Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/17/2003] [05/08/2004] [05/13/2005] [06/19/2006] [04/19/2007]

Report Information

Participants

Bledsoe, Larry (lbledsoe@entm.purdue.edu) - Purdue University;
Blodgett, Sue - (blodgett@montana.edu) - Montana State University;
Boethel, David J. (dboethel@agcenter.lsu.edu) - Louisiana State University;
Boyd, Michael L. (boydm@missouri.edu) - University of Missouri;
Bradshaw, Jeff (bradshaw@iastate.edu) - Iowa State University;
Brewer, Gary (gary.brewer@ndsu.nodak.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Clark, Tom (clarkth@missouri.edu) - University of Missouri;
Glogoza, Phillip (pglogoza@ndsuext.nodak.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Grooms, Deb (deborah.n.grooms@aphis.usda.gov) - USDA Aphis, Niles, MI;
Hammond, Ronald B. (hammond.5@osu.edu) - Ohio State University;
Helm, Charlie (cghelm@uiuc.edu) - University of Illinois;
Hoffman, Bill (whoffman@csrees.usda.gov) - CSREES, Washington, D.C.;
Hunt, Tom (thunt2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
Lentz, Gary L. (glentz@utlc.edu) - University of Tennessee;
ONeil, Bob (rjoneil@entm.purdue.edu) - Purdue University;
Pitre, Henry N. (hpitre@entomology.msstate.edu) - Mississippi State University;
Ragsdale, David (ragsd004@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota;
Reese, John (jreese@oznet.ksu.edu) - Kansas State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Chair of the technical committee, Ron Hammond, opened the meeting at 8:00 a.m. He asked the attendees to introduce themselves to the group.



For the first order of business, Hammond appointed the two past chairs, Lentz and Boethel, to serve as the Nominating committee to select a chair and a secretary for the annual meeting next year. This years secretary, David Hogg, has accepted an administrative position and needs to be replaced. Mo Way, in an email to the chair, volunteered to host next years meeting and serve as chair of the technical committee. His proposal to host the meeting and serve as the chair of the technical committee was acceptable to the members present. Lentz volunteered to take the minutes for this years meeting.



Hammond mentioned that John Hill, a virologist from Iowa State University, had asked him about meeting jointly with S-1010. This proposal will be pursued further.



Administrative Advisor Boethel commended Hammond for his work in getting the project written and in hosting the meeting this year. Although the meeting was originally a Southern regional project, the meeting is now truly a national project and it expected that there will be wider participation. Boethel indicated that the NIMSS reporting form did not have adequate space to fully justify the project. Anna Marie Raspberry, assistant to Southern Director Executive Director, Eric Young (Horticulturalist at NCSU) did much to expedite the new project. Boethel suggested that she be sent a letter of commendation. Hammond indicated that he would send a letter of gratitude to her.



Bill Hoffman of CSREES reported on the status of two RFPs, the Pest Management Alternatives and the Integrated Pest Management Program. He reported that there are currently four regional Pest Management Centers (Cornell, Florida, California Davis and Michigan State University). Crop profiles and IPM Strategic Plans were discussed. The centers are established as a source of information in the region. Hoffman indicated that there is now a request out for applications for four-year projects. He indicated that IR-4 continues. CSREES met with EPA and the Land Grant Universities to bring together new ideas. The Plant Diagnostic Network was discussed. It is an effort to nationally detect threats to the U.S. Hubs are located at Cornell, Florida, Michigan State, Kansas State and California Davis with information in the CAPS repository at Purdue.



Hammond asked for a report on other meetings. The soybean breeders met at St. Louis; the Virus Disease group met with the breeders. Syngenta hosted a meeting on seed treatments for soybean. Gaucho, Prescribe (high rate of Gaucho), Poncho and Cruiser were considered. There were two rates of Gaucho with the low rate for secondary pests. The high rate is for bean leaf beetle (BLB) and soybean aphid (SBA) control. Hammonds assessment is that the seed treatment research needs to proceed.

Ragsdale indicated that the resistance to soybean aphid is in MG IV-VII and not in the MG 0-III.



ONeil commented on the Soybean Aphid Meetings. It appears that environment and native predators are the main factors affecting populations. Ragsdale reported on the damage potential, indicating that a reduction in pod number (pod abortion) is where loss occurs. One variety from Mycogen with a dark hilum under heavy aphid pressure loses the dark hilum.



The 7th World Soybean Research Conference will be held in Brazil 29 Feb-5 March, 2004. Antonio Panizzi may be involved.



Hammond mentioned that Hogg had accepted an administrative position in Wisconsin and Herbert had accepted an appointment in Extension administration at VPI. Iowa State University has announced a vacant position in soybean entomology, which will be an applied position. It was mentioned that Hogg would need to be replaced on the technical committee. Bledsoe indicated that C. R. Edwards plans to retire from Purdue at the end of the fiscal year.



ONeil commented on the Biocontrol work that has been done with the soybean aphid in Asia.



Hammond discussed the termination report of S-281. It is to be submitted within 60 days. A draft of the termination report is contained on pp. 3-20 of the printed report. Hammond requested that changes be made within two weeks. If there are publication changes, those should be submitted also within the two-week period.



Objective Discussion



Objective 1



Objective 1a. NE saw low SBA numbers during 2002. Higley (NE) conducted physiological stress studies. SBA reduces photosynthetic rates at low infestation rates. The overwintering host buckthorn is common in river and creek bottoms. MN found that the minimum temperature for SBA is 45 degrees. SBA reduced pods/node; oil was reduced, seed was 22% larger and the black hilum was not formed on a Mycogen 200 MG II variety. Lorsban and dimethoate gave poor control; Asana and Warrior gave the best control. The threshold reported is 3000 aphid days. SBA does not like hot temperatures. The number of offspring at 77, 81 and 86 degrees was 30, 40 and 10 respectively. Ragsdale (MN) thought row spacing impacted populations. Bledsoe (IN) reported a cool, wet spring, which resulted in late planting which possibly, affected SBA numbers. Studies were attempted with little success; plans are to use a split field this year. IN will continue the insecticide work and variety evaluations. ONeil (IN) reported that buckthorn is now leafing. Survival of fundatrices is poor at 29 degrees. He is now looking at buckthorn distributions, even into the south. Predators at low numbers early can impact populations. He is investigating aphid thresholds. In Japan, SBA has low populations and it does reproduce there at high numbers in high temperatures. Helm (IL) reported low numbers in 2002. The suction trap network will monitor populations throughout IL. Hartman of the USDA is conducting HPR work. He has 15-18 lines which show some resistance. These lines have high levels of pubescence. Root-knot nematode resistant lines have SBA resistance. Many have high pubescence. Glogoza (ND) reported yellowing and stunting in the first GPS to identify locations. Shelterbelts are reported to favor aphids. Shelterbelts do not have to have buckthorn present. MN sees SBA higher near shelterbelts. KS first found SBA 20 Aug 2002 (see handout). Research found there was no chlorophyll loss, but Higley found photosynthesis rate was lowered. Cages were not needed for the research since the aphids do not move. Glogoza indicated there could be a major impact, even when SBA is at low numbers. Ragsdale indicated that aphid age might be more impacting.



Objective 1b. MN evaluated both the F1 and F2 models. IN validated the overwintering model. ND hopes the F2 generation will be reduced.



Objective 1c. LA evaluated Bt soybean since 1998. The last two years MG V entries have been examined. It gave good control of lepidoptera (soybean looper and velvetbean caterpillar.) GA had similar results. Bledsoe (IN) reported that saturated soils reduce bean leaf beetle and rootworm larvae. On threshold research, MN reported that the SBA populations can double every 2 days. A rating scale does not work. Individuals were referred to results posted on the web. ND picks a trifoliolate near the top for population estimates. They use a rating scale or the trifoliolate leaf.



Objective 2. Hammond (OH) indicated that this objective ties to subobjective 1b. He indicated there was less virus movement in resistant varieties. NE sees infestations of BLB on the first 25% of the early-planted soybeans. IL will evaluate both seed treatments and Warrior for BLB control. IA (Krell) evaluated foliar applications. Bradshaw indicated that the seed treatments plus the foliar spray reduces BLB. Events that affect larval populations include such things as a 10-inch rain in northwest IA that caused the population to crash. Bradshaw feels that the seed treatments will work. IA will continue investigating the effects of pubescence on BLB feeding. Seed treatments will be compared to pyrethroid foliar applications. R. Cloyd of IL was a student at Purdue with Edwards about 5 years ago when he examined trichomes in a series of lines for their impact on BLB feeding. The work was published in the IN Academy of Science proceedings. Bradshaw raised a question of the impact of pyrethroids on beneficials. Boethel asked about the impact of bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) on yield. TN reported the impact of ESPS on BLB numbers. Pitre (MS) continues to investigate BPMV (see report). In a date of planting study, more virus was observed. Early maturity groups planted early were most infested. Row spacing was investigated for virus suppression. It was recommended that an ELISA test be run to determine virus incidence. In MN, Ostlie will work on BLB. A pathologist has surveyed the state in 2001 and found BPMV only on experiment stations.



Objective 3. MN found that after SBA first colonized the field, that within 2 weeks, every plant was infested. The Russian wheat aphid parasite, Aphelinus albipodus, was evaluated. The parasite was released into the field at high and low rates. At the high release rate, the lowest number of aphids was collected and at the low rate, aphid numbers were highest. One confounding problem is that the buckthorn aphid may be collected from buckthorn. Voegtlin collected SBA in 12-meter suction traps. ONeil (IN) will be investigating fly predators in the family Chamaemyiidae. Among the endemic parasites, there are very few mummies. MN reported 5% of the SBA population was affected by pathogens. Very little was found in IN. Predators reported were lady beetles, carabids, Orius insidiosus, Nabis and Chrysopa in MN, MI and IN. ONeil and Landis will be modeling Orius. Two pathogens, Endora and Caneb look promising.



Objective 4. This objective deals with remote sensing and management of insects looking at NDVI. LA reported that stink bugs were the most abundant pest, with increasing populations of brown sting bug species. Pyrethroid insecticides were not very effective on the brown stink bug species. ND plotted the distribution of SBA over the field 9 July- Sept 2002.



The location of next years meeting was discussed. Since Mo Way has volunteered to host the meeting, the group proposed that San Antonio be considered for the March 7-9, 2004. Hammond will check with Way. The nominating committee proposed that Way serve as Chair for next year and that Hunt had consented to serve as Secretary. This proposal was acceptable to the technical committee.



Hammond requested that the group look over the annual report and the publication lists.



Reese mentioned that Kansas State has a website where translations of the Asian literature on SBA is available.



Boethel commented that the group might want to use the longer meeting next year to show more data. The group might also wish to consider an invited speaker, someone who is working in an area related to the project (virologist, etc.). The agenda might also be expanded to consider much of the seed treatment work that is planned for the 2003 season. Boethel and the group extended thanks to Hammond who worked diligently in the project rewrite and in hosting the meeting in Indianapolis. The meeting adjourned at 5:00 p.m.

Accomplishments

The project has only been in existance since October, 2002, and has not yet had a summer of activity. Progress has so far only dealt with planning research to meet the various objectives. The annual meeting held on April 6, 2003, mostly dealt with those plans.

Publications

None at this time. Project just began.

