NC_old213: Marketing and Delivery of Quality Grains and BioProcess Coproducts

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/26/2019] [04/16/2021] [04/05/2022] [03/30/2023]

Date of Annual Report: 03/26/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/26/2019 - 02/26/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 09/30/2018

Participants

Aby, Guy, gaby@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Adam, Brian, Brian.Adam@okstate.edu, Oklahoma State University
Ambrose, Kingsly, rambrose@purdue.edu, Purdue University
Anderson, Kimberly, kandrson@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Armstrong, Paul, Paul.Armstrong@usda.gov, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU
Arthur, Frank, Frank.Arthur@usda.gov, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU
ASUNCION, FEI XYZA, fxbasuncion@ksu.edu, Kansas State University
Atungulu, Griffiths G, atungulu@uark.edu, University of Arkansas
Barr, Bennett, bebarr@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Bekkerman, Anton, anton.bekkerman@montana.edu, Montana State University
Benfield, David A., benfield.2@osu.edu,The Ohio State University
Bowers, Erin, erin@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Brabec, Daniel, Daniel.Brabec@usda.gov, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU
Brumm, Tom, tbrumm@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Campbell, James, James.Campbell@usda.gov, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU
Casada, Mark, Mark.Casada@usda.gov, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU
Charles, Hayes, hcharles@icpmill.com, Iowa Corn Processors
Chavez, Ruben, rubenc2@illinois.edu, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign
Chikez, Hory, horych@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Dantes, Princess Tiffany, pgdantes@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Dolphin, Chad, cdolphin@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Friedmann, Michelle, mfriedma@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Gupta, Priyankam, gupta@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Hill, Chuck, chuck.hill@agrigold.com, AgriGold
Hurburgh, Charles, tatry@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Ignacio, Ma. Cristine Concepcion, mignacio@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Ileleji, Klein , ileleji@purdue.edu, Purdue University
Jafari, Amir, ajafari@illinois.edu, University of Illinois
Jones, Carol, jcarol@okstate.edu, Oklahoma State Univ
KALOUDIS, EFSTATHIOS, s.kaloudis@centaur.ag, Centaur Analytics
Koshar, William, koshar.3@osu.edu, The Ohio State University
Lawrence, John, jlawren@ksu.edu, KSU Bulk Solids Innovation Center
Maier, Dirk, dmaier@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
McNeill, Sam, smcneill@uky.edu, University of Kentucky
Mohammadi Shad, Zeinab, zmohamma@uark.edu, University of Arkansas
Morrison, Rob, William.Morrison@usda.gov, USDA, ARS, CGAHR, SPIERU
Mosher, Gretchen, gamosher@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Nishimwe, Kizito, nishimwe@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Omodara, Michael, mike.omodara@uky.edu, University of Kentucky
Petingco, Marvin, mpetingco@ksu.edu, Kansas State University
Pizarro, Mateus, mpizarro@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Rausch, Kent, krausch@illinois.edu, University of Illinois
Riley, Sarah, sarah.riley@okstate.edu, Oklahoma State University
Rose, Devin d, rose3@unl.edu, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Sadaka, Sammy, ssadaka@uaex.edu, University of Arkansas
Scheff, Deanna, deanna.scheff@usda.gov, USDA-ARS
Shafiekhani, Soraya, sshafiek@uark.edu, University of Arkansas
Sharma, Richa, richas@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Siliveru, Kaliramesh, kaliramesh@ksu.edu, Kansas State University
Smith, Deandrae, dls005@uark.edu, The University of Arkansas
Sserunjogi, Mike, mikes1@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Stasiewicz, Matthew, mstasie@illinois.edu, University of Illinois
suprabha raj, anu asuprabharaj@ksu.edu, Kansas State University
Tenboer, Heather, htenboer@iastate.edu, Iowa State University
Tumbleson, Mike, mtumbles@illinois.edu, University of Illinois
Weaver, David, weaver@montana.edu, Montana State University
Yoganandan, Mohana, mohanay@ksu.edu, Kansas State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Annual Business Meeting Agenda

Gateway Conference Center and Hotel at Iowa State University Ames

Wednesday, February 27, 2019 – Noon During Banquet Lunch

General Comments - NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator (David A. Benfield)

Currently there are no major updates on funding. N.I.F.A. is working on getting caught-up due to the recent partial Government shut-down. The Federal Budget is still pending. The new Farm Bill passed and given the level of funding there are some infrastructure considerations for Land Gant Institutions. How this will affect Land Grant Institutions funding – level or slight increase. House was higher in funding and the Senate was lower. Dr. Benfield recognized Anton Bekkerman and Bill Koshar for their work over the year and recognized Chuck Hill for organizing the Industry Panel Discussion. Dr. Benfield went on to note that there was an exceptional group of students who presented posters at the Poster Showing. He enjoyed talking with them and getting to know them and they did an excellent job of explaining their research.

Discussion was held on filling the vacant NC-213 Objective 2 Co-Chair position. After some discussion, it was decided that the NC-213 Administrative Advisor’s Office would release an e-mail for self-nomination for that vacant position and that an article would appear in the next Grain Quality Newsletter.

Announcement of the Winner(s) of the NC-213 Andersons Poster Showing – Students People Choice Award. NC-213 Chair (Anton Bekkerman). This year there were 18 posters on display and there was a tie for first place. Both individuals are recognized as Winners and they are: Ruben Chavez, University of Illinois-Urbana and Guy Roger Aby, Iowa State University.

