W4150: Breeding Phaseolus Beans for Resilience, Sustainable Production, and Enhanced Nutritional Value

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Active

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[10/27/2021] [10/19/2022] [12/28/2023] [10/17/2024]

Date of Annual Report: 10/27/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/20/2021 - 08/20/2021
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

PARTICIPANTS via Zoom call

Cichy, Karen (karen.cichy@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, East Lansing-MI;
Ernest, Emmalea, (emmalea@udel.edu) – Delaware University;
Estevez De Jensen, Consuelo (consuelo.estevez@upr.edu) -University of Puerto Rico;
Gang, David (gangd@wsu.edu) – Washington State University;
Gomez, Francisco (gomezfr1@msu.edu) – Michigan State University;
Gepts, Paul (plgepts@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis;
Harris, Donna (donna.harris@uwyo.edu) - University of Wyoming;
Heitholt, Jim (Jim.Heitholt@uwyo.edu) - University of Wyoming;
Hoyos-Villegas, Valerio (valerio.hoyos-villegas@mcgill.ca) – McGill Univ.;
MacQueen, Alice (alice.macqueen@utexas.edu) – Univ. of Texas-Austin;
Mazourek, Michael (mm284@cornell.edu) – Cornell University;
McClean, Phil (phillip.mcclean@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, Prosser;
Osorno, Juan (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Pastor, Corrales(talo.pastor.corrales@ars.usda.gov) - ARS, Beltsville, MD;
Porch, Tim (timothy.porch@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, Mayaguez;
Urrea, Carlos (currea2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order 9:00am MST am by Carlos Urrea, Chair W-4150.

Introductions

New secretary elected: Juan Osorno

Approve minutes: 1^st Tim Porch, 2^nd Valerio Hoyos-Villegas

W-4150 administrator. Dr. David Gang:
1. Renewed project was well received and received great support from NIFA.
2. New reporting system: NRS: NIFA reporting system. Multistate reports still use NIMSS.
3. Reports should focus on accomplishments/impact rather than on specifics of how research was performed.
4. Heitholt asked if we could wait and include results from 2021. David said no need to rush as this is a long-term project.

State reports (in reverse alphabetical order): See the full reports in NIMSS at: https://www.nimss.org/projects/attachment/18720

WY (J. Heitholt):

CDBN trial, making crosses with UC Davis and USDA-Prosser material.

Planting dates research for the Powell area. Important research for insurance adjustments.

Row spacing trials.

N and P studies in collaboration with USDA-Prosser.

Donna Harris is a new assistant professor at the Powell station.

WI: none present

WA (P. Miklas):

Three new pintos were released: Rattler, Diamondback, and Basin. Good agronomics and virus resistance. Diamondback is a slow darkening while the others are regular pintos.

Update on virus work with BCMV/BCMNV and marker development and causative mutations.

PR (C. Estevez and T. Porch):

Consuelo Estevez:

New cultivar: Hermosa (PR1147-1) black bean. 1^st released black in PR.

Pinto breeding lines PR1572-19 and PR1572-26 with BCMV + rust.

Other breeding lines were mentioned as well (refer to annual report).

Breeding snap beans adapted to PR conditions.

Root rot research focused on F. solani.

Tim Porch:

BIC announcement: Virtual meeting Nov 2-3 2021.

Update on drought and heat work done by USDA-TARS.

Releases in Africa related to the FTF project.

TARS-Tep-23 release.

Questions from the audience on root rot work and potential multi-state collaborations and funding sources.

ND (J. Osorno and P. McClean):

Comments on the effects of the drought in the region and the breeding nurseries and trials.

Fusarium wilt incidence at one location with soil compaction issues. ~80% of the trials lost but it was a good opportunity to take notes.

New black bean variety: ND Twilight. High seed yield, early maturity, resistance to rust, and intermediate resistance to CBB.

There is a new pathologist at NDSU: Dr. Malaika Ebert. This is a strategic position since this is the only University position currently devoted to pulse diseases only.

~20 new white mold resistant lines are coming from the MAGIC population and available for testing.

Published papers: RLK/RLP atlas and synteny across legumes, dual purpose breeding, and slow darkening pintos have faster cooking time and higher iron bioavailability than regular pintos.

Phil McClean Update on 5-593 new reference genome and how it compares to other reference genomes.

NY (M. Mazourek):

New “Heirloom/sensory” panel with molecular characterizations. ~120 entries. They have been genotyped with the 12k SNP chip.

New forward consumer traits: color/pattern retention. Keeping the nice seed colors after cooking.

NE (C. Urrea):

Update on CDBN, DBDN, MRPN, WRBT collaborative trials.

Description of collaborative work with Delaware on epigenetics.

Update on Tepary bean introgressions.

Update on Bacterial wilt research.

Shuttle breeding between Nebraska and Puerto Rico work. New releases coming soon.

New UNL releases White Pearl GN, Wildcat slow dark pinto with larger seed size, and Ur-11 rust resistance.

MI (F. Gomez and K. Cichy):

Francisco Gomez:

Update on trials and western seed increases of MSU varieties.

New white kidney and potential pink releases.

High pressure of white mold in the region in the 2021 season.

Update on RR research using published data from the ADP but adding field screenings. Potential collaboration with other states?

Starting research on UAV to measure agronomic traits.

Update on Anthracnose Co-5 gene introgressions.

Karen Cichy:

Training videos and new articles about canning protocols. New facilities.

GxE effects on canning using the CDBN (across ~4 states).

At-home bean sensory kits to educate consumers about benefits of bean consumption.

Update on cooking time research with a focus on yellow beans.

MD (T. Pastor-Corrales):

Updates on all the collaborative rust and anthracnose (ANT) work.

New ANT res gene in Andean gene pool (Bella flor?).

Update on Ur-11 marker.

Rust and CBB resistance coming from Tepary bean in collaboration with Carlos.

Rust resistance within 2020 CDBN showed several lines containing multiple genes.

Discussion about anthracnose incidence in Quebec, Canada, potentially race 105.

ID: None present to report.

Delaware (E. Ernest):

Update on lima beans. Baby lima breeding lines are mostly for the frozen market. Some with root-knot nematode resistance, an upright architecture.

Research on leaf shape effects in canopy humidity in relation to disease development.

Update on snap bean breeding (both for fresh and frozen markets). Variety trials have been made for the last several years.

Additional questions about the canopy humidity work and its relation to white mold and leaf temperature.

CA (P. Gepts):

Update on lima bean and chickpea work. 4 market classes for limas. 50% of the legume crop in CA. Narrow genetic diversity makes progress more difficult. ~50% of the germplasm is photoperiod sensitive. Resistance to Lygus is very important. New reference genome has been published. Mapping efforts are ongoing as well as high throughput phenotyping for insect (Lygus) damage.

Release of new heirloom-like varieties for the organic sector. Expanding to other seed types. Update on heat/drought work. New Mesoamerican MAGIC population focused on drought. Being phenotyped using remote sensing (fixed tower).

Nutritional and organoleptic traits research. Christine Diepenbrock. The New PCHI grant will focus on nutritional profiles before and after cooking.

Update on additional publications.

Discussion about the previous work on UAV and remote sensing and how the group should get more organized around this theme/area given that several group members have been doing some of this work. Discussion about the challenges of breeding for large seed size combined with high seed yield in lima bean.

Unofficial update from Quebec, Canada (V. Hoyos-Villegas) about developing a new pulse breeding program at McGill University. There is work focused on white mold, black bean genomics, agronomic/nutritional studies using the MDP for dry beans. Canning trials with a private company.

Motion to adjourn: 1^st Paul Gepts, 2^nd Jim Heithold.

End: 12:58PM.

Minutes Attachment:

W4150 - 2021 - State Report.pdf

Accomplishments

The W-4150 project produced several short-term outcomes benefitting stakeholders in the bean industry, among them: In Michigan, 20% of the black bean acreage is grown by Zenith, which allows for direct harvesting, reducing grower costs. The estimated increase in value is $5 million per year based on a 10% yield advantage and time and equipment savings. About 8% of great northern bean acreage in western Nebraska and the surrounding area is planted with ‘Panhandle Pride’; more seed of ‘Coyne’ and ‘Panhandle Pride’ will be available in 2021. About 1,200 dry bean producers in western Nebraska and eastern Colorado have access to dry bean varieties with multiple disease resistance and drought/heat tolerance, enabling them to reduce production costs and increase net income. Based on the 2020 annual dry bean grower’s survey in the Northarvest region (ND+MN), NDSU dry bean varieties represented ~48% , ~50%, and ~15% of the area grown with black, great northern, and pinto beans, respectively. When translated to farm gate value of production (assuming an average price of $45 per hundredweight across market classes), it shows that just with the 2020 harvest, NDSU dry bean varieties contributed to generate approximately $133 million USD to dry bean growers in the region. This represents a net return of ~$887 USD per every dollar invested in the NDSU dry bean breeding program. The additional economic impact is also made to the rest of the food chain (elevators, wholesale buyers/brokers, packers, processors, etc.). Approximately six years ago, the NDSU dry bean breeding program was one of the first to release a slow darkening (SD) pinto variety, which was considered a game-changer at that time. Today, it is estimated that SD pintos are ~35-40% of the total pinto acreage in North Dakota and it’s expected to increase for 2021. During the 2020 growing season, ND Palomino, the SD variety released by NDSU, was grown in ~35% of the fields grown with SD pintos in the state. In addition, new collaborative research has shown that SD pintos cook faster than regular darkening pintos. They offer higher iron bioavailability than regular darkening pintos despite having similar iron seed content. These new findings offer exciting marketing opportunities for SD pintos, especially in developing countries where cooking time (energy) and human nutrition are important issues. Oregon State University release (2018) ‘Patron’, a virus-resistant and high yielding Peruano type yellow seeded bean, was commercially grown in Idaho and Wyoming in 2019 and 2020. <ul> <li>Outputs: Defined products (tangible or intangible) that are delivered by a research project. Examples of outputs are reports, data, information, observations, publications, and patents.</li> </ul> The W-4150 researchers produced a number of longer-term outputs benefitting the bean industry and the breeding community, among them: Releases: Michigan: Produced foundation seed and certified seed for four Michigan State University released cultivars: ‘Adams’ (high-yielding, upright, full-season black bean with anthracnose resistance and acceptable canning quality), ‘Charro’ (high-yielding, upright, full-season pinto bean with excellent canning quality), ‘Eiger’ (high-yielding, upright, full-season great northern bean with anthracnose resistance and acceptable canning quality), and ‘Yellowstone’ (determinate, virus resistant yellow bean with highly desirable vibrant dry seed coat color). Additionally, produced foundation and certified seed of two new varieties with excellent canning quality and uniform maturity, ‘Zenith’ (a high-yielding, disease-resistant, upright full-season black bean with superior color retention following canning) and ‘Alpena’ (an upright navy bean with natural dry down at maturity). Nebraska: ‘Kikatiti,’ a pinto bean cultivar with high yield potential and multiple disease resistance developed by the dry bean breeding program at the University of Nebraska, Agricultural Research Division, was co-released with the Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania in 2020. It will positively impact dry bean production in Tanzania. North Dakota: North Dakota State University has released seven cultivars for the North Dakota/Minnesota region since 2014. Releases in 2019 include ‘ND Falcon’ (pinto with rust and soybean cist nematode resistance and good agronomic performance), ‘ND Pegasus’ (upright high yielding great northern with excellent seed quality and good white mold tolerance), and ‘ND Whitetail’ (high yielding white kidney with a high bacterial disease and white mold resistance). Efforts are underway to develop a replacement for ‘Eclipse’ (released in 2005), the region's most important black bean cultivar. In 2020, ND Twilight black bean was released with rust resistance, high seed yield, and early maturity. Puerto Rico: ‘Bella’ (white bean) and ‘Hermosa’ (black bean), cultivars with resistance to major Caribbean bean diseases and superior performance in low N soils were released. TARS-LH1, a broadly adapted pinto bean germplasm with resistance to leafhoppers and E. krameri and E. fabae, was released collaborating with Michigan. Two lines produced through the shuttle breeding process, SB-DT2 (pinto) and SB-DT3 (small red), will be released as sources of drought tolerance and multiple disease resistance. Washington: ‘USDA-Basin’ pinto bean and ‘USDA Diamondback’ slow darkening pinto bean. ‘USDA Rattler’ (PT11-13-31), a new pinto cultivar with drought and low fertility tolerance, and the I and bc-3 genes for BCMV resistance and Ur-3 and Ur-11 genes for rust resistance were released. Two RILs from the Rojo/CAL 143 population with HBB4.1, HBB5.1, and Pse-2 for resistance to halo blight, QTL for rust resistance, protected I gene, and moderate resistance to Angular leaf spot (ALS, Pseudocercospora griseola) are pending release. California: five heirloom-like common bean cultivars have now been published in the Journal of Plant Registrations. There has been interest in California and other states to test these varieties, and a seed distribution/sale mechanism has been put in place via a California grower. Publications W-4150 collaborators authored or co-authored 79 referred (journal articles and a book chapter) and 31 non-referred publications (see Publications section for list). The latter included Bean Improvement Cooperative publications, extension publications, bean industry publications, meeting abstracts, and newspaper articles. Additional means of dissemination/outreach to stakeholders (growers/industry) and the bean breeding community include presentations and discussions at scientific and industry meetings, field days, and use of websites. <ul> <li>Activities: Organized and specific functions or duties carried out by individuals or teams using scientific methods to reveal new knowledge and develop new understanding.</li> </ul> ARIZONA University of Arizona Research focused on Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV). Preliminary research on BCMV was found to be seed-borne at high frequencies (60-100%) in tepary seed lots of black, tan, and white seeds, all with concomitantly high germination rates. In 2020-2021 the red, tan, and white tepary bean lines were increased in field plots located at the UA-Maricopa Agriculture Center. Seed was harvested and stored in the seed vault cold room on the main campus, Plant Sciences. Seeds of each color were planted, scored for germination, symptom development, and BCMV infection was analyzed by RT-PCR amplification of a fragment of the coat protein gene and confirmatory sequencing. Seed germination ranged from 95-100%, with virus infection ranging from 58-100%. Based on RT-PCR detection, asymptomatic and symptomatic plants were observed with infection rates of 58- and 100%. Common bean plants were inoculated with BCMV isolates from red, tan, and white tepary seeds and observed for symptom development. CALIFORNIA University of California, Davis UC Davis researchers conducted field plantings of Phaseolus beans consisting mainly of lima bean and common bean. For lima bean, advanced lines with emphasis on Large Limas were evaluated in a replicated trial and a diversity panel of lima bean germplasm lines. An additional experiment was conducted to test a novel sensor technology that can detect Lygus flights continuously during the growing season. For common bean, the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) was planted in Davis as well. Small plantings were conducted to identify the green cotyledon trait in lima bean. In parallel to the breeding program, a large-scale experiment is being conducted with physiologists of the Plant Sciences department at UC Davis, to study the reaction of common bean (and certain tepary bean genotypes) to terminal drought. The plant material has been genotyped at low density for SNPs and are being characterized for photosynthesis parameters. DELAWARE University of Delaware Researchers conducted snap bean trials at the University of Delaware’s research farm located in Georgetown. Twenty-eight round podded varieties were evaluated in trials planted Jun 2 and Jun 16. Both trials were exposed to heat stress. Bridger (HM Clause), PV 857 (Crites Seed), and Jaguar (Crites Seed) produced the highest marketable yield under heat stress. Eighty-seven baby lima inbreds from the University of Delaware lima breeding program were evaluated in replicated yield trials. Heat tolerant breeding lines continue to produce significantly higher yields than standard varieties but do not have the required green seed color. Thirty-nine large-seeded bush “Fordhook” type inbreds from the breeding program were also evaluated. Several breeding lines produced significantly higher yields and matured earlier than the standard variety. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the value of the willow leaf trait for disease and stress avoidance, as described in the impact statement below. IDAHO University of Idaho Research focused on the identification of three potyviruses in samples of a free-living rattlepod Crotalaria micans collected in Hawaii, three distinct isolates of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), and clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV). Nearly complete genome was assembled for the ClYVV (9,520-nt) and deposited in GenBank under the accession number MT631721; it displayed 95% identity to the Korean ClYVV isolate (KF975894) from soybean. BCMV and ClYVV were biologically separated from this mixed infection in Nicotiana benthamiana through a single-lesion selection on Chenopodium quinoa with subsequent back inoculations to N. benthamiana. IOWA Iowa State University ISU researchers developed and pilot tested a pulse cooking class and nutrition education workshop with college students.  Information on consumer acceptability and barriers to pulse usage in meals was identified. Students and Training:  One undergraduate and one PhD student at Iowa State University. MARYLAND USDA-ARS Researchers fine mapped an anthracnose resistance gene present in Andean common bean landrace Beija Flor BF). Mapping was performed on a second rust resistance on the Andean common bean PI 260418. A total of 24 common bean cultivars from the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nurseries (CDBN) 2020 were evaluated in greenhouse for their reaction t0 races 47, 49, 53 and 67 of the bean rust pathogens (Uromyces appendiculatus). Each entry was also genotyped with molecular markers linked to the major rust resistance genes (molecular marker in parenthesis): Ur-3 (SS68), Ur-4 (SS240), Ur-5 (SS183, and Ur-11 (NDSU_IND_11_48.4598). Evaluation of the Phaseolus acutifolius (Tepary) F2 population from TEP 22 x G40173A cross with races of the bean rust pathogen. This study was a collaboration between the bean project at ARS-Beltsville and Dr. Carlos Urrea, University of Nebraska. Rust resistance gene(s) in promising bean lines 2104-1-1 and 2104-1-2 from Puerto Rico were identified. MICHIGAN Michigan State University and USDA-ARS In 2021, dry bean research was conducted by Michigan State University and the USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 17 yield trials in 2021 in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the CDBN, MRPN, DBDN and Sclerotinia Initiative (SIN) nurseries in Michigan and winter nurseries in Puerto Rico. Other research by MSU looked at nitrogen fixation in dry beans, anthracnose screening and introgression, and development of affordable phenotyping platforms using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAS) to estimate important agronomic traits. The USDA-ARS Dry Bean Genetics Program performed breeding trials within the cranberry, kidney, yellow, and black-market classes, and organic beans. Other research explored the development of molecular markers for cooking time and evaluation of beans for use as an ingredient. NEBRASKA University of Nebraska In 2020, the UNL dry bean breeding program conducted variety trials and participated in the CDBN, MRPN, DBDN, White Mold Monitor Nursery (WMMN), yellow bean panel screening (Dr. Cichy), and ongoing shuttle breeding program with Puerto Rico. The program released two shuttle breeding lines as sources of drought tolerance and multiple disease resistance, SB-DT2 (pinto) and SB-DT3 (small red). Other studies continued for mapping the bacterial wilt resistance in (G18829/Raven). Breeder to the foundation seed of the upright northern cultivar White Pearl (NE1-17-10) and one slow darkening pinto cultivar Wildcat (NE2-17-18) was performed at the Kimberly Experimental Station Idaho. Another great northern, NE1-17-36, and two slow darkening pintos, NE2-17-37 and NE4-17-6 are being increased as a breeder to breeder seed at the Kimberly Experimental Station. Other research includes characterizing and evaluating the pathogenicity and virulence of bacterial wilt, evaluating new chemical fungicidal products, and applying methods for rust, white mold, and root rot. NEW YORK Cornell Research focused on developing a panel of beans that represent key genetics and phenotypic contrasts useful for initiating a bean breeding program focused on sustainability. The available accessions were grown in organic conditions as a pilot study before growing the full panel of bean accessions to troubleshoot the experimental design and observe trends in disease resistance, maturity, etc, that warrant careful phenotypic data collection. NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota State University The 2021 growing season in the region was very unusual given the extreme drought conditions that affected most crops grown. Very mild showers replaced the usually-heavy rainfalls during late May and June in most cases. July, August, and September were drier than normal and few showers now at the end of the season. Despite this, seed yields at most testing locations have been higher than expected. One entire breeding nursery (and ~15% of another one) were lost due to Dicamba drift. Another location was lost due to compaction plus Fusarium wilt, which is well-known to occur under these conditions. ND Twilight is a newly released black bean with high seed yield, earliness, intermediate resistance to common bacterial blight, and complete resistance to bean rust. Preliminary data suggests that the resistance may be different from the already known genes. Regarding the W4150 collaborative trials and nurseries, ~1800 early generation breeding lines were grown in Puerto Rico as part of our collaborative winter nurseries. In North Dakota, some of the CDBN entries were lost due to Dicamba drift/damage. Contrastingly, the MRPN was a very good trial and preliminary results show good seed yields in spite of being a dry/hot year. A manuscript using historical CDBN data was selected as 1 of 3 “editor’s choice” for the Genetics journal. Overall, this study demonstrates that statistical genomics approaches can be used on Multi-Environment Trial (MET) phenotypic data to discover significant genetic effects and to define genomic regions associated with crop improvement. A new pulse pathologist has been hired at NDSU. This is very strategic position since there is no other public university with a pathologist devoted to pulses only. There are new InDel and KASP markers (under validation) for the rust genes Ur-5 and Ur-11. As part of our collaborative work on white mold using a MAGIC population, ~30 resistant lines have been identified along with some known and new genomic regions associated with resistance. Collaborative research has shown that slow darkening pintos offer higher iron bioavailability and faster cooking time than regular darkening pintos. Newly published research has shown that breeding populations can be used with a dual purpose of genetic improvement and mapping. A new atlas of RLK and RLP proteins across 5 legume species is not available. A new reference genome is available in phytozome: black bean line 5-593. Dr. Mark Bassett, University of Florida, developed a large set of backcross introgression lines using the black seeded, purple flower breeding line 5-593 (PI 608674) as the recurrent parent and donor lines with alleles that affect flower and seed coat and color and pattern. 5-593 is dominant allele for all but one of the genes controlling seed coat color and pattern.  The 5-593 genotype for these genes is: T P [C r] J G B V Rk Gy sal. This genotype is currently being used to continue the understanding of the gene interactions among gene controlling seed coat color OREGON Oregon State University The OSU snap bean breeding program continues to identify and introgress white mold resistance into elite cultivars. A MAGIC population, with final 8-way crosses made in 2021. The program also conducted a second year of a trial to obtain agronomic data for four nested association mapping (NAM) populations for which WMG904-20-1 is the common parent. The OSU vegetable breeding program continues to work on dry beans. In 2021, we evaluated 46 black and red kidney lines originally developed from interspecific crosses to incorporate bruchid resistance from P. acutifolius. These were grown in replicated irrigated and unirrigated plots where photosynthetic and leaf temperature parameters along with yield and agronomic traits were evaluated. PUERTO RICO University of Puerto Rico and USDA ARS Research on snap bean and dry bean was conducted. The UPR snap bean breeding lines PR2015-9-1A, PR2015-9-1B, PR2015-49-2, PR2015-67-1, PR2015-68-1, PR2015-75-1 and the commercial snap bean cultivars 'Contender' and 'Jade' produced immune reactions when inoculated with the NL3 strain of BCMNV and screened with KASPar markers for disease resistance genes. Seventy-five, bean cultivars and elite breeding lines were screened for web blight resistance. In the field trial planted at the Isabela Substation in February 2021, PR1627-8 was the only line to express resistance to rust. Seed from two individual plant selections from PR1627-8 was sent to Dr. Talo Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS Research Plant Pathologist at Beltsville, MD, for screening with specific races of the rust pathogen. A manuscript has been prepared for the J. of Agric. of the UPR describing the release ‘Rosalinda’ is a multiple disease resistant pink bean cultivar adapted to the humid tropics. Bruchid research focused on the black bean line PR1933-5 and the dark red line PR1933-7, which continue to be the best Mesoamerican sources of bruchid resistance in the UPR bean breeding program. NE and ARS-PR have prepared the release of a small red and pinto germplasm with drought tolerance that has been developed through the shuttle breeding program between PR and NE. TARS-Tep 23 (Phaseolus acutifolius) with broad drought and heat adaptation and resistance to CBB and rust was accepted for release in collaboration with CA, Honduras, MD, and NE. SOUTH CAROLINA Clemson University In 2021, Clemson University evaluated snap bean genotypes in a field trial in Charleston, SC at the Clemson University Coastal Research and Education Center. The trial had two planting dates, April 19 and May 18 2021, to assess pod production under ideal and heat-stressed field conditions, respectively. A total of 323 accessions were planted, including 266 accessions from the SnAP diversity panel and 57 commercial cultivars. WASHINGTON USDA-WA released USDA-Basin pinto bean and USDA Diamondback slow darkening pinto bean. Research also revealed new host-pathogen interactions for resistance to BCMV/BCMNV. Researchers also determined there is only one recessive resistance allele for the bc-1 locus, which exhibits a differential interaction with pathogroups based on presence vs absence of bc-u.  Similarly, only one recessive resistance allele for bc-2 exhibits a differential interaction based on whether bc-u or bc-4 (newly discovered ‘helper’ gene) is present.  bc-u, bc-2, and bc-4 were mapped to chromosomes Pv05, Pv11, and Pv05, respectively. Researchers also developed markers for the putative causative mutations for bc-u, bc-2, and bc-4 to track the resistance genes for marker-assisted selection. WYOMING University of Wyoming, Powell REC, and Department of Plant Sciences In 2021, breeding continued, and crosses were made among the LPID lines, the USDA-ARS, Prosser (P. Miklas) material, and the UC-Davis material hoping to find a favorable combination of earliness, good upright stature, and disease resistance. Additionally, we have been making crosses among the late-maturing popbean lines and the early-maturing UC-Davis material, hoping to have an earlier maturing popbean type.  Thanks to Phil Miklas, we are using PCR protocols for confirming the presence or absence of three BCMV genes in our experimental progeny. In 2021 research and screens were also conducted. Mid-generation progeny was advanced to evaluate the agronomic potential of several bulked lines from crosses made back in 2016 to 2018. In a separate project, single-plant selections made in 2020 were sown as plant-to-row plots and are being evaluated in 2021.  In 2021, two fertility studies, one with N and K as factors and ten genotypes and a second study with micronutrient fertilizer treatments and nine cultivars are being conducted.  The seeding rate-row spacing-deficit irrigation study is being conducted again in 2021 with four cultivars varying in maturity and upright stature sown at 40K and 80K seed per acre.  The 2021 novelty-heirloom trial hosts 23 entries and includes additional nuña-popbean types in collaboration with nutritionists at Univ. Wyoming, a breeder at Oregon State Univ. (Jim Myers), and several scientists at Washington State Univ.  The 2021 planting-date study includes four sowing dates and ten genotypes.  Mike Moore is conducting the CDBN at Powell which was sown in late May 2021.  <ul> <li>Milestones: Key intermediate targets necessary for achieving and/or delivering the outputs of a project, within an agreed timeframe. Milestones are useful for managing complex projects. For example, a milestone for a biotechnology project might be "To reduce our genetic transformation procedures to practice by December 2004."</li> </ul> Michigan: Researchers found that evaluating performance trials under low nitrogen environments can identify genotypes with higher nitrogen use efficiency and higher yield. These genotypes can potentially help reduce nitrogen requirements commonly used in both conventional and organic production. Researchers found that faster cooking bean genotypes require less retort processing time than genotypes with longer cooking times. Considering cooking time as a component of canning quality is recommended so breeders can develop varieties that are convenient and cost-efficient for preparation for both consumers and the canning industry Nebraska: After nearly a decade of field research testing new chemicals to control bacterial diseases, a manuscript on copper alternatives was published in 2019. It was the first published work showing the efficacy of these products on dry beans and serves as a baseline on this topic. Efforts are now expanding to evaluate these products for managing fungal diseases. In addition, a 2020 article on bacterial wilt recognized the University of Nebraska Panhandle Research and Extension Center plant pathology and dry bean breeding programs as authorities on this disease. North Dakota: new collaborative research has shown that SD pintos cook faster than regular darkening pintos. They offer higher iron bioavailability than regular darkening pintos despite having similar iron seed content. These new findings provide interesting marketing opportunities for SD pintos, especially in developing countries where cooking time (energy) and human nutrition are important issues. Puerto Rico: Plant pathology research on root and stem rot, CBB, and ALS pathogens contributed to identifying bean genotypes with resistance to important diseases that limit bean production in the tropics. Wyoming: Research evaluating cultivar interactions with planting configuration suggests that upright varieties may be better suited to narrow-row culture (15-inch or less). Therefore, current breeding efforts focus on developing lines with morphology that is better suited for narrow-row culture.

