W45: Mechanisms and Mitigation of Agrochemical Impacts on Human and Environmental Health

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[07/31/2001] [07/18/2003] [12/03/2003] [07/22/2004] [07/20/2005]

Date of Annual Report: 07/31/2001

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/03/2001 - 06/05/2001
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2000 - 04/01/2001

Participants

CSREES-USDA, J. Parochetti, California Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, D. G. Crosby, California Agricultural Experiment Station Davis, B.W. Wilson,R.I. Krieger, California Agricultural Experiment Station Riverside, J. Gan*, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station - New York, A.T. Lemley*, S.M. Snedeker, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, K.L. Armbrust*, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, G.C. Miller, C.A. Pritsos, New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, T.M. Sterling, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, J. Jenkins*, Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station (Purdue University), L.S. Lee*, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, C.J. Hapeman*, USDA-ARS, Riverside, S. Papiernik*, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, S.D. Aust*, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, L.-T. Ou, A.V. Ogram, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Q.X. Li, J. Seifert, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, A.S. Felsot, Administrative Advisor, Nevada, R.S. Pardini* * Attended 2001 annual meeting.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual W-45 meeting, June 3-5, in Beltsville, MD focused on these actions and details:

7Set new guidelines for regional multistate projects (listed on the Western regional web site)

7Urged each land grant institution to write an Impact Sheet to educate Congress; report collective impacts of regional projects; add impact discussions at future W-45 meetings

7Sharon Papiernik agreed to set up a W-45 web site

7Discussed collaboration and joint meeting with W-82, possibly at the June 2003 UNR meeting in NV

7Set next meeting date as June 9-11, 2002, Riverside salinity lab

7Invited Kevin Armbrust (U of Georgia) and Linda Lee (Purdue) to join W-45

7Eliminated the office of Vice Chair, leaving the Chair and Secretary to serve for 2 years

7Elected Chris Pritsos, Chair, and Quing Li, Secretary, for 2002-2003

7Agreed to submit to the chair the following impact statements: Indiana and Georgia, collaboration on pharmaceuticals in animals; ARS Beltsville and Georgia, PRZM/EXAMS modeling of pesticide fate in surface and groundwater; UC Davis and Oregon state, analytical methods for cholinesterase; Cornell, pesticide risks to children; Cornell, research on competitive kinetics to help degrade pesticide residues in wastewater.

http://www.ag.unr.edu/w45/Minutes/2001.PDF

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

1. Identify, develop, and/or validate trace residue analytical methods, immunological procedures, and biomarkers: Oregon Agric. Expt. Sta.. - Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed 96 hr to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos to establish benchmark concentrations (BMCs) in the sublethal range for brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Benchmark Dose Software was used to model the data. BMCs were determined for a range of inhibition levels at 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 1 and 2 control standard deviations (SD), and at a limit of detection level of 2.5%. One difficulty in establishing AChE inhibition BMCs in this lower-response region is the variability associated with AChE analysis. To minimize this variability, the Ellman method was modified specifically for analysis of steelhead brain tissue. Laboratory established BMCs were then compared to EPA chlorpyrifos water quality standards, and concentrations of chlorpyrifos detected in agricultural surface waters containing threatened steelhead trout. The BMC01 estimates are near the EPAs 96 hr acute water quality criteria of 0.83 mg/L. The BMC02.5 estimates approach the average level of chlorpyrifos detected in surface waters at 0.127 mg/L. The BMC1SD estimates are within peak detection levels of 0.482 mg/L. 2. Characterize abiotic and biotic reaction mechanisms, transformation rates, and fate in agricultural and natural ecosystems: USDA/ARS, Beltsville - Endosulfan, a broad spectrum insecticide that exists as two isomers, is used on cereals, fruits, vegetables, and cotton. The fate and transport of endosulfan is of particular interest because it is highly to toxic to certain aquatic organisms. Earlier research showed that the structure of one of the isomers, which had been used in all the previous fate studies, was incorrect. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that one isomer converts to the other but that the reverse process does not occur.Additional experiments and chemical computations have now established a mechanism for conversion and provided an explanation for preclusion of the reverse process. This work is important to US EPA because endosulfan is undergoing re-registration. Purdue Univ. - Physical, chemical, and biological processes control persistence, distribution, and potential human and ecological exposure of contaminants in the soil, water, and in some cases, complex waste environment. Both applied and basic research are being conducted to address environmental fate of pharmaceutically active organic chemicals from animal wastes (e.g., selective antibiotics and hormone additives) and agricultural pesticides.Specific objectives include: (1) identify the occurrence and quantify the environmental fate of major antibiotics and hormones commonly used in animal production in soil and water at feeding operations; (2) quantify the contribution of anion exchange in the mobility of acidic pesticides in variable-charge soils as a function of solute pKa, pH, and the ionic matrix, and incorporate these findings into a transport model; and (3) quantify the formation of dibutylurea in soil from benomyl metabolites and subsequent persistence. Cornell Agric. Expt. Sta. - New York - Anodic Fenton treatment (AFT) is a new technology intended for degrading pesticides in rinsewater and groundwater. Based on assumptions about AFT technology, a new kinetic model was developed to accurately describe the degradation kinetics of 2,4-D, a widely used herbicide, and to quantitatively investigate the effect of the systems operating conditions. It was found that an increased delivery rate of reagents increased the degradation rate of 2,4-D, but the efficiency was decreased. The effect of reagent ratio, temperature, initial concentration of 2,4-D, and presence of other organic compounds has also been investigated. This method is extremely useful because it allows one to use this technology as a controlled Fenton reaction to determine the degradation reaction rate constants of other compounds with hydroxyl radicals easily and accurately. Florida Agric. Expt. Sta. - Only a small fraction of soil microorganisms can be cultured in the laboratory, perhaps less than 1%, the rest of them are unculturable. At present it is not clear the contribution from culturable and unculturable microorganisms in respect to biodegradation of agrochemicals in soil. We have studied biodegradation of the insecticide carbofuran in soil from a site in Florida since early 1990. Our previous investigations revealed that carbofuran degradation in soil at this site was enhanced and the enhancement progressively increased with an increase in number of annual applications of carbofuran. A number of bacteria that utilize carbofuran as a sole source of carbon for growth and energy were isolated from the soil. All the bacterial isolates belong to strains of Sphingomonas sp. On the other hand, we found that population of carbofuran ring degraders in the soil did not increase with an increase in number of annual applications. Therefore, we come to conclusion that unculturable carbofuran degraders likely play a major role in the degradation of the chemical in soil. Since unculturable microorganisms cannot be isolated from soil in the laboratory, a pertinent approach is to directly isolate metabolic genes responsible for carbofuran degradation from soil. Metabolic genes directly obtaining from soil DNA is called soil metagenome. Soil DNA is extracted and purified by gel electrophoresis. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is used as a vector for construction of BAC DNA libraries. Initially, we will screen for BAC clones that have the capacity to hydrolyze carbofuran. If some of the BAC clones are capable of hydrolyzing carbofuran, we will use the insert DNA to subclone carbofuran hydrolase gene. Eventually, we will try step by step to subclone the genes that degrade carbofuran phenol to its final oxidation products CO2 and H2O. This study represents a novel approach to harvest metabolic genes responsible for carbofuran degradation directly from soil DNA. If successful, this approach can be expanded to harvest metabolic genes for other agrochemicals for bioremediation or for production of metabolic products important to agriculture. USDA-ARS, Riverside - Permeability of agricultural films to soil fumigants. Current soil fumigation practices often use plastic tarps to cover the soil surface during fumigation to reduce losses to the atmosphere. Because many of the plastic tarps currently used are permeable to fumigant compounds, a large fraction of chemical applied to the soil can escape to the atmosphere, where they can threaten human and environmental health. Plastic tarps which are less permeable are being developed to curb atmospheric emissions during soil fumigation. We developed a new approach for measuring the permeability of plastic films to gases. This method is more sensitive than currently-used methods and produces a mass transfer coefficient, which unlike other measures of permeability, is a characteristic of the film-chemical combination and not dependent on the difference in concentration across the film. This approach is useful as a testing method to develop new plastics for use in soil fumigation and to determine the effect of environmental conditions (such as temperature) on permeability. We tested the permeation of several fumigant compounds through various agricultural films. The method produced a precise and sensitive measure of film permeability. 3. Determine adverse impacts from agrochemical exposure to cells, organisms, and ecosystems. California Agric. Expt. Station - Davis - Clinical laboratories were contacted and invited to participate in a split sample study of human blood AChE and non-specific cholinesterase (BChE) assays. Participants measured erythrocyte (RBC) AChE and/or plasma BChE from undiluted and 50 percent diluted blood, according to their practices. Samples were shipped to U.C. Davis and their activities determined Nine of 25 laboratories sent samples; two others performed their own comparisons and submitted data to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Best correlations were obtained with BChE activity. Correlations (R2) were 0.88 or above for 4 of 5 laboratories for BChE, and above 0.9 for 2 of 7 laboratories for AChE. Reasons for poor correlations may include difficulties in pipetting RBCs, storage and processing. New Mexico Agric.. Expt. Sta, - Yellow starthistle is spreading steadily on western rangelands, causing loss of grazing land carrying capacity as well as serious damage to non-grazed land and recreational areas. This noxious weed can be effectively controlled at the seedling stage by foliar application of 0.28 kg a.e. ha-1 picloram. Resistance to picloram in yellow starthistle was observed near Dayton, WA in 1988 and was confirmed in 1990. To determine the inheritance of this resistance, reciprocal F1 crosses between susceptible and resistant plants were performed. Susceptible seeds of yellow starthistle (SCI-1) were collected from wildtype plants growing in Central Grade, ID. Resistant (RDW-1) seeds are second generation progeny of a plant (RDW) resistant to 0.56 kg a.e. ha-1 picloram from Dayton, WA. Progeny of this resistant plant was sprayed with 0.07 to 0.14 kg a.e. ha-1 picloram in the greenhouse and survivors were cross-pollinated to produce RDW-1 seed. Seed from reciprocal F1 crosses was collected and grown under greenhouse conditions until seedlings were five weeks old. Half of the F1 progeny from reciprocal crosses as well as RDW-1 and SCI-1 seedlings were sprayed with picloram at 0.28 kg a.e. ha-1 and half were sprayed with clopyralid at the same rate. All SCI-1 seedlings and F1 progeny died. Crosses to resistant and susceptible testers were then conducted among F1 progeny, SCI-1 and RDW-1 plants. Selfing rates of individuals used in the crosses were less than 0.1% suggesting that all progeny were hybrids. F2 progeny were screened with both herbicides and segregation ratios determined for the number of progeny surviving and dying. Chi square analyses of F1, F2, and testcross segregation data indicate that the resistant phenotype is recessive and conferred by a single gene with the original SCI-1 population being homozygous dominant for susceptibility. Picloram resistance as a recessive trait is consistent with the observations that while under no additional picloram selection pressure, resistance has not spread from where it was first identified and that no other picloram-resistant yellow starthistle populations have been identified. 4. Develop technologies that mitigate adverse human and environmental impacts. Utah Agric. Expt. Sta. - Laccases are enzyme secreted by various wood-rotting fungi which can oxidize various chemicals using molecular oxygen as the oxidant. The enzymes use copper to oxidize chemicals while reducing molecular oxygen to water. In this research we investigated two fungi that have been reported to secrete laccases to determine conditions in which these are the only oxidative enzymes secreted. The final objective is to determine if fungi that secrete laccases are capable of degrading various pesticides. Trametes versicolor secreted significant amounts of laccase, however some manganese peroxidase activity was observed under all conditions. Pyconoprus cinnabarinus also exhibited significant laccase activity and no other oxidative enzyme except very low levels of cellobiose dehydrogenase, which would not be significant if cellulose was not used as the carbon nutrient. Thus P. cinnabarinus will be used in future studies where the fungus will be grown on glucose to test for the role of laccase in biodegradation.

Publications

Oregon Publications Runes, H. B., P. J. Bottomley, R. N. Lerch, and J. J. Jenkins. 2001. Atrazine remediation in wetland microcosms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Vol. 20 No. 5. pp. 1059-1066. Peterson, J. L., P. C. Jepson, J. J. Jenkins. 2001. A test system to evaluate the susceptibility of Oregon native stream invertebrates to triclopyr and carbaryl. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. In press. Peterson, J. L., P. C. Jepson, J. J. Jenkins. 2001. Effect of varying pesticide exposure duration and concentration on the toxicity of carbaryl to two field-collected stream invertebrates, Calineuria californica (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and Cinygma sp. (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. In press. Runes, H. B., J. J. Jenkins, and P. J. Bottomley. Characteristics of atrazine degradation in bioaugmented wetland sediment. Submitted to Soil Biology & Biochemistry. Articles Buchwalter, D., D. Judd, J. Jenkins, L. Curtis. 2001. Testing Toxicological Hypotheses Based on Ecological Observations: A Case Study Using Aquatic Insects and Epithelia. In Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Globe, Vol. 2, No.1, p. 30-31. Presentations at national meetings Peterson, J. L., P. C. Jepson, and J. J. Jenkins. 2000. A New Method for Evaluating the Effects of Pesticides on Native Stream Invertebrates. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, November 12-16, 2000. Buchwalter, D. B., J. J. Jenkins, and L. R. Curtis. 2000. The Effects of Water Temperature and Respiratory Strategy on the 3H2O Flux in Aquatic Insects. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, November 12-16, 2000. Runes, H. B., P. J. Bottomley, and J. J. Jenkins. 2000. Enhanced Atrazine Bioremediation in Wetland Sediment Using Organic Amendment and Microbial Inoculation. Agrochemicals Division, 220th Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington D. C., August 20-24, 2000. Reports Jepson, P., R. Dick, B. Boggess, J. J. Jenkins, and M. Gamroth. 2000. Oregon Agricultural Ecosystems. In: Oregon State of the Environment Report 2000. Oregon Progress Board, Salem OR, 97310. Jenkins, J. J. 2001. Environmental Monitoring of Azinphos-methyl (Guthion) Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries May 22 - June 30, 2000. Report to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Extension Publications Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Alfalfa in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Apples in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Barley in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Blueberries in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Broccoli in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Canola in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Carrots in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Cauliflower in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Corn in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J.J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Cucumbers in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Hops in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Onions in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Pears in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Peas in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Plums and Prunes in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Jenkins, J. J. and E. P. Foster. 2001. Hood River Watershed: Water Quality & Pesticides Fact Sheet. Oregon State University Extension Service and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Georgia Armbrust KL. 2001. Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos degradation products in golf course leachate. Pest Management Science In Press Armbrust, K.L. 2001. Photodegradation of Hydroxychlorothalonil in Aqueous Solution. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Accepted). Armbrust KL. 2000. Pesticide hydroxyl radical rate constants: Measurements and estimates of their importance in aquatic environments. Environ Toxicol and Chem 19:110-117. Abstracts Armbrust, K.L. (2001) The Fate of Turf Pesticides in Aquatic Ecosystems. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting. Division of Agrochemicals. San Diego, CA. April 1-5, 2001. Armbrust, K.L. (2000). Photodegradation of Hydroxychlorothalonil in Aqueous Solution. American Chemical Society Annual Meeting, Division of Agrochemicals. San Francisco, CA. March 26-30, 2000. Armbrust, K.L. (1999). The Occurrence of Chlorothalonil and Chlorpyrifos Degradation Products in Leachate from Golf Course Greens. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA. November 14-18, 1999 USDA-ARS, Beltsville Jayasundera, S., Schmidt, W. F., Hapeman, C.J., and Torrents, A. Rebuttal on Influence of the Chemical Environment on Metolachlor Conformation. J. Agr. Food Chem. 48(11): 4450-4451, 2000. Jayasundera, S., Schmidt, W. F., Hapeman, C.J., and Torrents, A. What’s Known and What’s Yet to be Known with Respect to the Sorption of Organic Pollutants onto Soils. Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient. 16(4), 147-156 Rice, P.J., McConnell, L.L., Heighton ,L.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Isensee, A.R., Abdul-Baki, A.A. and Hapeman, C.J. Off-site movement of agrochemicals and soil in runoff from fresh-market vegetable production: comparing the environmental impact of polyethylene mulch versus vegetative mulch. J. Environ. Qual. (in press) Pierpoint, A.C., Hapeman, C.J. and Torrents, A. A Linear Free Energy Study of Ring-Substituted Aniline Ozonation for Developing Treatment of Aniline-Based Pesticide Wastes. J. Agric. Food Chem. (in press) Rice, P.J., McConnell, L.L., Heighton ,L.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Isensee, A.R., Abdul-Baki, A.A., Harman-Fetcho, J., Hapeman, C.J. Transport of Copper in Runoff from Fresh-Market Vegetable Production Using Polyethylene Mulch or a Vegetative Mulch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in review) Schmidt, W.F., Bilboulian, S., Rice, C.P., Fettinger, J.C., McConnell, L.L. and Hapeman, C.J. Thermodynamic, Spectroscopic and Computational Evidence for the Irreversible Conversion of β- to α -Endosulfan. J. Ag. Food Chem. (in review) Extension Activities: Off-Site Movement of Pesticides and Soil in Runoff from Vegetable Production. Mid-Atlantic Certified Crop Advisors Crop School, Ocean City, MD, November 2000. Abstracts Heighton, L.P., Hapeman, C.J, Starr, J.L., Rice, P.J., Teasdale, T.S., McConnell, L.L., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Isensee, A.R., Sadeghi, A.M. Mitigating the Effects of Vegetable Production on Surrounding Ecosystems. The 2000 Annual Meeting Abstracts of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Minneapolis, MN. Cornell Q. Wang and A.T. Lemley. Kinetic model and optimization of 2,4-D degradation by anodic Fenton treatment. Environmental Science and Technology (submitted). A. Hedge, J. Kim, A. Lemley, S. Hong, S. K. Obendorf ,, T. Muss, and C. Varner, Pesticides in house dust in rural homes in central New York, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (submitted). D.A. Saltmiras and A.T. Lemley. Anodic Fenton treatment of treflan MTF.. J. Environ. Sci. Health A36(3): 261-274 (2001). S. Hong, J. Kim, A.T. Lemley, S.K.Obendorf, and A.Hedge. Analytical method development for 18 pesticides in house dust and settled residues using size exclusion chromatography, solid phase extraction, trimethylsilyldiazomehtane methylation and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J. Chromatograph. Sci 39(3):101-112 (2001). D.A Saltmiras and A.T. Lemley. Degradation of ethylene thiourea (ETU) with three Fenton treatment processes. J. Ag and Food Chem. 48:6149-6157 (2000). Florida Ogram, A.V., Y.-P. Duan, S.L. Trabue, X. Feng, H. Castro, and L.-T. Ou. 2000. Carbofuran degradation mediated by three related plasmid systems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 32:197 - 203. Ou, L.-T. 2000. Pesticide biodegradation, p. 594 - 606. In J. Lederberg (ed.), Encylopedia of Microbiology, 2nd ed., vol. 3. Academic Press, San Diego. Ou, L.-T., J.E. Thomas, K.-Y. Chung, and A.V. Ogram. 2001. Degradation of 1,3-dichloropropene by a mixed bacterial consortium and Rhodococcus sp. AS2C isolated from the consortium. Biodegradation (in press). Trabue, S.L., A.V. Ogram, and L.-T. Ou. 2001. Dynamics of carbofuran-degrading microbial communities in soil during three successive annual applications of carbofuran. Soil Biol Biochem. 33:75 - 81. USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA Peer-reviewed Yates, S. R., D. Wang, S. K. Papiernik, and J. Gan. 2000. Controlling agricultural emissions of methyl bromide. IGACtivities. 19:16-17, 21. Liu, W., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2000. Sorption and catalytic hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl on homoionic clays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:1935-1940. Papiernik, S. K., J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. 2000. Mechanism of degradation of methyl bromide and propargyl bromide in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1322-1328. Yates, S. R., S. K. Papiernik, F. Gao, and J. Gan. 2000. Analytical solutions for the transport of volatile organic chemicals in unsaturated layered systems. Water Resources Research 36:1993-2000. Papiernik, S. K., J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. 2000. Transport of organic compounds. In J. H. Dane and G. C. Topp (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Physical Methods. 3rd ed. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. Accepted April, 2000. (Book chapter) Liu, W., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2000. Structural influences in relative sorptivity of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:4320-4325. Wang, Q., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2000. Transformation and detoxification of halogenated fumigants by ammonium thiosulfate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34:3717-3721. Yates, S.R., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and D. Wang. 2000.Reducing fumigant emissions after soil injection. Phytopathology 90:S103. Abstracts Wang, Q., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. Transformation and detoxification of soil fumigants by ammonium thiosulfate. Preprints of Extended Abstracts, American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry. 40(1):31-33. 2000. Papiernik, S. K. In situ measurements of pesticide degradation in groundwater. Abstracts, Third Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry World Congress. p. 40. 2000. Papiernik, S. K., J. Gan, R. Dungan, and S. R. Yates. Products of propargyl bromide degradation in soil. Proceedings of the 2000 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. 27:1-3. 2000. Dungan, R. S., Q. Ma, J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. Propargyl bromide: Preliminary efficacy and environmental results. Proceedings of the 2000 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions 29:1-3. 2000. Ma, Q. L., J. O. Becker, J. Gan, R. Dungan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. Temperature-enhanced efficacy of MITC for soil-borne pest control. Proceedings of the 2000 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. 99:1-3. 2000. Papiernik, S. K., C. M. Grieve, J. Gan, F. F. Ernst, and S. R. Yates. Herbicide-salinity interaction effects on phytotoxicity. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 142. 2000. Ibekwe, A. M., S. K. Papiernik, J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. Impact of fumigants on structural diversity of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 256. 2000. Ma, Q. L., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, J. O. Becker, and S. R. Yates. Concentration- and temperature-dependent degradation of two fumigants in a sandy soil. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 312. 2000. Ma, Q. L., J. Gan, J. O. Becker, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. Dose-response relationships between methyl isothiocyanate and barnyardgrass seeds in a soil at different temperatures. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 319. 2000. Cornell Peer-Reviewed Snedeker, S.M.: Pesticides and breast cancer risk: A review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Envir. Health Perspect. 109(suppl 1):35-47, 2001 Extension Snedeker, S.M.: Pesticides and Breast Cancer Risk, An Evaluation of DDT and DDE, published by the Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York State, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 6 pp., April, 2001 (available on-line, http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/bcerf/) California Ag. Expt. Sta., Davis Wilson BW, Henderson JD, Coatney EM and Spencer PS. Actions of Pyridostigmine and Organophosphate Agents on Chick Embryo Cells, Chickens and Mice Submitted Oliveira GH, Henderson JD and Wilson BW Cholinesterase Measurements with an Automated Kit, Submitted. Wilson, B. W. , Henderson J.D., Ramirez A. R and O’Malley R.A. Standardization of clinical cholinesterase measurements. Submitted Wilson, B. W. 2001. Acetylcholinesterases. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (2nd Ed.), ed. R.E. Krieger. New York: Academic Press. In Press. Harmon AD, Wilson BW, Henderson JD and Frumkin H 2000 Cholinesterase levels among agricultural pilot and mixer/loaders. J.Agromedicine 7:57-67. Bakshi, Kulbir; Pang, Susan N. J.; Snyder, Robert; Abou-Donia, Mohamed B.; Albuquerque, Edson X.; Daniels, Jeffrey I.; Gardner, Donald E.; Gaylor, David W.; Henderson, Rogene F.; James, John T.; Leffingwell, Sanford S.; Saady, Joseph J.; Spencer, Peter S.; Wagner, Bernard M.; Wilson, Barry W. 2000. Review of the U.S. Army‘s health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 59(5-6): 281-526. Spencer PS, Albuquerque FX and Wilson BW 2000 “Sarin, other nerve agents and their antidotes” in Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology, 2nd Edition by Spencer PS and Schaumburg H., Oxford University Press. pp1073-1093. Millam JR, Delwiche MJ, Craig-Veit CB , Henderson JD and Wilson BW 2000 Noninvasive characterization of the effects of diazinon on pigeons. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64:534-541. Kellner, Thomas; Sanborn, James; Wilson, Barry. 2000 In vitro and in vivo assessment of the effect of impurities and chirality on methamidophos-induced neuropathy target esterase aging. Toxicol. Sci. 54: 408-415. Utah Ag. Expt. Stat. Cameron, M.D., Z.D. Post, J.D. Stahl, J. Haselbach, and S.D. Aust (2000) “Cellobiose dehydrogenase-dependent biodegradation of polyacrylate polymers by Phanerochaete chrysosporium”, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 7, 130-134. Stahl, J.D., B. Van Aken, M.D. Cameron, and S.D. Aust (2001) “Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) biodegradation in liquid and solid-state matrices by Phanerochaete chrysosporium”, Bioremediation Journal 5, 13-25. Van Aken, B., J.D. Stahl, H. Naveau, S.N. Agathos, and S.D. Aust (2000) “Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) reduction products by lignin peroxidase (H8) from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium”, Bioremediation Journal 4, 135-145. Reading, N.S., and S.D. Aust (2000) “Engineering a disulfide bond in recombinant manganese peroxidase results in increased thermostability”, Biotech. Prog. 16, 326-333. Cameron, M.D., and S.D. Aust (2001) “Proteolysis of cellobiose dehydrogenase alleviates inhibition of peroxidases from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: a proposed rational for the formation of cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase”, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (Submitted). Van Eden, M.E., and S.D. Aust (2001) “Ceruloplasmin” in The Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. Wiley. (In press). Van Eden, M.E., and S.D. Aust (2001) “Ferritin” in The Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. Wiley. (In press). Van Eden, M.E., and S.D. Aust (2001) “Ferroxidases” in The Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. Wiley. (In press). Van Eden, M.E., and S.D. Aust (2000) “Intact human ceruloplasmin is required for the incorporation of iron into human ferritin”, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 381, 119-126. Cameron, M.D., S. Timofeevski, and S.D. Aust (2000) “Enzymology of Phanerochaete chrysosporium with respect to the degradation of recalcitrant compounds and xenobiotics”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54, 751-758. Cameron, M.D., and S.D. Aust (2001) “Cellobiose dehydrogenase - An extracellular fungal flavocytochrome”, Enzyme Microbial Technol. 28, 129-138. Cameron, M.D., and S.D. Aust (2000) “Kinetics and reactivity of the flavin and heme cofactors of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium”, Biochemistry 39, 13595-13601. Welch, K.D., and S.D. Aust (2000) “The role of iron in lipid peroxidation”. In: Recent research developments in lipid research. Transworld Research Network 4, 161-179. Reading, N.S., M.D. Cameron and S.D. Aust (2000) Fungi - For Biotechnology. In: Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. (In press). Grace, Jr., J.E., M.E. Van Eden and S.D. Aust (2000) “Production of recombinant human apoferritin heteromers”, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 384, 116-122. Van Aken, B., M.D. Cameron, J.D. Stahl, A. Plumat, H. Naveau, S.D. Aust, and S.N. Agathos (2000) “Glutathione-mediated mineralization of 14C-labeled 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene by manganese-dependent peroxidase H5 from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54, 659-664. Reading, N.S., and S.D. Aust (2001) “Role of disulfide bonds in the stability of recombinant manganese peroxidase”, Biochemistry (Submitted). Welch, K.D., M.E. Van Eden, and S.D. Aust (2001) “Modification of ferritin during iron loading”, Free. Rad. Biol. Med. (Submitted). Van Eden, M.E., and S.D. Aust (2001) “The consequences of hydroxyl radical formation to the stoichiometry and kinetics of ferrous iron oxidation by human apoferritin”, Free Rad. Biol. Med. (Submitted). Van Eden, M.E., K.D. Welch, J.E. Grace, and S.D. Aust (2001) “Human and rat ferritin isoforms”, Free Rad. Biol. Med. (Submitted). New Mexico Refereed Sterling, T. M., N. K. Lownds and L. W. Murray 2001. Similar competitive ability between Centaurea solstitialis accessions resistant or susceptible to picloram. Weed Sci. 49:42-47. Sterling, T. M., L. W. Murray and Y. Hou. 2000. Morphological variation among broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) populations. Weed Sci. 48:356-365. Abstracts Hernandez-Rios, I. and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Antioxidant response in prometryn-tolerant and -susceptible cotton varieties. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:xx. Molin, W. T., H. H. Ratnayaka, and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Spurred anoda competition in wide row and ultra narrow row cotton. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:xx. Ratnayaka, H., W. T. Molin and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Interaction between competition and oxidative stress tolerance in cotton and spurred anoda. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:xx. Vallotton, A. D., R. P. Sabba, I. Ray and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Inheritance of picloram resistance in yellow starthistle. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:xx. Hernandez-Rios, I. and T. M. Sterling. 2000. Lipid peroxidation as an index of prometryn damage in cotton. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 53:100. Kulshreshtha, S. and T. M. Sterling. 2000. Variation in amplified chloroplast genes from different locoweed varieties in New Mexico. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 53:15.