NC-213 Past Chair (Sam McNeill) recognized the winner of the 2019 Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence. The winner of this award was Frank Arthur, Professor, USDA, GMPRC, Manhattan, Kansas.

NC-213 Chair (Anton Bekkerman) and NC-213 Vice Chair (Griffiths Atungulu) led discussion on the NC-213 Annual Meeting 2020. Three options were presented to the group:

Option #1: GEAPS: March 21-24, 2020. Minneapolis, MN.

NC-213: Tuesday, March 24 and Wednesday, March 25

Due to the last two meetings with GEAPS, the group felt it better to meet at a different location than GEAPS, rather than the Convention Center. We experienced not being able to gain early access, we had our audio-visual equipment removed, and no staff was on-hand to help with meeting room issues.

Option #2: Wheat Quality Council: February 18-19, 2020. Kansas City, MO (Embassy Suites KCI)

NC-213: Wednesday, February 19 and Thursday, February 20

Option #3: Open discussion for an Institution or U.S.D.A. Agency to host.

After much discussion, it was voted on meeting with GEAPS in March of 2020.

Additional discussion was held on formats and such for future meetings. It was discussed that maybe a template should be created for the presentations. That would aid in keeping the presentations to their 15-minute timeframe and to help presenters to give pertinent information (i.e., scope of work, objectives, results, future applications for the research). It was also discussed that maybe an “abstract” of research be given with the presentation titles prior to the meeting. Some folks felt that since this is a research-based conference, it might be beneficial as we want to ensure that we have true research presentations and not presenters advertising their company for gain.

Open discussion on adding an “In Memoriam” section to the website, newsletter, etc. After discussion, it was decided, when NC-213 is notified of the passing of a past member, that an e-mail is sent via the Listserv, an article is placed in the Grain Quality Newsletter, and that the “In Memoriam” section of the website will be updated.

NC-213 Secretary – vacant position. After discussion and voting, it was decided that Devon Rose, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, be the incoming NC-213 Secretary.

