NC_OLD213: Management of Grain Quality and Security for World Markets

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[11/17/2003] [03/08/2005] [10/24/2005] [03/14/2006] [03/08/2007] [02/29/2008]

Date of Annual Report: 11/17/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/24/2004 - 02/25/2004
Period the Report Covers: 02/01/2003 - 02/01/2004

Participants

The following were present:

Lloyd Bullerman-University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Mark Casada-USDA ARS GMPRC Manhattan KS

Florence Dunkel-Montana State University-Bozeman

Peter Goldsmith-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Arvid Hawk-Cargill, Inc.

Ken Hellevang-North Dakota State University

Tim Herrman-Kansas State University

Charlie Hurburgh-Iowa State University

David Jackson-University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Bill Koshar-The Ohio State University/OARDC

Dirk Maier-Purdue University

Frank Manthey-North Dakota State University

Linda Mason-Purdue University

Mike Montross-University of Kentucky

Vance Morey-University of Minnesota

Marvin Paulsen-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Richard Pierce-USDA GIPSA Kansas City MO

Robert Smigelski-The Andersons, Inc.

James Stitzlein-Consolidated Grain & Barge

Richard Stroshine-Purdue University

Steve Tanner-USDA GIPSA Kansas City MO

Don Wicklow-USDA ARS NCAURA Peoria IL

Bill Wilcke-University of Minnesota

Charlene Wolf-Hall-North Dakota State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes of the NC-213 Annual Business Meeting

February 24, 2004 Hilton Towers ? Minneapolis, MN

The NC-213 Annual Business Meeting was held on February 24, 2004 in Directors Row 2, third floor, of the Hilton Towers in Minneapolis, MN.

The following were present:

Lloyd Bullerman-University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Mark Casada-USDA ARS GMPRC Manhattan KS

Florence Dunkel-Montana State University-Bozeman

Peter Goldsmith-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Arvid Hawk-Cargill, Inc.

Ken Hellevang-North Dakota State University

Tim Herrman-Kansas State University

Charlie Hurburgh-Iowa State University

David Jackson-University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Bill Koshar-The Ohio State University/OARDC

Dirk Maier-Purdue University

Frank Manthey-North Dakota State University

Linda Mason-Purdue University

Mike Montross-University of Kentucky

Vance Morey-University of Minnesota

Marvin Paulsen-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Richard Pierce-USDA GIPSA Kansas City MO

Robert Smigelski-The Andersons, Inc.

James Stitzlein-Consolidated Grain & Barge

Richard Stroshine-Purdue University

Steve Tanner-USDA GIPSA Kansas City MO

Don Wicklow-USDA ARS NCAURA Peoria IL

Bill Wilcke-University of Minnesota

Charlene Wolf-Hall-North Dakota State University

The meeting was called to order at 3:05 pm by Chair, Dirk Maier.

1. Selection of new objective chairs was discussed. Charlie Hurburgh moved that the following be nominated:

Obj 1. Florence Dunkel and Don Wicklow

Obj 2. Tim Herrman and Charlene Wolf-Hall

Obj 3. Dirk Maier and Mike Montross

The motion was seconded by Linda Mason. In discussion it was stated that more economists were needed on the committee. However, due to a present dearth of economists on the committee, the motion carried.

There was discussion about having the Objective Chairs serve on the Anderson Grant Committee instead of terminology that called it a Grant Review Panel. If an objective chair had a proposal submitted he or she would be excused from deliberation on that proposal. This is listed as an Objective Chair duty; however, under the Anderson Grant Committee duties, the Objective Chairs are excluded from the list of people to serve on the Anderson Grant Committee.

2. Election of officers. Our present secretary had been unable to secure travel funds to attend NC-213 and had discussed with Dirk Maier, the possibility to step down presumably until a future date when funding and time commitments would enable continuation of officer rotation. Given the situation, the committee with regret chose to nominate a new secretary who would move into the Vice Chair position following this meeting; and a secretary elect who would move into the Secretary position following this meeting. The current Vice Chair, Marvin Paulsen, would move to Chair following this meeting. David Jackson was nominated as Secretary and Mike Montross was nominated as Secretary-elect. Linda Mason moved election of these two individuals. Charlie Hurburgh seconded the motion. Both agreed to serve. The motion passed.

3. Revision to Responsibilities of NC-213 Officers Document. A sub-committee of volunteers consisting of Charlie Hurburgh, David Jackson, Tim Herrman and Dirk Maier was appointed to study the NC-213 Officer Responsibilities and Objective Chair responsibilities and provide a set of new/ revised recommendations prior to the 2005 NC-213 Annual meeting. Part of the Objective Chair responsibilities would include how they serve on the Anderson Grant Committee. [Dirk Maier expressed willingness and was appointed to chair this committee by incoming Chair, Marvin Paulsen after the meeting.]

4. NC-213 website revisions. The Fine Materials in Grains edited by Richard Stroshine has been placed on the web site. We would also like to have some NCR bulletins included. There was some mention of trying to make the site even more user friendly.

5. Annual meeting A/V costs. Bill Koshar reported that a slide projector at the Minneapolis meeting costs $75. The committee suggested asking NC-213 members living locally to try to provide items such as slide projector, overhead, and a laptop for PowerPoint projection. At this meeting Vance Morey supplied a laptop for PowerPoint and graciously loaded and brought up the PowerPoint presentations. His efforts were greatly appreciated.

6. Scheduling of the NC-213 2005 Annual Meeting. People liked having the NC-213 Annual Meeting piggy back with another meeting, such as GEAPS in 2004. Next year GEAPS meets February 26 to March 1 in Albuquerque. We also discussed having it with the Wheat Council in Kansas City. Charlie Hurburgh moved to have the 2005 Annual Meeting in Kansas City in conjunction with the Wheat Council on February 9 ? 11, 2005, with exact dates and location to be determined as local arrangements are worked out. Motion was seconded by Tim Herrman and was passed. It was suggested that there could be a one-half day visit to FGIS in Kansas City.

7. Update on the 2004 International Quality Grains Conference. Dirk Maier reported on the progress of the program and provided a tentative program for the International Quality Grains Conference, which will be held July 19-22, 2004 in Indianapolis. He encouraged members to submit for one or two more speaker slots on the program and openings still exist for posters. Mike Montross is handling tabletop exhibits. GIPSA has contributed $5000 toward the cost of the program. Dirk has written two proposals, which were submitted by Bill Ravlin on behalf of NC-213 to NRI 61.0 Markets & Trade for $10,000, and NRI 71.1 Improving Food Quality for $15,000. Dirk is to be commended for all of the work done in organizing this conference.

8. Midterm project review, need for collaboration and future Anderson Grant RFP?s. The NCRA Review Committee wants to see more collaboration among participants and states. The committee discussed that the 2004 IQGC should be a very good example of collaboration between participants and states. The committee discussed the Anderson Team proposals in the past had had a low number of participants. Bob Smigelski indicated purpose of the Anderson Grants was to support research on grain quality and get people involved. They like to see students supported by the funds and have projects funded for research that industry can use. They like to see their funds seed a concept and then leverage support from other agencies or groups.

David Jackson stated that NC-213 should continue the team projects since NCRA is asking for more teamwork. Linda Mason moved to continue team project RFP?s but have them due in the summer. Tim Herrman seconded the motion. Motion passed.

9. NC-213 Annual Progress Report ? purpose and format. The 2002 Annual Report of Progress was created in HTML format and posted on the NC-213 website in PDF and HTML format. There were 189 hits, with 25 hits coming from search engines.

The committee seemed to have no suggestions for changing the current procedure. Tim Herrman said he likes the NC-213 Newsletter and its format and that it needs to be widely placed in Director?s Offices, and presumably in many offices where good publicity can be maintained.

10. Submission of SAES-422 Annual Report. SAES-422 requires an annual report within 60 days following the Annual meeting. The SAES-422 includes the following sections from NIMSS.

Accomplishments: In this section focus on intended outcomes and potential impacts. This information should be built around the activity‘‘‘‘s milestones, as they were identified in the original proposal. The report should also reflect on the items that stakeholders want to know, or want to see.

Impact Statements: In this section focus on intended outcomes and potential impacts. This information should be built around the activity‘‘‘‘s milestones, as they were identified in the original proposal. The report should also reflect on the items that stakeholders want to know, or want to see. Also, describe plans for the coming year in no more than one or two short paragraphs. Even though the description is the same as Accomplishments, the impact statements are intended to be short, descriptive statements focusing on specific impacts. NIMSS has room for five Impact Statements.

Publications: For Annual Reports list the publications for current year only (with the authors, title, journal series, etc.). If the list exceeds the maximum character limit below, an attachment file may be used. Publications: Max characters = 50000. In 2003, Donna Schenck-Hamlin gathered this information for the committee by using the publication database.

The committee discussed who should be involved in preparing this report. Don Wicklow felt that the Objective Chairs should be involved in this report. This opinion was given before we found out on March 9, 2004 that Bill Ravlin has in the past prepared this report and and will do so again in 2004. Once a draft is completed, Bill Ravlin will circulate it among NC-213 Officers and Objective Chairs for review and input before the final report is submitted to NIMSS.

The meeting was adjourned at 5:15 pm.

[Note: There was no NC-213 Executive Meeting held the next day as scheduled at 7:00 am because all of the business was completed in this Annual Meeting.] Chairman Dirk Maier had provided an advance Agenda with a nine page write up giving background discussion information for the agenda. This enabled a very effective use of committee time.

Respectfully submitted,

Marvin R. Paulsen ? Past Vice Chair

March 23, 2004

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Objective A--Determine the effects of genetic traits, abiotic environmental conditions, and handling practices on the quality of cereals and oilseeds. A method to develop a quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans without alteration of their chemical structure and to provide preliminary evidence reflecting the effects of composition (variety), maturity, and environmental conditions on sphingolipid contents of soybeans. Solvent partition and TLC purification was identified to be the most accurate sample preparation method for HPLC quantification. ARS scientists in Manhattan, KS and in Peoria, IL, obtained near infrared spectra for corn kernels infected by the mycotoxin producers A. flavus and F. verticillioides, making it possible to correctly classify infected kernels contaminated with mycotoxins. These spectra were applied successfully in programming a high volume commercial optical grain sorter to reject aflatoxin- and fumonisin-contaminated kernels in combine harvested 2002 corn grown in Eastern Kansas and Central Illinois to produce an ‘‘accepted grain lot‘‘ conforming to FDA guidelines for use in human food. Objective B-Assess the effects of microbial growth, insect infestation and handling on quality of cereals and oilseeds. Data from three years of field tests of controlled aeration of wheat in Kansas were analyzed and a journal manuscript prepared. Automatic control of aeration based on ambient temperature alone is not always adequate for summer aeration in such warm, humid climates because conditions are commonly encountered where temperatures normally desirable for summer aeration (below 21 to 24°C) occur with humidity high enough that no cooling takes place. Forty-six years of historical weather data were studied to evaluate the effect of year-to-year weather variation on summer aeration management in Kansas. The impact of fungal feeding insect infestations on detection of CO2 was monitored as part of on-going stored grain insect pilot bin studies during the summer of 2003. A methodology for quantifying the total amount of CO2 retained in the storage structure using a portable CO2 that confirms the feasibility of early detection of the onset of grain spoilage was developed. One storage tank containing semi-wet corn the on-set of grain spoilage was detected almost two weeks before it was detected with temperature cables. A preliminary mathematical model was developed. Kansas State and Purdue Universities developed a common survey tool in order to gather data from 150 country elevators throughout seven U.S. Corn Belt states. Information gathered from state grain and feed association directories allowed a random sample of elevators to be drawn based on overall licensed warehouse storage capacity. The purpose of this study was to investigate how well country elevators were equipped to handle the segregation of incoming multiple grain types. Additionally, site-specific system simulation models were developed for the receiving operation of three elevator facilities. The models were validated with the collected data, and used to explore ?what if? grain segregation scenarios. For one facility, improvement plans made by one operations manager were modeled to quantify the envisioned changes. Objective C - Quantify and define quality of cereals and oilseeds for various end-use markets. A project developed a non-enzymatic preparative-scale synthetic method for dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine. These standard compounds make detection of these structures much easier in the many biological systems in which they occur. A patent that describes a native peroxidase in the endosperm of wheat that causes formation of tyrosine crosslinks during the breadmaking process, was prepared.. The protein and gene structure of the peroxidase are illustrated in detail. This patent also illustrates the manipulation of the breadmaking process using free radical scavengers to affect the activity of this native enzyme. A Study was conducted to evaluate the effects of handling equipment on commingling during grain transfer operations in the research elevator at the USDA-ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS. White corn was moved first through selected pieces of cleaned elevator equipment followed by yellow corn through the same equipment without any special clean-out between the two operations. Grain flow rates ranged from 43 to 50 t/h. Commingling was calculated as the percentage of white kernels mixed in the yellow corn samples collected at selected time intervals during the second operation. Commingling started at levels above 1% during the first 38 sec or less and declined to levels below 0.5% after the first metric ton of grain transfer. The grain cleaner had the highest cumulative commingling at 0.24%, followed by the weighing scale at 0.22%, the pit and boot at 0.18%, and the grain scalper at 0.01%. For grain transfer in this elevator with the pit and boot, scale, and cleaner in the grain path, total possible commingling was 0.64%. Field-grown hard red winter wheat Karl and soft red winter wheat Clark were harvested at 21 days after flowering and air-dried in the spike at 20 C for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96 h and until completely air-dried (one week). Fresh samples of Karl and Clark were also harvested and prepared immediately for microscopy. The methods used in this study can be used to investigate endosperm structural changes caused by adverse environmental stress. A study was conducted to compare moisture meter readings to the 103°C 72-hr air oven reference method for naturally wet corn during the fall of 2002. A total of 178 samples were collected from 12 counties in Illinois. The oven moistures of the samples ranged from 12.6 to 39.6% wet basis. Each sample was tested by the Illinois Department of Agriculture in air ovens and in the Dickey-john GAC 2100, GAC 2000, and GAC II; Motomco 919, 919E, and 919ES; Steinlite SL 95, SB 900, SS 250, RC, RCT; and Burrows 700 moisture meters. Compared to the oven, most of the meters performed within the acceptable limits up to approximately 25% moisture content on combine and hand-shelled corn. Above 25% moisture, most of the meters read lower than the air oven on hand-shelled corn. Based on only one crop year with predominately hand-shelled samples no recommendations for changes in moisture meter calibrations could be made. Soybeans were obtained from four crop years 1999 through 2002 from the USDA/ARS National Germplasm Lab at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Samples were scanned on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum One FT-NIR spectrophotometer. The instrument measured absorbance between 4000 per cm to 12000 per cm, with 8 per cm resolution. A total of 16 scans were averaged for each sample. The FT-NIR isoflavone calibration equations had a relatively low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) for all three types of isoflavones. FT-NIR calibrations had an RMSEP of 295, 269 and 82 for the total of three forms of daidzin, genistin, and glycitin, respectively. The validation data set correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.85 to 0.88 for the total of the three forms of daidzin and genistin. Results indicate that the FT-NIR technique with ground samples can be useful in screening for isoflavones levels in soybeans. The SPROC model, which calculates outputs and estimates a total value of processed products per bushel (EPV), has become a standard tool of breeders and others studying soybean markets. Annual national surveys coupled with the SPROC model have demonstrated consistent regional patterns with accompanying embedded value differences. The amount and relative direction of these differences, northern states versus central versus southern states, have changed very little over time. Forecasting composition on smaller geographic areas (such as county) is much less predictable, which is probably why processors try very hard to minimize basis premiums to areas they think may have better beans. The inherent variability of producer deliveries (from different fields and varieties in a local area) has been very stable through numerous sampling studies from 1983 ? present, as has been the variability among varieties grown at a given location. Studies have indicated that the level of fumonisin B1 in corn-based foods was reduced significantly by extrusion processing as determined by chemical (HPLC) and biochemical (ELISA) assay methods. However, it is still unproven whether the toxicity or biological activity of FB1 is likewise destroyed. Therefore, there is still a need to determine the reduction of toxicity of FB1 in extruded corn based food products using in vitro and in vivo bioassay methods that include cell culture bioassays and feeding of extruded FB1 contaminated corn grits to rats in controlled feeding studies. Objective D - Determine the economic impact of improving the quality of cereals and oilseeds. The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative (IGQI) developed producer training and awareness materials that encourage the development of higher value grain markets in Iowa. In 2003 the corn stewardship poster project was expanded to include nine Midwestern states. Thirty-seven partners from university extension programs, corn producer organizations, grain handler associations, and three seed companies cooperated on the project that promoted the delivery of Market ChoicesSM corn to grain collection sites willing to accept it. Market ChoicesSM corn is corn that is not authorized but may be scientifically accepted in the European Union. Two posters were developed, 18?x24? (publication SP 161) and 8.5?x11? (publication SP 162), promoting the delivery of Market ChoicesSM grain to facilities that accept it. The posters used the National Corn Growers Association?s Know Where to GoSM service mark as the main theme. This phrase is recognized by over 85% of producers. The posters were distributed to 4,346 grain collection sites in the partner states. The 806 Extension offices in cooperating states received the posters. Pioneer distributed the small poster to 19,000 producers that purchased Market ChoicesSM hybrids. Dow AgroSciences purchased an additional 10,000 small posters for distribution to producers. The American Seed Trade Association?s (ASTA) Market ChoicesSM committee developed a sticker that elevators could use for producer correspondence to indicate their Market ChoicesSM grain receiving policy. The sticker was included in the poster mailing. A comprehensive web site, www.marketchoices.info, was created to disseminate information related to Market ChoicesSM grain and receive feedback. Future corn issues that require quick action by value chain participants will be more easily coordinated. IGQI provided information about the StarLinkTM corn settlement. Producers and Extension offices downloaded the StarLinkTM settlement information (2,278 downloads) and the StarLinkTM Situation publication (4,666 downloads) from the IGQI web site. The settlement documents enabled producers to file for a share of the $110,000,000 (plus accrued interest) class action suit settlement for producers of non-StarLinkTM corn from 1998 to 2002. An Iowa grain company and Iowa State University created a guideline procedure for upgrading entry level quality management systems to ISO 9000-2000. An internal study in 2002 showed that $2 was returned for every $1 invested in the quality management system. The goal is total traceability from inbound receipt to outbound shipment. To date this has been achieved in units of 15,000 ? 20,000 bushels, but not to individual railcars or trucks. An electronic quality manual template was developed. After audit, scheduled for January 13-14, 2004, this template and its development will be made available in the public domain.

Publications

Molenda, M., M.D. Montross, S.G. McNeill, and J. Horabik. Airflow resistance of seeds at different bulk densities. Paper No. 03-6009. ASAE International Meeting. Las Vegas, NV. July 27-30, 2003. Ng, P.K.W., Ward, R., Tanhehco, E. MSU Wheat Quality Testing Program: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2001. January 2003. 37 pp. Mujoo, R. and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Physicochemical Properties of Bread Baked from Flour Blended with Immature Wheat Meal Rich in Fructooligosaccharides. J. of Food Sci. 68:2448-2452. Basman, A., Koksel, H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Utilization of Transglutaminase to Increase the Level of Barley and Soy Flour Incorporation in Wheat Flour Breads. J. of Food Sci. 68:2453-2460. Mujoo, R. and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Identification of wheat protein components involved in polymer formation upon incubation with transglutaminase. Cereal Chem. 80:703-706. Khan, K., Nygard, G., Pogna, N.E., Redaelli, R., Ng, P.K.W., Fido, R.J., and Shewry, P.R. 2003. Electrophoresis of Wheat Gluten Proteins. Pages 31-59. In Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis. Ed. by P.R. Shewry and G.L. Lookhart. AACC, St. Paul, MN. Basman, A., Koksel, H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Utilization of rapid visco analyzer for assessing the effect of different levels of transglutaminase on gluten quality. In Proceedings of Gluten 2003, Universita degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy. Otani, M., Rujoo, R., and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Effect of wheat-koji on baking quality of bread. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Gazza, L., Niglio, A., Pogna, N., and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Allele composition at the Pina-D1 locus coding for puroindoline an in bread wheat. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Otain, M., Mujoo, and Ng, P.K.W. 2003. Modification of wheat proteins by transglutaminase in bread doughs during frozen storage. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Brumm, T.J. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Quality of the 2003 US Soybean Crop. American Soybean Association Asia Quality Seminar Tour. November 15-22, 2003. Tokyo, Seoul, Taipei, Beijing, Shanghai, Dalien. Rooney, L.W. and Serna-Saldivar, S.O. 2003. Food use of whole corn and dry-milled fractions. In: Corn Chemistry and Technology. White, P.J. and Johnson, Lawrence A. (eds.), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, pp. 495-535. Rooney, L.W. and Serna-Saldivar, S.O. 2003. Sorghum. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2nd ed. (B. Caballero, LC Trugo, PM Finglas, eds.) Volume 8, pp 5370-5375. London: Academic Press. Serna Saldivar, S.O., and Rooney, L.W. 2003. Tortillas. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. Second Edition. B. Caballero, L. Trugo and P. Finglas (eds.) Academic Press, London, UK. ISBN 0-12-227055-X pp. 5808-5813. Earp, C.F., McDonough, C.M., Awika, Joseph M. and Rooney, L.W. 2004. Microscopic changes during development of sorghums with and without pigmented testa. J. Cereal Sci. (in press) Earp, C.F., McDonough, C.M., Rooney, L.W., 2004. Microscopy of pericarp development in the caryopsis of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. J. Cereal Sci. (in press) Awika, J.M., Dykes, L., Gu, L., Rooney, L.W., and Prior, R.L. 2003. Processing of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum products alters procyanidin oligomer and polymer distribution and content. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:5516-5521. Awika, J.M., Rooney, L.W., Wu, X., Prior, R.L., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2003. Screening methods to measure antioxidant activity of sorghum and sorghum products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:6657-6662. Bejosano, F.P., Rooney, W.L., Klein, R.R., Rooney, L.W. and Waniska, R.D. 2003. Antifungal proteins in commercial hybrids and elite sorghums. J. Ag. and Food Chem. 51:5911-5915. Betran, F.J., D. Beck, M. Bänziger, G. Edmeades. 2003. Genetic analysis of inbred and hybrid grain yield under stress and non-stress environments in tropical maize. Crop Sci 43:807-817. Betrán, F.J., D. Beck, G. Edmeades, M. Bänziger. 2003. Secondary Traits in Parental Inbreds and Hybrids under Stress and Non-stress Environments in Tropical Maize. Field Crops Research 83: 51-65. Betrán, F.J., A. Bockholt, F. Fojt III, G. Odvody. 2003. Registration of Tx807 Maize Parental Line. Crop Sci. 43: 1892-1893. Betrán, F.J., A. Bockholt, F. Fojt III, L. Rooney. 2003. Registration of Tx811 Maize Parental Line. Crop Sci. 43: 1893-1894. Betrán, F.J., A. Bockholt, F. Fojt III, R. Waniska. 2003. Registration of Tx802 Maize Parental Line. Crop Sci. 43: 1891-1892. Betrán, F.J., J.M. Ribaut, D. Beck, and D. Gonzalez de Leon. 2003. Genetic diversity, specific combining ability and heterosis in tropical maize under stress and non-stress environments. Crop Sci. 43:797-806. Bhatnagar, S., F.J. Betrán, and D. Transue. 2003. Agronomic performance, aflatoxin accumulation and protein quality of subtropical and tropical QPM hybrids in southern USA. Maydica 48: 113-124. Hugo, Leda F., Lloyd W. Rooney, and John R. N. Taylor. 2003. Fermented sorghum as a functional ingredient in composite breads. Cereal Chem. 80(5):495-499. Rooney, W.L., Miller, F.R., Rooney, L.W. 2003. Registration of RTx437 Sorghum Parental Line. Crop Science 43:445-446. Acosta, David. December 2003. White food-type sorghum in direct-expansion extrusion applications. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 120 pp. Leal Diaz, Ana. 2003. December 2003. Food quality and properties of quality protein maize. MS Thesis. Texas A& M University, College Station, TX. 150 pp. Silva, Laura. August 2003. Effects of barley flour and beta-glucans in corn tortillas. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 98 pp. Awika, Joseph. May 2003. Antioxidant properties of sorghum. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 118 pp. Bueso, Javier. May 2003. Staling of corn tortillas. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 104 pp. Maranphal, Nitit. May 2003. Direct expanded snacks from sorghum. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 65 pp. Rudiger, Crystal. May 2003. The formulation of a nutraceutical bread mix using sorghum, barley, and flaxseed. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 97 pp. Acosta, D., Riaz, M., Waniska, R.D. and Rooney, L.W. 2003. Decortication level and particle size effects on extrudates made from a food-type white sorghum. In J. A. Dahlberg et al. (eds.) Proc. 23rd Biennial Grain Sorghum Res. and Util. Conf., Feb. 16-18, 2003, Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 119-127. Betrán, F.J., Tom Isakeit, Gary Odvody, Kerry Mayfield. 2003. Identification, development and characterization of corn germplasm to reduce aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Workshop 2003, October 13-15, 2003, Savannah, GE. Kerry Mayfield, Bryan Jones, Leslie Lutz, Adam Blackwelder, T. Isakeit, Gary Odvody, and Javier Betrán. 2003. Aflatoxin accumulation in maize inbreds and hybrids. Aflatoxin & Fumonisin Workshop 2003, October 13-15, 2003, Savannah, GE. Wicklow, D.T., Bobell, J., and Palmquist, D. Evaluation of intraspecific competition (Aspergillus flavus Link) and aflatoxin formation in suspended disc culture. Mycological Research. 2003. v. 107. p. 617-623. Goto, T., Wicklow, D.T., McAlpin, C.E., Peterson, S.W. Aspergillus bombycis genotypes (RFLP) from silkworm cultivation. Mycoscience. 2003. v. 44. p. 209-215. Zhang, Y., Li, C., Swenson, D.C., Gloer, J.B., Wicklow, D.T., Dowd, P.F. Novel antiinsectan oxalicine alkaloids from two undescribed fungicolous Penicillium spp. Organic Letters. 2003. v. 5. p. 773-776. Billate, R.D., R.G. Maghirang, and M. E. Casada. 2003. Measurement of particulate emissions from corn receiving operations with simulated hopper bottom trucks. ASAE Paper No. MC03-406. Casada, M.E., M.S. Ram, and P.W. Flinn. 2003. Thermal design of shipping containers for beneficial insects. ASAE Paper No. 03-6158. Casada, M.E., and K. O?Brien. 2003. Accuracy and repeatability of protein content measurements for wheat during storage. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 19(2): 203-209. Ingles, M.E., M.E. Casada, and R.G. Maghirang. 2003. Handling effects on commingling and residual grain in an elevator. Transactions of the ASAE. 46(6): 1625-1631. Bhat, C.G., D.E. Maier, and K.E. Ileleji. 2003. Exploratory Use of a Portable CO2 Sensor for Early Detection of Spoilage in a Large Corn Storage Tank. Paper No. 036149. St. Joseph. Mich: ASAE. Giesova, M., V. Martinez and L. B. Bullerman. 2003. Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus by sourdough lactic acid bacteria. Presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. August 10-13, 2003. New Orleans, LA. Bullerman, L. B., D. Deibert, Y. Hassan, M. Giesova and D. Ryu. 2003. Inhibition of mycotoxigenic fungi by sourdough bread cultures and lactic acid bacteria. Presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Sourdough. Sponsored by AACC European Section. October 8-11, 2003. Brussels, Belgium. Bullerman, L. B., Y. Hassan, D. Deibert and D. Ryu. 2003. Antifungal activity of sourdough bread cultures. Presented at the 5th International Workshop on Food Mycology. Sponsored by the International Commission on Food Mycology. October 15-19, 2003. Ballen, Samso, Denmark. McGill, J.M. and Maier, D.E. 2003. Capability of Eastern Cornbelt country elevators to segregate crops during harvest. Paper No. 03-6001. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. Presented at the 2003 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 27-30 July 2003. Arbogast, R. T. 2003. Humidity response of adult male Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) with special reference to the effect of carbon dioxide. Environ. Entomol. 32: 264-269. Arbogast, R.T., S.R Chini, P.E. Kendra, and D.K. Weaver. 2003. Temperature variation in stored maize and its effect on trap capture of beetles in grain probe traps. J. Stored Prod. Res. 40: 135-150. Arbogast, R.T., S.R. Chini, and P.E. 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Loughin, A. Featherstone, and F.D. Yaun. 2003. Nutritional and economic implications of protein variance structure and the application of statistical process control in the Chinese feed industry. Cereal Chem. 80(5):623-626. Guo, G., Jackson, D.S., Graybosch, R.A., and Parkhurst, A.M. 2003. Asian salted noodle quality: Impact of amylose content adjustments using waxy wheat flour. Cereal Chem. 80(4):437-445. Guo, G., Jackson, D.S., Graybosch, R.A., and Parkhurst, A.M. 2003. Wheat flour tortilla quality: Impact of amylose content adjustments using waxy wheat flour. Cereal Chem. 80(4):427-436. Baik, B.-K., and Lee, M.-R. 2003. Effects of starch amylose content of wheat on textural properties of white salted noodles. Cereal Chem. 80:304-309. Baik, B.-K., Park, C. S., Paszczynska, B., and Konzak, C. F. 2003. Characteristics of noodles and bread prepared from double null partial waxy wheat. Cereal Chem. 80:627-633. Park, C. S., and Baik, B.-K. 2003. Relationship between protein characteristics and instant noodle making quality of wheat flours. Cereal Chem. In Press. Park, C. S., and Baik, B.-K. 2003. Cooking Time of White Salted Noodles and Its Relationship with Protein and Amylose Contents of Wheat. Cereal Chem. In Press. Park, C. S., Hong, B. H., and Baik, B.-K. 2003. Protein quality of wheat required for making white salted noodles and its influences on processing and texture of noodles. Cereal Chem. 80:297-303. Cogdill, R., P. Dardenne and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Support vector machines for NIRS calibration. Proc. NIR2003, International Conference on NIR Spectroscopy, Cordoba, Spain, April 8-12, 2003. Dzupin, R, C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. and S. A. Roussel. 2003. Improvement of prediction speed and accuracy with internet enabled networking software. Proc. NIR2003, 11th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Cordoba, Spain. April 6-11, 2003. Roussel, S. A., and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Noise robustness comparison for merging large datasets. Proc. NIR2003, 11th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Cordoba, Spain. April 6-11, 2003. Codgill, R.P., C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., G.R. Rippke, R.W. Jones, T.C. Jensen, and J.R. McClelland. 2003. Single kernel maize analysis by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Trans. ASAE 47(1): 150 Cogdill, R. P. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Photometric standardization of a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. J. N.I.R. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2003. Measurement of soybean fatty acid content with near-infrared spectroscopy. 2003 Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Kansas City, MO May 5-9, 2003. (abstr) Stevermer, S.W., B.L. Steward, R.P. Cogdill and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Automated Sorting and Single Kernel Analysis by Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging. ASAE Paper 036159. Am. Soc. Agr. Engr., St. Joseph, MI. Bean, S. R. 2003. Evaluation of novel pre-cast gradient gels for the separation of sorghum proteins. Cereal Chem. 80:500-504. Bean, S. R. and Tilley, M. 2003. Separation of water soluble proteins from cereals by free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE). Cereal Chem. 80: 505-515. Lookhart, G. L., Bean, S., and Bietz, J. A. 2003. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in grain applications. Cereal Foods World. 48:9-16. Zhan, X., Wang, D., Tuinstra, M., Bean, S., Seib, P. A., and Sun, X. S. 2003. Ethanol and lactic acid production as affected by sorghum genotype and location. Industrial Crops and Production. 18:245-255. Pedersen, J. F., Bean, S. R., Funnell, D. L., and Graybosch, R. A. 2003. Rapid iodine staining techniques for identifying the waxy phenotype in sorghum grain and waxy genotype in sorghum pollen. In Press. Park, S. H., and Bean, S. R. 2003. Investigation and optimization of the factors influencing sorghum protein extraction. J. Ag. Food Chem. 51: 7050-7054. Rossell, C. 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Kim, Y. S., R. A. Flores, O.K. Chung, and D.B. Bechtel. 2003. Physical and chemical characterization of wheat flour milling co-products. Journal of Food Process Engineering 26(5): 469-488. Bechtel, D. B. and Wilson, J. D. 2003. Endosperm structural changes in wheat during drying of maturing caryopses. Abstracts AACC Meeting Program pp. 111. Wilson, J. D., Bechtel, D. B. and Seib, P. A. 2003. Spelt quality and starch chemistry. Abstracts AACC Meeting Program pp.110. Chung, O. K., Ohm, J. B., Lookhart, G. L., and Bruns, R. F. 2003. Quality characteristics of hard winter and hard spring wheats grown under an over-wintering condition. J. Cereal Sci. 37:91-99. Chung, O. K., Park, S. H., Tilley, M., and Lookhart, G. L. 2003. Improving wheat quality. Chapter 26. Pp. 536-561 in: S. P. Cauvain (ed.), Bread making: Improving Quality. Woodhead Pub. Co.: London. Chung, O. K., and Steele, J. L. 2003. Editors, Proceedings of the 2nd International Wheat Quality Conference. Grain Industry Alliance: Manhattan, KS. 509 pp. Chung, O. K., and Steele, J. L. 2003. Preface. Pp. iii-iv in: O.K. Chung and J.L. Steele (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Wheat Quality Conference. Grain Industry Alliance: Manhattan, KS. Chung, O. K. 2003. Welcome Reception Statement. Pp. 17-18 in: O.K. Chung and J. L. Steele (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Wheat Quality Conference. Grain Industry Alliance: Manhattan, KS. Graybosch, R. A., Souza, E., Berzonsky, W., Baenziger, P. S., and Chung, O. K. 2003. Functional properties of waxy flours: genotypic and environmental effects. J. Cereal Sci. 38:69-76. Chung, O. K., Park. S. H., Kim, Y. S., Tilley, M., Seabourn. B. W., and Lookhart, G. L. 2003. Improvement of U.S. Bread Wheat Quality. Pp. 153-160 in: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the U.S. ? Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR): Food and Agriculture Panel. November 9-15, 2003, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. 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FT-Raman spectra of unsoaked and NaOH soaked wheat kernels, bran and ferulic acid. Cereal Chem. 80:188-192. Park, S. H., and Bean, S. R. 2003. Investigation and optimization of the factors influencing sorghum protein extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:7050-7054. Wang, D., Dowell, F.E., Ram, M.S. and Schapuagh, W.T. 2003. Classification of fungal-damaged soybean seeds using near-infrared spectroscopy. Intl. J. Food Properties. (in press) Haley, S. D., Quick, J. S., Johnson, J. J., Peairs, F. B., Stromberger, J. A., Clayshulte, S. R., Clifford, B. L., Rudolph, J. B., Chung, O. K., and Seabourn, B. W. 2003. Registration of ?Anchor? wheat. Crop Sci. (In press) Graybosch, R. A., Peterson, C. J., and Chung, O. K. 2003. Release of N95111881 and 9519521 strong gluten 1BL.1RS wheat. Crop Sci. (in press) Graybosch, R. A., Peterson, C. J., Porter, D. R., and Chung, O.K. 2003. Registration of N96L9970 Greenbug resistant wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.). Crop Sci. (in press) Graybosch, R. A., Souza, A, E., Berzonsky, W., Baenziger, P. S., McVey, D. V., and Chung, O. K. 2003. Registration of nineteen waxy spring wheat. Crop Sci. (in press) Ibrahim, A.M.H., Haley, S. D., Jin, Y., Langham, M.A.C., Stymiest, C., Rickertsen, J., Kalsbeck, S., Little, R., Chung, O.K., Seabourn, B. W., and McVey, D. V. 2003. Registration of Expedition Wheat. Crop Sci. (in press) Bean, S. R., Park, S. H., Ioerger, B. P., and Dixon, C. E. 2003. Sorghum research at the Grain Quality & Structure Research Unit. Page 42 in: Proceedings of the 23rd Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, 2003 Sorghum Industry Conference, Feb. 16-18, 2003, Albuquerque, New Mexico. National Grain Sorghum Producer. Chung, O.K., Tilley, M., Park, S.H., Caley, M.S., and Seabourn, B.W. 2003. Directions in United States wheat quality. Page 14 in: Program and Abstract Book 2003, AACC Pacific Rim Meeting: Wheat Quality Measurement and Processing into the 21st Century, March 17-19, 2003, Honolulu, HI. Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Lyne, R., Chung, O.K., Chandra, S., Ohm, J.B., Stearn, M., and Piland, S. 2003. Relationship of relative amounts of insoluble polymeric proteins to dough consistency for flours from commercial mills and individual cultivars. Page 17 in: Program and Abstract Book 2003, AACC Pacific Rim Meeting: Wheat Quality Measurement and Processing into the 21st Century, March 17-19, 2003, Honolulu, HI. Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., Seib, P.A., and Bean, S.R. 2003. Pages 17-18 in: Wheat protein subclasses in relation to characteristics of Quality Measurement and Processing into the 21st Century, March 17-19, 2003, Honolulu, HI. Seabourn, B.W., and Chung, O.K. 2003. Application of NIR for rapid wheat quality analysis. Page 13 in: Program and Abstract Book 2003, AACC Pacific Rim Meeting: Wheat Quality Measurement and Processing into the 21st Century, March 17-19, 2003, Honolulu, HI. Arora, S., Lyne, R., Alviola, J.N., Lookhart, G.L., Waniska, R.D., and Chung, O.K. 2003. Development of a micro-scale procedure to prepare wheat flour tortillas. Abstract No. 337. Page 140 in: Program Book of the 88th AACC Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Bean, S.R., and Chung, O.K. 2003. Tailoring the single kernel characterization system for sorghum. Abstract No. 265. Page 123 in: Program Book of the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Caley, M.S., Chung, O.K., Park S.H., and Haden, Z.L. 2003. Comparison of pup straight dough method with pound sponge and dough method and pup sponge and dough method. Abstract No. 292. Page 129-130 in: Program Book of the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Chung, O.K., Park, S.H., and Seib, P.A. 2003. Polyphenol oxidase activity in wheat grain kernels, meals, and flours in relation to noodle color. Abstract No. 232. Page 116 in: Program Book of the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Park S.H., and Bean, S.R. 2003. Optimization of sorghum protein extraction for possible industrial uses. Abstract No. 262. Page 123 in: Program Book of the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Singh, H., Lyne, R.K., Chung, O.K., Seib, P.A., and Lookhart, G.L. 2003. Comparison of different strip length for evaluating rheological properties of tortillas. Abstract No. 369a. Page 147 in: Program Book of the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Singh, H., Lyne, R.K., Chung, O.K., Seib, P.A., and Lookhart, G.L. 2003. The staling of wheat flour tortillas studied by a texture analyzer and SE-HPLC. Abstract No. 369b. Page 147-148 in: Program Book of the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Chung, Okkyung K., Ohm, Jae Bom, Lookhart, George L., and Bruns, R.F. "Quality Characteristics of Hard Winter and Spring Wheats Grown Under an Over-Wintering Condition" J. Cereal Sci. 37:91-99. 2003. Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis. Peter R. Shewry and George L. Lookhart (eds.), AACC, Eagan Press, St Paul, MN. 2003. Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., and Bietz, J.A. HPLC of Gluten Monomeric Proteins. pp. 61-89. In Peter R. Shewry and George L. Lookhart (eds.), Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis. AACC, Eagan Press, St Paul, MN, Chapter 4, 2003. Bean, S.R. and Lookhart, G.L. Separation of Gluten Proteins by High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis. pp 91-113. In Peter R. Shewry and George L. Lookhart (eds.), Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis. AACC, Eagan Press, St Paul, MN, Chapter 5, 2003. Rosell, C.M., Wang, Jinshui, Aja, S., Bean, S.R., and Lookhart, G.L., Wheat flour proteins as affected by transglutaminase and glucose oxidase. Cereal Chem. 80: 52-55. 2003. Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., and Bietz, J.A. Reversed-Phase high performance liquid chromatography in grain applications. Feature Article. Cereal Foods World, 48: 9-17. 2003. Chung, O.K., Park, S.H., Tilley, M., and Lookhart, G.L. 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Impact Statements