Impact Statements

Oregon - In additon to improving our understanding of potential impacts of pesticides on threatened Pacific salmonids, these findings should provide the basis for an assessment of the need for growers to develop best management practices which minimize pesticide movement into the surface water;;
UC Davis - Associated with this research, Oregon State University and University of Cal. Davis have collaborated on the refinement of analytical methods for cholinesterase in blood and brain tissues, a biomarker of OP exposure in salmonids;;
Cornell is developing sampling methods to assess pesticide risks to children in indoor environments and research continues on competitive kinetics to help degrade pesticide residues in wastewater;;
Work planned for the next year will be a continuation of many of the projects described in section m and new collaborative thrusts described under the objectives of the W-45 project. Additional collaborative efforts include cooperative grants being written, cooperative research projects being initiated, and sharing of research approaches and analytical techniques among institutions. Future Indiana and Georiga, ARS Beltsville and Georgia.

Date of Annual Report: 07/18/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/09/2002 - 06/11/2002
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2001 - 04/01/2002

Participants

CSREES-USDA, J. Parochetti, California Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, D. G. Crosby, California Agricultural Experiment Station Davis, B.W. Wilson*,R.I. Krieger*, California Agricultural Experiment Station Riverside, J. Gan*, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station - New York, A.T. Lemley*, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, K.L. Armbrust*, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, G.C. Miller*, C.A. Pritsos*, New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, T.M. Sterling*, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, J. Jenkins*, S. Simonich#, Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station (Purdue University), L.S. Lee*, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, C.J. Hapeman*, USDA-ARS, Riverside, S. Papiernik*, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, S.D. Aust*, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, L.-T. Ou, A.V. Ogram, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Q.X. Li*, J. Seifert*, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, A.S. Felsot, Administrative Advisor, Nevada, R.S. Pardini* * Attended 2001 annual meeting.
# Staci Simonich attended the meeting as a guest and was accepted as a new W45 member at this meeting.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual W-45 meeting, June 9-11, 2002 in Riverside, California focused on these actions and details:

New resources for research such as the farm bill and homeland security.

Encouraged having a collective impact report from this committee. Listed five websites for the impact reports.

Select several liaisons from W-45 to attend W-82 meeting and present W-45 projects.

Set next meeting date as May 29-31, 2003, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Staci Simonich (Oregon) gave a presentation of her research. Invited Staci Simonich to join W-45

Report reviews and critique per usual.

Agreed to submit to the chair a brief impact statement.

Discussed and agreed to have new collaborations among W-45 members.

Research undertaken by members of W-45 is a collaborative and coordinated effort that addresses mechanisms and mitigation of agrochemical impacts on human and environmental health. W-45 members develop and validate analytical methods for residues in air, water, soil plants and animals, and identify biomarkers that indicate toxicological processes. The committee members examine factors that influence persistence and dissipation of agrochemicals such as volatility, photolysis, adsorption and metabolism in agricultural and natural ecosystems. W-45 scientists study adverse impacts of agrochemical exposures to cells, organisms and ecosystems including structure-fate relationships and the influence of formulation, application methods and climatic factors. The scientists associated with W-45 determine develop technologies that mitigate adverse human and environmental impacts. The work of the W-45 project serves to provide information on these processes in order to reduce risk to the public and the environment. This information is critically important for establishment of the safety of current pesticide uses.

Work planned for the next year will be a continuation of many of the projects described in section m and new collaborative thrusts described under the objectives of the W-45 project. Additional collaborative efforts include cooperative grants being written, cooperative research projects being initiated, and sharing of research approaches and analytical techniques among institutions.

On-going collaborations include: Oregon/UC-Davis on delayed neuropathy from pesticide exposure; ARS-Beltsville/ARS-Riverside on transport of agricultural pollutants; UC-Davis/Hawaii on organophosphate toxicity; Nevada/UC-Davis on pigeon exposure to and oxidative stress of agrochemicals; and collaborative participation of Gan, Aust, Hapeman, Papiernik and Lemley in an upcoming ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry Symposium.

Future collaborations include: Utah-Hawaii on bioremediation; UC-Riverside-Utah-Mississippi on runoff studies; Cornell-UC-Riverside-Oregon on information dissemination; Mississippi-New Mexico-ARS-Beltsville on pesticide fate; New Mexico/Hawaii on picloram affinity mechanism and assays; Oregon/UC-Davis/UC-Riverside on Turf studies.

Accomplishments

1. Identify, develop, and/or validate trace residue analytical methods, immunological procedures, and biomarkers: California Agricultural Experiment Station - Riverside The human exposure potential of pesticide residues in an increasingly large number of media have been incorporated into the risk assessment process. Pesticide residues in food are at the foundation of public concern and regulatory significance even though they lack health impact under normal conditions of use. This study is expected to clarify the importance of rinsing produce during food preparation. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Imidacloprid, 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, is a systemic insecticide used worldwide. An enzyme immunoassay was developed for the analysis of imidacloprid. In this study, this immunoassay was examined for possible determination of imidacloprid in potato and coffee leaves to study dispersal and spread of imidacloprid resistance in insects such as Colorado potato beetle. A suitable procedure was to extract imidacloprid from the samples with aqueous methanol (70%), and determine imidacloprid concentrations with the immunoassay after a simple dilution of the extracts with phosphate-buffered saline. USDA-ARS, Riverside Obtaining a more complete understanding of the potential for plant uptake of DDT, DDE, and DDD isomers from soil may reduce the risk from exposure to these toxic chemicals. In these experiments, we determined that root crops may have the potential to accumulate DDE, DDD, and DDT isomers from contaminated soil. 2. Characterize abiotic and biotic reaction mechanisms, transformation rates, and fate in agricultural and natural ecosystems: Cornell (New York) Agricultural Experiment Station An adaptation of a new pesticide wastewater treatment technology, ion exchange membrane anodic Fenton treatment (membrane AFT), was developed and tested on carbaryl, a commonly used insecticide. The purpose of the work was to find a way to make a laboratory method even more useful for work in the field. Field work requires a system that can use flow-through technology and the use of a membrane in this electrochemical cell is much preferred to the previous salt bridge. We found that carbaryl degradation with membrane AFT fits the mathematical model that we had developed for AFT, making our optimization of the membrane AFT reliable and effective. We made many adjustments to the system and were able to show that our new system has a higher efficiency as well as being more convenient. We also found that we could use the new membrane 100 times and found no decrease in its ability to degrade carbaryl. Because of its effectiveness and convenience, the use of an ion exchange membrane as a substitute for the salt-bridge used in the previous AFT system has brought the AFT technology a major step closer to practical application. Indiana (Purdue University) Agricultural Experiment Station Benomyl [methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate] is a popular fungicide that has been used by farmers and gardeners for many years. The makers of benomyl have recently experienced legal battles as farmers claim that the fungicide caused crop damage with the most recent proposed cause being N,N‘-dibutylurea (DBU), which can result from benomyl breakdown during its production and storage. Our research focused on DBU persistence after application into soil and the potential for DBU formation from precursors in soil. We conclude if DBU is found soils it is most likely from application of DBU-containing benomyl formulations and not from DBU production in soils. Also DBU inadvertently applied to soils through benomyl formulations is unlikely to persist. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station The overall goal of this project is to develop laboratory and field data that can be used to calibrate and validate turfgrass scenarios that can be used in the regulatory models PRZM3 and EXAMS2. This years research focused on collecting runoff data from small plots with simulated rainfall for the insecticide imidacloprid. This data is needed to conduct further exposure modeling. Imidacloprid is a pesticide often used to control insect pests on residential lawns and golf courses. To investigate its potential to be transported into non-target aquatic systems by rainfall events, imidacloprid was applied as Merit 0.5G and 75WP to 12 plots planted with bermudagrass set on a 5% slope. The maximum concentration of imidacloprid detected in runoff water was 0.49 mg litre-1 and occurred during the first runoff event. 3. Determine adverse impacts from agrochemical exposure to cells, organisms, and ecosystems. California Agricultural Experiment Station - Davis - a. This year we have begun a project integrating the bovine red blood cell standard project and the project to standardize clinical cholinesterase (ChE) measurements in California. We are in the process of sending diluted RBC ghost samples to every clinical laboratory in California and to ourselves and comparing the results. Preliminary findings indicate that many of the laboratories are performing satisfactorily with this standard Following this set of tests we will send them blood samples. The first time we did this with blood samples only two of nine participating laboratories generated satisfactory results (see last years report) casting doubt upon their required monitoring ofr workers handling pesticides. This year we propose to track down the difficulties by working with clinical laboratories that have passed the first RBC ghost phase. b. The second ChE project is a collaboration with the Department of Defense laboratory that monitors blood ChEs from approximately 25,000 individuals using the accurate but slow and insensitive delta pH test. Two of the objectives are to generate a conversion factor for the slow pH and faster and more sensitive Ellman test and to use the results to produce a much needed normal range of human ChE values. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Cyanide and arsenic based pesticides interfere with normal mitochondrial function in the cell that can lead to the generation of potentially toxic reactive oxygen species and deplete cellular energy, ATP levels. While these effects can be acutely lethal when these compounds are ingested in large quantities, the biological impact of either acute or sub-chronic ingestion of these compounds in sub-lethal amounts is unclear. Using the homing pigeon model we developed for testing the biological impact of exposure to environmental contaminants, we tested the effect of exposure to cyanide through drinking water. We found that exposure of the homing pigeons to cyanide, in the drinking, water resulted in: a decrease in tissue ATP levels similar to that seen in the mallard duck and a dose-dependent increase in flight time for the birds, suggesting a dose-dependent biological impact. Most recently, we have constructed of our own homing pigeon facility that will allow us to breed, house and train our own homing pigeons for our studies. New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station The noxious weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) can be controlled effectively at the seedling stage by foliar application of the auxinic herbicides picloram or clopyralid. Although resistance to these herbicides is rare, a yellow starthistle biotype resistant to picloram and cross-resistant to clopyralid was recently observed in a pasture near Dayton, WA that had been subjected to intensive picloram selective pressure. The conclusion that resistance is conferred by a recessive gene is consistent with the observation that no other picloram﷓resistant yellow starthistle populations have been identified in the area since picloram selection pressure was abated. Interestingly, resistance to auxinic herbicides is still a rare occurrence even with the long history of auxinic herbicide use. The frequency of the resistance mutation is thought to be as low as 10-30. However, if herbicide pressure is maintained, R yellow starthistle could gain a distinct competitive advantage over S particularly with regard to progeny of mixed populations where R progeny would predominate and thus, the relative frequency of R in a population would increase. 4. Develop technologies that mitigate adverse human and environmental impacts. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Wild salmonid populations in the Hood River Watershed have been declining. Because of the population declines, steelhead in the Hood River Watershed were listed in 1998 as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The causes of steelhead population declines are unknown but pesticides have been identified as one potential stressor. Results of a pilot study conducted by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in the spring of 1999 suggest that the use of azinphos-methyl on pome fruit in the Hood River Valley may result in residue levels in surface water that exceed water quality standards. Azinphos-methyl (Guthion) is used in pome fruit (primarily apples and pears) production in the Hood River Basin from late May through August primarily for codling moth control. In 2000, an environmental monitoring study was conducted to improve our understanding of the relationship between azinphos-methyl use practices and surface water residue levels in selected Hood River Basin tributaries. USDA-ARS, Beltsville Runoff from agriculture has long been identified as a major concern to water quality degradation. Previous studies indicated that runoff volume, soil loss, pesticide loads and toxicity from cultivation practices utilizing plastic mulch were greater than those observed from management practices with vegetative mulches. However, use of plastic mulch for vegetable and other row crop production is widely accepted as it has desirable qualities such as weed control, soil warming, and cleaner crops as compared to bare soil. Other experiments have implicated copper hydroxide associated with soil particles as a causative factor in the observed toxicity with plastic mulch; thus controlling soil loss should decrease toxicity and reduce the negative impacts of runoff on surrounding ecosystems. The objective of this project was to modify the currently-accepted plastic mulch system by planting cereal rye vegetative buffer strips in the furrows between the plastic covered rows. Runoff, soil and pesticide loads, and harvest yields from this modified system were compared to the traditional plastic system with bare soil between the rows. Results from a two-year study indicated a greater than two-fold decrease in runoff volume and ten-fold decrease in soil loss from the buffer strip plots. Pesticide loads were significantly less and runoff toxicity was reduced. No statistically significant differences in harvest yields were observed. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Wood-rotting fungi are being recognized for their ability to degrade a wide variety of environmental pollutants. Their ability to degrade chemicals is related to their ability to degrade lignin in wood. Wood-rotting fungi are classified as white-, brown- and soft-rot fungi depending on their relative ability to degrade lignin and cellulose. White-rot fungi are more efficient in degrading lignin leaving relatively more cellulose, which is white. Just the reverse is the case for brown-rot fungi. Soft-rot fungi are thought not to be able to degrade phenolic lignins. We have proposed soft-rot, and perhaps brown-rot fungi, may not be able to degrade some chemicals, or only be able to partially degrade some chemicals leaving potentially toxic residues. After investigation we do not recommend the use of soft-rot fungi for the biodegradation of phenols or chemicals which phenols may be intermediates of metabolism.

