NC1030: Sustainable and Resilient Systems: Transformative Response to Disruptions by Families, Businesses, and Communities

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Active

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/01/2021] [10/07/2022] [10/06/2023]

Date of Annual Report: 12/01/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/06/2021 - 10/09/2021
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

Cheang, Michael (University of Hawaii); Niehm, Linda (Iowa State University); LeHew, Melody L. A. (Kansas State University); Zuiker, Virginia (University of Minnesota); Valdivia Corinne, (University of Missouri); Haynes, George W. (Montana State University); Manikowske, Linda (North Dakota State University); Jorgensen, Jennifer Johnson (University of Nebraska-Lincoln); Marshall, Maria I. (Purdue University); Lee, Yoon G. (Utah State University); Jasper, Cynthia R. (University of Wisconsin). New members starting October 1, 2021: Inwood, Shoshanah (The Ohio State University); Visser, Anne (UC Davis); Diddi, Sonali (Colorado State University). Also attending Renee Wiatt and Sandra Sydnor, Purdue University.
Also present on October 7 Dr. M. D. Wilcox (Purdue University) advisor to NC1030.

Brief Summary of Minutes

This year the NC1030 Annual Meeting took place at Utah State University, hosted by Dr. Yoon Lee, October 7 and 8. All the state representatives were present either in person or virtual, along with NC1030 advisor. On October 7, day one (8:30 - 5:00pm) there were introductions by NC1030 co-chairs Marshall and Valdivia, welcoming new members from California, Colorado, and Ohio, and the welcome of Dr. Chris Davies, Associate Director of Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, who addressed the importance of maintining resilience and sustainable communities and businesses in the context of COVID as well as climate change. He was impressed by the diversity and national scope of the members of NC-1030. A presentation by Dr. Don Albrecht, excutive director of the Western Rural Development Center focused on Sustianable and Resilienct Businesses. Next, Dr. LeHew gave a presentation of the 5 year project that began October 1^st, as new members have joined from Colorado State, UC Davis, and The Ohio State University. The business meeting was held following the presentations. The Co-chairs were selected, Drs. Sandra Sydnor and Virginia Zuiker. The remaining of Day 1 focused on the discussion of potential research activities and development of interest groups on each of the objectives of the new project, and data collection for the new project. The framework that informs the research for the next five years was also a focus of brainstorming activities. Four themes were identified: 1) Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards; 2) Sustainable and Resilient SMEs in a Regenerative Fiber and Food System; 3) Entrepreneurial and Innovative Response to Disruption and System Shocks by Family-Owned SMEs; 4) Contributions of Socioemotional Wealth, Rurality, Collaboration and Race on Resilience and Success of Family-Owned SMEs; and 5) Impact of Transgenerational Control and Transfer within Family Businesses on Resilience and Recovery. Day two began with welcoming and a presentation by Dr. Scot Allgood, Department Head of Human Development and Family Studies, focusing on socio emotional health in this difficult times, addressing mental health problems, both related to students of concern, and of business owners. Dr. Marshall presented on the NCRCRD (North Central Region Center for Research and Development) Grant Opportunities promoting rural development, and opportunities for research groups that include multiple states in the North Central region. This was followed by presentations of existing and new data sets that are available for collaborative research. Then the members gathered in groups to brainstorm on the themes followed by a discussion of impacts of the 5 year project 2016-2021. Discussions concentrated on the supporting evidence from the literature and on-going research, agreeing to the following objectives for the five year project:

Objective 1: Identify and measure the sources of major change and disruption and the structural barriers that impact the family/household, the business or the community.

Objective 2: Identify and measure transformative responses to the positive and negative impacts of change and disruption on the family/household, the business, or the community.

Objective 3: Determine and inform policy or practice related to the wellbeing of the family, the business, or the community.

Minutes Attachment:

NC-1030 AnnualReport2021_finalYear5.pdf

Accomplishments

Accomplishments by NC 1030 Research Objectives (2020-2021):  The NC1030 research team met every other month virtually to share and discuss on-going research activities. These meetings also informed the research team of current and upcoming research projects.  Smaller groups met throughout the year to discuss on-going research and to work on manuscripts. An important outcome of the last year is the 2021-2025 research project for NC-1030.  Co-chairs Drs. Manikowske and LeHew led the writing team to develop a proposal for the five-year project for NC 1030. Two manuscripts were submitted, three manuscripts were published this year, and three are in preparation. The manuscripts reported are collaborative across states. Specific accomplishments are summarized by the three project objectives  Objective 1. Identify and measure the sources of change and disruption that impact the family/household, the family firm or the community. Collaborative research by Johnson Jorgensen, Zuiker, Manikowske and LeHew forcused on the role of communication technologies of small business success. Owners and managers of small businesses tend to struggle to utilize online communicative technologies effectively. Businesses rely on technologies, but don’t find easy-to-use technologies to be useful in their retail establishments. They also find that business owners and managers who are younger, located in urban areas, and in business for a shorter time are also more likely to use communication technologies. Impact- Findings from this study are useful for small business owners, community government officials, business agencies, and other stakeholders. Results can also help guide entrepreneurship education, as it has been determined that technologies can help businesses be successful and serve entrepreneurs and communities. This research also serves as a foundation for future inquiry into how businesses can further benefit from using communicative technologies in their processes and practices. A manuscript has been submitted and is under review.  Objective 2. Identify and measure responses to the positive and negative impacts of change and disruption on the family/household, the family business, or the community. Four research activities completed this year focused on the responses and impacts of disruptions, specifically recovery after a natural disaster; adjustment strategies by small business owners at the start of the COVID 19 pandemic; and how government loan programs were implemented in response to COVID 19. Wiatt, Lee, Marshall, and Zuiker studied the effect of cash flow problems and interminingling of resources on the recovery and resilience of small businesses after a natural disaster.  This study investigated the implications that cash flow problems and resource intermingling between the family and the business had on small business recovery and resilience after a natural disaster, thus addressing the impacts of disruption to the family and household. This study contributed to the literature by studying the impact of cash flow problems and resource intermingling on small businesses in two separate periods: right after the natural disaster (period 1) and eight years after the disaster (period 2). Period 1 determined whether the business was in operation directly following Hurricane Katrina. Period 2 investigated success of the small business after Katrina (compared to pre-Katrina success). Results showed that cash flow problems and resource intermingling did not affect operational status directly following Katrina, but did play a role in business resilience in the long run. Impact -  Implications from this study can be utilized to inform practitioners, business consultants, and policy makers. These professionals can use the results from this study to advise family firms in intermingling, bootstrapping, and financial management during disruptive times, crises, and disasters.  An article was published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues. Collaborative research from Purdue and University of Missouri (Drs. Marshall and Valdivia from NC 1030 and Dr. B. Katare from Purdue) focused on COVID-19 impacts and recovery of small businesses.  An online survey was developed and data collected in July 2020. Two journal articles were published this year. The research on small businesses focused on small business owner adaptive strategies and the effect of the CARES Act. The study provided early evidence on how small business owners were affected by COVID-19 and the implementation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The online survey was completed by 463 small business owners, a representative sample from across the United States. The results from this research study will lead to a better understanding of key vulnerabilities and adjustments that small businesses make to fully recover from economic shocks. Haynes also conducted related research focused on the change in small business loans outstanding during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The financial stimulus provided by the CARES Act through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) had profound impacts on the market for business lending by depository institutions and others. While the value of outstanding loans greater than $1 million (large business loans) increased by 10%, the value of outstanding loans for loans less than $1 million (small business loans) increased by 39% in just 6 months. The largest share of the PPP funds was distributed through larger lenders; however, the most important question was which depository lenders “stepped up to the plate”.  The study finds that depository lenders with between $1 and 10 billion in total assets (mid-sized banks) “stepped up to the plate” and hit a home run by distributing 62% more funding than expected, and increasing their market share for small business loans by 16%.  For most small business borrowers, these loans have been and will likely be converted into grants and removed from the balance sheets of depository lenders.  Impact – this research examined the additional funding provided by depository lenders from December, 2019 through June, 2020. This research was important in assessing the additional funds supplied by large and small lenders through the PPP.  This paper is under review by the Office of Advocacy at the Small Business Administration. Niehm, Less Masuo and Shin are preparing a manuscript for submission focusing on the Survival of Family-owned business in rural and small communities, looking into the entrpreneurila and innovative responses to recessionary disiruption.   Wiatt, Sydnor, Marhall, Haynes, Valdivia Jasper and Zuiker collaborated in research on the impact of the family business culture and wellbeing. This research is on going into the new project. Day, Sydnor, Marshall and Noakes published on econotourism, regenerative tourism and the circular economy.  Objective 3: Determine and inform policy or practice related to family firms. Haynes, Marshall, Lee,  Zuiker, Jasper, Wiatt, Sydnor, Valdivia, Niehm, and Masuo published in 2021, Family Business Research: Reviewing the Past, Contemplating the Future. This review of a decade of research identified accomplishements and areas of further research. The review addressed four areas, household and business economics, business continuity and succession, managerial and adoption strategies, and values and goals. Future research opportunities for family business research should seek to better understand the impact of community resources and climate; more carefully assess the challenges of womenm, minorities and immpgrants; undertand the role of cultural capital,k and explore the impact of innovation during rapidly changing times, such as those created by the pandemic. Findings from the research by Wiatt et al 2021 inform professionals working with small firms after a natural disaster that more experienced small business owners were more likely to be resilient following Hurricane Katrina and that gender differences do exist within these small businesses. Also, following Hurricane Katrina, the largest factor that affected short-term recovery was major storm damage, not business finances and intermingling habits. Manuscripts Submitted (under review) Johnson Jorgensen, J., Zuiker, V., Manikowske, L., & LeHew, M. (In Review).  Impact of communication Technologies on Small Business Success.  Journal of Small Business Strategy. Manuscripts Under Development           Bassafar, A., Niehm, L.S. & Bosselman, R. Saudi Arabian women in entrepreneurship: Challenges, opportunities, and potential. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Niehm, L.S., Lee, Y., Masuo, D., & Shin, E. The Survival of Family-Owned Business in Rural and Small Communities: Entrepreneurial and Innovative Responses to Recessionary Disruption. (Preparing for submission to JFEI). Working Papers Sydnor, S. B., Marshall, M. I., Haynes, G. W., Valdivia, C. B., Jasper, C., Zuiker, V. S. (in process).  The Impact of Family Business Culture and Wellbeing (or Balance or Self-Care) on Functioning and Profitability Refereed Publications Katare, B., M.I. Marshall, and C.B. Valdivia. 2021. Bend or Break? Small Business Strategies and the CARES Act during the COVID-19 Shock. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102332">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102332</a>  (Objective 1) Day, J., S. Sydnor, M.I. Marshall, and S. Noakes. 2021. Ecotourism, Regenerative Tourism, and the Circular Economy: Emerging Trends and Ecotourism, Handbook for Ecotourism. Ed David Fennell. Routledge.  (Objective 2) Wiatt, R.D., Y. Lee, M.I. Marshall, and V. Zuiker. 2021. The Effect of Cash Flow Problems and Resource Intermingling on Business Recovery and Resilience after a Natural Disaster. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42: 203-214. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09710-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09710-y</a>  (Objective 2) Haynes, G, M.I. Marshall, Y. Lee, V. Zuiker, C.R. Jasper, S. Sydnor, C. Valdivia, D. Masuo, L. Niehm, and R. Wiatt. 2020. Family Business Research: Reviewing the Past, Contemplating the Future. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09732-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09732-6</a> (Objective 3) Katare, B., S. Zhao, J. Cuffey, M.I. Marshall, C. Valdivia. 2021. Preferences Toward COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing Features: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. American Journal of Health Promotion. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211034093">https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211034093</a>. (Objective 3) Manuscripts in Preparation Sydnor, S. B., Marshall, M. I., Haynes, G. W., Valdivia, C. B., Jasper, C., Zuiker, V. S. (in process). The Impact of Family Business Culture and Wellbeing (or Balance or Self-Care) on Functioning and Profitability (Objective 2)  Extension Publications Wiatt, R, Y. Lee, M.I. Marshall, V. S. Zuiker. 