Impact Statements

1. None at this time. Project has just began.

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Report Information

Participants

Bailey, Wayne (baileyw@missouri.edu) University of Missouri;
Bledsoe, Larry (lbledsoe@purdue.edu) Purdue University;
Boethel, David (dboethel@agcenter.lsu.edu) LSU Agricultural Center;
Clark, Tom (clarkth@missouri.edu) University of Missouri;
DiFonzo, Christina (difonzo@msu.edu) Michigan State University;
Glogoza, Phillip (pglogoza@ndsuext.nodak.edu) North Dakota State University;
Hammond, Ronald (hammond.5@osu.edu) Ohio State University;
Herbert, Ames (herbert@vt.edu) Virginia Tech;
Helm, Charlie (cghelm@uiuc.edu ) Illinois Natural History Survey;
Higley, Leon (lhigley1@unl.edu) University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
Hunt, Tom (thunt2@unl.edu) University of Nebraska;
Kambhampati, Srini (srini@ksu.edu) Kansas State University;
Lentz, Gary (glentz@utk.edu) West Tennessee Experiment Station;
McPherson, Bog (pherson@tifton.uga.edu) University of Georgia, Tifton Campus;
Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@csrees.usda.gov) USDA/CSREES;
ONeal, Matt (oneal@iastate.edu) Iowa State University;
ONeil, Bob (roneil@purdue.edu) Purdue University;
Ragsdale, David (ragsd001@umn.edu) University of Minnesota;
Reese, John (jreese@oznet.ksu.edu) Kansas State University;
Rice, Marlin (merice@iastate.edu) Iowa State University;
Schaafsma, Arthur (aschaafs@ridgetownc.uoguelph.ca) University of Guelph;
Voegtlin, David (dvoegtli@uiuc.edu) Illinois Natural History Survey;
Way, M.O. (moway@aesrg.tamu.edu) Texas A&M University;

Brief Summary of Minutes

The main item on the agenda was to discuss progress during the 2003 calendar year on the four current objectives of our multi-state project . The minutes may be reviewed through the following link: http://www.lgu.umd.edu/project/saes.cfm?trackID=2296

Accomplishments

Objective 1:<br /> <br>Characterize the dynamics and impact of evolving insect pests and optimize insect management as an integral element of developing cropping systems.<br /> <br><br /> <br>GA: Pest arthropod populations were similar in conventional and Round-Up Ready systems of weed management. An early maturing variety of edible soybeans (Midori Giant) escaped damaging populations of stink bugs and caterpillars.<br /> <br>Soybean aphid (SBA) was detected in Georgia for the second year in a row.<br /> <br>Twenty-eight varieties of soybeans were screened for resistance to stink bugs and Lepidoptera pests. Varieties exhibited a large range of susceptibility to these pests. Fire ants in soybeans were controlled with Amdro and Lorsban; however, fewer spiders were collected in plots treated with these insecticides.<br /> <br>Warrior, Scout, Capture, Demon and Orthene were effective against soybean looper.<br /> <br><br /> <br>IN: A preliminary threshold of 250 SBA/plant up to R4 was established.<br /> <br>Planting date and plant age did not appear to have an impact on SBA density.<br /> <br>SBA outbreaks occurred 1-2 weeks after outbreaks in more northern states; thus, SBA moves from north to south. SBA overwintered in northern Indiana. Rhamnus cathartica, R. alnifolia, and R. lanceolata were shown to be overwintering hosts of SBA. Several species of Rhamnaceae supported fall migrants (gynoparae), but only R. cathartica and R. alnifolia supported the egg-laying generation (oviparae) of SBA. In the field, initial colonies of SBA are patchy and consist of nymphs. Eventually, SBA colonize entire fields and achieve a more uniform distribution. A model of SBA population dynamics is being developed.<br /> <br><br /> <br>KS: Resistance to SBA is being investigated using a visual rating scale using KS 4202 as the sentry variety. Antibiosis tests revealed three varieties with significantly reduced aphid reproduction. Dectes texanus has shifted from sunflowers to soybeans. D. texanus on both hosts are conspecific, but sunflower is a better host than soybean.<br /> <br><br /> <br>LA: Did not find SBA in 2003.<br /> <br><br /> <br>NE: SBA gradually spread throughout the eastern half of NE in 2003. Most damaging populations were found in northeastern NE. This colonization pattern was similar to 2002 but more fields were treated in 2003 than 2002. Milder temperatures in 2003 may have accounted for higher populations in 2003. Two out of four studies showed about a 10 bu/acre yield increase in SBA-treated plots compared to untreated plots. Soybean defoliation reduced early-season crop tolerance to weeds.<br /> <br><br /> <br>ND: SBA was found on buckthorn in the fall of 2003 at Moorhead, MN on the MN/ND border. SBA was found in highest abundance on late reproductive stage soybeans in 2003. SBA initially colonized the edge of soybean fields near shelterbelts; populations gradually became uniformly distributed in the field. Recommendation: scout field borders near shelterbelts first in early July to detect initial colonization by aphids. In a greenhouse test, MN0302 and Dynagro 3072 generated high populations of SBA but exhibited low damage. SBA became established on thiamethoxam-treated (applied to seed) plots 3 weeks later than on untreated plots. ND participated in the common experimental protocol for refining the SBA economic threshold. Karate Z was applied at R2, R3, R4 and R5. Aphid infestation was not high enough to obtain meaningful data.<br /> <br><br /> <br>OH: The threshold for SBA is 250-300/plant with increasing populations. In validation studies, in all cases where aphid populations midwest the threshold, yield losses occurred. Lorsban at 2 pt/acre gave excellent control of SBA; data suggest Lorsban has contact and fumigant action. CEAs and consultants reported yield increases of 5-15 bu/acre in fields treated for SBA. Proper management entails weekly sampling beginning at R2 and treating when populations reach 250-300 SBA/plant. In an insecticide screening trial, Furadan at 8 oz/acre and Lorsban at 24 oz/acre provided the best control of SBA.<br /> <br>In narrow row soybeans, skip row soybean planting is encouraged to avoid running over soybeans with spray equipment (treating for SBA). Heavy slug defoliation occurred soon after emergence when weather turned unseasonably cool. A $500,000 program funded by USDA-NCRS EQIP has been established and will make monies available to growers to sample and treat for slugs.<br /> <br><br /> <br>TN: Evaluated soybean cultivars for resistance to Dectes stem borer; for early MGV cultivars, Delta King was most damaged; least damaged was FFR. For late MGV cultivars, Dectes damage was less than for early MGV cultivars.<br /> <br>The pyrethroids, Asansa XL [0.05 lb (AI)/acre], Baythroid [0.03-0.044 lb (AI)/acre],Fury [0.05 lb (AI)/acre] and Karate Z [0.03 lb (AI)/acre] performed well against green stink bug. Lorsban [l lb (AI)/acre] was least effective.<br /> <br><br /> <br>TX: Populations of stink bugs were compared on MG IV, V, VI and VII soybeans planted in mid-April and late May. Basically, stink bugs, primarily southern green stink bug, built-up to damaging levels on MG IV soybeans planted early. However, for the late May planting date, stink bug populations did not exceed threshold levels on MG V and VI and VII soybeans. Planting MG V or VI soybeans in May/June may avoid damaging stink bug populations and allow early harvest before cool, wet weather occurs.<br /> <br><br /> <br>VA: SBA was found in soybean fields in 10 counties; however, populations did not approach damaging levels. Educational programs were conducted to alert clientele of this potentially devastating insect pest. Based on the Corn Earworm Advisory, corn earworm (CEW) problems on soybeans were predicted to be less in 2003 compared to 2002, and in fact, they were. About 60% of VA soybean acreage was treated for CEW in 2002; only 17% was treated in 2003. The % of soybean acres treated in August was well correlated with predictions based on a survey of field corn in July. Field-collected CEW moths from around the soybean-producing area of VA were subjected to varying rates of cypermethrin. No evidence of pyrethroid resistance was detected. However, field collected CEW moths reared from larvae collected around the soybean-producing area of VA did exhibit low levels of resistance. Growers were warned and encouraged to employ non-pyrethroid insecticides. Steward 1.25 SC at 4.6 and 6.7 oz/acre, Tracer 4SC at 2 oz/acre, Mustang Max at 2.8 and 4.0 oz/acre, Larvin at 10 oz/acre and Karate Z at 1.6 oz/acre provided at least 90% control of CEW. <br /> <br><br /> <br>WI: In field experiments, late-planted soybeans produced higher SBA populations than early planted soybeans. Results of experiments show that the economic threshold for SBA is 500/plant at R1. At R2/3, the threshold increases to 1000/plant. The best time to apply an insecticide for SBA is R/2. SBA was detected earlier on early- rather than late-planted soybeans. SBA tend to congregate in the uppermost nodes during June and early July after which their spatial distribution is less clumped. Adapted germplasm also was screened for SBA; populations ranged from 1000 to 2500 per plant which suggests that resistance to SBA can be incorporated into adapted germplasm.<br /> <br><br /> <br> <br /> <br>Objective 2:<br /> <br>Define insect-vector ecology and virus-disease relationships and develop management strategies.<br /> <br><br /> <br>ND: Aphid-transmitted viruses were not detected in ND.<br /> <br><br /> <br>WI: Soybean dwarf virus was detected in soybeans in five counties in WI in 2003. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and soybean mosaic virus (SMV) were the most prevalent viruses infecting soybeans in 2003. Soybean germplasm was evaluated for reaction to AMV, SMV and bean pod mottle virus; differences among varieties for yield and grain quality were evident. This information was given to breeders for use in their programs.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Objective 3:<br /> <br>Biological control of the soybean aphid in North America.<br /> <br><br /> <br>IN: Harmonia axyridis is a common predator of SBA. Little parasitism occurs but fungal disease epidemics are common. Other predators are damselflies, flower flies and lacewing larvae. The major predator of SBA is Orius insidiosus. O. insidiosus populations were associated with thrips populations. Thrips may be sustaining O. insidious populations for later SBA predation. Hypothesis: O. insidiosus keep in check locally overwintering SBA but are unable to impact large migrant populations entering IN from the north. <br /> <br><br /> <br>KY: The predatory harvestman, Phalangium opilio, is a common predator of CEW eggs and also feeds on SBA. This predator only feeds at night. Also, CEW eggs are a better host diet than SBA. USDA/ARS Michigan: In cooperation with State Experiment Station scientists, the USDA PPQ Invasive Pests Management Laboratory in Niles, MI screened and evaluated exotic natural enemies of the SBA, modeled natural enemy impacts on SBA, conducted foreign exploration for SBA natural enemies and studied the interaction of predators and parasitoids on SBA biological control. Also, this facility reared the Wyoming strain of an established aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus albipodus (shipped 76,000 to MN and 447,000 to WI).<br /> <br><br /> <br>WI: In 2003, SBA was severe in southern WI. A. albipodus was released in 2002 and became established in 2003. Lady beetles are the most significant predator of SBA in WI. SBA natural enemy complex is diversifying following the recent introduction of this pest.<br /> <br><br /> <br> <br /> <br>Objective 4:<br /> <br>Apply geospatial and precision technologies to advance pest management in soybeans.<br /> <br><br /> <br>LA: The drop cloth and light meter methods (measures light interception) of determining when to treat for defoliating insects gave similar results; both methods triggered an insecticide application within several days of one another.<br /> <br>Results confirm that light measurements using hand-held light meters can accurately predict when insecticide application is warranted. Use of vegetation indices generated by remote sensing correlated well to light interception and leaf area index (LAI) measurements. Thus, remote sensing shows promise as an accurate method of determining when to apply insecticide.<br /> <br><br /> <br>VA: Varieties and planting dates were manipulated to achieve various LAIs of field-grown soybeans. Infrared images of these plots were taken from a fixed-wing aircraft at three different altitudes. NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) values were calculated from the infrared images. Results show a significant linear relationship between LAI and NDVI.