Publications

California Agricultural Experiment Station - Davis Arrieta D, Ramirez A, DePeters E, Bosworth D and Wilson B W, Bovine Red Blood Cell Ghost Cholinesterase as a Monitoring Standard (In preparation) Billitti, J.E., B.C. Faulkner and B.W. Wilson Absence of acute testicular toxicity of MTBE and breakdown products in mice (In preparation) Oliveira G H, Ph.D., Henderson JD, and Wilson BW. Cholinesterase Measurements with an Automated Kit (Submitted) Werner, I.; Deanovic, L. A.; Hinton, D. E.; Henderson, J. D.; de Oliveira, G. H.; Wilson, B. W.; Krueger, W.; Wallender, W. W.; Oliver, M. N.; Zalom, F. G. Toxicity of stormwater runoff after dormant spray application of diazinon and esfenvalerate (Asana) in a French prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2002), 68(1), 29-36. Hamm, J. T.; Wilson, B. W.; Hinton, D. E. Increasing uptake and bioactivation with development positively modulate diazinon toxicity in early life stage medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicological Sciences (2001), 61(2), 304-313. Wilson, B.W. Acetylcholinesterases in Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Krieger R.I. Editor, Academic Press pp 967-981. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Peer-reviewed Hue, N.V.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X.; Lee, C.R.; Fong, J. 2002. Reducing salinity and organic contaminants in the Pear Harbor dredged material using soil amendments and plant. J. Environ. Cleanup Costs, Technol. and Techniq. Submitted. Lorenz, S.; Wu, L.; Li, Q.X. Survey of organochlorine contaminants in soils and fish from Marshall Islands. Sci. Total Environ. Submitted. Campbell, S.; Ogoshi, R.; Uehara, G.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Trace analysis of explosives in soil: Pressurized fluid extraction and gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr. A. Submitted. Keum, Y.-S.; Kim, J.-H; Li, Q.X. 2002. Effects of sensitizers and quenchers on photolysis of phloxine B in aqueous solutions. Pest Manag. Sci. Submitted. Campbell, S.; Paquin, D.; Awaya, J.D.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Remediation of benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene contaminated soil with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa). Int. J. Phytoremed. In press. Paquin, D.; Ogoshi, R.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Bench scale phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated marine sediment with tropical plants. Int. J. Phytoremed. Submitted. Zhu, Y.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Movement of bromacil and hexazinone in soils of Hawaiian pineapple fields. Chemosphere. Submitted. Kim, H. J.; Liu, S.-Z.; Keum, Y.S.; Hwang, E.C.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid. In: Environmental Fate and Effects of Pesticides; J.R. Coats and H. Yamamoto (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series xx, Washington, DC. In press. Keum, Y.-S.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, Y.-W.; Kim, K.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Photodegradation of diafenthiuron in water. Pest Manag. Sci. 58(5):496-502. Lodevico, R.G.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Analysis of total imidacloprid residues in coffee by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 35(2):315-326. Alcantara-Licudine, J.P.; McQuate, G.T.; Cunningham, R.T.; Liquido, N.J.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Efficacy and residue of phloxine B and uranine for the suppression of Mediterranean fruit fly in coffee fields. Pest Manag. Sci. 58:38-44. Chiu, Y.-W.; Li, Q.X.; Karu, A.E. 2001. Selective binding of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by a monoclonal antibody: analysis by kinetic exclusion fluorescence immunoassay. Anal. Chem. 73(22):5477-5484. Miao, X.-S.; Balazs, G.H.; Murakawa, S.K.K.; Li, Q.X. 2001. Congener specific profile and toxicity assessment of PCBs in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Hawaiian Islands. Sci. Total Environ. 281(1-3):247-253. Miao, X.-S.; Swenson, C.; Woodward, L.; Li, Q.X. 2001. Metals in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 42(11):1049-1054. Abstracts Denery, J.R.; Li, Q.X. Pressurized fluid extraction of marine bioproducts. Fourth Asia-Pacific Marine Biotechnology Conference (APMBC). April 22-26, 2002. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Marion, K.; Turn, S.; Nip, W.-K.; Li, Q.X.; Denery, J.R. Long term stability of carotenoid various commercial formulations. APMBC. April 22-26, 2002. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Li, Q.X.; Karu, A.E.; Kim, H.-J. Immunoanalysis for environmental applications: New objectives and new ways to achieve them. Conference of the Korean Society of Pesticide Science. April 11-12, 2002. Muju, Korea. Li, Q.X. Immunoassays for pesticide analysis. China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China. December 24-25, 2001. Indiana (Purdue University) Agricultural Experiment Station Lee, L.S., R.F. Turco, S. Sassman, and M. Bischoff. Investigating the Fate of Benomyl Degradation Products in Soils. Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Charlotte, NC, October 22-26, 2001. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Peer-reviewed Armbrust, K.L. and H. Peeler. (2002). Effects of Formulation on the Runoff of Imidacloprid from Turf by Simulated Rainfall. Pest Management Science 58:702-706. Abstracts Armbrust, K.L. (2002). An Integrated Science Approach to Investigate Suburban Watersheds. Presented before the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, Atlanta, GA. March 6-8, 2001. Overmeyer, J.L., R. Noblet, and K.L. Armbrust. (2001). Utilization of Black Fly Larvae for Toxicity Evaluations of Insecticides Entering Suburban Watersheds. Presented at the Annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America (ESA), San Diego, CA. December 9-12, 2001. Armbrust, K.L. (2001). Runoff of Imidacloprid from Turf by Simulated Rainfall. Presented before the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Baltimore, MD. November 1115, 2001. Overmyer, J., R. Noblet and K. Armbrust. (2001). Black Fly Larvae (Diptera:Simuliidae): Toxicity Evaluations of Insecticides Entering Suburban Watersheds. Carolinas SETAC regional meeting, Clemson, SC. May 18-19, 2001. Cheplick, M and K.L. Armbrust. (2001). Calibration of Computer Model Scenarios (PRZM/EXAMS) for Pesticide Runoff and Leaching in Turfgrass Environments. IXth International Turfgrass Research Conference. Toronto, Canada. July 15-21, 2001. New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station Refereed: Valenzuela-Valenzuela, J. M., N. K. Lownds and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Ethylene plays no role in clopyralid action in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. (in press). Valenzuela-Valenzuela, J. M., N. K. Lownds and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Clopyralid uptake, translocation, metabolism and ethylene induction in picloram-resistant yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 71:11-19. Sterling, T. M., N. K. Lownds and L. W. Murray. 2001. Similar competitive ability between Centaurea solstitialis accessions resistant or susceptible to picloram. Weed Sci. 49:42-47. Abstracts: Branum, K. S., H. H. Ratnayaka, A. D. Vallotton, and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Temperature response of picloram-resistant yellow starthistle (Centaurea soltitialis L.). Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 55: (in press). Vallotton, A. D. and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Variation in swainsonine content among extraction methods and between locoweed genera. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 55: (in press). Molin, W. T., H. H. Ratnayaka, and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Effects of spurred anoda interference on yield and photosynthesis in cotton. WSSA Abstracts 41: 71. Ratnayaka, H. H., T. M. Sterling, and W. T. Molin. 2002. Antioxidative responses in cotton and spurred anoda under interference and drought. WSSA Abstracts 41: 71. Sterling, T. M., I. Ray, A. D. Vallotton, and R. P. Sabba. 2002. Recessive inheritance of picloram resistance in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). WSSA Abstracts 41: 11. Ratnayaka, H. H., W. T. Molin, and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Oxidative stress tolerance in cotton and spurred anoda under competition and drought. Amer. Soc. Botany Abstracts 2001:75. Hernandez-Rios, I. and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Antioxidant response in prometryn-tolerant and -susceptible cotton varieties. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:28. Molin, W. T., H. H. Ratnayaka, and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Spurred anoda competition in wide row and ultra narrow row cotton. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:48. Ratnayaka, H., W. T. Molin and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Interaction between competition and oxidative stress tolerance in cotton and spurred anoda. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:52. Vallotton, A. D., R. P. Sabba, I. Ray and T. M. Sterling. 2001. Inheritance of picloram resistance in yellow starthistle. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 54:27. New York (Cornell University) Agricultural Experiment Station D.A. Saltmiras and A.T. Lemley. 2002. Atrazine degradation by anodic Fenton Treatment. Wat. Res., revised and resubmitted. A.T. Lemley, A. Hedge, S.K. Obendorf, S. Hong, J. Kim, T. Muss, and C. Varner. 2002. Selected pesticide residues in house dust from farmers homes in central New York State. Bull. Environ. Contam. and Tox., in press. Q. Wang and A.T. Lemley. 2002. Oxidation of diazinon by anodic Fenton treatment. Wat. Res., in press. Q. Wang and A.T. Lemley. 2002. Oxidation of carbaryl in aqueous solution by membrane anodic Fenton treatment, J. Ag. Food Chem., 50:2331-2337. Q. Wang and A.T. Lemley. 2001. Kinetic model and optimization of 2,4-D degradation by anodic Fenton treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35:4509-4514. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Peer-reviewed Runes, H. B., J. J. Jenkins, and P. J. Bottomley. 2001. Atrazine degradation by bioaugmented sediment from constructed wetlands. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 57:427-432. Presentations at national meetings: Buchwalter, D. B., D. D. Judd, J. J. Jenkins, L. R. Curtis. 2001. Respiratory Strategy as an Important Determinant of Differential Chlorpyrifos Uptake in Aquatic Insects. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 11-15, 2001. Moran, P. W., J. J. Jenkins, P. C. Jepson. 2001. The Susceptibility of Riparian Soil Invertebrates to the Herbicide Trichlopyr. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 11-15, 2001. Sandahl, J. F., J. J. Jenkins. 2001. Benchmark Concentration Approach to AchE Inhibition in Pacific Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, November 11-15, 2001. Reports: Jenkins, J. J. 2002. Environmental Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos and Azinphos-methyl Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries. Report to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Jenkins, J. J. 2002. Environmental Monitoring of Pesticide Drift at the Coos-Curry Electric Co-Op Inc. Elk River Substation Extension Publications: Thomson, P., W. Parrott, and J. J. Jenkins.2000. Crop Profile for Dry Beans in Oregon. USDA Office of Pesticide Management Policy and Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles Jenkins, J. J. and E. P. Foster. 2002. Hood River Watershed: Water Quality & Pesticides Fact Sheet-February 2002. Oregon State University Extension Service and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. USDA-ARS, Beltsville Peer reviewed: Pierpoint, A.C., Hapeman, C.J., Torrents, A. A linear free energy study of ring-substituted aniline ozonation for developing treatment of aniline-based pesticide wastes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 3827-3832. Rice, P.J., McConnell, L.L., Heighton ,L.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Isensee, A.R., Abdul-Baki, A.A., Hapeman, C.J. Off-site movement of agrochemicals and soil in runoff from fresh-market vegetable production: comparing the environmental impact of polyethylene mulch versus vegetative mulch. J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 1808-1821. Rice, P.J., McConnell, L.L., Heighton ,L.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Isensee, A.R., Abdul-Baki, A.A., Harman-Fetcho, J., Hapeman, C.J. Transport of Copper in Runoff from Fresh-Market Vegetable Production Using Polyethylene Mulch or a Vegetative Mulch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2002, 21, 24-30. Schmidt, W.F., Bilboulian, S., Rice, C.P., Fettinger, J.C., McConnell, L.L., Hapeman, C.J. Thermodynamic, Spectroscopic and Computational Evidence for the Irreversible Conversion of b- to a -Endosulfan. J. Ag. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5372-5376. Jayasundera, S., Schmidt, W.F., Hapeman, C.J., Torrents, A. Mechanistic information on molecular interactions of acetamide pesticides with organic matter surrogates: Application of 1H and 13C-NMR relaxation parameters. Environ. Sci. Technol. (in review). Pierpoint, A.C., Hapeman, C.J., Torrents, A. Ozone treatment of soil contaminated with aniline, trifluralin and other contaminants. Chemosphere (in review). Abstracts Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Rice, P.J., Herbert, R., Teasdale, J.R., Sadeghi, A.M., Hapeman, C.J. Developing a Better Agricultural Management Practice for Plastic Mulch Vegetable Production Systems. Proceedings of the 21st Annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Baltimore, MD 2001; p 268. Hapeman, C. J. Schmidt, W.F. Bilboulian, S. Rice, C. P. Fettinger, J. McConnell, L.L. Molecular Influences on the Atmospheric Partitioning of Endosulfan Isomers . Proceedings of the 21st Annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Baltimore, MD 2001; p 142. Rice, P.J., Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Sadeghi, A.M., Isensee, A.R., Heighton, L.P. Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Wauchope, R.D. Measuring and modeling the transport of pesticides and soil in runoff from fresh-market vegetable production. Proceedings of the 220th National meeting of the American Chemical Society; American Chemical Society: San Diego, CA 2001; p 9. USDA-ARS, Riverside Peer-reviewed: Papiernik, S. K., S. R. Yates, and J. Gan. 2001. An approach for estimating the permeability of agricultural films. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:1240-1246. Yates, S. R., D. Wang, S. K. Papiernik, and J. Gan. 2001. Predicting pesticide volatilization from soils. Environmentrics J. Accepted March 26, 2001. Papiernik. S. K., F. F. Ernst, and S. R. Yates. 2002. An apparatus for measuring the gas permeability of films. J. Environ. Qual. 31:358-361. Ibekwe, A. M., S. K. Papiernik, J. Gan, S. R. Yates, D. E. Crowley, and C. -H. Yang. 2001. Microcosm enrichment of 1,3-dichloropropene-degrading soil microbial communities in a compost-amended soil. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:668-676. Ibekwe, A. M., S. K. Papiernik, J. Gan, S. R. Yates, C. -H. Yang, and D. C. Crowley. 2001. Impact of fumigants on soil microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3245-3257. Wang, Q., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2001. Isomeric effects on thiosulfate transformation and detoxification of 1,3-dichloropropene. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20:960-964. Ma, Q., J. Gan, J. O. Becker, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2001. Evaluation of propargyl bromide for control of barnyardgrass and Fusarium oxysporum in three soils. Pest Manag. Sci. 57:781-786. Ma, Q., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, J. O. Becker, and S. R. Yates. 2001. Degradation of soil fumigants as affected by initial concentration and temperature. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1278-1286. Papiernik, S. K. and S. R. Yates. 2002. Effect of environmental conditions of the permeability of high density polyethylene film to fumigant vapors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:1833-1838. Ibekwe, A. M., A. C. Kennedy, P. S. Frohne, S. K. Papiernik, C. -H. Yang, and D. E. Crowley. 2001. Microbial diversity along a transect of agronomic zones. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 39:183-191. Papiernik, S. K., J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. 2002. Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil. Pest Manag. Sci. Accepted May, 2002. Papiernik, S. K., C. M. Grieve, and S. R. Yates. 2002. Salinity effects on herbicide phytotoxicity to selected weed species. Weed Sci. Under revision. Abstracts: Papiernik, S. K., J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. Environmental fate of propargyl bromide, a potential alternative to methyl bromide. 221st American Chemical Society National Meeting Abstracts. 2001. Gan, J., Q. Wang, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. Inhibition of adsorption on chemical transformation of pesticides in soil. 221st ACS National Meeting Abstracts. 2001. Yates, S. R., S. K. Papiernik, and J. Gan. Predicting pesticide volatilization from bare soil surfaces. 221st American Chemical Society National Meeting Abstracts. 2001. Papiernik, S. K., C. M. Grieve, J. Gan, F. F. Ernst, and S. R. Yates. Herbicide-salinity interaction effects on phytotoxicity. Program and Abstracts, Sustained Management of Irrigated Land for Salinity and Toxic Element Control. p. 67. 2001. Papiernik, S. K., S. R. Yates, and J. Gan. Assessing the permeability of agricultural films. 222nd Amercian Chemical Society National Meeting Abstracts. 2001. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Welch, K.D., C.A. Reilly, and S.D. Aust (2002) The role of cysteine residues in the oxidation of ferritin, Free Rad. Biol. Med. (Submitted). Welch, K.D., T.Z. Davis, M.E. Van Eden, and S.D. Aust (2002) Deleterious iron-mediated oxidation of biomolecules, Free Rad. Biol. Med. (In press). Welch, K.D., T.Z. Davis, and S.D. Aust (2002) Iron autoxidation and free radical generation: Effects of buffers, ligands, and chelators, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 397, 360-369. Reading, N.S., K.D. Welch, and S.D. Aust (2001) Free-radical reactions of wood-degrading fungi, in Current Knowledge of Wood Deteriorating Mechanisms and its Impact on Biotechnology and Wood Preservatives, ACS Symposium Series. (In press). Van Eden, M.E. and S.D. Aust (2001) The consequences of hydroxyl radical formation to the stoichiometry and kinetics of ferrous iron oxidation by human apoferritin, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 31, 1007-1017. Welch, K.D., M.E. Van Eden, and S.D. Aust (2001) Modification of ferritin during iron loading, Free. Rad. Biol. Med. 31, 999-1006. Reading, N.S. and S.D. Aust (2001) Role of disulfide bonds in the stability of recombinant manganese peroxidase, Biochemistry 40, 8161-8168. Reading, N.S., M.D. Cameron, and S.D. Aust (2002) Fungi - For Biotechnology in Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology (Bitton, G., Ed.), pp. 1383-1394, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Impact Statements

California Agricultural Experiment Station Davis: The impact of the Test-Mate Kit work has been a decision by the company to modify the instrument to display the raw absorbence values and to better correct for temperature. In California, there has been a change in the state regulations establishing a standard for cholinesterase assays and requiring clinical laboratories to standardize their assays or provide correction factors to harmonize them;;
California Agricultural Experiment Station Riverside: Pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables are low and normally not of health significance. Rinsing with water reduces the surface residue. Our project is important to the southern California environment, as it directly contributes to the implementation of existing pesticide Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) aiming to protect surface water quality;;
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station: The new immunoassay that was recently developed is an excellent tool for measurement of the insecticide imidacloprid in environmental and biological matrices. Imidacloprid is a new, systematic and effective insecticide to control sucking insects. This initial phase of testing neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid for teratogenicity in chicken embryos revealed that this compound is much less potent avian teratogen than nicotine;;
Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station: Our studies have demonstrated that homing pigeons may serve as a good model for testing the effect of sub-lethal exposures of migratory birds to various environmental contaminants including agrochemicals. This model will now allow us to begin testing the effects of various agrochemicals on these non-target organisms;;
New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station: Research at NMSU indicates that picloram resistance and clopyralid cross-resistance in yellow starthistle, an noxious weed rapidly invading the western US, is conveyed by a single recessive nuclear gene. Therefore, development of picloram resistance does not appear to impose a large threat to successful yellow starthistle management as long as auxinic-herbicide management is carried out prudently;;
Impact 6; Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station: Environmental Monitoring of Azinphos-methyl (Guthion) Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries Project success will be measured by a better understanding of the processes affecting pesticides entering streams in the Hood River Basin. This information would lead to increased awareness among pesticide users and reduced loadings of pesticide to these streams
Impact 7; Utah Agricultural Experiment Station: Results of research at Utah State University on the biodegradation of chemicals by fungi have identified wood-rotting fungi most appropriate for the biodegradation of pesticide and other agricultural chemicals

Date of Annual Report: 12/03/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/29/2003 - 05/31/2003
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2002 - 04/01/2003

Participants

R.S. Pardini, Administrative Advisor, Nevada*
J. Gan, California Agricultural Experiment Station Riverside*
A.T. Lemley, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station - New York*
L.-T. Ou, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station*
Q.X. Li, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station*
J. Seifert, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station*
L.S. Lee, Indiana (Purdue University) Agricultural Experiment Station*
G.C. Miller, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station*
C.A. Pritsos, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station*
T.M Sterling, New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station*
J. Jenkins, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station*
S. Papiernik, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station*
V. Herbert, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station#
J. Parochetti
D. G. Crosby
B.W. Wilson
R.I. Krieger
A.V. Ogram
K.L. Armbrust
S. Simonich
S.D. Aust
A.S. Felsot

* Attended 2003 annual meeting.
# Vince Hebert attended the meeting as a guest and was accepted as a new W45 member at this meeting.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual W-45 meeting, May 29-31, 2003 in Honolulu, Hawaii focused on these actions and details:

*New research resources such as homeland security.

"Report reviews and critique per usual.

"Encouraged having a collective impact report from this committee and individual impact statements from each W45 member.

"Discussed the project renewal and proposal writing. The writing committee members, general plan and emerging issues to be proposed in the proposal were decided.

"Decided to recruit new members focusing eco-toxicology and toxicology, and to link the recruitment with the new projects and new objectives.

"Vince Hebert (Washington) became a new W-45 member.

"Agreed to submit to the chair a brief impact statement.

"Set next meeting date as June 6-8, 2004, University of Oregon, Corvallis, Oregon.

"Decided a new project report format to include an impact summary in a format of PADI (problems, approach, did-results) to state impacts in economic, environmental, social, and discipline (advancing the science).

"Elected new W45 officers: Sharon Papiernik as secretary, and Qing Li as chair.

"A W45 award, Donald G. Crosby Old Sage Award, was created to honor individuals who have made significant contributions to W45. The first honoree (2003) of this award was Dr. Ann T. Lemley.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Intended Outcomes and Potential Impacts of Specific Objectives and Projects Obj. 1: Identify, develop, and/or validate trace residue analytical methods, immunological procedures, and biomarkers: Scientists Hawaii station developed an immunoassay for the insecticide imidacloprid. Antibody kinetics studies revealed that the antibody is specific to imidacloprid. The assay had a half-maximal inhibition concentration and the limit of detection of 0.8 and 0.1 µg/L, respectively. This is an economical, fast and sensitive assay to measure imidacloprid in environmental and biological samples. Obj. 2: Characterize abiotic and biotic reaction mechanisms, transformation rates, and fate in agricultural and natural ecosystems: Pesticide runoff to urban streams and estuaries is known to cause aquatic toxicity. Consequently, the US EPA has adopted TMDLs for diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and the chlorinated insecticides. Synthetic pyrethroids being replacements for diazinon and chlorpyrifos are even more toxic to aquatic organisms than the OP compounds. Scientists at UC-Riverside found that the strong adsorption of synthetic pyrethroids to suspended particles in runoff water greatly decreases the actual toxicity of pyrethroids to indicator species such as Ceriodaphnia dubia, and practices of suspended solid removal are highly effective in eliminating pyrethroids from the runoff. The close interactions with stakeholders such as growers and regulators facilitated information and technology transfer. The mitigation practices were implemented by growers and used in outreach seminars. The research findings were also conveyed to Regional Water Quality Control Boards and California Department of Pesticide Regulations. 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) is one of the four registered soil fumigants. Use of methyl bromide will be suspended in January 2005. 1,3-D is considered to be a potential replacement for methyl bromide. The scientists at Florida station found that 1,3-D rapidly volatilized from the surface of the bare bed and the polyethylene mulch (PE) covered bed while concurrently concentration of 1,3-D in the root zone in the beds rapidly declined. Virtually impermeable film (VIF) was a better barrier for retarding volatilization from bed surface and retaining greater concentration of 1,3-D in the root zone. VIF may be useful for in field beds. The producers of the fungicide benomyl have recently experienced legal battles as farmers claim that the fungicide damaged crops as by the proposed cause being N,N‘‘-dibutylurea (DBU), a breakdown product of benomyl during its storage. W45 members at Indiana station found that DBU degradation was primarily microbial and degradation was relatively fast with less than 10% remaining after 6 weeks except when at least two of the following conditions existed: high clay content (> 40%), dry conditions, high pH, or high temperature. If DBU is found in soils, it is most likely from application of DBU-containing benomyl formulations and not from DBU production in soils. Also DBU inadvertently applied to soils through benomyl formulations is unlikely to persist. Researchers in Nevada demonstrated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degraded rapidly in freshwater lakes.. Photolysis rates for PAHs varied, but for those compounds that exhibit phototoxicity, the half-lives are generally less than one day of sunlight. The ecological impact of PAH from marine engines is equivocal, since these compounds were found only at very low concentrations in the two fresh water lakes examined, and, particularly for Lake Tahoe. Researchers at Cornell University conducted research to integrate an anodic Fenton treatment (AFT) and a mixed microbial culture to degrade the herbicide metribuzin. Complete and rapid removal of metribuzin by AFT was demonstrated. The appearance and subsequent degradation of two metribuzin degradation products were observed. It was found that microbial degradation occurred in the AFT effluents as compared to the original metribuzin solution without AFT treatment. This research supports the continued investigation of AFT and biodegradation as a binary treatment of aqueous pesticide wastes. Scientists at Oregon station studied using the GC retention method to estimate vapor pressures for five pesticides (triclopyr, ethofumesate, triadimefon, chlorpyrifos, and propiconazole) over a range of environmentally relevant temperatures. The results affirm previously reported sources of error for semi-polar and polar compounds ? specifically, vapor pressure estimates assume that relative retention times for the test compounds are determined by vapor pressure only, while differences in activity coefficients between test and reference compounds may also influence relative retention times. In addition, when the measured vapor pressure/temperature relationship for the reference compounds is within the temperature range of interest for the test compounds, temperature extrapolation error is minimized. Researchers in Washington studied pheromone mating disruption as an important integrated pest management tool for controlling codling moth injury in apple and pear orchards in the Pacific Northwest. In 2003, a laboratory chamber volatile trapping system was developed to examine pheromone released in the gas-phase from field-aged commercial dispensers, which was compared with direct analysis of field-aged commercial dispensers. The two approaches provided similar release information of commercial dispenser performance throughout the codling moth mating season. In 2002-2003, air sampling and trace-level analytical techniques were developed and will be tested in the orchard in the summer of 2003 for evaluating season-long dispenser release behavior. The new integrated method should in the future better aid in the understanding of pheromone disruption devices under canopy conditions. Objective-3: Determine adverse impacts from agrochemical exposure to cells, organisms, and ecosystems. Scientists at UC-Davis continued to work on validation of using cholinesterase assay to monitor exposures to organophosphate insecticides in blood from pesticide handlers in the agricultural workplace in California. The same red blood cell ghost standard and human blood samples were used among all the participating laboratories including clinical laboratories. Results of cholinesterase activities for whole blood, red blood cell and serum enzymes were compared. Many laboratories achieved a better than 0.90 correlation with the UCD W45 laboratory. Researchers in Hawaii examined the physiological activity of the insecticide imidacloprid was in frog embryonic muscle cells as a model system to study mechanism of nicotinoid teratogenicity. Acetylcholine as a natural modulator of muscle contractions and nicotine as an established pharmacological probe were tested alone or together with imidacloprid for their ability to induce contractions in frog embryonic muscle cells. Acetylcholine was more effective in causing muscle contractions than nicotine. Imidacloprid attenuated acetylcholine and nicotine effects but itself did not cause muscle cell contractions. Researchers in Nevada used homing pigeons to model the biological impact of exposure to sub-lethal exposures to various agrochemical and environmental contaminants. Exposure of the homing pigeons to cyanide in the drinking water resulted in: a decrease in tissue ATP levels similar to that seen in the mallard duck and a dose-dependent increase in flight time for the birds, suggesting a dose-dependent biological impact. This group recently constructed a new facility that allows housing, breeding and training homing pigeons for the studies. They currently have 60 birds between 0 and 4 months old, and have begun training these birds to home back to the roost so that the studies can start later this summer. African rue has become established in several western states, where it poses a threat. Scientists in New Mexico investigated plant-herbicide-water stress interactions. The results showed that although less active physiologically, plants under water-stressed conditions were more sensitive to herbicide application, with metsulfuron and imazapyr causing the most damage. One day after treatment (DAT), non-watered plants were the only treatments with visible injury as measured by wilting. By 21 DAT, herbicide activity continued to be greater in the non-watered compared to the watered treatments. This initial screening suggests that water status plays a role in altering African rue?s sensitivity to herbicides. Scientists in USDA-ARS in Beltsville initiated a project in the Fall 2001 to assess the impact of intense agricultural production on air and water resources of the South Florida sensitive coastal ecosystems, which have had die-off of sea grass beds, declines in sponge and shellfish populations and development of noxious algal blooms in the past decade. Rain and air samples were collected from a site in Homestead, Florida, and a newly added site at Adams Key in Biscayne National Park. Surface water samples were collected during the growing season from the six sites along the Mowery Canal and surrounding agricultural area canals which empty into Biscayne Bay, and in the Biscayne Bay. Preliminary data suggest that agriculture and urban activities may impact surrounding ecosystems. Obj. 4: Develop technologies that mitigate adverse human and environmental impacts. Researchers at USDA-ARS in Riverside investigated the volatilization and distribution of the fumigants 1,3-D, MITC, propargyl bromide (an unregistered fumigant), and chloropicrin. Mesocosm experiments indicated that increasing the depth of application or use of a surface tarp decreased maximum and cumulative flux, resulted in higher fumigant concentrations throughout the soil compared to untarped soil, and reduced the rate of fumigant dissipation from soil. Tarping the bed with standard 1-mil HDPE and virtually impermeable plastic reduced cumulative emissions by 5-60% and 68-99%, respectively, relative to emissions from bare soil. Scientists in Utah PCP biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Trametes versicolor as model white- soft- and brown-rot fungi, respectively. All the fungi were shown to secrete oxidative enzymes, but T. versicolor showed little or no ability to mineralize PCP and P. cinnabarinus had only limited ability to mineralize PCP. The disappearance of PCP was noted with all three species. Only P. chrysosporium exhibited the ability to methylate PCP. The other species polymerized PCP to a product having spectral similarities to oxidized guaiacol. Work Plan for Next Year W-45 members will continue to work on the on-going projects described in this report and new collaborative thrusts described under the objectives of the W-45 project. All the members continue to put efforts on collaboration which includes cooperative grants being written, cooperative research projects being initiated, and sharing of research approaches and analytical techniques among institutions. A good example of collaboration is collaborative participation of Gan, Aust, Hapeman, Papiernik, Lemley etc. in 2002 fall ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry Symposium. Gan, Zhu, Aust and Lemley co-edited a book entitled ?Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification? for the proceedings articles. American Chemical Society Series 863, ACS, Washington, DC, 2003.