The new sorghums are being grown by some producers who have received from 10 to 25 cents per bushel more for the grain. The high yields under limited irrigation combined with slightly higher grain prices have encouraged producers to plant food sorghums. A source of good quality sorghum is available for use in food and feed products. Information and grain samples were supplied to potential Japanese food processors by US Grains Council. NC-213 researchers provided technical assistance in Japan a
The understanding of what happens during staling will lead to improved flavor and texture of tortillas which could significantly increase their consumption since they are low in fat and contain significant levels of calcium and fiber. A combination of maltogenic amylases and hydrocolloids give tortillas longer shelf life in terms of rollability.
Microbial endophytes can restrict the spread of A. flavus and other mycotoxin producing fungi in preharvest corn and there is a common interest in understanding the mechanism(s) by which competing strains of Aspergillus species inhibit aflatoxin production. Acremonium zeae is one of the two most common fungal endophytes of corn and pyrrocidine antibiotics have a central role in effecting the outcome of competitive encounters with other microbial endophytes of corn.
Creation of an object oriented grain handling system software package will enable elevator operators to test the flexibility of their current facility or create their ideal grain handling facility with all its equipment in a simple click and drag type format. A system simulation and economic analysis tool would allow them to define the operating conditions at their elevator (e.g. truck size distribution, type of grain, delivery rate), estimate average delay time and queue length, and quantify th
Securing and improving the quality of grains produced in the U.S. so that they meet the needs of both domestic and overseas customers is a very important, but difficult, task. Grain quality improvement begins with a breeding program and ends with growers. In 2003, the HWWQL evaluated intrinsic quality parameters of hard winter breeding lines (2002 crop) and our data of breeders nursery samples are of prime importance for the release of breeding lines, some of which become released cultivars g

Date of Annual Report: 03/08/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/23/2005 - 02/24/2005
Period the Report Covers: 02/01/2004 - 02/01/2005

Participants

Adam, Brian , Oklahoma State University; Armstrong, Paul , USDA Manhattan KS; Bhadriraju, Subramanyam , Kansas State University; Bullerman, Lloyd , University of Nebraska; Casada, Mark , USDA Manhattan KS; Chung, Okkyung , USDA Manhattan KS; Delwiche, Stephen , USDA Baltimore MD; Doyungan, Stella , Kansas State University; Dunkel, Florence , Montana State University; Friant, Nick , Cargill; Goldsmith, Peter , University of Illinois at Urbana; Gonzales, Haidee , USDA Manhattan KS; Hendrickson, Troy , ConAgra Snack Foods; Herrman, Timothy , Texas Ag Experiment Station Texas A&M University; Jackson, David , University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Kells, Stephen , University of Minnesota; Kendall, Donald , USDA Kansas City MO; Koeltzow, Donald , USDSA Manhattan KS; Koshar, William , The Ohio State University; Lee, Kyung-Min , Texas A&M University; Lingenfelser, Jane , Kansas State University; Lipska, Lloyd , Frito-Lay Inc.; Maghirang, Elizabeth , USDA Manhattan KS; Mahroof, Rizana , Kansas State University; Maier, Dirk , Purdue University; Marlow, Robert , The Andersons Inc.; Manthey, Frank , North Dakota State University; Mason, Linda , Purdue University; Montross, Michael , University of Kentucky; Morey, Vance , University of Minnesota; Ng, Perry , Michigan State University; Paulsen,Marvin , University of Illinois at Urbana; Pearson, Tom , USDA Manhattan KS; Pierce, Richard , USDA Kansas City MO; Ravlin, F William , The Ohio State University; Schenck-Hamlin, Donna , Kansas State University; Seitz; Larry , USDA Manhattan KS; Stroshine, Richard , Purdue University; Uddin, Sharif , Kansas State University; Wolf Hall, Charlene , North Dakota State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Brief Summary of General Business Meeting Minutes.

The NC-213 Annual General Business meeting was held on February 24, 2005 in the Salon G of the Embassy Suites, Kansas City, MO.

Meeting began at 11:15 am.

Minutes of the last business meeting approved were accepted.
-The Presidents proposed budget was discussed.

-Linkages and leveraging of NC-213 project areas and funds were discussed. Specific examples of effective leveraging and linkages, such as the NC-213 sponsored International Quality Grains Conference (JULY 19 - 22, 2004) which was an outstanding success.

-Nominations for secretary were taken. Charlene Wolf-Hall was nominated and elected as the next secretary.

-Options for the 2005 NC-213 summer workshop were reviewed. It was agreed, among 4 options that we would attend the Organic Stored Products Workshop at Purdue University in August. Dirk Maier is responsible for arrangements.

-Various locations were discussed for the next annual technical conference and business meeting. The advantages of holding the meeting in Minneapolis, Kansas City, Omaha and in conjunction with the Grain Elevator and Processing Society (GEAPS) were discussed. A unanimous vote was received for holding the 2005 meeting in Nashville, TN on February 28 to March 1, 2006.

-The importance of finalizing the technical meeting in time for appropriate publicity in the GEAPS mailings and website was discussed.

-The development of a multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary educational/ outreach program by NC-213 was discussed. . This effort would explore ways that courses could be developed in areas specific to grain quality topics that might be used for course credit or as certificates for professionals working in grain quality.

-It was agreed that Charlene Wolf-Hall would coordinate the development of a white paper discussing the programs focus. This white paper would be developed in a format suitable for eventual submission for a USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant.
-The membership approved the use of Andersons funding (to a maximum of $15,000) to support development of the white paper. The white paper would be presented at the summer workshop meeting.

-A draft revision to the NC-213 officers responsibility document was presented. The intent is to eliminate inconsistencies in the current document. Final revisions will be presented at the Nashville business meeting.

-Richard Stroshine was congratulated on receiving the 2005 Andersons NC-213 Research Award

The meeting was adjourned at 12:10 pm.

Accomplishments

1. Develop practices and technologies to support quality management systems for production, distribution, processing, utilization of quality grains and oilseeds. -Kansas State University and Purdue University developed a common survey tool in order to gather data from 150 country elevators throughout seven U.S. Corn Belt states. Simulation and statistical tools proved to be an effective methods for evaluating the efficiency and performance of the grain elevators. -Calibration models for determination of amino acid concentration in whole soybeans were developed using five NIR spectrometers and three regression methods. The study resulted in models characterized by various degree of accuracy most of which were usable for research purposes and sample screening. -A three year database from a private variety testing service was assembled. This database contains yield and quality data from approximately 2500 soybean plots annually, across the corn belt and east coast growing regions. -Maize kernel hardness and proximate constituents were evaluated by several methods on 248 maize samples. The groups resulting from cluster analysis seem to have unique physical and chemical properties showing the different order in values of hardness measurements. -Transglutaminase was shown to allow soft wheat flour to make satisfactory pan bread. -Currently available precision farming, communication and other technologies were investigated that could be used to aid in the segregation and tracing of differentiated grains and oilseeds from the seed bag to the planter, field, combine and into the post-harvest handling and delivery system. -New sorghum hybrids with significantly improved food characteristics were developed by incorporation of genetic material from the world collection. -Combinations of soy flour, guar gum, CMC and amylases were optimized to produce tortillas with optimum shelf stability. Other additives from soy were evaluated and some products had improved functionality in corn and flour tortillas. 2. Develop basic knowledge, science-based standards, and technologies that promote crop quality, food security and food safety in grain markets. -Extractable starch yield was measured using NIT spectroscopy. Soybean fatty acids and amino acids were measured using FT-NIR spectroscopy. A conceptual and flowchart analysis of grain isolation/traceability was initiated, along with an inventory of current providers of quality management system/traceability services. -A computer model was developed to simulate the temperature of headspace and grain in the upper 1.0-m depth of a bin. The model outputs the temperatures of headspace and grain layers to a depth of 1.0-m from the top surface for mechanically ventilated and unventilated headspace conditions. -Corn flaking grits were inoculated with two fumonisin producing strains of Fusarium proliferatum in attempts to produce grits containing 50 ppm of fumonisin for extrusion studies; fumonisin concentrations of 30 ppm were acheived. -The 2003 hard red spring and durum wheat harvest of the Northern Plains region was surveyed for quality, microbial loads and mycotoxins. -Ozone and hydrogen peroxide were evaluated for treating FHB infected malting barley. -A small prototype continuous-flow dryeration (CFD) system was set-up, and data collected for a range of operating conditions. Single kernel moisture content and stress crack analysis tests were performed while corn was steeped in the tempering bin. -CO2 monitoring technology can be effectively used in stored grain management. Experiments with a representative stored-product beetle, the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), showed that the number of beetles captured in pitfall traps baited with pheromones and a food attractant oil, or in traps with only mineral oil, was inversely proportional to the distance from a source of dispersing beetles. -Fifty years of historical weather data were evaluated to determine the effect of humidity on summer aeration strategies in the hard red winter wheat belt. A procedure was developed to predict the true final grain temperature after aeration. 3. Create and disseminate scientific knowledge that will enhance public confidence in market-driven quality management systems for grain. -A series of quality tests that measure factors affecting storability were conducted on 61 shelled corn samples and correlations among the factors were determined. NIR and FT--NIR could predict ergosterol (±1.3 ppm) and the CO2 test kit can predict storability. Electrolyte leakage and damage index are the best indicators among the rapid tests. -Optimization of sorghum waffle production was completed by varying ingredients, cooking time and temperature. Waffle weight, internal texture, and appearance were compared to commercially available frozen wheat waffles. -The effects of extruding sorghum grain on ethanol production were studied. Both conventional and supercritical fluid extrusion was found to increase ethanol yields compared to unprocessed grain. -Flour was analyzed by the official AACC method and compared to a new dry analysis method. -Intrinsic end-use (milling and bread-baking) quality of about 1332 hard winter wheat breeding lines were evaluated at the ARS Regional HWWQL so that breeders could select their lines based on intrinsic quality in addition to agronomical quality. -Addition of oxidative enzymes to a dough system was found to have an effect upon mixing behavior and protein properties. -Defined the influences of compositional characteristics, especially, amylose content, protein content, beta-glucans content and proanthocyanidin content, on water imbibition of grains, water absorption for making bread and noodles, bread crumb moisture content, color of noodles and texture of cooked noodles. -The removal of the outer layer of barley grains, heat treatment, exclusion of oxygen, low storage temperature and the use of ascorbic acid and 4-hexylresorcinol improved color characteristics of barley containing food products.