Publications

Refereed Publications Bassett, A., Hooper, S.D., and Cichy, K.A. (2020) Genetic variability of cooking time in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) related to seed coat thickness and the cotyledon cell wall. Food Research International. 10:109886. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109886">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109886</a> Bassett, A., Katuuramu, D., Song, Q., and Cichy, K. (2021) QTL mapping of seed quality traits including cooking time, flavor, and texture in a yellow dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) population. Frontiers in Plant Science DOI=10.3389/fpls.2021.670284  Bassett, A, Kamfwa, K, Ambachew, D, and Cichy, K. (2021) Genetic variability and genome-wide association analysis of flavor and texture in cooked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics.: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-020-03745-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-020-03745-3</a>. Beaver J.S., A. González, G. Godoy-Lutz, J.C. Rosas, O.P. Hurtado-González, M.A. Pastor-Corrales and T.G. Porch. 2020. Registration of PR1572-19 and PR1572-26 pinto bean germplasm lines with broad resistance to rust, BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. J. Plant Regist. 4:424–430. Beaver, J.S., A. Gonzalez, G. Godoy De Luz, J.C. Rosas, O.P. Hurtado-Gonzales, M.A. Pastor Corrales, and T.G. Porch. 2020. Registration of PR1572-19 and PR1572-26 pinto bean germplasm lines with broad resistance to rust, BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. J. of Crop Reg. 14:424-430. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20027">https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20027</a>. Beaver, J.S., González, A. Godoy-Lutz, G., Rosas, J.C., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Porch, T.G. 2020. Registration of PR1572-19 and PR1572-26 pinto bean germplasm lines with broad resistance to rust, BGYMV, BCMV, and BCMNV. J Plant Reg.:  424-430. Beiermann, C., C. Creech, S. Knezevic, A. Jhala, R. Harveson, and N.C. Lawrence. 2021. Influence of planting date and herbicide program on Amaranthus paleri control in drybean. Weed Technol. (Accepted). Beiermann, C., C. Creech, S. Knezevic, A. Jhala, R. Harveson, and N.C. Lawrence. 2021. Critical Timing of Weed Removal in Dry Bean as Influenced by the Use of PRE Herbicides. Weed Technol. (Accepted). Carvalho Costa, L., Storto Nalin, R.; Andrade Dias, M., Elias Ferreira, M., Song, Q., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Hurtado Gonzales, O.P., Elaine Aparecida de Souza, E.A. 2021. Different loci control resistance to different isolates of the same race of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in common bean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 134: 543-556. Cirak, Melike and James R. Myers 2021. The cosmetic stay-green trait in snap bean and the event cascade that reduces seed germination and emergence. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05038-20">https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05038-20</a>. Dahan, J., Orellana, G.E., Feng, X., Kong, A.T., Hamasaki, R.T., Melzer, M.J., and Karasev, A.V. 2020. First report of clover yellow vein virus in Crotalaria micans in Hawaii. Plant Disease 104: 3276 (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1195-PDN">https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1195-PDN</a>). Davitt, E.D., Winham, D.M., Heer, M.M., Shelley, M.C. and Knoblauch, S.T., 2021. Predictors of Plant-Based Alternatives to Meat Consumption in Midwest University Students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53(7), pp.564-572. Delfini J, Moda-Cirino V, Dos Santos Neto J, Ruas PM, Sant’Ana GC, Gepts P, Gonçalves LSA (2021) Population structure, genetic diversity and genomic selection signatures among a Brazilian common bean germplasm. Scientific Reports 11:2694  doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82437-4 Delfini J, Moda-Cirino V, Dos Santos Neto J, Zeffa DM, Nogueira AF, Ribeiro LAB, Ruas PM, Gepts P, Gonçalves LSA (2021) Genome-wide association study for grain mineral content in a Brazilian common bean diversity panel. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134: 2795-2811 doi: 10.1007/s00122-021-03859 Delfini J, Moda-Cirino V, Neto JDS, Zeffa DM, Nogueira AF, Ribeiro LA, Ruas PM, Gepts P, Gonçalves LS (2021) Genome-wide association study identifies genomic regions for important morpho-agronomic traits in Mesoamerican common bean. Front Plant Sci 12:  748829 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748829 Elias JCF, Gonçalves-Vidigal MC, Ariani A, Valentini G, Martiniano-Souza MDC, Vaz Bisneta M, Gepts P (2021) Genome-environment association analysis for bio-climatic variables in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Brazil. Plants 10:1572  doi: 10.3390/plants10081572 Fernandes, S., G. Godoy-Lutz, J.R. Steadman, K. Eskridge, C. Urrea, C. Jochua and J.R. Herr. 2021. Root and crown rot pathogens found on dry beans grown in Mozambique. J. of Tropical Plant Pathol. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00422-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00422-8</a> Garcia T, Duitama J, Smolenski Zullo S, Gil J, Ariani A, Dohle S, Palkovic A, Skeen P, Bermudez-Santana C, Debouck DG, Martinez-Castillo J, Gepts P, Chacón-Sánchez MI (2021) Comprehensive genomic resources related to domestication and crop improvement traits in Lima bean. Nature Communications 12:702  doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20921-1 Garcia, C., A. Campa, A. Soler Garzon, P. N. Miklas, and J. J. Ferreira. 2021. GWAS of pod morphological and color characters in common bean. BMC Plant Biol. 21:184 <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02967-x__;!!HXCxUKc!g2E85YPFCqkQjAN7E032VaObj8E14lMZ1FfAbx3vrfKzeDhxXLkfkRWf2pyiDjwE$">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02967-x</a> Geravandi M, Cheghamirza K, Farshadfar E, Gepts P (2020) QTL analysis of seed size and yield-related traits in an inter-genepool population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Scientia Horticulturae 274, 109678  doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109678 Gilio, T.A.S., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., Valentini, G., Elias, J.C.F., Song, Q., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. Fine mapping of an anthracnose-resistance locus in Andean common bean cultivar Amendoim Cavalo. PLOS ONE 15 (10): e0239763. Haus, MJ, Pierz, LD, Jacobs, JL, Wiersma, AT, Awale, HE, Chilvers, MI, Buell, CR, Cichy, K (2021) Preliminary evaluation of wild bean (Phaseolus spp.) germplasm for resistance to Fusarium cuneirostrum and Fusarium oxysporum. Crop Science. 2021; 61: 3264– 3274. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20495">https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20495</a> Hooper, S.D., Bassett, A.N., Sadohara, R., and Cichy, K.A. (2021) Elucidation of the low resistant starch phenotype in Phaseolus vulgaris exhibited in the yellow bean Cebo Cela. Journal of Food Science Huster, A.R., L.T. Wallace and J.R. Myers. 2021. Associated SNPs, heritabilities, trait correlations, and genomic breeding values for resistance in snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to root rot caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) f. sp. phaseoli (Burkholder). Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:697615. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697615 Kamfwa K, Gepts P, Hamabwe S, Nalupya ZK, Mukuma C, Lungu D Characterization of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races in Zambia and evaluation of the CIAT Phaseolus core collection for resistance to anthracnose. Plant Disease: published online doi: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0363-re Katuuramu, D.N., Wiesinger, J.A., Luyima, G.B., Nkalubo, S., Glahn, R.P., and Cichy, K.A. (2021) Investigation of genotype by environment interactions for seed zinc and iron concentration and iron bioavailability in common bean. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 670965 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670965 Kelly, J.D., Awale, H.E., Wiersma, A.T., Cichy, K.A., and Wright, E.M. (2021) Registration of ‘Yellowstone’ Yellow Bean. Journal of Plant Registrations <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20075">https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20075</a> Kelly, J. D., Awale, H. E., Wiersma, A. T., & Wright, E. M. (2021a). Registration of ‘Adams’ black bean. Journal of Plant Registrations, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20063 Kelly, J. D., Awale, H. E., Wiersma, A. T., & Wright, E. M. (2021b). Registration of ‘Charro’ pinto bean. Journal of Plant Registrations, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20071 Kelly, J. D., Awale, H. E., Wiersma, A. T., & Wright, E. M. (2021c). Registration of ‘Eiger’ great northern bean. Journal of Plant Registrations, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20090 Lo S, Parker T, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Berny Mier y Teran JC, Jernstedt J, Close TJ, Gepts P (2021). Genetic, anatomical, and environmental patterns related to pod shattering resistance in domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp). Journal of Experimental Botany MacQueen, A.H., White, J.W., Lee, R., Osorno, J.M., Schmutz, J., Miklas, P.N., Myers, J., McClean, P.E. and Juenger, T.E., 2020. Genetic Associations in Four Decades of Multi-Environment Trials Reveal Agronomic Trait Evolution in Common Bean. Genetics 215:267-284. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303038">https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303038</a> MafiMoghaddam, S., A. Oladzad, C. Koh, L. Ramsay, J. Hart, S. Mamidi, G. Hoopes, A. Sreedasyam, A. Wiersma, D. Zhao, J. Grimwood, J.P. Hamilton, J. Jenkins, B. Vaillancourt, J.C. Wood, D. Rokhsar, J. Schmutz, S. Kagale, T. Porch, K.E. Bett, C.R. Buell, and P.E. McClean. 2021. Genome sequences of wild and landrace tepary bean provide insight into evolution and domestication under heat stress. Nat. Commun. 12:2638. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22858-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22858-x</a> Maldonado-Mota, C.R., Moghaddam S.M., Schröder S., Hurtado-Gonzales O.P., McClean P.E., Pasche J., Lamppa R., Pastor-Corrales M.A., Tobar-Piñón M.G., Osorno J.M. 2020. Genomic regions associated with resistance to Anthracnose in the Guatemalan climbing bean germplasm collection. Genetic Res. and Crop Evol. 68, 1073–1083. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01050-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01050-y</a> Maldonado-Mota, C.R., Moghaddam, S.M., Schröder, S., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., McClean, P.E., Pasche, J., Lamppa R., Pastor-Corrales M.A., Tobar-Piñón, M.G., Osorno, J.M. 2021. Genomic regions associated with resistance to anthracnose in the Guatemalan climbing bean germplasm collection. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68:1073–1083. Martín-Rodríguez JÁ, Ariani A, Leija A, Elizondo A, Fuentes SI, Ramirez M, Gepts P, Hernández G, Formey D (2020) Phaseolus vulgaris MIR1511 genotypic variations differentially regulate plant tolerance to aluminum toxicity. The Plant Journal 105:1521-1533  doi: 10.1111/tpj.15129 Miklas, P.N., Osorno, J.M., Cichy, K. 2020. Agronomic performance and cooking quality characteristics for slow darkening pinto beans. Crop Sci. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20220">https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20220</a> Oladzad A., A. González, R. Macchiavelli, C.E. Estévez de Jensen, J.S. Beaver, T.G. Porch and P. McClean. 2020. Genetic factors associated with nodulation and nitrogen derived from atmosphere in a Middle American common bean panel. Front. Plant Sci. 11:576078. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.576078. Oladzad, A., A. González, R. Macchiavelli, C. Estevez de Jensen, J. Beaver, T. Porch, P. McClean. 2020. Genetic factors associated with nodulation and nitrogen derived from atmosphere in a Middle American common bean panel under low soil fertility. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fpls.2020.576078 Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton K.F., Pasche, J.S., D. Nelson, B.D., Jain, S., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. ‘ND Falcon’ a new pinto bean with combined resistance to rust and soybean cyst nematode: J. Plant Reg. 14:117-125. Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton K.F., Pasche, Valentini, G., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2021. A New Black Bean with Resistance to Bean Rust: Registration of ‘ND Twilight’. J. Plant Reg., 15: 28-36. Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton, K.F., Pasche, J.S., Valentini, G. and Pastor‐Corrales, M., 2021. A new black bean with resistance to bean rust: Registration of ND Twilight’. J. Plant Registrations, 15(1), pp.28-36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20094">https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20094</a> Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton, K.F., Pasche, J.S. 2020. A New White Kidney Bean with High Seed Yield and Intermediate Resistance to White Mold and Bacterial Blights: Registration of ‘ND Whitetail’. J. Plant Reg. 14:102-109. Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton, K.F., Pasche, J.S. 2020. A New Great Northern Bean with Upright Plant Architecture and High Seed Yield: Registration of ‘ND Pegasus’. J. Plant Reg. 14:110-116. Osorno, J.M., Vander Wal, A.J., Posch, J., Simons, K., Grafton, K.F., Pasche, J.S. Nelson, B.D., Jain, S., Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. A New Pinto Bean with Combined Resistance to Rust and Soybean Cyst Nematode: Registration of ‘ND Falcon’. J. Plant Reg. 14:117-125. Parker T, Palkovic A, Brummer EC, Gepts P (2020) Registration of ‘UC Tiger’s Eye’ heirloom-like dry bean. J Plant Registrations 15: 16-20 doi: 10.1002/plr2.20084 Parker T, Palkovic A, Brummer EC, Gepts P (2020) Registration of ‘UC Rio Zape’ heirloom‐like dry bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 15: 37-42 doi: 10.1002/plr2.20095 Parker T, Palkovic A, Brummer EC, Gepts P (2020) Registration of ‘UC Southwest Gold’ heirloom‐like gold and white mottled bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 15: 48-52, published online  doi: 10.1002/plr2.20117 Parker T, Palkovic A, Brummer EC, Gepts P (2021) Registration of 'UC Sunrise' heirloom-like orange and white mottled bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 15: 43-47 doi: 10.1002/plr2.20096 Parker T, Palkovic A, Brummer EC, Gepts P (2021) Registration of 'UC Southwest Red' heirloom-like red and white mottled bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 15: 21-27 doi: 10.1002/plr2.20092 Parker TA, De Sousa LL, De Oliveira Floriani T, Palkovic A, Gepts P (2020) Toward the introgression of PvPdh1 for increased resistance to pod shattering in common bean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134:313-325  doi: 10.1007/s00122-020-03698-7 Parker TA, Gepts P (2021) Population genomics of Phaseolus spp.: A domestication hotspot. In: Rajora OP (ed) Population Genomics. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp 1-83 doi: 10.1007/13836_2021_89 Parker TA, Lo S, Gepts P (2021) Pod shattering in grain legumes: Emerging genetic and environment-related patterns. The Plant Cell 33:179-199  doi: 10.1093/plcell/koaa025 Porch T.P., Barrera, S., Berny Mier y Teran, J.C., Díaz-Ramírez, J., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Gepts, P., Urrea, C.A., Rosas, J.C. 2021. Release of tepary bean TARS-Tep 23 germplasm with broad abiotic stress tolerance and rust and common bacterial blight resistance. Porch, T.G., S. Barrera, J.C. Berny Mier y Teran, J. Díaz-Ramírez, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, P. Gepts, C.A. Urrea, and J.C. Rosas. 2021. Release of tepary bean TARS-Tep 23 germplasm with broad abiotic stress tolerance and rust and common bacterial blight resistance. J of Plant Reg. (Accepted). Restrepo-Montoya, D., Brueggeman, R., McClean, P.E. and Osorno, J.M., 2020. Computational identification of receptor-like kinases “RLK” and receptor-like proteins “RLP” in legumes. BMC Genomics, 21:1-17. Restrepo-Montoya, D., McClean, P.E. and Osorno, J.M., 2021. Orthology and synteny analysis of Receptor-Like Kinases “RLK” and Receptor-Like Proteins “RLP” in legumes. BMC Genomics. 22:113. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07384-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07384-w</a> Richard, M. M. S., A. Gratias, J.C. Alvarez Diaz, V. Thareau, S. Pflieger, C. Meziad, S. Blanchet, W. Marande, E. Bitocchi, R. Papa, P. N. Miklas, and V. Geffroy. 2021. A common bean truncated CRINKLY4 kinase controls gene-for-gene resistance to the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. J. Exp. Botany 72:3569-3581. Sanyal, D., Osorno J.M., Chatterjee, A. 2020. Influence of Rhizobium inoculation on dry bean yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation potential. J. Plant Nutrit. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2020.1711946 Simons KJ, Oladzad A, Lamppa R, Maniruzzaman, McClean PE, Osorno JM, and Pasche JS 2021. Using Breeding Populations With a Dual Purpose: Cultivar Development and Gene Mapping—A Case Study Using Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Front. Plant Sci. 12:621097. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.621097 Soler-Garzón A., Oladzad A., Beaver J., Beebe S., Lee R., Lobaton J.D., Macea E., McClean P., Raatz B., Rosas J.C., Song Q. and Miklas P.N. 2021. NAC candidate gene marker for bgm-1 and interaction with QTL for resistance to Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus in common bean. Front. Plant Sci. 12:628443. Soler-Garzón, A., P. E. McClean, and P. N. Miklas. 2021. Genome-wide association mapping of bc-1 and bc-u reveals candidate genes and new adjustments to the host-pathogen interaction for resistance to Bean common mosaic necrosis virus in common bean. Front. Plant Sci. 12:699569. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699569 Soltani, A., K.A. Walter, A.T. Wiersma, J.P. Santiago, M. Quiqley, D. Chitwood, T.G. Porch, P. Miklas, P.E. McClean, J.M. Osorno and D.B. Lowry. 2021. The genetics and physiology of seed dormancy, a crucial trait in common bean domestication. BMC Plant Biol. 21:58.   Shi A, Gepts P, Song Q, Xiong H, Michaels TE, Chen S (2021) Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction for soybean cyst nematode resistance in USDA common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) core collection. Frontiers in Plant Science 12:1087  doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.62415 Soltani, A., Walter, K.A., Wiersma, A.T., Santiago, J.P., Quiqley M., Chitwood, D., Porch, T.G., Miklas, P.N., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M., and Lowry, D.B. 2021. The genetics and physiology of seed dormancy, a crucial trait in common bean domestication. BMC Plant Biology. 21:1-17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02837-6">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02837-6</a> Tobar-Piñon, M.G., Moghaddam S.M., Lee, R., Villatoro-Merida, J.C., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P.E. 2020. Genetic Diversity of Guatemalan Climbing Bean Collections. Genetic Res. and Crop Evol. 68, 639-656. doi: 10.1007/s10722-020-01013-3 Urrea, C.A., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, G. Valentini, L.F.S.,& E. Sanchez-Betancourt, E. 2021. Registration of ‘White Pearl’ great northern common bean cultivar with upright plant architecture and high yield. J. Plant Regist., 1–7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20167">https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20167</a> Urrea, C.A., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, G. Valentini, L.F.S.,& E. Sanchez-Betancourt, E. 2021. Registration of the slow darkening pinto common bean cultivar ‘Wildcat’. J. Plant Regist. Urrea, C.A., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Valentini, G., Xavier, L.F.S., and Sanchez-Betancourt, E. 2021. Registration of ‘White Pearl’ great northern common bean cultivar with upright plant architecture and high yield. Submitted to the Journal of Plant Registrations.  Urrea, C.A., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Valentini, G., Xavier, L.F.S., and Sanchez-Betancourt, E. 2021. Registration of the Slow Darkening Pinto Common Bean Cultivar ‘Wildcat’. Submitted to the: Journal of Plant Registrations.  Vaz Bisneta M, Gonçalves-Vidigal MC, Vidigal Filho PS, Elias JCF, Valentini G, Lemos Lima LR, Martiniano-Souza MDC, Ariani A, Gepts P (2021) New genomic regions for resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) through GBS-based genome-wide association study in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12:020-040  doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.1.0493 Vidigal Filho, P.S., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M.C., Bisneta, M.V., Souza, V.B., Gilio, T.A.S., Calvi, A. A., Lima, L.R.L., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Melotto, M. 2020. Genome-wide association study of resistance to the anthracnose and angular leaf spot diseases in Brazilian Mesoamerican and Andean common bean cultivars. Crop Sci. 60: 2931-2950. Viscarra-Torrico, R. C., A. Pajak, A. Soler Garzón, B-L. Zhang, S. Pandurangan, M. Diapari, Q. Song, Qijian; P. Cregan, R. Conner, J. House, P. N. Miklas, A. Hou, and F.  Marsolais. 2021. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with increased cysteine and methionine concentration.  Legume Sci. 3: e103. doi: 10.1002/leg3.103 Wiesinger, J., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P.E., Hart, J.J., and Glahn, R.P. 2021. Faster cooking times and improved iron bioavailability are associated with the down regulation of procyanidin synthesis in slow-darkening pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Functional Foods. 82-104444. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104444">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104444</a>. Winham, D.M., Davitt, E.D., Heer, M.M. and Shelley, M.C., 2020. Pulse knowledge, attitudes, practices, and cooking experience of Midwestern US university students. Nutrients, 12(11), p.3499. Xavier, L. F. S.; Poletine, J. P.; Gonçalves-Vidigal, M. C.; Valentini, G.; Vidigal Filho, P. S.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2021. Characterization of diversity in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Parana, Brazil, suggest breeding strategies for anthracnose resistance in common bean. Eur J Plant Pathol (2021) 160:757–770. Zeffa DM, Moda-Cirino V, Delfini J, Arruda Medeiros I, Koltun A, Nogueira AF, Scapim CA, Gepts P, Gonçalves LSA (2021) Genetic diversity among Brazilian carioca common bean cultivars for nitrogen use efficiency. Crop Science: published online doi: 10.1002/csc2.20444 Zeffa DM, Moda-Cirino V, Nogueira AF, Delfini J, Arruda Medeiros I, Neto JdS, Gepts P, Scapim CA, Gonçalves LSA (2021) Genetic variability and nitrogen response indices in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars under contrasting nitrogen environments. Plant Breeding, published online doi: 10.1111/pbr.12916 Zitnick-Anderson, K., Oladzadabbasabadi, A., Jain, S., Modderman, C., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P., Pasche, J. 2020. Sources of Resistance to Fusarium solani and Associated Genomic Regions in Common Bean Diversity Panels. Frontiers in Plant Sci. 16 June 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00475">https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00475</a> Non-Refereed Publications Alhasan, A. and J. Heitholt. 2020. Summary of N-by-genotype interactions on different traits in dry bean. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 5-7.  <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf">https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf</a>. Barrera, S., Tamang, P., Urrea. C.A., and. Pastor-Corrales, M.A.2020. Reaction of tepary beans to races of the bean rust pathogen that overcome all common bean rust resistance genes. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 43-44. Beaver J.S. 2020. The production and genetic improvement of beans in the Caribbean. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 63:7-12. Beaver, J.S., C. Estévez de Jensen, P.N. Miklas and T.G. Porch. 2020. Contributions in Puerto Rico to bean, Phaseolus spp., research. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 104:43-111. Harveson, R M., and L. Porter. 2021.  A new pulse crop disease in Nebraska? Bean Bag, Summer Issue. Harveson, R. M., and Urrea, C. A. 2021.   The Evolution of Dry Bean Research in Nebraska.  Bean Bag, Autumn Issue. Harveson, R.M.  2021.  Specialty crops update.   Proceedings of the Crop Production Clinic, University of Nebraska, Cooperative Extension, pages 46-48. Harveson, R.M. 2021. A brief history of dry bean production in Nebraska.  Business Farmer, Sept., 2021. Heitholt, J., C. Eberle, B. Magnuson, J. Keith. 2020. Cooperative dry bean nursery (CDBN) report – SAREC Lingle 2019. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 61-63. <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf">https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf</a>. Heitholt, J., C. Hoyt, J. Sloan, S.C. Reynolds. 2020. Response of six recombinant inbred dry bean lines and released cultivars to withholding N and P. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 32-34. <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf">https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf</a>  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02837-6">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02837-6</a> Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Valentini1, G., Gilio, T.A.S., Song, Q., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A.2020. Development and validation of a Marker linked to the Ur-4 rust resistance gene in common bean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 49-50. Keith, J., J. Heitholt, J. Bolak, and A. Samet-Brown. 2020. Impact of maturation stage and pod color at harvest on popping percentage of popping bean lines of Phaseolus vulgaris. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 35-37. <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf">https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf</a>. Miklas, P. Chilagane, L., Fourie, D., Nchimbi, S., Soler-Garzon, A., Hart, J., McClean, P., Pastor-Corrales, M., Song. Q., and Porch, T. 2020. QTL for resistance to angular leaf spot and rust in Tanzania vs South Africa for the Andean diversity panel & Rojo/CAL 143 RIL population. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 83-84. Moore, M., J. Heitholt, S.C. Reynolds, J. Sweet, K. Webber. 2020. 2019 dry bean performance evaluation. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 30-31. <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf">https://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/publications/field-days-bulletin/2020-field-day-bulletins-web.pdf</a> Myers, J.R., P.M. Kusolwa and J.S. Beaver 2021. Breeding the common bean for weevil resistance. Chronica Horticulturae 61:16-20. Myers, J.R., P.M. Kusolwa and J.S. Beaver. 2021. Breeding the common bean for weevil resistance. Chronica Horticulturae 61:16-20. Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2020. Epistasis between rust resistance genes in two common beans of Andean origin. Ann. Rep. Bean I Porch, T.G., J.S. Beaver, J. Arias, G. Godoy-Lutz. 2021. Response of tepary beans to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Coop. 64:73-74. Rosas, J.C., J.S. Beaver and T.G. Porch. 2020. Bean cultivars and germplasm released in Central America and the Caribbean. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 63:107-110. Sandra E. Branham, John Hart, Phillip Griffiths, Timothy Porch, Michael Mazourek, Michael Gore, and Jim Myers. 2021. Genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in a SnAP bean association panel and its potential for genome-wide association studies. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT. Nov. 7-10, 2021 (Abstract).  Soler-Garzón A., Oladzad A., Lee R., Macea E., Rosas J.C., Beaver J., McClean P., Beebe S., Raatz B., and Miklas P. 2020. GWAS and fine mapping of the bgm-1 gene and other QTLs for resistance to BGYMV in dry beans. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 63:87-88. Urrea, C.A. 2021. Great northern dry bean cultivar ‘White Pearl’. The Bean Bag. 39(2): 9. Urrea, C.A. 2021. Slow darkening pinto dry bean cultivar ‘Wildcat’. The Bean Bag. 39(2): 11 Urrea, C.A. 2021. Two new bean varieties. Colorado Bean News. 34(1): 9-11 & 12. Urrea, C.A. 71st Annual Report National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. <a href="http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2020">http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2020</a>. Urrea, C.A., and E. Valentin-Cruzado. 2021. 2020 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. Nebraska Extension MP111. 10 p. Urrea, C.A., and E.V. Cruzado. 2021. 2020 Dry Bean Variety Trials.  <a href="http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2020">http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2020</a>. Urrea, C.A., and E.V. Cruzado. 2021. 2020 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. The Bean Bag 39(1): 8-14. Vidigal Filho, P.S., Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., Sousa, V.B., Vaz Bisneta, M., Pastor-Corrales, M.A., Oblessuc, P.M, Melotto, M., 2020. Genome wide association analysis reveals markers tagging anthracnose and angular leaf spot resistance in common bean from Brazil. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 81-82. Xavier, L. F. S.; Valentini, G.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2020. Simultaneous inoculation of common bean cultivars with multiple races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.  Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 115-116. Xavier, L. F. S.; Valentini, G.; Poletine, J. P; Gonçalves-Vidigal, M. C.; Silva, J. B.; Calvi, A. C.; Song, Q.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. 2020. Phenotype and SNPs revealed an anthracnose resistance locus in Andean common bean landrace Beija Flor. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 63: 117-118.

Impact Statements

The Wyoming dry bean research has provided the following: (1) trials showing that some new cultivars have the potential to mature even earlier than the previous early commercial check cultivars; (2) N application rates currently being used in our region are apparently higher than needed; (3) late planting dates considerably reduce the yield of late-maturing lines but the yield of early-maturing lines is less affected; (4) the yield increase sometimes observed with drill-planted dry bean above the yield of 22-inch planted beans is not consistent and appears to be observed only when grown under deficit irrigation; (5) yield loss due to direct harvesting dry bean crops (as opposed to undercutting and windrowing) was consistent across the cultivars, row spacings, and seeding rates we have tested so far.