Publications

California Agricultural Experiment Station ? Riverside: Lee, S.J., J. Gan, and J. Kabashima. 2002. Recovery of synthetic pyrethroids in water samples during storage and extraction. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50: 7194-7198. Yates, S.R., J. Gan, S.K. Papiernik, R. Dungan, and D. Wang. 2002. Reducing fumigant emissions after soil application. Phytopathology 92: 1344-1348. Kim, J.H., J. Gan, W.J. Farmer, S.R. Yates, S.K. Papiernik, and R. Dungan. 2003. Organic matter effects on phase partition of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 165-169. Xu, J.M., J. Gan, S.K. Papiernik, J.O. Becker, and S.R. Yates. 2003. Incorporation of fumigants into soil organic matter. Environmental Science & Technology 37: 1288-1291. Gan, J., Y. Zhu, C. Wilen, D. Crowley, and D. Pittenger. 2003. Effects of planting covers on herbicide persistence in landscape soils. Environmental Sciences & Technology (in press). Lee, S.J., J. Gan, J.S. Kim, J.N. Kabashima, and D. Crowley. Microbial transformation of pyrethroid insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (In press). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (In press). Liu, W.P., J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and J.N. Kabashima. Phase fractionation of synthetic pyrethroids in runoff water. Lee, S.J., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and M.A. Anderson. Underestimation of Kd for strongly adsorbing compounds. Environmental Science & Technology (submitted). Qin, S.J., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and J.O. Becker. Degradation and adsorption of fosthiazate in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. (submitted). Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Thomas, J.E., L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C. Vu, D.W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2003. Dispersion and emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film. Pest Manag. Sci. (in review). Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Peer-reviewed: Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Fungal laccase-catalyzed degradation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere. Submitted. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Photolysis of octachloronaphthalene in hexane. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Submitted. Kim, H.-J.; Shelver, W.L.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid based on a monoclonal antibody. Anal. Chim. acta. Submitted. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Copper dissociation as a mechanism of fungal laccase denaturation by humic acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. Submitted. Denery J.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Pressurized fluid extraction of kavalactones from Piper Methysticum root. Anal. Chim. acta. Submitted. Keum, Y.-S.; McQuate, G.T., Li, Q.X. 2003. Isolation and identification of synergists for the parapheromone ?-ionol from cade oil for male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pest Manag. Sci. Submitted. Campbell, S.; David, M.D.; Woodward, L.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Persistence of carbofuran in marine sand and water. Chemosphere. Submitted. Keum, Y.-S.; Kim, J.-H; Li, Q.X. 2003. Relations of Singlet oxygen formation and photolysis of phloxine B in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere. Submitted. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron. Chemosphere. Accepted. Willcox, M.K.; Woodward, L.; Ylitalo, G.; Buzitis, J.; Atkinson, S. Li, Q.X. 2003. Survey for organochlorines in the free-ranging Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) at French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. Accepted. Campbell, S.; Ogoshi, R.; Uehara, G.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Trace analysis of explosives in soil: Pressurized fluid extraction and gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatographic Sci. In press. Kim, H.-J.; Liu, S.-Z.; Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q. X. 2003. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Insecticide Thiamethoxam. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(7), 1823-1830. Kim, J.H.; Moon, J.K.; Li, Q.X.; Cho, J.Y. 2003. One-step accelerated solvent extraction method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal. Chim. Acta. In press. Kim, H. J.; Liu, S.-Z.; Keum, Y.S.; Hwang, E.C.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid. In: Environmental Fate and Effects of Pesticides; J.R. Coats and H. Yamamoto (Eds.). ACS Symposium Series xx, Washington, DC. In press. Paquin, D.; Ogoshi, R.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Bench scale phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated marine sediment with tropical plants. Int. J. Phytoremed. 4(4): 297-313. Zhu, Y.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Movement of bromacil and hexazinone in soils of Hawaiian pineapple fields. Chemosphere. 49(6): 671-676. Hue, N.V.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X.; Lee, C.R.; Fong, J. 2002. Reducing salinity and organic contaminants in the Pear Harbor dredged material using soil amendments and plant. Remediation J. 12(4):45-63. Campbell, S.; Paquin, D.; Awaya, J.D.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Remediation of benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene contaminated soil with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa). Int. J. Phytoremed. 4 (2):157-168. Keum, Y.-S.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, Y.-W.; Kim, K.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Photodegradation of diafenthiuron in water. Pest Manag. Sci. 58(5):496-502. Lodevico, R.G.; Li, Q.X. 2002. Analysis of total imidacloprid residues in coffee by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 35(2):315-326. Abstracts: Li, Q.X.; Kim, H.-J. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the neonicotinoid insecticides. The Korean Society of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology Annual Conference. Taegu, Korea. April 24-25, 2003. Li, Q.X. Tropical environmental chemistry and biochemistry. Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology. Gwangju, Korea. April 17, 2003; Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Dongbu Hannong Chemical Co. Ltd. Kyungki-Do, Korea. April 2, 2003. Li, Q.X. Pressurized and supercritical fluid extractions for polar pollutants in environmental samples. Annual Conference of the Korean Society of Pesticide Science. Korea. April 10-11, 2003; National Livestock Research Institute, Research and Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. March 5, 2003. Li, Q.X. Phytoremediation technology. Chung-Nam National University. Taejon, Korea. April 4, 2003; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology. Taejon, Korea. April 4, 2003; National Livestock Research Institute, Research and Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. March 21, 2003. Paquin, D.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. Phytoremediation in subtropical Hawaii. International Applied Phytotechnologies Conference, Chicago, Illinois. March 3-5, 2003. Atkinson, S.; Hong, S.-M.; Springer, A.; Li, Q.X. Comparison of PCB concentrations in different Steller sea lion t issues. The Steller sea lion symposium. January 2003. Anchorage. Seifert J. Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid on chicken embryo and frog embryonic muscle cells, 226th ACS National Meeting, Division of Agrochemicals, New York 2003. Indiana (Purdue University) Agricultural Experiment Station Lee, L.S., R.F. Turco, S. Sassman, and M. Bischoff. Investigating the Fate of Benomyl Degradation Products in Soils. Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Charlotte, NC, October 22-26, 2001. New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station Refereed: Valenzuela-Valenzuela, J. M., N. K. Lownds and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Ethylene plays no role in clopyralid action in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 72:142-152. Ratnayaka, H. H., W. T. Molin and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Physiological and antioxidant responses of cotton and spurred anoda under interference and mild drought. J. Exper. Bot. (in press). Gibbs, L. A. and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Seasonal variation of picloram metabolism in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations in a common garden. Weed Sci. (accepted). Sabba, R. P., I. M. Ray, N. Lownds, and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Inheritance of resistance to clopyralid and picloram in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) is controlled by a single nuclear recessive gene. J. Heredity (in review). On-line Lessons: ? Sterling (2002) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 1 - Introduction (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/html/startLessonFrame.shtml?LessonID=1022008824&category=PlantBiochemistry) ? Sterling (2002) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 2 - Advanced (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/html/startLessonFrame.shtml?LessonID=998688536&category=PlantBiochemistry) ? Sterling (2003) Metabolism of Xenobiotics in Plants ? Advanced (in review) Abstracts: Sterling, T. M. and D. C. Thompson. 2003. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Conf. on Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems: Linking Science and Management and 7th Internatl. Conf. on the Ecology and Managemnt of Alien Plant Invasion. (in press). Abbott, L. B., T. M. Sterling, and L. M. Hite. 2003. Photosynthesis and growth responses of African rue to progressive drought. SRM Annual Meeting (in press). Abbott, L. B., L. M. Hite, and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Physiological responses of African rue to progressive drought. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. (in press). Bettmann, G. T., H. H. Ratynayaka, Abbott, L. B., and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Antioxidant levels of African rue under water stress. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. (in press). Nissen, S. J., T. M. Sterling, D. M. Namuth, S. M. Fritz, A. Martin, B. Kappler, and C. Mallory-Smith. 2003. Teaching herbicide mode of action with lessons and animations available online. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. (in press). Vallotton, A. D., Abbott, L. B., and T. M. Sterling. 2003. African rue seedling response to herbicides applied under drought stress. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. (in press). Ratnayaka, H. H., T. M. Sterling, and W. T. Molin. 2003. Photosynthetic and antioxidative responses in cotton and spurred anoda under progressive drought. WSSA Abstracts (in press). Amador, R., H. H. Ratnayaka, T. M. Sterling and W. T. Molin. 2002. Diurnal patterns of antioxidant systems in cotton and spurred anoda. ASPB 2002 Supplement, p. 145. Ratnayaka, H. H., T. M. Sterling, and W. T. Molin. 2002. Antioxidative response of cotton and spurred anoda under progressive drought. ASPB 2002 Supplement, p. 143. Branum, K. S., H. H. Ratnayaka, A. D. Vallotton, and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Temperature response of picloram-resistant yellow starthistle (Centaurea soltitialis L.). Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 55:7. Vallotton, A. D. and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Variation in swainsonine content among extraction methods and between locoweed genera. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 55:18. Molin, W. T., H. H. Ratnayaka, and T. M. Sterling. 2002. Effects of spurred anoda interference on yield and photosynthesis in cotton. WSSA Abstracts 41: 71. Ratnayaka, H. H., T. M. Sterling, and W. T. Molin. 2002. Antioxidative responses in cotton and spurred anoda under interference and drought. WSSA Abstracts 41: 71. Sterling, T. M., I. Ray, A. D. Vallotton, and R. P. Sabba. 2002. Recessive inheritance of picloram resistance in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.). WSSA Abstracts 41: 11. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Miller, Glenn C.; Hoonhout, Cynthia; Sufka, Erica; Carroll, Sandra; Ediveerasingam, Veronica; Allen, Brant; Reuter, John; Oris, Jim; Lico, Michael S. (2003). Environmental Assessment of the Impacts of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Tahoe and Donner Lake. A Final Report to the California State Water Resources Control Board Hebert, Vince E, Glenn Miller, and Jim Woodrow. Understanding the tropospheric fate of agricultural pesticides, in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, ed. G. Ware, Vol. 181 accepted (2003). Brasel, JM, Cooper, R. and Pritsos, CA, ?Utilization of a homing pigeon (Columbia livia) model to assess the effects of non-lethal exposures to mine wastes and pesticides in migratory birds.? The Toxicologist 72:S-1, 191, 2003. New York (Cornell University) Agricultural Experiment Station A.T. Lemley, Q. Wang, and D.A. Saltmiras. Anodic Fenton degradation of pesticides. In Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification, ACS Symposium Series (in press). A.A. Kline, A.J. Landers, A. Hedge, A. Lemley, S.K. Obendorf, and T. Dokuchayeva. Pesticide exposure levels on surfaces within sprayer cabs. App. Eng. In Agric. (in press). D.E. Muscarella, K.A. O?Brien, A.T. Lemley, S.E. Bloom. Reversal of Bcl-2 mediated resistance of the EW36 human B-cell lymphoma cell line to arsenite and pesticide-induced apoptosis by PK11195, a ligand of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor. Toxicological Sci. (in press). Q. Wang and A.T. Lemley. 2003. Oxidative degradation and detoxofication of aqueous carbofuran by membrane anodic Fenton treatment. J. Haz. Materials B98: 241-155. D.A. Saltmiras and A.T. Lemley. 2002. Atrazine degradation by anodic Fenton Treatment. Wat. Res., 36: 5113-5119. Q. Wang and A.T. Lemley. 2002. Oxidation of diazinon by anodic Fenton treatment. Wat. Res., 36:3237-3244. A.T. Lemley, A. Hedge, S.K. Obendorf, S. Hong, J. Kim, T. Muss, and C. Varner. 2002. Selected pesticide residues in house dust from farmers? homes in central New York State. Bull. Environ. Contam. and Tox., 69:155-163. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Publications: Buchwalter, D., D. Judd, J. Jenkins, L. Curtis. 2001. Testing Toxicological Hypotheses Based on Ecological Observations: A Case Study Using Aquatic Insects and Epithelia. In Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Globe, Vol. 2, No.1, p. 30-31. Buchwalter, D., J. J. Jenkins, L. R. Curtis. 2002. Respiratory strategy is a major determinant of [3H]water and [13C]chlorpyrifos uptake in aquatic insects. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 59: 1315-1322. Sandahl, J. F, and J. J. Jenkins. 2002. Pacific Streelhead (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) exposed to chlorpyrifos: benchmark concentration estimates for acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21: 2452-2458. Runes, H. B., J. J. Jenkins, J. A. Moore, P. J. Bottomley, and B. D. Wilson. 2002. Treatment of atrazine in nursery irrigation runoff by a constructed wetland. Water Res., Vol. 37, Issue 3, p. 539-550. Presentations at national meetings: Norris, L. A., F. Dost, R. VanBossuyt Jr., J. J. Jenkins. 2002. Risk Analysis for tree growth regulators (TGR) used on electric utility rights-of-way. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management. September 9-13, 2000, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. John W. Goodrich-Mahoney, Dean Mutrie and Colin Guild, eds., p. 673-688. Rohlman, D. S., C. Ebbert, J. F. Muñiz, J. Rothlein, J. J. Jenkins, L. McCauley. 2002. Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehvioral Performance in Agricultural Children. 8th International Symposium on Neurobehavioral Methods and Effects in Occupational and Environmental Health. Brescia Italy, June 23-26, 2002. Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, N. L. Scholz, J. J. Jenkins. 2002. Electrophysiological measures of copper neurotoxicity in coho salmon. Agrochemicals Division, 224th Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Boston, MA, August 18-22, 2002. Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, N. L. Scholz, J. J. Jenkins. 2002. Effects of pesiticides on the neurobiology of coho salmon. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, November 17-20, 2002. Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, N. L. Scholz, J. J. Jenkins. 2003. Pesticide toxicity to the olfactory system of the Coho salmon. Pesticides in Non-target Environments: Joint European - South African International Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, January 21-23, 2003 Reports: Jenkins, J. J. 2003. Environmental Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos and Azinphos-methyl Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries. Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Quality. USDA-ARS, Beltsville Hapeman, C.J., Dionigi, C.P., Zimba, P.V., McConnell, L.L 2002. Agrochemical and Nutrient Impacts on Estuaries and Other Aquatic Systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 4382 4384. Hapeman, C.J., Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Teasdale, J.R., Sadeghi, A.M., McConnell, L.L., Coffman, C.B., Herbert, R.R., Heighton, L.P. Use of Vegetative Furrows to Mitigate Runoff, Soil Erosion and Copper Levels in Runoff from Fresh-Market Vegetable Production with Polyethylene Mulch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. In press. Pierpoint, A.C., Hapeman, C.J., Torrents, A. Ozone Treatment of Soil Contaminated with Aniline, Trifluraline and Other Contaminants. Chemosphere. In press. Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Rice, C.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Schmidt, W.F., McCarty, G.W., Starr, J.L., Rice, P.J., Angier, J.T., Harman-Fetcho, J.A. Understanding Agrochemical Fate and Transport to Prevent and Mitigate Adverse Environmental Impacts. Pest Management Sci. In press. Jayasundera, S., Schmidt, W.F., Hapeman, C.J., Torrents, A. Mechanistic Information on Molecular Interactions of Acetamide Pesticides with Organic Matter Surrogates: Application of 1H and 13C-NMR Relaxation Parameters. J. Agric. Food Chem. In press. Hapeman, C.J., Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Teasdale, J.R., Sadeghi, A.M., McConnell, L.L., Coffman, C.B., Herbert, R.R., Heighton, L.P. Effectiveness of Buffer Strips to Mitigate Pesticide Losses from Plastic Mulch. International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, Basel, Switzerland. 2002. Hapeman, C.J., Schmidt, W.F., Rice, C.P., McConnell, L.L., Fettinger, J.C., Bilboulian, S. Explanation for the Isomeric Compartmentalization of Endosulfan. International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, Basel, Switzerland. 2002. Hapeman, C.J., Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Teasdale, J.R., Sadeghi, A.M., McConnell, L.L., Coffman, C.B., Herbert, R.R., Heighton, L.P. Decreasing the Environmental Impacts of Production Practices that Use Plastic Mulch. American Chemical Society 223rd National Meeting Abstracts, Boston, MA. 2002. Pierpoint, A.C., Hapeman, C.J., Torrents, A. Deactivation, Disposal and Management of Amitraz Dip-Vats. American Chemical Society 223rd National Meeting Abstracts, Boston, MA. 2002. Potter, T.L., Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L, Schaffer, B.A., Harman-Fetcho, J.A.. Atmospheric Deposition of Pesticide in the South Miami-Dade Basin. Proceedings of Air and Waste Management Association Annual Conference, Florida Section, Orlando, FL. 2002. Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Potter, T.L., Rice, C.P, Bialek, K.M., Schaffer, B.A. Agrochemical Inputs from Florida Canals to the Biscayne Bay. SETAC 22nd Annual Meeting Abstract Book, Salt Lake City, UT. 2002. USDA-ARS, Riverside Peer-reviewed: Papiernik, S. K., J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. 2002. Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil. Pest Manag. Sci. 58:1055-1062. Papiernik, S. K., C. M. Grieve, and S. R. Yates. 2002. Phytotoxic effects of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron on selected weed species. Weed Sci. Accepted December 2, 2002. Ibekwe, A. M., A. C. Kennedy, P. S. Frohne, S. K. Papiernik, C. -H. Yang, and D. E. Crowley. 2001. Microbial diversity along a transect of agronomic zones. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 39:183-191. Yates, S. R., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, R. Dungan, and D. Wang. Reducing fumigant emissions after soil application, Phytopathology 92:1344-1348. 2002. Yates, S.R, J. Gan, and S.K. Papiernik. 2003. Environmental fate of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 177:45-122. Papiernik, S. K., F. F. Ernst, R. S. Dungan, W. Zheng, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. 2003. Remediation of halogenated fumigant compounds in the root zone by subsurface application of ammonium thiosulfate. In J. Gan, P. Zhu, S. D. Aust, and A. T. Lemley (eds.) Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification. American Chemical Society Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Accepted January 23, 2002. Kim, J-H., J. Gan, W. J. Farmer, S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and R.S. Dungan. 2003. Organic matter effects on phase partition of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil. J. Agric. & Food Chem. 51:165-169. Zheng, W., S. K. Papiernik, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. 2003. Accelerated degradation of methyl iodide by agrochemicals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:673-679. Xu, J., J. Gan, S. K. Papiernik, J. O. Becker, and S. R. Yates. Incorporation of fumigants into soil organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:1288-1291. Zheng, W., S. K. Papiernik, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. 2003. Competitive degradation between fumigants chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene in unamended and amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. Accepted February 10, 2003. Guo, M., S. K. Papiernik, W. Zheng, and S. R. Yates. 2003. Formation and extraction of fumigant residues in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. Accepted February 25, 2003. Kim, J. -H., S. K. Papiernik, W. J. Farmer, J. Gan, and S. R. Yates. 2003. Effect of formulation on the behavior of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil. J. Environ. Qual. Accepted April 23, 2003. Abstracts: Papiernik, S. K. and S. R. Yates. 2001. Transport of fumigant compounds through HDPE and virtually impermeable films. Proceedings of the 2001 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. November 5-9, 2001, San Diego, CA. 16:1-3. Yates, S. R., R. Dungan, and S. K. Papiernik. Predicting pathogen control from soil fumigation. 2001. Proceedings of the 2001 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. November 5-9, 2001, San Diego, CA. 19:1-3. Papiernik, S. K., F. F. Ernst, R. S. Dungan, W. Zheng, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. 2002. Remediation of fumigant compounds in the root zone by subsurface application of ammonium thiosulfate. Preprints of Extended Abstracts, American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry. 42(2):418-421. Zheng, W., S. K. Papiernik, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. 2002. Competitive degradation between fumigants chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene in soils. Preprints of Extended Abstracts, American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry. 42(2):65-68. Papiernik, S. K. and S. R. Yates. Emissions of fumigant compounds through agricultural films. IUPAC International Congress on the Chemistry of Crop Protection Book of Abstracts. 2:118. 2002. Papiernik, S. K., R. S. Dungan, F. F. Ernst, W. Zheng, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. Atmospheric emissions of fumigants applied via drip irrigation. Presented at the American Society of Agronomy, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-14, 2002. Abstract No.: S11-papiernik225742-Oral Kim, J.-H., J. Gan, W. J. Farmer, S. K. Papiernik, R. S. Dungan, and S. R. Yates. Organic matter effects on phase partitioning of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil. Presented at the American Society of Agronomy, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-14, 2002. Yates, S. R. and S. K. Papiernik. Transport of Reacting Chemicals. Presented at the American Society of Agronomy, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-14, 2002. Papiernik, S. K., R. Dungan, W. Zheng, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. Reducing fumigant emissions following subsurface drip application. 225th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27, 2003. Paper AGRO 26. Yates, S. R. and S. K. Papiernik. Fate and transport of propachlor and thiosulfate. 225th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27, 2003. Paper AGRO 24. Guo, M., S. K. Papiernik, W. Zheng, and S. R. Yates. 225th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27, 2003. Paper AGRO 8. Zheng, W., S. K. Papiernik, M. Guo, and S. R. Yates. 225th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27, 2003. Paper AGFD 62. Reports: Papiernik, S. K. 2002. Assessing the potential uptake of DDT, DDE, and DDD isomers from soil by a root crop. Report to the USEPA. October 8, 2002. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Peer-reviewed: Welch, K.D., C.A. Reilly, and S.D. Aust (2002) ?The role of cysteine residues in the oxidation of ferritin?, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 33, 399-408. Welch, K.D., T.Z. Davis. M.E. Van Eden, and S.D. Aust (2002) ?Deleterious iron-mediated oxidation of biomolecules?, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 32, 577-583. Reading, N.S., K.D. Welch, and S.D. Aust (2001) ?Free-radical reactions of wood-degrading fungi?, in Current Knowledge of Wook Deteriorating Mechanisms and its Impact on Biotechnology and Wood Preservatives, ACS Symposium Series. Welch, K.D., T.Z. Davis, and S.D. Aust (2002) ?Iron autoxidation and free radical generation: Effects of buffers, ligands, and chelators?, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 397, 360-369. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station Peer-Reviewed VR Hebert, GC Miller, and JE Woodrow. Understanding the tropospheric fate of agricultural pesticides, in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, ed. G. Ware, Vol. 181 accepted (2003). J Woodrow, VR Hebert and J LeNoir. ?Monitoring Of Agrochemical Residues In Air.? in ?Handbook of Residue Analytical Methods for Agrochemical Residues? (P. Lee ed., two volume series) John Wiley & Sons (2003). VR Hebert, JR Middleton, E. Tomaszewska, LK Fox. Methodology for Quantifying Residues of Chlorhexidine in Raw Dairy Milk J. Agric. Food Chem.; 51(3); 567-570 (2003). Middleton JR, Hebert VR, Fox LK, Tomaszewska E, Lakritz J. Elimination kinetics of chlorhexidine in milk following intramammary infusion to stop lactation in mastitic mammary gland quarters of cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 222(12):In press. (2003). E Tomaszewka and VR Hebert. Method for the determination of O,S-dimethyl thiophosphorate in urine. J.Agric. Food Chem. (submitted, May 2003). Technical Reports E Tomaszewska and VR Hebert. Quantitation of spray drift and human exposure from field applications of Monitor? on potatoes. UW School of Pub. Health and Commun. Med. Analytical Summary Report 45 pp. (2003). VR Hebert and J LePage. Year 2001 impact of airborne herbicide residues on wine grape production. WSDA Analytical Summary Report. 82 pp. (2003). E Tomaszewska and VR Hebert. Year 2002 assessment of pheromone disruption compounds from field aged dispensers. WSU, TFREC Analytical Summary Report. 26 pp. (2002). E Tomaszewska and VR Hebert. 2001 assessment of pheromone disruption compounds from field aged dispensers. WSU, TFREC Analytical Summary Report. 25 pp. (2002). J LePage, VR Hebert, and AS Felsot. Sevin: Magnitude of the Residue on Apples. WTFRC 40CFR Part 160 GLP Technical Report 62 pp (2002). V.R. Hebert and A.S. Felsot. Guthion Magnitude of the Residue in Apples. WTFRC 40CFR Part 160 GLP Technical Report. 101 pp (2002).