Publications

McGill, J.M. and Maier, D.E. 2004. Using discrete event simulation to predict purity and contamination levels during identity-preserved handling of quality grains. Proceedings of the 2004 International Quality Grains Conference. Indianapolis, Indiana, July 19-22, 2004. McGill, J.M. 2004. An infrastructure analysis of grain elevators and the development of system simulation models. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Garraude, Y.G., C. R. Hurburgh, Jr., G.R. Rippke, and C. Yang. 2004. Measurement of antioxidant factors in rosemary with NIR. Kemin seminar series, Kemina Americas Co., Des Moines, IA. October 19, 2004. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. NIR from laboratory to the field. 2nd International Conference on Embedded NIR. Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belguim. November 19, 2004. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2004. Advances in Spectroscopic Methods for High Throughput Crop Analytics. Pittcon 2004, Chicago IL. (abstract 24700-100). Invited. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Real-time model selection and other technical challenges for the general use of NIR. IDRC-2004, International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. Aug 19-23, 2004. Invited presentation. Kovalenko, I., G. Rippke, and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2004. Near infrared spectroscopy determination of amino acid composition of soybeans. Pittcon 2004. Chicago, IL. (poster abstract 4100-3000) Kovalenko, I. V., G. Rippke, and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2004. Measurement of Soybean Fatty Acids, Comparison of Linear and Non Linear Calibration Methods. IDRC-2004, International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. Aug 19-23, 2004. Poster. Roussel, S. A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2004. Comparison of artificial neural network and partial least squares calibrations for Infratec analyzers. Abstract 129a. 2004 American Association of Cereal Chemists Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. September 20, 2004. Yang, CiWen, C. R. Hurburgh, Jr., and E. Dierenfeld. 2004. A Spectral Wildlife Nutrition Database Using Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy. IDRC-2004, International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. Aug 19-23, 2004. Poster. Brumm, T.J., and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2004. Long-term study of US Soybean Quality: Protein, oil and amino acids. Proc. International Grain Quality Conference, Indianapolis, IN. July 19-21, 2004. Brumm, T. J. , C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. and G.R. Rippke. 2004. Quality of the 2004 US Soybean Crop. American Soybean Association, St. Louis , MO. Invited presentations Seoul, Shanghai, Beijing, Tokyo, Taipei. November 2004. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Quality of the 2004 Corn and Soybean Crop in NC Iowa. GEAPS Greater Iowa Chapter, September 14, 2004. Invited presentation. Lee, K.M., T.J. Herrman, J.E. Lingenfelser, and D. Jackson. 2004. Classification and prediction of hardness-associated properties using multivariate statistical analysis. J. Cereal Sci. In Press. Tilley, M., R. E. Benjamin, P. Srivarin and K. A. Tilley. 2004.Nonenzymatic preparative-scale synthesis of dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine. Anal. Biochem. 334:193-195. Tilley, M. and K. Tilley. 2004. Modifying tyrosine crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzymatic activity. In: Proceedings of 12th ICC Cereal & Bread Congress. Harrogate UK. 22- 26 May 2004 Presentations Herrman, T.J., R. Bowden, M. Langemeier, and M. Schrock. 2004. Strategies to manage Karnal bunt and retain global markets. International Quality Grains Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana. Ingels, M.E.A., M.E. Casada, R.G. Maghirang, and T.J. Herrman. 2004. Grain commingling at receiving in a country elevator. International Quality Grains Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana. Tilley, M. and K. Tilley. Modifying tyrosine crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzymatic activity. 12th ICC Cereal & Bread Congress. Harrogate UK. 22-264 May 2004 Basman, A. Koksel, H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2004. Utilization of transglutaminase to increase the level of barley and soy flour incorporation in wheat flour breads. 1st International Congress on Function Foods and Nutraceticals. Antalya, Turkey. Berghofer, E., Kreilmayer, I., Roggenhofer, M., and Ng, P.K.W. 2004. Production of bread, pasta and wafers from purple wheat. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Gazza L., Nocente F., Ng P.K.W., and Pogna N.E. Genetic and biochemical analysis of bread wheat cultivars lacking puroindoline a. Theo. App. Genet. (in press). Gazza, L., Nocente, F., Ng, P.K.W., and Pogna, N.E. 2004. Genetic and biochemical analyses of extra-soft common wheat cultivars. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Ng, P.K.W., Ward, R., Tanhehco, E. MSU Wheat Quality Testing Program: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2003. January 2004. 37 pp. Ross, A.S., Carter, B.P., Hou, G., Ng, P.K.W., and Ohm, J.B. 2004. Better exploitation of post-release end-use testing of US hard white wheats. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Schoenlechner, R., Grausgruber, H., Berghofer, E., and Ng, P.K.W. 2004. Noodles produced from flour blends of wheat and various barley species. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Manthey, F.A., Howatt, K.A., Wolf-Hall, C.E., and Dick, T.J. 2004. Harvesting Standing Wheat and Wheat That Has Been Cut and Windrowed: A Comparison of Grain Quality. Proc. International Quality Grain Conf. In press. Singh, K., Manthey, F. A., and Elias, E.M. 2004. Effect of weathering on kernel quality of durum wheat. AACC Annual Program Book, p. 166. Abstract No. 412. Books Smith, C.W., Betran, F.J., and Runge, E. (eds.). 2004 Corn: origin, history, technology, and production. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Book Chapters Rooney, L.W., Waniska, R.D., McDonough, C.M. and Serna-Saldivar, S.O. 2004. Tortillas. Encyclopedia of Grain Science. Colin Wrigley, Harold Corke and Chuck Walker, eds. Elsevier: Oxford, UK, Vol. 3, pp. 290-298. Rooney, L.W. and Awika, J.M. 2004. Specialty sorghums for healthful foods. In: Specialty Grains for Food and Feed. Peter Wood and E. Abdelaal (eds.), AACC, St. Paul, MN, pp. 283-312. Rooney, L.W., McDonough, C.M. and Waniska, R.D. 2004. The corn kernel. In: Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. C. Wayne Smith, Betran, J., and Runge, E.C.A. (eds.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., pp.273-303. Rooney, L.W., Waniska, R.D. and McDonough, C.M. 2004. Sorghum/ utilization. Encyclopedia of Grain Science. Colin Wrigley, Harold Corke and Chuck Walker, eds. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, vol. 3, pp. 126-136. Refereed Journal Articles Awika, J.M., Rooney, L.W., and Waniska, R.D. 2004. Anthocyanins from black sorghum and their antioxidant properties. Food Chem. 90:293-301. Awika, J.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2004. Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact on human health. Phytochem. 65:1199-1221. Awika, J.M., Miller, R.K., Keeton, J.T. and Jenschke, B.E. 2004. Sorghums for antioxidants in meat systems. Docket No. 019413-01300, TAMUS No. 2122. Awika, J.M., Rooney, L.W. and Waniska, R.D. 2004. Properties of 3-deoxyanthocyanins from sorghum. J. Agri. and Food Chem. 52(14):4388-4394. Bailey, DeeVon and Jones, Eluned. 2004. Food traceability and assurance in the global food system, Farm Foundation Panel Report, July 2004, 42 pp., www.farmfoundation.org Bejosano, F.P. and Waniska, R.D. 2004. Functionality of bicarbonate leaveners in wheat flour tortillas. Cereal Chem. 81(1):77-79. Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A., Fojt III, F. and Mayfield, K. 2004. Registration of Tx110. Crop Sci. 44: 1035-1036. Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A., Fojt III, F. and Mayfield, K. 2004. Registration of Tx732 maize germplasm line. Crop Sci. 44:1028-1029. Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A., Fojt III, F. and Mayfield, K. 2004. Registration of Tx770 maize germplasm line. Crop Sci. 44: 1029-1030. Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A., Fojt III, F., Mayfield, K. and Pietsch, D. 2004. Registration of Tx714 maize germplasm line. Crop Sci. 44:1028-1029. Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A., Fojt III, F., Pietsch, D., Rooney, L. and Mayfield, K. 2004. Registration of Tx114. Crop Sci. 44: 1036. Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A., Fojt III, F. 2004. Registration of Tx745 maize germplasm line. Crop Sci. 44: 1029. Betran, F.J., Isakeit, T., Odvody, G., Mayfield, K., Transue, D., Bhatnagar, S., Makumbi, D. and Ganunga, R. 2004. Response of white food corn to aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia 157(4). Betran, F.J., Isakeit, T., Odvody, G. and Mayfield, K. 2004. Aflatoxin accumulation in maize inbreds and hybrids. Mycopathologia 157(4). Betran, F.J. and Isakeit, T. 2004. Aflatoxin accumulation in early, intermediate and late maturing maize hybrids. Agron. J. 96:565-570. Bhatnagar, S., Betran, F.J., and Rooney, L.W. 2004. Combining abilities of quality protein maize inbreds. Crop Sci. 44:1997-2005. Bueso, F.J., Rooney, L.W., Waniska, R.D. and Silva, L. 2004. Combining maltogenic amylase with CMC or wheat gluten to prevent amylopectin recrystallization and delay corn tortilla staling. Cereal Chem. 81(5):654-659. Earp, C.F., McDonough, C.M., Awika, J.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2004. Testa development in the caryopsis of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. J. Cereal Sci. 39(2):303-311. Earp, C.F., McDonough, C.M., Rooney, L.W. 2004. Microscopy of pericarp development in the caryopsis of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. J. Cereal Sci. 39:21-27. Jones, Eluned and Mercier, Stephanie. 2004. The power of biotechnology to impel change in the grain and oilseeds markets. Willamette Journal of International Law & Dispute Resolution, Vol. 12:101-142. Llorente, C.F, Betran, F.J., Bockholt, A. and Fojt III, F. 2004. Registration of Tx772. Crop Sci. 44: 1036-1037. McDonough, C.M., Floyd, C.D., Waniska, R.D. and Rooney, L.W. 2004. Effect of accelerated aging on maize, sorghum, and sorghum meal. J. Cereal Sci. 39(3):351-361. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WHK-4BY3PJY-1/1/ab4aa18672552 f1621db664a30706b94 Pascut, Simina, Kelekci, N., and Waniska, R.D. 2004. Effects of wheat protein fractions on flour tortilla quality. Cereal Chemistry 81(1):38-43. Waniska, R.D., Cepeda, M., Sullins King, B., Adams, J.L., Rooney, L.W., Torres, P.I., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J.D., Bechtel, D.B. 2004. Effects of flour properties on tortilla qualities. Cereal Foods World 49(4):237-244. Yetneberk, S., de Kock, H.L., Rooney, L.W. and Taylor, J.R.N. 2004. Effects of sorghum cultivar on injera quality. Cereal Chem. 81(3):314-321. Thesis Yetneberk, Senayit. Feb. 2004. Sorghum injera quality improvement through processing and development of cultivar selection criteria. PhD Dissertation. Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 145 pp. Gutierrez, Arturo. May 2004. The effect of enzymes and hydrocolloids on the texture of tortillas from fresh nixtamalized masa and nixtamalized corn flour. MS Thesis. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX. 103 pp. Turner, Duane. May 2004. The use of specialty sorghums for expanded snack food processing. MS Thesis. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX. 128 pp. Moog, Dale J.P., R.L. Stroshine, L.M Seitz, M.R. Paulsen and C.P. Woloshuk. 2004. Storability measurement of shelled corn Proceedings of the International Quality Grains Conference. Indianapolis, IN. July 19-22, 2004. Newgard, E.C. and M.R. Paulsen. 2004. Sample source error analysis for development of NIT calibration for extractable starch in corn. ASAE Paper No. 04-3099. St. Joseph, MI 49085. Newgard, E.C. and M.R. Paulsen. 2004. Comparison of software packages for outlier detection with an extractable starch calibration on near-infrared spectrometers. Abstract No. 338. American Assoc. Cereal Chemists 89th Annual Meeting. AACC San Diego, CA. Nimaiyar, S., M.R. Paulsen and R.L. Nelson. 2004. Rapid analysis of fatty acids in soybeans using FT-NIR. ASAE Paper No. 04-6118. St. Joseph, MI 49085. Nimaiyar, S. and M.R. Paulsen. 2004. Rapid analysis of amino acids using Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) in soybeans. International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Agricultural and Food Engineering. IIT Kharagpur, India December 14-17, 2004. Paulsen, M.R. and M. Singh. 2004. Calibration of a near-infrared transmission grain analyzer for extractable starch in maize. Biosystems Engineering. 89(1): 79-83. Paulsen, M.R., R.K. Stewart, and S.L. Hofing. 2004. Seven years of value-enhanced corn quality traits: What have we learned? Proceedings of the International Quality Grains Conference. Indianapolis, IN. July 19-22, 2004. Rathore, S., M.R. Paulsen and A.C. Hansen. 2004. Prediction of soybean oil properties for bio-diesel fuel using a Fourier-transform near-infrared spectrometer. Abstract No. 339. American Assoc. Cereal Chemists 89th Annual Meeting. AACC San Diego, CA. Singh, M., M.R. Paulsen, L.Tian, and H. Yao. 2004. Site-specific study of corn protein, oil, and extractable starch variability using NIT spectroscopy. Applied Engineering in Agriculture Joseph, MI 49085. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. An ISO-based system for quality management and traceability in the US grain handling industry. Proc. International Grain Quality Conference, Indianapolis, IN. July 19-21, 2004. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Certification, Traceability and Security in the Grain Handling Industry. Educational Seminar, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Ames, IA. January 21, 2004. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Certification and Traceability in US Grain Markets. Sustainable Agriculture Colloquium, Ames, IA. February 4, 2004. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Quality Management Systems for Elevators. NC 213 Multistate Annual Technical Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. February 25, 2004. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. Impact and operational response to traceability in US commodity markets. Abstract 69. 2004 American Association of Cereal Chemists Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. September 20, 2004. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. Certification, and Product Traceability in the Grain Handling Industry. Purdue University International Training Seminar, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. December 15, 2004. Invited Presentation. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Certification and source verification in the bulk corn market. Proceedings of the Corn Utilization Conference, June 7, 2004. National Corn Growers Association, St. Louis, MO. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. Impact and operational response to traceability in US commodity markets. Abstract 69. 2004 American Association of Cereal Chemists Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. September 20, 2004. Invited presentation. Jarboe, D., R. Ginder, and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2004. Corn stewardship for biotechnology corn. Proc. Intl Grain Quality Conference, Indianapolis, IN. July 19-21, 2004. Jensen, J.H. and P. Kassel. 2004. Growing and marketing low linolenic soybeans a value added opportunity. Proc. 16th Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University Extension, Ames, Iowa. December 2, 2004. Lee, K.M., T.J. Herrman, J.E. Lingenfelser, and D. Jackson. 2004. Classification and prediction of hardness-associated properties using multivariate statistical analysis. J. Cereal Sci. In Press. Tilley, M., R. E. Benjamin, P. Srivarin and K. A. Tilley. 2004.Nonenzymatic preparative-scale synthesis of dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine. Anal. Biochem. 334:193-195. Tilley, M. and K. Tilley. 2004. Modifying tyrosine crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzymatic activity. In: Proceedings of 12th ICC Cereal & Bread Congress. Harrogate UK. 22- 26 May 2004 Presentations Herrman, T.J., R. Bowden, M. Langemeier, and M. Schrock. 2004. Strategies to manage Karnal bunt and retain global markets. International Quality Grains Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana. Ingels, M.E.A., M.E. Casada, R.G. Maghirang, and T.J. Herrman. 2004. Grain commingling at receiving in a country elevator. International Quality Grains Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana. Tilley, M. and K. Tilley. Modifying tyrosine crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzymatic activity. 12th ICC Cereal & Bread Congress. Harrogate UK. 22-264 May 2004 Carrillo, M.A., Kaliyan, N., Cannon, C.A., Morey, R.V., and Wilcke, W.F. 2004. A simple method to adjust cooling rates for supercooling point determination. CryoLetters (25) 155-160. Carillo, M.A. and C.A. Cannon. 2005. Supercooling point variability in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. In Press. Kaliyan, N., Morey, R.V., W.F. Wilcke, M.A. Carrillo, and C.A. Cannon. 2004. Evaluating low temperatures to control Indian meal moth in stored grain. ASAE/CSAE Meeting Paper No. 046135. ASAE St. Joseph, MI 49085. Manthey, F.A., C.E. Wolf-Hall, S. Yalla, C. Vijayakumar, D. Carlson. 2004. Microbial Loads, Mycotoxins and Quality of Wheat from the 2001 Harvest of the Northern Plains Region, USA. J. of Food Protection. 67(4):772-780. Boddeda, A. and C.E. Wolf-Hall. 2004. RAPD analysis of Fusarium graminearum isolates from electron beam irradiated barley. Poster abstract from the 2nd International Symposium on Fusarium Head Bligth Incorporating the 8th European Fusarium Seminar. Orlando, Florida, December 11-15. Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and P.B. Schwarz. Evaluation of Gaseous Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments for Reducing Fusarium Survival in Malting Barley. J. Food Protection. Submitted. Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and P. Schwarz. 2004. Effect of electron-beam radiation on the safety and quality of Fusarium infected malting barley. Abstract from presentation at the 2004 Institute of Food Technologists national meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada, July 12-16. Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and P. Schwarz. 2004. Mathematical models for predicting the effect of electron-beam radiation on the safety and quality of Fusarium infected malting barley. Poster abstract from the 2004 World Brewing Congress Conference in San Diego, California. July 25-28. Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and M.B. Rao. 2004. Mathematical models for hot water, electron beam radiation, and hydrogen peroxide treatments on the survival of Fusarium spp. and germinative energy in malting barley. Poster abstract from the International Association for Food Protection annual meeting. Phoenix, Arizona, August 8-11. Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and P.B. Schwarz. 2004. Evaluation of ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments for preventing post-harvest Fusarium infection in malting barley. Poster poster abstract from the 2nd International Symposium on Fusarium Head Bligth Incorporating the 8th European Fusarium Seminar. Orlando, Florida, December 11-15. Heber, A.J. and D.E. Maier. 2004. Effect of Tempering Shelled Corn on Single Kernel Moisture Content and Stress Cracks. Proceedings of the 2004 International Quality Grains Conference. Indianapolis, Indiana, July 19-22, 2004. Bhat, C.G., D.E. Maier, and K.E. Ileleji. 2004. Early Detection of Spoilage in Stored Grain. Proceedings of the 2004 International Quality Grains Conference. Indianapolis, Indiana, July 19-22, 2004. Arbogast, R. T., and S. R Chini. 2004. Abundance of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and Cadra cautella (Walker) infesting maize stored on South Carolina farms: seasonal and non-seasonal variation. J. Stored Prod. Res. In press. Arbogast, R. T., S. R. Chini, and J. E. McGovern. 2004. Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): spatial relationship between trap catch and distance from a source of emerging adults. J. Econ. Entomol. In press. Akdogan, H., M.E. Casada, A.K. Dowdy, and B. Subramanyam. 2005. A novel method for analyzing facility heat treatment data. Journal of Stored Products Research. 41(2): 175-185. Billate, R.D., R.G. Maghirang, and M. E. Casada. 2004. Measurement of particulate matter emissions from corn receiving operations with simulated hopper-bottom trucks. Transactions of the ASAE. 47(2): 521-529. Brabec, D.L., R.G. Maghirang, M.E. Casada. 2004. Effectiveness of a high-pressure water-fogging system in controlling dust emissions at grain receiving. Transaction of the ASAE Vol. 47(2): 505-511. Hansen, Audrey, C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., R. Dzupin, G. Rippke, and R. Stephenson. 2004. Establishing a quality management system in a university based analytical laboratory. Pittcon 2004. Chicago, IL. (abstract 6700-300) Hansen, Audrey, C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., R. Dzupin, G. Rippke, and R. Stephenson. 2004. Launching an internet enabled quality manual for a university based analytical laboratory. Pittcon 2004. Chicago, IL. (poster abstract (16000-100) Chung, O. K., Bean, S. R., and Park, S. H. Sorghum foods: New health benefits from an ancient grain. Food Science Journal (Chinese) 25:431-437. 2004. Pedersen, J. F., Bean, S. R., Funnell, D. L., and Graybosch, R. A. 2004. Rapid iodine staining techniques for identifying the waxy phenotype in sorghum grain and waxy genotype in sorghum pollen. Crop Science. 44:764-747. Robbins, R., and Bean, S. R. 2004. Development of a measurement system for phenolic acids: Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. J. Chromatog. A. 1038: 97-105. Bechtel, D.B. 2004. All-grain home brewing. Abstract No. 175. Page 99 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Bechtel, D.B. and Wilson, J.D. 2004. Laser diffraction sizing used to study wheat flour and starch particle size. Abstract No. 21. Page 121: in Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Park, S.H., Singh, H., Wilson, J.D., and Bean. R.S. 2004. Rapid isolation of sorghum starch using sonication. Abstract No. 389. Page 160-161 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Blechl, A., Chung, O.K., Bregitzer, P., Dubcovsky, J., and Sebesta, P. 2004. Kernel, mixing and baking characteristics of transgenic wheats with varying HMW-GS contents. Abstract No. 198. Page 103 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Caley, M.S., park, S.H., and Chung, O.K. 2004. A micro-baking procedure: Its relation to pup straight-dough and pound sponge and dough baking methods. Abstract No. 226. Page 122 in Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Chung, O.K. 2004. How wheat breeding brings benefits for users and consumers. Abstract No. 139. Page 91 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Chung, O.K., Maghirang, E.B., Park, S.H., Caley, M.S., Dowell, F.E., and Seabourn, B.W. 2004. Quality parameters of four wheat fractions singulated and sorted based on kernel hardness. Abstract No. 417. Page 167 :in Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Chung, O.K. and Park, S.H. 2004. A comparison of a farinograph (10-g flour) with variable mixing speed to a mixograph (10-g flour) in flour testing. Abstract No. 360. Page 154 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Chung, O.K., Lookhart, G.L., Dowell, F.E., Tilley, M., Bean, S.R., Seitz, L.M., Seabourn, B.W., Park, S.H., Steele, J.L., Casada, M.E., Ram, M.S., Maghirang, E.B., Pasikatan, M.C., Kim, Y.S., Bechtel, D.B., Perez-Mendoza, J., Xie, F., Lyne, R.K., Singh, H., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Brabec, D.L., Ohm, J.B., Throne, J.E., Baker, J.E., Pearson, T.C. and Haden, Z.L. 2004. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing and Production Research Center. Annual Wheat Newsletter 50:221-238. Chung, O.K. 2004. Characterization of Cereals and Flours. Edited by G. Kaletunc and K. J. Breslauer. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York (published in 2003). Inform 15:119-120. (Book Review) Chung, O.K., Bean, S.R., and Park, S.H. 2004. Sorghum foods: New health benefits from an ancient grain. Food Science Journal (Chinese) 25:431-437. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., Chung, O.K., Pierce, R.O. Correlating multiple grain measurements to grain quality. Abstract No. 124. Page 88 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Graybosch, R.A., Peterson, C.J., and Chung, O.K. 2004. Registration of N95L11881 and 97L9521 strong gluten 1BL.1RS wheat germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 44:1490-1491. Graybosch, R.A., Souza, E.J., Berzonsky, W.A., Baenziger, P.S., McVey, D. J., and Chung, O. K. 2004. Registration of Nineteen Waxy Spring Wheats. Crop Sci. 44:1491-1492. Graybosch, R.A., Peterson, C.J., Porter, D.R., and Chung, O.K. 2004. Registration of N96L9970 Greenbug Resistant Wheat. Crop Sci. 44:1492-1493. Haley, S.D., Quick, J.S., Johnson, J.J., Peairs, F.B., Stromberger, J.A., Clayshulte, S.R., Clifford, B.L., Rudolph, J.B., Chung, O.K., and Seabourn, B.W. 2004. Registration of Anchor wheat. Crop Sci. 44:1025-1026. Haley, S.D., Quick, J.S., Peairs, F.B., Johnson, J.J., Westra, J., Stromberger, J.A., Clayshulte, S. R., Clifford, B.L., Rudolph, J.B., Seabourn, B.W., and Chung, O.K. Registration of Bond CL wheat. Crop Sci. (In press) Haley, S.D., Quick, J.D., Peairs, F.B., Johnson, J.J., Stromberger, J.A., Clayshulte, S.R., Clayshulte, S.R., Clifford, B.L., Rudolph, J.B., Seabourn, B.W., Chung, O.K. Registration of Hatcher wheat. Crop Sci. (In press) Hubbard, J.D., Downing, J.D., Ram, M.S., and Chung, O.K. 2004. Lipid extraction from wheat flour using supercritical fluid extraction. Cereal Chem. 81:693-698. Ibrahim, A.M.H., Haley, S.D., Jin, Y., Langham, M.A.C., Stymiest, C., Rickertsen, J., Kalsbeck, S., Little, R., Chung, O.K., Seabourn, B.W., and McVey, D.V. 2004. Registration of Expedition Wheat. Crop Sci. 44:1470-1471. Park, S.H, Chung, O.K., and Seib, P.A. 2004. Size distribution and properties of wheat starch granules in relation to crumb grain score of pup-loaf bread. Cereal Chem. 81:699-704. Park, S.H., Singh, H., Wilson, J.D., and Bean. R.S. Rapid isolation of sorghum starch using sonication. Abstract No. 389. Page 160-161 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Ram, M.S., Seitz, L.M., Dowell, F.E. 2004. Natural fluorescence of red and white wheat. Cereal Chem. 81:244-248. Ram, M.S. and Chung, O.K. 2004. Wheat flour lipids extracted by a dual-pump CO2 ethanol supercritical fluid extraction system. Abstract A-01. Page 160 in: Program Book of the 11th International Symposium and Exhibit on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Extraction, and Processing, Pittsburgh, PA (August 1-4, 2004). Ram, M.S. and Chung, O.K. 2004. Sequential extraction of nonpolar and polar classes of wheat flour lipids using supercritical-CO2 with ethanol modifier. Abstract No. 222. Page 121 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Seabourn, B.W., Xie, F., and Chung, O.K. 2004. Rapid determination of dough-mixing requirement for early generation breeding lines by FT-HATR mid-infrared spectroscopy. Abstract No. 368. Page 155-156 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Schober, T.J., Bean, S.R., Messerschmidt, M., Park S.H., and Arendt, E.K. 2004. Wheat-free breads from sorghum: Quality differences among hybrids. Abstract No. 147. Page 93 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Singh, H., Lyne, R.K., Chung, O.K., Park, S.H., and Lookhart, G.L. 2004. Correlation of wheat protein composition and dough rheological properties to tortilla quality. Abstract No. 394. Page 162 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Singh, H., Park, S.H., and Bean, S.R. 2004. Optimization of lab-scale production of sorghum waffles. Abstract No. 387. Page 160 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Wang, D., Dowell, F.E., Ram, M.S. and Schapuagh, W.T. 2004. Classification of fungal-damaged soybean seeds using near-infrared spectroscopy. Intl. J. Food Properties. 7 (1): 75-82. Xiao, S.Z., Park S.H., and Chung, O.K. Testing four solvents for solvent retention capacity (SRC) in hard winter wheat flour and their use in a regression equation to predict bread loaf volume. Abstract No. 224 Page 122 in: Program Book of the 89th Annual Meeting of the AACC. Cetin, A., T.C. Pearson, and A.H. Tewfik. 2004. Classification of closed- and open-shell pistachio nuts using voice-recognition technology. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. v. 47(2). p. 659-664. Cole, T.J., M.S. Ram, J. Perez-Mendoza, J.E. Throne, F.E. Dowell, and J.E. Baker. 2004. Chronological age-grading of three stored-product beetles by using near-infrared spectroscopy. J. Econ. Entol. 97(3):1159-1167. Dowell, F.E., E.B. Maghirang, F. Xie, O.K. Chung, and R.O. Pierce. 2004. Predicting grain, flour, and bread quality using NIR spectroscopy. Proceedings Intl Cereal and Bread Congress. Harrogate, England. May 23-24, 2004. Maghirang, E.B., F.E. Dowell, J.E. Baker, J.E. Throne. 2003. Automated detection of single wheat kernels containing live or dead insects using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Trans. ASAE 46(4):1277-1282. Pasikatan, M.C. and Dowell, F.E. 2004. High-speed segregation of high- and low-protein single wheat seeds. Cereal Chem. 81(1):145-150. Pasikatan, M.C., and Dowell, F.E. 2003. Evaluation of a high-speed color sorter for segregation of red and white wheat. Trans ASAE. 19(1):71-76. Pearson, T.C., Wicklow, D.T., and Pasikatan, M.C. 2004. Reduction of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in yellow corn by high-speed bi-chromatic sorting. Cereal Chemistry. v. 81(4). p. 490-498. Pearson, T.C., and Brabec, D.L. 2003. Automated detection of internal insect infestations in whole wheat kernels using a Perten SKCS 4100. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. v. 19(6). p. 727-733. Ram, M.S., L. Seitz, and F.E. Dowell. 2004. Natural fluorescence of red and white wheat kernels. Cereal Chem. 81(2):244-248. Wang, D., Dowell, F.E., Ram, M.S., and Schapaugh, W.T. 2003. Classification of fungal-damaged soybean seeds using near-infrared spectroscopy. Intl. Journ. Food Properties. 6(0):1-8. Wang, N., Zhang, N., and Dowell, F. E. 2003. Determining wheat vitreousness using image processing and a neural network. Trans. ASAE. 46(4):1143-1150. Xie, F., F.E. Dowell, and X.S. Sun. 2004. Using visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to study starch, protein, and temperature effects on bread staling. Cereal Chem. 81(2):249-254. Chung, O.K., Lookhart, G.L., Dowell, F.E., Tilley, M., Bean, S.R., Seitz, L.M., Seabourn, B.W., Park, S.H., Steele, J.L., Casada, M.E., Ram, M.S., Maghirang, E.B., Pasikatan, M.C., Kim, Y.S., Bechtel, D.B., Perez-Mendoza, J., Xie, F., Lyne, R.K., Singh, H., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Brabec, D.L., Ohm, J.B., Throne, J.E., Baker, J.E., Pearson, T.C. and Haden, Z.L. 2004. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing and Production Research Center. Annual Wheat Newsletter 50:221-238 Tilley, M. 2004. PCR amplification of wheat sequences from DNA extracted during milling and baking. Cereal Chem. 81:44-47. Tilley, M., Benjamin R.E., Srivarin, P., and Tilley K.A. 2004. A non-enzymatic preparative scale synthesis of dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine. Analytical Biochemistry 334:193-195. Tilley, M. and Tilley K.A. Modifying crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzyme activity. Proceedings of the 12th ICC Cereal and Bread Congress. (In press) Tilley, M., Benjamin R.E. and Tilley K.A. Optimization of dityrosine standard synthesis. Presented at the 88th annual meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, September 19-22 2004, San Diego CA, Abstract p.121. Quinde, Z., Ullrich, S. E., and Baik*, B.-K. 2004. Genotypic variation in color and discoloration potential of barley-based food products. Cereal Chem. 81:752-758. Baik*, B.-K., Powers, J., and Nguyen, L. T. 2004 Extrusion of Regular and Waxy Barley Flours for Production of Expanded Cereals. Cereal Chem. 81:94-99. Baik*, B.-K., Paszczynska, B., and Ullrich, S. E. 2004. Quality characteristics of barley for its uses in various food products. AACC Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, September. Poster presentation. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2004/abstracts/a04ma247.htm Baik, B.-K., Z. Quinde-Axtell, V.A. Jitkov, and S.E. Ullrich*. 2004. Barley germplasm variation related to food quality. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, November. Poster presentation. <http://www.asa-cssa-sssa.org/anmeet/search/view_abstract.php?id=1102> Quinde, Z., and Baik*, B.-K. 2004. Retardation of dark discoloration in barley-based food products. AACC Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, September. Poster presentation. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2004/abstracts/a04ma248.htm

Impact Statements

A team from Iowa State University demonstrated several new applications for NIR, and due to research conducted, determined that the very high-speed diode array technology could make large increases in measurement capabilities.
A team from Iowa State University, in collaboration with a private variety testing service, concluded (after extensive testing) that Asian customers were clearly satisfied with the survey results, as they were able to take the results of the survey and close sales, thereby acknowleding the marketing value of the survey.
A team from Texas A&M University conducted research and testing on food products from white sorghum. Some of this work was conducted and presented in workships in Central America, Mali, South Africa, and the United States. New sorghums, as a result of the research, are especially important as a new grain for use in gluten free and ethnic foods.
In an effort to develop a basic knowledge in science-based standards and technolgoies that promote crop quality, a team from the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station created a system that resulted in an increase in value at the rate of 4-6 cents per bushel per percentage point of extractable starch.
A team from USDA/GMPRC, Manhattan, Kansas conducted applied research in the biochemistry field. Due to the successful research and testing of sorghum, the team proved that sorghum utilization (processing of sorghum grain before fermentation, etc.) will provide individuals with celics disease new food choices, thereby increasing their diet format.

Date of Annual Report: 10/24/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/23/2005 - 08/25/2005
Period the Report Covers: 08/01/2005 - 08/01/2005

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

This meeting was just a workshop, not an annual meeting. The next annual meeting will be February 2006.

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 03/14/2006

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/28/2006 - 03/01/2006
Period the Report Covers: 02/01/2005 - 02/01/2006

Participants

Terry Arbogost - USDA-ARS-CMAVE
Paul Armstrong - USDA-ARS-GMPRC
Lloyd Bullerman - University of Nebraska
Mark Casada - USDA-ARS-GMPRC
Florence Dunkel - Montana State University
David Funk - USDA-GIPSA-TSD
Arvid Hawk - Cargill, Inc.
Ken Hellevang - North Dakota State University
Tim Herrman - Texas A&M University
Charles Hurburgh - Iowa State University
David Jackson - University of Nebraska

Stephen Kells - University of Minnesota

Bill Koshar - Ohio State University

Dirk Maier - Purdue University

Frank Manthey - North Dakota State University

Lina Mason - Purdue University

Leland McKinney - Kansas State University

Sam McNeill - University of Kentucky

Michael Montrose - University of Kentucky

Marvin Paulsen - University of Illinois

Bill Ravlin - Ohio State University

James Stitzlein - Consolidated Grain & Barge Co.

Dennis Strayer - Dennis Strayer & Associates

Charlene Wolf-Hall - North Dakota State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The General Business Meeting began at 3:00 PM on Tuesday, February 28, 2006

Motion passed to approve minutes of the 2005 general business meeting

Old Business

1. Revision to responsibilities of officers (Dirk Maier Committee Chair).

The previous revisions, which began in 2004, were discussed. Comments that had previously been submitted by Tim Herrman, Charles Hurburgh and Charlene Wolf-Hall were mentioned as well as feedback from the summer meeting. Areas that needed clarification included:

-Project Advisor versus Project Coordinator responsibilities - how to separate these (Bill Ravlin would come up with wording).

-Vice Chair - use consistent terminology - would chair nomination committee.

-Andersons grant proposal review committee - coordinator will determine if there is a conflict of interest as consistently as possible - committee will include two objective chairs, two industry advisors, and two USDA representatives - all will review all proposals - may use adhoc reviewers.

-Industry advisory committee - attendance at annual meeting expected - executive committee can decide on continuing membership (Dirk Maier would come up with wording)

-Membership - can members who are not official university representatives vote (the answer was no), but can be officers in which case they would be able to vote (Dirk Maier would come up with wording)

-Discussion on the heading for the document - use of the legal name versus a consortium name - tentative agreement on using the official title with consortium tag-line (Executive Committee will finalize)

2. Education proposal development update (Charlene Wolf-Hall, Academic Group).

The survey information was mentioned for the partner survey and the development of the industry survey. Input was asked for and given by:

-Dirk Maier - the GEAPS group would be open to the industry survey.

-Bill Ravlin - good way to leverage history of NC-213 and new ideas.

-Florence Dunkel - volunteered to help as much as possible and has contact with the HEC program director through 3 other HEC grants.

-Charles Hurburgh - dont make it too big.

-Dirk Maier - wouldnt necessarily be one degree granting institution.

-Stephen Kells - how would subcontracts fit in? How would this affect a tenure track person?
Charlene will initiate the formation of a small group of individuals (David Jackson, Dirk Maier, Leland McKinney, and Charlene Wolf-Hall) who had expressed strong interest through the partner survey to continue with the process. This group will consult with the industry advisors for the industry survey and will keep others updated.

3. Industry Advisory Committee - deferred to Executive Committee meeting.

New Business

1. Midterm review was discussed - led by Bill Ravlin.

There is an apparent disconnect between what is asked for in the review versus the annual reports. Impact statements and connections are important. Handouts including a powerpoint presentation by Mike Harrington describing impact statements was distributed. It was emphasized that these will be very important with the Presidents budget proposal. It was emphasized that it is important to indicate the funding is a good investment and results in impacts and is leveraged by state and private sector funds. Things that can be included were quality of life, dollars, things that can be quantified. Charlie Hurburgh cautioned against getting too far a field as can raise questions, to which Bill Ravlin said there is some acceptable overlap.

2. Financial status of NC-213 was discussed - led by Bill Ravlin.

The Andersons endowment is in fine fiscal shape.

3. Discussion of the Andersons award process - led by Bill Ravlin.

Bill Ravlin emphasized the importance of following the directions in the RFA. Handouts of the review criteria for the regular and team awards program was distributed. The RFA can only be changed at the beginning of the year. There had been some dissatisfaction with the reviewer feedback to applicants, so this revision is an attempt to make the process more transparent and give applicants better feedback. Some of the comments on the criteria for the regular and team award review forms included:

-Yes/no questions should not need numbers.