Publications

Georgia<br /> <br><br /> <br>Jones, D. C. and R. M. McPherson. 2003. Insect Management. Georgia Soybean Production Guide. CSS 03-02:58-66.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Seagraves, M. P. and R. M. McPherson. 2003. Residual susceptibility of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to four agricultural insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:645-648.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McPherson, R. M., W. C. Johnson, B. G. Mullinix, Jr., W. A. Mills, III, and F. S. Peebles. 2003. Influence of herbicide tolerant soybean production systems on insect pest populations and pest-induced crop injury. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:690-698.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McPherson, R. M., D. C. Jones, J. C. Garner, and G. K. Douce. 2003. Soybean insect pest alert: Soybean aphid now established in Georgia. Univ Georgia Coop. Ext. Serv. Misc. Publ. 105 (also @www.ces.uga.edu/pubcd/MP105.htm).<br /> <br><br /> <br>McPherson, R. M., M. L. Wells, W. A. Mills, III, and S. R. Jones. 2003. Control of velvetbean caterpillars on soybean, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests 28: F103.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McPherson, R. M. and W. A. Mills, III. 2003. Control of stink bugs on soybeans in Georgia, and impact on velvetbean caterpillar populations, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests 28: F104.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McPherson, R. M., J. D. Taylor and N. J. Roberson. 2003. Control of velvetbean caterpillars on soybean and impact on soybean loopers and threecornered alfalfa hoppers, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests 28: F105.<br /> <br><br /> <br>McPherson, R. M. and D. C. Jones. 2003. Soybean insects, pp. 37-38, in P. Guillebeau, N. Hinkle, and P. Roberts (eds.), Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 2001. Ga. Agric. Expt. Stn., Misc. Publ. 106.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Indiana<br /> <br><br /> <br>Voegtlin, D., R. J. O?Neil and W. Graves. 2004. Tests of suitability of overwintering hosts of Aphis glycines: identification of a new host association with Rhamnus alnifolia L?Hér. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. (In press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Ragsdale, D., R.J. O?Neil and D.. Voegtlin. 2004. Soybean aphid biology in North America. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. (In press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Rutledge, C. E., R., J. O?Neil, T. B. Fox and D. A. Landis. 2004. Soybean aphid predators and their use in IPM. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. (In press).<br /> <br><br /> <br>Heimpel, G. E., D. W. Ragsdale, R. Venette, K. R. Hopper, R. J. O?Neil, C. Rutledge and Z. Wu. 2004. Prospects for importation biological control of the soybean aphid: anticipating potential costs and benefits. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. (In press). <br /> <br><br /> <br>Wu, Z., K.R. Hopper, R. J. O?Neil, , D. Voegtlin, D. R. Prokrym, and G. E. Heimpel. Reproductive Compatibility and Genetic Variation between Two Strains of Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a Parasitoid of the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae). Submitted to Biological Control.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Edwards, C. R., J. L. Obermeyer and L. W. Bledsoe. 2003. Soybean Insect Control Recommendations. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Publication E-77W. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology ext/targets/e-series/EseriesPDF/E-77.htm. West Lafayette, IN. 7 pp.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Kentucky<br /> <br><br /> <br>Allard, C. M. 2003. Diel activity patterns and distribution of Phalangium opilio in soybean and the effect of diet on female reproduction. M.S. Thesis, University of Kentucky. 68 pp.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Louisiana<br /> <br><br /> <br>Baur, M.E., J. Ellis, K. Hutchinson, and D.J. Boethel. 2003. Contact toxicity of selective insecticides for non-target predaceous hemipterans in soybeans. J. Entomol. Sci. 38: 269-277.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Baur, M.E., and D.J. Boethel. 2003. Effect of Bt-cotton expressing Cry1Ac on the survival and fecundity of two hymenopteran parasitoids (Braconidae, Encyrtidae) in the laboratory. Biological Control 26: 325-332.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Baur, M.E., B.J. Fitzpatrick, and D.J. Boethel. 2003. Insect-resistant, transgenic soybeans: a new IPM tool. La. Agricult. 46 (4): 32-33<br /> <br><br /> <br>Baur, M.E., and D.J. Boethel. 2003. Tracking loopers with DNA. La. Agricult. 46 (4): 34.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Nebraska<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hunt, T. E., L.G. Higley, and F. J. Haile. 2003. Imported Longhorned Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury to Soybean: Physiological Response and Injury Guild-Level Economic Injury Levels. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1168-1173.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Peterson, R.K.D., and T. E. Hunt, 2003. The Probabilistic Economic Injury Level: Incorporating Uncertainty Into Pest Management Decision-Making. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 536-543.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Ziems, A., Giesler, L.J., and Hunt, T. 2003. Effect of foliar insecticide timing on incidence of bean pod mottle virus. Phytopathology 93:S95.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Echtenkamp, J., and T. E. Hunt. 2003. NK S24-K4 Control of bean leaf beetle on soybean, 2002. Arthropod Mgt. Tests. F95. Vol. 28.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Madsen, R. A. 2003. Host responses of soybeans and alfalfa to simulated insect defoliation and the development of economic injury levels. M.S. thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Ohio<br /> <br><br /> <br>Gewal, S. K., P. S. Grewal, and R. B. Hammond. 2003. Susceptibility of North American native and non-native slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) to Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 13:119-125.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hammond, R. B. 2003. Gray garden slug control in field corn, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28: F20.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Hammond, R. B. 2003. Seed treatments for control of insects in soybeans, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28: F98.<br /> <br><br /> <br>Virginia<br /> <br><br /> <br>Malone, S., D. A. Herbert, Jr., and S. Pheasant. Determining adoption of integrated pest management practices by grains farmers in Virginia. J. of Extension (Accepted for publication, Jan. 2004).

Impact Statements

1. Adoption of an economic threshold of 250-500 SBA per plant on 10% of the acreage in 6 midwestern states is estimated to result in savings of $225 annually in yield losses and reduced unnecessary insecticide application.
2. Progress was made towards determining the current distribution of SBA and predicting its future spread.
3. SBA overwintering relationships with buckthorn were elucidated and applied to predict future damaging populations of the pest.
4. Aggressive biological control programs involving native and exotic natural enemies of SBA are being conducted.
5. Planting of MGV and VI soybeans along the Texas Gulf Coast in mid-May and early June indicate that this method may avoid stink bug damage prduce high yields, and allow harvesting before onset of inclement weather.
6. Impact 6 - Geospatial and remote sensing technology to estimate soybean defoliation revealed that vegetation indices generated by remote sensing correlated well with light interception and LAI measurements.

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Participants

Herbert, Ames (herbert@vt.edu) VA Tech; Boethel, David (dboethel@agcenter.lsu.edu) LSU AgCenter; Ragsdale, David (ragsd001@umn.edu) Univ. of Minn.; Baute, Tracey (tracey.baute@omaf.gov.on.ca) Ontario Ministry of Agric.; Roy, Michle (Michele.roy@mapaq.gouv.qc.ca) Qubec Ministry of Agric.; Bailey, Wayne (baileyw@missouri.edu) Univ. of Missouri; Lentz, Gary (glentz@utk.edu) Univ. of Tenn.; Bellis, Diane (dbellis@agsourceinc.com) USB/AgSource; Onstad, David (onstad.@uiuc.edu) Univ. of Ill.; ONeil, Bob (rjoneil@purdue.edu) Purdue Univ.; Hoelmer, Kim (khoelmer@udel.edu) USDA ARS, Newark, DE; Magalhan, Leonardo (lmagalh@unl.server.edu) Univ. of NE; Franzen, Lisa (lfranzen@unlserve.unl.edu) Univ. of NE;
Svehla, Sheri (toad_9@hotmail.com) Univ. of NE; Brosius, Tierney (tierneyberger@hotmail.com) Univ.of NE; McPherson, Bob (pherson@uga.edu) Univ. of Georgia; Reese, John (jreese@oznet.ksu.edu) Kansas State Univ.; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@csrees.usda.gov) USDA CSREES; Hammond, Ron (hammond.5@osu.edu) OARDC-OSU; DiFonzo, Chris Mich (difonzo@msu.edu) . State Univ.; Krupke, Christian (ckrupke@purdue.edu) Purdue Univ.; Hunt, Tom (thunt2@unl.edu) Univ. of NE; Voegtlin, David (dvoegtli@uiuc.edu) INHS, Higgins, Randy (rhiggins@oznet.ksu.edu) KSU; Gratton, Claudio (cgratton@wisc.edu) Univ. Wisconsin, Musser, Fred (fm61@msstate.edu) Miss. State Univ.; Kambhampati, Srini (srini@ksu.edu) KSU; Way, Mo (moway@aesrg.tamu.edu) Texas A&M; Mailander, Mike (mmailand@bae.lsu.edu) LSU Ag Center; ONeal, Matt (oneal@iastate.edu) Iowa State Univ.; Holshouser, David (dholshou@vt.edu) Virginia Tech; Baur, Matt (mbaur@agctr.lsu.edu) LSU

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2005 annual meeting of S-1010 was held at Colonial Williamsburg, VA.

Meeting called to order by Chair, Tom Hunt (NE), at 2:00 pm, Sunday 3/13/05. The afternoon focus was on soybean aphid-specific objectives. ONeil reviewed the newly funded NCSRP grant, Biological Control of the Soybean Aphid which includes research teams from IN, IL, IA, MN, WI, MI, and USDA ARS in DE. Ragsdale reported that the final year of a Soybean Aphid NCSRP (year 3 of 3) grant was funded and notification will be forthcoming to all collaborators (KS, NE, IA, ND, WI, IN, MI, and OH). Numerous soybean aphid research projects were discussed covering such topics as biocontrol, population dynamics, host plant resistance, threshold development, distribution and sampling. The Sunday meeting adjourned at 5:15 pm.

The executive committee meeting followed the general session at 5:20 pm. The nomination committee was formed (Bob ONeil and Wayne Bailey) and directed to nominate a secretary for 2006 to serve as chair in 2007. Location of the next meeting discussed.

On Monday 3/14/05 Hunt called the meeting to order at 8:00 am. Rick Meyer, S-1010 CSREES advisor reported on the Presidents proposed budget, including the redirection of Hatch and other dollars to NRI. Meyer emphasized that all stakeholders need to make law makers aware of their concerns and issues. Meyer also reported on a plan to write a history of the committees accomplishments. David Boethel, S-1010 Administrative Advisor, discussed his views on the impact of the presidents budget proposal. Beothel also emphasized the importance of collaboration when examining such questions as soybean aphid DNA fingerprinting, suction trap data coordination, and other soybean aphid management issues (e.g. effects of soybean rust fungicides). Discussion turned to the federal E-Extension program. A subcommittee of Tom Hunt, Ames Herbert and Randy Higgins will look into insuring correct soybean insect recommendations are presented in the federal E-Extension system. Dave Holshouser, Extension Soybean Specialist in Virginia, gave a presentation on soybean production in VA. Diane Bellis, United Soybean Board, gave an overview on the soybean check-off funded programs. State reports were presented in order of project objectives. The Monday meeting adjourned at 5:00 pm.