Date of Annual Report: 10/19/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/22/2022 - 08/22/2022
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022

Participants

In person:
Brown, Judith K (JBrown@ag.arizona.edu) - University of Arizona
Gang, David (gangd@wsu.edu) – Washington State University
Ganjyal, Girish (girish.ganjyal@wsu.edu) - Washington State University
Gomez, Francisco (gomezfr1@msu.edu) – Michigan State University
Osorno, Juan (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University
Porch, Tim (timothy.porch@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, Mayaguez
Urrea, Carlos (currea2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
Via Zoom call:
Branham. Branham (sebranh@clemson.edu) – Clemson University
Cichy, Karen (karen.cichy@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, East Lansing-MI
Dohle, Sarah – (Sarah.Dohle@usda.gov) – USDA, ARS, Pullman, WA
Ernest, Emmalea, (emmalea@udel.edu) – Delaware University
Estevez De Jensen, Consuelo (consuelo.estevez@upr.edu) -University of Puerto Rico
Gepts, Paul (plgepts@ucdavis.edu) - University of California, Davis
Harris, Donna (donna.harris@uwyo.edu) - University of Wyoming
Heitholt, Jim (Jim.Heitholt@uwyo.edu) - University of Wyoming
Hershberger, Jenna (jmhersh@clemson.edu) – Clemson University
Mazourek, Michael (mm284@cornell.edu) – Cornell University
Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@ars.usda.gov) - USDA, ARS, Prosser
Myers, James (James.Myers@oregonstate.edu), Oregon State University
Pastor, Corrales(talo.pastor.corrales@ars.usda.gov) - ARS, Beltsville, MD
Winham, Donna (dwinham@iastate.edu) – Iowa State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was called to order 8:00am MST am by Francisco Gomez, Chair W-4150.

1) Introduction (8:00 AM-8:05 AM)

2) Approve minutes of last meeting (Scottsbluff, NE, 2021) (8:05 AM-8:07 AM)

3) Secretary election (Tim Porch) (8:07 AM-8:10 AM) 1^st Francisco Gomez, 2^nd Judith Brown

4) Dr. David R. Gang, W4150 Administrator (8:10 AM-8:40 AM)

David Gang, Project Administrator

The W-4150 renewal was well reviewed and received. There was good justification for the project. Since the project is National in scope this aids in its funding success. NIFA has changed its reporting system and now it is similar to the Annual Reports of multi-state projects. The Vice-chair (Juan Osorno) is responsible for compiling the annual report (David Gang will send the format--word document) from each participant. The accomplishments from each participant need to focus on impact and should be only 2-3 sentences. This a high-level document. The accomplishments should fit under one of the areas of the project. We need to emphasize how interacting and working together as a group has improved or increased our accomplishments (e.g. joint publications/grant proposals). This report is due in 60 days.

We will also have a Mid-term review after about 2.5 years of the project. The committee reviews the project and will focus on the perform presented in the annual reports.

There should be a big push to participate in collaborative projects as a group. We can look for opportunities, e.g. NIFA Specialty crops, NSF-Plant Genome, Pulse Health, and Industry matching funds. We can leverage these efforts using recent reviews of the crops (e.g. Vulnerability report, accepted in Plant Breeding reviews). We can focus on vulnerability and resilience of common bean as a species.

5) State Reports (maximum 10 minutes each) (8:40- 12:00)

There are 16 participant states. Report by state (if two participants from each state split the time). Start with SC state reports (due to a conflicting meeting), and we will continue alphabetically.

Sandra Branham, Clemson University, South Carolina

Started 2 years ago as Assistant Professor and working on 7 crops, one of which is snap beans. There is a processing facility near Charleston that wants to increase snap bean production and processing. The main challenges are high temperatures, insects and diseases.

The work has focused on the Snap Bean diversity panel (genotypic data and seeds provided by others). A total of 378 snap bean accessions were genotyped that represent the history of snap beans. Seneca foods contributed through increasing seed of the panel. About 30k SNPs were identified with a GBS-based approach. The results indicate similar diversity represented by the BeanCAP snap bean accessions versus new Snap panel accessions. About 266 commercial bush types were trialed in field trials that included 2 planting dates, 3 replications, and 2 years of trials. The purpose was to test production under ideal (April planting) versus heat stress conditions (May planting). Data being collected include days to flower, days to harvest, and yield per plant. If others are interested in collaborating, the plan is to develop a magic population for heat/disease resistance in snap beans.

Jenna Hershberger, Clemson University, South Carolina

We welcome Jenna Hershberger who has started as a lima bean breeder at Clemson University. The objectives will be heat tolerance in lima beans starting with a small trial in the Fall.

Judy Brown, University of Arizona, Arizona

The focus of research is on BCMV in tepary bean. We are looking at the diversity in virus genomes across tepary bean BCMV isolates. We are also working with diverse sources of tepary bean germplasm for evaluation of their response to the virus. The co-evolution of host and virus has resulted in minimal effects on plant growth and development when the disease is present. Additional BCMV isolates are needed—and welcomed from others in the group.

Paul Gepts, University of California Davis, California

Approximately ½ of U.S. national lima bean production is in CA, while the lygus pest is the major constraint. Most of rest of California production of pulses is garbanzo and cowpea, bush and pole beans. We are studying yield in backcross populations to increase yield in large limas. The current Lygus resistance is in UC Haskel and Bella Flor (developed by Steve Temple)—both of which are baby limas with partial resistance. A student, Kimberly Gibson, is looking at interaction between lima and lygus in the field using a remote sensing system. In this study, there are 270 lines from Yucatan and 100 breeding lines. Current efforts involve the study of cyanide production in lima bean using GBS/GWAS.

There are several ongoing projects including evaluation of the CDBN with Antonia Palcovic in a NIFA-AFRI looking on drought tolerance and remote sensing (tepary as controls). There is a Gates Foundation Project, led by Christine Diepenbrock, that is focused on drought and heat in common bean, cowpea and sorghum using AI and genomics modeling. Christine Diepenbrock will replace Paul Gepts on the W-4150.

We are also working on the reversion in snap beans to dry bean pod type. This happens at a high rate with reversion from the snap bean pod type to a stringy pod (New phytologist publication). This is a major issue for seed companies that requires expensive rouging efforts.

The UC Davis field day in on Sept. 1.

Colorado—no report

There is a possibility that Jessica Davis, a professor of pulse agronomy (chickpea,) would be interested in joining the W-4150. Jim Hietholt will contact her.

Emily Ernest, University of Delaware, Delaware

We are working with the Lima Bean Diversity Panel that has a total of 255 members (1/2 from the US; ½ photoperiod sensitive). Areas of study include resistance to root rot nematode and white mold (no results yet). The white mold screening uses the straw test and potential sources of resistance have been identified. Root knot nematode screening is being conducted by a student who is looking at the effects on yield and identifying resistant varieties using egg counts and galling rates. A Delaware line is performing well. In the breeding program a number of lines are under development. There is good yield in early lines, but poor seed quality. It appears ADM is now the only producer of seed for green baby limas.

Donna Winham, Iowa State University, Iowa

The focus of research is on Objective 2: Nutrition and health. We recently published a paper with Karen Cichy involving results from a survey with the industry on Pulse flour and their perceptions/attitudes/needs. We found the industry to be restrictive with information and focused on Pea Protein. A Pulse health initiative grant (with Karen Cichy) focuses on black bean pastas on blood sugar and flatulence. Many consumers don’t try common bean products due to this issue. There was no difference between black bean pastas, in the normal glycemic population, versus the whole bean diet. We are also conducting a survey about sustainability and common bean focused on college students and plant-based meat proteins. Most products are based on pea protein and the common bean component is often lost. We have another clinical trial in the works with Christine Diepenbrock at UC Davis

We are looking for a Masters student for Fall 2023 semester.

Comments:

Fava beans have less beany flavor than common bean. They also have a foaming characteristic—could serve as an egg replacement. Peas has good protein texture while Fava bean does not. Soybean allergies are an issue for that crop, while Peas have some allergy issues. Mung bean is another replacement possibility. The protein fraction is important—it can be extracted and then additional products can be added for flavor. Another idea is to block the beany flavor compound in common bean. Pea protein costs have gone up since Beyond, Impossible and other companies buying large amounts.

Karen Cichy, Michigan State University, Michigan

We have studied the yellow bean collection in NE/MI looking at GxE interaction for seed iron and iron bioavailability. The high Ph soils in NE likely resulted in lower, however NE showed high iron bioavailability. The slow darkening gene has a significant impact on bioavailability (similar to the story in pintos) with slow dark or non-dark types showing higher bioavailability. PCHI funding was used to study nutritional and functional traits in pasta, cookies, etc. using dry bean as an ingredient. We found a strong relationship between the protein/starch ratio due to compensation, consistent within genotype results, and a GxE interaction. Breeding for high protein could have an impact. We also have OAREI funding for organic bean production. We evaluated a subset of US ADP lines for seed coat quality/canning/etc. In addition, we evaluated the seed coat check/cracking issue using a screening protocol (Gillard and Park, 2000). We compared the effects of threshers on seed quality ad found that the belt thresher results in higher quality canning quality than combine harvested bean and that it is a heritable trait. Yield and quality appear to be negatively correlated.

Francisco Gomez, Michigan State University, Michigan

The following trials were completed as part of the multi-state project: CDBN, MRPN, DBDN. We are waiting to harvest and collect data from these trials. We had significant effects due to weather including high temperatures last year resulting early maturity—1 to 2 weeks early. The conditions are more variable. This season we experienced early season drought and late season rains.

In terms of releases, Adams is with growers for the first time this year, Charro will be planted by growers next year. We also have Eiger and Yellowstone. Denali (K16924), a white kidney, was released this year and it is doing well. It is smaller than Snowdon and has a bullet shape for the cannellini market. Coral was released this year (S18904), a pink bean, and had the best performance under drought among the pink beans. It cans well.

For White mold and root rot research we have a seed grant project from MSU on Fusarium in Kidney beans. We are using remote sensing and image analysis to automate root rot screening protocols. The NSI multi-state screening project will now be led by MSU (previously led by UNL; Sydney Everhart). Over 90% of farmers in Michigan use desiccants. Continuing to look at maturity and dry down to avoid using desiccants.

Minnesota—no report

There is a new pulse pathologist that can be approached to participate in the W-4150. Juan Osorno will contact.

Talo Pastor Corrales, USDA-ARS, Maryland

Collaborations with NDSU on registrations of snap beans with rust resistance in Guatemala (Ur-11 and some Ur-3), and with ARS-WA on markers for Ur-11, Ur-5 and Ur-7

The following are KASP markers for rust that have been developed: Ur-3, SS-68; Ur-4, SS-240; Ur-5, SS-183; and Ur-11, SS-322. Ur-11 marker has been problematic so working with Miklas on developing new markers.

For G19833 rust resistance on Pv04, the 12k chip was used to study resistance in F2 populations and inoculation was conducted with 4 races. There is a poster presentation on this work available. A second article was published this year on rust in snap beans (Ur-11).

Juan Osorno, North Dakota State University, North Dakota

Presenting on behalf of Juan Osorno and Phil McLean. Malaika Ebert is the new pulse pathologist (beans, peas, chickpeas…). In beans, she will focus on Fusarium and pathogens. Jody (technician) retired after 42 years of service in April. We have hired new technicians and the field program is thus ½ size this year. The MRPN trial was lost due to early flooding. The total rainfall is the same, but large rainfall events result in flooding.

In terms of releases, ND Polar is a new navy bean with high yield that does well in stressful years. About 50% of its parents are are black beans and it has good levels of CBB resistance. ND Twilight was released last year with resistance to rust in ND. It has two VAX lines in its pedigree.

GWAS is being conducted on lines in the breeding program. Rust resistance in breeding program has been evaluated. The KASP marker for slow dark is being used in the F3 generation.

Phil McLean is focused on seed coat colors (V locus publication). Another publication on the continental-scale variation in fitness and heritability in common bean (Crop Sci) was published. Also, on Fiber and Oligosaccharides with Mark Brick showed low GxE interaction. We also published a white mold genetics paper using a magic population.

In the FtF Future LSIL project on Bruchid resistance, Kelvin Kamfwa is transferring bruchid resistance into local seed classes in Zambia. There is also development of markers for bruchid resistance.

We continue to develop slow darkening pintos that have the added benefits of fast cooking time and high Iron bioavailability. About 35-40% of acreage of pintos in ND are slow dark.

Carlos Urrea, University of Nebraska, Nebraska

The Secretary Director of Dry Bean Commission was presented Lynn Reuter. Bob Harveson is working with bean pathology (Bacterial wilt), and Carlos Urrea is coordinating the CBDN and DBDN. Nebraska also participates in the MRPN. There is collaboration on Shuttle breeding for drought with PR and with

Delaware on Epigenetics. Bob Harveson is working on environmentally friendly options to copper-based compounds (Oxidate, Sanidate, etc).

We have found that Interspecific hybrids and use of bridging parents are an effective approach to move genes across species. There is bacterial wilt genetics work being conducted by a PhD student showing a QTL on Pv08. This year two shuttle breeding lines—SB-DT2, DT3—were released in the Journal of Plant Registrations. This year the drought experiments only received 1.7” total precipitation and experienced 90-95F daytime temperatures.

We are releasing NE1-17-10 as White pearl, NE1-17-36 (Not named), NE1-17-18 as White hat.

Michael Mazourek, Cornell University, New York

We are working with a diversity panel of 150 common bean lines that are good combiners—Bean Potluck Panel (high and low fiber). The increasing of the lines in the greenhouse has been problematic due to issues with CBB. How best to clean-up seed?

We plan to publish the genotypic information in a BIC publication and to make this data publicly available. We are evaluating Organic/Ecological production using Roller/crimper equipment to loosen-up soil and cover and thinking about no-till systems for planting into residue. Another option is the Soybean system that plants into Rye and then cuts the residue once the beans germinate and grow. This has been a challenging year with drought. In the organic system, cultivars Montcalm, Yellowstone, others are doing well in the system.

Consuelo Estevez and Jim Beaver, U. of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico

Mesoamerican pink bean line PR1519-25 has resistance to BGYMV and BCMV, erect plant type and produced a mean seed yield > 2,500 kg/ha over seven planting dates at Isabela Puerto Rico. PR1519-25 will be released as ‘Rosalinda’. A description of the cultivar will be published in the J. of Agriculture of the UPR. [Vol. 106(2): In print]. PR1654-7 is a multiple virus and CBB resistant red mottled bean germplasm line adapted to the humid tropics that was developed and will be released cooperatively by the UPR, the Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales and the USDA-ARS. PR1654-7 possesses the bgm-1 gene for resistance to BGYMV and the I and bc-3 loci that confer resistance to BCMV and BCMNV, respectively, and the SAP 6 QTL for resistance to CBB. PR1654-7 produced a mean seed yield of 1,597 kg ha^-1 in eight trials planted in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

White, black and small red bean populations have been developed to combine improved agronomic type and seed yield potential with resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV and bruchids.

Yellow and snap bean breeding lines have been selected that combine genes for resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV. Determinate Lima bean breeding lines were selected that produced seed yields > 2,500 kg/ha in trials planted in 2021 at the Isabela Substation.

The black bean line PR1933-5 and the dark red line PR1933-7 continue to be the best Mesoamerican sources of bruchid resistance in the UPR bean breeding program. Un-fumigated seed from replicated field trials planted at the Isabela Substation in February and June 2021 and January 2022 including PR1933-5, PR1933-7, Bella and Verano was stored in plastic trays to observe the levels of natural infestation. Results from three growing seasons were consistent in that after three months of storage PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 had lower incidences of infestation and less seed damage from the common bean weevil than the susceptible checks Verano and Bella. PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 are under consideration for release in 2023 for release as improved bean germplasm.

Common bean lines from the BASE 120 nursery and advanced lines developed by USDA- Puerto Rico have been identified with resistance to root rot caused by Fusarium solani. We are evaluating the reactions of common bean lines in field trials to Fusarium root rot to identify new sources of resistance.

Tim Porch, USDA-ARS, Puerto Rico

Andean lines with elevated levels of drought and heat tolerance have been developed from the collaborative PIC bulk breeding populations. Several are being considered for release. Two shuttle breeding lines were released in collaboration with NE (Carlos Urrea), SB-DT2 and SB-DT3, in the JPR. A tepary bean germplasm, TARS-Tep 23, with broad adaptation, rust, and CBB resistance was released the JPR in collaboration with NE, CA, MD and Honduras. A tepary cultivar is being prepared for release with tolerance to Bean golden mosaic virus, powdery mildew, and the leaf hopper insect pest, and with fast cooking time and seed quality. MSU (MI) interspecific lines are being used to introgress traits across species.

Using the novel SNP/KASP markers developed by the bean community (led by Phil Miklas), about 3,000 lines were evaluated using 25 KASP markers on the Intertek platform for marker assisted selection. Breeding lines were evaluated from the UPR, USDA, NE, and the Dominican Republic.

Phil Miklas, USDA-ARS-Prosser, Washington State

The new set of markers developed as Tm Shift assays were presented in an Excel spreadsheet and are available on the BIC website. A number of these markers have been converted to KASP markers and are available through the Intertek platform. There is information on each marker presented in the excel table. Alvaro indicates that it is possible to visualize some of these markers on thick agarose gels. For the SD slow dark marker, the Tm shift assays work well. It would be helpful if we could all share all of our findings on the BIC website and our experience with these markers. For example, some only work in certain backgrounds and this information needs to be added.

For the cloning of the I gene, BCMV virus resistance, we evaluated the BAT 93 EMS mutant population (PR) and identified one mutant. The mutation is located in an NLR gene. In addition, Valerie Geoffroy has found a transposable element in another mutant for the I gene. In genotypes with resistance, they have repeated transposable elements in the I gene, while Jalo for example just has one copy.

Several releases with the slow dark trait that were selected from RIL populations include ND Palomino and Scout. In addition, Diamondback has good seed size, slow dark traits and the I and bc3 genes. In terms of regular pintos, Rattler has the I and bc3 genes and Basin (PT10-12-10) and Cody. A pink bean, Sunrise Pink (SR16-2-5) was also released.

There are updates on the genetics of BCMV/BCMNV resistance in common bean. The bc-u^d gene has been added, bc-1^2 doesn’t exist, bc-2 is an escort gene (bc-2 with bc-u^d provides resistance), and bc-4 is an escort gene on pv5 that requires bc-2. We will need to now update the host differentials.

BCT incidence in the field is the highest it has been in Washington for many years. The wet Spring may have affected leaf hoppers. Resistance is holding up well in common bean.

Sarah Dohle, USDA-ARS-Pullman, Washington State

We welcome the new curator of Phaseolus beans, Sarah Dohle who arrived in Pullman last week.

Jim Heitholt, U. of Wyoming, Wyoming

The CBDN was lost this year. However, Adams has been on top, PT9-5-6 (Cody) is very good, and Othello is an early check. In the novelty heirloom trial, the CO nuña lines are late, but very high yielding, >4000 lb/acre. The planting date trail in Powel (NW, Wyoming), Max (Kelly bean) was the best in the early planted trial (one of earliest maturity too). PT9-5-6 did very well also.

In the seeding rate, row spacing trial there were 3 Irrigations--60, 80, 100%. The goal was to find the best planting and irrigation regime for direct harvest. Monterrey had the lowest loss with direct harvest. There are not many doing direct harvest at this point. For pod location we used a visual scoring method and found Monterrey superior. In the NPK Micro fertility trials, there were 3 rates of N and K and no effects of fertilization regime were found. Again, PT9-5-6 was superior in the trial. There were no effects of micro-nutrient application either

A goal is earliness with upright architecture. We are looking at cooler canopies through these selections. There is a negative association of yield and canopy temperature as shown using regression analysis.

Donna Karen Harris, U. of Wyoming, Wyoming

The goal of selection efforts is an early pinto with high yield. We are also developing a nuña mapping population to find QTL for the popping trait.

Jim Myers, Oregon State University, Oregon

Looking for new assistant, the position will close the 28^th of August. The Job Posting Number is P05930UF with a minimum bachelors, but better Master’s degree.

Snap bean production in Oregon is bush blue lake type and now there is just one processor in the state. This year processors had a hard time finding farms for vegetable contracts since many did grass seed contracts instead. It was rainy early in the season, while high temperatures arrived in July and August. This has at least helped us to identifying some heat tolerance. We have developed field tolerance based on architecture for white mold (compact, porous canopy). The lines with the best resistance tend to have few flowers, maybe providing fewer entry points for ascospores. Most snap beans have prolific flowering and they are in a concentrated period.

We created a Magic Population with dry and snap bean germplasm (8 lines total). We are now selfing the population and the goal is to increase WM resistance and yield. We are mapping leaf color and pod color in snap bean. Also working on the yellow bean, Peruano market class. We have crossed to Higuera, and have BCT and BCMV resistance and good color. We are trying to match yield with Patron

The work on strings and fiber is important. Paul Gepts already spoke about this, but string reversion is a major constraint for the snap bean industry.

Motion to adjourn: 1^st Paul Gepts, 2^nd Jim Heithold.

End: 12:58PM.