-Some yes/no questions could be answered at administrative level and dont need to be on the review form.

-Be more specific on what can be included in the ten page minimum.

-Bill Ravlin will reword methodological questions.

-The outcomes will move up in order - use outputs instead of outcomes?

-Timetable question is OK.

-Impact - should indicate if project is part of long term or short term study.

-Take out the question about if the problem will be solved by the project.

-Budget appropriate - yes/no, if no explain why.

-Additional comments can be sent to Bill Ravlin, reffered to executive committee.

4. Summer workshop ideas

Discussion on what summer means ensued. Some workshop possibilities were suggested by:

-Tim Herrman - Feed Industry HACCP Training May 9-11.

-Lloyd Bullerman - tentative mycotoxins in grains conference in Omaha.

-Charlie Hurburgh - do we have to have one?

-David Jackson - will discuss with executive committee.

5. New officers.

The floor opened for nominations for secretary. Linda Mason nominated Stephen Kells, seconded by Florence Dunkel. Kells agreed and was unanimously approved, pending Minnesota Station Rep approval. David Jackson will move up from chair to past-chair, Mike Montrose will move up from vice chair to chair, Charlene Wolf-Hall will move up from secretary to vice chair.

6. 2007 Annual Technical Meeting.

Was suggested to overlap with the Wheat Quality meeting in Kansas City. There was consensus that it was good to hold it every other year or so with GEAPS. Dirk Maier proposed NC-213 sponsorship if the 2008 International Grain Quality Conference. Charlie suggested it be the NC-213 annual meeting place for 2008. Bill Ravlin will check if meeting can occur in another country. Dirk indicated that a decision would need to made soon.

Meeting was adjourned at 5:15 PM.

Accomplishments

A. Develop practices and technologies to support quality management systems for production, distribution, processing, utilization of quality grains and oilseeds. -Near infrared calibration models for determination of subunit (amino acid, fatty acid, etc)factors of corn and soybeans were extended. -Survey of corn and soybean quality on an annual basis, targeted at end-use related factors for corn/soybean quality and yield information will be reorganized and expanded. -Measurement of ethanol production from corn hybrids are optimal for use in dry grind ethanol plants. -Examine milling properties, dough characteristics, protein functionality, and baking properties of soft white wheat varieties. Biochemical studies on flour proteins were conducted and the use of transglutaminase (TG) to improve dough strength of weak gluten protein flour samples was investigated. -Evaluate postharvest insect resistance of most popular varieties of wheat for organic producers in Montana organic producers most popular varieties of wheat. Determine location within the kernel causing insect resistence in Montana-grown hard spring and hard winter wheat varieties. -Development of methods that allow for the characterization of grain and its end-use processing properties. Efforts were focused on tests associated with predicting the alkaline cooking (nixtamalization) processing performance of sorghum and maize. -Effect of preharvest production practices on end-use quality of wheat, specifically changes in vitreousness kernel content. -Characterization of maize and sorghum samples representative of genetic and environmental diversity for establishing a sample set for the end-use quality on the basis of physical quality-associated properties. This enables development of classification rules to predict the suitability of samples for the particular end-use processing performance. -Define the attributes of wheat flours with excellent quality for flour tortillas. Evaluate the baking quality of Texas wheat breeders samples. -Evaluate physical, chemical and processing properties of sorghum and corn and develop improved food quality cultivars. Improve aflatoxin tolerance and improve nutritional and processing quality of corn through breeding. -Development of a system simulation model to evaluate and quantify the practically achievable purity levels for the segregated handling and delivery of differentiated (GM vs. non-GM; identity preserved vs. commodity) grains and oilseeds from producer to end user. 2. Develop basic knowledge, science-based standards, and technologies that promote crop quality, food security and food safety in grain markets. -Measurement of fermentation process used for dry-grind ethanol production. -High value (pharmaceutical, industrial) grains will require extremely stringent isolation from staple commodities if they are to be grown in commodity-producing areas. Operations from planting to end-use will be quantitatively assessed for their potential to contribute either accidental or malicious mixing. Estimates will be pooled in 3 case study traceability models, which will then be used to create a standard evaluation template. These models will also be used to collaborate with scientists in the EU, for the purpose of developing international standards/data exchange protocols. -Iowa State has assisted a large country elevator in the creation of a certified quality management and product tracking system, based on the American Institute of Baking Quality Systems Evaluation System (QSE). The QSE system was converted to the more management-based ISO 9000 format and applied to other grain and feed locations. At one location historic performance data sufficient to document the economic efficiency benefit of the quality management system will be compiled. A procedure and template for converting alternative or industry specific quality management system formats to ISO 9000-2000 certifiable formats will be created. -A computer model was used to evaluate low-temperature management strategies to control Indianmeal moth. -Assess the reduction of the toxicity of FB1 during extrusion cooking of contaminated corn grits using in vivo bioassay methods. -Survey of the microbiological quality of the wheat crop from the northern plains and evaluation of ozone for reducing microbial loads and mycotoxin content in wheat. -Development and modeling of a continuous-flow dryeration process. -Utilization of carbon dioxide detectors to monitor for the spoilage of stored corn prior to the time that spoilage would be detected by traditional methods. In-lab and pilot bin experiments as well as tests in large commercial storage structures have been conducted and indicate the effectiveness of CO2 detection. -Develop markers and tools to identify and trace lots of grain -Development of a mycotoxin surveillance network involving major grain states and Texas is being developed including a database consisting of mycotoxin incidence, field of origin (GIS coordinates), cropping data including rotation, hybrid, planting date, fertility, weather data. -Develop trapping and contour analysis of trap catch as a method for monitoring stored product insect pests in warehouses, processing plants, and retail stores, and for locating foci of infestation or points of entry. Objective C -Identify methods of measuring shelled corn storability using CO2 Test Kit (Woods End Research, Mt. Vernon, Maine), for measuring CO2 production (storability) of shelled corn; evaluated several rapid (< 15 min) tests that can be used together to provide a less precise but more rapid storability indication; and (3) to examine the correlations among the various tests used as storability indicators. -Developed high speed detection and sorting technology to remove toxins from grain, and to sort breeder samples for significant attributes. Systems can process kernels from 1 to 1000 kernels/s. We developed methods to detect insect damaged wheat using an acoustic method and using computed tomography. Both of these methods have promise to inspect large samples very accurately. We also developed an NIR system capable of capturing NIR spectra from 900 to 1700nm on single grain kernels at rates up to 10 kernels/second. -Conduct basic and applied research in the biochemistry and technology of grain sorghum to identify and evaluate the biochemical components that govern processing, functionality, and susceptibility to mold. The information is used to improve sorghum quality and utilization for increasing domestic and export markets. -Investigated the effect of enzymes on whole wheat tortilla quality. Evaluated the shelf-life extension of 100% whole wheat (WW) tortillas by adding enzymes. Various enzymes have been incorporated into the tortilla formulation. These included bacterial ±-amylase, glucose oxidase (GOX), transglutaminase, phytase, pentasonase, and a blend of cellulose and amylase -Evaluate kernel characteristics, milling properties, and dough and bread-, tortilla- and Asian alkaline noodle-making properties of hard winter wheat progenies. Determine protein and lipid contents, and composition and interaction among these components of cereal grains as they relate to storage, handling, and end-use properties. -Develop fast reliable methods for the identification of quality traits of wheat starches using digital image analysis and laser diffraction sizing.

Publications

Hurburgh, C.R. Jr. 2005. The transition of NIR from lab-bench to online in agricultural applications. Proc. 19th International Forum for Process Analytical Technology, Arlington, VA. January 13, 2005. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2005. Grain Quality Analysis for Soybean Trait Development. Soybean Breeders Workshop, St. Louis, MO. February 22, 2005. Invited Presentation. Kovalenko, I and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2005. Dimensionality reduction of NIR spectral data using global and local implementation of PCA for neural network calibrations. Abstract 2005- 1372 Pittcon 2005, Orlando, Florida. Oral Presentation and Abstract Garraude-Verdier, Y., G. Rippke, C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., N. Cloud, D. Mattsson, O. Surel. 2005. NIR measurement of factors affecting oxidative potential of rosemary leaf. Poster and Paper 59. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005. Roussel, S.A., I. Kovalenko, G. Rippke and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2005. Comparison of chemometric models for proximate and fatty acid composition of soybeans. Oral presentation and paper 56. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., G. Rippke, D. Honigs, and I Kovalenko. 2005. Calibration and standardization of Perten DA7200 diode array instruments. Poster and paper 221. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., G. Rippke, and C. Hardy. 2005. Calibration and standardization of Bruins Omega transmittance instruments. Poster and paper 222. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005. Wang, CiWen, E. Dierenfield and C. Hurburgh. 2005. Comparison of methods for development of a spectral database for wildlife nutrition. Poster and paper 184. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2005. Quality of the 2005 Corn and Soybean Crop in NC Iowa. GEAPS Greater Iowa Chapter, September 12, 2005. Invited presentation. Brumm, T. J. , C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. S. Naeve, and G.R. Rippke. 2005. Quality of the 2005 US Soybean Crop. American Soybean Association, St. Louis , MO. Invited presentations Seoul, Shanghai, Beijing, Tokyo, Taipei. November 2005. Gazza, L., Nocente, F., Ng, P.K.W., and Pogna, N.E. 2005. Genetic and biochemical analysis of bread wheat cultivars lacking puroindoline a. Theo. App. Genet. 110(3):470-478. Ahn, H.J., Kim, J.H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2005. Functional and thermal properties of wheat, barley, and soy flours and their blends treated with a microbial transglutaminase. J. of Food Science 70(6):380-386. Tanhehco, E.J. and Ng, P.K.W. 2005. The effects of extrusion cooking and milling on the instant properties of wheat powders. Food Science and Biotechnology 14(6):758-765. Saini, R., Hou, G., and Ng, P.K.W. 2005. Protein composition of wheat as related to the texture of Chinese raw noodles. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Buchanan, B., Cho, M., Wong, J., Lemaux, P., and Ng, P.K.W. 2005. Thioredoxin over-expressed in transgenic wheat improves dough quality. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Jurackova, K., Schoenlechner, R., Berghofer, E., and Ng, P.K.W. 2005. Effects of addition of wheat flours and transglutaminase on pseudo cereals-based cracker qualities. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Ahn, H., Kim, J., and Ng, P.K.W. 2005. Functional and thermal properties of wheat, barley, and soy flours and their blends treated with a microbial transglutaminase. AACC Annual Meeting Program Book. Lee, K.-M., Herrman, T.J., Lingenfelser, J., and Jackson, D.S. 2005. Classification and prediction of maize hardness-associated properties using multivariate statistical analyses. J of Cereal Sci. 41(1):85-93. Ozcan, S. and Jackson, D.S. 2005. Functionality Behavior of Raw and Extruded Corn Starch Mixtures. Cereal Chem. 82(2):223-227. Duarte, A.P., Mason, S.C., Jackson, D.S. and Kiehl, J. de C. 2005. Grain Quality of Brazilian Maize Genotypes as Influenced by Nitrogen Level. Crop Sci. 45(5):1958-1964. Yglesias, R. and Jackson, D.S. 2005. Evaluation of liquid nitrogen freeze drying and ethanol dehydration as methods to preserve partially cooked starch and masa systems. Cereal Chem. 82(6):702-705. Yglesias, R., Parkhurst, A.M. and Jackson, D.S. 2005. Development of laboratory techniques to mimic industrial scale nixtamalization. Cereal Chem. 82(6):695-701. Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Lingenfelser, J., and Jackson, D.S. 2005. Classification and prediction of maize hardness-associated properties using multivariate statistical analyses. J of Cereal Sci. 41(1):85-93 Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D., and Lingenfelser, J. Classification method for dry-milled grit extraction. Oral presentation and Abstract No. O-94, Page 90 in: Program Book of The 90th AACC International Annual Meeting, Orland, FL. September 11-14, 2005. Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D.S., and Lingenfelser, J. 2006. Multivariate Classification of Dry Milled Maize Grit Yield Groups by Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm. Cereal Chem (in preparation) Adams, J.L. and R.D. Waniska. 2005. Flour tortilla attributes affected by hot-press conditions. Cereal Foods World 50(2):72-75. Awika, J.M., C.M. McDonough and L.W. Rooney. 2005. Decorticating sorghum to concentrate healthy phytochemicals. J Ag and Fd Chem 53:6230-6234. Bejosano, F.P., S. Joseph, R.M. Lopez, N. Kelekci, and R.D. Waniska. 2005. Rheological and sensory evaluation of wheat flour tortillas during storage. Cereal Chem 82(3):256-263. Betran, F.J., T. Isakeit, G. Odvody and K. Mayfield. 2005. Breeding corn to reduce preharvest aflatoxin contamination. In Aflatoxin and Food Safety. H. Abbas (ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Cedillo, G. December 2005. Nutraceutical tortillas and tortilla chips prepared with bran from specialty sorghums. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Dykes, L., L.W. Rooney, R.D. Waniska and W.L. Rooney 2005. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of sorghum grains of varying genotypes. J Ag & Fd Chem 53:6813-6818. Goel, A. , C. Zobel and E. Jones. 2005. A multi-agent system for supporting the electronic contracting of food grains. Journal of Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 49:123-137. Perez-Gonzalez, A.J. December 2005. Specialty sorghums in direct-expansion extrusion. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 115 pp. Rooney, L.W. and J.M. Awika. 2005. Overview of products and health benefits of specialty sorghums. Cereal Foods World 50(3):109-115. Yetneberk, S., L.W. Rooney and J.R. Taylor. 2005. Improving the quality of sorghum injera by decortication and compositing with tef. J. Sci. Food Agric 85:1252-1258. Fleck, N.A. 2005. Grain production systems analysis to improve the purity of food corn delivered to a masa flour mill. M.S. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Ess, D.R., N.A. Fleck, and D.E. Maier. 2005. Where grain hides in a combine. Purdue University Grain Quality Fact Sheet No. GQ-49-W. West Lafayette, IN. Fleck, N.A., D.R. Ess, and D.E. Maier. 2005. Effects of crop residue on the biosecurity and purity of harvested grain. ASAE Paper No. 05-6032; ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. Newgard, E. 2005. Evaluation of sample source errors on prediction accuracy for a maize extractable starch calibration for near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy. M.S. Thesis. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL. Rathore, S.S, Paulsen, M.R., Sharma, V. and Singh, V. 2005. Near-infrared spectra interpretation of fermentation in a dry-grind corn process. ASAE Paper No. 05-3041. St. Joseph, MI 49085. Rathore, S.S., Paulsen, M.R., Srinivasan, R. and Singh, V. 2005. Near-Infrared Reflectance calibration for DDGS quality using elutriation as sample preparation method. Abstract No. 215. American Assoc. Cereal Chemists 90th Annual Meeting. AACC Orlando, FL. Singh, M., Paulsen, M.R., Tian, L. and Yao, H. 2005. Site-specific study of corn protein, oil, and extractable starch variability using NIT spectroscopy. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21(2): 239-251. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2005. Traceability for US grain markets. North Central Regional GEAPS Conference, Ames, Iowa. June 14, 2005. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2005. The impact of the new FDA bioterror regulations on Iowa agriculture. Proc. 2005 Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa November 30 December 5, 2005. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2005. Traceability for US grain markets. North Central Regional GEAPS Conference, Ames, Iowa. June 14, 2005. Invited presentation. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2005. The impact of the new FDA bioterrorism regulations on Iowa agriculture. Proc. 2005 Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa November 30 December 5, 2005. Carrillo, M.A., and C.A. Cannon. 2005. Super cooling point variability in the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 41(5): 556-564. Carrillo, M.A., C.A. Cannon, W.F. Wilcke, R.V. Morey, N. Kaliyan, and W.D. Hutchison. 2005. Relationship between super cooling point and mortality at low temperatures in Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 98(2): 618-625. Kaliyan, N., R.V. Morey, and W.F. Wilcke. 2005. Mathematical model for simulating headspace and grain temperatures in grain bins. Transactions of the ASAE 48(5): 1851-1863. Kaliyan, N., M.A. Carrillo, R.V. Morey, W.F. Wilcke, and C.A. Cannon. 2005. Effect of broken corn on Indianmeal moth survivability. ASAE Meeting Paper No. 056183. ASAE St. Joseph, MI 49085. Carrillo, M.A., W.D. Hutchison, W.F. Wilcke, R.V. Morey, and N. Kaliyan. 2005 Winter depression of super cooling points in the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Student Poster, 2005 Entomological Society of America North Central Branch Annual Meeting, West Lafayette, IN (March 20-23). Carrillo, M.A., R.D. Moon, W.F. Wilcke, R.V. Morey, N. Kaliyan, and W.D. Hutchison. 2005. Over wintering mortality of Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in southern Minnesota. Environmental Entomology (accepted). Carrillo, M.A. 2005. Cold hardiness of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and implications for its management. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Minnesota. Vijayakumar, C., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and F. Manthey. 2005. Fusarium infection, DON content and microbial loads in durum wheat from the Northern Plains: 2001-2004. Poster at the National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, December 11-13. Heber, A.J. 2005. Optimization of a continuous-flow dryeration system. M.S. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Maier, D.E., K.E. Ileleji, C. Bhat and C.P. Woloshuk. Detection by a CO2 sensor of a simulated hot spot in stored corn. Transactions of the ASAE. In press. Arbogast, R. T., Chini, S. R., and McGovern, J. E. 2005. Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Spatial relationship between trap catch and distance from a source of emerging adults. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 326-333. Arbogast, R. T., and Chini. S. R. 2005. Abundance of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and Cadra cautella (Walker) infesting maize stored on South Carolina farms: seasonal and non-seasonal variation. J. Stored Prod. Res. 41: 528-543. Arbogast, R. T. 2005. Seasonal flight activity of stored-product moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Gelechiidae) in South Carolina, U.S.A. Entomol. News. 116: 197-208. Arbogast, R. T., Chini, S. R., and Kendra, P. E. 2005. Infestation of stored saw palmetto berries by Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the host paradox in stored product insects. Florida Entomol. 88: 314-320. Dowell, F.E., O.K. Chung, E.B. Maghirang, and R.O. Pierce. Predicting bread quality from multiple measurements. Presented at the International Cereal Chemists Meeting. Vienna, Austria. July, 2005. Dowell, F.E., J.E. Throne, J.E. Baker, E.B. Maghirang, A. Parker, R. Wirtz, H. Bossin, A. Robinson, A. Broce, J. Perez-Mendoza, and M. Benedict. Measuring insect characteristics by near-infrared spectroscopy and applications to the SIT. Presented at the Sterile Insect Technique Conference, Vienna, Austria. May, 2005. Dowell, F.E., Parker, A.G., Benedict, M.Q., Robinson, A.S., Broce, A.B., Wirtz, R.A. 2005. Sex separation of tsetse fly pupae using near-infrared spectroscopy. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95(3):249-257. Wang, N., Zhang, N., Dowell, F.E., Pearson, T.C. 2005. Determining vitreousness of durum wheat using transmitted and reflected images. Transactions of the ASAE. Vol 48(1):219-222. Toews, M.D., T.C. Pearson, and J.F. Campbell. Imaging and Automated Detection of Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pupae in Hard Red Winter Wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology (In Press). Delwiche, S.R., Pearson, T. C., and Brabec, D. L. 2005. High-Speed Optical Sorting of Soft Wheat for Reduction of Deoxynivalenol. Plant Disease 89(11):1214-1219 Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F. and Dowell, F.E. Comparison of dispersive and fourier-transform NIR instruments for measuring grain and flour attributes. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Papers submitted for review to journals Pearson, T.C, and D.L. Brabec. Camera attachment for automatic measurement of single-wheat kernel size on a Perten SKCS 4100. Applied Engineering in Agriculture Pearson, T.C, and D.T. Wicklow. Properties of corn kernels infected by fungi. Transactions of the ASAE. Armstrong, P.R. Rapid single-kernel NIR measurement of grain and oil-seed attributes. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Schober, T. J., Messerschmidt, M., Bean, S. R., Park, S. H., and Arendt, E. K. 2005. Gluten-free bread from sorghum: quality differences among hybrids. Cereal Chem. 82:394-404. Pedersen J. F., Bean, R. S., Graybosch, R. A., Park, S. H. and Tilley, M. 2005. Characterization of Waxy Grain Sorghum Lines in Relation to Granule Bound Starch Synthase. Euphytica 144: 151-156. Selling, G.W., Lawton, Jr, J.W., Bean, S.R., Dunlap, C.A., Sessa, D.J., Willett, J.L., and Byars, J.A. 2005. Rheological studies utilizing various lots of Zein in N, N-Dimethylformamide solutions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53: 9050-9055. Akdogan, H., Tilley, M., and Chung, O.K. Effects of different emulsifiers on the quality characteristics of 100% whole wheat tortillas. Presented at the AACC Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL. September 10-16, 2005. Chung, O.K., Dowell, F.E., Park, S.H., Lookhart, G.L., Tilley, M., Brabec, D.L., Ram, M.S., Seitz, L.M., Bean, S.R., Seabourn, Pearson, T.C., Bechtel, D.B., Casada, M.E., Hubbard, J.D., Downing, J.D., Maghirang, E.B., Wilson, J.D., Armstrong, P.R., Caley, M.S., Xie, F., Arthur, F.H., Lyne, R.K., and Xiao, S.Z. 2005. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing and Production Research Center. Annual Wheat Newsletter 51:193 - 210 (Review) Tilley, M. and Tilley K.A. 2005. Modifying crosslink formation in wheat dough by controlling innate enzyme activity. Pp.142-146. Using cereal science and technology for the benefit of consumers. Proceedings of the 12th ICC Cereal and Bread Congress. S.P. Cauvain, S.B. Salmon, and L.S. Young eds. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. Tilley, M., Bean, S.R. and Tilley K.A. 2006. Capillary electrophoresis for monitoring dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine synthesis. J. Chromatography A., 110:368-371. Tilley, M., and Chibbar, R.N. 2005. Session II. Biotechnology: A Tool for Wheat Improvement, Co-chair Introduction. Page 57-58 in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Wheat Quality Conference. May 22-26, 2005, Manhattan, KS. O.K. Chung and G.L. Lookhart, eds., Grain Industry Alliance, Manhattan KS Tilley, M. 2005. Glucose oxidase effects on wheat flour albumins and gliadins. Abstract No. 238 Page 144 in: Program Book of the 90th Annual Meeting of the AACC. [Abstract] Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., and Dowell, F.E. Comparison of NIR and FT-NIR spectroscopy for measuring grain and flour attributes. J. Cereal Sci. (submitted) Carver, B., Hunger, R., Klatt, A., Edwards, J., Porter, D., Verchot-Lubicz, J., Martin, B., Seabourn, B., Rayas-Duarte, P. 2006. Registration of 'Deliver' wheat. Crop Sci. (in press) Chung, O. K., Ohm, J. B., Ram, M. S., Park, S. H. Wheat Lipids in: Wheat: Chemistry and Technology (in preparation) Haley, S.D., Johnson, J.J., Peairs, F.B., Westra, P.W., Quick, J.S., Stromberger, J.A., Clayshulte, S.R., Clifford, B.L., Rudolph, J.B., Seabourn, B.W., and Chung, O.K. 2005. Registration of Protection wheat. Crop Sci. (in review) Haley, S.D., Quick, J.D., Peairs, F.B., Johnson, J.J., Stromberger, J.A., Clayshulte, S.R., Clayshulte, S.R., Clifford, B.L., Rudolph, J.B., Seabourn, B.W., Chung, O.K. 2005. Registration of Hatcher wheat. Crop Sci. 45:2654-2656 Haley, S.D., Quick, J.S., Peairs, F.B., Johnson, J.J., Westra, J., Stromberger, J.A., Clayshulte, S. R., Clifford, B.L., Rudolph, J.B., Seabourn, B.W., and Chung, O.K. 2005. Registration of Bond CL wheat. Crop Sci. (in press) Maghirang, E. B., Lookhart, G. L., Bean, S. R., Pierce, R. O., Xie, F., Caley, M. S., Wilson, J. D., Seabourn, B. W., Ram, M. S., Park, S. H., Chung, O. K., and Dowell, F. E. 2005. Comparison of quality characteristics and breadmaking functionality of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat. (submitted to Cereal Chem.) Park, S. H., Chung, O. K, and Seib, P. A. 2005. Effects of varying the weight ratio of large and small wheat starch granules on experimental pup-loaf bread. Cereal Chem. 82:166-172. Park, S. H., Chung, O. K., Seib, P. A. and Bean, S. R. 2005. Relationships of protein subclasses to straight dough breadmaking characteristics. (submitted to Cereal Chem.) Park, S. H and Chung, O. K. Investigation of mixing quality parameters from variable mixing speeds of farinograph (10-g flour) compared with a mixograph (10-g flour). (in preparation) Park, S. H., Seabourn, B. W., Xie, F., and Chung, O. K. Prediction of alkaline noodle color and polyphenol oxidase activity using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy of wheat grain, meal and flour (in preparation) Seabourn, B.W., Bean, S.R., Lookhart, G.L., and Chung, O.K. 2005. Prediction of polymeric protein content in wheat flour by NIR. Cereal Chem. (submitted) Seabourn, B.W., Chung, O.K., Seib, P.A., and Mathewson, P.R. 2005. Determination of secondary structural changes in gluten proteins during mixing using FT-HATR spectroscopy. Cereal Chem. (submitted) Seibel, W., Chung, O. K., Weipert, D., Park, S. H. 2005. Cereals and Cereal Products in: Ullmans Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (submitted to Wiley-VCH) Singh, H., Akdogan, H., Lyne, R.K., Chung, O.K., Waniska, R.D., Lookhart, G.L. 2006. Objective testing procedure for staling of wheat flour tortillas using a texture analyzer. (in preparation) Xiao, S. Z., Park, S. H., Chung, O. K., Caley, M. S., Seib, P. A. 2005. Solvent retention capacity values in relation to hard winter wheat and flour properties and straight-dough breadmaking quality. (submitted to Cereal Chem.) Presentations Akdogan, H., Chung, O.K., Singh, H., and Lookhart, G. Textural properties of commercial wheat flour tortillas during storage. Presented at the 2005 Annual IFT Meeting. New Orleans, LA. July 16-20. Caley, M. S., Park, S. H., and Chung, O. K. Comparison of loaf-volume measuring methods: Rapeseed displacement vs. laser sensor. Abstract No. P-111, Page 110 in: Program Book of The 90th AACC Annual Meeting, Orland, FL. September 11-14, 2005. Chung, O. K., and Park, S. H. Investigation of mixing quality parameters from variable mixing speeds of farinograph (10-g flour) compared with a mixograph (10-g flour). Abstract No. 10, Page 371 in: Proceedings of The 3rd International Wheat Quality Conference, Manhattan, KS. May 22-26, 2005. Chung, O. K., Maghirang, E. B., Park, S. H., Caley, M. S., Dowel, F. E., Seabourn, B. W. Investigation on the quality parameters of different hardness wheat fractions sorted from the same hard winter wheat lines. Abstract No. 11, Page 372 in: Proceedings of The 3rd International Wheat Quality Conference, Manhattan, KS. May 22-26, 2005. Chung, O. K., Park, S. H., Bean, S. R., and Xiao, Z. S. Relationships between cooked alkaline noodle texture and solvent retention capacity (SRC), SDS-sedimentation, mixograph, and protein composition. Abstract No. P-227, Page 141 in: Program Book of The 90th AACC Annual Meeting, Orland, FL. September 11-14, 2005. Clayshulte, S.R., Haley, S.R., Chapman, P.L., Seabourn, B.W., and Chung, O.K. 2005. Nursery location clustering based on hard winter wheat regional quality evaluations. Poster No. 08 Page 370 in: Third International Wheat Quality Conference Proceedings Book. [Abstract] Menkovska, M. and Chung, O.K. 2005. HPCE analyses of gliadins in Macedonian wheat varieties. Poster No. 50 Page 396 in: Third International Wheat Quality Conference Proceedings Book. [Abstract] Menkovska, M., Chung, O.K., Veljanov, S. 2005. RP-HPLC analyses of gliadins in Macedonian wheat varieties. Poster No. 49 Page 395 in: Third International Wheat Quality Conference Proceedings Book. [Abstract] Park, S. H., Singh, H., Wilson, J. D., Bean, S. R. Investigation of conditions for rapid cereal starch isolation using sonication. Abstract No. 10, Page 371 in: Proceedings of The 3rd International Wheat Quality Conference, Manhattan, KS. May 22-26, 2005. Park, S. H., Seabourn, B. W., Xie, F., and Chung, O. K. 2005. Prediction of alkaline noodle color and polyphenol oxidase activity using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy of wheat grain, meal and flour. Abstract No. P-224 Page 140 in: Program Book of The 90th AACC Annual Meeting, Orland, FL. September 11-14, 2005. Park, S. H., Xiao, Z. S., Chung, O. K., Caley, M. S., and Seib, P. A. Computerized mixogram (C-M) parameters in relation to bread quality processed by straight-dough method: Peak height vs. time-x height (H-x). Abstract No. P-112, Page 110 in: Program Book of The 90th AACC International Annual Meeting, Orland, FL. September 11-14, 2005. Seabourn, B.W. and Chung, O.K. 2005 Proceedings of the United State-Japan Cooperative Program in natural Resources Food and Agriculture Panel. Tsukuba, Japan. [Proceedings] Seabourn, B.W., Xie, F., Chung, O.K. 2005. An objective and rapid method to determine dough optimum mixing time for early generation breeding lines using FT-HATR mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Poster No. 37 Page 389 in: Third International Wheat Quality Conference Proceedings Book. [Abstract] Xiao, Z. S., Park, S. H., Chung, O. K., Caley, M. S., and Seib, P. A. A study of solvent retention capacity (SRC) test in hard winter wheat flour. Abstract No. 18, Page 375 in: Proceedings of The 3rd International Wheat Quality Conference, Manhattan, KS. May 22-26, 2005. Xie, F., Seabourn, B.W., Chung, O.K., and Seib, P.A. 2005. Study of wheat gluten secondary structure conformational changes in frozen dough using FT-HATR mid-infrared spectroscopy. Abstract No. 245 Page 146 in: Program Book of the 90th Annual Meeting of the AACC. [Abstract] Wilson, J. D., Bechtel, D. B., Todd, T. C. and Seib, P. A. Measuring wheat starch granule size distribution using image analysis and laser diffraction technology. (In press) Cereal Chemistry. Wilson, J. D. and Bechtel, D. B. 2005. Laser diffraction Sizing; Studying wheat flour and starch particle sizes. Proceedings International Wheat Quality Conference III, page 397, Manhattan, KS., May 22-26, 2005. Park, S. H., Bean, S. R. and Wilson, J. D. 2005. Investigation of conditions for rapid isolation cereal starch isolation using sonication. Proceedings International Wheat Quality Conference III, page 397, Manhattan, KS., May 22-26, 2005.