Impact Statements

Riverside: Improving Adsorption Measurement for Synthetic Pyrethroids: We developed a selective approach that improves the determination of adsorption coefficient for synthetic pyrethroids and likely for other adsorbing pesticides. This method may be used for better predicting the fate and ecotoxicological effects of other pesticides such as DDT.
Florida: We know very little about the distribution of the fumigants in the root zone and their volatilization loss after application to shallow subsurface of Florida sandy soil. This report represents our first stage of research aimed to understand the behavior of the three registered fumigants, 1,3-D, chloropicrin and metam sodium in Florida sandy soil and to enhance their pesticidal efficacy. We think VIF will be useful for increasing 1,3-D efficacy and reducing 1,3-D volatilization loss.
Hawaii: Imidacloprid is an effective insecticide but concern of wind drift, leaching into surface water and ground water, and toxicity to honey bees. A new monoclonal antibody was derived and used to develop a new immunoassay for imidacloprid. The new assay can be a good tool for monitoring of imidacloprid in environmental and biological samples. Examination of kinetics of the monoclonal antibody provides information for future antibody production.
Indiana: Desoxycarbadox is the only metabolite found in manure from carbadox-fed swine. Tylosin A and the primary metabolites tylsoin aldol and mycaminosyltylonolide (OMT) are present in manure from Tylan-fed swine. Our research suggests that any future reconnaissance of residual manure-applied antibiotics and associated metabolites should focus on the role of surface runoff, erosion, preferential flow, and facilitated transport to ecosystem loadings.
NM: African rue has become established in several western states where it poses a threat of further spread. We found that although less active physiologically, plants under water-stressed conditions were more sensitive to herbicide applications than those receiving water, with metsulfuron and imazapyr causing the most damage. This suggests that water status plays a role in altering Afican rue's sensitivity to herbicides and therefore, may influence successful management of this invasive weed.
Nevada: The impact of non-lethal acute agrochemical exposures on non-target avian species is very difficult to access. The use of homing pigeons to mimic the behavior of migratory birds may provide us with such a model. The goal of this project is to establish this model such that testing of various agrochemicals using this model will help determine the safety of these agrochemicals
Impact 7 New York (Cornell University) Agricultural Experiment Station: This years work demonstrates that the chemical treatment method being used to pretreat pesticide wastewater makes the wastewater more suitable for normal wastewater sewage treatment, a biological process. The biological process alone cannot break down many types of pesticides. The combination of the two processes, chemical and biological, is a practical approach to this environmental problem
Impact 8 USDA ARS Riverside Experiments were conducted to monitor the volatilization and distribution of the fumigant compounds. Because the great U.S. economic loss resulting from the transition from the fumigant methyl bromide to alternative fumigant compounds, and because the use of the alternative fumigants 1,3-D and MITC is being increasingly restricted based on air quality concerns, this research is critical for maintaining soil fumigation as a viable option in American agriculture
Impact 9 The work of the W-45 project serves to provide information critically important for establishment of the safety of current pesticide uses as well as recommendation of best management practices.

Date of Annual Report: 07/22/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/06/2004 - 06/08/2004
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2003 - 04/01/2004

Participants

2004 Participants
Kevin L. Armbrust, Mississippi State University
Steven D. Aust, Utah State University
Cathleen J. Hapeman, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
Vince Hebert, Washington State University
Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon State University
Monte P. Johnson, USDA-CSREES
Ann T. Lemley, Cornell University
Qing X. Li, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Glenn C. Miller, University of Nevada, Reno
Sharon K. Papiernik, USDA-ARS, Morris, MN
Ronald S. Pardini, University of Nevada, Reno
Chris A. Pritsos, University of Nevada, Reno
Pamela Rice, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN
Josef Seifert, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Tracy M. Sterling, New Mexico State University
Barry Wilson, University of California, Davis

Brief Summary of Minutes

W-45 Technical Meeting Minutes

Oregon State University, June 6-8, 2004

Attendance: Kevin Armbrust, Steve Aust, Cathleen Hapeman, Vince Hebert, Jeff Jenkins, Monte Johnson, Ann Lemley, Qing Li, Glenn Miller, Sharon Papiernik, Ron Pardini, Chris Pritsos, Josef Seifert, Tracy Sterling, Barry Wilson

Guest: Pam Rice, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN

Welcome and introduction:

Li welcomed the group.

Host Jeff Jenkins and Charles Boyer, OSU Agricultural Experiment Station director, welcomed the group. Boyer pointed out the strength and diversity of Oregon agricultural production and the importance of research on the environmental impacts of agricultural production, citing examples pertinent in the Northwest, including considerations of endangered species.

Monte Johnson, CSREES representative, distributed information about CSREES granting opportunities, the Land Grant system, and impacts of CSREES research. He pointed out the importance of emphasizing the impact of the committee, and noted several things to consider in writing our proposal and impact statements, including relevance to needs to clientele, concrete deliverables, and the diversity of the audience of W-45 work.

Administrative Advisor, Ron Pardini, spoke about the NIMSS (National Information Management and Support System) for online submission and review of proposals, minutes, and reports. Report and proposal are to be submitted through Ron (give to Shannon). The committee can make revisions on-line, and will need to get log-on ID and password for revision. We will probably do the bulk of the proposal preparation off-line to utilize ?track changes? features of word processing software. To view information about all interstate projects, use the URL http://www.lgu.umd.edu (access also available through Western Directors web page): login as user ID ?guest? with password ?guest?. Pardini reviewed the Annual National Impacts sheets, reiterating information distributed by Johnson. Next year one impact sheet will be on Multi-State projects. Pardini will submit our impact statement to the national database, which should follow the approved format, including: Issues, Resolutions, Impact (economic, social, environmental, scientific). The Best of the West web page also lists impacts of Western regional projects. Pardini encouraged members to submit impact for individual projects through their own stations in addition to collective impact of W-45.

The deadline for the proposal for the replacement project is January 15 (to Shannon). The deadline for the winter director?s meeting is May 15. The proposal will need to include information regarding a CIRS search and interface with W-82; we may be receiving a new committee number ? we would need a strong justification to keep W-45.

Report review and critique:

The group presented and critiqued technical reports as per usual.

Old and new business:

New member: Dr. Pamela Rice (USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN) gave an overview of her expertise and research plans. The committee unanimously approved Dr. Rice?s request to join W-45.

Old Sage Award: The Donald G. Crosby Old Sage Award was presented to Dr. Barry Wilson in honor of his meritorious efforts to promote and strengthen a collegium of researchers who share common problems and possibilities for improving the application of science to human and environmental health issues arising from chemical use in agriculture. Members related anecdotes, and the committee congratulated Dr. Wilson.

Next meeting: Potential sites for next year?s meeting were discussed. Lake Tahoe was suggested, with Reno as a second choice; the meeting is tentatively scheduled to begin on June 5.

Updated membership list: A list was circulated to solicit current contact information. Papiernik will update the membership list and send to members.

Annual reports: Members are reminded to provide reports in current format, including impact. Reports should be submitted one week before the meeting. Li will again send deadline and report format information before the meeting.

Announcements: Lemley received a note from Lindy Paul stating that Kluwer is merging with Springer to form Springer Science and Business Media: submit books, etc. to her.

Discussion of the proposal for replacement project:

Objectives: As we agreed at the 2003 meeting, the objectives of the new project will remain essentially unchanged. The objectives are still pertinent and timely, and represent the work of all committee members; therefore, the objectives do not require any revision at this time.

Writing committee: Writing committee consists of the past chair (Pritsos), current chair (Li), and current secretary (Papiernik); Hebert (Washington) was added to the writing committee by unanimous vote.

Format: Jenkins downloaded version updated 4/22/2002, which indicated that the proposal will be limited to 15 pages without references. Format includes Project Number (assigned); Project Title; Requested Project Duration; Statement of the Issues and Justification; Related, Current, and Previous Work; Objectives; Methods; Measurement of Progress and Results; Projected Participation; Outreach Plan; Organization and Governance; and Literature Cited

Membership break-down by objectives (volunteered by those present; surmised for absent members):

1. Armbrust (MS), Hebert (WA), Simonich (OR), Li (Hawaii), Wilson (CA-Davis)

2. Armbrust (MS), Rice (ARS-St. Paul), Hebert (WA), Miller (NV), Gan (CA-Riverside), Lee (Purdue), Lemley (NY), Hapeman (ARS-Beltsville), Sterling (NM), Aust (UT), Papiernik (USDA-Morris), Pritsos (NV), Simonich (OR), Li (Hawaii)

3. Jenkins (OR), Sterling (NM), Pritsos (NV), Wilson (CA-Davis), Hapeman (ARS-Beltsville), Krieger (CA-Riverside)

4. Aust (UT), Jenkins (OR), Lemley (NY), Rice (ARS-St, Paul), Li (Hawaii), Wilson (CA-Davis), Gan (CA-Riverside), Krieger (CA-Riverside), Hebert (WA), Papiernik (ARS-Morris), Armbrust (MS), Hapeman (ARS-Beltsville)

Title: Agrochemical Impacts on Human and Environmental Health: Mechanisms and Mitigation

Input: Papiernik will send a specific request for information from members, including Related, Current, and Previous Work, Methods, Measurement of Progress and Results; and Literature Cited. Information will be due to writing committee at the end of July.

Adjournment: The meeting was adjourned at 4:00 pm, June 8, 2004.

Respectfully submitted,

Sharon K. Papiernik

W-45 Secretary

Accomplishments

Methods Five monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were raised and used to develop enzyme linked-immonusorbent assays (ELISAs) for neonicotinoid pesticides; one of the five MAbs gave a very sensitive ELISA with a half-maximal inhibition (I50) of 0.06 ng/mL of thiamethoxam. This assay is very specific to thiamethoxam (< 1.0% cross-reactivity with other neonicotinoids tested). Another MAb, designated as F6E6, was used to develop a flow fluorescent immunoassay or kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA). The dissociation constants (Kd) of MAb F6E6 with the neonicotinoid insecticides acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were determined with KinExA. Results indicated that this KinExA assay had < 1.0% cross-reactivity with the other tested neonicotinoids. Blood cholinesterase (ChE) levels are an important biomarker for pesticide and nerve agent exposure. We have been working with the state of California to help standardize the ChE measurements of clinical laboratories. Most assays are performed with modifications of the acetylthiocholine colorimetric method of Ellman. CHPPM has been using a modification of the delta pH method of Michel to monitor US military personnel. Recently we have been working with CHPPM to use their database to estimate the range of normal human blood ChEs and to derive a conversion factor between the delta pH and Ellman assays. Tests indicated that the results of the two assays are correlated, but with high variability when the assays were not conducted in the same laboratory; experiments continue to compare methods. The delta pH method is dependent on substrate concentration. Experiments are underway to establish a more accurate conversion in the absence of possible increased variability due to shipping and other factors. When completed, this study will permit harmonizing results produced by the CHPPM method with those of the more recent colorimetric assay. Organics Many pollutants in aquatic systems associate with sediment and their fate in such systems is important to assess potential biological impacts. Experiments were conducted to assess the fate of chlorothalonil (CHT) and its metabolite, hydroxychlorothalonil (OH-CHT), in shallow water conditions simulated by water/sediment systems incorporating simulated sunlight. Experiments were run in the light and dark simultaneously for 30 days in both creek and pond sediment systems. Results indicated that 87-88% of the total applied CHT had dissipated from both water/sediment systems within 1 day when irradiated by simulated sunlight, but only 32-40% had dissipated in non-irradiated samples. Sediment was not a major sink for CHT in these aquatic systems. OH-CHT was detected at low concentrations and only in the dark systems. Total recoveries (water + sediment) were lower under light conditions than in the dark, suggesting that photodegradation is important in the dissipation of CHT in aqueous environments. Metribuzin, a widely used herbicide and a frequently detected pollutant in the environment, was studied as a target compound for membrane anodic Fenton treatment (AFT), a Fenton technology with application potential for onsite treatment of pesticide wastewater. It was found that the degradation kinetics of metribuzin do not obey a previously-developed model that fit AFT degradation kinetics of all previously investigated pesticides. The lack of fit for metribuzin data was determined to result from a weak interaction between metribuzin and the ferric ion, resulting in a significant reduction in availability of metribuzin for reaction with hydroxyl radicals during AFT, thus slowing degradation. A revised kinetic model was developed based on the original AFT model with the addition of this interaction. This weak interaction is also found to exist between ferric ion and several other triazinone/triazine herbicides during membrane AFT, such that the interaction intensity correlated with the electron withdrawing/donating property of substituents on the triazine/triazinone ring. Mycoremediation (treatment of residues using fungi) of environmental pollution sites may be a viable alternative to bacterial biodegradation. Mineralization generally occurs under ligninolytic conditions, which require nutrient limitation. Faster or more effective mycromediation may be possible if ligninolytic activity could be obtained under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Research on control of the ligninlytic system and the synthesis of heme in Phanerochaete chrysosporium were initiated to investigate the quantities of active peroxidases produced by the fungus under different conditions. Nitrogen limiting conditions are usually used to depress the synthesis of these enzymes, limiting the growth of the fungus for mycromediation. Results indicated that more ligninase H8 mRNA was present in ammonium sufficient cultures of P. chrysosporium than in ammonium limited cultures. H8 was transcribed and translated by day 5 under ammonium sufficient conditions, but was inactive due to lack of heme. Mating disruption has become an important integrated pest management tool for controlling codling moth injury in apple and pear orchards in the Pacific Northwest. Experiments were developed to address the following objectives: 1) develop field/analytical approaches for directly measuring pheromone release from commercially available codling moth mating disruption dispensers in the orchard environment, and 2) evaluate whether generated air concentration data is useful, in combination with residual pheromone and volatile trapping dispenser determinations, for assessing the performance and efficacy of mating disruption products. The results from the combined orchard air and residual/volatile trapping dispenser measurement assessments indicate that extremes in diurnal and seasonal temperature must be accounted for in dispenser design to insure season-long moth-mating suppression. Soil fumigation is useful for controlling soil-borne pests and diseases in high-cash-value crops. Application of fumigants through drip irrigation has been proposed as a means to decrease fumigant emissions, improve fumigant distribution in soil, and minimize worker exposure. These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of surface tarps and the configuration of the drip system on the distribution of several fumigant compounds in bedded systems. Tarping the bed with virtually impermeable film (VIF) resulted in the maintenance of higher fumigant concentrations in the soil compared to standard HDPE-tarped soil; fumigant dissipation was slower from VIF-tarped beds because of the rapid volatilization loss of fumigants from HDPE-tarped soil. Increasing the depth of injection was less effective than a plastic tarp in containing fumigants in the soil. Slower dissipation indicates the potential for some improvement in pest-control efficacy, but may cause adverse effects, including fumigant leaching below the root zone (decreasing efficacy and increasing the potential for groundwater contamination) and crop phytotoxicity from residual fumigants in soil. To minimize oxidative damage caused by environmental stress, plants have evolved defense systems involving antioxidants and protective enzymes that either prevent the formation of or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although various antioxidant and energy dissipation systems regulate formation and destruction of ROS under normal physiological conditions, generation of ROS can be in excess of their destruction under environmental or herbicide stress. We examined the involvement of a variety of protective mechanisms in conferring tolerance to prometryn-tolerant cotton as compared to prometryn-susceptible cotton. Most of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms evaluated did not contribute to differentially scavenge prometryn-induced ROS in cotton. Therefore, they do not account for differential tolerance to this herbicide, and other possibilities will be considered in future studies. A high prevalence of skeletal deformities has been reported in fish from the Newberg Pool of the Willamette River, OR. Between 1992 and 1994, the prevalence of skeletal deformities in juvenile northern pike minnow ranged from 2-5% near Corvallis to 26-74% in Newberg Pool; a 2002 survey confirmed a higher prevalence of skeletal deformities in Newberg Pool than at upstream sites. A variety of organics of anthropogenic origin have been detected in waters of the Willamette River Basin, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and persistent organic pollutants. The objective of this study, conducted as part of a larger study designed to investigate a variety of stressors that may be the cause, either outright or in part, of the high prevalence of fish deformities in Newberg Pool, was to use bioassay-directed fractionation to refine the search. Results show that survival and skeletal deformity rates were similar in fathead minnows reared in dechlorinated tap water with or without extracts from both sites on the Willamette River. The ability of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid to alter the teratogenicity of the organophosphate dicrotophos was examined in chicken embryos. In spite of its antagonism to acetylcholine at the nicotinic acetylcholine-regulated receptors, imidacloprid, when applied together with dicrotophos, did not affect the teratogenicity of dicrotophos in chicken embryos. Inorganics Vegetable production practices combining copper-based pesticides with polyethylene mulch create conditions for highly toxic runoff emissions to surface waters. Copper hydroxide is a widely used fungicide-bactericide approved for both organic and conventional agricultural production of vegetable crops for control of diseases, but some aquatic biota are extremely sensitive to low concentrations of copper. The use of polyethylene (PE) mulch in organic and traditional vegetable production is gaining popularity because it decreases pesticide use and warms the soil, allowing for earlier crop planting, but the use of PE mulch also increases runoff volume and soil erosion. The results of two field studies indicated that the addition of vegetative furrows between the raised, PE-covered beds or the replacement of PE mulch with vegetative residue mulch reduced copper loads in runoff by 72 and 88%, respectively, while maintaining harvest yields. Use of these alternative management practices could reduce surface water concentrations in nearby streams to levels near or below current EPA guidelines to protect aquatic life. The production of perchlorate from oxidation of chloride in the presence of nitrate and/or titanium dioxide on dry surfaces was demonstrated in a series of experiments. We are seeking to determine if desert soils can photochemically catalyze the production of perchlorate. This process, if found on soils, can account for the observation of perchlorate in surface and groundwater in regions of the Southwestern U.S. that are remote from industrial sources of perchlorate. In addition, we have observed perchlorate in several desert soils, albeit at low concentrations. Arsenic is both a naturally-occurring and anthropometrically-generated contaminant of surface waters throughout the world. There is tremendous interest in the impact of sub-lethal exposure to arsenic in humans, animals and plants. We are interested in determining the impact of exposure to arsenic and various other contaminants on non-target organisms, and in particular, migratory birds. Results demonstrated that environmentally relevant levels of arsenic can have a biological impact on migratory birds by affecting their ability to migrate. Preliminary results suggest that sub-lethal, environmentally relevant arsenic exposures may present some lasting reproductive and developmental effects on these birds, which could impact the viability/survival of the species.