On Tuesday 3/15/05 Hunt called the meeting to order at 8:00 am. Discussion of objectives continued. Ames Herbert, VA Tech, was elected S-1010 Secretary for 2007. The 2006 S-1010 Annual Meeting was tentatively scheduled for April 2-3 in St. Louis, MO just prior to the 2006 IPM Symposium (starting early Sunday morning at 9:00 am, continuing all day Monday). An attempt will be made to interact with other soybean related regional projects that also are meeting in conjunction with the IPM Symposium. Local arrangements will be coordinated by Ron Hammond and Wayne Bailey, but much of the hotel reservation, etc. will be in conjunction with the National IPM Symposium. A letter from S-1010 will be sent to Susan Ratcliffe (2006 IPM Symposium) proposing a symposium on soybean aphid and soybean rust. Matt ONeal will help coordinate this effort, inviting people who have data on fungicide and insecticide interactions and their effect on soybean aphid and soybean rust. Discussion was to have soybean aphid, bean leaf beetle and possibly other insect data taken from the soybean rust sentinel plots. Hunt and Hammond will pursue this idea and contact those directing the soybean rust sentinel plot program. Dave Voegtlin offered to service a suction trap or two for other states. Traps cost around $1500/trap. He will serve one trap for other states if they can pay for the trap. Claudio Gratton would like to have aphid samples along with plant samples sent to him so he can begin looking at isotope distribution in an attempt to identify the likely source of aphids found on soybean throughout the region. Meeting was adjourned at 11:30 a.m. Tuesday morning.

Accomplishments

The committee was very active in 2004, as evidenced by numerous publications, research projects, and grant dollars secured. Good progress was made on the project objectives and 2004 milestones. Meeting attendance was extremely high with 32 participants, including 4 graduate students and representatives from the provincial governments of Quebec and Ontario. <br /> <br /> Milestones for 2004 were: Evaluation of standard sampling protocols for soybean aphid. Continued evaluation of multiple tactics for soybean aphid management. Continue management studies of bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus. Continue threshold studies with value-added soybeans and when grown under various stresses. Determine the establishment of released natural enemies. Continue with plot work with LAI measurements and aerial color and infrared photos. Begin to develop vegetative indices from infrared photos using the ArcView GIS software<br /> <br /> Objective 1. Characterize the dynamics and impact of evolving insect pests and optimize insect management as an integral element of developing cropping systems.<br /> The committee has been very successful in attaining funding related to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) biology and management. These projects are excellent examples of multi-state, multi-discipline projects that allow for stakeholder input. These funds include a USDA RAMP grant (Mich. State as lead institution), and two NCSRP funded grants lead by Purdue and the Univ. Minnesota. In addition, several state commodity boards and the provincial governments of Quebec and Ontario directly fund soybean aphid projects. This support has led to a rapid development of soybean aphid sampling procedures and economic thresholds that have been adopted throughout the United States and Canada where the soybean aphid is found. The basic threshold of 250 aphids/plant, 80% of the plants infested and populations increasing was found to hold true for soybeans from flowering through beginning seed stages (R1-R5). This value of this work has most recently recognized by an Entomological Society of America special project team award, Consensus Recommendation for Soybean Aphid Control, presented by the Board Certified Entomologists (BCE) at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the ESA. In Minnesota progress was made on a speed scouting protocol (a sequential sampling plan) that has the potential to dramatically reduce soybean aphid scouting time, which will in turn increase adoption of soybean aphid sampling and threshold recommendations by growers.<br /> <br /> Studies examining host plant resistance to soybean aphid was also fruitful. Soybean accessions were found to differ in response to soybean aphid and genes were identified that express resistance to soybean aphid. As soybean cultivars are developed from these sources of resistance, growers will benefit from the wider choice of germplasm and a reduction in insecticide use can be anticipated. <br /> <br /> Various insecticide use studies were conducted, including insecticide efficacy studies (including seed treatments), herbicide/insecticide tank mixes, fungicide/insecticide tank mixes, and application studies. These studies generated useful information that will be used to optimize insecticide management of soybean aphid, when warranted. <br /> <br /> Studies were completed on high sucrose soybeans grown under multiple stresses. Results indicate that injuries affected yield by lowering the leaf area during pod filling. In general, relationships between defoliation and yield loss (as indicated through LAI) were not different between added-value and conventional soybeans. However, under stress conditions such as drought high sucrose soybeans appeared to show more susceptibility to defoliation. Studies were also completed on the effects of seedling defoliation on weed management. Results indicate that early season defoliation gives a significant competitive edge to weeds, and when defoliators are present weed management operations must start earlier in the season.<br /> <br /> Edamame soybean (green edible soybean) is an emerging specialty crop and research is defining the production challenges facing this crop. Research indicated that these varieties can experience severe stink bug damage. In addition, preliminary work has indicated that determinate varieties may be less susceptible to soybean aphid than indeterminate varieties.<br /> <br /> Useful management information was generated for a variety of other insect pests, such as the use of reduced risk pesticides to control stink bug, insecticide efficacy trials various Lepidoptera defoliators and Dectes texanus, and documenting the level of resistance of corn earworm populations to pyrethroids. Results from studies will be incorporated into soybean IPM programs resulting in 1) reduced environmental disruption caused by over use of insecticides and 2) increased profitability for farmers.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2. Define insect-vector ecology and virus-disease relationships and develop management strategies.<br /> Research was conducted to determine if soybean aphid was a vector of potyviruses, specifically Potato Virus Y. Although this virus does not replicate in soybean, potato growers are encouraged to use soybean as a crop border for high value seed potato fields. Soybean aphid was found to be a good Potato virus Y (PVY) vector of all strains of the virus, so the aphid is now a major vector of concern in the potato industry. The aphids ability to vector other viruses is being investigated. It is imperative to know the vector capability of this exotic aphid as it may be a key vector in other cropping systems. <br /> <br /> Other studies on bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) has indicated that controlling the beetle to control BPMV (seed treatments, conventional insecticide treatments) has variable results in regions outside of Iowa (e.g. Nebraska) where the original research was conducted. Research also was conducted that indicated that the use of soybeans resistant to bean leaf beetle feeding to may prevent the spread of bean pod mottle virus in the field. <br /> <br /> Objective 3. Biological control of the soybean aphid in North America.<br /> In addition to the progress made on soybean aphid sampling and economic thresholds, other projects are making significant progress on biological control programs involving native and exotic natural enemies of soybean aphid. Several exotic biocontrol agents are being evaluated for possible release in North America. Life history and ecological studies were conducted with native and introduced natural enemies (e.g. Orius insidiosis, Harmonia axiridis), the goal being to eventually incorporate this information into management recommendations. For example, it appears that aphid predation in fall by Harmonia may be a key to the multi-year cycle of soybean aphid. Harmonia will follow aphids into the buckthorn and may be a key regulatory agent of soybean aphid on the overwintering host. <br /> <br /> Insecticide use studies also generated information that will be useful in understanding the effect of insecticide treatment on the soybean aphid natural enemy complex.<br /> <br /> Objective 4. Apply geospatial and precision technologies to advance pest management in soybeans.<br /> Research continued on the utility of remote sensing methods for determination of soybean leaf area index (LAI) and percent canopy light interception (LI). Vegetation indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), and simple ratio (SR)] were measured using surface digital photography. All three vegetation indices closely tracked differences in LAI and LI, NDVI showing the greatest accuracy in predicting LAI and LI. Across an LAI range of 0.0 to 3.08 and an LI range from 10 to 80%, each gradation was reflected in a significant increase in NDVI. Similar results occurred for GNDVI and SR. When completed, this work will allow growers/consultants to identify fields and regions within fields that are at risk and then target sampling procedures. It was recognized that the cost of obtaining multispectral imaging of a soybean crop needs to be reduced for the application of this technology to be used by consultants and efforts are underway to use less sophisticated equipment to estimate LAI. <br /> <br /> Plans for 2005<br /> Plans for the coming year include continued evaluation of sampling protocols for soybean aphid, continued evaluation of multiple tactics for soybean aphid management, evaluation of soybean aphid natural enemies, and studies examining soybean aphid biology and ecology. The goal is to achieve soybean aphid IPM programs for each affected state.<br /> <br /> Research will also continue on bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus and adapting remote sensing technology for soybean pest management. Management of other pests, such as stink bugs, Lepidoptera defoliators and pod-feeders, slugs and D. texanus, will be researched and data extended to stakeholders. <br />