Accomplishments

The W-4150 project produced several short-term outcomes benefitting stakeholders in the bean industry, among them: The inherent drought tolerance trait of tepary bean makes it an ideal crop for diversification of farming/cropping climate-smart systems enabling climate adaptation while also providing an important source of proteins. Recent studies have shown that plants infected by certain plant viruses are more tolerant than uninfected plants to abiotic stress.  This suggests that virus infection contributes to a kind of ‘conditioning’ of the host plant such that it can better tolerate abiotic stresses, including drought. These observations have not yet been dissected at functional genomics or proteomic levels. Thus, the results will provide a new understanding of tepary host-virome interactions at the functional genomics level, and aid in determining whether BCMV infection is detrimental or ‘beneficial’ to tepary bean 'health' and performance. Characterization of BCMV isolates associated with seed-borne infections of tepary bean will provide new knowledge about the genome structure of BCMV isolates passed to subsequent generations of tepary bean, seemingly without causing harm. Ultimately, identifying tepary bean alleles involved in this putative ‘beneficial’ relationship is expected to inform breeding efforts in common bean through introgression of tepary bean genes to combat abiotic and biotic stress, particularly to virus infection and drought, both which are expected to be exacerbated by climate change. Outputs: Defined products (tangible or intangible) that are delivered by a research project. Examples of outputs are reports, data, information, observations, publications, and patents. The W-4150 researchers produced a number of longer-term outputs benefitting the bean industry and the breeding community, among them: Cultivar/Germplasm Releases: NDSU: ND Polar navy bean. MSU: Denali white kidney bean MSU: Coral pink bean Publications During the reporting period, W-4150 collaborators authored or co-authored 30 referred (journal articles and a book chapter) and 13 non-referred publications (see Publications section for list). The latter included Bean Improvement Cooperative publications, extension publications, bean industry publications, meeting abstracts, and newspaper articles. Additional means of dissemination/outreach to stakeholders (growers/industry) and the bean breeding community include presentations and discussions at scientific and industry meetings, field days, and use of websites. <ul> <li>Activities: Organized and specific functions or duties carried out by individuals or teams using scientific methods to reveal new knowledge and develop new understanding.</li> </ul> ARIZONA University of Arizona Previous studies (Brown lab, unpublished data) have shown that BCMV was seed-borne at high frequencies (60-100%) in three tepary seed lots of black, tan, and white seeds, all with concomitantly high germination rates. Other plant RNA viruses may also occur in mixed infection with BCMV. The first objective of this project is to determine the virome, a subset of the phytomicrobiome, for selected tepary bean accessions. Preliminary results show that tepary bean accessions develop different virus symptoms such as upward leaf cupping, downward leaf cupping, leaf rolling, mosaic, and mottling. The three AZ land races exhibited high rates of BCMV seed-transmission ranging from 50.0-100.0% based on RT-PCR amplification and amplicon sequencing. The virus was detected in both asymptomatic and symptomatic plants. The depth of read coverage for BCMV genomes from HTS ranged from ~5,000-25,000X. Genome lengths of ~10,017-bp (p14), 10,044-bp (p13), and 10,433-bp (p15) were obtained. Pairwise comparisons identified indicated the three isolates shared 98.2-98.6% percent nucleotide sequence identity with one another, and 82-93 % with GenBank isolates (KM076650 (South Korea) and DQ666332 (Colombia), confirming BCMV identity. The apparently full-length genome was obtained, based on identification of 10 coding regions. The translated amino acid sequences for the 10 viral proteins indicated the isolates were very highly similar. The P1 protein was the most variable at 98.0-98.9% amino acid similarity. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the AZ-BCMV isolates with BCMV NL4 isolates that belong to the group II, also containing BCMV strains RU1 and BICM.  These represent the first complete genome sequences (minus 3’- and 5’- untranslated regions) obtained for BCMV isolates infecting tepary bean in Arizona. Additional tepary bean and/or common bean genotypes (provided by other W-4150 members) selected for drought and virus resistance will be screened for reaction to the different BCMV genome types. CALIFORNIA University of California, Davis In the case of lima beans, we continued the testing of advanced breeding lines, in two classes, baby limas and large limas. Consistent with observations in other grain legumes, like common bean and garbanzos (chickpeas), larger-seeded progenies tend to have lower grain yield. To mitigate this problem, we have instituted a backcross program with larger-seeded cultivars as recurrent parents. We are hopeful that this approach will result in a higher frequency of higher-yielding larger-seeded progenies. Ultimately, however, the lima bean gene pool will have to be broadened significantly because in its current state, it is too narrowly based. The single most important constraint of lima bean in California is Lygus sp. (mainly Western tarnished plant bug: Lygus hesperus, Homoptera). We have focused primarily on research about potential metabolic compounds that could interfere with the life cycle of the insect. Our results show that cyanide is present mainly in flowers and developing pods, but less so in seeds. The gene coding for the enzyme linamarase, which causes the release of HCN upon wounding, has been mapped on chromosome Pl05. However, it is likely that other genes, with a smaller effect, are also involved in cyanogenesis. Hence, a GWAS analysis is currently being conducted with Genotyping-By-Sequencing of a sample of n ~ 370.          To further advance lima bean improvement, a few members of the W4150 – D. Winham at Iowa State, E. Ernest at the U. of Delaware, S. Dohle at the Plant Introduction Station in Pullman, WA, and P. Roberts at UC-Riverside - are developing a multi-institution project encompassing germplasm genotyping and phenotyping, pre-breeding focused on germplasm conversion using adaptation genes, and consumer surveys and taste tests. Physiology of drought tolerance in common and tepary beans (funded by USDA-NIFA-AFRI): A study combining physiological (stomatal conductance and predawn and midday leaf water potential) and ground- and tower-based hyperspectral remote sensing (400-2400 nm and 400-900 nm, respectively) measurements of field-grown common (n = 9) and tepary beans (n = 4) aims at testing the usefulness to detect mechanisms and identify selection criteria for drought tolerance. Results of this year's field trial showed that stomatal conductance, predawn leaf water potential, and canopy volume captured large genotypic variation in drought response based on the effect of drought relative to control treatments.  A heatmap clustering, largely based on these parameters, identified genotypic groupings for drought response consistent with prior knowledge about species and eco-geographic race differences regarding drought tolerance. DELAWARE University of Delaware One hundred and fifty baby lima inbreds from the University of Delaware lima breeding program were evaluated in yield trials. Heat tolerant breeding lines continue to have the most stable yield. Some green-seeded baby lima lines had significantly higher yields than the commercial standards. Thirty-three large-seeded bush “Fordhook” type inbreds from the breeding program were also evaluated. Yields in the Fordhook trial were generally high. Several breeding lines produced significantly higher yields than the standard variety and matured earlier. Some of the high performing breeding lines have desirable green seed color. Green-seeded baby lima breeding lines with root-knot nematode resistance were evaluated in an inoculated yield trial to assess performance compared to the standard varieties, and an available biological control product. Root galling and nematode reproduction were very low on the RKN resistant lines and their yield was equivalent to or exceeded the standard varieties. The biological control product was not effective in reducing galling or nematode reproduction. Seed of baby lima breeding lines was sent to collaborators in California, Ontario, Wisconsin and Colorado for testing in other production areas and trial seed production (CO and CA). Additional experiments were conducted to assess the value of the willow leaf trait for disease and stress avoidance. IDAHO University of Idaho No oral/written report. IOWA Iowa State University Iowa State University (ISU) researchers examined the short-term effects of 100% black bean consumption on glucose, insulin, satiety, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 18 healthy young adults in a randomized cross-over study.  The project was a collaborative effort with USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI (Cichy). The pastas were made from Michigan-grown black beans (Zenith).  Whole beans were made into three flours using a standard milling process, and two variations of a new milling technology. The findings demonstrated acceptability of the black bean pastas with consumers, and similarity in biological response (glucose, insulin) with the three pasta variations. Survey data on perceived research priorities were collected from 186 bean and pulse growers, processors, food manufacturers, and research scientists.  Data analysis is complete and manuscript production is in process.  These data will be distributed to W4150 partners.  Findings can be used to identify research gaps. A national level survey of consumer views on the health benefits of beans and consumption patterns is in pilot-testing phase.  W4150 collaborators will be asked to provide comments on the survey structure before distribution.  This study will inform bean breeders about perceptions of taste, and quality traits in the general public. MARYLAND USDA-ARS Report was orally presented but not submitted? MICHIGAN Michigan State University and USDA-ARS In 2022, dry bean research was conducted by Michigan State University and the USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 14 yield trials in 2022 in nine market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, National Drought, and the National Sclerotinia (White Mold) Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico. The nurseries were planted (1 June and 10) and received an average of 8.7” of rain (June - mid Sept). This combined with high temperature led to smaller bean and earlier maturity in some testing locations. The MSU dry bean breeding program evaluated ~1,800 early generation breeding lines as part of the W-4150 collaborative winter nursery. Other research by MSU looked at symbiotic nitrogen fixation in dry beans, QTL-seq mapping for anthracnose race 109, and the development of affordable phenotyping platforms using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAS) to estimate important agronomic traits. The following progress has been made in the development of fast cooking, U.S. adapted dry bean germplasm (1a) and to develop improved black bean germplasm with superior end use quality (2a): 101 yellow, 113 kidney, 93 cranberry, and 55 black bean early generation (F3 to F6) breeding lines were field selected in Fall 2021. These lines were sent to a winter nursery in Puerto Rico for advancement. The early generation breeding lines were also screened for Fusarium root rot resistance, seed non-darkening and evaluated with SNP markers for the I gene (bean common mosaic virus resistance). Phenotypic evaluation of cooking time, seed iron and zinc concentration, and iron bioavailability, and canning quality were conducted on preliminary and advanced breeding lines to select best breeding lines to advance. In 2022, the following breeding nurseries were field planted: Advanced yield trials- 36 cranberry, 36 yellow, 36 kidney, 24 black beans. Preliminary yield trials: 42 yellow, 52 cranberry, 92 kidney and 55 black beans. In addition, one black, one white kidney, one cranberry and three yellow breeding lines were sent for Michigan regional testing, and two yellow, two cranberry and one black bean lines were sent to Idaho for disease free seed production. In winter of 2022 new crosses were made in the yellow, kidney, black, nuna, otebo, and cranberry market classes. NEBRASKA University of Nebraska The 72nd annual Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) report was compiled and distributed in March 2022. During the 2021 CDBN, 15 entries were tested in trials in 6 locations in the U.S. and Canada.  Final results were compiled and distributed to all project members and made available to the public via the <a href="http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021">http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021</a> web page. The 2021 Dry Bean Variety Trial results were posted on the same web page. In 2022 CDBN, 20 entries are being tested in trials in 6 locations in the U.S. and Canada. Dr. Urrea participated in the 2022 Mid-west Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN); 6 Nebraska lines are being tested. The 2022 national Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN) was assembled and distributed with 24 lines from MI, WA, NE, and PR tested in MI, WA, PR, and NE. About 44 F3:4 families from the fourth shuttle breeding cycles between Nebraska and Puerto Rico were tested in Scottsbluff under drought stress and will be tested in Puerto Rico under drought and non-drought stress environments. Dr. Urrea increased breeder to the foundation seed of the upright northern cultivar White Pearl (NE1-17-10) and one slow-darkening pinto cultivar Wildcat (NE2-17-18) at Quincy, WA. White Pearl has an upright plant architecture, carries the Ur3 rust resistance genes and the I bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) resistance gene, shows tolerance to common bacterial blight (CBB), and has high yield potential. Wildcat carries the Ur11 rust resistance and the I BCMV resistance genes. Both lines have high yield potential and large seed sizes. Another great northern, NE1-17-36, and two slow-darkening pintos, NE2-17-37 and NE4-17-6 are being increased as a breeder to breeder seed at Quincy, WA. Dr. Urrea is participating in increasing 2 lines of the yellow bean panel led by Dr. Karen Cichy. Dr. Harveson continues with the testing of new copper-alternative chemicals for managing bacterial diseases in Nebraska. We have additionally expanded our targets to evaluate whether these products will manage other diseases of dry beans, including the fungal diseases of white mold and bean rust. We have further conducted multiple industry projects in 2022 and have tested several of the new chemical fungicidal products and application methods (sprays, seed treatments, etc.) for rust, white mold, and root rot diseases (Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp.). A new project began in 2021 in a collaborative effort with several microbiologists in Georgia and Florida. We have been characterizing and evaluating the pathogenicity and virulence of bacterial wilt isolates (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens) in the greenhouse which were initially collected from the stratosphere. Lastly, we have completed the first year of a study characterizing root pathogens and diseases (Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rots) associated with new pulse crops and evaluating them as potential disease problems in dry bean production. This project is funded by the Nebraska Dept. of Agriculture’s Specialty Crops Block Grant Program and began in 2022. Our findings should also be useful for crop rotation systems and dry bean breeding purposes in the event interest in other pulse crops grown continues in Nebraska.  NEW YORK Cornell In 2022, focus was placed on the development of dry beans with improved seed-coat color. and advancement of alternate seed coat colors in established market classes. This included the development of seven new black bean breeding lines (BB2201-BB2207) with high seed-coat color retention after cooking/canning. Based on increased consumer demand for more color and variability within products introgressions of novel colors have also been targeted.  These include new kidney bean lines BK2201 and PK2201 (black kidney and purple kidney). Based on initial canning studies the black kidney beans have had excellent color retention when compared to black bean controls, and good canning quality based on can-pour and splitting.  A new mini-kidney bean (NYD4) has also been developed for new markets in the alternate packaged good space. Due to the small seed size of this line, and the upright architecture, it could lead to a variety where pod shattering is not a concern enabling harvest using similar equipment for upright black beans. Breeding line trials were planted in Freeville NY in 2019 and greenhouse increased in 2020 as field trials were limited based on Covid-19. Populations developed for these trials were all increased in greenhouses in Ithaca and Geneva together with populations advancing the color retention into black bean and black kidney types. NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota State University Malaika Ebert is the new pulse pathologist (beans, peas, chickpeas…). In beans, she will focus on Fusarium and pathogens. Jody (technician) retired after 42 years of service in April. We have hired new technicians and the field program is thus ½ size this year. The MRPN trial was lost due to early flooding. The total rainfall is the same, but large rainfall events result in flooding. ND Polar is a new navy bean with high yield that does well in stressful years. About 50% of its parents are black beans and it has good levels of CBB resistance. ND Twilight was released last year with resistance to rust in ND. It has two VAX lines in its pedigree. GWAS is being conducted on lines in the breeding program. Rust resistance in breeding program has been evaluated. The KASP marker for slow dark is being used in the F3 generation. Phil McLean is focused on seed coat colors (V locus publication). Another publication on the continental-scale variation in fitness and heritability in common bean (Crop Sci) was published. Also, on Fiber and Oligosaccharides with Mark Brick showed low GxE interaction. We also published a white mold genetics paper using a magic population. In the FtF Future LSIL project on Bruchid resistance (in collaboration with Kelvin Kamfwa at the Univ. of Zambia) is transferring bruchid resistance into local market classes in southern Africa. There is also development and validation of markers for bruchid resistance. We continue to develop slow darkening pintos that have the added benefits of fast cooking time and high Iron bioavailability. About 35-40% of acreage of pintos in ND are slow dark. The collaborative Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) was grown at 3 locations (MI, ND, and NE) during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The 2022 MRPN at ND was lost due to flooding early in the season. OREGON Oregon State University We are down to one processor, but green bean acreage remains steady in the state at about 10,000 A. The primary research objective of the OSU snap bean breeding program has been to identify and introgress white mold resistance into elite cultivars. In this regard, we continue to develop a MAGIC population based on a combination of snap and dry bean lines. The final 8-way crosses were made in 2021 to create a population of 685 plants and we are currently selfing to homozygosity in the greenhouse and field. We screened the 8-way S1s using the seedling straw test and found that 12 individuals were significantly more resistant than the resistant checks (G122 and NY6020-4). Another 322 individuals were not significantly different from the resistant checks but were significantly more resistant than the susceptible checks. The population also show transgressive segregation for susceptibility. The 4-population nested association mapping (NAM) population (247 lines) with WMG904-20-3 as common parent was grown at the at the OSU Vegetable Res. Farm and evaluated for agronomic traits for a second year. QTL mapping of the combined 4 populations identified 33 significant QTL on 9 linkage groups for field and straw test resistance. We participated in the National Sclerotinia Initiative nurseries and screen lines submitted by private industry for this disease. PUERTO RICO As part of the M.S. degree thesis research of Yohari E. Torres-González, under the supervision of Dr. Consuelo Estevez, evaluated the reaction of 26 common bean lines to Fusarium solani. Disease symptoms were assessed after inoculation with isolate 19-00514. In the screen house trial, two white bean cultivars ‘Bella’ (1.5) and ‘Beníquez’ (1.5), released by the University of Puerto Rico, had resistant scores. Snap bean lines segregating for multiple virus resistance were planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. Individual plants were selected based on results from screening by Dr. Tim Porch using molecular markers in the Intertek SNP platform. Lines were selected that possessed the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. Several of the snap bean breeding lines also possess the SAP6 QTL for resistance to common bacterial blight. Thirteen advanced lines from trial 2203 and six F4 lines from trial 2205 were planted in Minnesota in May 2022. The Minnesota nursery also included PR2105-67-1 with bgm-1, BGY8.1 QTL, I and bc-3 resistance genes and an indeterminate snap bean line PR2105-68-1 with genes for resistance to BGYMV and BCMV. Individual plants were harvested from the Minnesota nursery.             A yellow bean yield trial was planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. The trial included 5 entries (PR2105-2, 3, 6, 10 and 16) with the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. These lines had an immune reaction when screened by Dr. Consuelo Estevez with the NL-3 strain of BCMNV. Another line PR2105-54-16 has the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I gene for resistance to BCMV. The line produced a limited vein necrosis when inoculated with NL-3 suggesting the presence of bc-ud and bc-1 genes for resistance to BCMNV and BCMNV. The yellow bean line with multiple virus resistance were planted in Minnesota in May 2022. Individual plants will be harvested.             The white bean breeding line PR1627-8 was derived from the cross ‘Verano/ALS9951-101-R1’. Mean seed yield of PR1627-8 was 2,087 kg ha-1 across eight field trials conducted in Puerto Rico and Haiti. PR1627-8 was resistant to angular leaf spot and had moderately resistant reactions to common bacterial blight in field trials planted at the Isabela Substation. In the field trial planted at the Isabela Substation in February 2021, PR1627-8 was the only line to express resistance to rust. Seed from two individual plant selections from PR1627-8 were sent to Dr. Talo Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS Research Plant Pathologist at Beltsville, MD, for screening with specific races of the rust pathogen. Results from the evaluation suggests that PR1627-8 has the Ur-5 rust resistance gene. PR1627-8 also has the bgm-1 gene for BGYMV resistance and the I gene for resistance to BCMV. This breeding line has expressed resistance to BGYMV in field trials in the Dominican Republic and Haiti (Mainviel, 2019). PR1627-8 is under consideration for release as an improved germplasm line or cultivar. Similarly, the black bean breeding line PR1564-20 has the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for resistance to BGYMV, the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV and the Ur-11 gene for rust resistance. This line has performed well in the Dominican Republic and is under consideration for release as an improved germplasm line. During the summer of 2021, PR1627-8 was crossed in Minnesota with the white bean breeding line PR0608-81A which has the Ur-11 rust resistance gene. Bean lines that combine the Ur-5 and the Ur-11 rust resistance genes should have broad and durable resistance. The F1 seed was planted by Dr. Tim Porch in October 2021 and the F2 generation was planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. Seed from F2:3 plants having superior agronomic traits was bulked and planted at the Isabela Substation in May 2022. Seed from individual F3:4 plants selected from the nursery will be screened by Dr. Tim Porch using the Intertek SNP marker platform. The black bean line PR1933-5 and the dark red line PR1933-7 continue to be the best Mesoamerican sources of bruchid resistance in the UPR bean breeding program. These lines also have the bgm-1 gene and the SW-12 QTL for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc-3 genes for BCMV and BCMNV resistance. In a replicated trial conducted at the Isabela Substation during the summer of 2021, PR1933-5 had an average of 0.5/10 and PR1933-7 had an average of 1.5/10 seed damaged at 30 days after infestation. Badillo averaged 10/10 seed damaged and Verano had 9.5/10 seed damaged at 30 days after infestation. PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 are under consideration for release in 2023 as improved bean germplasm. In a crossing block planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2021, PR1933-5 and PR1933-7 were crossed with elite Mesoamerican bean cultivars from Central America and the Caribbean. The F1 generation was planted in Grey Eagle, Minnesota in May 2021. The F2 nursery was planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. Individual plants were harvested based on agronomic traits and seed type. A total of 252 F2:3 lines were planted at the Isabela Substation in May 2022. Individual plants were harvested based on pod set and seed type and seed from these lines will be used by Dr. Porch screen for disease and bruchid resistance genes using the Intertek SNP marker platform. The F3:4 nursery will be planted at the Isabela Substation in November 2022. Similarly, field trials of F6 Andean bean lines with red mottled, white, yellow and light red kidney beans were planted at the Isabela Substation in January 2022. During 2021, these lines were screened by Dr. Porch using Intertek SNP markers for resistance to BCMV (I gene), BGYMV (bgm-1 gene and BGY8.1 QTL) and common bacterial blight (SAP6 QTL). Some of the lines were also screened at North Dakota State University using a SNP marker for the APA locus which is associated with bruchid resistance. These lines were screened in the laboratory during the winter of 2022 for bruchid resistance. No yellow bean lines from trial 2204 were identified to have high levels of resistance to bruchids. It should be noted, however, that two of the four lines were heterozygous for the APA locus when screened with the molecular marker. Individual plant selections will be made from these lines to identify lines homozygous for the APA locus. ‘Rosalinda’, a multiple virus resistant pink bean line (PR1519-25) adapted to the humid tropics, was developed, and released cooperatively by the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) and the United State Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). ‘Rosalinda’ is resistant to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV. The pink bean cultivar has an indeterminate upright, Type II growth habit. The erect habit of Rosalinda allows pods to avoid touching the soil surface that helps to preserve seed quality and facilitates direct harvest with a combine. Rosalinda produced a mean seed yield of 2,649 kg ha-1 in seven trials conducted at the Isabela Substation from 2014 to 2019. The mean seed yield of Rosalinda was significantly higher than the check cultivar ‘Verano’. Rosalinda represents the first release of a Mesoamerican race pink bean cultivar. In the Dominican Republic, the cranberry bean line PR1506-162 is under consideration for release as a cultivar. This breeding line has the bgm-1 gene and the BGY8.1 QTL for resistance to BGYMV, the I and bc-3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV and the SAP6 marker for resistance to common bacterial blight. Determinate Lima bean lines derived from the cross ‘Sieva x Beseba’ were planted at the Isabela Substation in June 2021. Lines were identified that produced seed yields > 2,500 kg/ha (Table 6). The nine most promising lines were selected based on plant health and seed yield potential and included in a replicated yield that was planted at the Isabela Substation in May 2022. During the upcoming year, it would be desirable to screen the lines in the Dominican Republic or Honduras for resistance to BGYMV. It would also be desirable to plant a seed increase of the climbing Lima bean cultivar ‘Sieva’. SOUTH CAROLINA Clemson University Through a collaborative effort with multiple W4150 co-PIs, the genetic diversity of snapbeans was assessed through DNA sequencing of 384 accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System. The genetic data generated will be used in future years of the project for genetic mapping of economically important traits for improvement of snapbeans. The snapbean accessions and current commercial cultivars were evaluated for pod production under optimal and heat-stressed conditions in replicated field trials in Charleston, SC in 2021 and 2022. The most heat tolerant accessions will be used to initiate a breeding program with the long-term goal of releasing heat tolerant snapbean varieties. These varieties will be tested in multi-location trials coordinated by W-4150 members in different geographic regions. A graduate student was recruited for this project and will run the Spring 2022 field trials to gain training and experience for a career in agriculture. Students were hired for the summer season to assist with the field trials and were able to gain valuable hands-on experience in an agricultural setting. Results were disseminated to the growers and processors through a field day at the Clemson Coastal REC in Charleston, SC. Genetic data was shared with other researchers through oral presentations at the Crop Science Society annual meeting and at invited seminars at Michigan State University and Cornell University. During the next reporting period, the project will (1) publish the genetic diversity of snapbeans in a peer-reviewed publication, (3) start making crosses of the most heat-tolerant accessions, and (4) complete a genome-wide association study of heat tolerance in the snapbean panel. WASHINGTON Washington State University and USDA-ARS Prosser. This past year D.R. Gang from WSU led a proposal to the NIFA SCRI program on developing a new class of dry beans, called popping beans. This is a multistate and multidisciplinary project that includes WA, OR, WY, MI, HI as main participating states, but has collaborators in other bean production states, especially NE and ND. The project scored very well, was ranked as Outstanding, but was not funded. We plan to submit arevised proposal this coming year. In preparation for that resubmission, project team members continue to work on developing crosses and moving progeny from those crosses forward, share seed between participants for seed increase and for field evaluation, and work together in developing school lunch program and other end user surveys to evaluate acceptance and liking of the developing bean lines, as well as continuing to evaluate and develop different popping and other food processing methods for this developing market class of dry bean. Three new dry beans were accepted by USDA ARS Technology Transfer Committee for cultivar release. USDA Sunrise pink has Type 2b growth habit, ‘I’ gene resistance to BCMV, nice seed appearance, and is tolerant to drought and low soil fertility.  USDA Lava red has upright Type 2b growth habit, I + bc-ud + bc-1 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV, similar seed appearance as Merlot, and medium maturity. USDA Cody pinto has type 2b growth habit, I gene for resistance to BCMV, regular darkening seed coats, and performs well under low inputs (drought and low fertility).  These three cultivar releases benefited from testing and selection based on performance in multi-state trials (Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, Bean White Mold Nursery, Dry Bean Drought Nursery), and in cooperators’ tests for canning quality (MI) and rust reaction (CO, MD).    Development and seed increase of recombinant inbred populations Rattler/Stampede (138 RILs) for studying abiotic stress tolerance in pinto bean and Ruby/SR9-5 (200 RILs) for characterizing resistance to white mold in small red beans were completed. Progress was made in identifying and characterizing the candidate gene TIR:NB-ARC:LRR: C-JID for the I gene. A table was uploaded on the BIC website for sharing 42 Tm-shift assay markers with the bean research community which tag 27 loci influencing nine traits: resistance to BCMV/BCMNV, BCTV, BGYMV, anthracnose, common bacterial blight, rust, and white mold diseases, lectin genes and the gene for the slow darkening seed coat trait. WYOMING University of Wyoming, Powell REC, and Department of Plant Sciences The CBDN trial was lost this year (2022) at Powell due to weather. However, for 2021 results, cv. Adams (a black bean check that was added locally only for 2021) and PT9-5-6 led in yield for that year and both entries had 15% greater yield than the next highest yielding entry. PT9‑5-6 (recently released as cv. ‘Cody’ by USDA-ARS, Prosser) has yielded consistently high for several years here in northwest Wyoming and we expect PT9-5-6 to be a mid‑to-late maturity option for the region’s producers.  Othello has served as an early-maturing check for many years and although it yields respectably and consistently, it is typically just average. A novelty/heirloom trial was conducted across 2020 and 2021 and several nuña lines bred by Colorado State around 2012 were very high yielding, >4,000 lb/acre, which we rarely see in northwest Wyoming.  However, these nuña lines mature quite late and it is unclear whether their yield potential can be utilized in our future breeding efforts. The planting date trial in Powell (northwest Wyoming) included ten lines of varying maturity.  The cultivar Max (Kelley Bean) yielded best in the early‑planted treatments and Poncho yielded highest for the two latter planting dates (Max and Poncho were among the earliest maturing lines entered in this test). PT9-5-6 also yielded very well across planting dates. In a trial with two seeding rates, three row spacings, four cultivars, and three irrigations (replacement of ET at 60%, 80%, and 100%), one of our goals was to find the best planting and irrigation regime for direct harvest management. The upright cultivar Monterrey had the lowest loss (i.e., the best recovery) with direct harvest. There are not many producers in northwest Wyoming that are using direct harvest at this point in time although several are experimenting with it.  To quantify the vertical pod locations on the stalk, which relates to direct harvest efficiency, we used a visual scoring method and found Monterrey to be superior with 75% or more of its pods found above 4-inches. In the NPK Micro fertility trials with ten entries (including three of our UW progeny lines), there were three rates of N and three rates of K and no effects of fertilization regime were found. Again, PT9-5-6 was superior in the trial although our three breeding lines were competitive yield-wise. For several years now, the results have shown that neither our breeding lines nor the commercial check cultivars are any more or less efficient when fertilizer N is withheld. Besides yield, the breeding goals for our Wyoming program are earliness with upright architecture. We have found the cooler canopy temperature has been associated with higher yield across many of our selections.  We are now investigating whether the canopy temperature trait can be used to augment selection for yield. <ul> <li>Milestones: Key intermediate targets necessary for achieving and/or delivering the outputs of a project, within an agreed timeframe. Milestones are useful for managing complex projects. For example, a milestone for a biotechnology project might be "To reduce our genetic transformation procedures to practice by December 2004."</li> </ul> As a contribution to Regional Hatch Project W-4150, the project plants a winter nursery for collaborating U.S. bean breeding programs. The 2021-2022 winter nursery planted at Isabela Substation includes > 4,000 lines from North Dakota State University, Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska and USDA-ARS bean breeding program. In addition, several collaborative trials such as the CDBN and the MRPN were grown among several W-4150 collaborators.

Publications

Refereed Publications Beaver, J.S., González-Vélez, A., Lorenzo-Vázquez, G., Macchiavelli, R., Porch, T.G., Estevez-de-Jensen, C. (2021). Performance of Mesoamerican bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines in an unfertilized oxisol. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 32:701-718. Beaver, J.S., Martínez Figueroa, H., Godoy Lutz, G., Estévez de Jensen, C., Porch, T.G., Rosas, J.C. (2022). Breeding for resistance and integrated management of web blight in common bean. Crop Science, 62:20-35. Beiermann, C., Creech, C., Knezevic, S., Jhala, A., Harveson, R., Lawrence, N.C. (2022). Influence of planting date and herbicide program on Amaranthus palmeri control in dry bean. Weed Technology, 36:79-85. Beiermann, C., Miranda, J.W.A., Creech, C., Knezevic, S., Jhala, A., Harveson, R., Lawrence, N.C. (2022). Critical timing of weed removal in dry bean as influenced by the use of preemergence herbicides. Weed Technology, 36:168-176. Brick, M.A., Kleintop, A., Echeverria, D., Kammlade, S., Brick, L.A., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P. Thompson, H.J. (2022). Dry Bean: A Protein-Rich Superfood With Carbohydrate Characteristics That Can Close the Dietary Fiber Gap. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. Choe, U., Osorno, J. M., Ohm, J. B., Chen, B., Rao, J. (2022). Modification of physicochemical, functional properties, and digestibility of macronutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours by different thermally treated whole seeds. Food Chemistry, 382:132570. Cichy, K.A., Chiu, C., Isaacs, K., Glahn, R.P. (2022). Dry bean biofortification with iron and zinc. In: Kumar, Shiv, Dikshit, Harsh Kumar, Mishra, Gyan Prakash, Singh, Akanksha, editors. Biofortification of Staple Crops. Singapore. Springer. p.225-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3280-8_10.  Escobar, E.G., Oladzad, A., Simons, K., Miklas, P., Lee, R., Schroeder, S., Bandillo, N., Wunsch, M., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M. (2022). New genomic regions associated with white mold resistance in dry bean using a MAGIC population. Plant Genome, 15:e20190.  http://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20190 Geng, P., Hooper, S., Sun, J., Chen, P., Cichy, K.A., Harnly, J.M. (2022). Contrast Study on Secondary Metabolite Profile between Pastas Made from Three Single Varietal Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Durum Wheat (Triticum durum). ACS Food Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00050 Keller, B., Ariza-Suarez, D., Portilla-Benavides, A.E., Buendia, H.F., Aparicio, J.S., Amongi, W., Mbiu, J., Nchimbi Msolla, S., Miklas, P., Porch, T.G., Burridge, J., Mukankusi, C., Studer, B., Raatz, B. (2022). Improving association studies and genomic predictions for climbing beans with data from bush bean populations. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13:830896. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.830896 Lin, J., Arief, V., Jahufer, Z., Osorno, J., McClean, P., Jarquin, D., Hoyos-Villegas, V. (2022). Simulations of rate of genetic gain in dry bean breeding programs. MacQueen, A.H., Khoury, C.K., Miklas, P., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M., Runck, B.C., White, J.W., Kantar, M., Ewing, P.M. (2021). Local to continent-scale variation in fitness and heritability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Crop Science. MacQueen, A.H., White, J.W., Lee, R., Osorno, J.M., Schmutz, J., Miklas, P.N., Myers, J., McClean, P.E., Juenger, T.E. (2021). Genetic associations in four decades of multienvironment trials reveal agronomic trait evolution in common bean. GENETICS, 219. McClean, P.E., Lee, R., Howe, K., Osborne, C., Grimwood, J., Levy, S., Haugrud, A.P., Plott, C., Robinson, M., Skiba, R.M. and Tanha, T. (2022). The common bean v gene encodes flavonoid 3′ 5′ hydroxylase: a major mutational target for flavonoid diversity in angiosperms. Frontiers in Plant Science, p.967. Montejo Domínguez, L.D.M.A., McClean, P.E., Steadman, J., McCoy, S., Markell, S., Osorno, J.M. (2022). Bean rust resistance in the Guatemalan climbing bean germplasm collection. Legume Science, p.e149. Miklas, P.N., Kelly, J.D., Cichy, K.A. (2022). Dry Bean Breeding and Production Technologies. In Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition, Second Edition. Edited by Muhammad Siddiq and Mark A. Uebersax. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Myers, J.R., Kusolwa, P.M., Beaver, J.S. (2021). Breeding the common bean for weevil resistance. Chronica Horticulturae, 61:16-20. Parker, T., Cetz, J., de Sousa, L., Kuzay, S., Lo, S., Floriani, T., Njau, S., Arunga, E., Duitama, J., Jernstedt, J., Myers, J., Llaca, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Gepts, P. (2022). Loss of pod strings in common bean is associated with gene duplication, retrotransposon insertion, and overexpression of PvIND. New Phytologist, 235:2454 Parker, T.A., Gepts, P. (2021). Population genomics of Phaseolus spp.: A domestication hotspot. In: Rajora OP (ed) Population Genomics: Crop Plants. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, pp 1-83. Restrepo-Montoya, D., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M. (2021). Orthology and synteny analysis of receptor-like kinases “RLK” and receptor-like proteins “RLP” in legumes. BMC genomics, 22:1-17. Saballos, A.I., Soler-Garzón, A., Brooks, M., Hart, J.P., Lipka, A.E., Miklas, P.N., Peachey, R.E., Tranel, P.J., Williams, M. (2022). Multiple genomic regions govern tolerance to sulfentrazone in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.869770 Sadohara, R. Izquierdo, P., Couto Alves, F., Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S., Urrea, C.A., Cichy, K.A. (2022). The Phaseolus vulgaris L. Yellow Bean Collection: genetic diversity and characterization for cooking time.  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 69:1627-1648. Sadohara, R., Winham, D.M., Cichy, K.A. (2022). Food Industry Views on Pulse Flour—Perceived Intrinsic and Extrinsic Challenges for Product Utilization. Foods, 11:2146. Soler-Garzón A., Oladzad A., Beaver J., Beebe S., Lee R., Lobaton J.D., Macea E., McClean P., Raatz, B., Rosas J.C., Song Q., Miklas P.N. (2021). NAC candidate gene marker for bgm-1 and interaction with QTL for resistance to Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus in common bean. Front. Plant Science, 12:628443. Soler-Garzón, A., McClean, P.E., Miklas, P.N. (2021). Coding mutations in vacuolar protein-sorting 4 AAA+ ATPase endosomal sorting complexes required for transport protein homologs underlie bc-2 and new bc-4 gene conferring resistance to Bean common mosaic virus in common bean. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12:769247. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769247 Soltani, A, Walter K.A., Wiersma, A.T., Santiago, J.P., Quiqley, M., Chitwood, D., Porch, T.G., Miklas, P., McClean, P.E., Osorno, J.M., Lowry, D.B. (2021). The genetics and physiology of seed dormancy, a crucial trait in common bean domestication. BMC Plant Biology, 21:58. Subramani, M., Urrea, C.A., Kalavacharla, V. (2022). comparative analysis of untargeted metabolomics in tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds exposed to terminal drought stress. Metabolites, 12:944. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100944">https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100944</a> Uebersax, M.A., Cichy, K.A., Gomez, F.E., Porch, T.G., Heitholt, J., Osorno, J.M., Kamfwa, K., Snapp, S.S., Bales, S. (2022). Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a vital component of sustainable agriculture and food security—A review. Legume Science, e155. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.155 Wang, W., Wright, E., Uebersax, M., Cichy, K.A. (2021). A Pilot-scale Dry Bean Canning and Evaluation Protocol. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16171 Winham, D.M., Thompson, S.V., Heer, M.M., Davitt, E.E., Hooper, S.D., Cichy, K.A., Knoblauch, S.T. (2022). Black Bean Pasta Meals with Varying Protein Concentrations Reduce Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia Similarly Compared to White Bread Control in Adults. Foods, 11:1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111652 Non-Refereed Publications Branham SE, Hart J, Griffiths P, Porch T, Maz M, Gore M, Myers J. (2021). Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Linkage Disequilibrium of a Snap Bean Association Panel and Its Potential for Genome-Wide Association Studies. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting. Harveson, R.M.  (2022). Stratosphere bacterial wilt isolates. Bean Bag, Winter Issue. Harveson, R.M. (2022).  A new project with Rhizoctonia root rot in pulse crops. Bean Bag, Spring Issue. Harveson, R.M. (2022). Specialty crops update. Guide for weed, disease, and insect management in Nebraska. University of Nebraska Extension, EC 130, 366 pp. Harveson, R.M. (2022). What’s going on at pulse corner? Bean Bag, Summer Issue. Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S. (2022). Response of tepary bean breeding lines and entries of the tepary diversity panel (tdp) when infested with the common bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative, 65:117-118. Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S., Arias, J., Godoy-Lutz, G. (2021). Response of tepary beans to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative, 64:73-74. Rodriguez, O.J., McClean, P.M., Osorno, J.M. (2021). November. Stem Diameter and Its Relationship to Agronomic Traits in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. Torres-González, Y., Estévez de Jensen, C., Beaver, J.S., Porch, T.G. (2022). Resistance of common bean lines to root rot caused by Fusarium solani. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative, 65:25-27. Urrea, C.A. (2021). 2020 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. The Bean Bag 40:10-17. Urrea, C.A. (2022). 2021 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. Nebraska Extension MP116. 10 p. Urrea, C.A. 72nd  Annual Report National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. <a href="http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021">http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021</a>. Urrea, C.A., E.V. Cruzado. (2022). 2021 Dry Bean Variety Trials.  <a href="http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021">http://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest-Drybeans/2021</a>.