Publications

Kwon, J.W., K. L. Armbrust and T. Grey. (2004). Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Flumioxazin. J. Pest Management Science. 60: 000-000 (in press). Overmyer, J.P., R. Noblet and K.L. Armbrust. (2003). Susceptibility of Black Fly Larvae (Diptera:Simuliidae) To Lawn-Care Insecticides Individually and as Mixtures". Environmental Toxicology and Chem. 22:1582-1588 Armbrust, K.L. and H. Peeler. (2002). Effects of Formulation on the Runoff of Imidacloprid from Turf by Simulated Rainfall. Pest Management Science 58:702-706. Aust, S.D., P.R. Swaner, and J.D. Stahl (2003) ?Detoxification and metabolism of Chemicals by White-Rot Fungi?, in Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification, (Gan, J.J., P.C. Zhu, S.D. Aust, and A.T. Lemley. Ed.) ACS Symposium Series 863, pp 3-14, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Christensen, A., N. Dimcheva, E.E. Ferapontova, D. Haltrich, T. Ruzgas, S. Shleev, L. Stoica, S.D. Aust, R.H.F. Thornleley, A.I. Yaropoloc, and L. Gorton (In Press) ?Direct electron transfer between ligninolytic redox and electrodes?, in Electroanalysis. Rice, P.J.; Harman-Fetcho, J.A.; Teasdale, J.R.; Sadeghi, A.M.; McConnell, L.L.; Coffman, C.B.; Herbert, R.R.; Heighton, L.P.; Hapeman, C.J. Use of vegetative furrows to mitigate copper loads and soil erosion with runoff from polyethylene (plastic) mulch vegetable production. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23, 719-725. Pierpoint, A.C.; Hapeman, C.J.; Torrents, A. Ozone treatment of soil contaminated with aniline, trifluralin and other contaminants Chemosphere 2003, 50(8), 1025-1034. Jayasundera, S.; Schmidt, W.F.; Hapeman, C.J.; Torrents, A. Examination of molecular interaction sites of acetanilides with organic matter surrogates using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51(13), 3829-3835. Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Rice, C.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Schmidt, W.F., McCarty, G.W., Starr, J.L., Rice, P.J., Angier, J.T., Harman-Fetcho, J.A. Current United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Research on Understanding Agrochemical Fate and Transport to Prevent and Mitigate Adverse Environmental Impacts. Pest Management Sci. 2003, 50, 681-690. Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Heighton, L.P., McConnell, L.L., Sadeghi, A.M., Hapeman, C.J. Environmental Fate and Ecological Impact of Copper Hydroxide. Use of Management Practices to Reduce the Transport of Copper Hydroxide in Runoff from Vegetable Production. Submitted to Certified Organic and Biologically Derived Pesticides: Environmental, Health, and Efficacy Assessment. A. Felsot, ed.; ACS Symposium Series No. xx, Washington, DC. Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Sadeghi, A.M., McConnell, L.L., Coffman, C.B., Teasdale, J.R., Abdul-Baki, A., Isensee, A.R., Starr, J.L., McCarty, G.W., Heighton, L.P., Hapeman, C.J. Comparison of vegetable production management practices in reducing environmental impacts. Submitted J. Agric. Food Chem. Durham, S. Plastic Mulch: Harmful or Helpful? Agricultural Research. 2003, 51(7), 14-16. Hebert VR, Tomaszewska E, Brunner J, Jones V, and M Doerr. Evaluating the efficacy of field managed pheromone control devices. Submitted, ed..A Felsot, ACS Symposiun Book Series Hebert VR, Understanding the tropospheric transport and fate of semivolatile pest management chemicals. Proceeding of the 3rd Pan Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science, Honolulu, HA. In Press, ed. JM Clark, ACS Symposium Book Series. Hebert VR and GC Miller. Understanding the tropospheric fate of agricultural pesticides, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, ed. G. Ware, Vol. 181 (2004). Hebert VR, Middleton JR, Tomaszewska E, and LK Fox. Methodology for Quantifying Residues of Chlorhexidine in Raw Dairy Milk J. Agric. Food Chem.; 51(3); 567-570 (2003). Tomaszewka E and VR Hebert. Method for the determination of O,S-dimethyl thiophosphorate in urine. J.Agric. Food Chem. 51 6103-6109 (2003). Middleton JR, VR Hebert, LK Fox, E Tomaszewska, J Lakritz. Disposition of chlorhexidine in milk following intramammary infusion to therapeutically cease lactation in mastitic mammary quarters. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 222 (12) 1746-1749 (2003). Tomaszewska E. and V.R. Hebert. Year 2003 evaluation of release rates from field-aged dispensers by volatile trapping. Tree Fruit Research and Extension Report No. FEQL-NG-0203. 47 pp (2004). LePage, J. and V.R. Hebert. Quantitation of acephate exposure to children of farm families from field applications on tobacco. Oregon Health Sciences University Analytical Summary Report FEQL 1202. 55 pp. (2004). Hebert, V, Brunner J, Jones V, Doeer M. Evaluation of mating disruption products by high-volume air sampling techniques with GC/MS. Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Final Report 5 pp. (2003). Tomaszewska, E. and V.R. Hebert. Quantitation of spray drift and human exposure from field applications of Monitor? on potatoes. University of Washington Analytical Summary Report FEQL 1202. 45 pp. (2003). Hebert, VR, J Brunner, V Jones, M Doerr, and E Tomaszewska. Pheromone mating disruption: Assessment of commercial dispenser release systems. 227th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Anaheim CA, March 2004 Buchwalter, D.B. J. J. Jenkins, and L. R. Curtis. 2003. Temperature Influences on Water Permeability and Chlorpyrifos Uptake in Aquatic Insects with Differing Respiratory Strategies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 2806?2812. Buchwalter, D.B., J.F. Sandahl, J.J. Jenkins, L.R. Curtis. 2004. Roles of uptake, biotransformation, and target site sensitivity in determining the differential toxicity of chlorpyrifos to second to fourth instar Chironomous riparius (Meigen). Aquatic Toxicol. 66:149-157. Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, J. J. Jenkins, N. L. Scholz. 2004. Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethal neurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to common current-use pesticides. Accepted for publication in Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Bromocil: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Chlorsulfuron: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Clorpyralid: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Diuron: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Fosamine: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Diclobenil: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Glyphosate: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Metsulfuron methyl: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Oryzalin: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Picloram: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Trevathan, W., J. J. Jenkins, D. Dodge. 2003. Sulfmeturon methyl: Washington Department of Transportation Roadside Vegetation Management Herbicide Fact Sheet. Jenkins, J. J. 2003. Environmental Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos and Azinphos-methyl Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries 2002-2004. Final Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Curtis, L., K. Anderson, J. Jenkins, M. Kent, D. Markle. 2003. Environmental Stresses and Fish Deformities in the Willamette River. Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Jenkins, J. J., P. Jepson, K. Vache, J. Bolte. 2004. Watershed-based Ecological Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in Western Oregon: A Conceptual Model. Report to the Oregon Department of Agriculture and USEPA Region 10. Scherer, E., Q. Wang, A.G. Hay, and A.T. Lemley. The binary treatment of aqueous metribuzin using anodic Fenton treatment and biodegradation. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (in press). Wang, Q., E. Scherer, and A.T. Lemley. Metribuzin Degradation by Membrane Anodic Fenton Treatment and Its Interaction with Ferric Ion. Env. Sci and Toxicol. 38:1221-1227 (2004). Lemley, A. T., Q. Wang, and D.A. Saltmiras. Anodic Fenton degradation of pesticides. In Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification, eds, J.J. Gan, P.C. Zhu, S.D. Aust, A.T., Lemley, ACS Symposium Series 863:65-83 (2003). Wang, Q. and A.T. Lemley. Competitive degradation and detoxification of carbamate insecticides by membrane anodic Fenton treatment. J. Ag. Food Chem., 51(18):5382-5390 (2003). Kline, A.A., A.J. Landers, A. Hedge, A. Lemley, S.K. Obendorf, and T. Dokuchayeva. Pesticide exposure levels on surfaces within sprayer cabs. App. Eng. In Agric.,19(4):397-404 (2003). Muscarella, D. E., K.A. O?Brien, A.T. Lemley, S.E. Bloom. Reversal of Bcl-2 mediated resistance of the EW36 human B-cell lymphoma cell line to arsenite and pesticide-induced apoptosis by PK11195, a ligand of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor. Toxicological Sci., 74:66-73, (2003). Delanoy, G.; Li, Q.X.; Yu, J. 2004. Activity and stability of laccase conjugated with chitosan biopolymers of different molecular mass. Enzy. & Microb. Technol. Submitted. Hou, S.; Saw, J.; Lee, K.S.; Freitas, T.A.; Belisle, C.; Kawarabayasi, Y.; Donachie, S.P.; Galiperin, M.Y.; Koonin, E.V.; Makarova, K.S.; Omelchenko, M.V.; Sorokin, A.; Wolf, Y.I.; Li, Q.X.; Keum, Y.S.; Campbell, S.; Denery, J.; Aizawa, S.-I.; Shibata, S.; Malahoff, A.; Alam, M. 2004. Idiomarina Ioihiensis, a novel ?-Proteobacterium from an Hawaiian deep-sea volcano, derives carbon and energy from amino acid fermentation: Merging genome with deep-sea physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Submitted. Liu S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of spinosyns in seawater and various aqueous solutions. Chemosphere. In press. Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Quick analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in gauze and soil samples. In: ?.; M. Akamatsu and T. Hoshino (Eds). ACS Symposium Series xxx, Washington, DC. In press. McQuate, G.T.; Keum, Y.S.; Sylvia, C.D.; Li, Q.X.; Jang, E.B. 2004. Active ingredients in cade oil which syngergize the attraction of ?-ionol to male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. In press. Paquin, D.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. Phytoremediation in sub-tropical Hawaii? a review of over 100 plant species. 2004. Remediation. 14(2): 127-139. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of octachloronaphthalene in hexane. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72(5): In press. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Fungal laccase-catalyzed degradation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere. 56(1): 23-30. Kim, H.-J.; Shelver, W.L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid. Anal. Chim. acta. 509(1): 111-118. Chang, C.L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Effects of dietary niacin and other vitamins on larval development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. In press. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Copper dissociation as a mechanism of fungal laccase denaturation by humic acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. In press. Denery J.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Pressurized fluid extraction of kavalactones from Piper Methysticum root. Anal. Chim. Acta. 501(2): 175-181. Liu, S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photoaffinity probe candidates for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)?gated chloride channel. Chinese Chemical Letters. In press. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron. Chemosphere 54(3): 255-263. Campbell, S.; David, M.D.; Woodward, L.; Li, Q.X. 2003. Persistence of carbofuran in marine sand and water. Chemosphere 54(8): 1155-1161. Guo, M., S. R. Yates, W. Zheng, and S. K. Papiernik. 2003. Leaching potential of persistent soil fumigant residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:5181-5185. Zheng, W., S.K. Papiernik, M. Guo, and S.R. Yates. 2004. Remediation of methyl iodide in aqueous solution and soils amended with thiourea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:1188-1194. Guo, M., S. K. Papiernik, W. Zheng, and S. R. Yates. 2004. Effects of environmental factors on 1,3-dichloropropene hydrolysis in water and soil. J. Environ. Qual. 33:612-618. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, M. Guo, S. K. Papiernik, and J. -H. Kim. 2004. Transformation of chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene by metam sodium in a combined application of fumigants. Agric. Food Chem. 52:3002-3009. Papiernik, S. K., C. M. Grieve, and S. R. Yates. 2004. Effects of salinity, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron application on soybean (Glycine max) growth and yield. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. Accepted March 26, 2004. Papiernik, S. K., S. R. Yates, R. S. Dungan, S. M. Lesch, W. Zheng, and M. Guo. 2004. Effect of surface tarp on emission and distribution of drip-applied fumigants. Environ. Sci. Technol. Accepted May, 2004. JM Brasel, R. Cooper and CA Pritsos, ?Effects of acute, sub-lethal sodium arsenate exposure on migratory bird models: Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and time of flight.? Society of Toxicology, Annual Meeting, Baltimore MD, March 21-25, 2004. Seifert J. and Stolberg, J. (2004). Antagonism of a neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid at neuromuscular receptors, Env. Tox. Pharmacol. (submitted) Seifert J. (2004) Neonicotinoids (a review). Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd edition, Elsevier (accepted) Seifert J. (2004) Nithiazine (a review), Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd edition, Elsevier (accepted) Gibbs, L. A. and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Seasonal variation of picloram metabolism in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations in a common garden. Weed Sci. 54:206-212. Sabba, R. P., I. M. Ray, N. Lownds, and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Inheritance of resistance to clopyralid and picloram in yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) is controlled by a single nuclear recessive gene. J. Heredity 94(6):523-527. Ratnayaka, H. H., W. T. Molin and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Physiological and antioxidant responses of cotton and spurred anoda under interference and mild drought. J. Exper. Bot. 54:2293-2305. Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 1 ? Introduction (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1022008824) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (in press) Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 2 ? Advanced (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=998688536) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (in press) Sterling, Nissen and Namuth (2004) Metabolism of Herbicides or Xenobiotics in Plants (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1016741032) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (in review) Arrieta, D.E, Nihart, V.M., Henderson J.D, McCurdy S.A., Reitstetter R, Lefkowitz L J, and Wilson BW, Comparison of Delta pH and Ellman colorimetric cholinesterase assays, Proceedings, Bioscience (2004), In Press Wilson, BW, Henderson JD, Arrieta DE and O?Malley MA. Meeting Requirements of the California Cholinesterase Monitoring Program. International Journal of Toxicology. (2004) In Press. Wilson, BW Cholinesterase Inhibition in Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd Edition, C. Pope Editor, In Press Joyce, B, Wallender WW, Angermann TE, Wilson BW, Werner I, Oliver, MN, Zalom FG, and Henderson JD. 2004 Diazinon Runoff from Orchards using Infiltration Enhancement and Soil Water Management, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, In Press Werner, I.; Deanovic, L. A.; Hinton, D. E.; Henderson, J. D.; de Oliveira, G. H.; Wilson, B. W.; Krueger, W.; Wallender, W. W.; Oliver, M. N.; Zalom, F. G. Toxicity of stormwater runoff after dormant spray application of diazinon and esfenvalerate (Asana) in a French prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2002), 68(1), 29-36. Wilson, Barry W.; Henderson, John D.; Ramirez, Al; O‘‘Malley, Michael A. Standardization of clinical cholinesterase measurements. International Journal of Toxicology (2002), 21(5), 385-388. Oliveria, Georgino H.; Henderson, John D.; Wilson, Barry W. Cholinesterase measurements with an automated kit. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (2002), (Suppl. 2), 49-53. CODEN: AJIMD8 ISSN:0271-3586. Wilson, Barry W.; Henderson, John D.; Coatney, Ellen M.; Nieberg, Pamela S.; Spencer, Peter S. Actions of pyridostigmine and organophosphate agents on chick cells, mice, and chickens. Drug and Chemical Toxicology (2002), 25(2), 131-139. Abstracts Armbrust, K.L. and MC Black. (2004). The Impact of Lawn Care Practices on Aquatic Ecosystems in Suburban Watersheds. EPA Science Forum; Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Washington D.C. June 1- 3, 2004. Black, MC and K.L. Armbrust. (2004). The Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Ecotoxicity of Prozac®, Paxil®, Zoloft®, Celexa®, and Luvox® in Aquatic Environments. To be presented at the 2004 EPA Science Forum, Washington D.C. June 1- 3, 2004. Overmeyer, J.L., R. Noblet, and K.L. Armbrust, (2003). Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessments of Suburban Streams Receiving Lawn-Care Chemical Input, Presented before the 24rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Austin, TX. November 8-13, 2003. Armbrust, K.L. and S. Schwede-Thomas. (2003). Occurrence of Lawn-Care Pesticides in Suburban Watersheds. Presented before the 226th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, New York City, NY. September 7-11th, 2003. Armbrust, K.L. (2003). Persistence of turf pesticides applied to golf course greens and fairways. Presented before the 225th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, New Orleans, LA. March 23-27th, 2003. Brewer,B.N., W.E. Holmes, K.L. Armbrust, K.T. Mead. (2003) Automated determination of avermectins in complex environmental matrices. Presented before the 225th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, New Orleans, LA. March 23-27th, 2003. Ingram, R., K.L. Armbrust, J.H. Jarratt and K. Davis (2002). Dissipation of Termitacides Under Simulated Conventional and Monolithic Slab Foundations. Presented before the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT. November 16-20, 2002. Conners, D.E, K.L. Armbrust,, L. Shuman, and M.C. Black. Effects of lawn care chemicals on oxidative stress in clams from streams during wet and dry seasons. Presented before the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT. November 16-20, 2002. Kwon, J-W, K.L. Armbrust, and T. Grey (2002). Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Flumioxazin in Aqueous Solutions. Presented before the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT. November 16-20, 2002. Hapeman, C. J. Fetcho, J. A. McConnell, L. L. Potter, T. L. Rice C. P. Agrochemical Inputs to South Florida Canals and Biscayne Bay. Proc. Amer. Chem. Soc., 2003, AGRO Division Abstr. 31. Rice, P.J.; Hapeman, C.J.; Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Heighton-Davies, L.P.; McConnell, L.L.; Sadeghi, A.M. Environmental fate and ecological impact of copper hydroxide. 2003, Proc. Amer. Chem. Soc. AGRO Abstr. 74. Denery, J.R.; Cooney, M.J.; Li, Q.X. Metabolite profiling of Streptomyces tenjimariensis in relation to secondary metabolite production. ASM annual symposium. April 30-May 3, 2004. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Campbell, S.; Ogoshi, R.; Uehara, G.; Li, Q.X. Greenhouse study of explosives remediation using native Hawaiian plants. 227th ACS national meeting. March 28- April 1, 2004. Anaheim, California, USA. Huelck, K.; Li, Q.X. Pollution of the Pacific Ocean by organochlorines. Alaska SeaLife Center Research Colloquium. October 27-29, 2003. Seward, Alaska. Atkinson, S.; Hong, S.M.; Campbell, S.; Myers, M.; Springer, A.; Li, Q.X. Organochlorine contaminants in tissues from two subarctic pinnipeds. Biennial conference on the biology of marine mammals. 12, 2003. North Carolina. Kim, H.-J.; Shelver, W.L.; Li, Q.X. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid based on a monoclonal antibody. The VIIth International Conference on Agri-Food Antibodies, Sweden, Uppsala. September 10-13, 2003. Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. Quick analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in gauze and soil samples. 3rd Pan-Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science. June 1-4, 2003. Honolulu, HI. Caccamise, S.A.L.; Wu, L.; Woodward, L.A.; Li, Q.X. Quantitation and distribution of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. 51st ASMS Conference. Montreal, Quebec. June 8-12, 2003. Irikura, B.; Pugh, R.K.; Denery, J.; Taite, M.; Busto, J.; Li, Q.X.; Kumagai, M. Evidence of phytoremediation: Comparative gene expression in a plant?s response to pyrene. Amer. Soc. of Plant Biol. Ann. Conf. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. July 26-30, 2003. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, M. Guo, and S. K. Papiernik. Construction of a surface reactive barrier to reduce soil fumigant emissions. 226th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New York, NY, September 7-11, 2003. Paper AGRO 2. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and M. Guo. Influence of combined application of fumigants on their transformation and persistence in the environment. 227th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, March 28-April 1, 2004. Paper AGRO 25. Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid on chicken embryo and frog embryonic muscle cells, 226th ACS National Meeting, Division of Agrochemicals, New York 2003 Branum, K. S., and T. M. Sterling. Nitrogen response of picloram-resistant yellow starthistle. 2004. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:13. Vallotton, A. D., L. A. Gibbs, L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Uptake and translocation of herbicides in African rue under water stress. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:2. Namuth, D. M., S. J. Nissen, T. M. Sterling, S. M. Fritz, I. Hernandez-Rios, A. Martin, B. Kappler, C. Mallory-Smith, J. A. Dille. 2004. Creation of peer-reviewed online herbicide modes of action lessons and animations for public education. WSSA Abstracts 44:85. Sterling, T. M. and D. C. Thompson. 2003. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Invited. Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems: Linking Science and Management and 7th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasion, p.85. Dyer, W. and T. M. Sterling. 2003. Selection and compressed evolution in agroecosystems. Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems: Linking Science and Management and 7th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasion, p. 26.

Impact Statements

Vegetable production practices combining copper-based pesticides with plastic mulch can contaminate surface water. The addition of vegetative furrows between raised, plastic-covered beds or the replacement of plastic mulch with vegetative residue mulch reduced copper loads in runoff by 72 and 88%, respectively, while maintaining harvest yields. Use of these better management practices could reduce concentrations of pesticides in nearby streams and protect aquatic life.
Mating disruption has become an important integrated pest management tool for controlling codling moth injury in apple and pear orchards in the Pacific Northwest, reducing reliance on traditional pesticides. The success of codling moth mating disruption has recently declined. Results indicated that this is due in part to non-uniform chemical release from commercial field-aged dispensers, emphasizing the need for rigorous testing of pheromone dispenser products under actual orchard conditions.
Arsenic is a contaminant of surface waters throughout the world. We determined that environmentally-relevant levels of arsenic can have a biological impact on migratory birds by affecting their ability to migrate, and may also result in reproductive and developmental problems. These preliminary results suggest that sub-lethal arsenic exposure may have lasting effects on birds and other non-target organisms which could impact the viability/survival of the species.
Managing weeds is a crucial component of any farm management system because weeds compete with crops, resulting in costly reductions in both quantity and quality of food and fiber. The existing literature on weed/crop interference extensively demonstrates the damage invoked by weeds on crops, but rarely indicates the role of crop tolerance to the stresses imposed on crops by weeds. The discovery of this basic information is necessary to develop safer and more economical methods of weed control.
The problem of identifying alternatives to methyl bromide remains in the forefront of worldwide policy. These experiments indicated that use of a plastic tarp and increasing the depth of application decreased the rate of fumigant dissipation from soil following application by subsurface drip irrigation systems. These experiments provide critical information on the behavior of methyl bromide alternatives following application.
Mycoremediation, or treatment of residues using fungi, of environmental pollution sites may be a viable alternative to bacterial biodegradation. Fungi are usually more resistant to toxic chemicals and can degrade some chemicals that are otherwise considered difficult or impossible to biodegrade. Results from this research may affect the acceptance and application of mycoremediation as an economical and effective method to remediate environmental pollution sites.
A high prevalence of skeletal deformities has been reported in fish from the Willamette River, OR. A variety of organic contaminants have been detected in waters of the Willamette River Basin, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and persistent organic pollutants. Results showed that survival and skeletal deformity rates were similar in fish reared in dechlorinated tap water with or without extracts of the Willamette River, indicating that other factors may be responsible for the deformities.
Pesticides in rinsewater from agricultural equipment and in contaminated groundwater pose a threat to the environment. We are interested in developing ways to degrade low levels of pesticides in large quantities of water, particularly by using flow-through methods. We have developed an approach that uses a chemical reaction to degrade pesticides that can be scaled up to an onsite flow-through system, and we have developed a model to better understand the degradation of one class of herbicides.
Chlorothalonil is a non-systemic foliar fungicide used to control of many fungal diseases in a wide range of crops, especially vegetables and fruits. We evaluated the persistence of chlorothalonil in water/sediment systems incorporating simulated sunlight designed to simulate shallow water conditions. The work described in this report is currently being evaluated by scientists in the U.S. EPA to fill data gaps for regulatory decisions on the use of chlorothalonil.
Thiamethoxam is a new systemic insecticide and can effectively control sucking insects. The immunoassays developed from our research can offer rapid and economical analysis of thiamethoxam in environmental and biological samples. It can be a useful analytical tool to be used to characterize reaction mechanisms, transformation rates, and fate of thiamethoxam in ecosystems, and to develop best practices of thiamethoxam for pest control.

Date of Annual Report: 07/20/2005

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/05/2005 - 06/07/2005
Period the Report Covers: 05/01/2004 - 04/01/2005

Participants

Attendance: Kevin Armbrust, Steve Aust, Jay Gan, Vince Hebert, Jeff Jenkins, Bob Krieger, Monte Johnson, Ann Lemley, Qing Li, Glenn Miller, Li-Tse Ou, Sharon Papiernik, Ron Pardini, Josef Seifert, Staci Simonich, Tracy Sterling, Barry Wilson

Guests: Kun Yan Zhu, Kansas State University; Dan Sudakin, Oregon State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

W-45 Technical Meeting Minutes

North Lake Tahoe, Nevada, June 5-7, 2005

Attendance: Kevin Armbrust, Steve Aust, Jay Gan, Vince Hebert, Jeff Jenkins, Bob Krieger, Monte Johnson, Ann Lemley, Qing Li, Glenn Miller, Li-Tse Ou, Sharon Papiernik, Ron Pardini, Josef Seifert, Staci Simonich, Tracy Sterling, Barry Wilson

Guests: Kun Yan Zhu, Kansas State University; Dan Sudakin, Oregon State University

Welcome and introduction:

Chairman Li welcomed the group. Introductions were made and guests were welcomed to the meeting.

Host Glenn Miller and Ron Pardini, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station director, welcomed the group to Nevada.

Monte Johnson, CSREES representative, distributed information about the Presidents and Congressional budgets for FY2005 and FY2006, including proposed changes in Hatch funding. Johnson also discussed CSREES granting opportunities, pesticide programs within CSREES, and impacts of CSREES research.

Administrative Advisor, Ron Pardini, reported that the RCIC met in March. The W-1045 renewal proposal recommendation required minor revisions that are due June 15. A potentially incomplete CRIS search represented the primary comment. The proposal writing committee members in attendance (Hebert, Li, and Papiernik) will meet with Pardini following the meeting to revise the proposal and submit it through NIMSS. Pardini reviewed the Annual National Impacts sheets, suggesting that we submit at least one strong impact statement for the W-45 group annually, focusing on the economic, environmental, social, and scientific impact of the committee. These statements are due in February.

Li acknowledged the efforts of Glenn Miller in hosting the meeting, emeritus members John Hylin and Don Crosby (and spouses) for hosting dinner on Monday evening, and Lani Pardini for organizing Lake Tahoe tours for attending spouses.

Report review and critique:
The group presented and critiqued technical reports as per usual.

Old and new business:
New members: Drs. Kun Yan Zhu (Kansas State University) and Dan Sudakin (Oregon State University) gave overviews of their expertise and research plans. Zhu is investigating the effect of triazine herbicides on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides and the effect of pesticides on gene expression in rats. Sudakin is a physician toxicologist who hopes to use Poison Control Center data to evaluate and mitigate symptomatic exposure to pesticides. The committee approved both requests to join W-45.

Exiting members: Josef Seifert noted that, with regret, he will be leaving the W-45 committee. He joined the committee in 1994 following the termination of the W-169 program. Seiferts work on the mechanism of neuropathy by organophosphates and the teratogenicity of neonicotinoid insecticides was an important contribution to W-45.

Next meeting: Potential sites for next years meeting were discussed. Cornell University in Ithaca, New York was approved; the meeting is tentatively scheduled for June 4-6, 2006.

Impact statements: The group discussed approaches to formulate committee impact. Gan moved (Miller seconded) that we should focus on the work on Gan, Hebert, Jenkins, Krieger, and Armbrust this year, with Jenkins leading the effort. Motion passed. The W-45 members listed will send impact information to Jenkins in the next two weeks. In subsequent years, a discussion of the groups impact will be added to the business meeting agenda.

Updated membership list: A list was circulated to solicit current contact information. Papiernik will update the membership list and send to members.

Committee officers: Lemley, Jenkins, and Miller accepted assignment to the nominating committee for incoming secretary. Dr. Kevin Armbrust was nominated and elected secretary of the W-1045 committee. Papiernik will assume chair.

Adjournment: The meeting was adjourned at 11:00 am, June 7, 2005.