Impact Statements

NC-213 scientists have developed systems that provide critical information to grain processors that allows then to institute component pricing systems resulting in increase sales of U.S. grains.
NC-213 scientists conducted research that shows that adding transglutaminase (TG) increases flour quality and reduces the need for costly testing.
NC-213 scientists discovered that by reducing humidity and moisture wheat kernel quality is increased and a greater economic return realized.
NC-213 scientists have developed systems that track the origin and shipping history of bulk grains and these systems allow producers and handlers to realize higher prices.
By using techniques developed by NC-213 scientists corn starch levels can rapidly be determined and producers/handlers can realize increased profits of 4-6 cents/bu.
NC-213 scientists developed grain quality management systems that led to the formation of international quality standards affecting global grain markets.
NC-213 scientists developed a CO2 test kit that rapidly identifies the risk of fungal contamination in shelled corn. This allows grain elevator managers to lower storage losses and costs.
NC-213 scientists discovered that ethanol yields are significantly increased by processing sorghum grain prior to fermentation thereby increasing the value of sorghum.
Over 95% of all hard winter wheat cultivars were evaluated by NC-213 scientists for end-use quality. This information allows the U.S. wheat industry to focus on high value cultivars and capture increased value.

Date of Annual Report: 03/08/2007

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/21/2007 - 02/22/2007
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2005 - 09/01/2006

Participants

NC-213 Executive Board Meeting Minutes
February 21, 2007, Kansas City, Missouri

Present:

Florence Dunkel, University of Montana-Bozeman
Tim Herrman, Texas A&M University
David Jackson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Stephen Kells, University of Minnesota
Dirk Maier, Purdue University
Mike Montross, University of Ketucky
Joe Needham, The Andersons, Inc.
Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University
Jim Stitzlein, Consolidated Grain and Barge
Charlene Wolf-Hall, North Dakota State University

NC-213 General Business Meeting Minutes
February 22, 2007, Kansas City, Missouri

Present:

Paul Armstrong, USDA ARS
Mark Casada, USDA ARS
Floyd Dowell, USDA GMPRC
Florence Dunkel, University of Montana-Bozeman
David B. Funk, USDA GIPSA
Haidee B. Gonzales, Kansas State University
Tim Hermann, Texas A&M
Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr., Iowa State
Klein Ileleji, Purdue University
David Jackson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Stephen Kells, University of Minnesota
Bill Koshar, The Ohio State University
Elizabeth Maghirang, USDA GMPRC
Bob Marlow, The Andersons, Inc.
Dirk Maier, Purdue University
Mike Montross, University of Kentucky
Joe Needham, The Andersons, Inc.
Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University
Jim Stitzlein, Consolidated Grain and Barge
Richard Stroshine, Purdue University
Charlene Wolf-Hall, North Dakota State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Executive Board Meeting Minutes

February 21, 2007, Kansas City, Missouri

Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, F. William (Bill) Ravlin called the meeting to order at 11:04AM. The meeting began with a special introduction of Mr. Joe Needham, The Andersons.

Present:
Florence Dunkel, University of Montana-Bozeman
Tim Herrman, Texas A&M University
David Jackson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Stephen Kells, University of Minnesota
Dirk Maier, Purdue University
Mike Montross, University of Ketucky
Joe Needham, The Andersons, Inc.
Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University
Jim Stitzlein, Consolidated Grain and Barge
Charlene Wolf-Hall, North Dakota State University

Order of Business Presented:

F. Dunkel: How is NC-213 delivered to different units within a college? It was agreed that this topic be deferred to the General Business Meeting.

D. Maier: 2008 International Grain Quality Conference. The group was encouraged to send action items to Dirk via e-mail. In addition, this topic was going to be discussed at the General Business Meeting.

Business Items by Agenda:

Replace of an Objective Co- Chair: A person required to fill Don Wicklows position was discussed. T. Herrman cautioned the workload considering the impending rewrite. D. Jackson has accepted to take on the leadership position (Thanks Dave!).

Submission of SAES Annual Report:
Due in 60 days These minutes required for this report.

Rewrite:
The previous rewrite was done at the IA (?) GEAPS Chapter.

-A comprehensive timeline was distributed. Executive Committee members were encouraged to refer to the timeline for important deadlines and specific information needed. Particular attention should be given to the deadline for Statement of Interest and Justifications, when the list of participants are required, and the November 1 2007 draft deadline.
-The use of an industry advisory group was emphasized to provide perspectives and priorities. Specifically, where do the science and industry priorities intersect?

-Possible Scopes of Research: (A quick list was generated and will be supplemented by more involvement from Industry and Research). The scope must reflect 1) Interdisciplinary nature, 2) Industry needs, and funding / project considerations. The list included:
Biobased products Hand lotion, structural materials
Ethanol and biodiesel
Fermentation
International perspectives
Risk Management (Subtopic? tools? particularly requires industry input)
Economics (numerous schools have these groups)
-The implication of adding participants and the need for notification was discussed.
-There was a comment from B. Ravlin regarding the state of funding.
-There was a comment about the difficulty of communicating achievements due to conflicts(?) in -double reporting with other funding sources.
-J. Needham asked about the Andersons Grant being used as a seed grant.
-There was a comment about returning to a less specific program emphasis, reflecting the variety of possible topics to consider.
-Discussion was held about thinking beyond the expertise at the table and we need to recruit to fill the gaps. Consider a bottom up approach, starting with producers and continuing through the value chain.

Writing Team:
-Includes the chair and to objective chairs.
-The Chair help lead the effort but should not be considered the leader for the bulk of the effort.
-The leader is important for the writing direction (good feel for the score, can organize, has energy and passion) - wait until the reception to see if there is a volunteer.

2008 IGCQ:
-Summer 2008
-Overall feeling was to keep it in the US
-Location? Keep it in the Midwest and give Dirk some suggestions.

Business Concluded at 12:54PM

Respectfully submitted by Dr. Stephen A. Kells

NC-213 General Business Meeting Minutes

February 22, 2007, Kansas City, Missouri

Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, F. William (Bill) Ravlin called the meeting to order at 12:15PM.

Present:
Paul Armstrong, USDA ARS
Mark Casada, USDA ARS
Floyd Dowell, USDA GMPRC
Florence Dunkel, University of Montana-Bozeman
David B. Funk, USDA GIPSA
Haidee B. Gonzales, Kansas State University
Tim Hermann, Texas A&M
Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr., Iowa State
Klein Ileleji, Purdue University
David Jackson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Stephen Kells, University of Minnesota
Bill Koshar, The Ohio State University
Elizabeth Maghirang, USDA GMPRC
Bob Marlow, The Andersons, Inc.
Dirk Maier, Purdue University
Mike Montross, University of Kentucky
Joe Needham, The Andersons, Inc.
Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University
Jim Stitzlein, Consolidated Grain and Barge
Richard Stroshine, Purdue University
Charlene Wolf-Hall, North Dakota State University

Order of Business Presented:

Two handouts were distributed for use during the meeting: 1) Agenda Items for Meeting and 2) New and Renewal Approval Process for NCRA Projects.

Business Items by Agenda:

Replace of an Objective Co-Chair: David Jackson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln will replace Don Wicklows vacancy due to retirement.

Submission of SAES Annual Report: Discussion was held regarding deadlines and procedures for submission. There was a request for all to get their reports in on-time as it puts additional pressures on those preparing the report.

Impact Statements: Discussion was held regarding Impact Statements and their importance (i.e., Impact Statements are the currency of the day). B. Ravlin encouraged all to increase their attention toward these statements.

The 2008 Annual Meeting/Winter Technical Session:

Timing of Topic Deadline: Currently the deadline for topics to the NC-213 annual meetings is October 31. There were questions about setting this deadline later to accommodate speakers. However, this date was accepted (with a certain degree of informality) to help with marketing to GEAPS and other marketing/program development opportunities. The industry needs advanced information about our meeting to plan budgets accordingly.

Addition of Posters: There was some discussion of including posters in the meeting to increase the information provided to the group and others outside NC-213 (i.e., GEAPS participants).

Location: Two locations were presented in conjunction with 1) GEAPS (Omaha, Nebraska) or 2) Wheat Quality Council (Kansas City, Missouri). A poll was taken and the GEAPS meeting received approval with the proposed dates of February 26 27, 2008.

NCRA Approval:

Discussion was held regarding submission of the annual progress reports from participating stations. One question that was posed was; Can we use the same reports between the NC213 and the Experiment Station? After discussion, it was decided that this would not be a problem as long as the deadlines are accommodated for both reports. Another question that was posed was; Should we produce a book (present form) or a CDRom? After much discussion, it was decided that the present form book would be preferable for public relations purposes. It was the general consensus of the group that CDRoms tend to go unread. Web based reporting may be a future possibility, particularly if we use parts of the report to highlight research in the newsletters. There will likely be a period of transition between paper and electronic format that will occur as a paperless system is adopted by stakeholders and those in Government.

NCRA Re-Write:

Thank you to M. Montross, University of Kentucky, for heading the rewrite process. General discussion was held regarding the process. B. Ravlin requested notes from those who recorded ideas from the industry panel presentation, to be sent to his attention at ravlin.1@osu.edu.

Discussion was held regarding what opportunities should be addressed / retained.
The initial list included: fermentation, global markets and value added products, Bio-based products, economics, quality modeling, risk management, tech life cycle analysis, evolution of new business, climate change and logistics, and strategic entity.

Additional Business:

A motion to approve the Responsibilities for NC-213 Officers as presented. D. Jackson made the motion with F. Dunkel seconding the motion. There being no discussion the Responsibilities were unanimously passed.

From a financial perspective, NC-213 is in good shape and sound.

Secretary Position for February 2007-February 2008: M. Casada, USDA/ARS, was recommended for the position. M. Casada accepted and was unanimously accepted.

IQGC 2008: D. Maier led the discussion on IQGC 2008. The idea was initially accepted by all in attendance. The tentative date is June 2008. Several locations were put forth to the group and they included: St Louis, Des Moines, and Minneapolis. Dirk encouraged members to send him their thoughts for IQGC 2008.

Business Concluded. At 2:00PM

Respectfully submitted by Dr. Stephen A. Kells

Accomplishments

Objective 1. Develop practices and technologies to support quality management systems for production, distribution, processing, utilization of quality grains and oilseeds. Expanding the capability and use of near infrared spectroscopy. Outcome: The requirement of only one instrument model in a given trading system may be eliminated, which will reduce testing costs, and provide incentives for new technology development. True calibrations (beyond correlations) will have a major impact on genetic screening programs for secondary factors, by identifying unique samples that would have otherwise been missed. Calibration monitoring systems can be simplified, and the cost of calibration maintenance can be reduced by more effective targeting of truly unique or independent samples. Evaluation of high fermentable corn hybrids in Kentucky. Outcome: Ethanol production is influenced by numerous variables. Comparing the effects of agronomic, hybrid, drying and storage practices on ethanol yield will result in better decision making tools for producers and processors. Examination of milling properties, dough characteristics, protein functionality, and baking properties of soft white wheat varieties. Outcome: This project will result in a better understanding of wheat flour quality in relation to end-use products. In addition, the use of TG will potentially allow (1) bakers to use weaker flour to produce satisfactory baked products, and (2) millers to provide more consistent flour quality to bakers in spite of environmental growing factors. Environmental and genetic impacts on wheat and cowpea quality. Outcome: Wheat varieties released and published literature indicates no consideration has been given to post harvest issues other than end-use qualities. Conventional systems have a quick fix to insect infestation with fumigation, but organic operators do not have that option due to a lack of registered organic fumigants. This wheat research provides a methodology to analyze all lines of wheat in order to detect novel gene expression related to post harvest resistance, which could lead to new strategies for post harvest protection. Both the cowpea research results and the results with Lactobacillus fermentum are issues of food security for material resource poor communities in Mali and throughout the world. We have determined that for subsistence farmers and their children who survive on cereal-based diets, low in certain essential amino acids necessary for protein production, cowpeas and L. fermentum provide useful, year-round dietary supplements to provide protein. Particularly for growing children, the correct amount of protein is essential for ideal physical and mental development and for better resistance to disease. Effect of pre-harvest production practices on end-use quality of durum wheat. Outcome: Data indicate that the association between bleached kernels and low carotenoid pigment content is probably due to enhanced lipid oxidation promoted by rehydration of kernels during damp conditions. Lutein content declined during kernel desiccation. Lutein is important for aesthetic quality and also for healthfulness of durum wheat and durum wheat based products. Lutein has been shown to protect humans against age degenerative diseases such as macular degeneration, cataracts, and certain cancers. Thus, research directed towards the enhancement of carotenoid pigment content will improve the aesthetic and nutritional quality of durum wheat produced in the US. The knowledge gained by this research will eventually contribute to increased economic opportunities for producers and food manufacturers by improving quality and increasing value of durum wheat and its end-use products. Corroborative study on physical properties and milling processes in maize. Outcome: Results from the corroborative study would enable us to compare laboratories measurements of maize quality to provide the variance structure of within and between laboratories as well as hybrids. This study may assist in establishing universal standard test procedures and data interpretation to help future research and industry partners. Evaluate the baking quality of Texas wheat breaders samples. Outcome: Sorghums developed in the Texas A&M University sorghum improvement program continue to be used commercially to provide identity preserved grain for a wide variety of human and animal foods. There is increasing interest in use of special sorghums in healthy foods. Sorghum is used in processed high value foods for sophisticated markets, i.e., gluten free products, natural, dark-colored, whole-grain products with high dietary fiber and increased antioxidant levels. Sorghum use in processed foods and beverages is increasing. A major US brewer is using sorghum in gluten-free beer; South Africa and other breweries in Africa use white, identity-preserved sorghum in commercial, malt-free, lager beer. Improved understanding of the unique anthocyanins and other phenols in different gentotypes of sorghum should lead to new products containing sorghum grain or sorghum extracts for use in nutraceuticals and natural coloring agents. Objective 2. Develop basic knowledge, science-based standards, and technologies that promote crop quality, food security and food safety in grain markets. Quality management system applications for agriculture. Outcome: The company involved in the study has reorganized its management structure to facilitate the ISO system. Three facilities are ISO certified, and six have private certification in preparation for ISO implementation. Internal auditor and quality manger jobs have been created. Site security and food security needs have been easily added to the ISO system. Iowa grain firms have utilized the web based bioterror recordkeeping module to begin compliance with the FDA regulations. The grain tracking system has demonstrated significant income potential created by more precise inventory management. The ISO22006 Standard, ISO 9000 Application to Production Agriculture is now in its third committee draft. Advancement to Draft International Standard is expected in Summer 2007. Ethanol yield with FT-NIR. Outcome: U.S. ethanol production capacity was 4.4 billion gallons per year in February of 2006 and is expected to reach 7 billion gallons by the end of 2007, creating a huge surplus of DDGS. Value of DDGS can be improved by modified processes that reduce fiber and increase protein, but rapid measurement and monitoring of fermentation processes and variability in DDGS quality is needed. Calibration for measuring fermentables in corn were developed during the initial phases of this research. Effect of low temperatures on mortality of Indianmeal Moth (Plodia interpunctella). Outcome: The effect of broken corn on Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella) survivability was determined. A cumulative lethality index (CLI) model to estimate mortality of P. interpunctella larvae under changing temperature conditions was developed. It is expected that this research will lead to recommendations for storage bin equipment and for stored grain management that can be used to limit insect populations without the use of chemical insecticides. Reduced use of chemical insecticides should reduce grain storage costs and reduce potential harmful environmental and human health impacts from chemical insecticides. Natural occurring antifungal agents from lactic acid bacteria. Outcome: This work may lead to development of safe, natural, biological antifungal preservatives for use in stored grain as a replacement for chemical fungicides. Biological evaluation of reduction of Fumonisin B1 toxicity in corn grits by extrusion processing. Outcome: This research produced evidence of reduction in toxicity of fumonisins in corn after extrusion processing with 10% added glucose. Some less toxic breakdown products were identified and there appeared to be lowered toxicity in rats. This helps to answer the question of whether the extrusion process actually destroys the toxins or simply masks them by causing reactions with the corn matrix and making them non-detectable but still toxic. There appears to be a reduction in toxicity, though further studies are in progress to confirm this. This information is needed by the food industry and regulatory agencies and it is also valuable to consumers of corn based food products. The results of this research can be used to develop extrusion processes that will give better reductions of fumonisins resulting in safer food products. The results of this work were also used to prepare a USDA/CSREES Competitive Grants research proposal that was funded and allows the work to continue on a larger scale to extend and confirm the findings of this Andersons Grant. Flaxseed quality assessment: factors affecting seed quality. Outcome: This project demonstrated the feasibility of flaxseed as an antifungal agent. It also provided details about the antifungal activity of different varieties and that the stability was influenced by heat. The data reported suggests that flaxseed could be useful as an antifungal agent in food with minimal heat application. Investigation of methods to improve the flowability of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) during processing, handling, storage and transport. Outcome: The results of this research will improve the quality consistency of DDGS especially with respect to better flowable product during processing, handling, transport and storage. In general, we will use the results to develop quality assurance protocols for DDGS co-products that will guide ethanol plant managers on what to monitor and how to improve the quality of their DDGS during production. The outcomes of this research will be transferred to the industry through workshops, extension Publications and Presentations, website, peer-reviewed journal papers and industry trade magazines. Monitoring stored grain quality. Outcome: The impact of this research will help solve grain storage problems by applying an available technology that can detect spoilage before it gets out-of-hand. If spoilage is detected early by an increase in CO2 concentration, the problem can be corrected by simple management practices such as applying aeration to cool and dry the grain mass. Ozonation of corn, wheat and barley for the control of pests and spoilage agents, and the removal of off-odors in commercial grain storage structures. Outcome: Ozonation serves as a preventative strategy against insect infestation and at the same time reduces/eliminates the microbial load (fungal and bacterial spores), as well as guards against off-odors. We believe there are many producers and handlers of food and feed grains (including conventional and organic food corn, wheat and barley) who will be interested in utilizing this new technology throughout the NC-213 Region. Physical and chemical properties of shelled corn related to conditioning and processing. Outcome: Quantification of kernel properties will document the variations in these properties that have developed and should facilitate assessment of whether these differences could have an impact upon certain aspects of processing. It may also identify hybrids with specific traits that are particularly desirable for specific end uses. Finally, it should provide information that could help seed corn companies develop hybrids with desirable traits. The tests with samples dried with air at higher temperatures will help to elucidate the effect of high temperature drying on kernel characteristics. Trapping as a means of monitoring stored product insects in buildings. Outcome: The use of contour analysis in mapping red flour beetle trap catch to locate foci of infestation in buildings has proven effective. Contour maps of trap catch have proven to be powerful tools for communicating insect problems to management, maintenance, and sanitation personnel, and its use by pest control companies is increasing. Improved handling and storage systems for grain quality maintenance and measurement. Outcome: The potential to reduce energy consumed for grain cooling is estimated at 25-50 percent. The greatest impact is the assurance of timely grain cooling and prevention of grain quality losses from deterioration and insect infestations. Results from this project may lead to the development of new insect pest management and temperature management strategies for stored wheat. The portable propane heat treatment systems provide low-cost, low-risk disinfestations of empty bins, while eliminating the concerns that arise with using chemicals. With development of better equations, the T and RH based sensors can provide increased accuracy for grain moisture content monitoring in bins and help prevent moisture-related grain quality losses during storage. Objective 3. Create and disseminate scientific knowledge that will enhance public confidence in market-driven quality management systems for grain. Outreach programs for supply-chain agriculture. Outcome: Based on the results of the ethanol study, new Iowa State Extension efforts in grain storage training and in supply chain evaluation were started. Programs will be operational in 2007. Plants could increase ethanol output by about 0.1 gal/bu if inputs were more consistent. For a 100 MM gal/yr plant, this would be 4,000,000 more gallons of ethanol or about $8 million per year. DGS quality would be more consistent as well. Assessing the susceptibility of shelled corn to invasion by storage fungi. Outcome: Managers of facilities where shelled corn is being stored could use rapid tests (<15 min) for initial screening for fungal susceptibility. The 3-day CO2 test kit results could then be used to more accurately determine the risk of spoilage during continued storage or shipment to tropical climates where conditions are more conducive to fungal growth. Sorghum utilization research. Outcome: The production of wheat-free foods from sorghum provides persons with celiac disease new food choices. Developing high quality wheat-free food products from sorghum provides new markets for the U.S. sorghum crop and may improve the food choices available to persons with celiac disease. The quality of wheat-free sorghum bread was improved through the use of sourdough fermentation and addition of enzymes and additional gums. Relationships between protein, fiber, and starch chemistry on fermentation of cereal grains were determined. Improved methods for the extraction and analysis of ergosterol in sorghum were developed. Objective grading and end-use property assessment of single kernels and bulk grain samples. Outcome: This project is in position to make a major contribution to breeding programs by speeding up the development of grain varieties by increased sorting. In addition to using commercial high speed sorting machines that operate on the basis of one r two wavelength of light, this group has developed automated sorter that utilize full NIR spectra and images to select grain traits. Some of these devices are commercially available and operate at approximately 30 kernels/minute. We also have prototypes of image and spectral based sorters that have throughputs over 600 kernels/minute. Hard winter wheat progenies research. Outcome: Securing and improving the quality of grains produced in the U.S. so that they meet the needs of both domestic and overseas customers is a very important but difficult task. Grain quality improvement begins with a sound breeding program and ends with growers. In 2006, the Hare Winter Wheat Quality Lab evaluated intrinsic quality parameters of hard winter breeding lines (2005 crop), and our data is of prime importance for the release of breeding lines, some of which become released cultivars grown by farmers. During the three-year period from 2000-2002, the average U.S. wheat production was 66.5 million metric tons (about 2.24 billion bushels): nearly one-half of U.S. wheat production and 41% of U.S. wheat export comes from hard red winter wheat. Over 95% of all hard winter wheats have been evaluated for end-use quality before they were released as cultivars. Therefore, our efforts greatly impact the overall U.S. wheat industry. Gluten protein effects on tortilla quality. Outcome: One of the major challenges in tortilla quality is the deterioration of texture with time (staling). In instances where tortillas are freshly prepared and consumed, shelf-life is not an issue, however, in the U.S. retention of fresh properties is important since tortillas are packaged sealed in plastic bags and consumed over the course of several weeks. Tortilla quality is measured using both objective and subjective methods and is dependent upon flour properties as well as ingredient formulation. Defining the functional roles that individual glutenins and gliadins proteins play in the formation of the glutenin network and macromolecular interactions will define the structural interactions and predictive analytical test for the selection of wheat cultivars ideally suited for the manufacture of premium quality tortillas. This method could be beneficial in developing analysis tools in early selection of lines for quality traits in wheat breeding programs. How variations in endosperm relate to environmental changes. Outcome: The results may help elucidate some unique characteristics of spelt flour and starch for future uses in the food industry, as well as provide additional information on environmental effects on starch granule size distribution and molecular structure.