Publications

Bradshaw, J. D, M. E. Rice, and J. H. Hill. 2004. Efficacy of a pyrethroid and a systemic seed-treated insecticide to manage an insect-pathogen complex in soybean. Entomological Society of America Meeting, Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah. URL address: http://esa.confex.com/esa/2004/techprogram/paper_16070.htm<br /> <br /> Bradshaw, J. D, M. E. Rice, and J. H. Hill. 2004. Efficacy of a pyrethroid and a systemic seed-treated insecticide to manage a pest and a pathogen. International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.<br /> <br /> Echtenkamp, Gerald W., T. E. Hunt. 2004. Control of bean leaf beetle in soybeans, 2003. ESA Arthropod Management Tests 2004, Volume 2, F74.<br /> <br /> Echtenkamp, Gerald W., T. E. Hunt. 2004. Control of soybean aphid in soybeans, 2003. ESA Arthropod Management Tests 2004, Volume 2, F75.<br /> <br /> Hajimorad, M. R., A. L. Eggenberger, and J. H. Hill. 2004. Elicitor function of Soybean mosaic virus-G7 provoking Rsv1-mediated lethal systemic hypersensitive response maps to P3. Phytopathology 94:S38.<br /> <br /> Hammond, R. B. 2004. Seed treatments in soybean, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests. 29: F79.<br /> <br /> Hammond, R. B. 2004. Potato leafhopper control in alfalfa, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests. 29: F1.<br /> <br /> Hammond, R. B. 2004. Foliage treatments in soybean, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests. 29: F78.<br /> <br /> Heimpel, G. E., D. W. Ragsdale, R. Venette, K. R. Hopper, R. J. ONeil, C. Rutledge and Z. Wu. 2004. Prospects for importation biological control of the soybean aphid: anticipating potential costs and benefits. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 97: 249-258. <br /> <br /> Herbert, D., A., Jr. and S. Malone. 2004. Update on resistance monitoring efforts with corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. In Proc. of the Northeast Regional Crops Conf., New Haven, CT http://www.udel.edu/IPM/nerfcic2004index.html<br /> <br /> Hodgson, E. W., E. C. Burkness, W. D. Hutchison, and D. W. Ragsdale. 2004. Enumerative and Binomial Sequential Sampling Plans for Soybean Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 97(6): 2127-2136. <br /> <br /> Hunt, Thomas. 2004. Soybean Aphid Management in Nebraska. NF04-599, University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Lincoln, NE.<br /> <br /> Jones, D. C. and R. M. McPherson. 2004. Insect Management. Georgia Soybean Production Guide. CSS 04-05.<br /> <br /> Krell, R. K., Pedigo, L. P., Hill, J. H., and Rice, M. E. 2004. Bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) management for reduction of bean pod mottle virus. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:192-202.<br /> <br /> MacRae, T.C., D.J. Boethel, A. Gao, D.C. Gamundi, L.A. Harrison, V.T. Kabuye, R.M. McPherson, J.A. Miklos, M.S. Parodise, A.S. Toedebusch, and A. Viegas. Laboratory and field evaluations of transgenic soybean exhibiting high dose expression of a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cry 1 Ac like gene for broad-spectrum lepidopteran resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. (accepted).<br /> <br /> Malone, S., D. A. Herbert, Jr., and S. Pheasant. 2004. Determining adoption of integrated pest management practices by grains farmers in Virginia. J. of Extension (http://joe.org/joe/2004august/rb6.shtml). <br /> <br /> McCornack, B., D. W. Ragsdale, and R. C. Venette. 2004. Demography of Soybean Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) at Summer Temperatures. J. Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 854-861. <br /> <br /> McPherson, R. M. and D. C. Jones. 2004. Soybean insects, pp. 35-36, in P. Guillebeau, N. Hinkle, and P. Roberts (eds.), Summary of losses from insect damage and costs of control in Georgia, 2002. Ga. Agric. Expt. Stn., Misc. Publ. 106.<br /> <br /> McPherson, R.M., S.R. Jones, and W.A. Mills III. 2004. Control of velvetbean caterpillars and soybean loopers on soybeans in Georgia, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests 29: F82.<br /> <br /> McPherson, R.M., W.A. Mills III, and S.R. Jones. 2004. Control of stink bugs on soybeans in Georgia, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests 29: F81.<br /> <br /> Payne, G., G. Dively, S. Fleischer, A. Herbert, J. Ingerson-Mahar, T. Kuhar, and J. Whalen. 2004. Susceptibility of bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) adults from across the mid Atlantic states to pyrethroid insecticides. Beltwide Cotton Confs. Pp. 1900 http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2004/abstracts/H046.cfm<br /> <br /> Ragsdale, D. W, D. J. Voegtlin, and R. J. ONeil 2004. Soybean aphid biology in North America. Annals. Ent. Soc. Amer. 97:204-208. <br /> <br /> Rice, M. E., Bradshaw, J. D., and Hill, J. H. 2004. "Bean leaf beetle and bean pod mottle virus research and management in soybean: Two pests, one crop, several options, many questions." North Central Branch meeting of the Entomological Society of America. URL address: http://esa.ent.iastate.edu/stories/storyReader$218<br /> <br /> Rutledge, C. E., R. J. ONeil, T. B. Fox and D. A. Landis. 2004. Soybean aphid predators and their use in IPM. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 97:240-248. <br /> <br /> Seagraves, M.P., R.M. McPherson, and J.R. Ruberson. 2004. Impact of Solenopsis invicta Buren suppression on arthropod ground predators and pest species in soybean. J. Entomol. Sci. 39: 433-443.<br /> <br /> Sloderbeck, Phil, Larry Buschman, and Randy Higgins. 2004. Soybean Stem Borer Management Trials 2001-2003. Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center 2004 Field Day, Kansas State University, Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Report of Progress 927. pp 41-44. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/swao/Entomology/Reports2004/SRP927%20SBSB.pdf <br /> <br /> Sloderbeck, P. E., M. Kaczmarek, L. L. Buschman, R. A. Higgins, W. T. Schapaugh, M. Witt and D. J. Jardine. 2003. The Soybean Stem Borer. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. MF-2581 http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/entml2/MF2581.pdf;<br /> <br /> <br /> Sloderbeck, P. E., J. C. Reese, R. J. Whitworth, C. M. Smith, R. A. Higgins, W. T. Schapaugh, R. E. Wolf and Doug J. Jardine. 2003. The Soybean Aphid. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. MF-2582 http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2582.pdf <br /> <br /> Gustafson, Travis, Thomas E. Hunt, Stevan Z. Knezevic 2004. Effects of Early Season Defoliation of Soybean on Weed Management. XX Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia-Programa e Livro de Resumos, 553. <br /> <br /> Venette, R. C and D. W. Ragsdale. 2004. Assessing the invasion by soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): where will it end? Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 97: 219-226.<br /> <br /> Voegtlin, D., R. J. ONeil and W. Graves. 2004. Tests of suitability of overwintering hosts of Aphis glycines: identification of a new host association with Rhamnus alnifolia LHér. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 97: 233-234. <br /> <br /> Wu, Z., K. R. Hopper, R. J. O'Neil, D. J. Voegtlin, D. R. Prokrym, and G. E. Heimpel. 2004. Reproductive compatibility and genetic variation between two strains of Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae). Biological Control 31:311-319<br /> <br /> Wu, Z., D. Schenk-Hamlin, W. Zhan, D. W. Ragsdale and G. E. Heimpel. 2004. The soybean aphid in China  an historical review. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 97: 209-218 <br /> <br /> Ziems, A.D., L.J. Giesler and T.E. Hunt 2004. Effect of foliar insecticide timing on the incidence of Bean pod mottle virus in soybean. Phytopathology, Phytopathology 94: S117 <br /> <br /> Ziems, A.D., L.J. Giesler and T.E. Hunt 2004. Managing Bean pod mottle virus in soybeans with cultural and chemical methods. VII World Soybean Research Conference, VII World Soybean Research Conference , 228-228. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

Impact Statements

1. In the North Central States, where the soybean aphid was widely distributed, use of the soybean aphid economic thresholds showed growers that in much of the region treatment was not warranted, saving the majority of soybean growers $10 to $16 an acre in treatment costs and protecting up to 47 million acres of cropland from receiving an unnecessary insecticide application.
2. In regions such as Nebraska, the Dakotas, Kansas, Virginia, Quebec and Ontario, the new soybean aphid economic thresholds indicated treatment was warranted and saved soybean growers from losing up to $140 an acre to the soybean aphid.
3. Pest advisories and weekly updates of corn earworm moth activity in Virginia encouraged growers to scout and use economic thresholds rather than simply treating when the pest was observed, resulting in only 14.4% of the acres being treated, down from 17% and 60% being treated in 2003 and 2002, respectively.
4. In Virginia 78 fields in 33 of the major soybean growing counties were scouted weekly for soybean aphid. Low level populations were found in all fields but thresholds were exceeded only in 6 percent. Growers were able to protect those fields with insecticides (only 3,125 acres) and saved significant insecticide application costs and environmental costs by not having to treat the majority of fields.
5. In Iowa over 3 million acres were sprayed with insecticide at a cost of $12-16 per acre in 2003. Communication of the current recommendation occurred through multiple venues and as a result, scouting became a common practice during 2004. Information from a winter 2004 pesticide applicators training survey indicated that use of the thresholds resulted in nearly 80,000 acres of soybeans being treated for soybean aphids during 2004 in Iowa - a 97% reduction in insecticide use from the 2003.

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Participants

Bailey, Wayne (baileyw@missouri.edu) - University of Missouri; Baute, Tracey - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food; DiFonzo, Chris (difonzo@msu.edu) - Michigan State University; Duffey, Laura - USDA APHIS; Gratton, Claudio (cgratton@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin; Gray, Mike (m-gray4@uiuc.edu) - University of Illinois; Hammond, Ron (hammond.5@osu.edu) - Ohio State University; Herbert, Ames (herbert@vtml.cc.vt.edu) - University of Virginia; Higgins, Randy (rhiggins@k-state.edu) - Kansas State University; Higley, Leon (lhighley1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska; Hoelmer, Kim (khoelmer@ars-ebcl.org) - USDA Beneficial Insect Lab; Hunt, Tom (thunt2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska; Jewett, Mike - Michigan State University; Knodel, Janet (jnodel@ndsuext.nodak.edu) - North Dakota State University; Krupke, Christian (ckrupke@purdue.edu) - Purdue University; Lorenz, Gus (glorenz@uaex.edu) - University of Arkansas; Lundgren, John (jlundgren@ngirl.ars.usda.gov) - USDA, Brookings; Meyer, Rick (hmeyer@csrees.usda.gov) - USDA CSREES; Musser, Fred (fm61@msstate.edu) - Mississippi State; O'Neal, Matt (oneal@iastate.edu) - Iowa State University; O'Neil, Bob - Purdue University; Ragsdale, Dave (ragsd001@umn.edu) - University of Minnesota; Reese, John (jreese@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University; Reay-Jones, Francis - Texas A&M University; Steffey, Kevin (ksteffey@uiuc.edu) - University of Illinois; Stewart, Scott (sdstewart@mail.ag.utk.edu) - University of Tennessee; Tilmon, Kelley (Kelley.Tilmon@sdstate.edu) - South Dakota State University; Voegtlin, Dave (dvoegtli@uiuc.edu) - University of Illinois; Way, Mo (moway@aesrg.tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University; Three Students from Nebraska

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2006 annual meeting of S-1010 was held April 2-3 in St Louis MO, in
conjunction with the National IPM Conference. The chair of the technical committee, David Ragsdale, opened the meeting at 1:00 pm. Chris DiFonzo acted as secretary and local arrangements; registration fee was $50/person. Attendees included 31 university and government researchers from the U.S. and Canada.

The group discussed the S1010 project rewrite, which should start in 2006. There was discussion about changing the project to the NC region, which would entail a new advisor. Rick Meyer suggested talking to Dave Boethel (administrative advisor) about the rewrite, as well as moving the project to the NC region. Rick also reminded the group that there is guidance on the web for rewrites. The rewrite probably would have to be in by March/April 2007, so a committee should be in place by Sept 2006.


Rick Meyer, USDA CSREES reported on the 2006 Budget. NRI funded is at $180 million. Other integrated programs were unchanged. The President's 2007 budget is available on the web. There is a 25% reduction in base funding for Hatch by shifting funds to a competitive basis. Dr. Meyer also discussed Impact Statements for multi-state projects: confusion over reporting and evaluating impacts, required under federal regulations. Stakeholders want this information. His presentation covered 'What is an impact' and how to write good impact statements. He also discussed how impacts are used by CSREES.

The group decided to move to electronic reporting - might make it easier to assemble NIMSS reports. C. DiFonzo volunteered for 2006 to collect state reports and other materials and mail CDs to all participants.

The remainder of Day 1 and the morning of Day 2 were spent on reports by objective.

On 3 April, in the afternoon, Scott Isaard, Amanda Hodges, and Julie Golod discussed the Pest information Platform for Extension Education (PIPE), to map SBA on a web site in a similar fashion to soybean rust. A Good Field Practice (GLP) button allows growers to print GFP form/ guidelines for crop insurance. State specialists will have the option update or modify the guidelines for their state to 'better serve their constituents' or to default to general guidelines. There was group discussion on the SBA guidelines for the GFP form, also discussion about the impact of crop insurance on the guidelines, and how data would be presented on the map. Amanda Hodges also talked about the protocol for soybean rust and SBA monitoring.

The group discussed the 2007 meeting times. Tentatively the meeting will take place in Virginia, hosted by Ames Herbert, between March 12-16, 2007. Mo Way volunteered to serve as secretary if Ames hosts in 2007.

Meeting adjourned at 5pm on 3 April 2006.