2020. Cash Flow Problems and Resource Intermingling: Do They Affect Small Business Recovery and Resilience in the Wake of a Natural Disaster? Purdue Agricultural Economics Report. October Issue. Department of Agricultural Economics. <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/commercialag/home/paer-article/cash-flow-problems-and-resource-intermingling-do-they-affect-small-business-recovery-and-resilience-in-the-wake-of-a-natural-disaster/">https://ag.purdue.edu/commercialag/home/paer-article/cash-flow-problems-and-resource-intermingling-do-they-affect-small-business-recovery-and-resilience-in-the-wake-of-a-natural-disaster/</a> (objective 3)  Current Grants USDA-NIFA-AFRI: Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards: A Focus on Women and Minority Owned Small Businesses, 2019-2022, $500,000, PI and Project Director, Co-PIs: B. Katare (Purdue) and C. Valdivia (University of Missouri). USDA-NIFA-AFRI: Taking the Next Step as a Small and Medium Sized Farm: Understanding the Integration of Production, Food Safety, and Profitability, 2021-2025, $500,000, PI and Project Director, Co-PIs: B. Feng (FS), P. Langenhoven (HLA), N. Shoaf (Urban Ag), and R. Wiatt (AGEC). SASA/World Initiative for Soy in Human Health (WISHH) Foundation: Proposal to Develop and Implement a Course on Business Plan Development for Elite Entrepreneurs from Developing and Emerging Markets, 2021, $101,221, PI and Project Director, Co-PI: R. Wiatt (Purdue) and J. Fulton (Purdue). Abstracts of Journal Articles from collaborative work with NC1030 members: Family business research: Reviewing the past, contemplating the future This paper reviews articles published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues (JFEI) from 2010 to 2019 and considers future research opportunities. The JFEI articles utilize theories and conceptual frameworks from several social science fields, to help readers understand the importance of including both the family and business in any discussion of family businesses. The literature review addresses four family business topical areas: (1) household and business economics, (2) business continuity and succession, (3) managerial and adoption strategies, and (4) values and goals. These JFEI articles have focused on differentiating family businesses from other types of businesses; explaining the unique interface between the family and the business; and identifying the characteristics (i.e., demographics, adjustment strategies, continuity, capitals, and values and goals) for family business survival and success. In the future, family business researchers have the opportunity to better understand the impact of community resources and climate; more carefully assess the challenges of women, minorities, and immigrants; understand the role of cultural capital; and explore the impact of innovation during rapidly changing times, such as those created by the pandemic.   The Effect of Cash Flow Problems and Resource Intermingling on Small Business Recovery and Resilience After a Natural Disaster This study investigated the implications that cash flow problems and resource intermingling between the family and the business had on small business recovery and resilience after a natural disaster. This study contributed to the literature by studying the impact of cash flow problems and resource intermingling on small businesses in two separate periods: right after the natural disaster (period 1) and eight years after the disaster (period 2). Period 1 determined whether the business was in operation directly following Hurricane Katrina. Period 2 investigated success of the small business after Katrina (compared to pre-Katrina success). Results showed that cash flow problems and resource intermingling did not affect operational status directly following Katrina, but did play a role in business resilience in the long run. Bend or Break? Small Business Survival and Strategies during the COVID-19 Shock This manuscript studies the impact of the exogenous COVID-19 pandemic shock on small businesses in the United States. We provide early evidence on how small business owners were affected by COVID-19 and the implementation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. We collected online survey data from a national sample of 463 small business owners across the United States. The survey was conducted in June 2020, eight weeks after the passage of the CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act. The survey data include information about business characteristics, financial well-being, current response to the crisis, beliefs about the future of their business survival, and the business-owning family demographic information. There are three main themes that emerge from the results. First, drivers of income loss were not necessarily associated with time to recovery. Second, businesses that were undercapitalized were more likely to suffer higher income loss, longer time to recovery, and less likely to be resilient. Resilient was operationalized as a scale merging perceived success, potential for growth, and perceived profitability. Third, business model changes were necessary due to the pandemic but not all adaptive strategies led to better business outcomes. The results from this research study will lead to a better understanding of key vulnerabilities and adjustments that small businesses make to fully recover from economic shocks. Preferences toward COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing Features: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Survey Widespread COVID-19 diagnostic testing is necessary to guide public health policies and speed economic recovery from the pandemic.1 For mass COVID-19 diagnostic testing to succeed in the U.S., individuals must be willing to regularly undergo a test. Tests can be taken in different locations using different methods, and participation can be motivated with monetary incentives.2 Preferences toward these testing features may influence individuals’ willingness to test (WTT). Individual preferences predict preventive behavior in a range of other contexts3,4 and may therefore influence the success of any COVID-19 testing campaign. There is currently little knowledge about the COVID-19 testing features that individuals prioritize. This study elicits preferences for COVID-19 diagnostic testing features (method, location, and monetary incentive) using a discrete choice experiment and simulates the impact of monetary incentives on individual WTT. Ecotourism, Regenerative Tourism, and the Circular Economy: Emerging Trends and Ecotourism Ecotourism organizations have often been at the cutting edge of new trends in sustainability. They were among the first tourism organization adopting sustainability, they have developed techniques to operationalize key principles and have been quick to adopt new techniques to achieve their objectives. This chapter will examine three trends that seem likely to influence tourism in the coming years. These three interrelated trends are the rise of the circular economy, the emerging focus on regenerative tourism, and the regenerative recovery. Each of these concepts is closely aligned with ecotourism principles and, while some ecotourism may already apply these principles, each provides new opportunities for ecotourism products to improve their operational effectiveness. Keeping the Farm Business in the Family: The Case of Farm and Non-Farm Family Businesses in Midwestern United States Succession planning is a very crucial aspect of family business continuity. The successful transition of family businesses is especially important for small and medium scale family businesses which constitute the beginning phase of most businesses. This paper explores two critical aspects of succession planning namely the decision to keep business ownership within the family, and the transfer-readiness of family businesses. This study assessed potential correlates of these two constructs using data from small and medium scale farm and non-farm businesses in Midwest US.  Results from a probit estimator showed that farm businesses were more likely to be kept within the family (p<0.01). For the full sample, the number of generations involved in daily management, the readiness of the senior management to delegate control, and the owner experience were also found to be good correlates of the decision to keep the business within the family. For farms, we also found some correlation between the perception of the business as being successful and the decision to keep the business in the family (p<0.1). Results from the probit and bivariate probit models showed that capital, and the number of generations in management are the most consistent correlates of transfer readiness for the full and farm samples. Finally, we found that female owners of farm businesses were less likely to be ready for business transfers than their male counterparts (p<0.01). Impact of Communication Technologies on Small Business Success.  Business owners and managers of small businesses tend to struggle to utilize online communication technologies effectively. To investigate the role of communication technologies in small businesses, the purpose of this study was to determine the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for online communication technologies and how those perceptions relate to business success.  The Small Business Values Survey was used to access data from 522 business owners, and an integrated model using the Diffusion of Innovation and the Technology Acceptance Model was used as a theoretical foundation. Relationships between variables were tested using multiple regression and confirmed that small business owners and managers find that easy-to-use communication technologies are not perceived to be useful or contribute to business success. However, communication technologies that are perceived to be useful do contribute to business success. Business owners and managers who are younger, located in urban areas, and in business for a shorter time are also more likely to use communication technologies. This study contributes to current literature, as it was unclear how small business owners and managers perceive communication technologies for use in their businesses. Abstracts from collaborative research in NC1030: Under review: --Not Yet Accepted—Submitted to Journal of Small Business Strategy; July 2021 Title: Impact of Communication Technologies on Small Business Success Authors: Johnson Jorgensen, J., Zuiker, V., Manikowske, L., & Lehew, M. Abstract: Business owners and managers of small businesses tend to struggle to utilize online communication technologies effectively. To investigate the role of communication technologies in small businesses, the purpose of this study was to determine the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for online communication technologies and how those perceptions relate to business success.  The Small Business Values Survey was used to access data from 522 business owners, and an integrated model using the Diffusion of Innovation and the Technology Acceptance Model was used as a theoretical foundation. Relationships between variables were tested using multiple regression and confirmed that small business owners and managers find that easy-to-use communication technologies are not perceived to be useful or contribute to business success. However, communication technologies that are perceived to be useful do contribute to business success. Business owners and managers who are younger, located in urban areas, and in business for a shorter time are also more likely to use communication technologies. This study contributes to current literature, as it was unclear how small business owners and managers perceive communication technologies for use in their businesses.

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 10/07/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/06/2022 - 10/07/2022
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2022 - 10/31/2022

Participants

Michael Cheang (University of Hawaii), Sonali Diddi (Colorado State University), Debanjan Das (University of West Virginia), Kelsie Doty (Kansas State University), George Haynes (Montana State University), Cynthia Jasper (University of Wisconsin), Jennifer Johnson Jorgensen (University of Nebraska-Lincoln), Yoon Lee (Utah State University), Melody LeHew (Kansas State University), Srikant (Sri) Manchiraju (Florida State University), Maria Marshall (Purdue University), Linda Niehm (Iowa State University), Sandra Sydnor (Purdue University), Corinne Valdivia (University of Missouri), Anne Visser (UC Davis), Renee Wiatt (Purdue University), Virginia S. Zuiker (University of Minnesota).