Publications

Akdogan, H., and M.E. Casada. 2006. Climatic humidity effects on controlled summer aeration in the hard red winter wheat belt. Transactions of the ASABE. 49(4): 10771087. Akdogan, H., Tilley, M., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Effect of emulsifiers on textural properties of whole wheat tortillas. Cereal Chemistry. 83(6):632-635. Akdogan, H., Tilley, M., Bean, S.R., and Graybosch, R.A. Differentiation of allelic variations of the HMW glutenin subunits of wheat flours by use of mixing parameters and polymeric protein content. Proceedings of the 2006 Gluten Workshop. (In press) Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F. and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of dispersive and fourier-transform NIR instruments for measuring grain and flour attributes. Applied Eng. in Ag. 22(3): 453-457. Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of dispersive and Fourier-transform NIR instruments for measuring grain and flour attributes. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Vol. 22(3): 4530457. Austin, D.L., Rooney, L.W. and McDonough, C.M. 2006. The effect of cooking on starch digestibility of corn and sorghum porridges. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #212, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Baye, T.M., Pearson, T.C. and Settles, A.M. 2006. Calibration Development to Predict Maize Seed Composition Using Single Kernel Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Cereal Science 43(2006):236-243. Bean, S.R., Ioerger, B.P., Park, S.H., and Singh, H. 2006. Interaction Between Sorghum Protein Extraction and Precipitation Conditions on Yield, Purity, and Composition of Purified Protein Fractions. Cereal Chem. 83:99-107. Bean, S.R., Chung, O.K., Tuinstra, J.F., and Erpelding, J. 2006. Evaluation of the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) for Measurement of Sorghum Grain Attributes. Cereal Chem. 83:108-113. Benoit I., L.R. Gibson, G.R. Rippke, and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Evaluation of preprocessing methods in the development of near-infrared models for triticale protein and moisture. World Grains Summits: Foods and Beverages. American Association of Cereal Chemistry. Annual meeting, San Francisco, CA. October 17-20, 2006. Poster. Bhat, C.G. 2006. Early detection of grain spoilage and prediction of movement of low levels of CO2 in a storage tank. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Purdue University. Biglefthand, R., K. Coulibaly, and F. Dunkel. 2006. Postharvest resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus in Malian cowpea varieties. Poster presented at the Montana American Indian Research Opportunities annual conference, July 2006, Bozeman, Montana, and at the national Leadership Alliance Symposium, July 30, 2006, Chantilly, Virginia. Boac, J. M., R.G. Maghirang, and M.E. Casada. 2006. Durability and Breakage of Feed Pellets During Repeated Elevator Handling. ASABE Paper No. 06-6044. Presented at ASAE Annual International Meeting. July 9-12, Portland, Ore. Bramble, T., Dowell, F.E., and Herrman, T.J. 2006. Single-kernel near-infrared protein prediction and the role of kernel weight in hard red winter wheat. Applied Eng. in Ag. 22(6): Broughton, M.J., and F.V. Dunkel. 2006. Interactions of wheat variety, production environments, and prior insect damage on postharvest resistance to the lesser grain borer. Journal of Economic Entomology. 99:1826-1834. Bueso, F.J., Waniska, R.D., Moreira, R., Seetharaman, K. and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Effect of temperature on texture of corn tortillas with and without antistaling agents. Cereal Chem. 83(4):348-353. Calderon, V.R., Sandoval, L., Rooney, L.W., and Mason, S. 2006. Grain quality analysis of sorghum samples from El Salvador. AACC, San Francisco, CA, #304, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Calderon, V.R., Rooney, L.W., McDonough, C.M. 2006. Developing quick methods to cook sorghum for different food applications. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #295, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Calderon-Z., V.R. 2006. Quality analysis of sorghum cultivars from El Salvador. Cooperative Program for Central American Crops and Animals (PCCMCA) Conference, April 24-28, Managua, Nicaragua. Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Guajardo-Flores, D., Dykes, L., McDonough, C.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Analysis of phenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity of grain legumes compared with different whole grain cereals. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #224, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Carrillo, M.A., R.D. Moon, W.F. Wilcke, R.V. Morey, N. Kaliyan, and W.D. Hutchison. 2006. Overwintering mortality of Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in southern Minnesota. Environmental Entomology 35(4): 843-855. Carver, B.F., Hunger, R.M., Klatt, A.R., Edwards, J. T., Worrall, W.D., Porter, D.R., Rayas-Duarte, P., Seabourn, B. W., Bai, G-H., Dowell, F.E., and Martin, B.C. Registration of OK Bullet wheat. Crop Sci. 46:2322-2323. Carver, B., Hunger, R., Klatt, A., Edwards, J., Porter, D.R., Verchot-lubicz, J., Martin, B., Seabourn, B.W., and Rayas-Duarte, P. 2006. Registration of Deliver wheat. Crop Sci (ARIS# 0000191557) Carver, B., Hunger, R., Klatt, A., Edwards, J., Worrall, W.D., Porter, D.R., Rayas-Duarte, P., Seabourn, B.W., Dowell, F.E., and Martin, B.C. 2006. Registration of OK Bullet wheat. Crop Sci (ARIS# 0000195140) Carver, B., Smith, E.L., Hunger, R.M., Klatt, A., Edwards, J., Porter, D.R., Verchot-lubicz, J., Martin, B., Rayas-Duarte, P., Bai, G-H., Martin, E.G., Krenzer, E.G. and Seabourn, B.W. 2006. Registration of Endurance wheat. Crop Sci (ARIS# 0000188093) Corredor, D.Y., Bean, S.R., Schober, T., and Wang, D. 2006. Effect of Decorticating Sorghum on Ethanol Production and Composition of DDGS. Cereal Chem. 83:17-21. De Castro, A., McDonough, C., Waniska, R., Rooney, L. 2006. Effect of extrusion on starch availability of sorghum products. Institute of Food Technology Annual Meeting and Food Expo, June 24-28, Orlando, FL (Poster). http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/ De Castro, A. May 2006. In-vitro starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index of sorghum products. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 113 pp. Delwiche, S.R., Graybosch, R.A., Hansen, L.E., Souza, E., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Single kernel near-infrared analysis of tetraploid (durum) wheat for classification of the waxy condition. Cereal Chem. 83:287-292. Delwiche, S.R., Graybosch, R.A., Hansen, L.E., Souza, E., and Dowell, F.E. Single kernel near-infrared analysis of tetraploid (durum) wheat for classification of the waxy condition. Cereal Chem. 83:287-292. Dlamini, N.R., Taylor, J.R.N., McDonough, C.M., Dykes, L. and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Procyanidins in processed sorghum-based food products. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #211, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Dlamini, N., McDonough, C., Dykes, L., Rooney, L., Taylor, J. 2006. Ready-to-eat products prepared by the extrusion cooking of whole and decorticated sorghums that are high in antioxidants. Institute of Food Technology Annual Meeting and Food Expo, June 24-28, Orlando, FL (Poster). http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/ Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., Lookhart, G.L., Pierce, R.O., Seabourn, B.W., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J.D., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Predicting wheat quality characteristics and functionality using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem. 83:529-536. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Graybosch, R.A., Baenziger, P.S., Baltensperger, D. D., and Hansen, L. E. 2006. An automated near-infrared system for selecting individual kernels based on specific quality characteristics. Cereal Chem. 83(5):537-543. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., Lookhart, G.L., Pierce, R.O., Seabourn, B.W., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J.D., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Predicting wheat quality characteristics and functionality using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem. 83(5):529-536. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., Lookhart, G.L., Pierce, R., Seabourn, B.W., Bean, S., Wilson, J.D., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Predicting wheat quality characteristics and functionality using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem (ARIS# 0000191764) Dowell, F.E. Pierce, R.O., Maghirang, E.B., Chung, O.K., Xie, F., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., and Park, S.H. Predicting bread making quality from kernel, flour, and dough properties. The 91th AACCI Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. September 17-20, 2006. Abstract book of Annual Meeting, page 126. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Xie, F., Lookhart, G.L., Pierce, R.O., Seabourn, B.W., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J.D., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Predicting wheat quality characteristics and functionality using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem. 83:529-536. Dowell, F.E., Pierce, R.O, Maghirang, E.B., Chung, O., Xie, F., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Caley, M., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M. and Park, S. 2006. Predicting bread making quality from kernel, flour and dough properties. Presented at the World Grain Summit: foods and Beverages, Sept. 17 20, 2006 in San Francisco, CA. Dykes, L. and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Comparison of total phenol and antioxidant activity levels of lemon-yellow and red pericarp sorghums. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #274, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Dykes, L. and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants. J. of Cereal Sci. 44:236-251. Gonzales, H., P.R. Armstrong, and R.G. Maghirang. 2006. Monitoring Grain Storage with Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Carbon Dioxide Sensors. Presented at ASAE Annual International Meeting. July 9-12, Portland, Ore. Gu, L., House, S.E., Rooney, L.W. and Prior, R.L. 2006. Sorghum bran in the diet dose dependently increased excretion of catechins and microbial derived phenolic acids in rats. Experimental Biology: Advancing the Biomedical Frontier, April 1-5, San Francisco, CA. Guajardo-Flores, D., Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Dykes, L., McDonough, C.M., and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Comparison of total phenol, antioxidant activity and tannin content in different grains. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #231, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm. Hall III, C.A., Tulbek, M.C. and Xu, Y. 2006. Flaxseed. In: Advances in Food Science and Human Nutrition. Edited by S. Taylor. Elsevier Inc. Volume 5 pp 1-97. (Book chapter with a section devoted to antifungal activity.) Hardy, C. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Sourcing Iowa Corn for Ethanol: Impacts of Increased Local Processing. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. November 30, 2006 Hardy, C., M.S. Holz-Clause, H.E. Shepherd and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Sourcing Corn for Ethanol: Impacts of Local Processing. Report of Iowa Grain Quality Initiative. November 2006. www.iowagrain.org Higiro, J., Herald, T.J., Alavi, S., and Bean, S.R. 2006. Rheological study of xanthan and locust bean gum interaction in dilute solution: Effect of salt. Food Chem. (In press) Hulasare, R.B., Maier, D.E., Qian, B., and Armstrong, P. Monitoring carbon dioxide levels for early detection of spoilage in corn stored in large tanks and ground pile. Paper No. 06-6039. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2006. Measurement of amino acid content with near infrared spectroscopy. 97th AOCS Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL. May 2-6, 2006, St. Louis, Mo. (abstr) Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2006. Traceability in bulk agricultural products. International Conference on Food Traceability, IdTechEx, Norwich, UK. February 1-2, 2006, Dallas, Tx. Invited Presentation Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2006. Food Safety and Security: A Bulk Commodity Perspective. Iowa State University National Events Lecture Series. February 9, 2006. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2006. The impact of FDA recordkeeping rules on bulk grain handling. Proc. 77th International Conference, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, GEAPS, Minneapolis MN. February 25-28, 2006. Nashville, TN. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2006. Traceability of Bulk Grains: The New FDA Rules and a Case Study Response. Annual Technical Meeting, NC-213 Multistate Project, OARDC, Wooster, OH. March 1, 2006. Nashville, TN. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2006. Food Traceability: A US Perspective Based on Bulk Commodities. Second annual meeting of TRACE, EU 6th Framework project. Prague, Czech Republic, April 24-26, 2006 Hurburgh, C.R. Jr. 2006. The Impact of FDA Recordkeeping Rules on Grain Handling. Operations and Management Seminar, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Minneapolis, MN. August 2, 2006. Invited Presentation. Ibrahim, A.M.H., Haley, S.D., Jin, Y., Langham, M.A.C., Rickertsen, J., Kalsbeck, S., Little, R., Chung, O.K., Seabourn, B.W., and McVey, D.V. 2006. Registration of Wendy wheat. Crop Sci. B. Igne, G.R. Rippke, L.R. Gibson, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2006. Does your grain calibration need to be updated? Proc. 25th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 7-10, 2006. Poster. Ingles, M.E., M.E. Casada, R.G. Maghirang, T.J Herrman, and J.P. Harner 2006. Effects of grain receiving configuration on commingling in a country elevator. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 22(5): 713-721. Kaliyan, N., R.V. Morey, W.F. Wilcke, M.A. Carrillo, and C.A. Cannon. 2006. Low-temperature aeration to control Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), in stored grain in twelve locations in the United States: A simulation study. Journal of Stored Products Research (in press). Kaliyan, N., M.A. Carrillo, R.V. Morey, W.F. Wilcke, and S.A. Kells. 2006. Mortality of Indianmeal moth under changing temperatures: Model development and validation. ASABE Meeting Paper No. 066200. ASABE St. Joseph, MI 49085. Kim, J.H., Tanhehco, E.J., and Ng, P.K.W. 2006. Effects of extrusion conditions on resistant starch formation from pastry wheat flour. Food Chemistry 99(4): 718-723. Kovalenko, I.V., G.R. Rippke and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Determination of amino acid composition of soybeans (Glycine max) by near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54 (10):3485-3491. Kovalenko, I.V., G.R. Rippke and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Measurement of Soybean Fatty Acids by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Linear and Nonlinear Calibration Methods. Journal of AOCS, 83(5): 421-427. Kovalenko, I., G.R. Rippke, and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Measurement of soybean fatty acids by near-infrared spectroscopy: Linear and nonlinear calibration methods. 97th AOCS Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL. May 2-6, 2006, St. Louis, Mo. (abstr, oral presentation) Kovalenko, I. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Dimensionality reduction of NIR spectral data using global and local implementation of PCA for neural network calibrations. JNIRS. Accepted December 2, 2006 Laux, C. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. The Impact of an Auditable Quality Management System in an Agribusiness. National Association of Industrial Technology, 39th Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH. November 14-18, 2006. Abstract. Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Lingenfelser, J., and Jackson, D.S. 2005. Classification and prediction of maize hardness-associated properties using multivariate statistical analyses. J of Cereal Sci. 41(1):85-93 Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D., and Lingenfelser, J. Classification method for dry-milled grit extraction. Oral presentation and Abstract No. O-94, Page 90 in: Program Book of The 90th AACC International Annual Meeting, Orland, FL. September 11-14, 2005. Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D.S., and Lingenfelser, J. 2006. Multivariate Classification of Dry Milled Maize Grit Yield Groups by Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm. Cereal Chem (accepted). Lee, K.M., Bean, S.R., Alavi, S., Herman, T.J. and Waniska, R.D. 2006. Physical and biochemical properties of maize hardness and extrudates of selected hybrids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(12):4260-4269. Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Jackson, D.S., Bean, S.R., Lingenfelser, J., Rooney, L., Rausch, K.D., McKinney, J., Iiams, C., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr., Johnson, L.A. 2007. Corroborative study on physical properties and milling processes in maize hybrids. Cereal Chem. (In preparation). Lee, K.M., Bean, S.R., Alavi, S., Herrman, T.J., and Waniska, R.D. 2006. Physical and biochemical properties of maize hardness and extrudates of selected hybrids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 4260-4269. Maghirang, E.B., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Pierce, R.O., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J. D., Seabourn, B. W., Ram, M.S., Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of quality characteristics and breadmaking functionality of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat. Cereal Chem. 83:520-528. Maghirang, E.B., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Pierce, R.O., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of Quality Characteristics and Breadmaking Functionality of Hard Red Winter and Hard Red Spring Wheat. Cereal Chem. 83(5):520-528. Maghirang, E.B., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Pierce, R.O., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of quality characteristics and bread making functionality of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat. Cereal Chem. 83(5):520-528. Maghirang, E.B., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Pierce, R.O., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of quality characteristics and bread making functionality of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat. Cereal Chem. 83(5):520-528. Maghirang, E.B., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S.R., Pierce, R.O., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., and Dowell, F.E. 2006. Comparison of quality characteristics and breadmaking functionality of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat. Cereal Chem. 83:520-528. Maier, D.E., K.E. Ileleji, C. Bhat and C.P. Woloshuk. 2006. Detection by a CO2 sensor of a simulated hot spot in stored corn. Transactions of the ASAE. 22(2):275-289. Maier, D.E., Khandelwal, S., Lawrence, J., and Campabadal, C.A. 2007. Modeling airflow in outdoor grain pile aeration systems using computational fluid dynamics software. Paper No. 06-6085; ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. McDonough, C.M., Dykes, L., Carroll, R.J., Rooney, L.W., Turner, N.D. 2006. Antioxidant activity in sorghum bran diets and their effect on colon carcinogenesis. 2006 AACC, San Francisco, CA, #271, http://www.wgsummit.org/program/posters.cfm Montano-Leyva, B., Torres, P., Medina-Rodrigues, C., Ramirez-Wong, B. Martinez-Bustos, F., Ramirez-Bon, R. and Wilson, J. D. 2006. Characteristics of starches of Mexican durum wheat cultivars. Presented at the World Grain Summit: foods and Beverages, Sept. 17 20, 2006 in San Francisco, CA. Moog, D.J.P. 2006. Assessing the Susceptibility of Shelled Corn to Invasion by Storage Fungi. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Ng, P.K.W., Ward, R., Tanhehco, E. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2005. January 2006. 32 pp. Park, S.H., Bean, S.R., Chung, O.K., and Seib, P.A. 2006. Levels of protein and protein composition in hard winter wheat flours and the relationships to breadmaking. Cereal Chem. 83:418-423. Park, S.H., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J.D., and Schober, T.J. 2006. Rapid isolation of sorghum and other cereal starches using sonication. Cereal Chem. 83:611-616. Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., and Seib, P.A. 2006. Hard winter wheat and flour properties in relation to bread making quality of straight-dough bread: Flour particle size and bread crumb grain. Food Science (China) 27:164-170. Park, S.H., Chung, O.K, Seib, P.A., Bean, S. 2006. R. Levels of protein and protein composition in hard winter wheat flours and their relationships to bread making. Cereal Chem. 83:418-423. Park, S.H., Wilson, J.D., and Bean, S.R. 2006. Rapid isolation of sorghum and other cereal starches using sonication. Cereal Chem. 83:611-616. Park, S.H., Arthur F.H., Bean, S.R. Schober, T. Ioerger, B. Susceptibility of sorghum for lesser grain borer and their influence on the physicochemical properties of sorghum kernel and flour. The 91th AACCI Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. September 17-20, 2006. Abstract book of Annual Meeting, page 175. Park, S.H., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J.D., and Schober, T.J. 2006. Rapid isolation of sorghum and other cereal starches using sonication. Cereal Chem. 83:611-616. Pearson, T.C. 2006. Low-cost bi-chromatic image sorting device for grains. ASABE Paper No. 063085. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Pearson, T.C., J.D. Wilson, J. Gwirtz, P. Mcluskey, F.E. Dowell. Relation of single wheat kernel particle size distribution to Perten SKCS 4100 hardness index. Presented at the AACC international annual meeting, September 2006. Pearson, T., Maghirang, E., Wilson, J.D., Gwirtz, J., McClusky, P. and Dowell, F. 2006. Relation of single kernel particle size distribution to SKCS 4100 hardness index. Presented at the World Grain Summit: foods and Beverages, Sept. 17 20, 2006 in San Francisco, CA. Rathore, S.S., Paulsen, M.R., Singh, V, and Graeber, J. 2006. Ethanol yield of corn hybrids in dry-grind corn processing using Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy. ASABE Paper No. 06-3047. St. Joseph, MI 49085. Rhim, J.W., Mohanty, A.K., Singh, S.P., and Ng, P.K.W. 2006. Effect of processing methods on performance of polylactide (PLA) films: Thermocompression vs. solvent casting methods. J. Applied Polymer Science 101:3736-3742. Rippke, G.R., I.V. Kovalenko, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2006. Calibration Development When Reference Values are Correlated: Soybean Amino Acid Case Study. Proc. 25th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 7-10, 2006. Abstract. Rodriguez-Herrera, R., Waniska, R.D., Rooney, W.L., Aguilar, C.N. and Contreras-Esquivel, J.C. 2006. Antifungal proteins during sorghum grain development and grain mold resistance. J. Phytopathology 154(9):565-571. Sandhu, K. 2006. Effect of weathering on vitreousness of durum wheat. M.S. Thesis. North Dakota State University: Fargo, ND. Schober, T.J., Bean, S.R. Kuhn, M. 2006. Combination of fundamental rheology and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography in the study of gluten proteins from spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. Spelta) cultivars. Journal of Cereal Science 44: 161-173. Seabourn, B.W., Chung, O.K., Seib, P.A., and Mathewson, P.R. 2006. Determination of secondary structural changes in gluten proteins during mixing using FT-HATR spectroscopy. Cereal Chem (ARIS# 0000182054) Seabourn, B.W., Bean, S.R., Lookhart, G.L., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Prediction of polymeric protein content in wheat flour by NIR. Cereal Chem (ARIS# 0000183752) Seabourn, B.W., Xie, F., and Chung, O.K. 2006. Rapid determination of dough optimum mixing time for early generation breeding lines using FT-HATR infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem (ARIS# 0000191276) Seibel, W., Chung, O.K., Weipert, D., Park, S.H. 2006. Cereals and Cereal Products. in: Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published online: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a06_093/frame.html Shin, D., Miller, R., Keeton, J., Rooney, L., Waniska, R. 2006. Antioxidant, color and sensory properties of sorghum bran in pre-cooked ground beef patties varying in fat. Institute of Food Technology Annual Meeting and Food Expo, June 24-28, Orlando, FL (Poster). http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/ Suryatmaadja, M. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Ongoing Quality Control Program for NIRS-based Service and Research Laboratory. World Grains Summits: Foods and Beverages. American Association of Cereal Chemistry. Annual meeting, San Francisco, CA. October 17-20, 2006. Taylor, J., Schober, T., Bean, S.R. 2006. Non-traditional uses of sorghum and pearl millet. J. Cereal Sci. Journal of Cereal Science 44: 252-271. Taylor, J., Bean, S.R., Ioerger, B., and Taylor, J.R. 2006. Preferential binding of sorghum tannins with gamma-kafirin and the influence of tannin binding on kafirin digestibility and biodegradation. J. Cereal Sci (In press). Tilley, D.R., M.E. Casada, and F.H Arthur. 2006. Heat treatment for disinfestation of empty grain storage bins. Journal of Stored Product Research. In press. Tilley, D.R., M.R. Langemeier, M.E. Casada, and F.H. Arthur. Cost and risk analysis of heat and chemical treatments. Journal of Economic Entomology. In press. Tilley, M., Pierrucci, V.R.M., Tilley K.A., Chung, O.K. 2006. Effects of Processing on Wheat Tortilla Quality: Benefits of Hard White Wheat. Chinese J. Food Science 11:152-158 Tilley, M., Bean, S.R. and Tilley K.A. 2006. Capillary electrophoresis for monitoring dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine synthesis. J. Chromatography A. 1103:368-371. Tilley, M., Akdogan, H., and Chung, O.K. Effect of ingredients on tortilla quality. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cereal Science, October 18 -21 2006, Wuxi, China. (In press) Toews, M.D., T.C. Pearson, and J.F. Campbell. Imaging and Automated Detection of Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pupae in Hard Red Winter Wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(2):583-592. Turner, N.D., Diaz, A., Taddeo, S.S., Vanamala, J., McDonough, C.M., Dykes, L., Murphy, M.E., Carroll, R.J. and Rooney, L.W. 2006. Bran from black or brown sorghum suppresses colon carcinogenesis. Experimental Biology: Advancing the Biomedical Frontier, San Francisco, CA. #394.6. http://www.eb2006-online.com/pdfs/006564.PDF?PHPSESSID=3384411635c50bc0ea6bdd8f67ecf Uddin, M.S., P.R. Armstrong, and N. Zhang. 2006. Accuracy of grain moisture content prediction using temperature and relative humidity sensors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 22(2): 267-273. Wilson, J. D., Kaufman, R. C., and Park, S. H. The environmental impact on starch size distribution in developing hard red winter wheat. The 91th AACCI Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. September 17-20, 2006. Abstract book of Annual Meeting, page 159. Wilson, J.D., Bechtel, D.B., Todd, T.C. and Seib, P.A. 2006. Measuring wheat starch granule size distribution using image analysis and laser diffraction technology. Cereal Chem. 83:259-268 Wilson, J.D., Bechtel, D.B., Wilson, G.W. and Seib, P.A. 2006. Quality of spelt wheat and its starch. Submitted to Cereal Chemistry. Wilson, J.D., Park, S.H. and Kaufman, R. 2006. The environmental impact on starch size distribution in developing hard red winter wheat. Presented at the World Grain Summit: foods and Beverages, Sept. 17 20, 2006 in San Francisco, CA. Wu, X., Wang, D., Bean, S.R., and Wilson, J.P. 2006. Ethanol production from pearl millet using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cereal Chem. 83:127-131. Wu, X., Zhao, R., Wang, D., Bean, S.R., Seib, P.A., Tuinstra, M.R., and Campbell, M. 2006. Effects of amylose, corn protein, and corn fiber contents on production of ethanol from starch-rich media. Cereal Chem. 83:569-575. Xiao, Z.S., Park, S.H., Chung, O.K., Caley, M.S., and Seib, P.A. 2006. Solvent retention capacity values in relation to hard winter wheat and flour properties and straight-dough bread making quality. Cereal Chem. 83:465-471. Xiao, Z. S. Park, S. H. Caley, M. S. Lyne, R., Tilley, M. Seabourn, B. W., and Chung, O. K. Comparison of 5% lactic acid solvent retention capacity and SDS-sedimentation tests in predicting loaf volume of hard winter and spring wheat flour. The 91th AACCI Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. September 17-20, 2006. Abstract book of Annual Meeting, page 122. Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, and C. Wolf-Hall. Antifungal activity of flaxseed flour and flaxseed flour extracts. Session 052, Antimicrobials. Annual Meeting and Expo of the Institute of Food Technologists. Orlando, FL., June 24-28, 2006. (Oral presentation 052-7) Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall and F. Manthey. 2006. Antifungal Activity of Flaxseed Flours. The Proceedings of the 61st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Carter. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 177-185. (Results presented at the 61st Flax Institute of the United States. Fargo, ND. March 22-24) Zhan, X., Wang, D., Bean, S.R., Mo, X., Sun, X.S., Boyle, D. 2006. Ethanol production from supercritical-fluid-extrusion cooked sorghum. Industrial Crops and Products 23:304-310.

Impact Statements

NC-213 scientists have evaluated and developed practices and technologies that provide critical information to grain producers and processors that allows them to improve the overall quality, safety and security of grain and institute component pricing systems resulting in increased sales of U.S. grains.
NC-213 scientists used funding from USDA/CSREES to evaluate fermentable corn hybrids in the State of Kentucky; evaluate processing parameters of soft white wheat varieties at the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in East Lansing, Michigan; develop an educational program at Montana State University-Bozeman; develop improved grain handling, storage, maintenance and measurement techniques; and evaluate ozone for grain storage and processing.
NC-213 scientists successfully leveraged funding from other sources such as The Andersons, Michigan State Millers‘ Association, other Cereal Industry, US Agency for International Development, NIH Initiative for Minority Scientific Development, the North Dakota Wheat Commission, North Dakota Agricultural Utilization Commission, the Energy Center - Discovery Park - Purdue U., USDA-SBIR, and USDA-FGIS. These funds led to implementation of several programs focused on enhancing quality, safety and security for the U.S. grain supply. These programs directly and indirectly impact the U.S. and international grain industry from production agriculture through the consumer level. Impacts include increased sales as well as increased wholesomeness and dissemination of knowledge which benefits other countries as well.

Date of Annual Report: 02/29/2008

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/26/2008 - 02/27/2008
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2006 - 09/01/2007

Participants

Executive Committee Meeting Participants:

Casada, Mark (casada@gmprc.ksu.edu) USDA/ARS Manhattan KS;
Dunkel, Florence (ueyfd@montana.edu) Montana State University;
Herrman, Tim (tjh@otsc.tamu.edu) Ofc of State Chemist Texas A&M;
Jackson, David (djackson1@unl.edu) University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
Kells, Stephen (kells002@umn.edu) University of Minnesota;
Koshar, William (koshar.3@osu.edu) The Ohio State University/OARDC;
Maier, Dirk (maier@purdue.edu) Purdue University;
Needham, Joe (joe_needham@andersonsinc.com) The Andersons, Inc.;
Wolf-Hall, Charlene (Charlene.hall@ndsu.edu) North Dakota State University

Business Meeting Participants:

Adam, Brian (brian.adam@okstate.edu) Oklahoma State University;
Armstrong, Paul (paul.armstrong@gmprc.ksu.edu) USDA/ARS Manhattan KS;
Bullerman, Lloyd (lbullerman1@unl.edu) University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
Casada, Mark (casada@gmprc.ksu.edu) USDA/ARS Manhattan KS;
Dunkel, Florence (ueyfd@montana.edu) Montana State University;
Farrell, Rhett, (rfarr03s@uiuc.edu) University of Illinois;
Hellevang, Ken (Kenneth.hellevang@ndsu.edu) North Dakota State University;
Jackson, David (djackson1@unl.edu) University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
Kells, Stephen (kells002@umn.edu) University of Minnesota;
Koshar, William koshar.3@osu.edu) The Ohio State University/OARDC;
Maier, Dirk (maier@purdue.edu) Purdue University;
McKinney, Leland (lelandm@ksu.edu) Kansas State University;
McNeill, Sam (smcceill@uky.edu) University of Kentucky;
Needham, Joe (joe_needham@andersonsinc.com) The Andersons, Inc.;
Roberts, Matt (mroberts@purdue.edu) Purdue University;
Simsek, Senay (senay.simsek@ndsu.edu) North Dakota State University;
Stroshine, Richard (strosh@ecn.purdue.edu) Purdue University;
Wolf-Hall, Charlene (Charlene.hall@ndsu.edu) North Dakota State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Executive Committee Meeting
The Hilton Omaha Hotel, Omaha, Nebraska.
February 26, 2008

The Chair, Charlene Wolf-Hall, distributed copies of the agenda and called the meeting to order at 12:18 p.m.

Andersons Grant Program Eligibility

Bill Koshar distributed the current criteria as listed for regular grants and team competition, and the Appendix E list of members from NIMSS. It was noted that this eligibility rule can be determined by this group. He said that the definition of "having a report" has been that the person's name appears anywhere on the list of contributors to the most recent NC-213 annual report (this is significant because some universities submit one report with multiple names, while others submit multiple reports). Herrman stated that previous discussions about the eligibility requirements had highlighted the benefit of including investigators who were not members of NC-213 as a good way to recruit new members. These issues were discussed and the following three suggestions for the eligibility requirement were proposed:

Require that only the "lead" or "a principal" investigator need be a current NC-213 member.

Any member of the grant team can be in NIMSS, and any one member must have a current annual report.

Require that the "senior" team member be in NIMSS and have a current annual report.

It was agreed the wording should be "one of the principle investigators" in both sentences; this
will be recommended and voted on at the business meeting. The proposed wording is:

To be eligible for the Andersons Research Grant Program one of the principal investigators must be a current member of Multistate Research Project NC-213, Management of Grain Quality and Security in World Markets. In addition, one of the principal investigators must have a current report included in the Annual Report of Progress.

Finally it was also noted that to be an official NC-213 member listed in NIMSS, university researchers must obtain approval from their Agricultural Experiment Station.

Submission of Annual Report/SAES Annual Report

Bill Koshar stated this report will be required 60 days after the annual meeting. The project coordinators office will contact the executive committee when required (the research to be reported will encompass all 5 years; accomplishments and impacts will be required).

It was mentioned that this is very similar or identical to some of the information that was in the rewrite, so the rewrite may provide a good starting point for this report.

Rewrite

At the behest of the Chair, Mike Montross was recognized by the group for doing the lion's share of the work on the rewrite. The rewrite has been submitted and we're waiting for the response, which should come in late March or early April.

The Chair stated that we need to select new Objective Co Chairs for the three objectives following the rewrite. The three new objectives are:

to characterize quality attributes and develop systems to measure quality of cereals, oilseeds, and bioprocess co-products.

to develop methods to maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety at key points in the harvest to end product value chain

to quantify and disseminate the impact of market-chain technologies on providing high value, food-safe, and bio-secure grains for global markets and bioprocess industries.

The following individuals were suggested as possible Co-Chairs and will be recommended for consideration at the business meeting:

David Jackson for either objective 1 or 2

Charlie Hurburgh for objective 3

K. M. Lee, for objective 1

Charlene Wolf-Hall for objective 2

Mike Montross for objective 2

Richard Stroshine for objective 1

Leland McKinney for objective 2

Linda Mason for objective 2

Brian Adam for objective 3

Bill Koshar said that Co-Chairs are currently running 5-year terms rather than 2-year terms.

Finding Individuals for the Industry Panel Discussion

Koshar stated that previously the Administrator has communicated with the Chair of the Industry Advisory Committee to identify panel members for the discussion time. There were suggestions that we seek panel names earlier and advertise them to create greater interest in the annual meeting and that someone should be designated to coordinate identifying panel members. It was suggested that Jim Stitzlein, and likely anyone else serving as the Industry Advisory Committee Chair, would be ideal for identifying and attracting quality panel members.

All agreed that this is a good role for the Industry Advisory Committee Chair. The Administrator's office will see that this is implemented. Bill Koshar will update the responsibility list after this meeting and will update his NC-213 timeline so this gets done.

There was discussion that the Industry Advisory Committee list should be updated (since some on the list are not active). Someone will check to see if Jim Stitzlein wants to rotate off as Chair of the Industry Advisory Committee.

There was a suggestion that we will need to address the Grain Elevator and Processing Society (GEAPS) and the Wheat Quality Council (WQC) separately to get a representative from each group when we meet with them. Dirk Maier, Joe Needham, and Jim Stitzlein will work with GEAPS and WQC to designate individuals from each.

NC213 Report of Progress

There was discussion about modifying the format of the NC-213 Progress Report to simplify preparation by scientists. It was suggested that we keep the format similar to CRIS reports at least that we have similar headings to facilitate cut-and-paste preparation. A question was raised about whether this book is necessary since it is just a duplicate of CRIS reports. It was mentioned that the book format provides the opportunity to include additional information that is not in the CRIS reports.

Koshar indicated the current headings were put in place to achieve consistency between reports from the different stations. It was agreed that the format would be changed to match CRIS reports as much as possible.

There was another suggestion that the Administrators office get the report information directly from station representative CRIS reports, after they have been entered in the system. It was decided that this is not feasible because many CRIS reports would be posted too late for inclusion in the Progress Report due to experiment station in-house processes.
And it was decided this should also be discussed at the business meeting.