Impact Statements

Recent research results are showing that in addition to the visual seed quality aspects of slow darkening pintos, this newer sub-market class also offer faster cooking time as well as higher iron bioavailability. This is a great case for added value on a product already being grown in ~35-40% of the pinto acreage in North Dakota.

Date of Annual Report: 12/28/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/08/2023 - 11/08/2023
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023

Participants

Hussien Alameldin, USDA-ARS, Hussien_Alameldin@usda.gov
Jonny Berlingeri, UC Davis, jmberlin@ucdavis.edu
Eliane Bodah, PLS (Pure Line Seed), ebodah@purelineseed.com
Sandra Branham, Clemson, sebranh@clemson.edu
Karen Cichy, USDA-ARS, Karen.cichy@usda.gov
Christine Diepenbrock, UC Davis, chdiepenbrock@ucdavis.edu
Sarah Dohle, USDA, Sarah.dohle@usda.gov
Emmalea Ernest, Univ. Delaware, emmalea@udel.edu
Consuelo Estévez, UPR, consuelo.estevez@upr.edu
David Gang, WSU, gangd@wsu.edu
Donna Harris, Univ. Wyoming, donna.harris@uwyo.edu
Miranda Haus, MSU, hausmira@msu.edu
Jenna Hershberger, Clemson, jmhersh@clemson.edu
Valerio Hoyos-Villegas, McGill, Valerio.hoyos-villegas@mcgill.ca
Atiya Khan, Clemson, atiyak@clemson.edu
Phil Miklas, USDA-ARS, phil.miklas@gmail.com
Jim Myers, Oregon State, James.myers@oregonstate.edu
Travis Parker, UC Davis, trparker@ucdavis.edu
Tim Porch, USDA-ARS, timothy.porch@usda.gov
Morgan Stone, Clemson, Mstone9@clemson.edu
Carlos Urrea, UNL, currea2@unl.edu
Eric von Wettberg, UVM, Eric.Bishop_von_Wettberg@uvm.edu
Jason Wiesinger, USDA-ARS, jasonwiesinger@usda.gov
Jennifer Wilker, CIAT, j.wilker@cgiar.org
Evan Wright, MSU, wrigh294@msu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Juan Osorno called the meeting to order. A sign-in sheet was passed around and participants listed above were present for the meeting. Christine Diepenbrock was elected as secretary, Juan Osorno serves as Chair and Tim Porch as Vice-chair.

David Gang, the project administrator, described the purpose of Multi-State meetings and his role to facilitate reporting and renewal of the project. The goal of the project is to facilitate interactions among researchers at Agriculture Experiment Stations around the thematic topics described in the project. There are other diverse thematic areas as well in other Multi-State projects; e.g., community health. Building agricultural research infrastructure/enterprise across the nation; networking and building collaborations. The regional W4150 project is renewed every five years, and the project is up for renewal submission in 2024. The criteria for renewal include past, present and future impact. The renewal proposal will be due approximately this time next year (November, 2024). A suggested timeline would be to prepare an early draft version in February or March 2024 so that there is time for revisions.

Delaware was selected for the next W-4150 meeting to be hosted by Emmalea Ernst during the 2^nd or 3^rd week of August, 2024. This will be a good time to see lima beans in the field.

STATE REPORTS [In order of presentation]

WYOMING (Donna Harris, Jim Heitholt)

The semi-arid climate of Wyoming’s Bighorn Basin region produces high-yielding dry bean crops with excellent seed quality. Therefore, harvested seed is used not only for human consumption but also for seed production where it can then be sold and distributed to seed dealers. There are three objectives that have been identified in the region and beyond. First, irrigation is required to grow dry beans in this area, but to what extent can the irrigation amount be reduced and what dry bean varieties are best suited for deficit-irrigation management? During the past several years, we have generated novel dry bean progeny via conventional crossing and selection. These progeny have been tested under severe and modest deficit irrigation and two of our new experimental lines exhibited drought tolerance. Once these new lines are advanced to being a variety, growers could achieve more profit by obtaining traditional yield levels but with using less water. These findings are distributed through multiple avenues including University of Wyoming field days, Bean Commission meetings, and Crop Improvement sessions.

Secondly, farmers could benefit from high yielding, but shorter maturity cultivars that could be harvested in late August prior to the onset of a frost that could impact seed production. Single plant selections made in 2022 were grown out and evaluated for yield and maturity in 2023 and we typically retain the best 10%. Several lines in 2022 yielded as good or better than current varieties on the market in our area. Further yield trials of these lines were conducted across three Wyoming locations in 2023, and we are in the process of analyzing this data. Additionally, the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery was grown at Powell with 25+ entries being evaluated. One of our experimental lines yielded in the 91st percentile and another yielded in the 64th percentile. These results are used by our local seed companies as they make decisions on which varieties to distribute.

Lastly, for dry bean breeders, identifying high-throughput phenotyping methods that can be used to rapidly and accurately collect data for our traits of interest (e.g. yield), can make breeding programs more efficient. We have been testing the correlation between canopy temperature and yield in dry beans for the past several years. Prior to 2023, a hand-held device was used. In 2023, we engaged a drone to collect this data. Results from commercial cultivars grown in 2022 across two locations indicated that when mid-season canopy temperatures were lower, the yield was greater. The test was grown again in three locations across WY in 2023. If further testing continues to support this finding, the impact would be that breeders could use a drone to determine yield of their thousands of yield test plots quickly and efficiently without having to combine all of these plots. Selection via a drone could take place in the first one to two years of yield testing to weed out the lowest yielding lines before moving to more advanced yield testing where a combine would be used, saving the breeding program, time, money, and labor.

WASHINGTON (Phil Miklas, Girish Ganjyal)

USDA-ARS in Prosser, WA, has released five new dry bean cultivars in the past few years with USDA Basin pinto, USDA Cody pinto, and USDA Lava small red the most recent releases in the past year. USDA Rattler, released in 2021, was produced on 35,000 acres this year across Colorado, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wyoming. USDA Cody had the highest seed yield in the Colorado State Extension trial in Kirk, CO, this year. These cultivars possess multiple disease resistance and tolerance to drought and low soil fertility which increases the range of adaptation and suitability for low input production systems. These releases benefited from multi-environment trials (CDBN – cooperative dry bean nursery, and DBDN – dry bean drought nursery) supported by the W4150 regional project. In addition, researchers in MD and MI contributed to bean rust screening and canning quality tests for these materials, respectively. WA, ND, and OR researchers continue to collaborate on a QTL pipeline from discovery to utilization for breeding improved resistance to Sclerotinia white mold in common bean which receives funding from the National Sclerotinia Initiative. WA continued to supply seed of select bean cultivars to researchers in MI and NY for characterization of flour properties, flavonoid profiles, and iron bioavailability. In collaboration with ND, MD, and PR researchers, new SNP and InDel markers were developed for MAS of qualitative major genes for resistance to important bean diseases and other traits and published on the Bean Improvement Cooperative website. This comprehensive table of useful markers is being utilized by bean breeders across the U.S. and worldwide.

At Washington State U., the proximate composition, functional properties, and their impact on the popping efficiency of 20 popping bean samples from different lines, harvest seasons, and locations were evaluated. Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in physicochemical characteristics and functional properties among the samples, including differences in starch, protein, fiber, fat, moisture, and ash content. Water absorption index, water solubility index, and flour swelling power also significantly differed between samples. However, the study did find a correlation between pericarp color and popping percentage. Darker pericarp color is associated with greater popping efficiency. This may be due to the higher tannin content in darker pericarps, which can increase pericarp strength and promote the pressure resistance required for bean popping.

SOUTH CAROLINA (Jenna Hershberger, Sandra Branham)

Starting a new breeding program is a difficult process that involves a great deal of learning about both past and ongoing research efforts, gathering germplasm, and developing protocols. The connections formed through W-4150 have greatly benefitted Clemson’s new vegetable breeders, Drs. Sandra Branham and Jenna Hershberger, as they seek to initiate snap bean (Branham) and lima bean (Hershberger) breeding programs in South Carolina. In the past three years alone, involvement in W-4150 has led to the sharing of ideas, germplasm, and protocols and collaboration on several projects to further Phaseolus bean breeding efforts. Through W-4150 connections, Jenna Hershberger was invited to join the Outside Advisory Committee for the LIMA! USDA NIFA AFRI Specialty Crop Research Initiative project (2022-51181-38323) in late 2022. She has become more involved in the project over the past year and now collaborates with the LIMA! project team on many parts of the project, including leading phenotypic data management efforts such as ontology and database development to help lima bean breeding programs make selection decisions more efficiently. The Hershberger lab is starting a fresh market-focused lima bean breeding program focused on developing succulent beans with improved quality and heat tolerance for the Southeastern US. This summer, the team evaluated over 400 South Carolina heirloom and PI accessions of lima beans in a field trial in Florence, South Carolina. Evaluated traits include yield, disease symptoms and severity, flowering date, and plant architecture. Initial crosses are being made in the greenhouse and will be advanced and evaluated in the coming year. The Branham lab has evaluated 300 accessions from snap bean diversity panel (obtained from W-4150 collaborators) for production in SC in three different seasons and selected high-yielding lines to initiate the regional breeding program. Initial crosses will be made this year.

PUERTO RICO (Consuelo Estevez, Jim Beaver, Tim Porch)

A manuscript describing the release of black (PR1303-129) and small red bean (PR1743-44) germplasm lines that combine resistance to Mexican and common bean weevils and resistance to multiple viruses, including BCMV, BCMNV and BGYMV, has been accepted for publication in the J. of Plant Registrations. UNL-NE and ARS-PR are in the 5th cycle of shuttle breeding, now focused on introgression of drought tolerance into pinto and great northern germplasm, and pyramiding of disease resistance genes using KASP markers. The first tepary cultivar ‘USDA Fortuna’ was released by ARS-PR with drought and heat adaptation, tolerance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus, resistance to CBB and mod. resistance to powdery mildew, good cooking time and quality, in collaboration with UPR-PR, ARS-MI, ISU-IA, Honduras, Haiti, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic. The CBDN and DBDN trials were completed under drought and non-stress and data shared from the 2022-23 winter season in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. An online bean production manual for Puerto Rico, developed in collaboration with the UPR Agricultural Extension Service, has had > 1,000 downloads. A winter nursery was conducted by the University of Puerto Rico for project W-4150 bean research programs from Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota and the USDA-ARS. Outreach activities were conducted with growers, researchers and extension personnel to disseminate control measures and recommendations. Research conducted by UPR graduate student Yohari Torres González found white bean cultivars ‘Bella’ and ‘Beniquez’ resistant to Fusarium root rot in Puerto Rico. The Intertek KASP platform was used to identify white bean breeding lines that combine the Ur-5 and Ur-11 rust resistance genes and resistance to BCMV, BCMNV and BGYMV, while the platform was also used for marker assisted selection on over 5,000 breeding lines in collaboration with UPR-PR, UNL-NE, NDSU-ND, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador programs using leveraged USAID/USDA-PASA funding. The Asian bean flower thrip was found on beans in Puerto Rico. The Tepary Diversity Panel genetic structure and GWAS for disease and insect-related traits were published in the Plant Genome with ARS-PR, UPR-PR, UGA-GA and CSU-CO.

OREGON (Jim Myers)

Two processors remain in the Willamette Valley and are growing processing green bean now on about 9,000 acres. Much of the production of other vegetable crops has moved to the Columbian Basin in Oregon and Washington. Snap bean production would move to that region if heat tolerant cultivars could be developed. The primary research objective of the OSU snap bean breeding program has been to identify and introgress white mold resistance into elite cultivars. We completed GWAS and nested association mapping (NAM) studies in snap bean. The results have been published in one paper and a M.S. thesis. Germplasm lines from the NAM have been increased in 2023 for germplasm release. Using genomic prediction from the GWAS study, six snap bean cultivars were combined with two dry bean accessions to create an 8-way MAGIC population. The final 8-way cross was made in 2021 and the population was selfed to the F5 during the summer of 2023, resulting in 1,211 lines. These were classified into four general phenotypes: determinate snap, indeterminate snap, determinate dry and indeterminate dry. The majority have stringless pods, with varying levels of fiber and wall thickness. These will be screened in the greenhouse using the seedling straw test in 2024.

Two advanced bush blue lake green bean lines have been distributed for trial with five vegetable seed companies. These are OSU7318 which has high yields (significantly better than OSU5630, the predominant BBL cultivar grown in the Willamette Valley), excellent processing quality and field resistance (due to architectural avoidance) to white mold. The other is OSU7066, which has moderate levels of white mold resistance with good processing quality but yields that are about 90% of OSU5630. In mold-free environments, OSU 5630 will have higher yields, but where disease is present, OSU7066 would be expected to have superior yields.

We completed a characterization of the Snap Bean Association Panel (SnAP) for pod and leaf color and photosynthetic traits. This was followed by GWAS, which resulted in identifying many significant SNPs associated with various color parameters in leaves and pods. Many associations appear to be with known color genes such as B, j, y and pc, but others appear to be related genes affecting chlorophyll production. The GWA study was further extended to photosynthetic traits acquired using a Multispeq fluorometer utilizing the PhotosynQ platform. The major finding from this study is that the wax trait conditioned by y lacks chlorophyll in pods and photosystem I activity is absent, but photosystem II activity involving energy dissipation remains active.

We participated in the National Sclerotinia Initiative nurseries and screen lines submitted by private industry for this disease. The summer was hot and dry with significant precipitation beginning only in late September and while white mold was present, infection was light. With a trend towards hotter and drier summers, white mold seems to be becoming less of an issue for growers. On the other hand, higher temperatures are reducing yields and pod quality and needs to be a major objective of green bean breeding programs.

The OSU vegetable breeding program has four advanced Peruano dry bean lines nearing release]. These were developed from crosses of ‘Patron’ with ‘Higuera’ to develop Peruano types with BCMV and BCTV resistances combined with improved seed color. These will be ready for regional testing next year to identify the best line for release.

NEBRASKA (Carlos Urrea)

Two new varieties were released including great northern NE1-17-36 and slow darkening pinto NE4-17-10. Both lines have upright plant architecture, carry the Ur-3 and Ur-6 rust resistance genes and the I bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) resistance gene, show tolerance to common bacterial blight (CBB), and have high yield potential and large seed size. The 73rd Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) annual report was compiled and distributed in February 2023. The 2022 Dry Bean Variety Trial results were posted online (https://cropwatch.unl.edu/varietytest/othercrops) and published in extension and industry publications. The Nebraska Dry Bean Breeding Program participated in several regional and national nurseries during 2023: the CDBN, which evaluated 28 entries in trials in 6 locations in the U.S. and Canada; the Mid-west Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), which included 6 Nebraska lines; and the National Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN) which had 20 lines from MI, WA, NE, and PR that were evaluated in the same states/territories. Dr. Urrea also assembled and distributed seed for the DBDN.

About 1,200 dry bean producers in western Nebraska and eastern Colorado have access to dry bean varieties with multiple disease resistance and drought/heat tolerance, enabling them to reduce production costs and increase net income. Information was shared with the dry bean community through grower meetings on February 7 and field days on August 10, 2023. Two undergraduate students (UNL Agronomy Department and University of Concepcion, Chile) participated in the project, learning about all aspects of dry bean breeding.

The information described in a copper-alternative chemical publication in 2019 was the result of nine years of collaborative field research for the control of bacterial diseases. It was the first published work showing the efficacy of these products on dry beans. The products are now well-known and commonly used throughout bean producing states. We have expanded the scope of the concept to evaluate the efficacy of these and newly developed products for managing fungal diseases.

The bacterial wilt articles published in 2015 and 2020 highlighted the work of the plant pathology and dry bean breeding programs in Scottsbluff and the University of Nebraska, establishing its reputation as a world-wide authority on this disease. In recognition of its expertise, the plant pathology program was asked to participate in characterizing the isolates of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens that were captured from the stratosphere during 2021 and 2022. At least one of these bacterial strains has been identified as a new species of Curtobacterium (proposed to be called C. aetheraea). This finding could be very useful for breeders working to develop new cultivars with resistance to bacterial wilt. Additionally, the plant pathology project receives multiple requests for bacterial wilt isolates from investigators in both Europe and South America, as well as requests for graduate school training (4-5 per week).

NORTH DAKOTA (Juan M. Osorno, Phil McClean)

The 2023 growing season was very dry in the region, especially between July to September, significantly affecting seed yields. Two new cultivars were released in early 2023: ND Rodeo slow darkening pinto and ND Redbarn dark red kidney. Across North Dakota and Minnesota, ND Rodeo showed significantly higher seed yields compared to other slow darkening pintos commonly grown in the region, and comparable seed yields to regular darkening pintos. In addition, ND Rodeo offers larger seed size and upright plant architecture. Likewise, ND Redbarn showed significantly higher seed yield than other DRK cultivars commonly grown in the region, in addition to showing an improved kidney seed shape and tolerance to bacterial blights and white mold. Future releases may include a pink, a black, and a light red kidney. The Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) is coordinated by NDSU and it had 20 entries and was grown in MI, NE, and ND. New results using the WM-MAGIC population allowed the development and validation of new genomic prediction models. Even tough prediction accuracy is low, it allows to discard ~70% of the lines that are mostly susceptible, allowing for negative selection. New Andean breeding lines with resistance to bruchids have been developed using the AO-3A source. At least 2 of them are being considered for release. Additional work continues on disease resistance for CBB, BCMV, rust, root rots, and SCN. New markers associated with some important disease resistance genes have been developed. Finally, results from the work on understanding the genetics behind seed coat color genes have been published in 2 papers and a third one is currently under review.

MICHIGAN (Evan Wright, Karen Cichy)

In 2023, dry bean research was conducted by Michigan State University and the USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 24 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, National Drought, and the National Sclerotinia (White Mold) Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico. The nurseries were planted (June 6-14) and received an average of ~14.0” of rain (June - mid Sept). The season was characterized by abnormally dry planting conditions followed by abundant rainfall which significantly delayed maturity and harvest until early October. The MSU program evaluated ~1,800 early generation breeding lines as part of the W-4150 collaborative winter nursery. Other research by MSU looked at halo blight resistance in kidney beans, development of improved black beans possessing Co-5 for more durable anthracnose resistance, and the deployment of UAS phenotyping platforms to estimate maturity and plant height, as well as assessment of white mold disease severity via multispectral imaging.

USDA-ARS, East Lansing in collaboration with MSU made progress in the development of improved black bean germplasm with superior end use quality. Advanced breeding lines have been developed with excellent canning quality and canned bean color retention. Genomic prediction models have been developed for seed yield, canning quality, and color retention. Prediction accuracies were very high for color retention indicating that genomic selection has a good probability of success for this trait.

The MSU dry bean breeding program has released ‘AuSable’ as a midseason maturity navy with efficient dry down, resistance to race 73 of anthracnose, and good canning quality. ‘Black Pearl’ was released as a high yielding black bean with exceptional color retention after canning and resistance to anthracnose race 73.

DELAWARE (Emmalea Ernest)

One ninety-three baby lima inbreds from the University of Delaware lima breeding program were evaluated in yield trials. Heat tolerant breeding lines continue to have the most stable yield across multiple seasons. Twenty-seven large-seeded bush “Fordhook” type inbreds from the breeding program were also evaluated. Yields in the Fordhook trial were generally high. Several breeding lines matured earlier than the standard variety and have desirable green seed color. Root knot nematode (RKN) is a key pest of lima bean on the Delmarva Peninsula with few effective management options. In trials conducted in the past two years we have identified new sources of RKN resistance from a diversity panel and tested elite breeding lines from the UD breeding program for RKN resistance. In 2023, fifty of the baby lima breeding lines were tested for root-knot nematode resistance in an inoculated yield trial. Eleven experimental varieties with low nematode galling and reproduction were identified. One of the RKN resistant UD varieties was also tested with collaborators in Washington, California, Wisconsin and Virginia to evaluate potential for commercialization.

The UD lima breeding program is a part of the SCRI project titled “Development of Genomic Resources To Improve The Lima Bean Breeding For Consumer Quality And Agronomic Traits” which is led by W4150 collaborators at UC Davis. Activities that were a part of that project in 2023 included developing populations to study key traits of interest and testing advanced breeding material with small scale growers in the Mid-Atlantic region.

Heat-stress related yield and quality reduction is an annual problem for processing and fresh market snap bean growers on Delmarva. Two snap bean trials to evaluate heat tolerance were conducted in Delaware in 2023. Additional heat tolerant snap bean varieties were identified. Growers are currently using one heat tolerant variety identified in previous trials.

CALIFORNIA (Christine Diepenbrock)

In two projects, we are evaluating, dissecting the genetic and environmental basis of, and predicting productivity and nutritional quality in multiple Phaseolus species and diverse environment types (including contrasting temperature regimes); and we are leading a large nationwide lima collaboration funded by the USDA NIFA SCRI to improve lima bean for producers, processors, and consumers—both productivity and quality.

Two postdocs, two Ph.D. and two undergraduate students, and one Jr. Specialist being trained on Phaseolus beans. We presented in four field days: two in Davis (one with CA growers and processors, one with the USDA NIFA OREI Student Collaborative Organic Plant Breeding Education project), Kearney (where grain legumes were added to the alfalfa/forages field day), and Tulelake (on the Oregon border; co-located with Brigid Meints at Oregon State Univ.). We evaluated (in 2022 and 2023) a common bean/tepary bean interspecific population in Davis and Parlier, CA; the latter incurs high-temperature stress in the reproductive stage. This population was developed by Santos Barrera Lemus and previously tested by Santos, Carlos Urrea (NE), and team. Also included in these growouts were 12 tepary lines provided by Tim Porch (PR). Traits being scored include agronomics and nutritional quality, cooking time by Karen Cichy (MI) and team, and weekly sensing via drone and ground-based rover. Phil Miklas (WA) is also a partner. A small-plot research combine is incoming, which will increase throughput in our harvest and sample processing.

We evaluated the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, in which P. Miklas evaluated lodging and maturity while visiting Davis. We plan to send sensing and (if of interest) nutritional quality data to the breeders who contributed material.

For a USDA Pulse Crop Health Initiative project, we planted five trials: Davis (2022, 2023), San Gregorio (2022), Santa Cruz (2023), and Tulelake (2023). This project is evaluating nutritional quality of beans with contrasting seed coat patterns in dynamic gastrointestinal digestion models (which mimic the wave-like contractions of the stomach wall).

The UC Davis lima breeding program is developing large- and baby-seeded limas (bush and vine types) with a focus on yield, regional adaptation, and seed quality, with monitoring of lygus resistance. Advanced breeding lines and earlier-stage material are being evaluated annually (inc. Davis 2022 and 2023) in comparison with relevant checks.

Paul Gepts is leading a lima bean SCRI project which has just finished its first year. The three major bottlenecks being addressed are 1) consumer information, 2) pre-breeding, and 3) germplasm information/utilization. Partner institutions alongside UC Davis are Univ. Delaware, USDA NPGS, Iowa State Univ., UC Riverside, the National Center for Genome Resources, Clemson Univ., and Tennessee State Univ.

States not present, but reports submitted

ARIZONA (Judy Brown)

The focus of research is two-fold. The first objective is to characterize BCMV isolates infecting tepary bean Plant Introduction (PI) accessions in the Legume Germplasm Collection. From fourteen PI accessions and seven are Arizona land races, three were collected in El Salvador, and one each in Mexico, Nicaragua, and two from Puerto Rico. Presence of BCMV in lots of 4-6 leaf stage plants (4-13 plants per PI accession) was determined, initially based on serological detection (immunostrip, general potyvirus). To confirm BCMV infection, the potyvirus-positive plants were subjected to RT-PCR amplification using BCMV coat protein-specific primers designed in the Brown Lab, followed by cloning and confirmatory sequencing. Seed transmission ranged from 10-92%. The complete genome sequence was determined from BCMV-positive plants by Illumina RNAseq and de novo assembled (n=9). Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven tepary bean-associated BCMV isolates clustered as a monophyletic group (IIb), and their closest relatives were a monophyletic sister group of BCMV isolates previously characterized from common bean, potentially implicating vertical transmission through seed as the primary mode of transmission. Two tepary bean BCMV isolates (El Salvador, Mexico) clustered with another clade (IV) that contained BCMV isolates previously characterized from common bean or cowpea, potentially implicating aphid transmission from other legume hosts to tepary bean (horizontal transmission), followed by seed (vertical) transmission. Despite the overall high shared nucleotide identity among the tepary bean-BCMV and other BCMV isolates (90.2% - 99.9%), several interesting differences were identified at the protein motif and/or amino acid sequence (combined ORF similarity, 92-100%) levels.

