M. javanica) in germplasm that also contains the high Oleic to Linoleic fatty acid ratio is nearly complete. Some breeding lines have completed 3 years of yield testing with release of an new cultivar expected in 2010.<br /> <br /> USDA Illinois. Durability of resistance to Heterodera glycines is dependent on pathogenic variability of field populations. Little is known concerning variability within genes of H. glycines. We investigated the within individual component of the variability of the ITSrRNA gene cluster among H. glycines populations from Brazil, China, Japan, and the United States. This study was necessary due to the fact that the ITSrRNA gene cluster consists of several tandem repeats. This intragenomic variation could confound the estimates of the genetic diversity within and among populations, and consequently the estimate of the divergence among those populations. Progress: To determine the intragenomic variation of the ITSrRNA gene cluster, 24 SCN populations from Brazil (5), China (7), Japan (5), and the U.S. (7) were studied. The ITSrRNA gene fragment was PCRamplified from genomic DNA extracted from each of 10 individual virgin females of each population and, after the PCR product was cloned, a minimum of five clones were selected from each female and subjected to PCRRFLP with six different restriction enzymes. Data is complete for 20 of the 24 populations.<br /> <br /> USDA Tifton, GA. Biological control could be integrated with host-plant resistance to increase nematode control and the durability of resistance genes. We tested a DAPG-producing strain of Pseudomonas sp. (Wood 1R) for biological control of the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on corn, cotton, and soybean growing in sterilized soil. The bacterium suppressed nematode populations on all crops, but it was most effective on corn (40% suppression). When we tested Wood 1R in natural soil, it was not able to suppress populations of M. incognita on corn. We are also studying how the intensive use of fungicides in peanut production affects natural control of M. arenaria by indigenous fungi. Of the four fungicides tested, only azoxystrobin increased nematode populations in a nematode suppressive soil. In a follow-up experiment, we found that azoxystrobin increased nematode populations in both steamed and natural soil indicating that the fungicide was not adversely affecting fungal antagonists of M. arenaria in the suppressive soil. <br /> <br /> When genes conferring resistance are introgressed into a crop, DNA near the desirable gene may also be incorporated. If accidental incorporation of deleterious DNA reduces yield, it is called yield drag. Suspected yield drag may be due to incorporating the desired gene into a genotype that has lower yield potential, so true yield drag is best documented by comparing near isogenic lines with and without the DNA containing the desired gene. We have begun a study to determine if yield drag occurs in cotton when high levels of root-knot nematode resistance are incorporated. We have created near-isogenic lines with and without nematode resistance, and we have seed of resistant germplasm lines and the recurrent parents used to create them. Field tests will begin in 2009.<br />

Publications

http://www.utextension.utk.edu/fieldCrops/soybean/diseases/disease_images/2007-Soybean-Report.pdf<br /> http://varietytrials.tennessee.edu/pdffiles/2008trialdata/soybeanvariety.pdf<br /> <br /> Abad, P., J. Aury, P. Castagnone-Sereno, E.G.J. Danchin, E. Deleury, J. Gouzy, V. Anthouard, F. Artiguenave, V.C. Blok, M.C. Caillaud, P.M. Coutinho, C. Dasilva, F. De Luca, F. Deau, M. Esquibet, B. Favery, T. Flutre, J.V. Goldstone, N. Hamamouch, T. Hewezi, O. Jaillon, C. Jubin, P. Leonetti, M. Magliano, T.R. Maier, G. Markov, P. McVeigh, L. Perfus-Barbeoch, G. Pesole, J. Poulain, M. Robinson-Rechavi, M.N. Rosso, E. Sallet, B. Ségurens, G. Smant, D. Steinbach, T. Tytgat, E. Ugarte, C. van Ghelder, P. Veronico, T.J. Baum, M. Blaxter, T. Bleve-Zacheo, E.L. Davis, J.J. Ewbank, E. Grenier, B. Henrissat, J.T. Jones, V. Laudet, A. G. Maule, H. Quesneville, T. Schiex, J. Weissenbach, P. Wincker. 2008. Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nature Biotechnology 26:909-915.<br /> <br /> Brito, J. A., Stanley, J. D., Kaur, R., Cetintas, R., Di Vito, M., Thies, J. A., and Dickson, D. W. 2007. Effects of the Mi-1, N and Tabasco genes on infection and reproduction of Meloidogyne mayaguensis on tomato and pepper genotypes. Journal of Nematology 39:327-332.<br /> <br /> Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, E. J. McAvoy, T. O. Powers and D. W. Dickson. 