Impact Statement review

It was announced that NC-213 will most likely be asked by the NCRA Directors office to provide an Impact Statement Form for the past year. Koshar distributed (1) an example at the request of Bill Ravlin that showed good evidence of impact (from Purdue University) and (2) the form that will be needed for submitting impact statements.

Summer Conference in Chicago

Maier will provide an update at the business meeting tomorrow. Maier requested more participation from NC-213 participants (few NC-213 participants have submitted anything currently). He requested people submit abstracts or posters and nominate industry participants. He noted there are still a couple of open keynote slots that could have speakers to address grain quality, food safety, supply-chain management, etc.

NC-213 Annual Meeting 2009

Following the current rotation, the 2009 Annual Meeting will be held in conjunction with WQC in Kansas City in the usual hotel, in the usual room. The WQC date is tentatively set for February 17-19, 2009. Maier requested that we try to arrange our schedule to encourage interaction with WQC; thus, we should allow for us attending some of their sessions. The same need to schedule carefully and encourage interaction is true for GEAPS. It was mentioned that this requires early planning. We will vote on this date and location at the business meeting.

Officer Elections

Kells will have names of candidates before the business meeting tomorrow.
Meeting Adjourned.

NC-213Business Meeting Annual Meeting February 27, 2008
The Hilton Omaha hotel. Omaha, Nebraska.

The Chair, Charlene Wolf-Hall, called the meeting to order at 11:48 a.m. and requested that the meeting attendees introduce themselves. Everyone graciously complied.

Andersons Grant Program Eligibility
The Chair announced that the executive committee was proposing a change in the eligibility requirements for the Andersons Grant Program. The secretary read the proposed new eligibility statement,

To be eligible for the Andersons Research Grant Program one of the principal investigators must be a current member of Multistate Research Project NC-213, Management of Grain Quality and Security in World Markets. In addition, one of the principal investigators must have a current report included in the Annual Report of Progress.

which changes the wording to say "one of the principal investigators" in both sentences in place of the previous wording that all principal investigators needed to meet the two requirements.
There was a brief discussion where it was clarified that a member is defined as someone who contributes to the project as listed in the Appendix E information list of NIMSS. This motion from the executive committee was unanimously approved.

Submission of Annual Report/SAES Annual Report
The Chair announced that this required annual report will include accomplishments and impacts of research from the just-completed five-year period, some of which may be available from the recently completed rewrite. Koshar stated that he will contact the executive committee for the needed information when it is required.

Rewrite

The Chair thanked Mike Montross for doing the lion's share of the work on the rewrite. A plaque recognizing this major contribution was received by Sam McNeill on behalf of Mike Montross. The Chair stated the rewrite has been submitted and we are waiting for the response, which is expected in late March or early April.

The Chair informed the group that we need to select new Objective Co-Chairs for the three objectives defined in the rewrite:

to characterize quality attributes and develop systems to measure quality of cereals, oilseeds, and bioprocess co-products.

to develop methods to maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety at key points in the harvest to end product value chain

to quantify and disseminate the impact of market-chain technologies on providing high value, food-safe, and bio-secure grains for global markets and bioprocess industries.

The following names were put forward by the executive committee as potential co-chairs:
David Jackson for either objective 1 or 2
Charlie Hurburgh for objective 3
K. M. Lee, for objective 1
Charlene Wolf-Hall for objective 2
Mike Montross for objective 2
Richard Stroshine for objective 1
Leland McKinney for objective 2
Linda Mason for objective 2
Brian Adam for objective 3

The Chair read the responsibilities of the co-chairs from the NC-213 responsibilities list.
Each objective is chaired by two co-chairs. Each co-chair is elected for a two-year term. Co-chairs can be reelected for consecutive terms.

Organize and moderate oral reporting sessions for their objectives at the Annual meeting.

Facilitate revisions to their objectives in NC-213 five year work plan.

Serve on Executive Committee.

Coordinate communications between administrators and members of that objective team.

Participate in Executive Committee meetings, contributing to decisions involving organizational, policy, and meeting topics (Annual meeting and Summer workshop).

Forward news items to the Project Coordinator as researchers in respective stations identify them.

Each Objective Chair will provide at least one item per year for the newsletter, either his or her own work or a report from someone else within the objective.

Serve on the Andersons Grant Review Committee unless a conflict of interest exists.

The following four individuals agreed to be nominated for objective co-chairs and were unanimously approved:

Objective 1 David Jackson

Objective 2 Leland McKinney, Charlene Wolf-Hall

Objective 3 Brian Adam

Charlene Wolf-Hall will follow up to confirm two other people to complete the slate of objective co-chairs. Leading candidates are Dr. K. M. Lee from Texas A&M for Objective 1, and Dr. Charlie Hurburgh from Iowa State University for Objective 3.

Industry Panel Discussion Group and Industry Advisory Committee

The Chair shared a suggestion from the executive committee that we select someone to coordinate the panel selection each year and that it should be the Industry Advisory Committee Chair, currently Jim Stitzlein. Everyone agreed that Jim is the ideal coordinator for this discussion group. Koshar said the Coordinators Office will see that this gets done. He will update the responsibility list and update his NC-213 timeline.

The Chair also indicated that Dirk Maier, Joe Needham, and Jim Stitzlein have been designated to work on updating the Industry Advisory Committee members.

Meeting Sessions Format

Stephen Kells suggested we try a new format that might better attract GEAPS, WQC, or other industry group to our sessions. In this format, the speakers give a condensed version of their presentation first; an audience-oriented 3 to 5-slide presentation that primarily tells why their work is important. It may be possible to record this talk and put it on the website, where it would be comparable to a written summary. This is easy for the speakers because we already have the slides. Kells stated that he has done this successfully with research summaries for the pest control Industry.

Stroshine commented that we also need to provide press release type information for advertising. Hellevang stated that a key to this format is to explain why it's important and how the listener can apply it. Maier recommended that as incoming Chair, Kells should run with this new format next year as a pilot project. There were no objections.

NC213 Report of Progress

The Chair announced that the executive committee has agreed that the Annual Report format would be changed to match CRIS reports as much as possible. In particular, all the CRIS headings should be included. It was mentioned that many CRIS reports get posted too late by the experiment stations for the project coordinators office to be able retrieve them on time. Thus, the annual reports will still have a submission deadline to the coordinators office.

Impact Statement review

Koshar stated this is a heads-up for this upcoming report for the NCRA Directors office. He distributed (1) an example provided by Bill Ravlin that showed good evidence of impact (from Purdue University) and (2) the form that will be needed for submitting impact statements.

Summer Conference in Chicago

Maier reminded the group of the 2008 International Grain Quality and Technology Congress scheduled for July 15 18 in Chicago, Illinois and requested participation of NC-213 members. He suggested members submit abstracts, posters, and nominations for industry participation. He indicated that NC-213 submissions are lacking so far. He explained that it is a combination of two previous conferences, the 2004 International quality Grains Conference (sponsored by NC-213) and the 2005 New Frontiers in Grain Quality Technology and Informatics national round table, and is also designed to attract participants from another conference the International Wheat Quality Conference, held three times previously in Kansas.

The format of the meeting will have scientific presentations in the morning and industry presentations in the afternoon. He mentioned that our previous conference (IQGC) was very successful with over 200 participants and stated that "we" can make this one successful also.

NC-213 Annual Meeting 2009

The 2009 Annual Meeting will be held in conjunction with the Wheat Quality Council (WQC) in Kansas City, tentatively scheduled for February 17-19, 2009. Our schedule will be arranged to interact better with WQC. Their schedule normally has one-half day (usually Wednesday afternoon) covering research and that would be of interest to us. The incoming Chair, Steve Kells, will work with Koshar to get the schedule arranged properly.

This meeting date, location, and format were agreed to in a unanimous vote.

Officer Elections

Leland McKinney was nominated for the secretary position, accepted, and unanimously elected.

.
Meeting Adjourned.

Minutes submitted by Mark Casada, NC-213 Secretary.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Develop practices and technologies to support quality management systems for production, distribution, processing, utilization of quality grains and oilseeds. All Grains Creation of an object oriented grain handling system software package will now enable elevator operators to test the flexibility of their current facility or create their ideal grain handling facility with all its equipment in a simple click and drag type format. Additionally, this approach holds the future potential for a grain company (or merging companies) to link multiple individual elevator facility models together and evaluate the optimization of combined system network resources. Asian customers are clearly happy to have the survey and bring the results. Sales have been made because of this customer focus. Processors are gradually instituting component pricing systems. Producers, grain elevators, and processors have more definitive testing procedures for selecting corn and/or sorghum hybrids best suited for nixtamalization (alkaline cooking) for tortillas and snack chips. These selections are best made knowing the geographic location of the source grain. All players in the marketing chain can use this information to maximize income; processors can select gain that minimizes process waste and maximizes end product quality. Source verification has been successfully applied to identity preserved products those that are physically isolated throughout the market system. However, it also increasingly applies to documentation in bulk commodity markets. Grain markets have traditionally handled interchangeable average quality commodities. Biotechnology, food safety and bio-security concerns, and new consumer perceptions are converging to create a grain market need for source verification and the associated quality management and product purity certification systems. Source verification and assurance certification is already changing the mindset of the food supply chain. Food safety and bio-security concerns have resulted in more scrutiny of all food products and have greatly increased the willingness of food processors, manufacturers and retailers to implement ingredient tracking systems. The requirement of only one instrument model in a given trading system may be eliminated, which will reduce testing costs, and provide incentives for new technology development. True calibrations (beyond correlations) will have a major impact on genetic screening programs for secondary factors, by identifying unique samples that would have otherwise been missed. Calibration monitoring systems can be simplified, and the cost of calibration maintenance can be reduced by more effective targeting of truly unique or independent samples. Corn and Corn Products, including Ethanol Corn growers can better identify corn hybrids best suited for dry milling and extrusion processing and have improved their profitability. Expansion of this research to include the eastern Corn Belt and sorghum, and examining wet milling and alkaline processing in collaboration with colleagues from ARS and UNL will result in similar benefits. Ethanol production is influenced by numerous variables. Comparing the effects of agronomic, hybrid, drying and storage practices on ethanol yield will result in better decision making tools for producers and processors. Wheat and Wheat Products Durum cultivars seem to differ in their susceptibility to kernel bleaching and to loss of vitreousness due to absorption of moisture after maturity. Research has identified strong resistance factors in the bran layer (possibly also the germ and aleurone layers) of different varieties. For varieties that will meet current market requirements for certified organic wheat and seed growers, these factors will be important in guiding breeders who service this market and in guiding growers who must maximize non-synthetic chemical protection of their commodity during storage. Durum wheat exposed to 90% relative humidity or incubated as wet spikes lost kernel vitreousness. Vitreousness is a very important quality factor. These results indicate that exposure to high humidity or damp conditions including high humidity can cause vitreous kernel content to decline below 80%. The inability to sell or to sell at severe discounts is of economic concern to the durum producer. NC-213 Researchers found a better understanding of wheat flour quality in relation to end-use products. In addition, the use of TG will potentially allow (1) bakers to use weaker flour to produce satisfactory baked products, and (2) millers to provide more consistent flour quality to bakers in spite of environmental growing factors. There are small differences among current U.S. varieties of wheat, but research has led to the increased investigation of these traits by breeders. For many decades, wheat breeding programs have focused on field characteristics. Varieties released and published literature indicates no consideration has been given to postharvest issues other than end-use qualities. These strategies become more important as Rhyzopertha dominica seems more frequently encountered farther and farther north, due to its increasing its range through commerce and possibly through hypothesized wind-borne dispersion. Data indicate that the association between bleached kernels and low carotenoid pigment content is probably due to enhanced lipid oxidation promoted by rehydration of kernels during damp conditions. Lutein content declined during kernel desiccation. Lutein is important for aesthetic quality and also for healthfulness of durum wheat and durum wheat based products. Lutein has been shown to protect humans against age degenerative diseases such as macular degeneration, cataracts, and certain cancers. Thus, research directed towards the enhancement of carotenoid pigment content will improve the aesthetic and nutritional quality of durum wheat produced in the US. The knowledge gained by this research will eventually contribute to increased economic opportunities for producers and food manufacturers by improving quality and increasing value of durum wheat and its end-use products. Results from a corroborative study will enable for laboratory measurements of maize quality to provide the variance structure of within and between laboratories as well as hybrids. This study may assist in establishing universal standard test procedures and data interpretation to help future research and industry partners. Soybeans Through demonstrations of several new applications for NIR, and the determination that the very high-speed diode array technology could make large increases in measurement capabilities. The fatty acid application will be necessary to support marketing of modified soybeans that produce oil which will remove the need for trans-fat producing hydrogenation. Producing soy protein fractions rich in either of the two major proteins (glycinin and beta-conglycinin) is key to delivering healthier and better performing soy protein products. Work has been complete with commercial companies to adopt this simple process. GSSP has the potential to be a very effective means of identity preserving soybeans during their processing, Unlike alternative processes, little protein denaturation occurs during oil recovery and the meal can be used to produce organic or certifiable non-GMO soy protein ingredients for which customers in Europe and Asia are willing to pay premium prices. U.S. processors could again become a preferred source of food-grade soybean meal. GFP containing corn enables rapid evaluation of new corn fractionation procedures. Some of the new fractionation procedures being developed may be suitable for on-farm use reducing the risk of contaminating commodity corn with unapproved transgenics. The collaborative study on wet-milling identifies laboratories and protocols that are effective in discriminating corn lines with superior wet-milling characteristics. This will enable corn breeders to develop value-enhanced corn for the wet milling industry. Other Grains The new sorghums are especially important as a new grain for use in gluten free and ethnic foods. The high levels of tannins in special sorghums have led to effective use of special sorghum bran fractions as preservatives products with high levels of antioxidants. Objective 2: Develop basic knowledge, science-based performance standards, and technologies that promote crop quality, food security and food safety in grain markets. Corn and Corn Products, including Ethanol Extractable starch is a highly important indicator of corn value. By selecting corn varieties with high extractable starch combined with low to moderate heat drying methods, higher extractable starch corn can be obtained with an estimated increase in value of 4-6 cents per bushel per percentage point of extractable starch. Rapid measurement of the products of ethanol fermentation potentially could improve process conversion efficiencies. Corn growers can better identify corn hybrids best suited for dry milling and extrusion processing and have improved their profitability. Expansion of this research to include examining wet milling and alkaline processing in collaboration with colleagues from ARS and UNL will result in similar benefits. U.S. ethanol production capacity was 4.4 billion gallons per year in February of 2006 and reached 7 billion gallons by the end of 2007, creating a huge surplus of DDGS. Value of DDGS can be improved by modified processes that reduce fiber and increase protein, but rapid measurement and monitoring of fermentation processes and variability in DDGS quality is needed. Ability to rapidly measure and monitor liquefaction and fermentation processes and variability in DDGS quality is needed. Research resulted in the improved quality consistency of DDGS especially with respect to better flowable product during processing, handling, transport and storage. In general, the results will be used to develop quality assurance protocols for DDGS co-products that will guide ethanol plant managers on what to monitor and how to improve the quality of their DDGS during production. Because of DDGS particle heterogeneity and particle segregation during bulk handling, it is recommended that a standard bulk sampling protocol be used industry wide in order to obtain representative samples from bulk DDGS and thus reduce variability due to poor sampling. Appropriate sampling of DDGS bulk is a first step to reducing the variability in DDGS currently seen in the industry. The effect of process variables (CDS and WDG co-products blending ratios and drying) on the bulk physical and chemical composition of DDGS that was shown will be used in developing quantitative predictive models that would serve as rapid analyses tools for either product quality control or evaluating potential handling risks when shipping product. The standard loss on drying methods (gravimetric methods) investigated showed the variability of various standard moisture losses on drying methods compared to the standard Karl Fischer method for moisture determination. A less rigorous moisture loss on drying method that used the Thermo-balance (drying 1 g sample at 105oC for about 5 min), an instrument commonly available in fuel ethanol plants gave the least variability among all the methods evaluated and was recommended as the most appropriate for DDGS. Quantification of kernel properties will document the variations in the properties that have developed and should facilitate assessment of whether these differences could have an impact upon certain aspects of processing. It may also identify hybrids with specific traits that are particularly desirable for specific end uses. Finally, it should provide information that could help seed corn companies develop hybrids with desirable traits. The tests with samples dried with air at higher temperatures will help to elucidate the effect of high temperature drying on kernel characteristics. Soybeans The information gained from the producers of low linolenic soybeans is being used to create benchmarking metrics against which benefits of quality management systems with their associated traceability can be measured. Other Grain Uses Process modifications and/or use of modified grain substrates have potential to increase the production efficiency and economic viability of grain-based ethanol production systems. Food processors can use waxy wheat varieties, blends of waxy and non-waxy wheat varieties, or partially waxy wheats to obtain starches with the specific viscosity profile they desire, potentially allowing for the production of improved food and industrial products. Results have shown that FB1 products formed during extrusion are very probably less toxic than the parent FB1, resulting in lower toxicity of the extruded product and improving food safety. Large variation in hardness and other grain characteristics among barley classes and genotypes indicate the potential for the identification of genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and of genetic markers for development of barley varieties possessing appropriate grain characteristics for food uses. Identification of grain hardness as a food use trait of barley and establishment of proper screening methods will also be beneficial for development of barley varieties suitable for processing and food uses. Storage Issues Reduced use of chemical insecticides should reduce grain storage costs and reduce potential harmful environmental and human health impacts from chemical insecticides. Although consumers and food processors express desires for reduced pesticide use in the food chain, agribusiness managers will not adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices voluntarily unless their cost and effectiveness compare favorably with conventional chemical-based practices. An economic analysis comparing costs, benefits, and risks of IPM vs. conventional pest management practices is needed to determine if IPM is cost-effective for stored grain and grain processing functions, as well as to identify potential cost-savings for implementing IPM. Methodology developed should reduce the use of protectant insecticides on wheat stored in Montana, and has applicability to other regions of the northern Great Plains. This should create a more favorable climate for annual negotiation of international grain contracts, particularly when residual pesticides are an issue. The problem can be corrected by simple management practices such as applying aeration to cool and dry the grain mass. Results will help solve grain storage problems by applying an available technology that can detect spoilage before it gets out-of-hand. If spoilage is detected early by an increase in CO2 concentration Findings emphasize the fact that a fundamental understanding of an insects orientation to various factors is basic to modeling its dispersal and understanding the spatial distribution of its populations. The use of contour analysis in mapping trap catch to locate foci of infestation in buildings has proven effective, although anomalous results occasionally occur. It is expected that this research will lead to recommendations for storage bin equipment and for stored grain management that can be used to limit insect populations without the use of chemical insecticides. Reduced use of chemical insecticides should reduce grain storage costs and reduce potential harmful environmental and human health impacts from chemical insecticides. Contour maps of trap catch have proven to be powerful tools for communicating insect problems to management, maintenance, and sanitation personnel, and its use by pest control companies is increasing. The potential to reduce energy consumed for grain cooling is estimated at 25-50 percent. The greatest impact is the assurance of timely grain cooling and prevention of grain quality losses from deterioration and insect infestations. Results from NC-213 research may lead to the development of new insect pest management and temperature management strategies for stored wheat. The portable propane heat treatment systems provide low-cost, low-risk disinfestations of empty bins, while eliminating the concerns that arise with using chemicals. New sensors and related technological developments can provide increased accuracy for stored grain condition monitoring and help prevent grain quality losses. The decision support system (DSS) will assist grain elevator operators with resolving grain commingling problems. The computer simulation model will provide input to the DSS and will be a valuable tool to enable researchers and designers to gain a deeper understanding of the particle physics involved in grain commingling in elevator equipment that may lead to modifications and new designs that can be applied to mitigating unwanted commingling. Ozonation serves as a preventative strategy against insect infestation and at the same time reduces/eliminates the microbial load (fungal and bacterial spores), as well as guards against off-odors. NC-213 research shows there are many producers and handlers of food and feed grains (including conventional and organic food corn, wheat and barley) who will be interested in utilizing this new technology. There is a substantial interest in the application of ozone by the U.S. grain industry. Ozone is a powerful oxidant that has regulatory acceptance by the FDA (FDA 2001). EPAs MSDS defines it as pure air. Numerous beneficial applications have been developed, such as water treatment to disinfect and eliminate odors, taste, and color, as well as to remove pesticides, inorganic and organic compounds. Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen, which can be generated by electrical discharges in air. Ozone has a half-life of 20-50 min, and rapidly decomposes to diatomic oxygen, a natural component in the atmosphere. Because ozone can be easily generated at the treatment site using only electricity and air, it offers several safety advantages over other post-harvest treatments such as conventional pesticides. First, there are no stores of toxic chemicals, chemical mixing hazards, or disposal of left over insecticides or containers. Second, with a short half-life, it reverts back to naturally occurring oxygen. Third, if needed it would be possible to neutralize ozone through techniques such as thermal activated charcoal, as well as catalytic and chemical abatement. Research on the efficacy of ozone on insect mortality indicated 92-100% mortality of larvae of adult maize weevils (MW), Indianmeal moth (IMM) and adult red flour beetles (RFB) in infested corn when fumigated with 50 ppm ozone for three days. The same treatment also significantly reduced the viability of Aspergillus parasiticus Speare and other fungi on the kernel surface as well as removed off-odors from sour/musty grain. Data also indicated that repeated ozone treatments did not decrease the end use quality of grains. A number of grain producers and handlers have expressed interest in ozonation technology and generators are becoming commercially available for use. Preliminary tests have been performed by several commercial grain companies. Thus, the time is right to conduct replicated trials at commercial grain facilities that test the efficacy of ozonation for the control of pests and spoilage agents, and the removal of off-odors. Ozonation serves as a preventative strategy against insect infestation and at the same time reduces/eliminates the microbial load (fungal and bacterial spores), as well as guards against off-odors. Researchers believe there are many producers and handlers of food and feed grains (including conventional and organic food corn, wheat and barley) who will be interested in utilizing this new technology throughout the NC-213 Region. NC-213 researchers addressed a major concern of growers, handlers and processors regarding the contamination of high-value identity-preserved food and specialty grains (as well as conventional commodity grains and oilseeds) due to residual insect populations below the perforated floor (plenum) of corrugated steel farm bins (as well as tanks, silos and flat storage buildings at grain elevators). Heat treatment of processing facilities and other structures to kill stored product pests is a widely used pest control technique. Grain Microbiology Research focused to generate evidence of reduction in toxicity of fumonisin in corn by extrusion processing using a sensitive rat bioassay, produced evidence of reduction in toxicity of fumonisins in corn after extrusion processing with 10% added glucose. Some less toxic breakdown products were identified and there appeared to be lowered toxicity in rats. This helps to answer the question of whether the extrusion process actually destroys the toxins or simply masks them by causing reactions with the corn matrix and making them non-detectable but still toxic. There appears to be a reduction in toxicity, though further studies are in progress to confirm this. This will help to improve the safety of extruded corn-based foods for human food and for animal pet foods. A survey was developed to provide information for those interested in wheat quality and safety. This contributed to the process of determining appropriate microbial specifications for wheat and an understanding of how these microflora may relate to wheat quality and end use. The evaluation of ozone and hydrogen peroxide as a means to lower microbial loads and mycotoxin content may lead to a method that will add value and safety to portions of the wheat and barley crop. Made progress on development of safe, natural, biological antifungal preservatives for use in stored grain as a replacement for chemical fungicides. Through research, labs were able to demonstrate the feasibility of flaxseed as an antifungal agent. This also provided details about the antifungal activity of different varieties and that the stability was influenced by heat. The end result: Flaxseed could be useful as an antifungal agent in food with minimal heat application. Traceability and Systems Management The US grain industry is adapting to food safety, biosecurity, consumer right to know and other market pressures by instituting systems that will not only meet the needs but improve efficiency as well. Consumers and food retailers are demanding steps to verify that security and health risks are protected and that the food can be tracked to its source in the event of problems. Affluent consumers are willing to pay for such assurances, and the United States has an opportunity to convert what was thought to be a problem (differentiation) into a competitive advantage. NC-213 research proves that accurate traceability of bulk materials will increase compliance with bioterrorism regulations and improve brand protection. One incident, such as the Diamond Pet Food issue, can easily create tens of million of dollars or more in legal and sales loss costs. The work with the elevator demonstrated that ISO-compliant traceability systems generated net revenue (2-5 cents per bushel) from efficiencies and conformance to specifications, greatly in excess of costs. This means the traceability issue can be a business benefit rather than a cost. A company has reorganized its management structure to facilitate the ISO system. Three facilities are ISO certified, and six have private certification in preparation for ISO implementation. Internal auditor and quality manger jobs have been created. Site security and food security needs have been easily added to the ISO system. Results indicate a need for collaboration among researchers, hybrid seed companies, and milling industries to develop and improve the test procedures and carefully interpret the results during breeding programs to maximize the economic gains in the grain industry. Improving grain elevator testing and compliance with the TX Commercial Feed Control Act will enhance food safety and animal performance. An outcome of this traceability works will be the development of an affordable and verifiable system of tracking grain to its origin from any point in the grain handling system. Automated microscopy will enable the feed industry to rapidly identify contaminant through the use of new spectral technology. Objective: 3 Create and disseminate scientific knowledge that will enhance public confidence in market-driven quality management systems for grain. All Grains Through combined research efforts, the development of high speed detection and sorting technology to remove toxins from grain, and to sort breeder samples for significant attributes. Systems can process kernels from 1 to 1000 kernels/s. The developed methods to detect insect damaged wheat using an acoustic method and using computed tomography. Both of these methods have promise to inspect large samples very accurately. Also, the development of an NIR system capable of capturing NIR spectra from 900 to 1700nm on single grain kernels at rates up to 10 kernels/second was achieved. Corn and Corn Products Identified methods of measuring shelled corn storability using CO2 Test Kit (Woods End Research, Mt. Vernon, Maine), for measuring CO2 production (storability) of shelled corn; evaluated several rapid (< 15 min) tests that can be used together to provide a less precise but more rapid storability indication; and examined the correlations among the various tests used as storability indicators. Wheat and Wheat Products Evaluated Intrinsic end-use (milling and bread-baking) quality of about 1332 hard winter wheat breeding lines at the ARS Regional HWWQL so that breeders could select their lines based on intrinsic quality in addition to agronomical quality. Defined the influences of compositional characteristics, especially, amylose content, protein content, beta-glucans content and proanthocyanidin content, on water imbibition of grains, water absorption for making bread and noodles, bread crumb moisture content, color of noodles and texture of cooked noodles. Studied variations in endosperm relating to environmental changes. The results may help elucidate some unique characteristics of spelt flour and starch for future uses in the food industry, as well as provide additional information on environmental effects on starch granule size distribution and molecular structure. Investigated the effect of enzymes on whole wheat tortilla quality. Evaluated the shelf-life extension of 100% whole wheat (WW) tortillas by adding enzymes. Various enzymes have been incorporated into the tortilla formulation. These included bacterial ±-amylase, glucose oxidase (GOX), transglutaminase, phytase, pentasonase, and a blend of cellulose and amylase. Evaluated kernel characteristics, milling properties, and dough, bread, tortilla and Asian alkaline noodle-making properties of hard winter wheat progenies. Determined protein and lipid contents and composition and interaction among these components of cereal grains as they relate to storage, handling, and end-use properties. Other Grains Improved color characteristics of barley containing food products through the removal of the outer layer of barley grains, heat treatment, exclusion of oxygen, low storage temperature and the use of ascorbic acid and 4-hexylresorcinol. Researched the utilization of sorghum for the production of wheat-free food products. Developing high quality wheat-free food products from sorghum provides new markets for the U.S. sorghum crop and may improve the food choices available to persons with celiac disease. The quality of wheat-free sorghum bread was improved through the use of sourdough fermentation and addition of enzymes and additional gums. Relationships between protein, fiber, and starch chemistry on fermentation of cereal grains were determined. Improved methods for the extraction and analysis of ergosterol in sorghum were developed. Studied the effects of extruding sorghum grain on ethanol production. Both conventional and supercritical fluid extrusion was found to increase ethanol yields compared to unprocessed grain.