Brief Summary of Minutes

This year the NC1030 Annual Meeting took place at Colorado State University, hosted by Dr. Sonali Diddi, October 6 and 7. State representatives were present either in person or virtually. On October 6, day one (8:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.) there were introductions by NC1030 co-chairs Sydnor and Zuiker, welcoming new members from Florida State University, Kansas State University, and West Virginia University. In the business portion of the annual meeting, the group discussed possible sites for future annual meeting locations (California, Hawaii, Florida, Iowa, Colorado, Nebraska) and it was decided that Nebraska would host our 2023 annual meeting. Both Drs. Sydnor and Zuiker agreed to serve as cochairs for 2023. Due to the retirement of our past secretary Dr. Linda Manikowske of North Dakota, we elected a new secretary Dr. Srikant (Sri) Manchiraju from Florida. Dr. Manchiraju presented on Bibliometric Analysis and a brainstorming session followed on how this type of analysis could be used by the NC1030 members. Dr. Matt Hickey, Associate Dean for Research College of Health and Human Sciences, welcomed the multistate research group to Colorado State University. The remaining of Day 1 focused on collaborative works (presentation submission proposals) for the upcoming United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) conference that will be held in Florida in 2023, along with working on a North Central Regional Center for Rural Development (NCRCRD) research proposal, and manuscript writing plans. Much of this work centers on the five themes identified from the multistate research group which include: 1) Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards; 2) Sustainable and Resilient SMEs in a Regenerative Fiber and Food System; 3) Entrepreneurial and Innovative Response to Disruption and System Shocks by Family-Owned SMEs; 4) Contributions of Socioemotional Wealth, Rurality, Collaboration and Race on Resilience and Success of Family-Owned SMEs; and 5) Impact of Transgenerational Control and Transfer within Family Businesses on Resilience and Recovery. Day two began with a presentation from Dr. Abigail Borron, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education & Communication, at the University of Georgia on Community Diagnostics + Social Impact ToolkitTM (CD+SI) and was followed by a discussion of how to incorporate this new knowledge into the current works of the multistate research team. A welcome message and presentation was given by Dr. Eugene Kelley, Deputy Director, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station highlighting the work of Colorado Agricultural Extension and its impact to the state along with highlighting the diversity and national scope of the members of NC-1030. A third presentation highlighted Colorado success story of a local business owner Ms. Elizabeth Mozer, cofounder of LoCo. She discussed with the group how the company started and the challenges they overcame during the global pandemic. Following these presentations, the remaining day was spent with the members gathering in groups to continue working on their USASBE proposals, the NCRCRD proposal, and continue collaboration on manuscripts that the groups had been working on so these manuscripts can be submitted to refereed journal publications for review. As the groups worked, they kept the 5 themes in mind while incorporating the three objectives: Objective 1: Identify and measure the sources of major change and disruption and the structural barriers that impact the family/household, the business, or the community; Objective 2: Identify and measure transformative responses to the positive and negative impacts of change and disruption on the family/household, the business, or the community; and Objective 3: Determine and inform policy or practice related to the wellbeing of the family, the business, or the community.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments by NC 1030 Research Objectives (2021-2022): The NC1030 research team met every other month virtually to share and discuss on-going research activities. These meetings also informed the research team of current and upcoming research projects. Smaller groups met throughout the year to discuss on-going research and to progress with the work begun on manuscripts. During 2021-2022, three manuscripts were published, two manuscripts were submitted, one book chapter was published, three peer-reviewed extension publications were published, three grants were awarded, one grant was submitted, and there were three conference presentations. One grant proposal is in preparation, three conference presentations ideas were submitted, and four manuscripts are in preparation. The research works reported are collaborative across states. Specific accomplishments are represented by the three project objectives which are derivatives of the five themes. NC 1030: Five Themes 1) Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards; 2) Sustainable and Resilient SMEs in a Regenerative Fiber and Food System; 3) Entrepreneurial and Innovative Response to Disruption and System Shocks by Family-Owned SMEs; 4) Contributions of Socioemotional Wealth, Rurality, Collaboration and Race on Resilience and Success of Family-Owned SMEs and 5) Impact of Transgenerational Control and Transfer within Family Businesses on Resilience and Recover. Objective 1. Identify and measure the sources of major change and disruption and the structural barriers that impact the family/household, the business, or the community. Johnson Jorgensen, Zuiker, Manikowske and LeHew studied the role of communication technologies of small business success. Owners and managers of small businesses tend to struggle to utilize online communicative technologies effectively. Businesses rely on technologies, but don’t find easy-to-use technologies to be useful in their retail establishments. Findings suggest that 1) easy-to-use communication technologies are not useful and do not contribute to business success, 2) useful communication technologies are considered to contribute to business success, and 3) new owners that are younger and located in urban areas are more likely to use communication technologies. Results from this study will help guide small business owners and retail managers to focus on learning useful technologies for their specific needs, and not spend time using many easy-to-use technologies that may drain time and resources. Impacts include insight into how small businesses can use “useful” communication technologies efficiently within their operations, without wasting time and other resources. An article was published in the Journal of Small Business Strategy. Katare, Marshall, and Valdivia examined how small business owners were affected by COVID-19 and the implementation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. They collected online survey data from a national sample of 463 small business owners across the United States. The survey was conducted in June 2020, eight weeks after the passage of the CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act. The survey data included information about business characteristics, financial well-being, current response to the crisis, beliefs about the future of their business survival, and the business-owning family demographic information. There were three main themes that emerge from the results. First, drivers of income loss were not necessarily associated with time to recovery. Second, businesses that were undercapitalized were more likely to suffer higher income loss, longer time to recovery, and less likely to be resilient. Resilient was operationalized as a scale merging perceived success, potential for growth, and perceived profitability. Third, business model changes were necessary due to the pandemic but not all adaptive strategies led to better business outcomes. The results from this research study will lead to a better understanding of key vulnerabilities and adjustments that small businesses make to fully recover from economic shocks. Impacts-- their findings showed that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was not the same for all small businesses. Thus, a need for policy makers to take this aspect into account and that these small businesses also differ by gender and race. Additionally, small businesses benefitted from having cash infusions as demand decreased and they needed to invest in different business models. An article was published in the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Colleagues from the universities of Minnesota and Missouri collaborated on research that examines the subjective well-being of Latinxs in the Midwest. The manuscript is under review. Objective 2. Identify and measure transformative responses to the positive and negative impacts of change and disruption on the family/household, the business, or the community. Scholars from Kansas State University, Colorado State University, Iowa State University, The Ohio State University, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, Purdue University, University of Nebraska, University of West Virginia, Utah State University, University of California-Davis, and Florida State University are developing a proposal for submission to the North Central Regional Center for Rural Development (NCRCRD) under the funding priority area “Creating Resilient Communities and Economies”. The overarching questions to be addressed by the research group include: How resilient are current SMEs based in rural communities? What characteristics enable them to proactively respond to major disruptions? How might SMEs and rural communities transform to not only survive, but thrive in an unknowable future? Specifically, our future research products will focus on investigating how business practices transform into sustainable and resilient systems that can support a regenerative fiber and food system that enhances well-being of families, communities, and eco-systems. The funding request will be for three years to cover team development and meetings, preliminary data collection, other activities facilitating multi-state collaboration leading to outputs (i.e., research publications, Extension curricula, external funding). The proposal will be submitted in spring 2023 to NCRCRD. If funded, work will begin in summer 2023 and continue for a three-year period. Colleagues from the universities of Minnesota, Purdue, Montana, and Utah State continue their collaboration on a manuscript focusing on whether business with COVID-related impact have higher business income losses than other firms without cash flow challenges. This manuscript uses data from the 2021 Small Business Disaster. Colleagues from the universities of Minnesota, Hawaii, Purdue, and Missouri continue efforts on a manuscript focusing on factors that contribute to subjective well-being utilizing a COVID data set that was collected at the beginning of the pandemic. Objective 3: Determine and inform policy or practice related to the wellbeing of the family, the business, or the community. Researchers from Purdue University, University of Kentucky, Auburn University, and the University of Missouri described preferences toward COVID-19 testing features. The online survey was conducted in June 2020 and used cross-sectional data. They collected data from a national sample of 1,505 Qualtrics panel respondents to be representative of the adult U.S. population over gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, and Census region. Findings indicated that saliva tests were preferred to nasal tests most of time, preference to at-home testing and drive thru testing versus testing at a hospital or clinic, and that substantial monetary incentives led to only small gains for testing avoiders while monetary incentives helped overcome the dislike for convenience seekers. Impacts—their findings suggest that incentives may be used for contact tracing and can contribute to reducing transmission rates. An article was published in the Journal of Health Promotion. Researchers from Purdue Missouri, Montana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota universities continue to examine how profitability and functionality are affected by work-family balance, adjustment strategies, policies in place to achieve balance, family business status. Findings suggest the average, family-owned businesses perform better than non-family businesses along several dimensions including strategic decision-making and profitability, in part due to aversion to risk that may damage family wealth and long-term planning horizons (Larraz, Gené, & Figueras, 2019). One way of understanding the business and relationship dynamic in family-owning businesses was addressed by Stafford et al. (1999) in their Sustainable Family Business Model (SFBM) mentioned earlier which provides the capacity to explore the interface between the family and the business. The Three-Circle Model approach (Taqiuri & Davis, 1982) and socio emotional wealth (SEW) of families is specified as a lever of competitive advantage. Results should make an important contribution to the family business literature by suggesting that family businesses have higher family and business functionality, but similar profitably as non-family businesses. Policies that reinforce business practices related to family wellbeing variables in this research will be championed and widely disseminated. Colleagues from the universities of Purdue, Minnesota, Nebraska, University of Wisconsin, and University of California-Davis continue efforts on a manuscript focusing on the perceptions of wealth and well-being of (diverse) family-owned businesses utilizing a COVID data set that was collected at the beginning of the pandemic. Scholars from Utah State University and Purdue University submitted a manuscript that uses data from the 2019 Small Business Values Survey (SBVS) to examine differences between copreneurial and nonconpreneurial small business owners. The manuscript provides important insights into the areas in which copreneurs struggle in their work-life balance as well as insights into why this business model appears to outperform other business models. Collaborators from Utah State University and Purdue University are working on a manuscript that utilizes data from the 2019 Small Business Values (SBVS). They investigated factors associated with small business owners behaving as compulsive workers. Their findings suggest that a healthy work-life balance is imperative for small business owner well-being and business functionality as much stands to be lost in the wake of workaholism. Plans are to submit their manuscript to a refereed journal. Researchers from Utah State University and Purdue University are working on a manuscript that utilizes data from the 2019 Small Business Values (SBVS) and examined the succession planning expectations among women-owned small businesses, while focusing on how succession planning expectations differed by gender. They found that women owners were more likely to expect to give their businesses to family successors compared to men owners, whereas men owners were much more likely to sell their businesses to family successors than women owners. Plans are to submit their manuscript to a refereed journal. Collaborators from Utah State University and Purdue University are working on a manuscript that utilizes data from the 2019 Small Business Values (SBVS). They are focusing on the role that social media and internet use plays in the perceived business success among small business owners. Their findings suggest that business owners who reported their company’s use of social media as important to the success of their business were more likely to report higher levels of business profitability. Plans are to submit their manuscript to a refereed journal. Researchers from Utah State University and Purdue University are working on a manuscript that utilizes data from the 2019 Small Business Values (SBVS) and explores the impact of socioemotional wealth on the intention to use four different exit strategies by small business owners. The findings of this study imply that family and non-family small business owners with high socioemotional wealth would choose exit strategies that preserve the continued existence of the firm. Plans are to submit their manuscript to a refereed journal. Collaborators from Utah State University, Purdue University, University of Missouri, Colorado State University, and Kansas State University are working on a proposal to present at the 2023 US Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) Conference. This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on small business owners’ adjustment strategies and their associated outcomes. Abstracts (selected) of Journal Articles from collaborative work with NC1030 members: Keeping the Farm Business in the Family: The Case of Farm and Non-Farm Family Businesses in the Midwestern United States Abstract Succession planning is a very crucial aspect of family business continuity. The successful transition of family businesses is especially important for small and medium scale family businesses which constitute the beginning phase of most businesses. This paper explores two critical aspects of succession planning namely the decision to keep business ownership within the family, and the transfer-readiness of family businesses. This study assessed potential correlates of these two constructs using data from small and medium scale farm and non-farm businesses in Midwest US.  