The deliverable (impact) of the first objective is completion of aim 1, or selection of two unique co-evolved tepary bean-seedborne BCMV isolates to facilitate advancement of the second aim. The second aim involves BCMV inoculation of tepary bean accessions previously characterized with respect to genome/transcriptome, phylogenetic relationships, and thermal tolerance) (Moghaddam et al., 2021; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22858-x), also available in the USDA-ARS Phaseolus Germplasm Collection (National Plant Germplasm SystemGRIN-Global Website). For this objective, differential gene expression profiles associated with BCMV infection of tepary bean will be analyzed to characterize tepary bean plant host defense responses to BCMV infection, including evidence of gene silencing, based on small and large RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses.

Tepary bean is highly-tolerant to infection by most seedborne-BCMV isolates studied so far. The hypothesis is that because tepary bean tolerance to BCMV is the outcome of host-pathogen co-evolution over the long-term, resulting in infections that may or may not result in symptom development, and have only a minimal effect on plant growth, development, and yield. Potentially, vertical spread of BCMV through seed has reinforced the interactions and plants are vigorous and produce acceptable yields despite systemic infection. Consequently, identifying tepary bean gene/transcriptome responses to virus infection will lead to untapped genes and/or mechanisms of tolerance to abiotic-biotic resistance that can be transferred or replicated in common bean either through breeding and/or gene editing approaches. Cooperators and collaborators have contributed valuable conceptual knowledge to discussions leading to the development of this project are Dr. Juan Osorno, North Dakota State University, Dr. Tim Porch, USDA, ARS, Mayaguez, and Dr. Carlos Urrea, University of Nebraska. The genetic materials have been provided from the USDA-ARS Phaseolus Germplasm Collection, through Curator Ms. S. Dohle, USDA-ARS, Pullman Washington.

IOWA (Donna Winham)

Iowa State University (ISU) researchers in collaboration with Karen Cichy USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI examined the short-term effects of whole mayocoba yellow beans (genotype Y1702-22, Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pasta from their flour (90% bean, 9% cassava flour, 1% xanthan gum flour) as part of a meal on glycemic response in normoglycemic healthy young adults. In a 4x4 randomized crossover trial, meals were tested with and without alpha-galactosidase (AGS) enzyme (trade name Beano®). AGS degrades oligosaccharides in foods prior to their fermentation in the intestinal tract and can reduce flatulence and bloating. The study purpose was to determine if the form (whole vs. pasta/flour) glycemic response was different and whether AGS altered glycemic response and other biomarkers.

To address possible concerns with increased gas production after bean consumption, meals were matched for 50 grams of available carbohydrate. The mean age of the 17 participants was 24 years with 65% female, and mean BMI of 24.7. Net glucose change was evaluated via incremental area under the curve (iAUC) at time segments of 0-60 (p=.003) and 0-120 (p=.024), and 0-180 minutes (p=.058) (Figure 1). LSD post-hoc tests indicated significant differences between pasta with AGS for the 0-60 minute interval and all 3 of the other meals (pasta control (p=<.047), beans with control (p<.001), and beans with AGS (p=.004). Pasta with AGS elicited a higher glucose response than pasta control (p=<.050), beans with control (.005), and beans with AGS (p=.015) for the 0-120 interval. For 0-180 minutes, pasta with AGS was significantly higher than beans with control (p=.011), and beans with AGS (p=.036).

Whole boiled beans typically show a low postprandial glycemic response in persons with type 2 diabetes and normoglycemia. By degrading the complex carbohydrates, the AGS may inadvertently increase post-prandial glucose excursions. It is possible that adding AGS to counter flatulence and bloating, could pose issues for the many Americans with abnormal glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes. There is a paucity of published research on the potential for AGS to alter postprandial glycemic response, and on the glycemic response of bean pastas or pulse flours. Three MS students participated in data collection and analysis of the yellow bean AGS clinical study. Two undergraduates were trained in research methods as part of the clinical trial, and development of surveys on consumer behavior associated with pulses. ISU continues to collaborate on a lima bean SCRI project with Paul Gepts – UC Davis. Our research has documented the acceptability of yellow bean pastas with healthy consumers. These findings support the continued use of beans as flours and ingredients for the health and well-being of people.

NEW YORK (Phillip Griffiths)

In 2023, focus was placed on the development of dry beans with improved seed-coat color and cooking/canning (black beans) and advancement of alternate seed coat colors in the kidney bean category. This included the development of new black bean breeding lines with high seed-coat color retention after cooking/canning, from which line BB226 was increased for wider testing based on yield and canning quality in NYS. Based on increased consumer demand for more color and variability within products introgressions of novel colors have also been targeted. These include new black kidney and purple kidney lines. Based on initial canning studies the black kidney beans have had excellent color retention when compared to black bean controls, and good canning quality based on can-pour and splitting. The purple kidney bean cans to a similar color as a high quality dark red kidney bean but has a much richer colored brine making for a high-quality pour/product. A new mini-kidney bean (NYD4) has also been developed for new markets in the alternate packaged food space. Due to the small seed size of this line, and the upright architecture, it could lead to a variety where pod shattering is a lower concern enabling harvest using similar equipment for upright black beans. It also reduces seed production costs, and low split through canning, and have higher relative nutrition based of increased seedcoat surface area. This line has been set up in a cross block with parents with different seedcoat colors to develop a range of mini-kidney lines.

Breeding line trials were planted in Freeville NY in 2023 and harvested to determine yield, seed-weight and quality. Populations developed for these trials were all increased in greenhouses in Geneva, NY together with populations advancing the color retention into black bean and black kidney types.

Accomplishments

<ul> <li>USDA-ARS in Prosser, WA, has released USDA Basin pinto, USDA Cody pinto, and USDA Lava small red.</li> <li>USDA Rattler, released in 2021, was produced on 35,000 acres this year across Colorado, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wyoming.</li> <li>400 South Carolina heirloom and PI accessions of lima beans and 300 accessions of snap beans were evaluated for production in South Carolina by Clemson U.</li> <li>Black, PR1303-129, and small red, PR1743-44, germplasm lines that combine resistance to Mexican and common bean weevils and resistance to multiple viruses, including Bean common mosaic, Bean common mosaic necrosis and Bean golden yellow mosaic, were released by the U. of PR.</li> <li>The first tepary cultivar ‘USDA Fortuna’ was released by ARS-PR with tolerance to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus, resistance to common bacterial blight, and good cooking time and quality, in collaboration with UPR-PR, ARS-MI, ISU-IA.</li> <li>Two Oregon State advanced bush blue lake green bean lines have been distributed for trial with five vegetable seed companies, OSU7318 and OSU7066, with field resistance and moderate resistance, respectively, to the white mold disease.</li> <li>Two new varieties were released, including great northern NE1-17-36 and slow darkening pinto NE4-17-10, by the U. of Nebraska.</li> <li>Two new cultivars were released in early 2023 by North Dakota State U., ND Rodeo a slow darkening pinto, and ND Redbarn, a dark red kidney.</li> <li>Based on the 2022 annual dry bean grower’s survey in the Northarvest region (ND+MN), NDSU dry bean varieties represented ~60%, ~40%, and ~15% of the area grown with black, great northern, and pinto beans, respectively.</li> <li>Michigan State U. released ‘AuSable’ as a midseason maturity navy with efficient dry down, resistance to race 73 of anthracnose, and good canning quality.</li> <li>Michigan State U. released ‘Black Pearl’ as a high yielding black bean with exceptional color retention after canning and resistance to anthracnose race 73.</li> <li>University of Arizona cloned, sequenced, and characterized full-length BCMV genomes from infected-tepary bean accessions (seed-born isolates) and determined phylogenetic relationships with BCMV isolates from other legumes and crop species.</li> </ul>

Publications

Refereed-Publications Amongi, W., Nkalubo, S., Ochwo-Ssemakula, M., Arfang, B., Dramadri Onziga, I., Odongo Lapaka, T., Nuwamanya, E., Tukamuhabwe, P., Izquierdo, P., Cichy, K., Kelly, J., Mukankusi, C. (2023) Phenotype based clustering, and diversity of common bean genotypes in seed iron concentration and cooking time. (Submitted to PLOS ONE) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284976 Arkwazee HA, Wallace LT, Hart JP, Griffiths PD, Myers JR. (2022) Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of White Mold Resistance in Snap Bean. Genes. 13(12):2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13122297 Awale, A.E., Wiersma, A.T., Wright, E.M., Buell, C.R., Kelly, J.D., Cichy, K.A., Haus, M.J. (2023) Anthracnose and bean common mosaic necrosis virus resistance in wild and landrace Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) genetic stocks. Crop Science (submitted). Bornowski, N., Hart, J.P., Vargas Palacios, A., Ogg, B., Brick, M.A., Hamilton, J.P., Beaver, J.S., Buell, C.R. and Porch, T.G. (2023) Genetic variation in a tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) diversity panel reveals loci associated with biotic stress resistance. The Plant Genome, e20363. https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20363. Cabrera-Asencio, I. and Consuelo Estevez de Jensen, C. (2023) First Report of the exotic species Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera; Tripidae) pest of Fabaceae in Puerto Rico. Florida Entomologist, Accepted. Celebioglu, B., J.P. Hart, T. Porch P. Griffiths and J.R. Myers (2023) Phenotypic Variability for Leaf and Pod Color within the Snap Bean Association Panel. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. (in press). Didinger, C., Cichy, K., Urrea, C. A., Scanlan, M., & Thompson, H. (2023) The effects of elevation and soaking conditions on dry bean cooking time. Legume Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.207 Fu, M., Z. Qu, N. Pierre-Pierre, D. Jiang, F. L. Souza, P. N. Miklas, L. D. Porter, G. J. Vandemark, and W. Chen (2023) Exploring the mycovirus SsHADV-1 as a biocontrol agent of Sclerotinia white mold. Plant Disease <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-23-1458-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-23-1458-RE</a> Gomez, F.E., Kelly, J.D., Wright, E.M., Awale, H.E., Bales, S (2023) Registration of ‘Denali’ kidney bean. JPR (submitted). Gomez, F.E., Kelly, J.D., Wright, E.M., Awale, H.E., Bales, S. (2023) Registration of ‘Coral’ pink bean. JPR (submitted). Hooper, S.D., Bassett, A., Wiesinger, J.A., Glahn, R.P. and Cichy, K.A. (2023) Extrusion and drying temperatures enhance sensory profile and iron bioavailability of dry bean pasta. Food Chemistry Advances, p.100422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100422 Izquierdo, P., Kelly, J.D., Beebe, S.E., Cichy, K. (2023) Combination of meta-analysis of QTL and GWAS to uncover the genetic architecture of seed yield and seed yield components in common bean. The Plant Genome https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20328 Jeffery, H.R., Mudukuti, N., Buell, C.R., Childs, K.L. and Cichy, K. (2023) Gene expression profiling of soaked dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) reveals cell wall modification plays a role in cooking time. The Plant Genome, p.e20364. https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20364 Kamfwa, K., N. Otiento, A. Soler-Garzón, P. N. Miklas, T. Parker, A. Chattopadhyay, P. Cheelo, K. Kuwabo, and S. M. Hamabwe. 2023. Identification of quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance in Bukoba/ Kijivu Andean mapping population of common bean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 136:222. doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04463-2 Kapayou, D.G., Herrighty, E.M., Hill, C.G. et al. Reuniting the Three Sisters: collaborative science with Native growers to improve soil and community health. Agric Hum Values 40, 65–82 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-022-10336-z Kuwabo, K., Hamabwe, S. M., Kachapulula, P., Cichy, K., Parker, T., Mukuma, C., & Kamfwa, K. (2023) Genome-wide association analysis of anthracnose resistance in the Yellow Bean Collection of Common Bean. PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0293291. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293291 Lin, J., Arief, V., Jahufer, Z., Osorno, J., McClean, P., Jarquin, D., & Hoyos-Villegas, V. (2023) Simulations of rate of genetic gain in dry bean breeding programs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 136(1), 14. McClean, P. E., Roy, J., Colbert, C. M., Osborne, C. O., Lee, R., Miklas, P., & Osorno, J. (2023). T and Z, Partial Seed Coat Patterning Genes in Common Bean, Provide Insight into the Structure and Protein Interactions of a Plant MBW Complex. bioRxiv, 2023-09. Myers, J. and A. Agir. 2022. Bean-Garden. In: Mou, B. (ed.) Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America List 28. HortScience 57:958-964. (https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.57.8.949) Oladzad, A., J. Roy, S. Mamidi, P. N. Miklas, R. Lee, J. Clevenger, Z. Myers, and P. McClean. 2023. Linked candidate genes of different functions for white mold resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) are identified by multiple QTL mapping approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1233285. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233285 Ortiz V., Chang H-X., Sang H., Jacobs J., Malvick D.K., Baird R., Mathew F.M., Estévez de Jensen C., Wise K.A., Mosquera G.M. and Chilvers M.I. 2023. Population genomic analysis reveals geographic structure and climatic diversification for Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from soybean and dry bean across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Colombia. Front. Genet. 14:1103969. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1103969. Osorno, J. M., Simons, K. J., Erfatpour, M., Vander Wal, A. J., Posch, J., & Grafton, K. F. (2023). Seed yield improvement in navy bean: Registration of ‘ND Polar’. Journal of Plant Registrations. Park, H.E., L. Nebert, R. King, P. Busby and J. Myers. 2023. Influence of organic plant breeding on the rhizosphere microbiome of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1251919. (in press). Parker, T.A. Parker, J.A. Gallegos, J. Beaver, M. Brick, J.K. Brown, K. Cichy, D.G. Debouck, A. Delgado-Salinas, S. Dohle, E. Ernest, C. Estevez de Jensen, F. Gomez, B. Hellier, A.V. Karasev, J.D. Kelly, P. McClean, P. Miklas, J.R. Myers, J.M. Osorno, J.S. Pasche, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, T. Porch, J.R. Steadman, C. Urrea, L. Wallace, C.H. Diepenbrock, and P. Gepts. 2023. Genetic resources and breeding priorities in Phaseolus beans: vulnerability, resilience, and future challenges. Plant Breeding Reviews. Vol 6: 289-420. I. Goldman (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org:10.1002/9781119874157 Porch, T. G., Rosas, J. C., Cichy, K., Lutz, G. G., Rodriguez, I., Colbert, R. W., Demosthene, G., Hernández, J. C., Winham, D. M., & Beaver, J. S. (2023). Release of tepary bean cultivar ‘USDA Fortuna’ with improved disease and insect resistance, seed size, and culinary quality. Journal of Plant Registrations, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20322. Reyero-Saavedra, R., Fuentes, S.I., Leija, A., Jiménez-Nopala, G., Peláez, P., Ramírez, M., Girard, L., Porch, T.G., and Hernández, G. (2023) Identification and characterization of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) non-nodulating mutants altered in Rhizobial infection. Plants 12(6):1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061310. Rezaey M, Heitholt J, Miles C, and Ganjyal GM. 2023. Physicochemical Characteristics and Popping Efficiencies of Nuña Beans from Different Breeding Lines. Cereal Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10733. Rosas, J.C., Rodriguez, I.Y., Beaver, J.S., and Porch, T.G. (2023) Comportamiento agronómico de germoplasma de frijol común en condiciones de altas temperaturas en el Sur de Honduras. Ceiba 56(1):31-49. Roy, J., A. Soler-Garzón, P. N. Miklas, J. Clevenger, R. Lee, and P. E. McClean. (2023) Integrating de novo QTL-seq and linkage mapping to identify quantitative trait loci conditioning physiological resistance and avoidance to white mold disease in dry bean. The Plant Genome, e20380. doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20380                                           Soler-Garzón, A., A. Thornton, J. Hart, K. D. Swisher-Grimm, Q. Song, C. A. Strausbaugh, and P. N. Miklas (2023) A robust SNP-haplotype assay for Bct gene region conferring resistance to beet curly top virus in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Front. Plant Sci. 14:1215950. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215950 Subramani, M., C.A. Urrea, R. Habib, K. Bhide, J. Thimmapuram, and V. Kalavacharla (2023) Comparative transcriptome analysis of tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in response to terminal drought stress. Plants 2023, 12(1), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010210 Uebersax, M. A., Cichy, K. A., Gomez, F. E., Porch, T. G., Heitholt, J., Osorno, J. M., ... & Bales, S. (2023) Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a vital component of sustainable agriculture and food security—A review. Legume Science, 5(1), e155. Volpato, L., Gomez, F.E., Wright, E.M., Bales, S (2023) A retrospective analysis of historical data of multi-environment trials for dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Michigan. Crop Science (accepted). Wang, W., & Cichy, K. A. (2023) Genetic variability for susceptibility to seed coat mechanical damage and relationship to end‐use quality in kidney beans. Crop Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21122 Winham, D., Doina, A., & Glick, A. (2023) Anti-Flatulence Supplements Raise Blood Glucose After Bean-Based Meals. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 123(10), A29. Witt, T.W., B.K. Northup, T.G. Porch, S. Barrera, and C.A. Urrea (2023) Effect of cutting management on the forage production and quality of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray). Sci Rep 13, 12875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39550-3 Zaleski-Cox, M., P. N. Miklas, A. Soler-Garzón, and V. Hoyos-Villegas (2023) Automating high-throughput screening for anthracnose resistance in common bean using allele specific PCR. BMC Plant Methods 19:102. doi:10.1186/s13007-023-01071-5 Non-Refereed Publications Arkwazee, H.A., T.A. Parker, P. Gepts, and J.R. Myers (2022) Pod strings map to region flanking pvind on Pv02 in common bean. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 65:91-92. Cabrera-Asencio, I. and Consuelo Estevez de Jensen, C. (2023) Asian bean thrips of Fabaceae in Isabela, Puerto Rico. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 66:43. Guzman, C. (2023) UNL and USDA collaborators breeding a climate-smart bean. The Bean Bag 41(4): 12-13. Guzman, C. (2023) Bean breeders scout fields for desirable bean traits. The Bean Bag 41(4): 16-17. Harveson, R.M., and C. Urrea (2023) Fuscous blight, a new bacterial disease in dry beans in Nebraska. The Bean Bag 41(1): 20-21. Harveson, R.M., and C. Urrea (2023) The astonishing story of Selection #27. The Bean Bag 41(2): 19-20. Higgins, R., E. Wright, H. Awale, V. Hoyos-Villegas, P. Miklas, J. Myers, J. Osorno, C. Urrea, M. Wunsch, S. Everhart, and F.E. Gomez (2022) New sources of white mold resistance derived from wide crosses in common bean and evaluated in the greenhouse and field using multi-site screening nurseries. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 65:77-78. Mazala, M., McClean, P., Lee, R., Erfatpour, M., Kamfwa, K., Chinji, M., Hamabwe, S., Kuwabo, K., Urrea, C.A. Beaver, J.S. and J.M. Osorno (2023) Agronomic and cooking characteristics of common bean genotypes with bruchid resistance and molecular marker validation. Ann. Rep. of the Bean Improv. Coop. 66:44-46. Park, H.E., R.M. King, and J.R. Myers (2022) A case for breeding organic snap beans in an organic selection environment. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 65:31-32. Sadohara, R., Cichy, K., Fourie, D., Nchimbi Msolla, S., Song, Q.,  Miklas, P. and Porch, T. (2023) Phaseolus improvement cooperative (PIC) populations developed via intercrossing of stress-tolerant germplasm and their performance under drought conditions. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 66:33-34. Urrea, C.A. (2023) UNL dry bean varieties. The Bean Bag 41(1): 7. Urrea, C.A., and C. Kaarstad (2023) 2022 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. Nebraska Extension EC3064. 11 p. Urrea, C.A., and C. Kaarstad (2023) 2022 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. The Bean Bag 41(1): 11-19. Urrea, C.A. (2023) Zambia visit. The Bean Bag 41(1): 22-23. Urrea, C.A. (2023) Release of the slow-darkening pinto line NE4-17-10. The Bean Bag 41(3): 14-15. Urrea, C.A. (2023) Contest to name the new bean releases. The Bean Bag 41(4): 5. Volpato, L., Wright, E.M., Gomez, F.E. (2023) Digital phenotyping in plant breeding: Evaluation relative maturity, stand count, and plant height in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) via RGB drone-based imagery and deep learning approaches. Research Square (pre-print). <a href="https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3160633/v1">https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3160633/v1</a> Theses Çelebioğlu, Burcu (2023) Color and Photosynthetic Variability of Leaves and Pods, and Genome Wide Association Studies Using the Snap Bean Association Panel (SnAP). Ph.D., Oregon State University. Ağır, Ahmet (2023) Development of a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population and analysis of a nested association mapping (NAM) population for improvement of genetic resistance to white mold in snap bean. M.S. Oregon State University. Park, Hayley (2023) Breeding Snap Beans for organic agriculture: Quantification and application of key traits. M.S. Oregon State University. Torres González, Y.E. (2023) Análisis fenotípico y genético de la resistencia a la pudrición de raíz en el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) causada por Fusarium solani. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Puerto Rico. 112 p. Abstracts and Presentations Branham SE. (2023) Genomics-assisted vegetable breeding to develop new varieties for South Carolina. Clemson University, AGSC 4100/6100 Newman Seminar and Lecture Series. Branham SE. (2023) Marker-assisted vegetable breeding for production in the Southeastern US. Guest lecture, Clemson University, PES 6050 Plant Breeding. Branham SE, Ganaparthi V, Kaur K, Stone M, Ward B, Levi A, Robinson S, Wechter WP. (2023) Genomics-enabled vegetable breeding for production in the Southeastern US. National Association of Plant Breeders Annual Meeting. Branham SE. (2023) Snapbean quality trials. Coastal Research and Education Center Field Day. Branham SE. (2023) Snapbean quality trials. Vegetable Research Advisory Council Meeting. Branham SE. (2023) Breeding snapbeans for production in the Southeastern US. Pea and Bean Growers meeting. Branham SE. (2023) Vegetable breeding program overview. Vegetable Research Advisory Council Meeting. Celebioglu, B., J.P. Hart, P. Griffiths, T. Porch and J.R. Myers. (2023) Genome-wide association studies of vegetative color and photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant & Animal Genome Conference 13-18 Jan. 2022, San Diego, CA. (poster) Hershberger JM. (2023) Sowing seeds for a quality-focused vegetable breeding and genetics program. Annual James Brewbaker Lecture in Plant Genetics. 2023 February 17; University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Hershberger JM. (2022) Envisioning a quality-focused vegetable breeding program for South Carolina. Lecture given in Clemson University course AGSC 6100. 2022 November 11; Virtual Hershberger JM. (2023) Butter bean breeding at the PDREC, Oral presentation at the Clemson Extension Butter bean and Pea Production Meeting. Hershberger JM. (2023) Butter bean breeding at the PDREC, Oral presentation at the Clemson Extension Pee Dee Vegetable Production Meeting.

Impact Statements

UC Davis is leading a lima bean SCRI project which is leveraging broad collaborations across the US lima bean research community.

Date of Annual Report: 10/17/2024

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/20/2024 - 08/21/2024
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2023 - 09/30/2024

Participants

Beaver, James (james.beaver@upr.edu) - Univ. Puerto Rico;
Branham, Sandra (sebranh@clemson.edu) - Clemson Univ.;
Brown, Judith (jbrown@ag.arizona.edu) - Univ. Arizona;
Diepenbrock, Christine (chdiepenbrock@ucdavis.edu) - UC Davis;
Ernest, Emmalea (emmalea@udel.edu) - Univ. Delaware;
Estévez de Jensen, Consuelo (consuelo.estevez@upr.edu) - Univ. Puerto Rico;
Gang, David (gangd@wsu.edu) - Washington State Univ.
Glahn, Ray (raymond.glahn@usda.gov) - USDA-ARS;
Harris, Donna (donna.harris@uwyo.edu) - Univ. Wyoming;
He, Ruifeng (ruifeng.he@usda.gov) - USDA-ARS;
Hershberger, Jenna (jmhersh@clemson.edu) - Clemson Univ.;
Kee, Ed (emeritus) - Univ. Delaware;
McClean, Phillip (phillip.mcclean@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State Univ.;
Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@usda.gov) - USDA-ARS;
Osorno, Juan (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State Univ.;
Parker, Travis (trparker@ucdavis.edu) - UC Davis
Porch, Timothy (timothy.porch@usda.gov) - USDA-ARS;
Urrea, Carlos (currea2@unl.edu) - Univ. Nebraska;
Wiesinger, Jason (jason.wiesinger@usda.gov) - USDA-ARS;

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting minutes from last year were approved (unanimous).

A new secretary was elected: Sandra Branham

Members introduced themselves

David Gang reviewed the following topics:

-Purpose of multistate projects

-Goal is collaborative projects

-Need to convince federal $ are benefitting the nation-breeding is long term effort and needs long term funding support = Hatch annual report

-The report should be short (don’t use the whole 8,000 characters!), easy to read, high impact, include #s if you can

-Write your report according to the impact story document that David Gang sent out, answer the questions on the second page and that is it!

-Should write an overall impact statement for W4150 and put in Nimss database (can also submit one for your state). These are shown to Congress. Rolling submissions.

-Individual state reports are due to Christine Diepenbrock within 30 days. She must turn it in to David Gang within 60 days.

-Draft of renewal document (W5150) is due January 15, 2025.

-For the renewal we cannot submit the same document but it also doesn’t need to be developed from scratch. We can use the old one as a template and update it. How should we adjust the objectives? We cannot use the same objectives. The objectives should evolve over time. Must make progress and not stagnate! Must focus on the multistate aspect. Cannot be each person’s individual goals. Highlight our current collaborative projects and future ones. What publications have been generated in the past? Are multiple PIs included as co-authors on these publications? Have proposals been developed as a collaborative group?

State reports (reverse order)

Wyoming, James Heitholt and Donna Harris: Breeding for drought tolerance, upright stature. Multiple single-plant selections have been made. Grow out of the Durango Diversity Panel. Three levels of irrigation using center pivot (100%, 80%, 60%). Results: furrow irrigations yielded higher than the center pivot. Later maturity lines lower yielding under center pivot but higher yielding under furrow irrigation. Direct harvest yield recovery higher with more upright stature. Conclusion: for growers to move to direct harvest, will need pods above 10 cm with upright stature. Also, evaluated seed protein concentrations in 26 genotypes and stomatal density’s relationship to drought tolerance. Donna Harris in Sheridan WY: Selections out of crosses that Jim made, multilocation trials in Powell and Sheridan. ‘Monterrey’ had significantly higher yields than the checks. If their selection contintues to perform well in trials, they will enter it into cooperative dry bean nursery next year. Examining canopy temperature with UAV imagery and looking at relationship with yield.

Washington, Phil Miklas: G by E for iron bioavailability, phytate, etc. Might need to follow up with farming practices to see what effect growers are having on these traits. Is there a more effective way to grow them to increase iron and bioavailability – maybe for the W5150. Red bean ‘SR2011’ scored the best under drought in Puerto Rico. US-RM20 was released in Nicaragua with resistance to BGYMV from one of the parents. Published a paper characterizing halo blight and bacterial brown spot resistance in the Andean diversity panel from trials in South Africa, and with CBB trials conducted in South Africa, Zambia, and Puerto Rico. Used 300k SNPs from Phil McClean. GWAS found some novel QTL and previously identified QTL. There were few regions for resistance to multiple pathogens. Some important genotypes included South African sugar beans with halo blight resistance and some genotypes with resistance to CBB from Jim Beaver’s program.

South Carolina, Sandra Branham and Jenna Hershberger: The highest producing SnAP diversity panel lines were evaluated in spring, summer and fall trials. Pods were harvested, graded, and sized. Drastically lower yields in the summer of 2024 as they were planted a week later and experienced higher temperatures. Will perform phenotypic and genomic selections from crosses of ‘Caprice’ and heat tolerant accessions.

Evaluating lima bean accessions (~400). High disease pressure, especially anthracnose. Collaboration with Phaseolus curator Sarah Dohle who made F2 populations for Jenna to evaluate in South Carolina. Will run PACE markers for PHYA and TFL1y that were developed at UC Davis. Struggled to get clean seed that was protected from pollinators. Christine recommends removing organza bags after flower development.

Puerto Rico, Jim Beaver, Consuelo Estevez de Jensen and Tim Porch: (UPR) Breeding for resistance to root rot caused by Fusarium solani and Asian bean flower thrip. Identified lines with multiple virus resistance, will be screened by new W4140 member in Beltsville Maryland. Multiple improved germplasm releases. (ARS) Tepary and common bean – collaborating with Robin Buell at UGA on moving resistances between tepary to common bean (powdery mildew). Dry bean drought nursery conducted and geometric means presented. Andean dry bean panel evaluated in multiple countries (BLUPs presented). Pollen traits evaluated on the GEMINI project interspecifics from CIAT. New KASP markers developed from SNPs associated with important traits identified by the bean community with Intertek in Sweden. The KASP can be used by anyone and are posted on the BIC website.