Accomplishments

Objective 1a-c: Soybean aphid management; validating BLB management <br /> strategies; management of insects in evolving cropping systems.<br /> <br /> Soybean aphid populations were high across much of the Midwest. A record 30,000 SBA were counted on a single plant in Michigan. Fields in SE counties in this state were over threshold by mid-June 15. Suction trap catches were large at several locations around the Great Lakes in early August. In addition to aphids, treatments for spider mites were also up in 2005. Millipedes, stink bugs, and slugs were also noted as increasing problems.<br /> <br /> In the area of SBA biology, NDSU reported the super-cooling point for SBA eggs was lower than reported, -39 C. Late in 2005, many people noticed a small white soybean aphid form (white dwarves - a term used in cotton aphid) on the lower canopy. These aphids less vigorous and produced no honey dew. However, these aphids 'recovered' at the end of the season or when moved to new plants. Host plant nutrition may have something to do with this white form.<br /> <br /> Soybean aphid management continued to be an important activity in S1010. Many universities had trials to validate the speed scouting methods compared to the 250 threshold. Speed scouting was too conservative, and often recommended treatment before the 250 threshold was reached. A modification was suggested for 2006 to account for pulling the trigger early - must be over threshold for two consecutive weeks to treat. University of Virginia presented speed scouting in a Breeze format. A new economic threshold model was based on cumulative aphid-days vs. yield over multiple years and locations. The threshold, based on the new model, is 261 SBA/ plant, very close to the original 'educated guess'. The threshold is robust in R1-R5 beans. Many universities conducted additional strip trials for SBA. In Ontario, there continues to be a response to later season applications up to the R6 bean stage. Also in Ontario, in a spray technology study there was only 7% coverage in the mid canopy and 2% in the lower canopy on water sensitive spray cards using assumed optimal nozzle set up. At Iowa State, reduced-rate Warrior applications for bean leaf beetle control, timed early in the season before the arrival of soybean aphid, lead to resurgence of SBA. They speculate there is an impact on Orius predators even before SBA arrives in soybean fields. ISU scientists are starting research on the interaction between SBA and cyst nematode.<br /> <br /> Many researchers are working with seed treatments. A study clip-caging <br /> aphids on treated and untreated plant showed that once past the V5 stage (approx. 35 days after planting), there is little impact of thiamethoxam or imidacloprid on SBA. University of Guelph found no impact of thiamethoxam seed treatment on Aphidius colmannii. Ohio State plans to conduct trials to test the impact of seed treatments on slugs.<br /> <br /> Host plant resistance work continues to be fruitful. K1639 is the most <br /> promising resistant variety in Kansas. Electronic monitoring of feeding on this variety indicates there may be important behavioral components to this resistance. Pioneer is currently rating aphid varieties as excellent 'good' poor aphid hosts. The rating came from greenhouse data in Kansas, and Pioneer's observations in the field. There was discussion about how growers will use this information in a practical manner. University of Wisconsin is breeding for both aphid and disease resistance. They have one PI that is resistant to an alfalfa mosaic virus strain.<br /> <br /> Work on other soybean pests continues as well. NGIRL began a project on the effect of nitrogen starter fertilizer on BLB populations and impact of larval feeding on beans. That facility is also attempting to artificially rear BLB. There were several anecdotal comments about soybean looper outbreaks in fields treated with a Quadris/ Warrior tank mix. Spider mites are becoming a problem every year in the Midwest and also in the south. Research suggests that Roundup, neo-nicotinoids, and fungicides for rust may increase mites in the future. Virginia reported increasing stink bug populations, and they were able to conduct efficacy trials. Stink bugs are also the major pest in southern soybean production. Late season infestation in Mississippi did not cause significant yield loss, but significantly impacted quality; thus it was economical to spray late-season beans. In 2006, researchers will examine varieties, planting date, feeding location in relation to stink bug damage.<br /> <br /> Objective 2: Define insect-vector ecology and virus-disease relationships and develop management strategies. In the area of bean pod mottle virus, Hammond reported that seed treatment plots had less BPMV as well as less BLB feeding. Many locations report there were not consistent reductions in BLB and BPMV in seed treated plots or foliar sprayed plots, or consistent yield increases. Soybean dwarf virus was found this year in Wisconsin in soybean. Gratton showed soybean aphids performed worse on AMV, BPMV, and SMV (vegetative stage) infected plants than on healthy plants (2x populations on healthy plants). This may relate to nymph survivorship. In Michigan, there were problems in 2005 with CMV, ZYMV, WMV2 in veg crops, BCMV in dry beans. In Minnesota, there was also an increase in potato viruses / seed potato rejections when SBA came into the system. Researchers in Ontario collected plant samples for virus weekly in soybean fields - there are increasing levels of AMV, BPMV, SMV, and Tobacco ringspot in both breeder fields and commercial fields.<br /> <br /> Objective 3: Biological control of the soybean aphid: An extensive amount of work is occurring on biocontrol of soybean aphid by native biological agents. In South Dakota field cages infested with SBA, Orius had no impact, but Harmonia reduced populations below threshold. In contrast, in Indiana, Orius makes up 85-90% of predator community based on visual counts and sweep net samples. Researchers at NGIRL are looking at Orius reproduction and conservation, host plant preferences with focus on weeds. In Iowa, soybean plots with a living mulch had delayed infestation by soybean aphid and twice as many natural enemies, although soybean yield was significantly reduced. Wisconsin researchers found that larger the initial aphid population, the greater the proportional decrease in aphid density, suggesting that natural enemies cue into isolated patches of aphids. In replicated trials in Minnesota, incidence of infection with entomopathogenic fungi was less in plots sprayed with soybean rust-labeled fungicides. Researchers speculate that the widespread use of fungicides in one year for rust may lead to increased aphid numbers the following year. In Ontario, studies focuses on biocontrol of overwintering eggs from 2004. Egg populations declined 70% between fall and spring. Predatory midges, lady beetles, and a Neuropteran species were collected on buckthorn.<br /> <br /> Research is also underway with exotic natural enemies. Foreign exploration <br /> continues in Asia by university and ARS scientists. In China, survey of <br /> natural enemies species included Orius, lady beetles, Neuroptera, spider, all responding to SBA numbers. Multiple parasitoid species were brought from Asia and are now undergoing screening in quarantine. Environmental assessments and non-target testing of some of these species are underway. Releases of Binodoxys communis are planned for 2006. Extension materials and a web site are being developed on biocontrol for grower education.<br />

Publications

Impact Statements

1. The &lsquo;speed scouting&lsquo; method for soybean aphid, developed by the University of Minnesota, was validated by multiple cooperators at multiple locations in the Midwest, and promoted as an IPM practice to crop scouts and soybean producers. Although the method still needs refinement, the introduction of an easier scouting method increased the interest in, and reduced the burden of, SBA scouting in soybean for those managing beans.
2. Researchers at the University of Minnesota demonstrated that even a single fungicide application targeted for soybean rust reduces the incidence of beneficial, aphid-killing fungi, potentially flaring aphid populations. This work graphically demonstrated that control measures targeted against one soybean pest can impact control of other pests, raising awareness among producers and agribusiness to use thresholds, and prompted further research focused on managing multiple pests in soybean.
3. A model, based on cumulative aphid-days and yield in replicated trials in multiple states across years, predicts the economic threshold for soybean aphid is 261 SBA per plant. The model lends credibility to the original SBA threshold based on an &lsquo;educated guess&lsquo; that aphid researchers and S1010 participants agreed upon in 2004, 250 aphids per plant. And it further reinforces the use of a threshold to manage SBA in soybean.
4. New sources of host plant resistance have been identified by several universities and in some cases the detailed mechanisms of resistance has been discovered. Having multiple resistance sources available will allow pyramiding of genes to increase durability. When sources of resistance become available to growers, insecticide usage can be reduced, preserving natural enemies, increasing profitability, improving environmental quality and enhancing the efficiency of soybean production.
5. In the southern U.S., stink bugs were shown to be the causative agent of flat pod syndrome. However, by planting a MG VI cultivar in mid May, damaging populations of stink bugs are avoided. This provides an alternative to insecticide treatment, reducing production cost and preserving natural enemies.

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Report Information

Participants

Wayne Bailey, University of Missouri;
Tracey Baute, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture;
David Boethel, Louisiana State University;
Larry Buschman, Kansas State University;
Eileen Cullen, University of Wisconsin;
Chris DiFonzo, Michigan State University;
Julie Golod, Pennsylvania State University;
Ron Hammond, Ohio State University;
Ames Herbert, University of Virginia;
Kim Hoelmer, USDA Beneficial Insect Lab;
Tom Hunt, University of Nebraska;
Scott Isard, Pennsylvania State University;
Doug Johnson, University of Kentucky;
Srini Kambhampati, Kansas State University;
Janet Knodel, North Dakota State University;
Robert McPherson, University of Georgia;
Rick Meyer, USDA CSREES;
Fred Musser, Mississippi State;
Matt ONeal, Iowa State University;
Bob ONeil, Purdue University;
Dave Ragsdale, University of Minnesota;
John Reese, Kansas State University;
Michele Roy, Quebec Ministry of Agriculture;
Kevin Steffey, University of Illinois;
Kelley Tilmon, South Dakota State University;
Dave Voegtlin, University of Illinois;
(2) Graduate Students from Univ. of Nebraska and Penn State

Brief Summary of Minutes

The 2007 annual meeting of S-1010 was held 11-13 March in Portsmouth, Virginia. Attendees included 28 university and government entomologists from both the U.S. and Canada. On Sunday, 11 March, a subset of participants met with Dr. Scott Isard and Julie Golod from Pennsylvania State University to finalize sampling plans and data input for the soybean aphid PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) web site, sponsored by USDA at http://www.sbrusa.net/.


On Monday, 12 March, the chair of the technical committee, Christina DiFonzo, opened the meeting at 8:00 am. Wayne Bailey served as secretary in place of Mo Way and Ames Herbert was responsible for local arrangements. State reporting for the meeting was done electronically; participants received a file on a CD or memory stick with the state reports, slide sets, bulletins, publications and other information.


Rick Meyer, USDA CSREES, distributed a handout on USDA CSREES employees and discussed current staffing. A second handout illustrated the budget with discussion on the loss of line item funding and the manner in which funds will be available for this year and future years. He discussed possible changes in the Agency, for example the potential merger of CSREES and ARS.


David Boethel, S1010 Administrator, discussed the termination of the existing project and the rewrite of a new project. He also emphasized the need for impact statements for all funds. Due to lack of impact statements in past, there is a move to change from special grants (pass-through $) to competitive grants. Land grant institutions may lose if funds are shifted to competitive grants. In response, land grant institutions developed the Create 21 program of funding for agricultural research. The goal of this program is to keep formula funds as is and put new dollars into the competitive grants. Rick Meyer stated that at least two other funding models are being considered in addition to Create 21.


David Wright from the North Central Soybean Research Committee was a guest visitor. He manages the NC Soybean Research Program and the Iowa Soybean Checkoff Board, and works closely with the United Soybean Board. He discussed current soybean research projects in the NC region. At present $2.4 million is being spent on soybean research. A discussion ensued concerning future funding needs and research directed at specific insects and pathogens. Other discussion topics included specialty beans, biodiesel, and cooperative ventures between the NCSRP and state soybean boards.


Ames Herbert and Eileen Cullen discussed changes to the PIPE observation form as suggested during the March 11, 2007 meeting. Several concerns were expressed and additional changes to the document suggested. The form will be revised to address concerns suggested by the S1010/PIPE participants.


At the end of the morning session, Chris DiFonzo initiated a detailed discussion on the Statement of Issues and Justification for a new project. A writing committee met in December 2006 to develop new objectives. During the meeting, these objectives and sub-objectives were reviewed and rewritten, and participants identified to lead the writing of that section.


The remainder of Day 1 and the morning of Day 2 were spent on reports by objective. On Monday evening, participants toured the Perdue Farms port facility in Chesapeake, VA, one of the few bulk grain handling facilities left on the east coast. The meeting adjourned at noon on 13 March 2007.


The location for the 2008 meeting is tentatively Savannah GA, hosted by Bob McPherson, in mid-March. Mo Way is the incoming S-1010 Chair and Matt ONeal the incoming secretary, for 2008.