Meeting adjourned

Accomplishments

Objective 1: This research was funded in part by Corning Advanced Optics and Iowa Grain Quality Initiative. Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to develop a calibration model to predict protein content of soybean meal and to show the distribution of protein content in a soybean meal sample. Total of 189 soybean meal samples with 10 regions of interest per sample were analyzed using a Corning reflectance NIR HSI system in the 850 to 1700 nm wavelength range.   Mean spectra, which were preprocessed using standard normal variate, and reference % protein content measurements (using combustion method) were the input data in the partial least squares (PLS) regression for model calibration. The final model achieved root mean square error (RMSE), R2 and standard error (SE) of 0.699, 0.835 and 0.699, respectively. The model was then used to predict and visualize protein content distribution in a sample. The performance of the model for soybean meal protein content is relatively low as compared to NIR models for whole grains, but it is comparable with other NIR models for soybean meal on bulk samples.  Sorting of contaminated maize kernels is an approach to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize samples. The current research aims to evaluate an approach of repeated screening and sorting of maize samples to decrease the aflatoxin levels in contaminated grain with a multispectral fluorescence-based aflatoxin detection method. The multispectral fluorescence-based method uses two narrow bandwidth fluorescence bands for the detection. This method was developed based on a fluorescence shift phenomenon observed in the blue-green spectral region for maize kernels with a high aflatoxin content. A dual-camera imaging system was developed for rapid detection of contaminated corn. This multispectral system includes two scientific grade 14-bit Pixelfly cameras and two narrow-band filters. Corn samples were collected from field experiments and industrial sources. Research has also been carried out in using near infrared spectroscopy (400 – 2,500 nm) and shortwave near infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging (1,000 – 2,500 nm) for aflatoxin contamination detection in maize kernels. This final reporting year, a project was completed in collaboration with a milling company on compositional and functional changes in whole wheat flour after germination. The phytic acid, thiamine, and dough strength of whole grain flour from germinated wheat decreased, whereas lysine, asparagine, GABA, lipase, esterase, and lipoxygenase activities increased compared with flour from ungerminated wheat. Mixing time was not affected by germination time. A small but significant effect of drying temperature was observed for asparagine, GABA, dough strength, and lipase and esterase activities. Drying temperature did not show any differences when the grains were germinated for up to 48 h. Whole grain flour from germinated wheat was added to ungerminated whole wheat flour at 2, 5, and 10 % (flour basis). Doughs and breads made from these composite flours had improved mixing properties, loaf volume, and firmness, except at the highest proportions and from longer germination times. Flaxseed is an oilseed that has documented health benefits. People consume flaxseed for a number of reasons, but improving cardiovascular health is one of the primary reasons.  The anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering and glycemic modulating activities are observed benefits of flaxseed consumption. The high levels of omega-3 fatty acid, dietary fiber, anti-carcinogenic lignans and proteins are thought to be the reason for the health benefits of flaxseed. The current research involves the determination of oil and omega-3 fatty acids in flaxseed in samples provided by breeders. The research provides flaxseed data for breeder to select the best production management practices for optimal flaxseed oil and omega-3 fatty acid contents. The value of flaxseed production to flaxseed growers is over $70 million. Enhancing the already nutrient dense flaxseed will support the growth of this niche market where flaxseed is sold.  The flaxseed moisture contents ranged from 4.6 to 7.1% with a mean value of 6.8%. The oil contents ranged from 36.1 to 43.8% on a dry weight basis (d.w.b.). The mean oil content 40.4% d.w.b. The mean palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic contents in the oil fraction were 5.4, 4.0, 19.5, 14.3 and 57.1%, respectively. The linolenic acid is the most important fatty acid in flaxseed that is responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. The linolenic acid ranged from 52.8 to 62.6% in the extracted oil. Conversion to a milled flaxseed basis, linolenic ranged from 20.1 to 25.6 g/ 100 g flaxseed with a mean value of 23.1 g/ 100 g flaxseed. A serving size of flaxseed is approximately 13 g; thus, a serving of flaxseed would provide approximately 3 g of linolenic acid.   We have observed that movement of ground material during milling of durum into semolina varied with genotype.  It is well documented that high test weight and kernel weight and large kernel size favors high semolina yield. Available information regarding durum grain traits that relate to the movement of material in a roller mill is limited. Changes in movement of material during milling can cause the mill to become unbalanced resulting in too much or too little material moving in the pneumatic lines or passing over the sieves in sifters and purifiers which can be detrimental to semolina quality. Previous research identified durum genotypes that varied in their milling quality, particularly in their semolina yield. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between milling yield and movement of ground material in the mill during the milling process. Experiment used grain from nine durum genotypes grown near Casselton, ND. Grain was milled on a Buhler MLU 202 that was configured with two Miag purifiers.  Each purifier had two sections.  Grain quality and mill flow were determined. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease common in cereal grains which is caused by the infection of fungi from the Fusarium sp. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, which infects grain causing decreased grain yields, as well as food safety concerns. DON accumulation in bran and endosperm can vary with time of infection. Early infection generally results in high DON levels in endosperm, while late infection results in high DON levels in bran and outer layer of endosperm. The presence of mycotoxins, such as DON, in grains not only carries health concerns, it also has a negative economic impact for producers. At grain elevators a discount is applied depending on the severity of the FHB outbreak during the growing season. Postharvest price discounts can go from rejected product, low grade reclassification to price discounts. For example, in 2014 wheat prices were $6/bu, so a discount of $1 represented 17% of the total price, a loss of $40/acre or $99/ha. Taking advantage of the water solubility of DON, an alternative use for low priced grain is possible. In the ingredients market, starch and vital wheat gluten prices are around $500 and $900 per ton, respectively. Understanding the effect of wet milling process on the fate of DON may help identify strategies that could result in desirable wheat wet milled fractions free from contaminants for industry. Wheat wet milling begins with semolina/flour obtained by dry milling. Dry milling separates grain based on physical characteristics of bran, germ and endosperm. Wet milling separates grain into fractions based on chemistry, protein, starch, lipid, and fiber (bran). Protein, starch, lipid and fiber can be used in food and industrial systems. DON content of the samples and fractions was determined according to the method of TAcke and Casper (1996). Samples were shaken with acetonitrile:water (84:16) for one hour. After the samples settled, the extract was passed through a clean-up column, dried and derivitized. The derivatized sample was analyzed using gas xhromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) (Tacke and Casper 1996). Raman spectroscopy for detection of antimicrobials and pesticides. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to explore the feasibility of the spectroscopic technique as a simple and low-cost analytical tool for rapid detection and characterization of antimicrobial and pesticide residues in feed samples. For this study, silver nanosphere and gold nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated by testing OTSC regulatory samples as well as spiked samples with monensin, decoquinate, lasalocid sodium, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlorpyrifos, and aldicarb. The test results showed a distinctive difference in spectra intensity and profile among samples with different levels of antimicrobials and pesticides.  Chemometric models developed for classification of the samples yielded a high correct classification rate, up to 100% while the models for quantification achieved an excellent prediction ability, R2 > 0.95.  The study results imply that SERS method should be capable of identifying and quantifying the level of selective antimicrobials and pesticides depending on particle size, concentration, and affinity between nanoparticles and the target molecules. Reduction of aflatoxin in cottonseed and cottonseed meal. Research includes investigation into cleaning/separating and treatment with atmospheric cold plasma. This research looked into the dimensions, sphericity, surface area, 1000 seed mass, projected area, color, density and volume of clean versus moldy fuzzy cottonseed. Results will give insight into which parameters can be used to identify contaminated cottonseed and prepare it for the next step of this work, treatment with atmospheric cold plasma. Objective 2: Co-Chair – Brian D. Adam, Oklahoma State University NC-213 Multi-institution/Multi-state Collaborations: Funded Grants Kansas State University (Phillips), Mississippi State University (Schilling), Oklahoma State University (B. Adam) “IPM for The Ham Mite Using Alternatives To Methyl Bromide.” USDA-NIFA-Integrated Programs, Methyl Bromide Transitions Program. 10/1/2018-9/30/2021. $499,713 PIs Phillips, Thomas, Wes Schilling, and Brian Adam.  Kansas State University (T. Phillips), Mississippi State University (Freeman, Schilling), Oklahoma State University (B. Adam) “Integration of Food Grade Coatings into Ham Nets as a Means to Control Ham Mite Infestations.” USDA-NIFA-ICGP-006245 Methyl Bromide Transitions. 9/1/2017-8/31/2020. $498,387. PIs Freeman, C., Schilling, M.W., Phillips, T.W., Black, C., Crist, C., and Adam, B. Kansas State University (Zhu, Maghirang), Oklahoma State University (Adam), USDA-ARS (Arthur, Brabec, Campbell) “Improving Efficacy of Aerosol Applications for Control of Stored Product Insects in Wheat and Rice Mills.” USDA-NIFA- ICGP-005778 Methyl Bromide Transitions. 9/1/2016-8/31/2019, $499,999. PIs Kun Yan Zhu, James Campbell, Frank Arthur, Mark Casada, Daniel Brabec, Ronaldo Maghirang, and Brian Adam. Publications USDA-ARS (Armstrong, Arthur, Campbell), Oklahoma State U. (Opit, Danso), Fort Valley State University (Mbata), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/KNUST (Osekre) Manu, N., Osekre, E.A., Opit, G.P., Campbell, J.F., Arthur, F.H., Mbata, G., Armstrong, P.R., Danso, J.K. 2018. “Population dynamics of stored maize insect pests in warehouses in two districts of Ghana.” Journal of Stored Products Research. 76:102-110. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.001%20.%20Log%20No.%20344434">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.001 . Log No. 344434</a> Kansas State U. (Manu), U. of Kentucky (McNeill), Oklahoma State U. (Opit, Danso), USDA-ARS (Armstrong, Arthur, Campbell), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/KNUST (Osekre), Ft. Valley State University (Mbata) Danso, J.K., Osekre, E.A., Manu, N., Opit, G.P., Armstrong, P.R., Arthur, F.H., Campbell, J.F., Mbata, G., McNeill, S.G. 2018. Post-harvest insect infestation and mycotoxin levels in maize markets in the Middle Belt of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 77:9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.02.004 . Kansas State U. (Manu), U. of Kentucky (McNeill), Oklahoma State U. (Opit, Danso), USDA-ARS (Armstrong, Arthur, Campbell), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/KNUST (Osekre), Ft. Valley State University (Mbata) Manu, N., Opit, G.P., Osekre, E.A., Arthur, F.H., Mbata, G., Armstrong,P., Danso, J.K., McNeill, S.G., Campbell, J.F. 2019. Moisture content, insect pest infestation and mycotoxin levels of maize in markets in the northern region of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 80:10-20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.007</a> Iowa State U. (Maier), Kansas State U. (Campabadal), U. of Kentucky (McNeill), Oklahoma State U. (Opit), USDA-ARS (Armstrong), Purdue U. (Ambrose), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/KNUST (Akowuah, Obeng-Akrofi) Akowuah, J., Maier, D., Opit, G., McNeill, S.G., Armstrong, P., Campabadal, C., Ambrose, K., Oben-Akrofi, G. 2018. Drying temperature effect on kernel damage and viability of maize dried in a solar biomass hybrid dryer. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. 8:506-517. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2018.811041  Objective 3: Iowa state researchers, with industry collaboration, developed strategies for maximizing the processing value of soybean through selective handling approach. The study was conducted by collecting samples from 36 locations with a goal to determine the protein and oil variations to selectively segregate soybeans either load by load or by location to be shipped to the processing plant. They found that significant improvement in processing margins could be possible by managing the logistics of soybean shipments from receiving locations to the processing plants versus other market locations.  Through analytical modeling approach, NC-213 researchers improved the effectiveness in segregation strategies for non-GM corn. A decision-making tool was developed and tested through a Java-based software program. With reasonable accuracy, the program predicts the potential GM adventitious presences in non-GM corn loads. In addition, a probabilistic model with Monte Carlo simulation was developed to predict the likelihood of non-GM loads meeting selected tolerance levels for adventitious presence. In the long term, the data and tools generated by the project will lower the risk level for non-GM growers, breeders, and handlers. This research was a collaborative effort with researchers from Iowa State University and Purdue Univerrsity. NC-213 participants actively trained grain handling and processing industry workers and supervisor on dust control and dust explosion mitigation. The training programs covered effective handling strategies for controlling dust generation, good housekeeping practices, equipment maintenance, and advanced dust explosion suppression systems.