Results from a probit estimator showed that farm businesses were more likely to be kept within the family (p<0.01). For the full sample, the number of generations involved in daily management, the readiness of the senior management to delegate control, and the owner experience were also found to be good correlates of the decision to keep the business within the family. For farms, we also found some correlation between the perception of the business as being successful and the decision to keep the business in the family (p<0.1). Results from the probit and bivariate probit models showed that capital, and the number of generations in management are the most consistent correlates of transfer readiness for the full and farm samples. Finally, we found that female owners of farm businesses were less likely to be ready for business transfers than their male counterparts (p<0.01). Impact of communication technologies on small business success Abstract Owners of small businesses may struggle to utilize online communication technologies effectively. To understand this challenge, this study investigated communication technology contributions, the use of online communication technologies, and how those perceptions relate to small business success. Data from a small business values survey (Marshall & Wyatt, 2019) was used consisting of 511 business owners. An integrated model using the Diffusion of Innovation and the Technology Acceptance Model served as a theoretical foundation. Relationships between variables were tested using multiple regression and confirmed that small business owners perceive that easy-to-use communication technologies are not useful or contribute to business success. However, communication technologies that are perceived to be useful do contribute to business success. Business owners who are younger, located in urban areas, and in business for a shorter time are also more likely to use communication technologies. This study supports current literature, as it was unclear how small business owners perceive communication technologies for use in their businesses (Jorgensen et al., 2022, p. 142). Management and Ownership Transfer in Small and Medium Family Farms Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the succession process in small and medium family farms as two distinct but related processes of management transfer and ownership transfer. Past studies focused on the broad subject of succession, without dissecting succession into the components that it contains. Further, this study aimed to evaluate which business, family, and owner characteristics were significant in progressing each process towards the actual transfer of management and ownership. Design/methodology/approach: Telephone interviews were conducted to gather information from rural family businesses in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio. A bivariate ordered probit regression was utilized to model the processes of management and ownership transfer as separate but related processes. Both management transfer and ownership transfer were modeled utilizing three distinct stages of transfer. Findings: Business and owner characteristics were significant to both management and ownership transfer, whereas family characteristics only influenced ownership transfer. Farm family businesses that discussed goals, identified a successor, and were educated on how to start the transfer process were more likely to have made progress in both management and ownership transfer. Originality: We contribute empirically to the literature by modeling the components of the succession process, management transfer and ownership transfer, as separate but interrelated processes. We specifically investigate which business, owner, and family characteristics influence the progression of management and ownership transfer in farm family businesses. Love of Work or Love and Work: Does Small Business Owner Compulsion to Work Pay Off? Abstract A business owner’s compulsion to work is a condition that can have jarring effects on business-owning families. A compulsion to work has been defined as a component of workaholism, which includes a set of behaviors that drive a business owner to work. A random sample of 483 small business owners in the United States were classified as “compulsive owners” and “non-compulsive owners” using cluster analysis. A logit regression was used to determine the characteristics that influence small business owners to behave as compulsive owners. The probability of being a compulsive owner was lower for female owners, higher as number of children in the house increased, and was inversely related to family/business functioning. Further analysis to determine if compulsive owners had higher business incomes than non-compulsive owners, found that compulsive owners did not have higher business incomes. Thus, a compulsion to work did not pay off for small business owners. Small Business Recovery: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina and the COVID-19 Pandemic Abstract We explore the lessons learned from small business recovery from Hurricane Katrina that occurred over a decade ago and the recent COVID-19 Pandemic. Data used are from a 2013 survey of small businesses in Mississippi impacted by Hurricane Katrina and a 2020 survey of small businesses during the Coronavirus Pandemic. The Hurricane Katrina data consist of a sample size of 499 small businesses interviewed in 2013. The COVID-19 data were collected in 2020 and consist of 463 small businesses. The results show that financial comingling can have short-term benefits but long-term detrimental effects. The results also indicate that not only does business size matter, but also that direct-to-consumer businesses are more vulnerable to decreased demand by consumers. Finally, for both types of disaster, U.S. Small Business Administration disaster loans seem to have the highest effect on small business recovery. Bend or Break? Small Business Survival and Strategies during the COVID-19 Shock Abstract  This manuscript studies the impact of the exogenous COVID-19 pandemic shock on small businesses in the United States. We provide early evidence on how small business owners were affected by COVID-19 and the implementation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. We collected online survey data from a national sample of 463 small business owners across the United States. The survey was conducted in June 2020, eight weeks after the passage of the CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act. The survey data include information about business characteristics, financial well-being, current response to the crisis, beliefs about the future of their business survival, and the business-owning family demographic information. There are three main themes that emerge from the results. First, drivers of income loss were not necessarily associated with time to recovery. Second, businesses that were undercapitalized were more likely to suffer higher income loss, longer time to recovery, and less likely to be resilient. Resilient was operationalized as a scale merging perceived success, potential for growth, and perceived profitability. Third, business model changes were necessary due to the pandemic but not all adaptive strategies led to better business outcomes. The results from this research study will lead to a better understanding of key vulnerabilities and adjustments that small businesses make to fully recover from economic shocks. Work-Family Balance and Perceived Business Outcomes Among Copreneurial and Non-copreneurial Small Business Owners (Objective 3) Abstract Using data from the 2019 Small Business Values Survey (SBVS), we investigated differences between copreneur (n = 195) and noncopreneur (n = 303) small business owners (N = 498) in the United States. Specifically, we looked at differences in work-family balance characteristics, business characteristics, and owner characteristics between copreneurial and noncopreneurial small businesses. We found that copreneurs were significantly more likely than noncopreneurs to report conflicts about decisions related to their work and family lives and were also more likely to report negative work-to-family spillover and negative family-to-work spillover. However, using a logistic regression, we found that copreneurs were more likely than noncopreneurs to report perceiving the business as successful and profitable. Looking at a subsample of only copreneurs, we found that various work-family balance characteristics, business characteristics, and owner characteristics were significantly associated with the likelihood of perceiving the business as successful or profitable. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered. Succession Planning Expectations among Women-Owned Small Businesses (Objective 3) Abstract Succession planning is an important consideration for small business owners. Using the 2019 Small Business Values Survey (Marshall & Wiatt, 2019), we investigated how succession planning differed by gender. We limited the sample size to owners of businesses with fewer than 100 employees, resulting in a sample size of N = 477 participants, 53.9% of which were women and 46.1% of them were men. Our analysis showed that there were significant differences between the succession intentions of men and women. We found that women owners were more likely to expect to give their businesses to family successors (54.5%) compared to men owners (45.5%), whereas men owners were much more likely to sell their businesses to family successors (64.1%) than women owners (35.9%). Women owners were much more likely to liquate the business assets (64.4%) than men owners (35.6%). There was little difference between men (48.8%) and women (51.2%) business owners in selling the business to someone outside of the family. Analyzing only the women in our sample (n = 257), we identified several significant differences based on owner demographic characteristics and business characteristics. we found that older women owners were more likely to liquidate the business but less likely to sell the business to someone outside of the family when compared to younger women owners. Racial/ethnic minority women were less likely liquidate the business compared to White women. Regarding education, women owners with lower levels of education were less likely to sell the business to someone outside of the family when compared to highly educated women owners. Moving to business characteristics, women owners with more employees were less likely to liquidate the business than those with fewer employees. Family-owned business owners were less likely to liquidate the business assets and they were more likely to sell the business to a family successor compared to nonfamily-owned business owners. Women who were the sole owner of the business were less likely to sell the business to a family successor than women with other ownership types. Those who were owners of home-based businesses were less likely to sell the business to someone outside the family compared to those who owned non-homebased businesses. Women who owned businesses in the service industry were more likely to sell the business to a family successor than those in other industries. Women who perceived their businesses as being successful were less likely to sell the business to someone outside of the family than those who had lower perceptions of the success of their businesses. Abstracts- Published in 2022 PIFB Quarterly Newsletters Social Media Use and Business Profitability Among Small Businesses (Objective 3) Abstract The internet has transformed the way we do business. Social media in particular has expanded our social networks and increased the ease in which we can connect with others, both friends and strangers. Using data from the 2019 Small Business Value Survey (Marshall & Wiatt, 2019), we investigated the role of social media in explaining the performance of small businesses. In particular, this study examined what types of social media small business owners are using to promote their business. This study investigated how owners’ perceptions of social media was associated with their business profitability. We looked specifically at small business owners with fewer than 100 employees, resulting in a sample of 477 participants. The descriptive results showed that the most common social media platform used was Facebook (71.3%) followed by Instagram (46.6%), Twitter (37.7%), Pinterest (21.2%), and other social media platforms (9.2%). These numbers suggest that many businesses rely on multiple social media platforms. Despite the importance of social media for many businesses, our results indicated that 19.3% of small businesses did not use any type of social media for their business. Regression analyses indicated that, all else being equal, business owners who reported their company’s use of social media as important to the success of their business were more likely to report higher levels of business profitability. On the other hand, as business owners perceived maintaining their company’s online presence as a problem, they reported lower levels of business profitability. These results suggest that utilizing social media and building a strong online presence can lead to increased profitability in small businesses. Perhaps more importantly, we highlight the role of perceptions in these results. Specifically, developing positive views of social media as an avenue for business promotion may increase small businesses’ profitability. Training and education for small business owners on the benefits and effective approaches to using social media is needed. More research is needed in this area. The use of communication technologies in small businesses.  Abstract Small businesses may be more resilient if certain technologies are adopted (Gomes, 2015), especially during times of disruption. An online small business values survey (Marshall & Wiatt, 2019) was used to collect data from U.S. business owners in 2019. A final sample of 511 (response rate of 58.40%) was acquired. Findings show that a large majority of small business owners found that the internet had extremely impacted their business. Similarly, a large majority of small business owners stated that the internet had a positive impact on the business. Additionally, a large majority of them also felt that online activities were important for their business success and that maintain an online presence was not a problem. Abstracts - Conference Presentation Give, Sell, or Liquidate: The Effect of Socioemotional Wealth on Small Business Owner Exit Intentions (Objective 3) Abstract Small business owner exit intentions have been studied mostly as dichotomous stay or go strategies (DeTienne & Cardon, 2012; Gimeno et al., 1997; Wennberg & DeTienne, 2014). However, business owners have many different paths to exit the businesses they founded. Recent literature has focused on the impact of owner age and experience, business financial health, and business size on exit intentions (DeTienne & Cardon, 2012). There is scant literature focused on the effect of socioemotional wealth on exit intention and exit strategies of small business owners. We contribute to the literature by examining the impact of socioemotional wealth on the intention to use four different exit strategies. A multinomial logit model is used where the exit strategies are 1) give business to family, 2) sell business to family, 3) sell to nonfamily, or 4) liquidate. The data are from a national survey of 477 U.S. small business owners of businesses with less than 100 employees. Results indicate that business owners with high socioemotional wealth are more likely to give or sell their businesses rather than liquidate. BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) business owners are also more likely to give or sell their businesses rather than liquidate compared to their White counterparts. Family business owners are more likely to give or sell their businesses to family than to sell to outsiders or liquidate. Our results imply that family and non-family small business owners with high socioemotional wealth will choose exit strategies that preserve the continued existence of the firm. Research Project – In Process In the Depths of Despair: Lost Income and Recovery for Small Businesses During COVID-19 (Objectives 1, 2, & 3) Abstract Brief Summary. This study examines whether business with COVID-related impact have higher business income losses than other firms. This study also examines whether businesses with cash flow challenges before the COVID-19 pandemic are more likely to experience more income loss due to the pandemic than businesses without cash flow challenges. This study further investigates whether increasing lost income with funding strategies are strategies to help people pay bills and get through the disaster, not increasing their income.  Finally, this study investigates borrowing from family and friends as an alternative funding. The findings of this study will provide implications for small business owners and consultants working with small business owners who were experienced hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Research Project – Currently Working Family Adjustment Strategies in Homebased Businesses During COVID-19 (Objectives 1, 2, & 3) Abstract This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on small business owners’ adjustment strategies. The main objectives of this study were to explore the adjustment strategies employed by owners of small family firms during COVID-19 and to compare their use of adjustment strategies between homebased businesses (HBBs) and non-homebased businesses (NHBBs). Tentative research questions include: RQ1) Did the amount of distress experoemced die tp COVID-19 differ between homebased businesses (HBBs) and non-homebased businesses (NHBBs)?, RQ2) During COVID-19, were there significant differences in the adoption of adjustment strategies between homebased businesses (HBBs) and non-homebased businesses (NHBBs)? There could be significant differences in the adoption of adjustment strategies between homebased businesses (HBBs) and non-homebased businesses (NHBBs). The major findings of this study will provide important implications for business consultants and educators working with homebased business owners.