2008. Identification and isozyme characterization of Meloidogyne spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops, and weed plants in Florida. Nematology 10:757-766.<br /> <br /> Castillo, J. D. Isolation and identification of fungi associated with reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. 2008. Auburn University Graduate Student Forum, p. 14. March 11, 2008. <br /> <br /> Castillo, J. D., K. S. Lawrence and Morgan-Jones, G. 2008. Isolation and identification of fungi associated with the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. January 10, 2008. online: www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings.<br /> <br /> Castillo, J. D., K. S. Lawrence and Morgan-Jones, G. 2008. Isolation and identification of fungi associated with reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis. American Phytopathological Society, Minneapolis, MN. July 28, 2008. <br /> <br /> Chen, P., C. H. Sneller, J. C. Rupe, R. D. Riggs, and R. T. Robbins. 2006. Registration of UA 4805" soybean. Crop Science 46:974.<br /> <br /> Davis, E.L., R.S. Hussey, M.G. Mitchum, and Baum, T.J. 2008. Parasitism proteins in nematode-plant interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11:360-366.<br /> <br /> Dhandaydham, M., Charles, L., Zhu, H., Starr., J. L., Huguet, T., Cook, D. R., Prosperi, J.-M., and Opperman, C. H. 2008. Characterization of root-knot nematode resistance in Medicago truncatula. Journal of Nematology 40:46-54.<br /> <br /> Dickson, Donald W., James F. Preston, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Gregory R. Noel, Dieter Ebert, and George W. Bird. 2008. Family Pasteuriaceae Laurent 1890AL. Pas.teu.ri.ace.ae.N.L. gen. n. Pasteuria type genus of the family; suff. -aceae ending denoting family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Pasteuriaceae, the Pasteuria family. Pp. Xx-xx in B. Whitman, editor-in-chief. Bergeys Manual of Systematic BacteriologyBergeys Manual Trust. (In press.)<br /> <br /> Doshi, R. A., King, R. L., and Lawrence, G. W. 2007. Wavelet-SOM in Feature extraction of hyperspectral data for classification of nematode species. Proc. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Barcelona, Spain. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2007. IGARSS 2007. IEEE International<br /> Doshi, R. A., King, R. L., and Lawrence, G. W. 2007b. Self-Organized Maps-based Spectral Prediction of Rotylenchulus reniformis Population numbers. Proc. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Barcelona, Spain. Pgs. 444  447. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2007. IGARSS 2007. IEEE International<br /> Doshi, R. A., King, R. L., and Lawrence, G. W. 2008. Classification of Rotylenchulus reniformis numbers in cotton using remotely sensed hyperspectral data on self-organized maps. Journal of Nematology (accepted)<br /> Elling, A.A., M. Mitreva, J. Recknor, X. Gai, J. Martin, T.R. Maier, J.P. McDermott, T. Hewezi, D. M. Bird, E.L. Davis, R.S. Hussey, D. Nettleton, J.P. McCarter, and T.J. Baum. 2007. Divergent evolution of arrested development in the dauer stage of Caenorhabditis elegans and the infective stage of Heterodera glycines. Genome Biology 8:R211.<br /> <br /> Faghihi, J., Ferris, V., Donald, P. Noel, G., and Welacky, T. 2008. Changes to resistance of PI88.788 to field populations of soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Pg. 235. Proceedings of 5th International Congress of Nematology, 2008 Brisbane, Australia. (Abstr.).<br /> <br /> Gao, X., Starr, J., Göbel, C, Engelberth, J.,Feussner, Tumlinson,J., and Kolomeits, M. 2008. Maize 9-lipoygenase ZmLOX3 controls development, root-specific expression of defense genes, and resistance to root-knot nematodes. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 21:98-109.<br /> <br /> Gazaway, W. S., K. S. Lawrence, C. D. Monks, and R. Akridge. 2008. Crop rotation- an effective tool for managing reniform nematodes in cotton. in, Proc. "World Cotton Research Conference 4. Lubbock, TX, September 10-14, 2007. (file:///D:/data/papers/Paper1677.html)<br /> <br /> Hamill, J. E., J. E. Thomas, L. -T. Ou, L. H. Allen, Jr., N. Kokalis-Burelle, and D. W. Dickson. 2008. Effects of reduced rates of Telone C35 and methyl bromide in conjunction with virtually impermeable film on weeds and root-knot nematodes. Nematologica 38: 37-46.<br /> <br /> Hewezi, T., P. Howe, T.R. Maier, R.S. Hussey, M.G. Mitchum, E.L. Davis, and T.J. Baum. 2008. Cellulose Binding Protein from the Parasitic Nematode Heterodera schachtii Interacts with Arabidopsis Pectin Methylesterase: Cooperative Cell Wall Modificationduring Parasitism. Plant Cell: doi;10.1105/tpc.108.063065.<br /> <br /> Holbrook, C.C., P. Timper, A.K. Culbreath, and C.K. Kvien. 