Publications

Objective 1 Publications Sekhon J. K., K. A. Rosentrater, S. Jung, and T. Wang. 2018. Effect of co-products of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans, enzymes, and surfactant on oil recovery from integrated corn-soy fermentation. Industrial Crops and Products 121: 441-451.  Suleiman, R. and K. A. Rosentrater. 2018. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) of extruded aquafeeds. Journal of Food Research 7(5): 57-68. Yao, H., Y. Huang, L. Tang, L. Tian, D. Bhatnagar, and T. E. Cleveland. 2018. Using Hyperspectral Data in Precision Farming Applications, Chapter 1 of Vol. IV, Advance Applications in Agricultural Crops and Natural Vegetation, in book Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, Second Edition. Editor-in-Chief, Prasad S. Thenkabail. CRC Press. Tao, F., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Burger, W., Rajasekaran, K., Bhatnagar, D. 2018. Recent development of optical methods in rapid and non-destructive detection of aflatoxin and fungal contamination in agricultural products. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.017. v100, 65-81. Tao, F., Yao, H., Zhu, F., Hruska, Z., Liu, Y., Rajasekaran, K, and Bhatnagar, D. 2018. Feasibility of using visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy to detect aflatoxigenic fungus and aflatoxin contamination on corn kernels. ASABE Paper No. 1801006. St. Joseph, MI.: ASABE. Han, D., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., Ramezanpour, C., Rajasekaran, K., & Bhatnagar, D. 2018. Development of high speed dual-camera system for batch screening of aflatoxin contamination of corn using multispectral fluorescence imaging. Proceedings of SPIE, “Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety X”, 10665-17. April 18, 2018. Tao, F., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., Liu, Y., Rajasekaran, K., & Bhatnagar, D. 2018. Rapid and non-destructive detection of aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels using visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy. Proceedings of SPIE, “Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety X”, 10665-18. April 18, 2018. Poudel R, Rose DJ. 2018. Changes in enzymatic activities and functionality of whole wheat flour due to steaming of wheat kernels. Food Chemistry 263:315-320. Full Citation: Shah, M., Eklund, B., Lima, LGC., Bergholz, T. and Hall, C. 2018. Microbial and Chemical Shelf-Life of Vacuum Steam-Pasteurized Whole Flaxseed and Milled Flaxseed. J. Food Sci. 83(2):300-308. doi: 10.1007/s11947-017-2052-7 Full Citation: Hall III, C., Bergholz, T., and Shah, M. Shelf-life of Pasteurized Flaxseed. Flax Institute of America. April 2018. Fargo, ND. Magallanes López, A. M. (2018). Fate of deoxynivalenol during wet milling (Order No. 10974700). Available from Dissertations & Theses @ North Dakota State University. (2133955805). Retrieved from <a href="https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2133955805?accountid=6766">https://ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2133955805?accountid=6766</a> Yarbrough, D. 2018. Raman Spectroscopy: How to keep our animals and us healthy. Explorations. 10, 35-38. Wu, T., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B. 2018. Vis- and NIR-based instruments for detection of black-tip damaged wheat kernels: A comparative study. Transactions of the ASABE. 61(2):461-467. <a href="https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12432">https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12432</a>.  Log No. 341744 Determining damage levels in wheat caused by Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) using visible and Near-Infrared spectroscopy.  ARMSTRONG, PAUL R., MAGHIRANG, ELIZABETH, OZULU, MEHMET. Journal of Cereal Science, Accepted Clohessy, J. W., Pauli, D., Kreher, K. M., Buckler V, E. S., Armstrong, P. R., Wu, T., Hoekenga, O. A., Jannink, J.-L., Sorrells, M. E., and Gore, M. A. 2018. <a href="https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/tppj/first-look">A low-cost automated system for high-throughput phenotyping of single oat seeds</a>. The Plant Phenome Journal In Press doi: 10.2135/tppj2018.07.0005 Manu, N., Osekre, E.A., Opit, G.P., Campbell, J.F., Arthur, F.H., Mbata, G., Armstrong, P.R., Danso, J.K. 2018. Population dynamics of stored maize insect pests in warehouses in two districts of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 76:102-110. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.001</a>.  Log No. 344434 Danso, J.K., Osekre, E.A., Manu, N., Opit, G.P., Armstrong, P.R., Arthur, F.H., Campbell, J.F., Mbata, G., McNeil, S.G. 2018. Post-harvest insect infestation and mycotoxin levels in maize markets in the Middle Belt of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 77:9-15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.02.004</a>.  Log No. 348331 Moisture content, insect pest infestation and mycotoxin levels of maize in markets in the northern region of Ghana. (2019). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">N.Manu</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">G.P.Opit</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">E.A.Osekre</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">F.H.Arthur</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">G.Mbata</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">P.Armstrong</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">J.K.Danso</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">S.G.McNeill</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">J.F.Campbell</a> 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.007</a> Tamagno, Santiago & Sadras, Victor & W. Haegele, Jason & R. Armstrong, Paul & Ciampitti, Ignacio. (2018). Interplay between nitrogen fertilizer and biological nitrogen fixation in soybean: implications on seed yield and biomass allocation. Scientific Reports. 8. 10.1038/s41598-018-35672-1. Ortez, O & Salvagiotti, Fernando & M. Enrico, J & Prasad, P. V. Vara & Armstrong, P & Ciampitti, Ignacio. (2018). Exploring Nitrogen Limitation for Historical and Modern Soybean Genotypes. Agronomy Journal. 110. 10.2134/agronj2018.04.0271. Objective 2 Publications Bruce RM, Atungulu GG. 2018. Assessment of pasting characteristics of size fractionated industrial parboiled and non-parboiled broken rice. Cereal Chemistry, 95(6), 889–899. DOI: 10.1002/cche.10107 Luthra K, Sadaka S, Atungulu GG. 2018. Exploration of Rough Rice Head Yield Subjected To Drying and Retention Durations in A Fluidized Bed System. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 34(5):877-885. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.12925. Shafiekhani S, Atungulu GG. 2018. Impacts of storage temperature and rice moisture content on color characteristics of rice from fields with different disease management practices. Journal of Stored Product Research. 78 (1), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.07.001. Sadaka S, Atungulu GG. 2018. Drying of Rough Rice Using Heated Husk for Heat Transfer and Moisture Adsorption. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 34(3). 605-615. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.12739 Sadaka S, Atungulu GG.  (2018). Grain Sorghum Drying Kinetics under Isothermal Conditions Using Thermogravimetric Analyzer. BioResources, 13(1), 1534-1547. Atungulu GG, Olatunde GA. 2018. Assessment of New In-Bin Drying and Storage Technology for Soybean Seed. Drying Technology. 