Publications

Jorgensen, J. J., Zuiker, V. S., Manikowske, L., & LeHew, M. (2022). Impact of communication technologies on small business success. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 32(3), 142-157. Katare, B., M.I. Marshall, C.B. Valdivia. 2021. Bend or Break? Small Business Strategies and the CARES Act during the COVID-19 Shock. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction JIF 4.32 SNIP 1.756 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102332">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102332</a> Katare, B., S. Zhao, J. Cuffey, M.I. Marshall, C. Valdivia. 2022. Preferences toward COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing Features: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(1): 185-189. JIF 2.87  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08901171211034093">https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08901171211034093</a> Torres, A.B., M.S. Delgado, and M.I. Marshall. 2021 The Economic Implications of Social Capital on Hispanic Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 31(3): 72-87. Edobor, E.W. and M.I. Marshall. 2021. Earth, Wind, Water, Fire, and Man: How Disasters Impact Firm Births in the USA. Natural Hazards, 107 (1): 395-421. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04588-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04588-x</a>   JIF 3.656 SNIP 1.31 Edobor, E.W., R. Wiatt, and M.I. Marshall. 2021. Keeping the Farm Business in the Family: The Case of Farm and Non-Farm Family Businesses in the Midwestern United States. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. DOI: 10.22434/IFAMR2020.0138 Day, J. S. Sydnor, M.I. Marshall, and S. Noakes. 2021. Ecotourism, Regenerative Tourism, and the Circular Economy: Emerging Trends and Ecotourism, Handbook for Ecotourism. Ed David Fennell. Routledge. Wiatt, R.D., M.I. Marshall, and R. Musselman. 2022. Management and Ownership Transfer in Small and Medium Family Farms. Agricultural Finance Review, 82(3): 505-521. Marshall, M.I., Katare, B., and Valdivia, C.B. Small Business Recovery: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina and the Coronavirus Pandemic. Handbook on the Economics of Disasters. Book Chapter. Norton, A., Kim, H-Y., & Zuiker, V. S. (Accepted). Consumer embeddedness and motivations for farmers market patronage: A qualitative exploration in Minnesota, USA. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension. Book Chapters Marshall, M.I., B. Katare, and C.B. Valdivia. (2022). Small Business Recovery: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina and the Coronavirus Pandemic. In. M. Skidmore (Ed), Handbook on the Economics of Disasters. Routledge. Manuscripts Submitted (under review) Lee, Y., H. Kelley, R. Wiatt, and M.I. Marshall. Work-Family Balance and Perceived Business Outcomes Among Copreneurial and Noncopreneurial Small Business Owners. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. September 2022. Valdivia, A., A. Morales, O. F. Rojas Perez, L. Y. Flores, V. Zuiker. (under review) Latinos and Latinas Subjective wellbeing in Midwestern Non-Metro Towns. Submitted to Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, April, 2022 Sorensen, K.  & Johnson Jorgensen, J. (In Revision).  Millennial Perceptions of Private Label and National Brand Clothing: An Exploration of Clothing Preferences Using Q Methodology. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. Spilinek, M. & Johnson Jorgensen, J. (In Review).  Creepy or Convenient?: Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Ad Exposure on Social Media. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. Johnson Jorgensen, J., & Sorensen, K. (In Review). Millennial Perceptions of Augmented Reality in Retail: A Q Methodology Study.  International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management. Lee, J. M., & Zuiker, V. S. (In Review). Exploring financial capability and the self-employed: Focusing on financial education. Manuscripts Under Development Cheang, M., Valdivia, C. B., Zuiker, V. S., Bhagryashree, K., & Martinez Palomares, J. C. (Manuscript in Preparation). Resilience and coping strategies during COVID-19 for small business owners and non-small business owners. Sydnor, S. B., Marshall, M. I., Haynes, G. W., Valdivia, C. B., Jasper, C., Zuiker, V. S. (in process). The Impact of Family Business Culture and Wellbeing (or Balance or Self-Care) on Functioning and Profitability. Sydnor, S., Zuiker, V.S., Jorgensen, J.J., Jasper, C., and Visser, M.A.  Wealth & well-being: Perceptions from family-owned and diverse businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wiatt, R. D., Marshall, M. I., Haynes, G., Zuiker, V. S., & Lee, Y. (Manuscript in Preparation). In the depths of despair: Lost income and recovery for small businesses during COVID-19. Grants Awarded Clare, G., Johnson Jorgensen, J., Lee, J., Manikowske, L., LeHew, M., & Lyons, N. (2021). Merchandising Program Industry Advisory Board.  Great Plains Interactive Distance Alliance.  Funded: $5,860.00 Clare, G., Johnson Jorgensen, J., Lee, J., Manikowske, L., LeHew, M., & Lyons, N. (2021). Synchronous Online Recruiting Event Proposal.  Great Plains Interactive Distance Alliance.  Funded: $7,595.00  Johnson Jorgensen, J. (2021).  Diversity and Equity in Merchandising the Omnichannel Product Assortment and Retail Workspace.  Center for Transformative Teaching Incubation Fund.  Funded: $975.60  Marshall, M., Katare, B. and Valdivia, C. (6/2019-5/2022). USDA-NIFA-AFRI: Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards: A Focus on Women and Minority Owned Small Businesses. Funded: $499,999.84 Feng, B. Langenhoven, P., Shoaf, N. and Wiatt, R. (2022). USDA-NIFA-AFRI: Taking the Next Step as a Small and Medium Sized Farm: Understanding the Integration of Production, Food Safety, and Profitability. Funded: $500,000 Wiatt, R., Torres, A., Marshall, M., Langemeier, M., Nees, J., Farris, E., Heckaman, K., and Mandeville, K. (2021-2022).  North Central Extension Risk Management Education. “The Pillars of Contingency Planning: An Integrated Approach to Managing Risk for Farms and Agribusinesses”. Funded: $50,000. INDIANA AUTHORS? USDA-NIFA-AFRI: Workplace Stressors, Conflict Resolution, Worker Productivity: A Field Experiment on Employee Wellness Training Program in Rural Small Businesses, $500,000, Co-PI. Diddi, S., LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller Connell, K. Y., & Yan, L. (2022). Preparing Fiber, Textiles, and Clothing Educators for the Industry’s Transformation to Circular Economy: Expanding Discipline Competencies to Enhance Workforce Preparedness. Submitted to USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Higher Education Challenge grant (CG2) program. Funded: ? Grants submitted Diddi, S., LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller Connell, K. Y., & Yan, L. (2022). Preparing Fiber, Textiles, and Clothing Educators for the Industry’s Transformation to Circular Economy: Expanding Discipline Competencies to Enhance Workforce Preparedness. Submitted to USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Higher Education Challenge grant (CG2) program. Bednarikova, Z. & Sydnor, S. (2021). Corporate community development initiatives of small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Submitted to AgSEED — Agricultural Research and Extension Leading to Economic Development in Indiana Agriculture and Rural Communities. Conference Presentations Martinez Palomares, J., C. Valdivia and M. Marshall. 2022. Finding resilience: How small businesses and people survive and succeed during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ordered Probit Model Approach. Cambio de Colores Annual Conference Floreciendo-Resilience and Changing Communities in Uncertain Times. June 22-24, Saint Louis, MO. June 22. Marshall, M.I., R.D. Wiatt, and Y. Lee. SEW and Exit Intentions. Small Business Institute Conference, February 2022. Wiatt, R.D., M.I. Marshall, Y. Lee. Love of Work or Love and Work? Predicting Workaholism among Small Business Owners in the United States. Work Family Researchers Network Conference, June 2022. Archila-Godínez, J.C., Marshall, M.I., Wiatt, R., Deering, A., and Feng, Y. (2022). “Consumers’ food safety perception of fresh produce from small- and medium-sized farms”. Abstract at International Association of Food Protection (IAFP) Annual Meeting. LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller, K. Y., & Doty, K. (2021, November). Exploring barriers to a sustainable and regional fibershed in the Central Plains of the United States. Poster presented at the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 3-6. Doty, K., LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller, K., & Haar, S. (2021, November). Advancing the fibershed movement: Building relationships among scholars and community organizers. Salon session presented at the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference, November 3-6. Zimbroff, A., & Johnson Jorgensen, J. (2022, January). A Mixed Methods Instrument to Assess Entrepreneurship Ecosystems. United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Raleigh, NC. Johnson Jorgensen, J., & Sorensen, K. (2021, November).  Should A Retailer Take a Political Stance on Social Media? A Case Study of A Small Retailers’ Struggle Over Time.  International Textile and Apparel Association, Virtual Conference Extension Publications Johnson Jorgensen, J., Zuiker, V. S., Manikowske, L., & LeHew, M.  (July 2022). The use of communication technologies in small businesses.  Purdue Agricultural Economics Report. Available at: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/fambiz/2022_pifb_summer_newsletter11.pdf__;!!PvXuogZ4sRB2p-tU!FtdTWEpEV8ddAhe72fZrBDnkQIuyq213Lg6-awi6PSZq5U-9yWKnFbXws_zFYxSRIHWxRPzkSrU7_4keOwk$">https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/fambiz/2022_pifb_summer_newsletter11.pdf</a> Lee, Y.G., Kelley, H.H., Wiatt, R., and Marshall, M.I. (2022). “Social Media Use and Business Profitability among Small Businesses”. Purdue Institute for Family Business Quarterly Newsletter, Summer Special Edition on Research 2022. Available at: <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/fambiz/2022_pifb_summer_newsletter11.pdf">https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/fambiz/2022_pifb_summer_newsletter11.pdf</a>. Wiatt, R. and Marshall, M.I. (2022). “Retirement or Training the Next Generation? Framing Succession in the Family Business”. Purdue Institute for Family Business Quarterly Newsletter, Spring Edition 2022. Available at: <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Documents/2022_PIFB_Spring_Newsletter.pdf">https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Documents/2022_PIFB_Spring_Newsletter.pdf</a>. Pullen, K., Wiatt, R., and Marshall, M.I. (2022). “First Steps in Succession Planning”. Purdue Institute for Family BusinessQuarterly Newsletter, 2022 Winter Succession Special Edition. Available at: <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Documents/2022_PIFB_Winter_Newsletter.pdf">https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Documents/2022_PIFB_Winter_Newsletter.pdf</a>. Wiatt, R. and Marshall, M. (2021). “Maintaining Family Bonds: Different Approaches to Conflict”. Purdue Institute for Family Business Quarterly Newsletter, Fall Edition 2021. Available at: <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Pages/newsletters.aspx">https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Pages/newsletters.aspx</a>. Wiatt, R. and Marshall, M. (2021). “Special Questions on COVID-19”. Purdue Institute for Family Business Quarterly Newsletter, Fall Edition 2021. Available at: <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Pages/newsletters.aspx">https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/fambiz/Pages/newsletters.aspx</a>. Extension Presentations Wiatt, R. and Marshall, M.I. (August 2, 2022). Taking the First Steps in Succession Planning. Morgan County Beef Cattle Association Annual Producer Meeting.  Marshall, M.I. and Wiatt, R.D. (November 3, 2021). Marketing and Sales: Communicating Value and Making the Sale. Gary Urban Farmer Initiative Presentation. Wiatt, R. and Marshall, M.I. (October 5, 2021). Management Transfer in Farm and Family Businesses. Purdue Women in Ag Lunch ‘n Learn Presentation Series.  Johnson Jorgensen, J. (2021, December). Sustainability + Fashion. Joslyn Institutes for Sustainable Communities Sustainable Leadership Presentation Series.  (Invited Presentation) Johnson Jorgensen, J. (2021, September). Using Q Methodology to Measure Rural Entrepreneurial Perceptions. North Central Regional Center for Rural Development Webinar Series. (Invited Presentation) Presentations (Non-refereed) Haynes, G. W. (2022). Managing Risk, Fort Peck Community College Webinar, 3/21/22. Haynes, G. W. (2022). Montana Innovation Hub for Agricultural Technology, Montana Agricultural Business Association, 3/22/22. Haynes, G. W. (2022). Bridging the Gap: Financial Reports to Enterprise Livestock Budgets, Stone Child Community College, 4/5/22. Haynes, G. W. (2022). Agricultural Programs for Socially Disadvantaged Ranchers and Farmers, 4/6/22. Haynes, G. W. (2022). Financial Planning and Management, Certified Farm Startup Program, virtual meeting, 5/25/22. Haynes, G. W. (2022). Financial Planning and Management, Fort Peck Community College, 6/8/22. Haynes, G. W. (2022). Agricultural Subsidies for Agricultural Producers, Little Big Horn Community College, 9/13/22.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 10/06/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/05/2023 - 10/06/2023
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2022 - 10/31/2023

Participants

Yoon Lee – Utah State University
Maria Marshall - Purdue University
Das Debanjan –West Virginia University
Margaret Fitzgerald – North Dakota State University
Erin M. Irick- University of Wyoming
Jennifer Johnson Jorgensen – University of Nebraska – Lincoln
Cynthia Jasper – University of Wisconsin—(Interim Secretary)
Michael Wilcox – Purdue University – [Administrative Advisor]
Melody LeHew – Kansas State University
Stephen Mukembos – University of Missouri
Kelsie Doty –Kansas State University
Virginia Solis Zuiker – University of Minnesota (Co-Chair, with Dr. Sandra Sydnor)
Michael Cheang – University of Hawaii
Renee Wiatt – Purdue University (attended via zoom)

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC 1030: Sustainable and Resilient Systems: Transformative Response to Disruptions by Families, Businesses, and Communities

Annual Meeting Minutes

Room 161 City Campus

Lincoln, Nebraska

October 5-6, 2023

Thursday, 10-5-23, 8:15am to 5pm

Introductions:

All persons in attendance introduced themselves. Members in attendance included:

Yoon Lee – Utah State University

Maria Marshall - Purdue University

Das Debanjan –West Virginia University

Margaret Fitzgerald – North Dakota State University

Erin M. Irick- University of Wyoming

Jennifer Johnson Jorgensen – University of Nebraska – Lincoln

Cynthia Jasper – University of Wisconsin—(Interim Secretary)

Michael Wilcox – Purdue University – [Administrative Advisor]

Melody LeHew – Kansas State University

Stephen Mukembos – University of Missouri

Kelsie Doty –Kansas State University

Virginia Solis Zuiker – University of Minnesota (Co-Chair, with Dr. Sandra Sydnor)

Michael Cheang – University of Hawaii

Renee Wiatt – Purdue University (attended via zoom)

Welcome from Dr. Derek McLean, Dean of the UNL Agricultural Research Division

Dr. McLean welcomed the NC1030 group to Lincoln. He noted that the NC1030 project is timely now because we need to maintain resilient and sustainable communities and businesses. This is critical during climate change and natural disasters – all of which are becoming more prevalent. It is important to have input from social scientists like ourselves as we try to address many of the problems we are facing today.

Welcome from Dr. Virginia Solis Zuiker

Dr. Solis Zuiker welcomed the members and outlined the plans for the meeting.

Dr. Mary Emery, Director of Rural Prosperity Nebraska – discussed her role as the first director of Rural Prosperity Nebraska, a University of Nebraska program launched in 2020 that focuses on real community development and vitality.

Dr. Michael Wilcox, Purdue University and Administrative Advisor -- gave an update on multi-state projects and expectations for the achievement of goals associated with the NC1030 project.

NC1030 Policy Handbook

Dr. Cynthia Jasper led a discussion regarding the update of the NC1030 Policy Handbook.

Also discussed was the Declaration process as it is used by this group to show other committee members what individuals are working on. This helps to gain collaborators and also makes sure we are not working on similar topics separately. Because we all have diverse interests, the declaration process helps to create integrated papers.

Cynthia Jasper has agreed to update the NC1030 Policy Handbook and Maria Marshall has agreed to include two new datasets into the handbook.

Review of Project Objectives

Accomplishments from the past year where discussed relative to the five themes of the NC1030 project.

Theme 1: Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards

Theme 2: Sustainable and Resilient SMEs in a Regenerative Fiber and Food System

Theme 3: Entrepreneurial and Innovative Response to Disruption and System Shocks by Family-Owned SMEs

Theme 4: Contributions of Socioemotional Wealth, Rurality, Collaboration and Race on Resilience and Success of Family-Owned SMEs

Theme 5: Impact of Transgenerational Control and Transfer within Family Businesses on Resilience and Recovery

Revisit Existing Data

NC1030 members discussed existing data sets and future plans for utilization of the information.