2008. Registration of Tifguard peanut. Journal of Plant Registrations 2:92-94.<br /> <br /> Jones, J. R., K. S. Lawrence, and E. van Santen. 2008. Effects of container material and soil volume on Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita population development. in, Proc. "World Cotton Research Conference 4. Lubbock, TX, September 10-14, 2007. (file:///D:/data/papers/Paper1882.html)<br /> <br /> Jordan, D.L., J. S. Barnes, T. Corbett, C.R. Bogle, P.D. Johnson, B. B. Shew, S. R. Koenning, W. Ye, and R. L. Brandenberg. 2008. Crop response to rotation and tillage in peanut-based cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 100:1-7.<br /> <br /> Kariuki, G. M., and D. W. Dickson. 2008. 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Impact Statements

1. Both methyl bromide, Telone II, and Telone C35 were equally effective in the suppression of root-knot nematode throughout the season.
2. When yields were averaged across all plots treated with either methyl bromide, Telone II or C35 there was no difference between yields. Both products produced significant yield increases over the nontreated plots.
3. Covering beds with VIF is more likely to result in phytotoxicity of C35 when environmental conditions are not conducive for degradation of the compound. Greater care must be taken when transplanting into beds treated with C35 that are covered with VIF.
4. The performance of cv. Crista was equal to that of Talladega in terms of marketable yield but far superior in terms of preventing root-knot nematode galling
5. Rotations with non host crops reduced R. reniformis populations in one season with increased cotton yields the following season. However, fall reniform populations returned to damaging levels after one season back in cotton even with a 3 year cycle between cotton crops
6. Common non-controlled weed species associated with the cotton-corn rotation system can host R. reniformis populations when rotating with a non-host rotation crop, which allow populations to remain above threshold levels.
7. Conservation tillage supports higher populations of M. incognita as compared to convention tillage.
8. FAME analysis could potentially be used to identify R. reniformis, M. incognita, and H. glycines.
9. Nemaphagous fungi have been identified colonizing R. reniformis and could be potential biological management agents.
10. Rotylenchulus reniforms can spread quickly upon introduction into a cotton field. A significant factor contributing to differences in reproduction among populations of R. reniformis from the locations and others in the U.S. is the viability of eggs rather than the levels of egg production by females, the infectivity of juveniles or the subsequent rate of maturation following infection.
11. The resistant reaction of epazote to root-knot nematodes has the potential to be transferred to edible amaranth crops.
12. The data generated on the reproduction of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) on contemporary soybean varieties and breeding lines are unique in that they are available no where else. These data of the reniform nematode on contemporary soybean cultivars are invaluable to the Arkansas growers. These nematode resistant lines are made available to soybean breeders from Arkansas, Missouri, North Carolina, USDA (Jackson TN), and South Carolina. Extension nematologists from Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina continue to request reniform nematode resistance data on soybean cultivars.
13. The reniform nematode is responsible for millions of dollars in crop yield suppression of cotton and soybean in the southern region of the USA. The soybean varieties identified as resistant to reniform nematode are very useful in rotation schemes as an alternative to the use of environmentally unfriendly chemical nematicides.
14. Within population variability among individuals of H. glycines was much greater than expected.
15. Soybean germplasm with high level of resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne arenaria was identified.
16. Screening of host crops for their response to plant-parasitic nematodes are of value to both researchers and our producers. In screening soybeans to the root-knot nematode, only 18% of the cultivars examined were resistant to a Mississippi population of the root-knot nematode.
17. Hyperspectral reflectance signatures have been collected and identified for the reniform and root-knot nematodes from infected cotton plants. These can be used to estimate the nematode population levels in the soil thus reducing the need to physically collected nematode soil samples.

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