36(4), 383-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1335751. Atungulu GG, Olatunde GA, Sadaka S. 2018.  Impact of Rewetting and Drying of Rough Rice on Prediction of Moisture Content Profiles during On-Farm In-Bin Drying and Storage. Drying Technology. 36(4) 468-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1345933. Atungulu GG, Olatunde G, Wilson S. 2018. Engineering Methods to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn in On-Farm Bin Drying and Storage Systems. Drying Technology. 36(8): 932-951 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1365726">https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1365726</a> Olatunde G. Atungulu GG. 2018.  Milling behavior and microstructure of rice dried using microwave set at 915 MHz frequency. Journal of Cereal Science, 80 (2018)167-173 doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.02.008. Smith D, Atungulu GG, Sadaka S, Rogers S. 2018. Implications of Microwave Drying Using 915 MHz Frequency on Rice Physicochemical Properties. Cereal Chemistry, 95(2), 221-225 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10012">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10012</a>). Smith D, Atungulu GG. 2018. Impact of Drying Deep Beds of Rice with Microwave Set At 915 MHz Frequency on Rice Microbial Community Responses. Cereal Chemistry, 2018(95), 130-140 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10018">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10018</a>). Xu F, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yao Y, Atungulu GG, Ju X, Wang L. 2018. Absorption and Metabolism of Peptide WDHHAPQLR Derived from Rapeseed Protein and Inhibition of HUVECs Apoptosis under Oxidative Stress. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2018, 66, 5178−5189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01620. Atungulu GG. 2018. Infrared Food Processing Technology: Fundamentals and Case Studies of Recent Advances in Grain Processing. In: Alternatives to Conventional Food Processing: 2nd Edition Edited by Andrew Proctor. Green Chemistry Series No. 53. The Royal Society of Chemistry; Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK. Pg. 397-417. Cheng, X., A. Vella, and M. J. Stasiewicz. 2018. Classification of aflatoxin contaminated single corn kernels by ultraviolet to near infrared spectroscopy. Food Cont. (in press, accepted Nov. 2018). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.037">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.037</a>. Disturbance to control insects in stored grain – Mike Sserunjogi, Tom Brumm, Dirk Maier, and Carl Bern (2018) Wireless sensors for quality monitoring and management of stored grain inventories – Roger Aby and Dirk Maier (2018) Testing plastic films for air tightness of hermetic storage bags – Cristine Ignacio, Sam Cook, Carl Bern, and Dirk Maier (2018) Application of blockchain technology in agri-food supply chain – Priyanka Gupta and Shweta Chopra (2018) Modeling traceability in the bulk material supply chain – Richa Sharma, Charles Hurburgh, Shweta Chopra, and Gretchen Mosher (2018) Suleiman, R., C. J. Bern, T. J. Brumm, and K. A. Rosentrater.  2018.  Impact of moisture content and maize weevils and maize quality during hermetic and non-hermetic storage.  Journal of Stored Products Research 78: 1-10. Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. 2018. Using workers’ compensation claims data to characterize occupational injuries in the biofuels industry. Safety Science, 103(March), 352-360. Bekkerman, A., and D. K. Weaver. 2018.“Modeling Joint Dependence of Invasive Pests: The Case of the Wheat Stem Sawfly.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 42(2):172-194 Lawrence, P. G., B. D. Maxwell, L. J. Rew, C. Ellis, and A. Bekkerman. 2018. Vulnerability of dryland agricultural regimes to economic and climatic change. Ecology and Society. 23(1):34. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09983-230134">https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09983-230134</a> Adhikari, S., T. Seipel, F. D. Menalled, and D. K. Weaver. 2018. Farming system and wheat cultivar affect infestation of and parasitism on Cephus cinctus in the Northern Great Plains. Pest Management Science. 74(11):2480-2487 Wu, T., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B. 2018. Vis- and NIR-based instruments for detection of black-tip damaged wheat kernels: A comparative study. Transactions of the ASABE. 61(2):461-467. <a href="https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12432">https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12432</a>.  Log No. 341744 Determining damage levels in wheat caused by Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) using visible and Near-Infrared spectroscopy.  ARMSTRONG, PAUL R., MAGHIRANG, ELIZABETH, OZULU, MEHMET. Journal of Cereal Science, Accepted Clohessy, J. W., Pauli, D., Kreher, K. M., Buckler V, E. S., Armstrong, P. R., Wu, T., Hoekenga, O. A., Jannink, J.-L., Sorrells, M. E., and Gore, M. A. 2018. <a href="https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/tppj/first-look">A low-cost automated system for high-throughput phenotyping of single oat seeds</a>. The Plant Phenome Journal In Press doi: 10.2135/tppj2018.07.0005 Manu, N., Osekre, E.A., Opit, G.P., Campbell, J.F., Arthur, F.H., Mbata, G., Armstrong, P.R., Danso, J.K. 2018. Population dynamics of stored maize insect pests in warehouses in two districts of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 76:102-110. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.01.001</a>.  Log No. 344434 Danso, J.K., Osekre, E.A., Manu, N., Opit, G.P., Armstrong, P.R., Arthur, F.H., Campbell, J.F., Mbata, G., McNeil, S.G. 2018. Post-harvest insect infestation and mycotoxin levels in maize markets in the Middle Belt of Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 77:9-15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.02.004</a>.  Log No. 348331 Moisture content, insect pest infestation and mycotoxin levels of maize in markets in the northern region of Ghana. (2019). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">N.Manu</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">G.P.Opit</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">E.A.Osekre</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">F.H.Arthur</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">G.Mbata</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">P.Armstrong</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">J.K.Danso</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">S.G.McNeill</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X18301681#!">J.F.Campbell</a> 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.007</a> Tamagno, Santiago & Sadras, Victor & W. Haegele, Jason & R. Armstrong, Paul & Ciampitti, Ignacio. (2018). Interplay between nitrogen fertilizer and biological nitrogen fixation in soybean: implications on seed yield and biomass allocation. Scientific Reports. 8. 10.1038/s41598-018-35672-1. Ortez, O & Salvagiotti, Fernando & M. Enrico, J & Prasad, P. V. Vara & Armstrong, P & Ciampitti, Ignacio. (2018). Exploring Nitrogen Limitation for Historical and Modern Soybean Genotypes. Agronomy Journal. 110. 10.2134/agronj2018.04.0271. Objective 3 Publications None provided for 2018.