Continuing Project Group Work

Members of NC1030 discussed planning for future manuscripts, writing of manuscripts, and places for publication and presentations including the USASBE conference and NCRCRD.

Debrief

The meeting concluded for the day with a debrief session where main outcomes from the planning sessions were reported to the entire NC1030 group.

Friday – 10-6-23, 9am to 4:30pm

Announcements

Dr. Virginia Zuiker announced and outlined work plans for the day.

Invited Speaker, Kelly Ross, Founder of ECHO Collective and The Refinery, Ms. Ross founded a nonprofit in Lincoln, Nebraska, called ECHO Collective. ECHO stands for Empowering Communities through Her Opportunities. ECHO Collective’s major program, The Refinery, was created from experience with women who have the skill and passions to run a business, but were lacking in the formal business education to create success. The Refinery provides refugee and immigrant women with the opportunity to achieve economic independence and social capital through business education and professional mentorships. A community-driven curriculum is designed to create lasting relationships.

State Reports:

All members shared the highlights of their reports and achievements from the past year. Several papers have been published or are in progress. New members also shared their work from the past year that is related to the project. State Reports that have not been sent in should be completed as soon as possible.

Business Meeting:

Topics of discussion included future leadership of the group and the location and dates for the next meeting.

Leadership:

Dr. Sandra Sydnor and Dr. Virginia Zuiker were elected to serve as Co-Chairs for the next two years. Motion by Dr. Yoon Lee and second by Dr. Das Debanjan. All voted in favor of the motion to elect Dr. Sydnor and Dr. Zuiker to serve as co-chairs for two more years.

Dr. Srikant Manchiraju will continue to serve as secretary for the group. If he is unable to serve, Dr. Jennifer Johnson Jorgensen will step in as secretary for the 2023-2024 year. Dr. Kelsie Doty was elected to serve a two year term as secretary beginning in 2024 and ending in 2026. Motion by Dr. Das Debanjan and second by Dr. Yoon Lee. All members voted in favor of the motion.

Planning for NC1030 Annual Meeting for 2024

Dr. Das Debanjan from the West Virginia University is seeking information about the possibility of holding next year’s meeting – either in Pittsburgh or on the West Virginia University campus. Dr. Debanjan will provide information within the next couple of weeks after consulting with administration at his university. Purdue University has been designated as the backup meeting site.

Possible dates for the meeting are either October 3 and 4, 2024 or October 17 and 18, 2024. To be determined after the site for the next meeting is determined.

Additional business meeting updates:

Dr. Maria Marshall announced that there has been another multi-state project that has been approved – NC 1100 that is focused around rural small business and health care access and recovery systems of care. Members from the NC1030 group were encouraged to join this multi-state group.

Also announced is that NCRCRD also does a monthly webinar. If anyone has a topic that would work for one of the thematic areas, reach out to Dr. Renee Wiatt. If you are working on projects that might lend themselves to this type of presentation, please keep this in mind.

Purdue Institute for Family Business (PIFB) – It was also mentioned that a research newsletter is compiled by the NCRCRD group. NC1030 members may want to submit short one-page summaries of research you have done or literature you are diving into that you would like to share with others. Appropriate topics include: Leadership and Succession, Creating Family Bonds, Financial or Estate Planning, and Strategic Business Planning.

New Collaborative Group Work

NC1030 members collaborated in small groups and planned for analyses and the writing of manuscripts and conference presentations.

Debrief:

Again on Friday the meeting concluded with a debrief session where main outcomes from the planning sessions were reported to the entire NC1030 group.

The next video conference for the NC1030 group will be scheduled for early in December 2023.

Respectfully submitted,

Cynthia Jasper, Interim Secretary

Accomplishments

Accomplishments by NC 1030 Research Objectives (2022-2023):   The full NC1030 research team met every other month virtually to share and discuss on-going research activities. Smaller groups met throughout the year to discuss on-going research and to progress with the work begun on manuscripts. During 2022-2023, one manuscript was published, five manuscripts were in various stages: submitted, in review, or in revision, one peer-reviewed extension publication was published, one grant was awarded previously, one grant was submitted, and there were twelve conference presentations. Three manuscripts are in preparation and there was one engagement/outreach activity. The research works reported are collaborative across states.  Specific accomplishments are represented by the three project objectives which are derivatives of the five themes. NC 1030: Five Themes 1) Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards; 2) Sustainable and Resilient SMEs in a Regenerative Fiber and Food System; 3) Entrepreneurial and Innovative Response to Disruption and System Shocks by Family-Owned SMEs; 4) Contributions of Socioemotional Wealth, Rurality, Collaboration and Race on Resilience and Success of Family-Owned SMEs and 5) Impact of Transgenerational Control and Transfer within Family Businesses on Resilience and Recover. Three Objectives: <ul> <li>Objective 1: Identify and measure the sources of major change and disruption and the structural barriers that impact the family/household, the business, or the community.</li> </ul> NC1030 members collaborated on a proposal to the USAD NIFA Higher Education Challenge Grant program. The proposal titled, Building Circular Economy Competencies in Fiber, Textiles and Clothing Curricula to Enhance Workforce Preparedness, was not funded. This project addresses the increasing environmental impact of the global fiber, textiles, and clothing (FTC) industry, where companies are shifting to circular economy (CE) practices. The CE model takes a regenerative approach that facilitates education for circularity and enhances employability of students entering the workforce. The overarching goal of this multi-institutional and transdisciplinary project is to enhance FTC curriculum with CE competencies to prepare next generation professionals to support the industry transformation toward circularity. The first objective is to increase conceptual knowledge related to FTC CE principles in baccalaureate education and address the skills gap related to regenerative agriculture, emerging technologies, and innovations advancing circularity. The second objective is to support FTC educators’ ability to deliver professional competencies related to CE. The following NC1030 members collaborated on this project: Diddi, LeHew and Doty. LeHew & Doty worked on the following project: identifying opportunities and challenges experienced by regional fiber-based businesses MSMEs. Data was collected via personal interviews. Wiatt, Marshall, and Haynes utilized data from the 2020 Small Business Disaster Survey and is titled “In the Depths of Despair: Lost Income and Recovery for Small Businesses During COVID-19.”  This study examined how small business owners sought to keep their businesses operating during the harshest times of the COVID-19 pandemic. I worked on this manuscript with other members of the NC-1030 working group (Renee Wiatt, Maria Marshall, and George Haynes). In this study, we tried to find the association between business funding strategies and actions taken by the business and both percent of lost income and length of recovery for U.S. small businesses. The completed manuscript was submitted to the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction on January 27, 2023; however, this manuscript was recommended to revise and resubmit for possible consideration of publication in this journal. Based on one reviewer’s comment, we worked to solve an endogeneity concern. To solve this problem, we applied a three-stage least squares regression model for this study and have plans on resubmitting by year’s end. Niehm, Das, Manchiraju, Wiatt, LeHew, & Diddi collaborated on emerging research that addresses several overarching questions concerning small business owners and investigates the relationship between WLB/WFB for small business owners and their perceived business success. Research questions include: 1. Does one’s sense of work-life or work-family balance (WLB/WFB) impact feelings of perceived economic success for small business owners? 2. Can the strategic use of family adjustment strategies moderate spillover effects into family and work domains, thereby impact perceived economic success? A sizable portion of the literature addresses WLB/WFB for large companies (e.g., Wong, Chan & Teh, 2020; Felstead, Jewson, Phizacklea, & Waters, 2002). However, research addressing the said issue in small business settings still needs to be done. Thus, creating a knowledge gap regarding WLB/WFB for small, independently owned businesses has dramatically increased since the COVID 19 disruptions of 2020 and 2021 (Grossfeld, 2021). Sydnor, Jorgensen, Jasper, Zuiker, and Visser's research states that this study was motivated by the observation that despite systemic inequities, economic biases in lending, racism and discrimination, business owners of color report higher optimism than their counterparts. The question that guided the study was: does experiencing a sudden shock, such as the 2020 pandemic impact optimism and perceptions of wealth and wellbeing? This is the first study of the perception of wealth and well-being of small hospitality businesses, including family-owning businesses, and especially minority business owners during sudden shocks.  Based on the research completed with NC-1030 members, results of the study on wealth and well-being of small business owners indicate that small business owners have higher levels of subjective well-being than larger companies and those making more than $100k per year have lower levels of subjective well-being.  In a similar vein, the results from the study on coping techniques and the wealth of hospitality businesses are fourfold: 1) women owners of hospitality businesses that used coping techniques perceived themselves as more successful, 2) owners of hospitality businesses that used coping techniques have a more positive perception of wealth, 3) race was not a factor in wealth and wellbeing perceptions, and 4) family-owned businesses and women have higher levels of wellbeing than men and nonfamily-owned businesses.  Results from these two studies help guide small business owners and retail managers to focus on increasing well-being, as it will have a positive impact on not only health but on wealth as well.  <ul> <li>Objective 2: Identify and measure transformative responses to the positive and negative impacts of change and disruption on the family/household, the business, or the community.</li> </ul> Lee, Kelley, Wiatt, and Marshall, using data from the 2019 Small Business Values Survey (SBVS), investigated differences between copreneur and noncopreneur small business owners in the United States. Specifically, we looked at differences in work-family balance characteristics, business characteristics, and owner characteristics between copreneurial and noncopreneurial small businesses. We found that copreneurs were significantly more likely than noncopreneurs to report conflicts about decisions related to their work and family lives and were also more likely to report negative work-to-family spillover and negative family-to-work spillover. However, using a logistic regression, we found that copreneurs were more likely than noncopreneurs to report perceiving the business as successful and profitable. Looking at a subsample of only copreneurs, we found that various work-family balance characteristics, business characteristics, and owner characteristics were significantly associated with the likelihood of perceiving the business as successful or profitable. Wiatt, Marshall, and Musselman investigated the succession process in small and medium family farms as two distinct but related processes of management transfer and ownership transfer. Past studies focused on the broad subject of succession, without dissecting succession into the components that it contains. Further, this study aimed to evaluate which business, family, and owner characteristics were significant in progressing each process towards the actual transfer of management and ownership. A bivariate ordered probit regression was utilized to model the processes of management and ownership transfer as separate but related processes. Both management transfer and ownership transfer were modeled utilizing three distinct stages of transfer. Business and owner characteristics were significant to both management and ownership transfer, whereas family characteristics only influenced ownership transfer. Farm family businesses that discussed goals, identified a successor, and were educated on how to start the transfer process were more likely to have made progress in both management and ownership transfer.  Marshall, Katare, and Valdivia explore the lessons learned from small business recovery from Hurricane Katrina that occurred over a decade ago and the recent COVID-19 Pandemic. The results show that financial comingling can have short-term benefits but long-term detrimental effects. The results also indicate that not only does business size matter, but also that direct-to-consumer businesses are more vulnerable to decreased demand by consumers. Finally, for both types of disaster, U.S. Small Business Administration disaster loans seem to have the highest effect on small business recovery.  Cheang, Palomares, Valdivia, Katare, & Zuiker collaborated on research paper that centered families’ and small businesses’ coping efforts during a public health crisis.  <ul> <li>Objective 3: Determine and inform policy or practice related to the wellbeing of the family, the business, or the community.</li> </ul> LeHew & Doty collaborated on the development and delivery of a Farm to Fashion camp to middle and high schoolers. This project can be considered a form of engaged scholarship and outreach. The camp introduced young people to stages of fiber production, from sheep to product development, emphasizing importance of transitioning to sustainable practices. The overarching goal of this activity is to inform and inspire young people to pursue a career in the regenerative and regional fiber system. Marshall, Katare, and Valdivia provided early evidence on how small business owners were affected by COVID-19 and the implementation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. We collected online survey data from a national sample of 463 small business owners across the United States. There are three main themes that emerge from the results. First, drivers of income loss were not necessarily associated with time to recovery. Second, businesses that were undercapitalized were more likely to suffer higher income loss, longer time to recovery, and less likely to be resilient. Resilient was operationalized as a scale merging perceived success, potential for growth, and perceived profitability. Third, business model changes were necessary due to the pandemic but not all adaptive strategies led to better business outcomes. The results from this research study will lead to a better understanding of key vulnerabilities and adjustments that small businesses make to fully recover from economic shocks.  NC-1030 members from Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana, Colorado, Utah, West Virginia, and Florida collaborated on a grant application to the North Central Regional Center for Rural Development (NCRCRD). The proposal was submitted in November 2022 and was ultimately not funded.  The proposal, however, is being reimagined in 2023 and is planned to be submitted to an external agency within the next year.  Once funded, the impacts will include forming a transformative system focused on sustainability and resilience for rural fiber-based small businesses.  The economic prospects are exciting, and the more efficient use of raw materials (e.g., agri-based fiber, wool, etc.) will significantly impact the agriculture, retail, and related industries.  -----------