Accomplishments

Outputs and Activities from the last year:<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 1a. Develop management strategies for the soybean aphid. <br /> <br /> Surveys<br /> <br /> Many states participated in a field survey coordinated by Purdue University. Fields were sampled weekly for aphid number and plant stage. In many cases the information was placed on the USDA PIPE web site to generate an aphid map during the field season. In Virginia, an extensive state-wide soybean aphid survey monitored 50 fields across soybean growing regions from mid June through early October. Counts were entered into a database and summaries were provided to growers, agents, and crop advisers on a weekly basis. Although soybean aphid infested many fields in Virginia, this field monitoring effort detected only one location at risk to crop loss. This information passed to clientele on a timely basis resulted in a limited use of insecticide. <br /> <br /> <br /> The NC aphid suction trap network operated in 10 states in 2006. Few aphids were collected in July and August moving from soybean to soybean. However, the numbers increased in the fall in many states. Soybean aphid oviparae and eggs were observed on buckthorn in several states. The largest numbers of eggs were observed in samples taken near the Quad Cities. Soybean aphid eggs were found on every randomly collected twig, and most twigs had eggs near with every bud. Based on the trapping and field observations, 2007 is predicted to have greater aphid populations.<br /> <br /> Biology<br /> <br /> <br /> Researchers in Ontario investigated potential olfactory cues for parasitoids produced by the interaction of the soybean aphid with its plant hosts. Three species of Aphidius parasitoids were evaluated in two-choice olfactometer bioassays for their response to volatiles from the primary host, Rhamnus cathartica, undamaged or infested and fed on by SBA. A. colemani responded to both aphid-damaged and undamaged R. cathartica. <br /> <br /> Preliminary data from growth chamber and field micro-plot experiments at Iowa State indicates that soybean cyst nematode infection and SBA infestation interact. SBA population growth and subsequent abundance did not vary with SCN presence, but plants were smaller when infected with SCN. Thus, the density of aphids per unit of plant tissue was significantly greater on SCN infected soybeans. The combination of SCN and SBA reduced soybean height and seed weight more than when plants were infested by either pest alone. <br /> <br /> A study in Nebraska examined impact of irrigation, planting date, and maturity on SBA. Aphid populations were greater on non-irrigated (water-stressed) than irrigated soybeans. Initial aphid numbers also were greater on non-irrigated plants, implying an increase in susceptibility or attractiveness to the aphids. In irrigated plots, more aphid-days were accumulated on 2.7 than 3.0 maturity group beans. In non-irrigated (stressed) plots, aphid-days and aphid numbers were higher on the 2.7 maturity group beans. SBA had a significant effect on yield; a decrease in seed weight was observed with higher aphid numbers in both irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. However, the aphid x water interaction showed no significant effect. Gas exchange measurements (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration) were performed on three dates. In general, gas exchange parameters were higher in irrigated and early-planted soybeans. No aphid related effects were observed until mid August. At this time various effects and interactions were observed, although trends were not apparent, indicating that aphid densities of higher than 12 aphids/leaflet and/or a greater moisture stress are required to significantly impact soybean physiology.<br /> <br /> Insecticides<br /> <br /> <br /> Most states across the region experienced very low aphid numbers in 2006. Under no or low aphid pressure, replicated plots in most states did not show a significant yield increase from the use of seed treatments compared to untreated plots. In Illinois, 26 insecticides and insecticide tank mixes were evaluated by measuring aphid density after treatment and taking plot yields. Densities varied considerably among the plots and were generally relatively low, but densities of aphids in most single-insecticide treatments were statistically lower than densities of aphids in the untreated check for the duration of the experiment. On all sampling dates, most foliar applied treatments had comparable performance to the most effective treatment with the fewest aphids per plant. However, the yields of all treatments were not significantly different from the yield in the untreated check.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Iowa, where both bean leaf beetle and SBA are pests, insecticide programs to control early-season BLB were tested for their impact on SBA. There was no significant overlap of the overwintering or first generation populations of BLB with SBA, which occurred later in the season. In a three-year study, insecticides targeting overwintering or first generation BLB did not prevent or reduce economic populations of SBA. Furthermore, the highest SBA populations were observed when insecticide targeted the overwintering BLB population. These results suggest that the use of foliar insecticides early in the season for BLB management may lead to resurgence of aphids later in the season.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Nebraska, bioassay techniques were developed to determine baseline susceptibility of SBA to neo-nicotinoids. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam produced similar responses and were very toxic to SBA with low LC50s. There were also significant sub-lethal effects at even lower doses. <br /> <br /> <br /> Thresholds<br /> <br /> In South Dakota, three yield loss experiments to test a series of soybean SBA thresholds. Aphid densities at two sites permitted tests up to c. 800 aphids per plant. There was no significant yield loss among any threshold treatments. The Tilmon lab will advocate the 250 threshold for South Dakota and work to educate the extension program about the scientific validity of this threshold and its benefit to producers. Minnesota (Ragsdale lab) is working on a method to estimate aphid population densities by counting specific nodes. Node counts would be useful in management and research situations where aphid-density is high and whole-plant counts become too labor intensive or time consuming. Based on comparing whole plant counts to counts at individual nodes, they suggest taking a two-node sample when plants are small (5 nodes or fewer) and increasing to a four-node count when plants are taller.<br /> <br /> <br /> Host Plant Resistance<br /> <br /> Many states evaluated germplasm for SBA resistance in the greenhouse, field cages, or open plots. South Dakota and Minnesota had higher aphid numbers than other states, and they were able to detect significant differences in number of aphids per plant among lines. In Kansas, 11 entries exhibited partial levels of antibiosis; some lines shared the Rag1 gene, while others may be novel forms of resistance. Polymorphic SSR markers are being used to genotype Kansas lines. Based on electrical penetration readings, SBA feeding was different between the susceptible check and the resistant entries. Aphids took longer to reach, and spent less time in, the sieve elements in the resistant entries. This suggests that morphological or chemical factors in the phloem tissue of resistant plants affects stylet penetration activities of SBA. The most resistant entry, K1639, has both SBA and SCN resistance and will be released in 2007<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 1b. Validate emerging management strategies for the bean leaf beetle<br /> <br /> The USDA-ARS lab in Brookings, SD is perfecting the rearing of BLB, with the long term goal of developing a mass production system. The process is extremely time-intensive and involves breaking adult diapause, collecting eggs laid by females, and transferring individual larvae several times before pupation. The generation time in culture is approximately 30 days from egg to adult. Issues that remain include optimizing egg collection, exploring less labor-intensive larval production methods, and determining cues used by laboratory-produced adults to initiate oviposition.<br /> <br /> In the greenhouse, the USDA-ARS lab studied the impact of larval feeding damage on nitrogen (N) assimilation and root system characteristics in soybean. Individual potted plants were exposed to varying numbers of larvae. After 3 weeks, plants were sacrificed and data were collected on the fresh and dry weights of the roots and shoots, numbers of nodules and damaged nodules, nodule volume, and N concentrations. Nodules were the only organs on the root system that were visibly damaged by larval feeding. Nodules on infested plants were more numerous and smaller, suggesting that the infested plants respond to larval damage by producing additional nodules. Leaf and pod ureide-N and total N concentrations from infested plants were significantly lower in infested plants. Thus, feeding by C. trifurcata larvae affects the characteristics of nodules as well as the concentrations of N assimilates within soybean plants.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 1c. Management strategies for insect and other arthropod pests of soybean under multiple and/or combined stresses, value-added soybeans, and transgenic soybeans. <br /> <br /> <br /> Stink bugs remained an area of active research in 2006. Five stink bug pest species were found in Virginia crop fields, three of which were previously unknown. Five species of parasitic wasps were attacking and killing stink bug eggs. Rates of egg parasitism were high for the two main stink bug species, with 49% of all brown, and 47% of all green, stink bug eggs being killed. Work continues with egg parasites to determine if they can be manipulated to our advantage.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Texas, data showed soybean fields must be scouted carefully and often, particularly red-banded stink bug (RBSB), which has become the most serious pest of early-maturing soybeans in SE Texas. Between R3 to maturity, soybeans can be severely damaged by RBSB. Data show that currently labeled insecticides provide adequate control of RBSB, but these insecticides may have to be applied more than once. <br /> <br /> <br /> In Georgia, heavy pod damage in the mid-R5 stage causes green bean syndrome in soybeans, thus it is important that populations during this time are effectively controlled to prevent severe yield losses. Studies on green bean syndrome were initiated in 2006. To simulate severe stinkbug injury to soybeans, all pods on all plants in a single row were removed at the R3-R4, early R5, late R5, or mid-R6 growth stages. Growth stages, senescence qualities, and yield were compared in depodded and control plots. At harvest, plots depodded in the late R5 and R6 stages were still green. Plots depodded at late R5 had a proliferation of blooms and small, deformed pods. Plots depodded at R6 no pods, just green barren plants. Yields among the various treatments were significantly different. These results suggest that heavy pod damage during or after the mid-R5 plant stage could, at least in part, be the cause for green bean syndrome in soybeans.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Mississippi, stink bug threshold research on R7 stage beans continued. In 2006, both yields and quality suffered from R7 infestations with southern green stink bug. From two years of large field cage research it appears that the economic threshold for stink bugs in R7 stage beans is between 1 and 2 stink bugs per row foot on a drop cloth. <br /> <br /> <br /> Edamame research: Research on vegetable soybean (edamame) in southern Georgia concluded that this commodity can be efficiently produced utilizing most of the current soybean culture methods. The early-maturing variety, Midori Giant, can be harvested 60 days after planting. This variety, when planted from mid- April to mid-May, escapes most of the insect-induced crop injury caused by stink bugs and caterpillars. However, yields are lower compared to conventionally produced beans. Later-maturing edamame varieties have economically damaging infestations of soybean insect pests, but these pests can be effectively managed through the judicious use of insecticides. When left untreated, over 50% of the soybean kernels had stink bug damage in the later maturing varieties, while the Midori Giant had only 10-20% damaged kernels in the untreated plots. Later-maturing varieties matured several weeks later than the early varieties and stink bugs migrated to them as the other entries senesced. Yields attained in these field trials indicate that edamame can be efficiently produced in Southern Georgia.<br /> <br /> <br /> Host Plant Resistance: As an alternative to insecticides, soybean varieties and breeding lines were screened in Georgia for stink bug and lepidopteran resistance; some entries showed reduced seed damage or defoliation. The entries expressing stink bug and lepidopteran resistance will continue to be examined for resistance. Studies to examine the mechanisms of resistance (antibiosis and non-preference) have been initiated under laboratory and field choice and no-choice feeding conditions. <br /> <br /> <br /> Dectes stem borer: A survey for Dectes stem borer found that this insect reached pest status even in eastern states. There were reports of serious stem borer infestations in MO, KY and DE in 2006. In Kansas, field cages work better than greenhouse trials to assess germplasm for stem borer resistance. Two PIs screened in the trials show promise; they had many oviposition punctures, but few surviving larvae. Yield response of soybean varieties to stem borer feeding, with and without insecticide application, was assessed in several locations in Kansas. Yield in treated and untreated plots was similar despite the presence of stem borer damage. Therefore, the study did not show a yield response to stem borer infestation.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 2: Define insect-vector ecology and virus-disease relationships and develop management strategies. <br /> <br /> Chemical: Studies in Wisconsin confirmed that a single application of an insecticide does not suppress transmission of non-persistent viruses transmitted by SBA.<br /> <br /> Host plant resistance: Field experiments in Wisconsin determined the relative reaction of commercial soybean cultivars to soybean viruses. None of the commercial cultivars expressed complete resistance to soybean mosaic, but several expressed a tolerance based on lower incidence of symptoms, infection, and mottled seed-coat, and yield comparable to resistant check cultivars. A variety resistant to alfalfa mosaic was identified; the resistance is inherited as a single dominant gene. However, isolates of alfalfa mosaic were found that overcame the virus resistance. Work continues to merge SBA resistance with resistance to plant pathogens and soybean cyst nematode. Soybean accessions with resistance to the SBA were verified in greenhouse trials. The resistance was derived from Jackson and Dowling (Rag1 gene) and a previously unreported source of soybean aphid resistance. Resistance derived from this new source is inherited as a single dominant gene based on the segregation pattern of F2 populations. F3 progeny will be evaluated to confirm phenotypic data derived from the F2 population<br /> <br /> Ecology: Aphid-transmitted viruses have contributed to recent disease epidemics in commercial beans. In Wisconsin, the seasonal progression of aphid flight activity patterns was characterized in different plant habitats, to determine the importance of SBA as a virus vector. Water pan traps were placed in different habitats across Wisconsin to monitor SBA alate abundance from May to September. Leaf samples were taken from symptomatic plants in each habitat and assayed for virus using ELISA. Habitats included snap beans, clover, field edges, and commercial fields of alfalfa, carrot, pea, and soybean. Alate abundance peaked twice during the growing season, in early July and especially in early August. SBA appeared in traps by late June. Numbers were low until early August, when SBA constituted 86% of the total alates captured in all habitats. Assays confirmed the presence of many non-persistently transmitted viruses.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3: Biological control of soybean aphid in North America<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3a: Importation of exotic parasitoids for controlling soybean aphid <br /> <br /> <br /> Exploration continues for soybean aphid natural enemies in Asia. Dr. Kim Hoelmer, USDA/ARS quarantine lab, visited China from 19 June - 15 July 2007 to survey early summer parasitoids of SBA in several regions of China. Field collections in NE China coincided with travel by Robert ONeil (Purdue) and David Voegtlin (Illinois Natural History Survey) who were in China to work on non-target research with Chinese cooperators. Field collections of aphid mummies were made in several locations. In Beijing, K. Hoelmer met with Drs. Qiao, ONeil and Voegtlin to plan ongoing research and to visit Beijing University, where a diversity of buckthorn species was planted and surveyed for A. glycines and other aphids. Overall, several thousand SBA mummies were collected and returned to the USDA ARS quarantine facility in Delaware. Chinese cooperators also made and sent follow-up collection later in the summer. The USDA/ARS quarantine lab is maintaining populations of parasitoids from several areas in China, Korea, and Japan. Host specificity testing is continuing on some populations, and was completed for others. Several populations were found to have relatively narrow host ranges and releases of these species will be pursued. Several states are preparing for this release by conducting baseline surveys of native aphid species, determining their number and native biocontrol agents. This will help assess the impact of the importation release on native aphids and natural enemies.<br /> <br /> <br /> Objective 3b: Conserving natural predators and pathogens.<br /> <br /> Conservation biocontrol: In Ontario, a two-year study using aphid-infested field cages provided insight into the impact and response time of several predators of SBA. Multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (MALB) was the most effective of the predators tested. In cages, there was a buildup phase of several weeks in which MALB populations increased to a threshold, after which they dramatically reduced aphid populations and suppressed aphids for the remainder of the cycle. Yields (bean weight) were significantly higher in cages where MALB was present than in cages lacking MALB.<br /> <br /> <br /> In Iowa, the effect of reduced risk (systemic or selective) insecticides was assessed on SBA populations and aphid natural enemies. Warrior, a conventional insecticide, had a significant negative impact on the total number of natural enemies. However, systemic seed treatments and selective insecticides had no observable effect on natural enemies.<br /> <br /> <br /> Extension: S-1010 members contributed to the biological control web site hosted by Univ of Wisconsin (http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/sabc) and the soybean aphid biocontrol e-conference (March, 6, 2007) at 170 remote locations.