Respectfully submitted,

Sharon K. Papiernik
W-45 Secretary

Accomplishments

Improving methods of pesticide analysis A sensitive automated flow fluorescent immunoassay was developed with a KinExATM 3000 system for quantitative analysis of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. A capillary flow cell contains antigen (thiamethoxam-BSA conjugate)-coated polymethylmethacrylate beads packed at a defined height (3 mm) on a built-in micro-porous screen. When pre-equilibrated analyte/antibody solution is run through the cell, unbound antibodies are captured on the beads while analyte/antibody complexes are allowed to pass through the cell. Bound antibodies are detected with a secondary antibody labeled with Cy5 fluorescent dye. Cross-reactivity was estimated by comparing the equilibrium constants of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, and acetamiprid. Monoclonal antibody was very specific to thiamethoxam with < 0.11% cross activity for tested neonicotinoids. The concentration of half-maximal inhibition (I50) and the limit of detection were 0.07 ng/mL and 0.02 ng/mL, respectively. Thiamethoxam was spiked into stream water samples at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µg/L. An excellent correlation (r2=0.99) was obtained between spiked and measured concentrations of thiamethoxam. Accurate measurement of thiamethoxam in water samples suggests that this KinExA assay is suitable for high-throughput monitoring of thiamethoxam and potentially adaptable for other chemicals of interest. An analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of a wide range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) in 50-L high-elevation snow and lake water samples. The method was validated for 75 SOCs from seven different chemical classes (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, amides, triazines, polychlorinated biphenyls, thiocarbamates, and phosphorothioates) that covered a wide range of physical-chemical properties, including eight orders of magnitude of octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow =1.4 to 8.3). The SOCs were extracted using hydrophobically and hydrophilically modified divinylbenzene solid phase extraction (SPE) device (modified Speedisk). The average analyte recoveries from 50-L of reverse osmosis water, using the modified Speedisk, was 99% with an average relative standard deviation of 4.8 %. Snow samples were collected from the field, melted, and extracted using the modified Speedisk and a PTFE remote sample adapter in the laboratory. Lake water was sampled, filtered, and extracted in situ using an Infiltrex 100 fitted with a 1-¼m glass fiber filter to trap particulate matter and the modified Speedisk to trap dissolved SOCs. The extracts were then analyzed using GC/MS with electron impact ionization (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) using isotope dilution and selective ion monitoring. Estimated method detection limits for the snow and lake water were approximately 0.2-125 pg/L and 0.5-400 pg/L, respectively. U.S. historic and current-use pesticides were identified and quantified in snow and lake water samples collected from Rocky Mountain National Park, CO using this method. The application of the analytical method to the analysis of SOCs in large volume groundwater samples is also shown. Monitoring off-site transport of pesticides To determine the potential impacts of lawn-care pesticides on aquatic ecosystems, general water quality parameters and concentrations of selected pesticides used in home lawn care were measured in six streams. Four streams flowed through residential neighborhoods of Peachtree City, GA, USA, with differing mean property values and two reference streams were outside the city limits. Statistical analyses were conducted comparing streams between neighborhoods. Several pesticides were detected in water samples from streams, however the the most frequently detected pesticides were dithiopyr, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos which were detected in 78%, 69% and 53% of the samples, respectively. Dithiopyr and chlorpyrifos were the only two pesticides detected in the sediments of all six streams. Chlorpyrifos was detected in 54% of the samples and dithiopyr was detected in 40% of the samples collected. While many pesticides were measured in all of the streams, no significant differences in concentrations of any of the nine pesticides measured were observed among any of the sites in either water or sediment. Wheat is the dominant agricultural crop in the Walla Walla Valley, OR-WA region, but wine grape production is emerging as an important regional cash crop. The inadvertent movement of aerially applied auxin agonist herbicides used in cereal grain fields can injure grape leaves, berry clusters, and seriously reduce yields. A regional air/deposition/plant monitoring program was initiated in the spring of 2003 to better understand and communicate potential local and regional source contributions of the widely-used cereal-grain broadleaf herbicide 2,4-D (formulated as esters and amine salts) to nearby wine vineyards in the Walla-Walla Valley . Isoxaflutole is a relatively new pre-emergence herbicide used in corn production throughout the world. Isoxaflutole is hydrolyzed to its diketonitrile (DKN) derivative in soil and plants, which is the phytotoxic agent. The metabolite DKN has a low sorption coefficient and may be persistent in soil, indicating that isoxaflutole/DKN may have a tendency to leach to groundwater or to be transported to surface water via runoff. Because of restrictions imposed to protect water quality, isoxoaflutole is not currently registered in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Field dissipation studies were conducted in three soil types (sandy loam, loam, and clay loam) in west central Minnesota to indicate the rate at which isoxaflutole/DKN dissipates under the relatively cool, wet soil conditions typical of the northern Corn Belt. Separate plots were treated with isoxaflutole and potassium bromide, a non-sorbed, non-degraded tracer. Soil cores were collected to 1 m depth and sectioned into 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-100 cm increments. Bromide or herbicide concentration was measured at each depth. The experiments are on-going and herbicide results are only available for the first 10 days after application. Preliminary results from the first year indicate little leaching of herbicide or bromide beyond 20 cm in all plots within ten days after application. Significant leaching of bromide beyond 40 cm occurred in sandy loam soil from 10 to 50 days after application. These results will provide information for the development of best management practices for this herbicide. Climate and soil conditions in South Florida along with an extensive canal system facilitate movement of agricultural pesticides into surface waters. In a two-year study (2002-2004) of the currently-used pesticides in South Florida, atrazine, endosulfan, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil were the most frequently detected in the canals and in Biscayne Bay, with average concentrations of 16, 11, 9.0, 2.6 and 6.0 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of atrazine and chlorpyrifos were highest near corn production. Chlorothalonil and endosulfan concentrations were highest near vegetable production, with no clear trend for metolachlor which is used on multiple crops. Concentration data were used to calculate an aquatic life hazard potential for the planting period (November) versus the harvest period (March). This analysis indicated that a higher hazard potential occurs during harvest primarily from the use of endosulfan. These data will also serve to document canal conditions prior to implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). Assessing exposure to and toxicity of pesticides Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used insecticides in both agricultural and urban environments. Most pyrethroids have high aquatic toxicity, but also exceptional affinity to the solid phase. We evaluated the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the uptake and acute toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and permethrin, to water-column invertebrates. During the bioassays, we simultaneously measured the freely dissolved pesticide concentration using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibers as a biomimetic surrogate. The presence of DOM consistently decreased pyrethroid bioaccumulation and increased LC50, suggesting association with DOM rendered a significant fraction of pyrethroids unavailable to water-column invertebrates. For instance, in a lake water with 10 mg L-1 dissolved organic carbon (DOC), LC50 of bifenthrin to Ceriodaphnia dubia increased by 2.5 times when compared to the DOMfree water, uptake by Daphnia magna decreased by 50%. Simultaneous PDMS analysis revealed that the freely dissolved concentration of bifenthrin decreased by 41%. The effect of DOM on the bioavailability of pyrethroids was controlled by both the quantity and quality of DOM. These results suggest that DOM can decrease the bioavailability of pyrethroids in surface water and hence negate their aquatic toxicity. The role of DOM should be considered when developing toxicologically relevant water quality limits and monitoring practices for pyrethroids in runoff effluents or surface streams. Strategies for worker pesticide exposure monitoring and risk assessment represent a range of levels of quantitative certainty. This study concerned exposure monitoring of forestry workers who applied herbicides using backpack sprayers. Two herbicides, triclopyr and 2, 4-D esters (application ratio 4:5.5) were applied as a tank mix by a crew of 8 applicators, a mixer/loader, and a crew leader. When coveralls were used as a whole body passive dosimeter assuming 100% clothing penetration and 100% dermal absorption, the exposure mean (± s.d.) was 890 ± 550 mg/day for triclopyr and 250 ± 170 mg/day for 2, 4-D. Concurrently, cotton whole body dosimeters were worn beneath the coveralls. When the same assumptions were applied the mean exposures were 77 ± 55 mg triclopyr/day and 46 ± 39 mg 2,4-D/day (n=5), respectively. Cotton gloves and socks, and face/neck skin wipes were included in each case but contributed negligibly to the exposure estimate. Biomonitoring (urine, 24 h) utilized triclopyr and 2, 4-D (acid equivalents) as rapidly excreted, absorption exposure biomarkers. The absorbed doses of triclopyr and 2, 4-D were 1.8 ± 1.5 mg/day and 1.3 ± 1.1 mg/day, respectively. The corresponding absorbed daily dosages were 0.026 ± 0.020 mg/kg-day and 0.017 ± 0.015 mg/kg-day. Potential absorbed dose of backpack applicators would be overestimated about 350-fold for trichlopyr and about 125-fold by passive dosimetry rather than urine biomonitoring. These monitoring data also allowed estimation of clothing penetration and dermal absorption. Clothing penetration was 11% for triclopyr and 20% for 2, 4-D. The 24-hour dermal absorption rates were 3.6% and 4.2%, respectively. When these factors were applied to the whole body dosimetry data (coveralls) the potential absorbed dosages of trichlopyr and 2, 4-D (acid equivalents) were 2.5 mg/day and 1.4 mg/day. Vandenberg Air Force Base occupies approximately 100,000 acres of land suitable for grazing and wildlife on the coast of California. The need to clean up missile sites at Vandenberg Air Force Base and the disagreements in the Toxic Reference Values (TRV)s proposed by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) and Tetra Tech, a US Air Force consultant, resulted in the formation of a panel of ecotoxicologists to adjudicate the issue. Strengths and weaknesses of the risk assessment process as practiced by many government, academic and corporate groups were revealed by this project. The panel proposed TRVs used by both DTSC and Tetra Tech, and in some cases proposed different values. The differences in TRVs were due to emphases of one factor over another, the quality of the data used and, of importance here, weaknesses in the risk assessment process itself, especially the requirement to select one published document as a benchmark. Transformation of biologically-active agents There is considerable commercial interest in the enzymes secreted by white-rot fungi that are involved in the degradation of lignin. These enzymes are powerful oxidants that can be used to oxidize many chemicals, including those that may be, or potentially may become environmental pollutants. Commercial use of these enzymes would require their economical production. A large market for these enzymes exists if they could be produced economically for the construction for enzyme reactors for treatment of chemical wastes. The enzymes can be produced in large quantities recombinantly but they are not active, due to the fact that heme is not incorporated. There are most likely two factors that need to be addressed to produce active recombinant enzymes, the synthesis of sufficient heme for inclusion into the enzymes as they are being synthesized, and conditions for proper folding of the enzymes. Both are being addressed for the production of recombinant enzymes in E. coli. Previous work in our laboratory indicated a weak interaction between ferric ion and several triazine/triazinone herbicides during a Fenton treatment process, and the intensity of the interaction was calculated. To further support the existence of this weak interaction, the adsorption of ametryn, a triazine herbicide, was investigated in kaolinite clay, humic acid, and soil under pseudo-Fenton conditions. At a low addition rate of ferric ion, the adsorption of ametryn in clay, humic acid, and soil was enhanced due to the decreased pH resulting from the hydrolysis of ferric ion. But the pH effect was totally neutralized and the adsorption of ametryn was significantly reduced by further addition of ferric ion., demonstrating the existence of the weak interaction between ametryn and ferric acid. Further study showed that the adsorption-reduction effect of ferric ion existed not only with ametryn, but also with several other triazine/triazinone herbicides. This weak interaction may accelerate the desorption process during the remediation of triazine/triazinone herbicide-contaminated soil using a Fenton/Fenton-like treatment, but it may also impede the degradation of these herbicides. This project has demonstrated the production of perchlorate from oxidation of chloride in the presence of nitrate and/or titanium dioxide on dry surfaces, including soils. We have established that desert soils can photochemically catalyze the production of perchlorate. This process can account for the observation of perchlorate in surface and groundwater in regions of the Southwestern U.S. that are remote from industrial sources of perchlorate. In addition, we have observed perchlorate in several desert soils, albeit at low concentrations. Improving pest management This research was conducted at a field site in Florida to compare subsurface distribution of the three biologically active compounds of Telone C35, cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) applied by conventional chisel and Avenger coulter injection. Florida growers typically apply Telone fumigants by conventional chisel injection using three chisels at 30 cm apart to 0.9 m wide soil beds at 30 cm depth. Avenger coulter rigs were recently developed and equipped with sharp knives that generate small injection traces and two sealers for surface and subsurface sealing. Telone C35 was injected to soil beds by a conventional chisel rig through three chisels at 327 liters/ha to 30 cm depth and the beds were immediately covered with metallic polyethylene film (MPE) or virtually impermeable film (VIF). Telone C35 was injected to field plots by Avenger coulter rig through three knives at 30 cm apart in a similar manner as the chisel injection. Three hours after injection, large concentrations of the three compounds were found in the subsurface of one of the injection traces, 15 cm from the west edge of the two chisel injected beds, but none in the injection traces at the bed centers. Unlike the two chisel injected beds, the three compounds were found in the two injection traces in the Avenger coulter injected beds but they were not uniformly distributed. The three compounds in the bed center of the VIF covered bed were greater than in the bed center of the MPE covered bed, whereas the compounds in the injection trace 15 cm from the west edge (30 cm from bed center) of the VIF covered bed were smaller than in the MPE covered bed. Concentrations of the three compounds in the root zone in all the four beds progressively became more uniform and declined with time. The three compounds from the two adjacent traces rapidly diffused horizontally to the center between the two traces. Improvement on control of individual chisel discharge rate in conjunction with VIF cover could provide consistent fumigant efficacy and crop yield by conventional chisel injection. Managing weeds is a crucial component of rangeland agroecosystems because weeds compete with valuable livestock forage resulting in costly reductions in rangeland productivity. The development of effective, safe and economical weed management systems for todays agriculture requires innovative and integrated approaches based on an understanding of plant physiology, biochemistry, and ecology and pesticide fate. African rue (Peganum harmala), a suffrutescent shrub native to northern Africa and southern Asia is an invasive weed which has recently expanded its range in the western US. Successful management of this invasive weed is warranted because it dominates in most areas where it occurs, and it is toxic to livestock. Therefore, we screened African rue seedlings for their sensitivity to herbicides under prolonged drought, growing conditions common to southwestern deserts. Even under extreme water-deficit conditions where most plants would not survive, African rue seedlings were able to absorb and mobilize three different herbicides. This extraordinary ability may allow for improved management under stressful environments. There is an opportunity to increase producer adoption of nutrient and pest management practices that protect water quality in the Pacific Northwest. Certified Crop Advisors, Technical Service Provides and licensed pest management professionals want access to practical educational programming that is locally adapted. Education that links the management of pesticides with nutrients provides an integrated perspective to enhance water resource protection. The Integrated Soil Nutrient and Pest (iSNAP) Water Quality Education Project is a collaborative effort to deliver innovative education in the Pacific Northwest. A regional NRCS advisory group provides feedback to increase the alignment of iSNAP programs with NRCS practices. In 2004-2005, iSNAP collaboratively produced the two-day workshops Understanding Phosphorus Effects on Water Quality and Phosphorus Management Alternatives and Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Options: Practices and Tools to Protect Water Quality, held in Corvallis, Oregon, Boise, Idaho, and Pasco, Washington. Planned activities for 2005 include: one additional education program in Vancouver, Washington, a new publication on irrigation water quality, and online education modules. This regional project offers a hands-on learning environment to evaluate the linkage between nutrient management, pest management and water resources. Our approach focuses on a small group case study approach. The goal is to have participants gain experience in collaboratively developing site-specific solutions to meet both producer needs and resource protection goals. Skills that agricultural professionals will gain as a result of participating in the iSNAP Project include: assessing and communicating potential water resource benefits to producers; determining viable management alternatives that meet producer needs; and improving management practices through on-farm research and monitoring.