Publications

Publications Lee, Y., H. Kelley, R. Wiatt, and M.I. Marshall. 2023. Work-Family Balance and Perceived Business Outcomes Among Copreneurial and Noncopreneurial Small Business Owners. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. Manuscripts Submitted/ In Review/Under Revision Edobor, Edeoba W, Maria I. Marshall, Bhagyashree Katare, and Corinne Valdivia. Insuring for Cyclone Events: What Matters Most to Small Business Owners? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Marshall, M.I., Y.G. Lee, and R.D. Wiatt. Does socioemotional wealth impact owner exit intention? The case of small businesses in the U.S. under revision. Valdivia, C., Morales, A., Perez, O. F. R., Flores, L. Y., & Zuiker, V. S. (Revise and Resubmit). Latinos and Latinas subjective wellbeing in Midwestern non-metro towns. Wiatt, R., M.I. Marshall, and Y.G. Lee. Love of Work or Love and Work: Does Small Business Owners Compulsion to Work Payoff? Journal of Family and Economic Issues. Wiatt, R., M.I. Marshall, Y.G. Lee, and G. Haynes. In the Depths of Despair: Lost Income and Recovery for Small Businesses During COVID-19. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Sorensen, K.  & Johnson Jorgensen, J. (In Press).  Millennial Perceptions of Private Label and National Brand Clothing: An Exploration of Clothing Preferences Using Q Methodology. Johnson Jorgensen, J., Sorensen, K. & Spilinek, M.  (Under Revision).  Motivations to Collect: How Consumers are Socialized to Build Product Collections.  Spilinek, M. & Johnson Jorgensen, J. (In Review).  Creepy or Convenient?: Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Ad Exposure on Social Media. Johnson Jorgensen, J., & Sorensen, K. (In Review).  Millennial Perceptions of Augmented Reality in Retail: A Q Methodology Study.  Johnson Jorgensen, J. (In Review).  The Socialization of Baby Boomer Consumers through Visual Social Media.  Peer Reviewed Extension Publications Fitzgerald, M. and Muske, G. (2023, August). “Couples in Business Together”. Purdue Institute for Family Business Newsletter. Newsletter 2: <a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/fambiz/newsletters.html">https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/fambiz/newsletters.html</a>. Grants: USDA-NIFA-AFRI: Rural Small Business Recovery and Resilience to Natural Hazards: A Focus on Women and Minority Owned Small Businesses, 6/2019-5/2022, $499,999.84, PI and Project Director M.I. Marshall, Co-PIs: B. Katare (Purdue) and C. Valdivia (University of Missouri). Jung, N. Y., & Johnson Jorgensen, J. (2023).  The Effects of Human Inclusive SSRT (Self Service Retail Technology) on Consumers’ Patronage.  Layman Award. Funded: $9,907.50.   Johnson Jorgensen, J. (2022).  Constructing the Fabric of a Sustainability-Focused Future Fashion Workforce.  Grants-In-Aid.  Funded: $7,465.72. Submitted/Not funded LeHew, M., Doty, K., Niehm, L., Johnson Jorgensen, J., Zuiker, V., Jasper, C., Sydnor, S., Diddi, S., Lee, Y., Das, D., & Manchiraju, S. (2022).  Resilient Communities and Economies Supported by Sustainable and Regenerative Fiber Systems.  North Central Regional Center for Rural Development Thematic Workgroups Grant.  Unfunded: $48,050.00. Conference Presentations Diddi, S., LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller Connell, K. Y., & Li, Y. (2022, October). Educator preparedness to incorporate Circular Economy principles in undergraduate fiber, textiles, and clothing curricula. Poster presented at the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference, October 27-30. Diddi, S., Hiller Connell, K. Y., LeHew, M. L. A., & Li, Y. (2022, October). Knowledge and skills required to advance Circular Economy in the fashion industry: Perspectives from industry professionals. Poster presented at the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference, October 27-30. Doty, K., LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller, K. Y., & Crane, A. (2022, October). Farm  to Fashion Camp: Educating students on animal fiber production for the fashion supply chain. Poster presented at the International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference, October 27-30. Doty, K., LeHew, M. L. A., Hiller Connell, K., & Crane , A. (2023, April 14). Engaged Scholarship through the Flint Hills Farm to Fashion Camp. Presented at the Fashion and Circular Economy Symposium, Ft. Collins, CO. LeHew, M. L. A., & Diddi, S. (2023, April 14). Exploring consumers as supply chain partners within a circular system and the need for a paradigm shift in consumer behavior education. Visioning Session at the Fashion and Circular Economy Symposium, Ft. Collins, CO. Marshall, M., Lee, Y., Haynes, G., Valdiva, C., Doty, K., Cheang, M., and Wiatt, R. (2023). Use of family business adjustment strategies during COVID: A comparison between homebased and non-homebased businesses, United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Annual Meeting, January, 2023. Marshall, M., Lee, Y., Haynes, G., and Wiatt, R. (2023). Small Businesses during COVID-19: Funding strategies to expedite recovery and minimize Income Loss, United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, January, 2023. Martinez-Palomares, Jorge, Corinne Valdivia, and Maria Marshall. 2023. Who got it worse? The implications of decreasing income on mental health by gender and race during the Covid-19 pandemic. Cambio de Colores Conference, June 18, Columbia, MO. Niehm, L. S., Das, D., Manchiraju, S., Wiatt, R., LeHew, M. L. A., & Diddi, S. (2023, January). Work-life balance and perceived economic success of small US businesses: Exploring the moderating effect of family adjustment strategies. Research paper presented at USASBE Annual Conference, January 18-22. Sydnor, S., Jorgensen, J. J., Jasper, C., Zuiker, V. S., & Visser, M. A. (2023). Wealth & well-being: Perceptions from diverse family-owned businesses. Presentation presented at the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) annual conference, Orlando, Florida. Sydnor, S., Jorgensen, J. J., Jasper, C., Zuiker, V. S., & Visser, M. A. (2023). The role gender and family play in businesses’ perceptions of wealth & wellbeing under sudden shocks. Poster presented at the 2023 Annual International Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (ICHRIE) Summer Global Conference, Phoenix, AZ. Wiatt et al. Depths of Despair USASBE, January 2023 Manuscripts- Work in Progress Cheang, M., Palomares, J. C. M., Valdivia, C., Katare, B., & Zuiker, V. S. (Submitted, Rejected, Manuscript in Preparation). Families' and small businesses' efforts to cope with income reduction or loss in times of a public health crisis. Sydnor, S., Jorgensen, J. J., Jasper, C., Zuiker, V. S., & Visser, M. A.   Perceptions of Wealth and Well-being Of (Diverse) Family-Owned Businesses. (Manuscript in Preparation). Wiatt, R. D., Marshall, M. I., Zuiker, V. S., Haynes, G., Jasper, C. R., Sydnor, S., & Valdivia, C. (Manuscript in Preparation). The Impact of Family Business Culture and Wellbeing (or Balance or Self-Care) on Functioning and Profitability. Extension Presentations Haynes, G. (2022). Fibershed presentation on small business, Montana Fibershed, Bozeman, Montana.  October, 2022 Haynes, G. (2022).  Economic Impact of Covid-19 and Stimulus Programs, Agricultural Economics Conference, Montana State University, October, 2022. Haynes, G. (2022).  Local rural development - financial planning and management and agricultural subsidies. Hamilton, Montana, October, 2022 Haynes, G. (2023).  More Agricultural Price and Production Uncertainty and Volatility in 2022. Bureau of Business and Economic Research. January through March, 2023. Haynes, G. (2023). Agricultural policy:  Stimulus, IRA, and farm Bill, Stone Child workshop, webinar, April, 2023. Haynes, G. (2023). Finance, Tax and Asset Protection (FTAP), Stone Child workshop, webinar, April, 2023. Haynes, G. (2023). Agricultural Economics of Montana Hutterites.  MSU, June, 2023 Haynes, G. (2023).  Financial Stimulus Update:  Past, Present, and Future, Montana Farmer’s Union, webinar, June, 2023 Engagement/Outreach Hiller Connell, K. Y., LeHew, M. L. A., Doty, K., & Crane, A. (2022, June). Flint Hills Farm to Fashion Camp. Youth summer camp at Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.