Impact Statements

As a result of research conducted by NC-213 Scientists and in-field practitioners, farmers have the knowledge to develop protocols for measurement, define parameters, and create a mathematical model of how blended and comingled grain flow, which in turn allows a mathematical prediction with higher precision and accuracy than has been previously possible.

Date of Annual Report: 04/16/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/30/2021 - 03/31/2021
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2019 - 09/30/2020

Participants

Kingsly Ambrose rambrose@purdue.edu Purdue University;
George Annor gannor@umn.edu University of Minnesota;
Paul Armstrong paul.armstrong@usda.gov USDA ARS;
Griffiths Atungulu atungulu@uark.edu UARK;
Roselle Barretto rosellebarretto@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Paul Beamer paul.beamer@grainmillers.com Grain Millers;
Erin Bowers erin@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Hikmet Boyacioglu hboyacioglu@kpmanalytics.com KPM Analytics;
Daniel Brabec daniel.brabec@usda.gov USDA-ARS Manhattan, KS;
Julie Bradford julie.bradford@adm.com ADM;
Emily Branstad emilie@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Tom Brumm tbrumm@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Rania Buenavista rebuenavista@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Carlos Campabadal campa@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Mark Casada casada@ksu.edu USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research;
Hayes Charles hcharles@icpmill.com Iowa Corn Processors;
Hongda Chen hongda.chen@usda.gov USDA/NIFA;
Hory Chikez horych@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Princess Tiffany Dantes ptiffany@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Jayani Dona jayani.maddakandaged@ndsu.edu North Dakota State University;
Pierzynski Gary pierzynski.3@osu.edu
The Ohio State University;
Alan Gaul agaul@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Priyanka Gupta gupta@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Tim Herrman tjh@otsc.tamu.edu Texas A&M;
Chuck Hill chuck.hill@agrigold.com AgReliant Genetics;
charles hurburgh tatry@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Ma Cristine Ignacio mignacio@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Klein Ileleji ileleji@purdue.edu Purdue University;
Cameron Jacobs cjacobs@usarice.com USA RICE FEDERATION;
William Koshar koshar.3@osu.edu The Ohio State University;
Linda Kull lkull@ilsoy.org Illinois Soybean Association;
John Lawrence john.lawrence1@agisuretrack.com AGI SureTrack;
Kyung-Min Lee kml@otsc.tamu.edu Texas AgriLife Research;
Steve Linscombe slinscombe@usarice.com USA Rice Federation;
Willow Liu willow@huskers.unl.edu University of Illinois;
Ana Magallanes Lopez ana.magallaneslopez@ndsu.edu North Dakota State University;
Dirk Maier dmaier@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Frank Manthey frank.manthey@ndsu.edu North Dakota State University;
Reuben McLean rmclean@graincraft.com NAMA;
Sam McNeill smcneill@uky.edu University of Kentucky;
Pushpak Mehta pushpak.mehta@ingredion.com Ingredion;
Mike Montross michael.montross@uky.edu University of Kentucky;
Janie Moore j.moore@tamu.edu Texas A&M University;
Gretchen Mosher gamosher@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Steve Nenonen snenonen@fossna.com Foss;
Eliotte Diane Ngebichie Diane.tchinthui@gmail.com;
George Obeng-Akrofi georgeo@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Abass Oduola aaoduola@uark.edu University of Arkansas;
Anne okeyo anokeyo@yahoo.com university of Arkansas;
Mariane Pastorelli Latanze mariane2@illinois.edu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
Pierce Paul paul.661@osu.edu The Ohio State University;
Marvin Paulsen mpaulsen@illinois.edu Retired. Formerly University of Illinois;
MANOJ PULIVARTHI pmanoj@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
JIAJIA RAO jiajia.rao@ndsu.edu North Dakota State University;
Kent Rausch krausch@illinois.edu University of Illinois;
Jared Lou Rivera jdrivera07@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Devin Rose drose3@unl.edu University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
A. Bruce Roskens abroskens@gmail.com;
DEANNA SCHEFF deanna.scheff@usda.gov USDA;
Kurt Shultz KSHULTZ@GRAINS.ORG US Grains Council;
Kaliramesh Siliveru kaliramesh@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Senay Simsek senay.simsek@ndsu.edu North Dakota State University;
Deandrae Smith dsmith155@unl.edu University of Nebraska-Lincoln;
Mike Sobetski msobetski@lifeline-foods.com Lifeline Foods;
Mike Sserunjogi mikes1@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Matthew Stasiewicz mstasie@illinois.edu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
Loren Steinman lorenws2@illinois.edu University of Illinois;
Anu Suprabha Raj asuprabharaj@ksu.edu Kansas State University;
Hui Yee Tan huiyee@iastate.edu Iowa State University;
Craig Tomera craig.tomera@grainmillers.com Grain Millers, Inc;
Joseph Varikooty joey@amber.ag Amber Agriculture;
DAVID WEAVER weaver@montana.edu Montana State University;
Haibo Yao haibo@gri.msstate.edu Mississippi State University;
Yumeng Zhao zhao650@purdue.edu Purdue University, Dpt of Ag and Bio Engineering;

Participants Attachment:

Participants.pdf

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes to the NC-213 Annual Meeting 2021 – Virtual – Minutes Of – Tuesday, March 30 and Wednesday, March 31.