Publications

Adam, Brian D. Cost Comparison of Methyl Bromide and ProFume® for Fumigating a Food Processing Facility: A Report to National Pest Management Association and Dow AgroSciences. Working paper #AEP-0704, Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 2007. Available at http://agecon.okstate.edu/faculty/publications_results.asp?page=1. Aldrich, B.T., Maghirang, E.B., Dowell, F.E., and Kambhampati, S. 2007 Identification of termite species and subspecies of the genus Zootermopsis using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. 7pp. Journal of Insect Science. 7:18, available online: insectscience.org/7.18. Alviola, J.N. May 2007. Roles of carbohydrates and proteins in the staling of wheat flour tortilla. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 91 pp. Alviola, J.N., and Waniska, R.D. 2007. Effects of protein-modifying enzymes on the structure and shelf-stability of flour tortillas. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma06.htm Austin, Dilek, Rooney, Lloyd, McDonough, Cassandra. 2007. The effects of sorghum bran substitution and whole grain flours on starch digestibility and Estimated Glycemic Index (EGI) of porridges. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma12.htm Austin, D.L., Rooney, L.W. and McDonough, C.M. 2007. The effects of sorghum bran substitution and whole grain flours on starch digestibility and Estimated Glycemic Index (EGI) of porridges. Texas A&M University Student Research Week, March 26-30, College Station, TX. Barron, Marc E. May 2007. The effect of flaxseed hulls on expanded corn meal snacks. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 110 pp. Bennett, G., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Cost-Benefit analysis flow chart for identity preservation systems: A case study of ultra-low linolenic soybeans grown on Iowa farms. Second Annual Symposium, Institute for Food Safety and Security, Ames Iowa. April 12, 2007. Poster. (CY07, FFY07) Bennett, G., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Cost-Benefit analysis flow chart for identity preservation systems: A case study of ultra-low linolenic soybeans grown on Iowa farms. 3rd Annual Meeting, TRACE 6th EU Framework project, Iraklion, Crete April 27, 2007. Poster. (CY07, FFY07) Boac, J.M., Maghirang, R.G., Casada, M.E. 2007. Durability and breakage of feed pellets during repeated elevator handling. (In Italian). TECNICA MOLITORIA. 58(5): 499-512. Bullerman, L.B., Bianchini,A., Jackson, L.S., Jablonski, J., Hanna, M.A. and Ryu, D. 2008 Reduction of Fumonisin B1 in Corn Grits by Single-Screw Extrusion. J. Ag. Food Chem. (in press). Calderon, V.R., Rooney, L.W., McDonough, C. 2007. Developing quick methods to cook sorghum for different food applications. Texas A&M University Student Research Week, March 26-30, College Station, TX. Calderon, V.R. 2007. Sorghum cooking quality and effect of pretreatment on physical properties of sorghum kernels. (Spanish oral) Program Cooperativo CentroAmerica de Cultivos y Animales (PCCMCA), April 22-28, Guatemala City. Campabadal, C.A., Maier, D.E. and Moog, D.J. 2007. Engineering design parameters for recirculation, flow of ozone through grain storage structures. Paper No. 07-6168. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Njongmeta-Nenge, L.A., Dykes, L., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. and Rooney, L.W. 2007. Concentration and temperature stability of anthocyanins in black sorghum. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma26.htm Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Guajardo-Flores, D., Dykes, L., McDonough, C.M., and Rooney, L.W. 2007. Analysis of phenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity of grain legumes compared with different whole grain cereals. Texas A&M University Student Research Week, March 26-30, College Station, TX. Cha, J.Y., Ng, P.K.W., Shin, H.S., and Cash, J. 2007. Effects of extrusion conditions on pasting properties of potato. Food Science and Biotechnology 16(5):783-788. Cheng, E.M., Alavi, S., Pearson, T.C. and Agbisit, R. 2007. Mechanical-acoustic and sensory evaluations of corn starch-whey protein isolate extradites. Journal of Texture Studies. 38(2007):485-510. Ciacci, C., Maiuri, L., Caporaso, N., Bucci, C., Giudice, L.D., Massardo, D.R., Pontieri, P., Fonzo, N.D., Bean, S.R., Ioerger, B., and Londei, M. 2007. Celiac disease: in vitro and in vivo safety and palatability of wheat-free sorghum food products. Clinical Nutrition. (In press, Accepted 5/18/07). Clementson, C.L., Ileleji, K.E. and Stroshine, R.L. 2007. Particle segregation in bulk dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and its effect on chemical variability and flowability of the bulk. ASAE Paper No. 076214. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. Clementson, C., Ileleji, K.E. and Stroshine, R.L. 2007. Particle segregation and its effect on spatial chemical variability in a pile of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) formed by gravity-driven discharge. In preparation for Powder Technology Journal. Corredor, D.Y., Bean, S.R., and Wang, D. 2007. Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sorghum Bran. Cereal Chem. 84:61-66. Deak, N.A., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Preparation of Glycinin and ²-Conglycinin from High-sucrose/Low-stachyose Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(3):260-279. Deak, N.A., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Fate of Phytic Acid in Producing Soy Protein Ingredients. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(4):369-376. Dlamini, N.R., Taylor, J.R.N., Rooney, L.W. 2007. The effect of sorghum type and processing on the antioxidant properties of African sorghum-based products. Food Chemistry 105:1412-1419. Dlamini, Nomusa Rhoda Ngwenya. May 2007. Effect of sorghum type and processing on the antioxidant properties of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] based foods. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 130 pp. Dykes, L. and Rooney, L.W. 2007. Phenolic compounds in cereal grains and their health benefits. Cereal Foods World 52:(3)105-111. Dykes, L., Rooney, W.L., Peterson, G. C. and Rooney, L.W. 2007. Phenol profile and antioxidant activity levels of black sorghums grown in different environmental conditions. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma39.htm Gemesi, H.G., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Geographic Food Origin Traceability Model. Second Annual Symposium, Institute for Food Safety and Security, Ames Iowa. April 12, 2007. Poster (CY07, FFY07) Gemesi, H.G., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Geographic Food Origin Traceability Model. 3rd Annual Meeting, TRACE 6th EU Framework project, Iraklion, Crete April 27, 2007. Poster. (CY07, FFY07) Gerde, J., Hardy, C.L., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr., and White, P. 2007. Rapid determination of degradation in frying oils by near-infrared spectroscopy. JAOCS 84:519-522 (CY07, FFY07) Gritsenko, M., Alviola, J.N., Rooney, L.W., McDonough, C., Waniska, R.D. 2007. Buckwheat in wheat flour tortillas. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma50.htm Gu, L., House, S.E., Prior, R.L., Rooney, L. 2007. Sorghum bran in the diet dose dependently increased excretion of catechins and microbial derived phenolic acids in female rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55(13):5326-5334. Gu, L., House, S.E., Prior, R.L., Rooney, L. 2007. Contents of procyanidins in sorghum and the bioavailability in weaning pigs. International Food Technology, July 28-August 1, 2007, Chicago, Illinois. 2007 IFT Annual Meeting Book of Abstracts, ISSN: 1082-1236. Program No. 227-02. Guajardo Flores, David. December 2007. Effect of antioxidants, color and sensory attributes of inclusion of different sorghum brans in model baking systems. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 106 pp. Guajardo-Flores, D., Alviola, J.N., McDonough, C.M., Waniska, R.D. and Rooney, L.W. 2007. Tortilla quality and antioxidant properties of flour tortillas with tannin sorghum bran and brown flaxseed. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma51.htm Guajardo-Flores, D., Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Dykes, L., McDonough, C.M., and Rooney, L.W. 2007. Comparison of total phenol, antioxidant activity and tannin content in different grains. Texas A&M University Student Research Week, March 26-30, College Station, TX. Hardy, C.L., Gerde, J., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr., and White, P.J. 2007. Rapid Determination of Oxidation in Frying Oils by NIR Spectroscopy. Proc. 98th Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Quebec City, QC. May 13, 2007. Oral presentation. (CY07, FFY07) Herald, T.J., Aramouni, F., Bean, S. and Alavi, S. J. Influence of Deacetylation on the Rheological Properties of Xanthan-Guar Interactions in Dilute Aqueous Solutions H.A. Khouryieh, 2007. J. Food Sci. 72:C173-C181. Higiro, J., Herald, T.J., Alavi, S., and Bean, S.R. 2007. Rheological study of xanthan and locust bean gum interaction in dilute solution: Effect of salt. Food Research Int. 40:435-447. Hines, Lindsey Wortham. May 2007. Development of specialty breads as nutraceutical products. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 111 pp. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Current Storage and Handling Issues for the 2007 Crop. Proc. 19th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. November 28, 2007. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Tracing GMOs in the US Bulk Agricultural Market. 3rd annual meeting of CoExtra 6th Framework EU Project, Bologna, Italy February 4, 2007. (CY07, FFY07) Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Developing traceability of bulk agricultural products. 3rd Annual Meeting, TRACE 6th EU Framework project, Iraklion, Crete April 27, 2007. Invited presentation. (CY07, FFY07) Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Measurement of fatty acids in whole soybeans with near infrared spectroscopy. Lipid Technology 19(4): 450. April 2007. (CY07, FFY07) Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Harmonizing Near Infrared Spectroscopic Measurements and Terminology: NIRS Component of the AOCS Soybean Quality Traits (SQT) Program. Proc. 98th Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Quebec City, QC. May 13, 2007. Oral presentation. (CY07, FFY07) Igne, B., Rippke, G.R., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Robust Regression for Inter-Brand Standardization. Proc. 13th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Umeå, Sweden, June 13-17, 2007. Poster. (CY07, FFY07). Igne, B., Gibson, L., Rippke, G. and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Triticale Moisture and Protein Measurement by Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Cereal Chemistry 84:239-241 (CY07, FFY07) Igne, B., Gibson, L., Rippke, G. and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Influence of yearly variability of agricultural products on the NIRS calibration process: a triticale example. Cereal Chemistry 84(6):576-581) (CY07, FFY07) Ileleji, K.E., Prakash, K.S., Stroshine, R.L., and Clementson, C.L. 2007. An investigation of particle segregation in corn processed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) induced by three handling scenarios. Submitted to Bulk Solids and Powder Science Journal (November 2007). Ileleji, K.E., Prakash, K.S. and Stroshine, R.L. 2007. Morphological characterization of particles taken from bulk samples of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). 9th International Conference on Bulk Materials, Storage, Handling & Transportation, 9th - 11th October, 2007, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. Ileleji, K.E., Garcia, R.L.A., and Clementson, C. 2007. A comparison of standard methods to determine the moisture content of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). ASAE Paper No. 076254. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. Ileleji, K.E., Stroshine, R.L. and Prakash, K.S. 2006. Segregation during gravity-driven discharge of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). ASAE Paper No. 066115. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. Ileleji, K.E., Probst, K.V., Kingsly, A.R.P., Clementson, C.L., and Garcia, A. 2007. The effect of condensed distillers solubles on the physical and chemical properties and moisture sorption isotherm of corn dried distillers grains with solubles - Bench scale experiments. In preparation for Bioresource Technology Journal. Ingles, M.E., Casada, M.E., Maghirang, R.G., Herrman, T.J. and Harner, J.P. 2007. Effects of grain receiving configuration on commingling in a country elevator. (In Italian). TECNICA MOLITORIA. 58(6): 609-625. Ioerger, B., Bean S.R., Tuinstra, M.R., Pedersen, J.F., Erpelding, J., Lee, K., Herrman, T. Characterization of polymeric proteins from vitreous and floury sorghum endosperm. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:10232-10239. Ioerger, B., Bean, S.R., Tuinstra, M.R., Pedersen, J.F., Erpelding, J., Lee, K-M, and Herrman, T.J.. 2007. Characterization of polymeric proteins from vitreous and floury sorghum endosperm. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:1023210239. Ioerger, B., Bean, S.R., Tuinstra, M.R., Pedersen, J.F., Erpelding, J., Lee, K-M. and Herrman, T.J. 2007. Characterization of polymeric proteins from vitreous and floury sorghum endosperm. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:1023210239. Jia, F., Maghirang, E., Dowell, F., Able, C., and Ramaswamy, S. 2007. Differentiating tobacco budworm and corn earworm using near-infrared spectroscopy. J. Econ. Ent. Principal author. 100(3):759-764. Log no. 207103. Kaliyan, N., Morey, R.V., Wilcke, W.F., Carrillo, M.A. and Cannon, C.A. 2007. Low-temperature aeration to control Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), in stored grain in twelve locations in the United States: A simulation study. Journal of Stored Products Research 43: 177-192. Kaliyan, N., Carrillo, M.A., Morey, R.V., Wilcke, W.F. and Kells, S.A. 2007. Mortality of Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations under fluctuating low temperatures: model development and validation. Environmental Entomology (in press). Kaye, N.M., Mason, S.C., Jackson, D.S. and Galusha, T.D. 2007. Crop rotation and soil amendment alters sorghum grain quality. Crop Science: 47:722-727. Kebakile, Martin M., Rooney, Lloyd W., and Taylor, John R.N. 2007. Effects of hand pounding, abrasive decortication-hammer milling, roller milling, and sorghum type on sorghum meal extraction and quality. Cereal Foods World 52:(3)129-137. Kovalenko, I., Rippke, G.R., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Dimensionality reduction of near infrared spectral data using global and local implementations of principal component analysis for neural network calibrations. JNIRS 15:21-28. Laux, C., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Traceability of commodity grain using a quality management system. Second Annual Symposium, Institute for Food Safety and Security, Ames Iowa. April 12, 2007. Poster (CY07, FFY07) Laux, C., and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Traceability of commodity grain using a quality management system. 3rd Annual Meeting, TRACE 6th EU Framework project, Iraklion, Crete April 27, 2007. Poster. (CY07, FFY07) Lee, Kyung-Min, Herrman, Timothy J., Bean, Scott R., Jackson, David S. and Lingenfelser, Jane. 2007. Classification of Dry-Milled Maize Grit Yield Groups Using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm. Cereal Chem. 84:152-161. Lee, K.-M., Herrman, T. J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D.S. and Lingenfelser, J. 2007. Classification of Dry-Milled Maize Grit Yield Groups using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm. Cereal Chemistry 84(2):152-161. Lee, K-M, Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D.S., and Lingenfelser, J. 2007. Multivariate Classification of Dry Milled Maize Grit Yield Groups by Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm. Cereal Chem. 84: 152-161. Lee, K-M., Herrman, T.J., Rooney, L., Jackson, D.S., Lingenfelser, J., Rausch, K.D., McKinney, J., Iiams, C., Byrum, L., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr., Johnson, L.A., and Fox, S.R. 2007. Corroborative Study on Maize Quality, Dry-Milling and Wet-Milling Properties of Selected Maize Hybrids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:1075110763. Lee, K-M, Herrman, T.J., Rooney, L., Jackson, D.S., Scott, R., Bean, R., Lingenfelser, J., Rausch, K.D., McKinney, J., Iiams, C., Byrum, L., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr., Johnson, L.A. and Fox, S.R. 2007. Corroborative Study on Maize Quality, Dry-Milling and Wet-Milling Properties of Selected Maize Hybrids. J. Agric. Food Chem. (accepted). Lee, K-M., Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Jackson, D.S. and Lingenfelser, J. 2007. Multivariate classification of dry milled maize grit yield groups by quadratic discriminant analysis and decision tree algorithm. Cereal Chem. 84:152-161. Lee, K-M., Herrman, T.J., Rooney, L.W., Jackson, D.S., Lingenfelser, J., Rausch, K.D., McKinney, J., L.A. and Fox, S.R.,C., Byrum, L., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr., Johnson, Iiams. 2007. Corroborative study on maize quality, dry-milling and wet-milling properties of selected maize hybrids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:10751-10763. Lee, K-M., Herrman, T.J. and Jones, B. 2007. Risk Management and the Application of Multivariate Statistics for Animal Feed. Abstract No. P-262, CFW52:A49 in: Program Book of the 92th AACC International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX. October 7-10, 2007. Lee, K-M., Herrman, T.J., Rooney, L.W., Jackson, D.S., Bean, S.R., Lingenfelser, J., Rausch, K.D., ,McKinney, J., L.A., Iiams, C., Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. and Johnson, 2007. Corroborative study on maize quality, dry-milling and wet-milling properties of selected maize hybrids. Abstract No. O-47, CFW52:A22 in: Program Book 92th AACC Intl Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX. October 7-10, 2007. Manthey, F.A. and Elias, E.M. 2007. Effect of weathering on color and pigment content of pasta. Cereal Foods World 52:A23. (Abstract). Mariotti, M., Lucisano, M., Pagani, M., and Ng, P.K.W. 2007. The role of corn starch, amaranth flour, pea isolate and Psyllium flour on the rheological properties of gluten-free doughs. Cereal Foods World 52(4):A51 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Martínez, Ontiveros; María del Refugio, Morales Castro, Juliana, Delgado, Efren, Serna-Saldivar, Sergio, Waniska, Ralph, Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Efecto del uso de masas madre sobre las propiedades reológicas de la tortilla de harina de trigo. Program Cooperativo CentroAmerica de Cultivos y Animales (PCCMCA), April 22-28, Guatemala City. Montross, M.D., Crofcheck, C.L., Lee, C.D. 2007. Influence of Hybrid on Laboratory Scale Dry Grind Ethanol Production. Paper No. 076149 Presented at the 2007 ASAE Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. Moog, D.J.P. 2006. Assessing the Susceptibility of Shelled Corn to Invasion by Storage Fungi. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Moog, D.J.P., Stroshine, R.L. and Seitz. L.M. 2008. Relationship of Shelled Corn Fungal Susceptibility to Carbon Dioxide Evolution and Kernel Attributes. Cereal Chemistry 85(1):19-26. Moog, D.J. and Maier, D.E. 2007. Efficacy of heat treatment of empty storage bins on confined populations of maize weevil and red flour beetle. Paper No. 07-6224. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Nair, S., Ullrich, S.E. and Baik, B.K. 2007. Variation in grain hardness and associated traits in USA barley breeding lines. AACCI Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, September 2007. Abstract. Ng, P.K.W., Siler, L., Tanhehco, E. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2006. January 2007. 35 pp. Njongmeta, Nenge, Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Dykes, Linda, Cisneros-Zevallos, L. and Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Solvents for the extraction of 3-deoxyanthocyanins from sorghum. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma116.htm Njongmeta, Nenge, Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Dykes, Linda, Cisneros-Zevallos, L. and Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Stability of colored compounds from black sorghum: Effects of pH and water activity. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma116.htm Ozturk, S., Koksel, H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2007. Production of bread enriched with commercial starch high in resistant starch. Cereal Foods World 52(4):A56 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Park, Arthur, F.H., Bean, S.R., and Schober, T. 2007. Susceptibility of sorghum to Rhyzopertha dominica F. and their effects on the physicochemical properties of sorghum kernel and flour. J. Stored Product Research. (In press). Pearson, T.C., Wilson, J.D., Gwirtz, J., Maghirang, E.B., Dowell, F.E., McClusky, P. and Bean, S.R. 2007. The relationship between single wheat kernel particle size distribution and the Perten SKCS 4100 hardness index. Cereal Chem. 84:567-575. Pearson, T.C., Cetin, A.E., Tewfik, A.H., and Haff, R.P. 2007. Feasibility of impact-acoustic emissions for detection of damaged wheat kernels. Digital Signal Processing Journal. Vol. 17(3):617-633. Pineda, Monica de la Torre. May 2007. Fortification of baked and fried tortilla chips with mechanically expelled soy flour. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 109 pp. Poland, Nathan and Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Infrared heating and processing of whole Sorghum for use in RTE cereal bar. AACC, San Antonio, TX, October 7-10. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/p07ma140.htm Prior, R.L., Howard, L., Gu, L., Rooney, L., Hager, A. 2007. Procyanidins: Effects of source and extrusion conditions on structure, degradation and absorption/metabolism. American Chemical Society 234th National Meeting and Exposition, August 19-23, 2007, Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract AGFD 209. 2007 CDROM. Rathore, S.S., Paulsen, M.R., Sharma, V., and Singh, V. 2007. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring fermentation in a corn dry grind ethanol process. Trans of ASABE. Vol. 50(6) 8pp. Rathore, S.S., Paulsen, M.R., and Singh, V. 2007. Measuring dextrose equivalents of liquefaction slurry for dry-grind corn ethanol processing using near-infrared spectroscopy. Presented as AACC Poster Oct 7-10, 2007 San Antonio, TX. Ratnayake, W.S, Wassinger, A.B., and Jackson, D.S. 2007. Extraction and characterization of starch from alkaline cooked corn masa. Cereal Chemistry 84(4):414-420. Rhim, J.W., Lee, J.H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2007. Mechanical and barrier properties of biodegradable soy protein isolate-based films coated with polylactic acid. Lebens. Wiss. Technol. 40:232-238. Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Supply Chain Management for Profitable Food/Feed Products from Traditional Grains Traditional Grains for low Environmental Impact and Good Health, International Foundation for Science (IFS) Workshop, November 6, Pretoria, South Africa. Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Looking back on forty plus years of teaching cereal science, technology and common sense - at the end of the trail. October 7-10. AACC, San Antonio, TX, http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/s07ma22.htm Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Progress in utilization of sorghum for healthy foods and phytochemicals. AACC, October 7-10, San Antonio, TX, http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2007/abstracts/s07ma60.htm Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Mycotoxins in grains. Workshop: Supply chain management of millets for processing into feeds and foods, May 16, Dakar, Senegal. Rooney, Lloyd W. 2007. Phytochemicals and other healthy components of cereals. 34th Annual Texas Human Nutrition Conference, TAMU, February 2, College Station, TX. Schober, T.J., Bean, S.R., and Boyle, D.L. 2007. Gluten-free sorghum bread improved by sourdough fermentation: biochemical, rheological, and microstructural background. J. Agric. Food Chem. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:5137-5146. Shepherd, C.T., Vignaux, N., Peterson, J.M., Johnson, L.A., and Scott, M.P. 2007. Green Flourescent Protein as a Tissue Marker in Transgenic Maize Seed. Cereal Chem. (accepted). Shepherd, C.T., Vignaux, N., Peterson, J.M., Scott, M.P. and Johnson, L. 2007. Dry-milling and Fractionation of Transgenic Maize Seed Tissues with Green Flourescent Protein as a Tissue Marker. Cereal Chem. (accepted). Shepherd, H. and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. FDA Registration and Record Maintenance for Grain Handling Facilities and Feed Mill Facilities. Second Annual Symposium, Institute for Food Safety and Security, Ames Iowa. April 12, 2007. Poster (CY07, FFY07) Shepherd, H. and Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. FDA Registration and Record Maintenance for Grain Handling Facilities and Feed Mill Facilities. 3rd Annual Meeting, TRACE 6th EU Framework project, Iraklion, Crete April 27, 2007. Poster. (CY07, FFY07) Simsek, S., Whitney, K., Mergoum, M. and Mehmet Tulbek, H. Flour, Dough, Baking Quality Attributes Hard Red Spring What Cultivars Grown in North Dakota". American Association of Cereal Chemist-International Annual Meeting, Cereal Foods World, 52:A65. October 7-10, 2007, San Antonia, Texas, U.S.A Singh, V., Manthey, F., and Elias, E.M. 2007. 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Impact Statements

NC-213 scientists have evaluated and developed practices and technologies that provide critical information to grain producers and processors that allows them to improve the overall quality, safety and security of grain and institute component pricing systems resulting in increased sales of U.S. grains.
NC-213 scientists used funding from USDA/CSREES to evaluate fermentable corn hybrids in the State of Kentucky; evaluate processing parameters of soft white wheat varieties at the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in East Lansing, Michigan; develop an educational program at Montana State University-Bozeman; develop improved grain handling, storage, maintenance and measurement techniques; and evaluate ozone for grain storage and processing.
NC-213 scientists successfully leveraged funding from other sources such as The Andersons, Michigan State Millers Association, other Cereal Industry, US Agency for International Development, NIH Initiative for Minority Scientific Development, the North Dakota Wheat Commission, North Dakota Agricultural Utilization Commission, the Energy Center - Discovery Park - Purdue U., USDA-SBIR, and USDA-FGIS. These funds led to implementation of several programs focused on enhancing quality, safety and security for the U.S. grain supply. These programs directly and indirectly impact the U.S. and international grain industry from production agriculture through the consumer level. Impacts include increased sales as well as increased wholesomeness and dissemination of knowledge which benefits other countries as well.
NC-213 scientists have developed systems that provide critical information to grain processors that allows them to institute component pricing systems resulting in increase sales of U.S. grain.
NC-213 scientists conducted research that shows that adding transglutaminase (TG) increases flour quality and reduces the need for costly testing.
NC-213 scientists discovered that by reducing humidity and moisture wheat kernel quality is increased and a greater economic return realized.
NC-213 scientists have developed systems that track the origin and shipping history of bulk grains and these systems allow producers and handlers to realize higher prices.
By using techniques developed by NC-213 scientists corn starch levels can rapidly be determined and producers/handlers can realize increased profits of 4-6 cents/bu.
NC-213 scientists developed grain quality management systems that led to the formation of international quality standards affecting global grain markets.
NC-213 scientists developed a CO2 test kit that rapidly identifies the risk of fungal contamination in shelled corn. This allows grain elevator managers to lower storage losses and costs.
NC-213 scientists discovered that ethanol yields are significantly increased by processing sorghum grain prior to fermentation thereby increasing the value of sorghum.
Over 95% of all hard winter wheat cultivars were evaluated by NC-213 scientists for end-use quality. This information allows the U.S. wheat industry to focus on high value cultivars and capture increased value.
A system simulation and economic analysis tool will allow grain elevators to define the operating conditions at their elevator (e.g. truck size distribution, type of grain, delivery rate), estimate average delay time and queue length, and quantify the least cost segregation strategy.
Very high-speed diode array technology (for NIR) could make large increases in measurement capabilities of grains. Asian sales of soybeans have been made because of the availability of soybean quality data.
Corn growers in KS, MO, NE, and IA can better identify corn hybrids best suited for dry milling and extrusion processing and have improved their profitability.
Use of Transglutaminase will potentially allow (1) bakers to use weaker flour to produce satisfactory baked products, and (2) millers to provide more consistent flour quality to bakers in spite of environmental growing factors.
A source of good quality sorghum is available for use in food and feed products which has allowed production on new products.
The high levels of tannins in special sorghums have led to effective use of special sorghum bran fractions as preservatives for ground beef patties.
The understanding of what happens during tortilla staling has led to improved flavor and texture of tortillas which could significantly increase their consumption since they are low in fat and contain significant levels of calcium and fiber.
By selecting corn varieties with high extractable starch combined with low to moderate heat drying methods, higher extractable starch corn can be obtained with an estimated increase in value of 4-6 cents per bushel per percentage point of extractable starch.
Recommendations are being formulated for storage bin equipment and for stored grain management that can be used to limit insect populations without the use of chemical insecticides. Reduced use of chemical insecticides should reduce grain storage costs and reduce potential harmful environmental and human health impacts from chemical insecticides.
The results suggest that ozone and hydrogen peroxide may be applicable for treating mildly FHB infected barley. This research could ultimately lead to processing practices that allow increased utilization of US barley for malting.
Grain storage problems, in certain cases, can be solved by applying an available technology that can detect spoilage before it gets out-of-hand. If spoilage is detected early by an increase in CO2 concentration, the problem can be corrected by simple management practices such as applying aeration to cool and dry the grain mass.
The potential to reduce energy consumed for grain cooling is estimated at 25-50 percent. The greatest impact is the assurance of timely grain cooling and prevention of grain quality losses from deterioration and insect infestations. Results from this project may lead to the development of new insect pest management and temperature management strategies for stored wheat.
Elevator managers could use the 3-day CO2 test kit results to determine whether shelled corn can remain in storage with minimal risk. They could also use it to determine whether shelled corn is suitable for shipment to tropical climates where risk of fungal induced spoilage is greater. Rapid tests (<15 min) could be used for initial screening of samples.
The production of wheat-free foods from sorghum provides persons with celiac disease new food choices. Developing high quality wheat-free food products from sorghum provides new markets for the U.S. sorghum crop and may improve the food choices available to persons with celiac disease.
Ethanol production is a growing area for sorghum utilization. Processing of sorghum grain before fermentation is one way to improve ethanol yields and thereby the value of sorghum to the ethanol industry.
Over 95% of all hard winter wheats have been evaluated for end-use quality before they were released as cultivars. Therefore, our efforts greatly impact the overall U.S. wheat industry and the quality of wheat produced.
Barley breeders will be provided with guidelines for the development of varieties with superior food product quality allowing for increased food markets.
Kansas hard white (HDWH) wheat harvested acres increased to 490,000 in 2003, compared to approximately 100,000 harvested acres in 2001. About 27 million mt of feed produced in China using SPC exhibited lower absolute protein variance, worth approximately $30 million savings each year. The K-State Food-Grade Corn Program evaluates dry milling quality of approximately 100 hybrids each year. In 2003, the adoption of one new hybrid (from zero acres in 2002 to 10,000 acres in 2003) boosted producer revenue by $0.5 million.
Identification of cereal cultivars is very important. The end-use quality of wheat, for example, is determined by nearly equal proportions of its genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, the only way to quickly predict end-use properties is to quickly identify the cultivar. NC-213 researchers developed high performance liquid chromatography and high performance capillary electrophoresis methods to quickly (less than 5 min) and accurately identify cereal grain cultivars from 2 grains to bulk flours. In addition, researchers developed methods to identify barley, maize and sorghum cultivars. The utilization of these methods allows breeders to quickly and accurately identify their breeding stocks and allow maltsters to identify barley cultivars of known malting quality.
For corn used for wet milling and dry grind ethanol production, extractable starch is a highly important indicator of value. By selecting corn varieties with high extractable starch combined with low to moderate heat drying methods, higher extractable starch corn can be obtained with an estimated increase in value of 4-6 cents per bushel per percentage point of extractable starch.
High temperature processing of cereal grains in the manufacture of human foods and pet foods may improve the safety of these products by lowering the concentrations of Fusarium mycotoxins. This information is of value to regulators, such as FDA, and the food industry to help arrive at and set reasonable advisory/action levels for these mycotoxins in grains and grain based foods. The determination of the thermal stability of Fusarium mycotoxins in grain based foods is likewise of value in establishing the degree of hazard associated with mycotoxins in these processed foods.
The USDA-CCC is incorporating these guidelines into a less labor-intensive procedure for inspecting grain warehouses of companies that are willing to adopt quality management systems. FC is planning to use the ISO system for specialty production and marketing of 1% linolenic soybeans, estimated to be 10 million bushels in 2005.