Oregon, Jim Myers: Snap bean breeding for processing industry in Willamette Valley (~8,500 acres of BBL green beans). Jim will retire in July 2025, but the position should be refilled, however, it may not include beans. Breeding white mold resistance with Phil Miklas, Phil McClean and others and generating an 8-way MAGIC (F5 RILs) snap/dry bean population. Breeding for heat tolerance in snap beans but different than SC as they only have high daytime temperatures resulting in split sets which makes harvest difficult. Evaluated the SnAP diversity panel for photosynthetic characteristics. Will release 1 or 2 snap bean advanced lines that have high yields and field resistance to white mold. Typically there is an inverse relationship with resistance and yield. Hypothesis: you select for more flowers, which drop in the canopy and then create entry point/growth substrate for disease. For Peruano bean breeding, we have introgressed the I gene, as well as curly top and BCMV resistance into breeding lines with improved yellow color. These can be used for dry farming with no supplemental irrigation. Trialing some of Karen Cichy’s breeding lines as well. Nuña beans (POPBEANS SREP) SCRI project on popping beans was funded. Two OSU cultivars with high popping percentage and mid seed weight are being released.

New York, Ray Glahn and Jason Weisinger: Focus on nutritional quality of iron, controlled by the flavonoid profile. Major achievement -quantification and identification of those compounds in seed coats. Developed bioassay for iron bioavailability. Slow darkening can increase the bioavailability in multiple market classes. Manteca and Mayocoba have the most promise for high iron bioavailability. Have received samples from many W4150 members and introduce the non-darkening gene to increase the iron bioavailability in multiple market classes. Very significant nutritional achievement. Found three QTL in the yellow bean panel with GWAS. Conducted the multistate great northern field trials and measured the iron bioavailability (wide range). Found five high bioavailability Great northern lines. Beans grown in Washington had higher iron (30-40 ppm higher than any other state) in 2023 but lower bioavailability. Highest bioavailability in beans were those grown in North Dakota. Phytate may be more important in white beans (measured with the Megazyme kit). Summary: good potential nutritional impact by deploying non/slow-darkening trait into multiple market classes to alleviate iron deficiency.

Nebraska, Carlos Urrea: Coordinator of collaborative trialing nurseries - CDBN, DBDN, MRPN. Conducting shuttle breeding with Tim Porch, in Puerto Rico and Nebraska, for heat and drought and multiple disease resistance. Multiple releases including pintos and great Northerns. ‘Kikatiti’ was released in Tanzania and was a pinto selection from the Durango Diversity Panel. It has excellent size and yield.

North Dakota, Juan Osorno and Phil McClean: (Juan) Releasing at least one variety per year. Releasing a pink bean variety ‘Rosalind’ with 15% higher yields than the trial average, while plant height allows for direct harvest, and it has intermediate CBB resistance. W4150 collaborative activities include PR winter nurseries, MRPN and CDBN, multilocation variety trials, reciprocal visits, slow darkening and iron traits. Northarvest bean grower magazine published an article on the importance of the Puerto Rico winter nurseries to the bean breading networks: the importance of the W4150 was emphasized. Recently released varieties from ND performing well in the multistate trials as compared to the average across varieties. ‘Redbarn’ is dark red kidney variety with a nice kidney shape. (Phil) WGS reference and draft genome development efforts. Disease resistance, rust and white mold QTL were identified. Trying to capture all diversity across common bean. Developed eight reference genomes for each of the different races, using PacBio, and full-length cDNAs to capture alternative splicing. Middle American and Andean genomes are structurally different. Andean is shorter in almost all cases (25Mb shorter than Middle American). Draft genome development, scaffolds not chromosome scale. Disease differentials are being sequenced using 10X technology. PacBio denovo assemblies are being conducted on a diverse collection of 130 genotypes: wilds, landraces, NDSU cultivars and breeding lines, important disease resistance genotypes. Developing graph genome – a single representation of all the variants (SNPs, SNVs, retroelements). Designing a new 4k chip ($12 per sample) using the Thermo fisher National genomics lab in Atlanta. Designed for variability in Juan’s breeding program.

Michigan, Karen Cichy and Vallerio Hoyos-Villegas: plant breeding for quality to increase demand and consumption of beans. Studying genetic diversity for bean protein content. Identification of flavor components of bean flours. Developing bean dehulling methods. Genetic diversity for bean milling quality. Lipid oxidation related to flour flavor. Pinto bean use as flour (with Phil McClean) with many W4150 coauthors. Conclusion is that higher bean protein content translates into better pasta quality (firmer). Gluten-free pasta! In the process of releasing two new varieties that are fast-cooking, high yielding yellow bean and another for use as a flour. New funding includes a POPBEANS SREP for Nuna beans-popping, and a NIFA-OREI end use quality traits grant for black and pinto beans involving on-farm organic trials. W4150 members can send varieties for testing as part of this project, especially white mold resistant lines. A multistate project is underway with 5 states involving Great northern beans for flour milling, nutritional analysis, etc. The highest protein content is in white kidney controls. There is high variability for protein concentration across sites which is not desirable because a stable product is needed for the market. Black beans lower iron bioavailability. Valerio Hoyos-Villegas is the new bean breeder at MSU.

Iowa, Donna Winham: Working on nutritional value of common bean for human health. Nutrient rich food consumer survey. Pulse consumer survey – attitudes on cooking. Conducting a survey on pulses as a vegetable. How can we utilize that knowledge to increase consumption of pulses. Available to consult on survey design (for humans)-expert on permits/requirements/etc.

Delaware, Emmalea Earnest: Two companies are supplying seed for growers in Delaware. One backed out and now there is one supplier of baby limas for all of the US and Canada. A different company, Pureline, is working with Emmalea and producing seed in Colorado. RIL populations developed through lima SCRI project have been evaluated. Completed three snap bean trials to identify available heat tolerant lines for fresh and processing markets. The processing standard is PV857. Pureline 0008 is being tested. Greenback for limas is the standard for heat tolerance. Goal of the breeding program is to get earlier maturing varieties of limas.

California, Christine Diepenbrock and Travis Parker: (Christine) Nutritional quality and abiotic stress tolerance. Lima bean breeding program (inherited from Paul Gepts). The focus is on lygus tolerance, seed size and quality. Regional trials will start next year. Recurrent selection is being employed with a mix of commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines. Paul Gepts (emeritus at UC Davis) is leading a lima bean SCRI with many W4150 members. Testing RIL populations developed by Emmalea. Bottleneck is photoperiod sensitivity. Conducting culinary sensory work in lima with Row 7 in NY. Acquiring improved planting and harvesting machinery. Common bean/tepary bean GEMINI project underway. Collaborating with Karen on cooking time in these populations. Tepary bean is showing higher yield in general in the heat stress locations, some useful variation in the interspecific population. There is a starch content and yield correlation. Examining grain compositional traits. Testing a robot for stomach-dynamic simulated digestion. (Travis) Evaluating snap bean pod quality traits, repeated evolution, environmental stability, heritable reversions for string and wall fiber. The biggest issue is temperature sensitive partial string.

Arizona, Judy Brown: Studies on seed-transmitted bean common mosaic virus. BCMV seed transmission occurs 60-90%. Some genotypes are highly tolerant but may be isolate specific through co-evolution. Tepary bean can provide resistance that can be introgressed into common bean. Evaluating tepary bean accessions for BCMV virus load by RT PCR. Sequenced the genome of 10 isolates from seed-borne infections. Developed three sets of primers to detect virus in the tepary bean and optimized the assay. Droplet digital PCR has been more challenging -can get absolute quantification. Is virus load correlated to gene expression post-inoculation and to symptoms? Can we detect BCMV in asymptomatic samples. Can we accurately estimate the number of genome copies? Looked at seed borne incidence in different tepary bean cultivars which ranged from 26 to 35% in terms of seed transmission. High rate of seed transmission in some of the accessions and this varies by seed color. Tepary bean BCMV isolates cluster together when compared to global BCMV isolates.

Maryland, Ray He: New to the group. Will focus on rust, anthracnose and angular leaf spot in common bean. Mapping different resistance genes. Would like to work with the group on these diseases. Working with Tim Porch and Jim Beaver on screening lines for rust resistance.

Planning the W-5150 renewal. Adding new objectives on: (1) product development and (2) develop databases and -omics tools. Added topics to each objective and assigned writing leads.

CDBN: -Carlos Urrea would like another PI to take over coordination of the CDBN. Revisit checks for nurseries.

Accomplishments

Overall summary: the varieties released by members of this project and new sources of useful traits that they identify (e.g., disease resistance, slow seed coat darkening) will directly benefit growers and consumers of Phaseolus beans and support food, nutritional, and farm economic security. The members of this project are also regularly disseminating their findings in public-facing venues and among the research community, which is highly collaborative. The Bean Improvement Cooperative biennial meeting (last held in Nov. 2023 in Greenville, SC) and annual reports (volume 67 published in May 2024) continue to be an important venue for information exchange, scientific and organizational discussions, poster presentations (e.g., by graduate students and postdoctoral researchers), and further forging of new and continued collaborations. Listed in reverse alphabetical order by state, in approximate order of presentation at the annual meeting: Wyoming (Donna Harris and Jim Heitholt) In 2023, one WY pinto line topped the yield trial test at both locations, Sheridan and Powell. This line also topped the yield trial in 2022. If results from our 2024 yield trials are similar, this line will be entered into the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery in 2025. In 2023, we used a DJI thermal drone to collect canopy temperature data on a trial of commercial checks with the purpose of determining whether canopy temperature can be used as a fast and reliable method for estimating yield of varieties prior to harvest (cooler canopies are consistently associated with greater yield). At Sheridan, the canopy temperature data were collected across four dates ranging from August 11th to September 2nd. The total R2 value when averaged across all dates was 92%. The dates with the highest R2 values were August 11th and August 24th, with values of 94% and 95% respectively. The highest correlations between canopy temperature and yield were recorded in August. These 2023 results supported our findings in 2022. Also in 2023 at Powell, we screened 200 unique dry bean lines (mostly Durango Diversity Panel entries) for tolerance to drought in the field by using deficit irrigation applied by sprinkler (treatments included severe, moderate, and no stress). Drought tolerance was defined as a line ranking high in yield across all irrigation rates. Due to profound maturity effects in 2023 (early maturity proved higher yielding), lines could only be compared within early, mid, and late maturity groups. Nevertheless, we identified one WY breeding line as drought tolerant for each of the three maturity groups. These lines have been retested in 2024 and are being harvested in September. Washington (USDA-ARS) (Phillip Miklas) Advanced cranberry, great northern, pink, pinto, and small red USDA-ARS-Prosser breeding lines were tested in multi-state cooperative trials in 2023. The new pinto cultivar ‘USDA Cody’ had the highest average yield among nine pinto bean materials tested across seven locations in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery - CDBN. Cranberry breeding line CR17-1-7 exhibited high yield and large seed size for a second year in the CDBN and had a good canning appearance score (3.8). SR20-11 small red and PT22-7 pinto breeding lines exhibited high levels of drought tolerance in the Dry Bean drought Nursery (DBDN). A GWAS of reaction to bacterial brown spot, common bacterial blight, and halo bacterial blight in the Andean diversity panel (ADP) revealed 24 resistance QTL overall and four QTL intervals on Pv01, Pv03, Pv05, and Pv08 conferring resistance to multiple bacterial diseases. A set of diverse pinto bean germplasm was used to study symbiotic nitrogen fixation under moderate N fertility in the field. The common pinto landrace had the best nodulation score (4.2) and ‘DrWood’ the highest % nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (NDFA) (22%). Higher %NDFA was significantly correlated with higher nodulation score (P < 0.01) and seed yield (P <0.05). This replicated field trial is being repeated in 2024 under low N fertility. South Carolina (Jenna Hershberger and Sandra Branham) Starting a new breeding program is a difficult process that involves a great deal of learning about both past and ongoing research efforts, gathering germplasm, and developing protocols. The connections formed through W-4150 have greatly benefitted Clemson’s new vegetable breeders, Drs. Sandra Branham and Jenna Hershberger, as they seek to initiate snap bean (Branham) and lima bean (Hershberger) breeding programs in South Carolina. In the past three years alone, involvement in the W-4150 has led to the sharing of ideas, germplasm, and protocols, and collaboration on several projects to further Phaseolus bean breeding efforts. Over the past year, Dr. Hershberger has strengthened her connections with other W-4150 members who are lima bean researchers and breeders through the in-person Bean Improvement Cooperative Meeting in Greenville, SC, and monthly, as part of the LIMA! USDA NIFA AFRI Specialty Crop Research Initiative project (2022-51181-38323). Dr. Hershberger and the W-4150/LIMA! group have coordinated the genotyping and phenotypic evaluation of the USDA GRIN lima bean collection and are working together to analyze the data. The Hershberger lab recently started a fresh market-focused lima bean breeding program focused on developing succulent beans with improved quality and heat tolerance for the Southeastern US. This summer, the team evaluated 385 South Carolina heirloom and PI accessions of lima beans in a field trial in Florence, South Carolina for a second season. Evaluated traits included yield, disease symptoms and severity, flowering date, plant architecture, and leaf shape. Succulent seed samples were frozen at harvest for nutritional quality assessment. The Hershberger team also received 14 F2 families from wide crosses made by Dr. Sarah Dohle, the USDA-ARS Phaseolus curator. They evaluated these families for three segregating traits and plan to perform marker validation using the collected phenotypes this fall. Selected individuals from these families and additional crosses made in the Hershberger lab will be advanced in the greenhouse and further evaluated in the coming year. The Branham lab has evaluated 300 accessions from a snap bean diversity panel (obtained from W-4150 collaborators) for production in SC in three different seasons across two years and selected 38 accessions for an additional two years/three seasons of more in-depth trials of yield and marketability.  Initial crosses will be made this year of the top yielding accessions to initiate the snap bean breeding program in SC. Puerto Rico (Timothy Porch-USDA-ARS; James Beaver, and Consuelo Estéves de Jensen-U. of Puerto Rico)   At the USDA-ARS, the CBDN and DBDN trials were planted under drought and non-stress during the 2023-24 winter season in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. A pinto bean ‘Kikatiti’ was officially released in Tanzania in collaboration with NE, WA, and Tanzania. UNL-NE and ARS-PR are in the 5th cycle of shuttle breeding, now focused on introgression of drought tolerance into pinto and great northern germplasm, with replicated trials of advanced lines started in 2023 under drought and non-stress conditions. Two 2nd and 3rd cycle pinto and Great Northern common beans are being considered for release. An interspecific tepary/common bean panel was developed from superior breeding lines in collaboration with MI and GA and is being evaluated for traits of interest in common bean. A tepary germplasm is being considered for release with BCMNV resistance from a wild tepary bean source. Additional SNP markers have been identified for KASP marker development using the Intertek KASP platform.   At the University of Puerto Rico, a paper describing the release of black bean PR1303-129 and the small red bean PR1743-44 as improved germplasm was published in the J. Plant Registrations (2024) 18:149-156. These lines combine bruchid and multiple virus (BCMV, BCMNV, BGYMV) resistance. Project personnel collaborated in the preparation of a document describing research techniques for breeding for resistance to bruchids. The information was published in the 2024 Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative and posted on the BIC web site. In cooperation with Dr. Tim Porch (USDA/TARS), marker-assisted selection was used to identify the white bean lines PR2302-25 and PR2302-49 that should combine multiple virus (BGYMV, BCMNV, BCMV) resistance and the Ur-5 and Ur-11 genes for resistance to rust. Seed of these lines have been sent to Ruifeng He to screen with specific races to confirm the presence of the rust resistance genes. In greenhouse and laboratory screenings, in collaboration with Dr. Tim Porch (USDA/TARS (Plant Breeding Partnership - University of Georgia), powdery mildew isolates collected in tepary beans in Juana Diaz, Mayaguez and Isabela were characterized. Erysiphe vignae and Erysiphe difussa (GenBank accession PP938991) were found to infect tepary, while common beans ‘Bella’, ‘Beniquez’ and PR-443-151 were not infected and did not show symptoms of powdery mildew under screenhouse (Juana Diaz) and greenhouse (Mayaguez) conditions. Similarly, the tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) diversity panel (TDP) was evaluated in 2022 and 2023 at the USDA-ARS Isabela Experiment Station in Isabela, Puerto Rico for resistance to powdery mildew. Subsets of lines with consistent highly and resistant responses (10 of each) were identified for further study. The cultivated and wild accessions showed similar means for powdery mildew response, however wild accessions showed the extremes for both susceptibility and resistance. Both tepary bean and common bean sources of resistance can be considered for introgression and improvement of tepary bean for this important yield limiting trait. Resistance to root rot caused by Fusarium solani isolate 19-00514 (GenBank accession MH795800) showed that TARS-LFR1, TARS-MST1, VAX 1, Bella, Beníquez, lines:19-7549-1, 19-7050-1, 19-7426-1, 19-6986-4, 19-6962-4, 19-7558-2, 19-7910-1 and 19-7433-5 could be used as sources of resistance to F. solani. Isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, F. brachygibbosum and F. chlamidosporum also produced root rot in Montcalm under controlled conditions. The black bean line EMP 319 was identified as a potential source of resistance to the Asian bean flower thrip (ABFT). Breeding lines from crosses with EMP 319 will be screened for resistance to this pest and for genes for resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV. Determinate lima bean lines that showed tolerance to leafhoppers and the ABFT will continue to be tested in Puerto Rico in field trials. A 2023-2024 winter nursery was conducted in Puerto Rico in collaboration with W-4150 bean breeders from Michigan, North Dakota, Nebraska and the USDA-ARS. A total of 3,961 lines were planted in the winter nursery.     Oregon (Jim Myers) The OSU Vegetable Breeding and Genetics Program focuses on breeding snap and beans for growers and processors in western Oregon. Approximately 8,400A of Bush Blue Lake (BBL) type snap beans were grown in the Willamette Valley in 2023 with Oregon being 4th in the nation for snap bean production. The industry is evolving with downsizing and consolidation of processing facilities such that there is now just one major processor. A second trend has been the shift of production of vegetable crops from the Willamette Valley to the Columbia Basin in eastern Oregon. Carrots and snap peas moved to the Columbia Basin more than two decades ago. More recently, most sweet corn acreage has shifted to the Basin. Snap bean acreage would shift to this region if cultivars could be developed that could consistently produce high quality pods and high yields under the high daytime temperature regimes found during the growing season. The breeding project to develop snap beans resistant to white mold is now focused on evaluating an 8-way cross Snap/Dry MAGIC (Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross) population developed from six snap and two dry beans that had high genomic estimated breeding values for white mold resistance. A total of 1,211 F5 RILs were produced in the field in 2023 of which 912 F6 RILs were evaluated using the seedling straw test in 2024. One-hundred sixty-one RILs had disease severity scores equal to or less than the partially resistant NY6020-4. Tissue samples have been collected for DNA isolation and genotyping. We also participated in the National Sclerotinia Evaluation Nursery with both field and greenhouse trials. New initiatives with the snap bean breeding program are to breed for heat tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency. For heat tolerance, we are evaluating snap bean accessions for the ability to produce high quality pods under high day- and night-time temperatures. Lines developed at Cornell University are among those being evaluated. Pod and leaf color and photosynthetic characteristics have been characterized using the 378 accession Snap Bean Association Panel, and QTL have been identified for color. A major finding is that wax beans lack most of the photosynthetic apparatus in their pods. Two snap bean advanced lines have been provided to seed companies for evaluation and testing. OSU 7318 has high yields of smaller sieve size pods on a compact bush habit. It shows field resistance to white mold. Processed pod quality is excellent. OSU 7066 is a relatively high yielding line with partial white mold resistance. It produces large but high-quality pods when processed. There are two thrusts to our dry bean breeding program. The first is to develop improved Peruano or Mayo Coba (yellow seeded) types for U.S. production. As part of this process, ‘Patron’ Mayo Coba bean with resistance to BCMV, BCMNV and BTCV was released in 2016. Advanced breeding lines with this disease package but improved seed size, shape and color are nearing release. In 2024, three yellow lines from the USDA-ARS East Lansing breeding program were evaluated in our dry bean trials. The second project is to develop Nuña or popping beans adapted to North American climatic regimes. Two OSU cultivars with determinate plant architecture and day length insensitive flowering combined with a high level of the popping trait have been approved for release. These will be integral to a newly funded USDA-SCRI project to develop markets and products. North Dakota (Juan M. Osorno, Phil McClean) A new pink bean cultivar (ND Rosalind) was released in early 2024. ND Rosalind was tested across more than 11 environments in North Dakota, where seed yield was significantly higher than other pink bean cultivars such as ‘Magnolia’, ‘Rosetta’ and ‘Sedona’ (23%. 12%, and 16% respectively). ND Rosalind is resistant to both the Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) and Bean Common Mosaic Necrotic Virus (BCMNV) thanks to the bc-3 gene, and has intermediate resistance to Common Bacterial Blight (CBB). Future potential releases include a black, a light red kidney, and a small red. The Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) is coordinated by NDSU and it had 20 entries and was grown in MI, NE, and ND. There was a total of 1700 lines sent to the collaborative winter nursery in Puerto Rico. There were 2 lines from ND included in the CDBN.  Reciprocal visits to bean nurseries and trials were made to NE, WA, and PR. During the 2023 growing season, most cultivars released by NDSU were always above the mean of the trials in which they were grown, with values ranging between 3-22% above the trial means. Only 2 cultivars were similar to the trial means. The work on understanding the genes responsible for seed coat color continues and 2 new publications are available focused on the V, T, and Z genes. Additional sequencing of more bean genotypes and re-sequencing of known reference genomes is currently underway and will allow genomic comparative studies to capture all structural variability and the creation of pan-genomes. A new GWAS-based chip with ~4k SNPs is currently being designed to be used in the program for genomic selection. Field work on estimating the value of disease resistance for bean rust have shown that using resistant varieties gives you the best combination of high seed yield with return on investment because of reduced fungicide applications. An assessment of yield gains within the NDSU dry bean breeding program during the last ~35 years showed that modest but positive yield gains can be observed for all market classes the program focuses on. Additional work focuses on soybean cyst nematode, CBB, root rots, bruchid resistance, waterlogging tolerance, and iron nutrition. New York (Phillip Griffiths, Michael Mazourek) Phillip Griffiths (Geneva, NY): In 2024, focus was placed on the development of new market classes of dry beans with reduced seed size including mini-kidney lines, improved seed-coat color and cooking/canning (black beans) and advancement of alternate seed coat colors in the kidney bean category. This included the development of new black bean breeding lines with high seed-coat color retention after cooking/canning, from which line BB226 was increased for wider testing based on yield and canning quality in NYS. Based on increased consumer demand for more color and variability within products introgressions of novel colors have also been targeted.  These include new black kidney and purple kidney lines. Based on initial canning studies the black kidney beans have had excellent color retention when compared to black bean controls, and good canning quality based on can-pour and splitting. With a longer soak time, black kidney beans can result in a deep-purple seedcoat color in a cooked can.  The purple kidney bean cans to a similar color as a high quality dark red kidney bean but has a much richer colored brine making for a high-quality pour/product. A new mini-kidney bean (NYD4) was previously developed for new markets in the alternate packaged good space. Due to the small seed size of this line, and the upright architecture, it could lead to a variety where pod shattering is a lower concern thus enabling harvest using similar equipment for upright black beans. It also reduces seed production costs, and has lower split through canning while having a higher relative nutrition based of increased seedcoat surface area. This line was set up in a cross block with different seedcoat colors to develop a range of mini-kidney lines. This includes a small black bean with the size and shape of a TicTac, creating a potential new black bean market class. Breeding line trials were planted in Freeville, NY, in 2024 and will be harvested to determine yield, seed-weight and quality. Populations developed for these trials were all increased in greenhouses in Geneva, NY, together with populations advancing the color retention into black bean and black kidney types. The Mazourek group (Cornell University; Ithaca, NY) supported the commercialization of 16 released pole bean cultivars by increasing seed that was shared with growers for production, as well as stock seed, to seed companies that are pursing commercialization. Information about flavor and performance was shared at an industry field days and we are populating a University website with available cultivars: <a href="https://ctl.cornell.edu/plant-varieties-catalog/vegetables/#beans">https://ctl.cornell.edu/plant-varieties-catalog/vegetables/#beans</a>. Nebraska (Carlos Urrea) About 1,200 dry bean producers in western Nebraska and eastern Colorado have access to varieties with multiple disease resistance and drought/heat tolerance, enabling them to reduce production costs and increase net income. Information is being shared with the dry bean community through grower meetings (February) and field days. In 2024, Nebraska led the distribution of the national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN) and participated in the Mid-west Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) and the White Mold Monitor Nursey (WMMN). These regional and national trials highlight the collaboration among the participating states. Recently released great northern ‘White Pearl’ and slow-darkening ‘Wildcat’ are performing well in Nebraska. Both cultivars have multiple disease resistance, which helps to reduce the cost of production and reduce chemical applications. A pinto cultivar, Kikatiti, developed by the dry bean breeding program at the University of Nebraska, Agricultural Research Division in Scottsbluff by the University of Nebraska Dry Bean Breeding Program, was released in Tanzania in 2024. This release resulted from the collaboration of researchers from Sokoine University of Agriculture, the Tanzanian Agricultural Research Institute, and the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Michigan (Karen Cichy, Evan Wright) In 2024, dry bean research was conducted by Michigan State University and the USDA-ARS at East Lansing, MI. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 24 yield trials at five locations in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, National Drought, and the National Sclerotinia (White Mold) Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico. The nurseries were planted (June 8-14) and received an average of ~11.25” of rain (June - Aug). The season was characterized by favorable planting conditions followed by frequent rainfall, excessive at some locations. This resulted in rapid maturity (82-89 days) and an early harvest commencing on September 9. The MSU program evaluated ~1,600 early generation breeding lines as part of the W-4150 collaborative winter nursery. Other research by MSU looked at halo blight resistance in kidney beans, development of improved black and navy beans possessing Co-5 for more durable anthracnose resistance, and the deployment of UAS phenotyping platforms to estimate maturity and plant height, as well as assessment of white mold disease severity via multispectral imaging. Pinto bean composition was evaluated in relation to flour and pasta quality and starting bean protein concentration was identified as a good predictor of pasta firmness. Releases: ‘Kona’ was released by Michigan State University as a high yielding, full season black bean with good canning quality. <ol> <li>‘Yukon Gold’ was released by Michigan State University as an improved yellow bean (Azufrado Peruano type) with brighter color, higher yield, and significantly faster cooking time than ‘Yellowstone’.</li> <li>“Honeycomb’ was released jointly by USDA-ARS and Michigan State University as a fast-cooking Mayocoba bean.</li> <li>‘USDA Yellowjacket’ was released by USDA-ARS as a Manteca bean suitable for use as a flour.</li> </ol> Iowa (Donna Winham) Research collaborations and accomplishments, within Objective 2: Exploiting the nutritional value and quality of common bean to promote human health and well-being. National level survey research of consumers to determine current views, attitudes, practices, and possible misconceptions surrounding pulse consumption and utilization in the US. Survey and qualitative research methodologies at the local and national levels. Three surveys were conducted during the reporting period. <ol> <li>National level consumer pilot survey examining knowledge of nutrient-rich foods (pulses), pulse attitudes, views on environmental sustainability. Utilized Health Belief Model and assessed knowledge of health benefits from consuming pulses. Assessed consumer knowledge of macronutrients and shortfall micronutrients in food groups including pulses.</li> <li>A National Consumer Pulse survey focused on consumption patterns, types consumed – including P. lunatus, product forms (pasta, canned, whole), attitudes, and preferences including cooking frequency.</li> <li>National level survey focusing on general vegetable consumption frequencies, preferences, and preferred formats, with same questions on pulses. Additional details on pulse consumption and health knowledge as informed by survey 2.</li> </ol> Opportunities for training and professional development: One undergraduate and two MS students participated in development of survey instruments, generating analysis plans based on theory, and manuscript preparation for data. One manuscript has been published, and two students will present findings at a national conference in October 2024. Delaware (Emmalea Ernest) Heat stress is a top production constraint for processing and fresh market lima bean growers on the Delmarva Peninsula. Identifying diverse sources of heat tolerance, moving heat tolerance into adapted breeding lines and developing heat tolerant varieties is a focus of the University of Delaware lima bean breeding program. To identify diverse sources of heat tolerance, 110 lima bean genotypes were tested in a greenhouse screen for pollen release under heat tolerance and yield under heat tolerance. Sources of heat tolerance identified in past work have been used to develop 3 RIL populations for genetic studies and trial varieties that were tested in replicated yield trials. In trials, heat tolerant experimental varieties have had the most stable yield across seasons. University of Delaware is working with a commercial seed supplier to commercialize four varieties from the breeding program and make them available to processors and growers. The UD lima breeding program is a part of the SCRI project titled “Development of Genomic Resources To Improve The Lima Bean Breeding For Consumer Quality And Agronomic Traits” which is led by W-4150 collaborators at UC Davis. Activities that were a part of that project in 2024 included field evaluation of populations to study key traits of interest, testing advanced breeding material with small scale growers in the Mid-Atlantic region and preparing samples for culinary/sensory evaluation. Heat-stress related yield and quality reduction is an annual problem for processing and fresh market snap bean growers on Delmarva. Three snap bean trials to evaluate heat tolerance were conducted in Delaware in 2024. Additional heat tolerant snap bean varieties were identified. Growers are currently using two heat tolerant varieties identified in previous trials. California (Christine Diepenbrock) Unless otherwise specified, the field trials described below were evaluated for yield, other agronomic traits (e.g., stand count, flowering time, plant/canopy height), grain macronutrients (protein, starch, fat, ash, moisture, etc.), and traits such as canopy area fraction and growth from routine UAV flights. Field trialing in lima bean included A) breeding plots for baby- and large-seeded limas (with key targets of yield, seed quality, lygus tolerance, and other aspects of regional acclimation), B) ~300 entries from the USDA NPGS collection (in Davis summer and/or southern CA winter, due to many of the NPGS entries only flowering under short days), C) 4 biparental populations developed in DE, D) 37 entries for culinary/sensory evaluation as part of the lima SCRI project (with participatory evaluation of agronomics conducted during the UC Dry Bean Field Day), and E) (not evaluated for all traits) marker validation plots for key domestication/adaptation genes as part of that project. Multiple rounds of greenhouse propagation were also conducted, namely for NPGS materials. Evaluation of germplasm sets B through D (alongside A) is likely to identify several new parents for use in lima breeding. Field trialing in common and tepary bean included E) a common bean/tepary bean interspecific population and 12 tepary entries from PR being evaluated for high-temperature tolerance, with integration of AI-enabled sensing and 3-D biophysical modeling; plots were also sensed weekly with a ground-based rover (in addition to UAV). A subset of these entries that showed favorable agronomic performance in CA are being tested alongside relevant checks in PR, NE, and WA. Samples from this project are being evaluated for cooking time in MI. Field trialing in common bean also included F) the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery and G) for a simulated gastrointestinal digestion project, ~33 entries with contrasting seed coat patterns and representatives of major market classes. A comparison of 4 (static and dynamic) simulated digestion platforms was conducted and is posted as a preprint. The dynamic digestion platforms being tested emulate the wavelike contractions of the stomach wall and other physical/mechanical processes of human digestion (e.g., enzyme secretion, gastric emptying). Included in that comparison is a parallelized dynamic model that could increase throughput up to 12-fold and was used in a bean pasta study in collaboration with MI and IA. Presentations at ~4 field days, ~12 seminars/talks/panel sessions, and commodity board meetings. Arizona (Judith Brown) Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and other dry beans such as tepary (P. acutifolius) are susceptible to biotic stress caused by plant viruses/other pathogens, insect pests, and abiotic stresses, including drought and heat,  which can reduce yield and quality. The project aims are: (1) sequence and characterize the BCMV-virome associated with tepary bean (AZ accessions: red, tan, and white seed colors, (2) evaluate the effects of seed-borne BCMV infection on tepary bean plant performance, with respect to symptomatology and seed-borne transmission frequencies, (3) functional genomic profiling of BCMV-infected tepary, and (4)) characterize the host response to BCMV pathogenesis.  Progress in 2023-2024 consisted of designing/validating BCMV-specific RT-PCR primers for initial BCMV detection in seedlings, determining rates of seed transmission and symptomatology for land races from Arizona and 10 USDA Phaseolus Germplasm collection accessions, and establishing a qRT-PCR assay to quantify BCMV accumulation or ‘virus load’ in symptomatic and asymptomatic plants/leaves. To determine the genome sequence of tepary bean associated BCMV isolates, total RNA was isolated from BCMV-positive plants (RT-PCR amplification and confirmatory sequencing of the BCMV coat protein gene fragment) and submitted for RNAseq (Illumina). Reads were used to assemble the complete virus genome for each BCMV isolate. The genome sequence and non-coding/coding regions were characterized (nucleotide and amino acid sequence levels), and unique non-coding and coding sequences were identified among tepary bean isolates and representative BCMV genomes available in GenBank previously characterized from common bean and other host plant species. The species/taxonomic relationships were determined, and genomes were analyzed for predicted recombination and phylogenetically. Several recombinant isolates were identified from tepary bean that grouped with isolates from common bean but were otherwise closely related to non-recombinant, seed-transmitted BCMV isolates from tepary bean, the latter which clustered within the same subclade. The high pairwise nucleotide identity shared among all of the seed-transmitted BCMV isolates (this study) is suggestive of possible selection due to co-adaptation between the virus isolate-tepary bean genotypes resulting from continuous, serial transmission of BCMV through seed (primarily). To establish a reference tepary bean transcriptome (large RNA) and viral small RNA profile (vsi’s 19-30 nucleotide), RNA sequencing is in progress for virus free AZ Black seeded tepary land race plants compared to those infected with seed-transmitted BCMV isolates. Total RNA was isolated from the first and third trifoliate leaves of BCMV-infected and virus-free plants and submitted for RNAseq (Illumina, in progress). Reads will be assembled and annotated and will serve as tepary-bean specific expression profiles. Functional analysis will identify genes whose altered expression is expected to be associated with virus infection. Significantly over-expressed or under-expressed genes will be subjected to KEGG analysis for functional characterization of genes and key pathways in which they interact.  Based on these results, genes relevant to abiotic and abiotic stress, pathogenesis, defense responses, gene silencing pathways, among others, will be identified and functionally annotated and classified. Expression of 10-12 selected transcripts of interest (AZ Black seeded profiles) will be quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR amplification for AZ white- and tan-seeded land races, each harboring seed-borne BCMV isolates compared to virus-free controls. The virus-small interfering RNAs (vsi RNAs) will be analyzed to investigate specific post-transcriptional gene silencing of BCMV associated with the three accessions. Host plant gene silencing  machinery is expected to cleave viral RNA genome and transcript regions involved in pathogenicity, replication, movement, and/or vector transmission to produce a snapshot into the transcriptional dynamics involved in tepary bean responsiveness to BCMV infection. The hypothesis is that at least some interactions may provide clues that may be ascribed to explain the host-pathogen ‘co-adaptation’ hypothesis posited for this pathosystem.