Publications

Costamagna, A. and D. Landis. 2006. Predators exert top-down control of soybean aphid across a gradient of agricultural management systems. Ecol. Appl.: Vol. 16 (4): 1619-1628.<br /> <br /> <br /> Desneux, N., R. J. ONeil, and H. J. S. Yoo. 2006. Suppression of population growth of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, by predators: the identification of a key predator, and the effects of prey dispersion, predator density and temperature. Env. Entomol. 35: 1342-1349.<br /> <br /> <br /> Diaz-Montano, J., J.C. Reese, W.T. Schapaugh, and L.R. Campbell. 2006. Characterization of antibiosis to the soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in several soybean genotypes. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 1884-1889.<br /> <br /> <br /> Herbert, D.A., Jr. and S. Malone. 2006. Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut and Soybean. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publ. No.444-380, Blacksburg, Virginia. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/entomology/444-380/444-380.html<br /> <br /> <br /> Hammond, R. B. 2006a. Foliage treatments against soybean aphid in soybean, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests. 30: F34<br /> <br /> <br /> Hammond, R. B. 2006b. Foliage treatments against the bean leaf beetle in soybean, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests. 30: F35<br /> <br /> <br /> Hammond, R. B. 2006c. Seed treatments in soybean, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests. 30: F36<br /> <br /> <br /> Herbert, D.A., Jr. and S. Malone. 2006a. Evaluation of selected foliar applied insecticides for control of soybean aphid in Virginia soybean. Arthropod Management Tests, 31:F37.<br /> <br /> <br /> Herbert, D.A., Jr. and S. Malone. 2006b. Evaluation of selected foliar applied insecticides for control of soybean looper in Virginia soybean. Arthropod Management Tests, 31:F38.<br /> <br /> Herbert, D.A., Jr. and S. Malone. 2006c. Evaluation of selected foliar applied insecticides for control of stink bug in Virginia soybean. Arthropod Management Tests, 31:F39.<br /> <br /> <br /> Hesler, L. S., K. E. Dashiell and J. G. Lundgren. 2006. Characterization of resistance to Aphis glycines in soybean accessions. Euphytica 154: 91-99. <br /> <br /> <br /> Hobbs, H.A., Hill, C.B., Grau, C.R., Koval, N.C., Wang, Y., Pedersen, W.L., Domier, L.L., and Hartman, G.L. 2006. Green stem disorder of soybean. Plant Dis. 90:513-518<br /> <br /> <br /> McCornack, B. P. and D. W. Ragsdale. 2006. Efficacy of registered and experimental rates of thiamethoxam for soybean aphid control, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31: F42.<br /> <br /> <br /> McCornack, B. P., and D. W. Ragsdale. 2006. Efficacy of thiamethoxam to suppress soybean aphid populations in Minnesota soybean. J. Crop Management [online: doi:10.1094/CM-2006-0915-01-RS].<br /> <br /> <br /> McPherson, R. M. and E. Prostki (eds.). 2006. Soybean Research-Extension Report for 2005. www.griffin.uga.edu/caes/soybeans/2005rer/index.htm<br /> <br /> <br /> McPherson, R. M., P. Roberts, and G. Buss. 2006. Advanced screening of soybean breeding lines and varieties for stink bug resistance. Soybean Research-Extension Report 2005. 6pp. www.griffin.uga.edu/caes/soybeans/2005rer/index.htm<br /> <br /> <br /> McPherson, R. M. and P. Roberts. 2006. Evaluation of selected insecticides for control of various soybean insect pests. Soybean Research-Extension Report 2005. 8pp. www.griffin.uga.edu/caes/soybeans/2005rer/index.htm<br /> <br /> <br /> Myers, S.W. and Gratton, C. 2006. Influence of potassium fertility on soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) population dynamics at a field and regional scale. Environmental Entomology. 35: 219-227<br /> <br /> <br /> Prasifka, J.R., N.P. Schmidt, K.A. Kohler, M.E. ONeal, R.L. Hellmich, and J.W. Singer. 2006. Effects of living mulches on predator abundance and sentinel prey in a corn-soybean-forage rotation. Environ. Entomol. 35: 1423-1431.<br /> <br /> Ragsdale, D.W., E.W. Hodgson, B.P. McCornack, K.A. Koch, R.C. Venette, and B.D. Potter. 2006. Soybean aphid and the challenge of integrating recommendations within an IPM system. In: Illinois Crop Protection Technology Conference 2006 Proceedings. pp. 103-110.<br /> <br /> <br /> Roberts, P. and R. M. McPherson. 2006. Insect Management. Georgia Soybean Production Guide. CSS 06-02:5pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> Roberts, P. and R. M. McPherson. 2006. Soybean insect control. Georgia Soybean Production Guide. CSS 06-02:6pp.<br /> <br /> <br /> Rodas, S. and R. J. ONeil. 2006. A survey of Indiana soybean producers following the introduction of a new invasive pest, the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. Amer. Entomologist 52: 146- 149.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ruberson, J. R., R. J. Ottens, R. M. McPherson, D. Jones, P. M. Roberts, J. Clark, J. Jacobs, E. McGriff, H. Paradice, D. Stanaland, and T. Varnedore. 2006. Insecticide resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, in Georgia. 2005 Georgia Tobacco Research-Extension Report. UGA-CAES Coop. Res.-Ext. Publ. 1-2006:59-65.<br /> <br /> <br /> Seagraves, M. P. and R. M. McPherson. 2006. Monitoring red imported fire ant foraging behavior and impact on foliage-dwelling arthropods on soybean produced under three ant suppression regimes. J. Entomol. Sci. 41: 374-384.<br /> <br /> <br /> Song, F., S. M. Swinton, C. DiFonzo, M. ONeal and D. W. Ragsdale. 2006. Profitability analysis of soybean aphid control treatments in three Northcentral states. MSU Dept of Agricultural Economics. Staff Paper 2006-24.<br /> <br /> <br /> Spencer, J., D.A. Herbert, Jr, E. Lewis, C. Brewster and R. Huckaba. 2006. Toxicity of three acaricides to Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae: Acari) and Orius insidiosus (Anthochoridae: Hemiptera). J. Econ. Entomol. 41:147-154.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wang, Dechun, Clarice Mensah, and Christina DiFonzo. 2006. Methods on conferring soybean aphid resistance in soybean. Patent officially signed on 6 July 2006.

Impact Statements

1. Knowledge continues to improve on stink bug (SB) biology, damage, and management. Research in GA, VA, MS and MO comparing effectiveness and timing of insecticide application provided growers recommendations that minimized costs and crop losses. Research in GA and TX proved that SB feeding is linked to flat pod and green stem syndromes. Surveys in VA showed that natural enemies caused high levels of SB egg mortality; thresholds and insecticide choices can be modified to account for biocontrol.
2. Scouting plans and thresholds for soybean aphid control, developed and promoted by S1010, have been widely adopted. A grower survey at MI and MN extension meetings showed that > 86% scouted fields and >70% used the 250 SBA/plant threshold, to make spray decisions. As a result, growers indicated they sprayed 79% of their soybean acres in 2005 (outbreak year) but only 7.5% in 2004 (low aphid year). Recommendations developed by S1010 members clearly contributed to judicious use of insecticide.
3. The multi-state Northcentral Suction Trap Network is contributing to our ability to predict SBA outbreaks. Prediction of outbreaks reduces risk to growers by allowing decisions to be made in advance of the field season. Decisions include variety, insecticide/ equipment purchases, and crop insurance protection, not only for soybean growers, but also for vegetable growers impacted by aphid-vectored viruses. Risk reduction allows growers to better allocate resources, increasing profitability.
4. Soybean lines resistant to stink bug, caterpillar defoliators, and SBA were identified through screening programs. These lines are currently being used to develop resistant varieties. As these sources of resistance are commercially available to growers, yield is protected and insecticide use reduced, increasing profitability of soybean production. Furthermore, resistance is highly compatible with biological and cultural strategies, is a key component of sustainable soybean IPM programs.
5. The discovery, rearing, and assessment of aphid parasitoids from Asia will culminate in the first classical biocontrol release against soybean aphid in North America in 2007. Success of this and other parasitoids will reduce populations of, and yield loss from, SBA. Even a partial success could save producers millions of dollars in control costs, with societal benefits of reduced human exposure, reduced non-target impacts from pesticide use, and slower formation of insecticide resistance.

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