Publications

Schirp, A., Loge, F., Aust, S. D., Turner, G., and Wolcott, M. Modification of Wheat Straw with the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus for Application in Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. (Submitted). Overmyer,J.P., B.N. Mason, K.L. Armbrust. (2005). Acute Toxicity of Imidacloprid and Fipronil to a Non-Target Aquatic Insect, Simulium vittatum IS-7. Bulletin of Env Contamin and Tox. Vol 74 no. 5. 000-000 (in press) Overmyer J.P., R Noblet, K.L. Armbrust. Macroinvertebrate Assessments of Suburban Streams Receiving Lawn-Care Pesticides. Environmental Pollution. (Accepted (Dec 2004)). Brewer, B.N., K.L. Armbrust, K.T. Mead, and W. E. Holmes. (2004). Determination of Abamectin in Soil Samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 18:1693-1696. Kwon, J.W., K. L. Armbrust and T. Grey. (2004). Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Flumioxazin. J. Pest Management Science. 60:935-943. Lee, S.J., J. Gan, J.S. Kim, J.N. Kabashima, and D. Crowley. 2004. Microbial transformation of pyrethroid insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 1-6. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and J.N. Kabashima. 2004. Phase fractionation of pyrethroids in runoff and stream water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 7-11. Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2004. Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 755-761. Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2004. Determination of enantiomers of synthetic pyrethroids in water using solid phase microextraction (SPME) enantioselective gas chromatography (GC). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 736-741. Bondarenko, S., and J. Gan. 2004. Degradation and adsorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban stream sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1809-1814. Bondarenko, S., and J. Gan. 2004. Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in waters from a coastal watershed. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 2649-2654. Qin, S., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and J.O. Becker. 2004. Degradation and adsorption of fosthiazate in soil. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 52, 6239-6242. Yang, W.C., J. Gan, S. Bondarenko, and W.P. Liu. 2004. Nucleophilic radical substitution reaction of triazine herbicides with polysulfides. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 54, 7051-7055. W.P. Liu, J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and I. Werner. 2004. Isomer selectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of cypermethrin. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 52, 6233-6238 Yang, W.C., J. Gan, W.P. Liu, and R. Green. 2005. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in landscape soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 336-341. Gan, J., S.J. Lee, W.P. Liu, D. Haver, and J.N. Kabashima. 2006. Distribution and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids in runoff sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 836-841. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, D. Schlenk, and W.A. Jury. 2005. Enantioselectivity in environmental safety of current chiral insecticides. PNAS 103: 701-706. Liu, W.P., S.J. Qin, and J. Gan. 2005. Chiral stability of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry (In press) Liu, W.P., and J. Gan. 2005. Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of synthetic pyrethroids. Chirality 17, S127-133. Liu, W.P., J. Gan, S.J. Lee, and I. Werner. 2005. Isomer selectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of bifenthrin and permethrin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (In press) Hebert, VR. Understanding the tropospheric transport and fate of semivolatile pest management chemicals. 3rd Pan Pacific Conference on Pesticide Science, Honolulu, HI, June 1-4, 2003. In ACS Symposium Book Series, ed. JM Clark (2005). Tomaszewska E, Hebert VR, Brunner J, Jones V, Doerr M. Evaluating chemical release from commercial codling moth mating disruption dispensers. J. Agric. Food Chem 53: 2399-2405 (2004). Ramaprasad, J, Tsai MY, Elgethun K, Hebert VR, Felsot, A, Yost MG, Fenske RA. The Washington aerial spray drift study: assessment of off-target organophosphorus insecticide atmospheric movement by plant surface volatilization. Atmos. Environ. 38; 5703-5713 (2004). Hebert VR, LePage J, Amos G, Holshue K. Grape leaf severity rating index . WSU Extension Bulletin EB1980E (2004). http://feql.wsu.edu/EB/index. Hebert VR. Regional off-target movement of auxin-type herbicides. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pesticide Application for Drift Management, Kona, Hawaii. pp.178-183. October 27, 2004. Hebert VR, Tomaszewska E, Brunner JF, Jones VP, and Doerr M, Evaluating the Efficacy of Field Managed Pheromone Control Approaches. Certified Organic and Biologically Derived Pesticides. ed. AF Felsot, K. Racke. American Chemical Society Symposium Series (Accepted, January 2005). LePage J, Hebert VR, Tomaszewska E, McCauly L, Rothlein J. Trace-level methodology for the evaluation of acephate in childrens urine. J. AOAC Internat. (Accepted April 2005). Weppner, S, Elgethum K, Lu C, Hebert VR, Fenske R. Methamidophos residues on residential surfaces and childrens hands following an aerial application of Monitor 4 in central Washington State. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidem. (Accepted March 2005). Tomaszewska, E, J LePage, and VR Hebert. Evaluation of Airborne Pesticide Residues in Air: Wilbur Ellis Pesticides Warehouse Fire Study. Washington State Department of Ecology Analytical Summary Report; No.: FEQL-NG-0105 (2005). LePage, J, E Tomaszewska, and VR Hebert. Year 2004 evaluation of release rates from field-aged dispensers by volatile trapping. Report No. FEQL-NG-0203. 47 pp (2005). Brunner, JF, VR Hebert, J LePage and M Doerr. Residual Analysis of Codling Moth Pheromone Dispensers 2004. unpublished report, 41 pp.(2005) LePage, J, VR Hebert. Quantification of acephate and methamidophos in human urine. Analytical Summary Report. Oregon Health Science University technical report: FEQL-NG-0503. 45 pp. (2004). LePage, J, VR Hebert. Year 2003 Adverse Effects of Herbicide Off-Target Transport on Wine Grape Vineyards: Walla Walla Valley. US EPA Region 10 Analytical Summary Report, FEQL N0. NG-0103, 112 pp. (2004). Jenkins, J., H. Runes, T. Moate. 2004. Xylenes in Oregon Hazelnuts. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72:1152-1156. Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, J. J. Jenkins, N. L. Scholz. 2005. Comparitive thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavior impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (1): 169-178. Villeneuve, D.L., L. R. Curtis, J. J. Jenkins, K. E. Warner, F. Tilton, M. L. Kent, V. G. Watral, M. E. Cunningham, D. F. Markle, D. Oraphinkrissanakriangkrai, E. R. Johnson, R. Grove, K. A. Anderson. 2005. Environmental Stresses and Skeletal Deformities in Fish from the Willamette River, Oregon. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3495-3506 Curtis, L.R., Anderson, K., Jenkins, J., Villeneuve, D., Kent, M. and Markle, D. 2004. Environmental Stresses and Fish Deformities in the Willamette River. Report to the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Jenkins, J. J. and S. Castignoli. 2004. Pesticide Monitoring in Hood River Area Streams. In: Hood River Growers and Shippers Association Best Management Practice Areawide II Handbook. Jenkins, J. J, P. Jepson, J. Bolte, and K. Vache. 2004. Watershed-based Ecological Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in Western Oregon: A Conceptual Framework. Report to Oregon Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, J. J. and W. Trevathan. 2004. Pesticides in Oregon Groundwater: 1997-2003. Report to the Oregon Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, J. J. and W. Trevathan. 2004. Pesticides in Oregon Surface Water: 1969-2004. Report to the Oregon Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, J. J. 2004. Environmental Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos and Azinphos-methyl Dissolved Residues in Hood River Tributaries for Years 2002 and 2003. Final Report to Hood River Soil and Water Conservation District and the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. Williams, R. L., L. S. Aston, R. I. Krieger. 2004. Perspiration increased human pesticide absorption following surface contact during an indoor scripted activity program. J. Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol 14: 129-136 Gerry AC, X. Zhang, T. Walker, S. Frederickson, M. Metzger, R. Hu, R. I. Krieger. 2005. Worker exposure to diazinon during flea control operations in response to a plague epizootic. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74 (2): 391-398 Dowling, K. C., L. E. Blanco, A. B. Aragon, and R. I. Krieger. In press. Urinary 3, 5, 6- trichloro-2-pyridinol levels of chlorpyrifos applicators and small farm families in Nicaragua. Bul. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Accepted 2004. 9 ms pp. Williams, R.L., W. G. Reifenrath, and R. I. Krieger. In press. Artificial sweat enhances dermal transfer of chlorpyrifos from treated nylon carpet fibers. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 40: 1-9. Accepted December 3. 2004. 13 ms pp. Gerry, A.C., X. Zhang, G. Leng, A. D. Inman, and R. I. Krieger. In press. Low pilot exposure to pyrethrin during ultra low volume (ULV) aerial insecticide application for control of adult mosquitoes. J. American Mosquito Control Assoc. Accepted February 2005. 16 ms pp. Sanchez, C. A., R. I. Krieger, N. Khandaker, R. C. Moore, K. C. Holts, and L. L. Neidel. In press. Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the lower Colorado River regions. J. Agric. & Food Chem. Accepted May 2, 2005. Obendorf, S. K., A.T. Lemley, A. Hedge, A.A. Kline, K. Tan, T. Dokuchayeva. Distribution of Pesticide Residues within Homes in Central New York State. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (in press). Wagenet, L., A. Lemley, D. Grantham, E. Harrison, K. DiTella, K. Mathers, and L.H. Younge. Evaluating the effectiveness of public television as a method for watershed education J.of Extens.(www.joe.org) 43(2): Article No. 2FEA5 (2005). Wang, Q. and A.T. Lemley. Kinetic effect of humic acid on alachlor degradation by anodic Fenton treatment. J.Environ. Quality, 33:2343-2352 (2004). Scherer, E., Q, Wang, A. G. Hay, and A.T. Lemley. The binary treatment of aqueous metribuzin using anodic Fenton treatment and biodegradation. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 47: 154-161 (2004). Wang, D.; Atkinson, S.; Hoover-Miller, A.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Analysis of organochlorines in harbor seal tissue samples from Alaska using gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry by an isotopic dilution technique. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry. In press. Campbell, S.; Chen, L.; Yu, J.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Adsorption and analysis of the insecticides thiamethoxam and indoxacarb in Hawaiian soils. J Agric Food Chem. In press Keum, Y.-S.; Seo, J.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Synthesis of bacterial metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzochromenones, o-carboxyvinylnaphthoates, and o-substituted aryl-a-oxobutenoates. Synthetic Communications. In press Pelleguer, J.-L.; Chen, S.-W. W.; Karu, A.E.; Li, Q.X.; Roberts, V.A. 2005. Structural basis for preferential binding of non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls by the monoclonal antibody S2B1. J. Mol. Recog. In press. Rui, Y.-K.; Yi, G.-X.; Zhao, J.; Wang, B.-M.; Li, Z.-H.; Zhai, Z.-X.; He, Z.-P.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Changes of Bt toxin in rhizosphere of transgenic Bt-cotton and its influence on soil functional bacteria. World J. Microbiol. & Biotechnol. In press. Shelver, W.L.; Keum, Y.-S.; Kim, H.-J.; Rutherford, Drew; Hakk, Heldur H.; Bergman, Ake; Li, Q.X. 2005. Hapten syntheses and antibody generation for the development of polybrominated flame retardants ELISA. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(10): 840-3847. Shelver, W.L.; Kim, H.-J.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Development of monoclonal antibody based ELISA for the b-adrenergic agonist zilpaterol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 3273-3280. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zero-valent Iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(7):2280-2286. Delanoy, G.; Li, Q.X.; Yu, J. 2005. Activity and stability of laccase in conjugation with chitosan. Intl J. of Biological Macromolecules. 35(1-2): 89-95. Hou, S.; Saw, J.; Lee, K.S.; Freitas, T.A.; Belisle, C.; Kawarabayasi, Y.; Donachie, S.P.; Galiperin, M.Y.; Koonin, E.V.; Makarova, K.S.; Omelchenko, M.V.; Sorokin, A.; Wolf, Y.I.; Li, Q.X.; Keum, Y.S.; Campbell, S.; Denery, J.; Aizawa, S.-I.; Shibata, S.; Malahoff, A.; Alam, M. 2004. Genome sequence of the deep-sea ³-Proteobacterium Idiomarina Ioihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as source of carbon and energy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101(52): 18036-18041. Alcantara-Licudine, J.P.; Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Optimization of supercritical and pressurized fluid extraction methods for spinosyns. Recent Research Dev. In Agric. Food Chem. 5:13-20. Campbell, S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Quick analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in gauze and soil samples. In: "Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals"; J.M. Clark and T. Hoshino (Eds). Chapter 6, 62-69. ACS Symposium Series 899, Washington, DC. Liu S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of spinosyns in seawater and various aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 56(11): 1121-1127. McQuate, G.T.; Keum, Y.S.; Sylvia, C.D.; Li, Q.X.; Jang, E.B. 2004. Active ingredients in cade oil which syngergize the attraction of ±-ionol to male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 862-870. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photolysis of octachloronaphthalene in hexane. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72(5): 999-1005. Chang, C.L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Dosage effects between dietary niacin and other B vitamins on larval development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97(3): 536-540. Willcox, M.K.; Woodward, L.; Ylitalo, G.; Buzitis, J.; Atkinson, S. Li, Q.X. 2004. Survey for organochlorines in the free-ranging Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) at French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. 322(1-3): 81-93. Keum, Y.-S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Copper dissociation as a mechanism of fungal laccase denaturation by humic acid. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 64: 588-592. Denery J.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Pressurized fluid extraction of kavalactones from Piper Methysticum root. Anal. Chim. acta 501(2): 175-181. Campbell, S.; David, M.D.; Woodward, L.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Persistence of carbofuran in marine sand and water. Chemosphere 54(8): 1155-1161. Liu, S.-Z.; Li, Q.X. 2004. Photoaffinity probe candidates for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)gated chloride channel. Chinese Chemical Letters 15(7): 771-773. Stroncek, J.; Denery, J.R.; Li, Q.X. 2005. Relationship between gene expression and cell metabolism in the marine bacterium Streptomyces tenjimariensis. J. Young Investigators (online) 12(4): April issue. Oh, B.-Y.; Li, Q.X.; Kim, J.H. 2004. Monitoring and assessment of pesticide residues in major river, arable soil and agricultural produce in Korea. In: Proceeding of the International Symposium on Assessing and Rational Management of the Agro-ecosystem for Clean and Friendly Future Environment; Hee-Myong Ro and Young-Hwan Park (Eds). Research Institute for Agricultural & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. pp: 1-29. Thomas, J.E., L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C. Vu, D.W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Dispersion and emissions of 1,3-dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film. Pest Management Science 60:390-398. Thomas, J.E., L.-T. Ou, L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C.Vu, and D.W. Dickson. 2004. Persistence, distribution, and emissions of Telone C35 injected into a Florida sandy soil as affected by moisture, organic matter, and plastic cover. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B39:505-516. Thomas, J.E., L.H. Allen, Jr., L.A. McCormack, J.C. Vu, D.W. Dickson, and L.-T. Ou. 2004. Atmospheric volatilization and distribution of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene in field beds with and without plastic covers. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B39:709-723. Ouyang, Y., L.-T. Ou, and G.C. Sigua. 2005. Characterization of the pesticide chlordane in estuarine river sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality 34:544-551. Ibekwe, A. M., S. K. Papiernik, and C. -H. Yang. 2004. Enrichment and molecular characterization of chloropicrin- and metam-sodium-degrading microbial communities. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66:325-332. Papiernik, S. K., R. S. Dungan, W. Zheng, M. Guo, S. M. Lesch, and S. R. Yates.2004. Effect of application variables on emissions and distribution of fumigants applied via subsurface drip irrigation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:5489-5496. Guo, M., W. Zheng, S. K. Papiernik, and S. R. Yates. 2004. Distribution and leaching of methyl iodide in soil following emulated shank and drip application. J. Environ. Qual. 33:2149-2156. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and M. Guo. 2004. Effect of combined application of methyl isothiocyanate and chloropicrin on their transformation. J. Environ. Qual. 33:2157-2164. Zheng, W., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and M. Guo. 2004. Transformation of herbicide propachlor by an agrochemical thiourea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:6855-6860. Guo, M., S. R. Yates, S. K. Papiernik, and W. Zheng. 2005. Incompatibility of metam sodium with halogenated fumigants. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:467-476. Dungan, R.S., S. Papiernik, and S.R. Yates. 2005. Use of composted animal manures to reduce 1,3-dichloropropene emissions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B40:355-362. Yates, S. R., S. K. Papiernik, and W. F. Spencer. 2005. Predicting pesticide volatilization from bare soils. In J. M. Clark and H. Ohkawa (eds.) Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 899. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Zheng, W., S. K. Papiernik, M. Guo, R. S. Dungan, and S. R. Yates. 2005. Construction of a reactive surface barrier to reduce fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene emissions. Environ. Chem. Toxicol. Accepted. Forcella, F. G. Amundson, R. Gesch, S. K. Papiernik, and W. B. Phippen. Herbicides tolerated by cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima x lanceolata). Weed Technol. Accepted 3/25/05 Papiernik, S. K., M. J. Lindstrom, J. A. Schumacher, A. Farenhorst, K. D. Stephans, T. E. Schumacher, and D. A. Lobb. 2005. Variation in soil properties and crop yield across an eroded prairie landscape. J. Soil Water Conserv. Accepted. Usenko, S., K.J. Hageman, D.W. Schmedding, G.R. Wilson, S.L. Simonich. 2005. Trace Analysis of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Large Volume Samples of Snow, Lake Water, and Groundwater, Environmental Science and Technology, accepted. Zeng, X., P.K. Freeman, Y.Y. Vasilev, V.G. Voino, S.L. Simonich, D.F. Barofsky. 2005. Theoretical Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, accepted. Field, J.A., S.L. Simonich, D. Barofsky. 2005. Comment on Detection of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in Great Lakes Water and Mass Budget of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in Lake Ontario, Environmental Science and Technology, in press. Ackerman, L. K., G.R Wilson, S.L. Simonich. 2005. Quantitative Analysis of 39 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by Isotope Dilution GC/Low Resolution MS Analytical Chemistry, in press (ASAP article). Killin, R.K., S.L. Simonich, D. A. Jaffe, C.L. DeForest, G. R. Wilson. 2004. Trans-Pacific and Regional Atmospheric Transport of Anthropogenic Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds to Cheeka Peak Observatory During the Spring of 2002 Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D23S15. Simonich, S.L., W.S. Eckhoff, A. Rottiers, S. Webb, D. Sabaliunas, W. de Wolf. 2002. Removal of Fragrance Materials During U.S. and European Wastewater Treatment Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 2839-2847. Aschmann, S.A., J. Arey, R. Atkinson, S.L. Simonich. 2001. Atmospheric Lifetimes and Fates of Selected Fragrance Materials and Volatile Model Compounds Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 3595-3600. Bernhard, M.J. and S.L. Simonich. 2000. Use of a Bench-Top Photochemical Reactor and Solid-Phase Microextraction to Measure Semivolatile Organic Compound-Hydroxyl Radical Rate Constants Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 1705-1710. Simonich, S.L., W.M. Begley, G. Debaere, W.S. Eckhoff. 2000. Trace Analysis of Fragrance Materials in Wastewater and Treated Wastewater Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 959-965. Seifert, J. and Stollberg, J. 2005. Antagonism of a nicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid at neuromuscular receptors. Env. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20:18-21. Seifert, J. 2005. Neonicotinoids. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd ed. In press. Seifert, J. 2005. Nithiazine. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd ed. In press. Joyce, B.A., W.W. Wallender, T. Angermann, B.W. Wilson, I. Werner, M.N. Oliver, F.G. Zalom, and J.D. Henderson. 2004. Using infiltration enhancement and soil water management to reduce diazinon in runoff. J. Amer. Water. Res. Assoc. pp 1063-1070. Wilson, B.W., J.D. Henderson, D.E. Arrieta, and M.A. OMalley. 2004. Meeting requirements of the California cholinesterase monitoring program. International Journal of Toxicology 23(2): 97-100. Werner, Ingeborg; Zalom, Frank G.; Oliver, Michael N.; Deanovic, Linda A.; Kimball, Tom S.; Henderson, John D.; Wilson, Barry W.; Krueger, William; Wallender, Wes W. Toxicity of storm-water runoff after dormant spray application in a French prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA: Temporal patterns and the effect of ground covers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(11), 2719-2726. (2004) Eder, Kai J.; Leutenegger, Christian M.; Wilson, Barry W.; Werner, Ingeborg. Molecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Marine Environmental Research (2004), 58(2-5), 809-813. Zalom, F. G.; Werner, I.; Oliver, M. N.; Deanovic, L. A.; Kimball, T.; Wilson, B. W.; Henderson, J. D.; Wallender, W. W. Organophosphate Dormant Spray Pest Control Efficacy, Pesticide Concentration and Toxicity in Storm Runoff. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2004), 73(2), 299-305. Johnson C.S., Schwarzbach S.E., Henderson J.D., Wilson B.W. and Tjeerdema R.S.Influence of Water Temperature on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Pacific Tree Frog (Hyla regilla). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, In Press Whitehead A., Anderson S.L, Ramirez A.B. and Wilson B.W. Cholinesterases in Aquatic Biomonitoring: Assay Optimization and Species-specific Characterization for a California Native Fish" Ecotoxicology, In Press Wilson B.W. Cholinesterase Inhibition in Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, In Press Wilson B.W. and Gunderson P. Biological and Chemical Terrorism and the Agricultural Health and Safety Community. J. Agromedicine, Editorial, In Press Sterling, T. M., D. C. Thompson, and L. A. Abbott. 2004. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Weed Technology 18:1319-1324. Kulshreshtha, S., R. Creamer, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among New Mexico Astragalus mollissimus varieties and Oxytropis species by restriction fragment analysis. Weed Sci. 52:984-988. Gibbs, L. A. and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Seasonal variation of picloram metabolism in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations in a common garden. Weed Sci. 54:206-212. Rice, P.J., Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Heighton, L.P., McConnell, L.L., Sadeghi, A.M., Hapeman, C.J. 2005. Environmental Fate and Ecological Impact of Copper Hydroxide. Use of Management Practices to Reduce the Transport of Copper Hydroxide in Runoff from Vegetable Production. 2005. Certified Organic and Biologically Derived Pesticides: Environmental, Health, and Efficacy Assessment. A. Felsot, ed.; ACS Symposium Series No. xx, Washington, DC (in press) Harman-Fetcho, J.A., Hapeman, C.J., McConnell, L.L., Potter,T.L., Rice, C.P., Sadeghi, A.M., Smith, R.D., Bialek, K., Sefton, K.A., Schaffer, B.A., Curry, R. 2005 Pesticide Occurrence in Selected South Florida Canals and Biscayne Bay during High Agricultural Activity. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry (in press) Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 1 Introduction (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1022008824) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. 33:E03-9W. Sterling and Namuth (2004) Auxinic Herbicide Mechanism(s) of Action - Part 2 Advanced (http://citnews.unl.edu/croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=998688536) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. 33:E03-10W. Sterling (2005) Transpiration Water Movement through Plants (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1092853841) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. 34:E04-36W. Sterling, Nissen and Namuth (2005) Metabolism of Herbicides or Xenobiotics in Plants Adv. (http://croptechnology.unl.edu/viewLesson.cgi?LessonID=1016741032) J. Natl. Resources & Life Sci. Educ. (accepted) Abstracts Overmeyer, J., B. Mason and K.L. Armbrust. (2004). Toxicity of Imidacloprid and Fipronil to Aquatic Invertebrates: Do Standard Toxicity Test Organisms Accurately Depict Potential Toxicity? Presented before the 4th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Portland, OR. November 14-19, 2004. Kwon, J-W and K.L. Armbrust, (2004). Degradation of Chlorothalonil in Irradiated Water/Sediment Systems. . Presented before the 4th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Portland, OR. November 14-19, 2004. Conners, D., M. Black, and K.L. Armbrust. (2004). Oxidative Stress in Clams During Exposure to and Recovery From a Complex Mixture of Pesticides. Presented before the 4th World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Portland, OR. November 14-19, 2004. Kwon, J-W and K.L. Armbrust, (2004). Degradation of Chlorothalonil in Irradiated Water/Sediment Systems. Presented before the 228th Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Agrochemicals, Philadelphia, PA. August 22-26, 2004. Armbrust, K.L. and MC Black. (2004). The Impact of Lawn Care Practices on Aquatic Ecosystems in Suburban Watersheds. Presented at the 2004 EPA Science Forum, Washington D.C. June 1- 3, 2004. Christenson, A., et. al. Direct Electron Transfer Between Ligninolytic Redox Enzymes and Electrodes. (2004). Karren, L. J., and Aust, S. D. On the Assay for Homocysteine Involving Paraquat. (2005). Winter Conference on Brain Research, Breckenridge, CO. Bishop, B. G., Davis, T. Z., and Aust, S. D. Homocysteine- and Ferritin-Dependent Membrane Phospholipial Peroxidation. (2005). Winter Conference on Brain Research, CO. Schirp, A., Loge, F., Turner, G., Wolcott, M., and S.D. Aust (2005) Modification of Wheat Straw with the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus for Application in Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic, The Second European Conference on Wood Modification. University of Gottingen. Hebert VR, Amos G, LePage J. Regional off-target movement of auxin-type herbicides in the Pacific Northwest. . 229tht American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Diego, CA (2005). Hebert VR. Regional off-target movement of auxin-type herbicides. International Conference on Pesticide Application for Drift Management. Kona Hawaii, October 27, 2004. Lee, S.F.; Na Y.E.; Kim, M.; Park, B.S.; Moon, J.K.; Liu, K.H.; Li, Q.X.; Ahn, Y.J.; Kim, S.I.; Kim, J.H. Profiling of the tiger worm (Eisenia fetida) proteins in relation to organic waste toxicity. 4th SETAC World Congress and 25th Annual Meeting in North America, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 14-18 Nov. 2004. Portland, Oregon. Hong, S.-M.; Wang, D.; Huelck, K.; Atkinson, S.; Li, Q.X. PCB congener profiles in tissues of Steller sea lions and harbor seals from Alaska. Alaska SeaLife Center Research Colloquium. October 27-28, 2004. Seward, Alaska. Wang, D.; Atkinson, S.; Hollmen, T. Li, Q.X. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in biological samples from Alaska using GC/ion trap mass spectrometry. Alaska SeaLife Center Research Colloquium. October 27-28, 2004. Seward, Alaska. Rima, J.; Aoun, E.; Hanna, K.; Li, Q.X. Degradation of phenol, into mineral compounds, in aqueous solutions using zero-valent iron powder (ZVIP). The symposium Franco-Libanais, France. May 27-June 3, 2004. Miller, G., R. Kempley, G. Awadh and K. Richman Photo-oxidation of chloride to perchlroate in the presence of titanium dioxide and nitrate A presentation in the Division of Agorochemicals at the National American Chemical Society in Philadelphia, August, 2004. Papiernik, S. K., S. R. Yates, R. S. Dungan, S. M. Lesch, W. Zheng, and M. Guo. Management practices to reduce atmospheric emissions of soil fumigants. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Minneapolis, MN, July 24-28, 2004. Papiernik, S. K., M. J. Lindstrom, T. E. Schumacher, D. A. Lobb, J. A. Schumacher, and A. Farenhorst. Variation in soil properties and crop yield across an eroded prairie landscape. ASA/SSSA/CSSA National Meetings, Seattle, WA, October 31-November 4, 2004. Eynard, A., T. E. Schumacher, R. A. Kohl, D. D. Malo, J. A. Schumacher, M. J. Lindstrom, S. K. Papiernik, and D. A. Lobb. Spatial patterns of wettability in an eroded soil. ASA/SSSA/CSSA National Meetings, Seattle, WA, October 31-November 4, 2004. Bettmann, G. T., H. H. Ratnayaka, T. M. Sterling, and W. T. Molin. 2005. Nitrogen stress effects on cotton and spurred anoda physiology. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 58:in press. Branum, K. S., L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2005. The influence of water stress and timing of herbicide application on African rue control. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 58:in press. Calderon, I. G., G. T. Bettmann, and T. M. Sterling. 2005. Does proemtryn tolerance confer paraquat tolerance? Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 58:in press. Vallotton, A. D. and T. M. Sterling. 2005. Water deficit effects on Astragalus mollissimus and Oxytropis sericea swainsonine content, physiology, and growth. Proc. International Symposium on Poisonous Plants, Logan Utah. Branum, K. S., and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Nitrogen response of picloram-resistant yellow starthistle. 2004. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:8. Branum, K. S., L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Water stress effects on diurnal physiology of African rue. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:51. Vallotton, A. D., L. A. Gibbs, L. B. Abbott, and T. M. Sterling. 2004. Uptake and translocation of herbicides in African rue under water stress. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 57:31. Vallotton, A. D., D. R. Gardner, M. H. Ralphs, and T. M .Sterling. 2004. Comparison of three methods for swainsonine detection and quantification in woolly loco. Soc. Range Management, 57th Annual Meeting. Namuth, D. M., S. J. Nissen, T. M. Sterling, S. M. Fritz, I. Hernandez-Rios, A. Martin, B. Kappler, C. Mallory-Smith, J. A. Dille. 2004. Creation of peer-reviewed online herbicide modes of action lessons and animations for public education. WSSA Abstracts 44:85.

Impact Statements

Pesticides can enter surface water where they may exert toxic effects on water- and sediment-dwelling organisms. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides have very high aquatic toxicity. Our studies indicated that pyrethroids strongly interact with the solids and dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems, reducing their bioavailability and acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. This information will be useful in developing ecotoxicologically-relevant water quality limits and monitoring protocols.
Quantitative exposure assessment data are critical in the registration and responsible use of pesticides. We monitored exposure of forestry workers, and found that traditional passive dosimetry (PD) yielded exposure estimates were 350 and 125 times greater than biomonitoring data for triclopyr and 2, 4-D. Clothing substantially reduced exposure. These findings confirm that exposure assessments derived from PD will be inflated unless clothing penetration and dermal absorption are considered.
We developed a quantitative analytical method for simultaneously measuring semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) with a wide range in properties in large volume snow and lake water samples at low concentrations (pg/L). The 75 SOCs monitored serve as molecular markers for incomplete combustion, agricultural, and industrial sources. This analytical method will be used to measure SOC concentrations in high elevation snow and lake water collected from selected national parks in the western U.S.
The Integrated Soil Nutrient and Pest (iSNAP) Water Quality Education Project provides technical training and resources to agricultural professionals on nutrient management and integrated pest management practices that protect water quality. Agricultural professionals served by the project include conservation district employees, certified crop advisors, technical service providers, and other consultants and field representatives that make recommendations to guide crop, soil and pest management.
Telone, in combination with a herbicide, is considered to be a viable alternative to methyl bromide. Our study indicated that the subsurface distribution of the three biologically active compounds of Telone C35 (cis- and trans-1,3-D and chloropicrin) following application by two methods, a conventional chisel rig and an Avenger coulter rig, were highly variable. Improvement of discharge from individual chisels/knives is needed to ensure consistent efficacy, crop yield, and economic return.
Auxin-type herbicides (principally 2, 4-D) are important crop production tools in the Pacific Northwest. Episodic injuries from regional herbicide movement cause economic losses to juice and wine grapes. A grower-friendly leaf position dating and injury index was developed for vineyard operators to routinely evaluate vine symptoms, providing stakeholders an opportunity to better understand and help minimize future occurrences of regional herbicide movement to these sensitive cropping systems.
We have established that desert soils can photochemically catalyze the production of perchlorate. Perchlorate was produced from oxidation of chloride in the presence of nitrate and/or titanium dioxide on dry surfaces, including soils. This process can account for the observation of perchlorate in surface and groundwater in regions of the Southwestern U.S. that are remote from industrial sources of perchlorate. We also observed low concentrations of perchlorate in several desert soils.
Disposal of unwanted pesticides in wastewater and contaminated soil is of increasing concern. Fenton treatment is an efficient, fast, low-cost, and easily-operated technology that can rapidly degrade almost all pesticides in wastewater, reducing their toxicity. This research evaluated interactions between pesticides and iron, which is used as one of the Fenton reactants, so that this process will have minimal effect on the degradation of pesticides in soil.
African rue is an invasive weed which is toxic to livestock and dominates in most areas where it occurs. We screened African rue seedlings for their sensitivity to herbicides under growing conditions common to southwestern deserts. Even under extreme water-deficit conditions where most plants would not survive, African rue seedlings were able to absorb and mobilize three different herbicides. This extraordinary ability may allow for improved management under stressful environments.
Thiamethoxam is a new systemic neonicotinoid insecticide that can effectively control sucking insects. We developed a sensitive automated flow fluorescent with a KinExATM 3000 system for quantitative measurement of thiamethoxam in environmental and biological samples. Accurate measurements of thiamethoxam in water samples suggests that this KinExA assay is suitable for high-throughput monitoring of thiamethoxam in ecosystems.