Publications

Peer-reviewed publications: Awale, H., Wiersma, A., Wright, E., Buell, R.C., Kelly, J., Cichy, K.A., Haus, M. 2024. Anthracnose and bean common mosaic necrosis virus resistance in wild and landrace Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) genetic stocks. Crop Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21252. Awale, H.E., Wright, E.M., Kelly, J.D., Bales, S. 2024. Registration of Yukon Gold’ yellow bean. JPR (accepted). Baidhe, E., Clementson, C.L., Osorno, J.M. and Urrea, C., 2024. Use of thermophysical properties to characterize cooking trends of slow-and regular-darkening pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). CyTA-Journal of Food 22(1), p.2399157. Barrera, S., J.C. Berny Mier y Teran, J. Aparicio, J. Diaz, R. Leon, S. Beebe, C.A. Urrea, and P. Gepts. 2024. Identification of drought and heat tolerant tepary beans in a multi-environment trial study. Crop Science (Accepted). Beaver, J. S., González, A., Mateo, B., Lutz, G. G., Miranda, A., Rosas, J. C., & Porch, T. G. 2024. Release of multiple virus and bruchid resistant Mesoamerican bean germplasm lines PR1303-129 and PR1743-44. Journal of Plant Registrations 18: 149-156. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20344 Bornowski, N., Hart, J. P., Palacios, A. V., Ogg, B., Brick, M. A., Hamilton, J. P., Beaver, J. S., Buell, C. R., & Porch, T. 2023. Genetic variation in a tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) diversity panel reveals loci associated with biotic stress resistance. The Plant Genome: e20363. doi: 10.1002/tpg2.20363 Celebioglu B., J.R. Myers, J.P. Hart, T. Porch, P. Griffiths. 2024. Phenotypic variability for leaf and pod color within the snap bean association panel. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 149(1):15-26. <a href="https://nam04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21273%2FJASHS05326-23&data=05%7C02%7Cjames.myers%40oregonstate.edu%7C5bccf8e15e0b4fce0f7608dbffde08f0%7Cce6d05e13c5e4d6287a84c4a2713c113%7C0%7C0%7C638385101481987556%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=GDUxmxvzzRB3nGmOBhdOKmG0Bg6dpcn%2FJzl2jbXxleM%3D&reserved=0">doi: 10.21273/JASHS05326-23</a>. Celebioglu, B., Porch, T., Hart, J., Griffiths, P. and Myers, J. 2023. Genome-wide association study to identify possible candidate genes of snap bean leaf and pod color. Genes 14(12): 2234. Chiaravallotti, I., Lin, J., Arief, V., Jahufer, Z., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P., Jarquin, D. and Hoyos‐Villegas, V., 2024. Simulations of multiple breeding strategy scenarios in common bean for assessing genomic selection accuracy and model updating. The Plant Genome, p.e20388. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20388">https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20388</a> Chinji, M., Hamabwe, S., Kuwabo, K., Mugovu, I., Thole, R., Mazala, M., Osorno, J.M., McClean, P., Jochua, C., Urrea, C., Mukuma, C., Chisale, V. and Kamfwa, K. 2024. Introgression and Stability of Common Bean Weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus [Say]) Resistance in Diverse Market Classes From the Andean Gene Pool of Common Bean. Legume Science, 6: e223. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.223">doi: 10.1002/leg3.223</a> Didinger, C., Cichy, K.A., Urrea, C., Scanlan, M.M., Thompson, H. 2023. The effects of elevation and soaking conditions on dry bean cooking time. Legume Science. 5(4). Article e207. doi: 10.1002/leg3.207 Fu, M., Z. Qu, N. Pierre-Pierre, D. Jiang, F. L. Souza, P. N. Miklas, L. D. Porter, G. J. Vandemark, and W. Chen. 2024. Exploring the mycovirus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 as a biocontrol agent of white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Disease 108: 624-634. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-23-1458-RE Gepts, P. 2023. Biocultural diversity and crop improvement. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 7: 151-196. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20230067">doi: 10.1042/ETLS20230067</a> Glick, A. A., Winham, D. M., Heer, M. M., Shelley, M. C., & Hutchins, A. M. 2024. Health belief model predicts likelihood of eating nutrient-rich foods among US adults. Nutrients 16(14): 2335. Gomez, F.E., Kelly, J.D., Wright, E.M., Awale, H.E., Bales, S. 2024. Registration of ‘AuSable’ navy bean. Journal of Plant Registrations. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20374 Gomez, F.E., Kelly, J.D., Wright, E.M., Awale, H.E., Bales, S. 2024. Registration of ‘Black Pearl’ black bean. Journal of Plant Registrations. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20377 Hooper, S.D., Basset, A., Wiesinger, J.A., Glahn, R.P., Cichy, K.A. 2023. Extrusion and drying temperatures enhance sensory profile and iron bioavailability of dry bean pasta. Food Chemistry Advances. (3):100422. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100422">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100422</a> Kamfwa, K., N. Otiento, A. Soler-Garzón, P. N. Miklas, T. Parker, A. Chattopadhyay, P. Cheelo, K. Kuwabo, and S. M. Hamabwe. 2023. Identification of quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance in Bukoba/ Kijivu Andean mapping population of common bean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 136: 222. doi: 10.1007/s00122-023-04463-2 Kuwabo, K., Hamabwe, S., Kachapulula, P., Cichy, K.A., Parker, T., Mukuma, C., Kamfwa, K. 2023. Genome-wide association analysis of anthracnose resistance in the Yellow Bean Collection of Common Bean. PLOS ONE. 18(11). Article e0293291. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293291 Lin, J., Arief, V., Jahufer, Z., Osorno, J., McClean, P., Jarquin, D., & Hoyos-Villegas, V. (2023). Simulations of rate of genetic gain in dry bean breeding programs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 136(1): 14. McClean, P. E., J. Roy, C. L. Colbert, C. Osborne, R. Lee, P. N. Miklas, and J. M. Osorno. 2024. T and Z, two partial seed coat color patterning genes in common bean, provide insight into the structure and protein interactions of a MBW complex in plants. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics: jkae184. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkae184">doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae184</a> Meziadi, C., J. C. Alvarez-Diaz, V. Thareau, A. Gratias-Weill, W. Marande, A. Soler-Garzon, P. N. Miklas, S. Pflieger, and V. Geffroy. 2024. Fine-mapping and evolutionary history of R-BPMV, a dominant resistance gene to Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 137: 8. doi: 10.1007/s00122-023-04513-9   Miklas, P. N., A. Soler-Garzón, G. Valentini, and M. Pastor-Corrales. 2023. Registration of ‘USDA-Rattler’ pinto bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 17: 271-279. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20289 Miklas, P. N., A. Soler-Garzon, K. A. Cichy, and M. Pastor-Corrales. 2024. Registration of ‘USDA-Diamondback’ slow-darkening pinto bean. Journal of Plant Registrations 18: 52-60. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20334  Modreen, C., S. Hamabwe, K. Kuwabo, I. Mugovu, R. Thole, M. Mazala, J.M. Osorno, P. McClean, C. Jochua, C. Urrea, C. Mukuma, V. Chisale, and K. Kamfwa. 2024. Introgression and stability of common bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus [Say]) resistance in diverse market classes from the Andean gene pool of common bean. Legume Science 6: e223. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.223">doi: 10.1002/leg3.223</a> Mwense, B. P., S. M. Hamabwe, K. Kuwabo, M Mataa, P. N. Miklas, C. Mukuma, and K. Kamfwa. 2024. Evaluation of pinto genotypes of common bean for resistance to anthracnose. Legume Science 6: e228. doi: 10.1002/leg3.228  Nchimbi-Msolla, S., C.A. Urrea, M. Kilango, A. Soler-Garzón, T.G. Porch, and P. N. Miklas. 2024. Release of ‘Kikatiti’ a multiple disease resistant pinto cultivar with superior productivity in Tanzania identified from evaluation of the Durango Diversity Panel. Journal of Plant Registrations 18: 512-522. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20387 Oladzad, A., J. Roy, S. Mamidi, P. N. Miklas, R. Lee, J. Clevenger, Z. Myers, W. Korani, and P.E. McClean. 2023. Linked candidate genes of different functions for white mold resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) are identified by multiple QTL mapping approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1233285. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233285 Osorno, J.M., Erfatpour, M., Simons, K.J., Maisonneuve, M., Posch, J. and Vander Wal, A.J. 2024. Seed yield improvements in slow‐darkening pinto bean: Registration of ‘ND Rodeo’. Journal of Plant Registrations, 18(2): 270-278. Osorno, J.M., Erfatpour, M., Simons, K.J., Maisonneuve, M., Posch, J. and Vander Wal, A.J. 2024. Improved disease tolerance, higher seed yield and shape in dark red kidney bean: Registration of ‘ND Redbarn’. Journal of Plant Registrations, 18(2): 262-269. Osorno, J. M., Simons, K. J., Erfatpour, M., Vander Wal, A. J., Posch, J., & Grafton, K. F. 2023. Seed yield improvement in navy bean: Registration of ‘ND Polar’. Journal of Plant Registrations. Parker, T., Bolt, T., Williams, T., Penmetsa, R. V., Mulube, M., Celebioglu, B., Palkovic, A., Jochua, C. N., del Mar Rubio Wilhelmi, M., Lo, S., Bornhorst, G., Tian, L., Kamfwa, K., Farmer, A., Diepenbrock, C., and Gepts, P. (2024). Seed color patterns in domesticated common bean are regulated by MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factors and temperature. The Plant Journal, n/a. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.16947">10.1111/tpj.16947</a> Porch, T.G., J.C. Rosas, K. Cichy, G. Godoy Lutz, I. Rodriguez, R.W. Colbert, G. Demosthene, J.C. Hernández, D.M. Winham, and J.S. Beaver. 2024. Release of tepary bean cultivar ‘USDA Fortuna’ with improved disease and insect resistance, seed size, and culinary quality. Journal of Plant Registrations 18(1): 42-51. doi: 10.1002/plr2.20322 Rosas, J.; Rodriguez, I.Y., Beaver, J. S., and Porch, T. G. 2023. Comportamiento agronómico de germoplasma de frijol común en condiciones de altas temperaturas en el Sur de Honduras. Ceiba 56: 31-49. Roy, J., A. Soler-Garzón, P. N. Miklas, R. Lee, J. Clevenger, Z. Myers, W. Korani, and P. E. McClean. 2023. Integrating de novo QTL-seq and linkage mapping to identify quantitative trait loci conditioning physiological resistance and avoidance to white mold disease in dry bean. The Plant Genome 16: e20380. doi: 10.1002/tpg2.20380     Sadohara, R., K. Cichy, D. Fourie, S. N. Msolla, Q. Song, P. Miklas, and T. Porch. 2024. Andean common bean bulk breeding lines selected on multiple continents exhibit broad genetic diversity and stress adaptation. Crop Science 1-22. doi: 10.1002/csc2.21309  Soler-Garzón, A., A. Thornton, J. Hart, K. D. Swisher-Grimm, Q. Song, C. A. Strausbaugh, and P. N. Miklas. 2023. A robust SNP-haplotype assay for Bct gene region conferring resistance to beet curly top virus in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Front. Plant Sci. 14:1215950. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215950 Soler-Garzón, A., M. Mulube, K. Kamfwa, D. M. Lungu, S. Hamabwe, J. Roy, V. Salegua, D. Fourie, T. G. Porch, P. E. McClean, and P. N. Miklas. 2024. GWAS of resistance to three bacterial diseases in the Andean common bean diversity panel. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1469381. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1469381 Soler-Garzón, A., P. E. McClean, and P. N. Miklas. 2024. The alleles bc-ud and bc-ur (previously bc-4 gene), representing coding mutations within Vps4 AAA+ ATPase ESCRT protein, interact with other genes to condition resistance to BCMV and BCMNV in common bean. The Plant Genome 17: e20421. doi: 10.1002/tpg2.20421 Subramani, M., C.A. Urrea, S.R. Tamatamu, V.R. Sripathi, K. Williams, L.K. Chintapenta, A. Todd, and G. Ozbay. 2024. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds reveal shared and unique proteins involved in terminal drought stress response in tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Biomolecules 14: 109. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010109">doi: 10.3390/biom14010109</a> Traverso ER, Ernest EG, Emanuel IB, Betts AK. 2024. Building accelerated plant breeding pipelines: Screening to evaluate lima bean resistance to root-knot nematode in diverse inbred lines and segregating breeding populations. Phytopathology. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-11-23-0441-KC. Epub ahead of print. Uebersax, M. A., Cichy, K. A., Gomez, F. E., Porch, T. G., Heitholt, J., Osorno, J. M., ... & Bales, S. (2023). Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a vital component of sustainable agriculture and food security—A review. Legume Science 5(1): e155. Urrea, C.A., and C. Kaarstad. 2024. 2023 Nebraska dry bean variety trials. The Bean Bag 42(1): 12-22. Volpato, L., Wright, E.M., Gomez, F.E. 2024. Drone-based digital phenotyping for evaluating relative maturity, stand count, and plant height in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Phenomics (in review). Wang, W., Cichy, K.A. 2023. Genetic variability for susceptibility to seed coat mechanical damage and relationship to end-use quality in kidney beans. Crop Science. 1-11. doi: 10.1002/csc2.21122 Wang, W., Siddiq, M., Dolan, K., Cichy, K.A. 2024. Processing and quality valuation of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in flexible pouches. Legume Science. Article e213. doi: 10.1002/leg3.213 Wiersma, A.T., Hamilton, J.P., Vaillancourt, B., Brose, J., Awale, H.E., Wright, E.M., Kelly, J.D., Buell, C.R. 2024. K-mer Genome-wide Association Study for Anthracnose and BCMV Resistance in a Phaseolus vulgaris Andean Diversity Panel. Plant Genome (accepted). Wright, E.M., Kelly, J.D., Awale, H.E., Bales, S. 2024. Registration of ‘Kona’ black bean. JPR (accepted). Zaleski-Cox, M., P. N. Miklas, A. Soler-Garzón, and V. Hoyos-Villegas. 2023. Automating high-throughput screening for anthracnose resistance in common bean using allele specific PCR. BMC Plant Methods 19: 102. doi: 10.1186/s13007-023-01071-5  Preprint: Bolt, T.M., M. Riggs, W. Sun, L. Tian, P. Gepts, A. Palkovic, T. Parker, G.M. Bornhorst, C. Diepenbrock. An empirical evaluation of simulated gastrointestinal digestion platforms for use in plant breeding, using common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a model. bioRxiv 2024.05.09.592089. doi: 10.1101/2024.05.09.592089 Thesis: Stone M, Branham S, Ward B. 2023. Clemson University Thesis: Genome-wide association study of heat tolerance in snap beans. Extension bulletin: Uebersax, M.A., Bales, S., Siddiq, M., Wright, E.M. 2024. Critical food safety and quality    elements in the dry bean supply chain. MSU Extension Bulletin E-3492. Contributions to BIC annual report (Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. vol. 67): <ul> <li>Adaskaveg, J.A., Penmetsa, V.R., Hershberger, J., Wallace, L., Subedi, S., Heer, M., Hanifin, R., Warburton, M.L., Hokin, S., Farmer, A., Winham, D., Ernest, E., Dohle, S., Palkovic, A., Parker, T., Gepts, P., & Diepenbrock, C. 2024. A collaboration towards the comprehensive improvement of lima beans: addressing consumer information, pre-breeding, and germplasm information/utilization bottlenecks. Pages 3-5.</li> <li>Adaskaveg, J.A., Murray, C., Wallace, L., Subedi, S., Hershberger, J., Ernest, E., Palkovic, A., Gepts, P., & Diepenbrock, C. 2024. Utilizing benchtop near-infrared spectroscopy to predict lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) nutritional composition. Pages 29-30.</li> <li>Beaver, J.S., Porch, T.G., Rosas, J.C., Kamfwa, K., Osorno, J.M. & Mazala, M. 2024. Breeding common beans for resistance to bruchids. Pages 165-179.</li> <li>Berlingeri, J.M., Lo, S., Williams, T., Riggs, M., Cortes, E., Khan, A., Palkovic, A., Parker, T., Gepts, P., Porch, T., Barrera Lemus, S., Urrea, C., Cichy, K., Miklas, P., Assefa, T., Mukankusi, C., Bailey, B., Earles, J.M., Diepenbrock, C. 2024. Integration of sensing, crop modeling, and genomics in a common bean/tepary interspecific population to improve productivity and quality traits in US and African breeding contexts. Pages 19-20.</li> <li>Parker, T.A., H.A. Arkwazee, B. Celebioglu, P. Gepts, & J.R. Myers. 2024. Loci mapped to Pv04 and Pv01 are required for round pod shape in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Pages 141-142.</li> <li>Porch, T. & Estevez de Jensen, C. 2024. Response of the tepary diversity panel to combined Asian bean flower thrip and leafhopper pressure. Pages 117-118.</li> <li>Porch, T., Fourie, D., & Miklas, P.N. 2024. Andean lines selected for heat tolerance from bulk breeding Phaseolus improvement cooperative (PIC) populations. Pages 73-74.</li> <li>Soler-Garzón, A., Porch, T.G., McClean, P.E., Geffroy, V. & Miklas, P.N. 2024. Candidate genes and markers for resistance in the BCMV/BCMNV host-pathogen interaction in common bean. Pages 43-44.</li> <li>Stone M, Ward B, Robinson S, Bridges W, Branham SE. 2024. A genome-wide association study of snap bean pod production under ideal and heat-stressed conditions. Pages 25-26.</li> <li>Usman, M., Zhang, X., Yadav, S.A., & Porch, T. 2024. Synergistic approach for drought/non-drought classification of beans: Harnessing the potential of multisource datasets using machine learning. Pages 127-128.</li> <li>Wang, Y.-W., Wood, J.C., Hamilton, J.P., Mailloux, K., Vaillancourt, B., Estévez de Jensen, C., Porch, T., & Buell, C.R. 2024. Genome-enabled breeding across Phaseolus Pages 57-58.</li> </ul>

Impact Statements

From Nebraska (variety resulted from multi-state and international collaboration): Cultivar 'Kikatiti' will improve the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Tanzania and neighboring countries.
From New York: New heat tolerant pole beans have been delivered in the marketplace and available to consumers as snap, fresh shelling and dry beans.
From Puerto Rico: Novel loci for disease resistance traits in a tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) were found in a diversity panel that will provide new sources of resistance for introgression into common bean.
From Oregon: OSU 5630 was released in 2005 and has been the main Bush Blue Lake green bean used by the processing industry up to present. An estimate of the value of production of this cultivar is that it has resulted in income of over $211 million from 2006 to 2022.
From South Carolina: High temperatures during flowering drastically lowers snap bean yields reducing growers’ profits. Snap bean varieties were identified from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System that produced 72% more marketable snapbeans than the standard commercial cultivar under heat stress, which has the potential to make domestic production more resilient to rising temperatures and increase profits for growers. Lima beans are a culturally important vegetable in the Southeastern US, but growers in the region regularly face yield loss from lima bean anthracnose, a fungal disease that compromises plant productivity and seed quality. Clemson evaluated 385 heirloom and USDA National Plant Germplasm System varieties of lima beans to identify potential sources of anthracnose resistance. When exposed to the pathogen, 18 of the tested varieties did not develop disease symptoms. These preliminary results indicate that targeted breeding can produce high-quality, anthracnose-resistant lima bean varieties suitable for Southeastern growers.
From California: The UC Davis Integrative Center for Alternative Meat and Protein was launched in Jan. 2024, as a venue for further research and product development in plant-based protein. A new small-plot research combine at UC Davis is substantially reducing the time needed for harvest and sample processing/ cleaning, which is critical for operational efficiency and helpful for maintenance of seed quality. The USDA SCRI lima project (across multiple states) is providing a holistic set of improved resources for lima breeding.
From Wyoming: The Bighorn Basin of Wyoming is a productive dry bean region but it requires frequent irrigation, suffers from early fall frosts, and most growers do not use direct harvest. These circumstances lead to increased energy use and reduced profitability. Our research has bred, screened, and identified several new genotypes that have early maturity, upright stature for direct harvest, and competitive yield. These genotypes will ultimately be evaluated by Bighorn Basin growers for agronomic sustainability.
From Iowa: Our research has documented the beans are recognized as nutrient-rich foods. Pending final analysis, our survey data supports that consumers are more aware of the nutrient content of pulses in comparison to some other food groups like vegetables overall. The other survey data will inform views of pulses as vegetables. Potential marketing as vegetables may encourage increased consumption to meet vegetable intake recommendations. These findings support the continued use of beans in diets for the health and well-being of Americans.
From Arizona: Identification of prospective adaptative signals exhibited by the tepary bean in response to virus infection will advance knowledge of BCMV-resistance gene interactions in this apparently virus-tolerant species. The results will lend new insights into BCMV-tepary bean host evolutionary relationships that may reflect outcomes of successive trans-generational infection of tepary bean enabled by vertical transmission of virus through true seed. The results are of interest to the bean breeder community with respect to bean improvement and virus disease tolerance/resistance, to virologists and pathologists interested in plant host-parasite interactions that result from long-term co-evolutionary relationships, and to the public that is expected to benefit from improved bean varieties that can tolerate heat and/or drought stress in the face of climate change.