Tuesday, March 30, 2021 - Welcome and Introductions.

Gary M. Pierzynski, Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, The Ohio State University. Gary gave a General Welcome to everyone attending and mentioned that at Wednesday’s NC-213 Annual Business Meeting he will give a more in-depth report.

Griffiths Atungulu, NC-213 Chair, University of Arkansas. Griffiths started off by giving a very heartfelt and warming welcome and thanking everyone for holding up during this pandemic. He shared that he hopes that everyone continues to stay safe. Griffiths thanked the NC-213 Executive Committee for organizing the Annual Meeting Virtual and thanked Scott Swanson, North Dakota State University, for all of his technical knowledge. Senay Simsek, North Dakota State University was thanked for Hosting the Annual Meeting and taking the lead. Griffiths thanked Bill Koshar for connecting all of the loose ends. Griffiths closed by again welcoming everyone and invited them to sit down and enjoy the Annual Meeting.

Overview of the Annual Meeting and Sessions.

Griffiths Atungulu. Griffiths gave an overview of the Annual Meeting, thanked Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University, for her efforts on the Presentations for Wednesday, mentioned the Industry Panel Discussion, overseen by Chuck Hill, AgriGold Hybrids, and shared that the NC-213 Annual Business Meeting will be on Wednesday.

Senay Simsek, NC-213 Objective Co-Chair and Meeting Host, North Dakota State University. Senay thanked Bill Koshar and Members of the NC-213 Executive Committee will helped with the Annual Meeting, and shared with the group that we will do our best to provide a good meeting. Senay went on to say that we had a great turnout on presentations and Scott Swanson did a great job. She gave an overall; “thank you” to everyone on the Annual Meeting.

Gretchen Mosher, NC-213 Objective Co-Chair, Associate Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University. Gretchen was asked to give a brief discussion on the Presentations for Wednesday. Gretchen shared that the presentations would be “live” and last for approximately ten (10) minutes. Gretchen thanked Scott for his work on the ZOOM Webinar and Bill Koshar for his efforts.

Presentations from NC-213 Participating Stations.

University of Arkansas. Griffiths G. Atungulu, Ph.D., Associate Professor & Agricultural Engineer, UA Rice/Grain Processing & Post-harvest Systems' Engineering Program, Department of Food Science Division of Agriculture

Purdue University. Klein E. Ileleji, Professor & Extension Engineer, Agricultural & Biological Engineering

Iowa State University. Gretchen A. Mosher, Associate Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Kansas State University. Kaliramesh Siliveru, Assistant Professor, Department of Grain Science & Industry

University of Nebraska. Devin Rose, Professor, Food Science & Technology

North Dakota State University. Senay Simsek, Professor - Bert L. D'Appolonia Cereal Science and Technology of Wheat Endowed Professor

The Ohio State University. Pierce Paul, Professor

Texas AgriLife Research. Timothy J. Herrman, Professor

University of Illinois. Matthew Jon Stasiewicz, Assistant Professor, Applied Food Safety

Wednesday, March 31, 2021 - Welcome to the Second Day of the NC-213 Annual Meeting. Griffiths Atungulu

Griffiths welcomed everyone to the second day of the Annual Meeting. He reported that yesterday’s session was; “excellent” and “very engaging.” The presentations were well executive and very well received. Many attendees mentioned that should be repeated in future Annual Meetings.

Griffiths asked Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University, to give an overview of the Presentations for Wednesday’s Meeting. Gretchen shared with the group that this type of Presentation Format is the first time being used. She went on to explain that some presentations will be live and some will be recorded. In addition, there will be “judges” watching the Student Presenters and scoring their presentation. Student Presenters are eligible for the “Student Competition.”

Presentation Table. Time/Title/Authors (presenting Author is listed first.)

Periodic disturbance time interval for suppression of the maize weevil in stored maize. M. Sserunjogi; C.J. Bern; T.J. Brumm, D.E. Maier

Nutritional quality of bread made from whole grain hulled wheat. J. Maddakandage Dona; S. Simsek

Improving the usability of a new soybean processing model. H-Y (Ellie) Tan, C. R. Hurburgh

Predicting oxygen depletion during grain storage using hermetic bag technology. Ma C. C. D Ignacio, D. E. Maier

Dry matter loss and lipid oxidation evaluation of soybeans during storage using a static grain respiration measurement system. M. P. Latanze, K. R. Cadwallader, M. E Tumbleson, M. Kamruzzaman, R. S. Gates, K. D. Rausch

Developing a DEM-CFD model to predict dust emission during grain handling. Y. Zhao, M. Petingco, R. Maghirang, M. Casada, R.P.K. Ambrose

Gravimetric measurement of dry matter loss in soybeans at elevated temperatures using a dynamic respiration system. L.W. Steinman

Mechanical stirring of maize stored in on-farm steel bins to control maize weevils: A preliminary study. M. Sserunjogi; C. J. Bern; T. J. Brumm, D. E. Maier, T.W. Phillips

Associations between wheat quality characteristics and flour and bread protein digestibility in historical and modern wheats. S. Liu; M. Walter; L. Xu; K. Majumder; M. Downs; S. Simsek; and D. J. Rose

Managing fumonisin risk in the corn value chain: A comparison of meta-analysis and benchmark dose approach to address animal food safety, quality, and marketing systems. A. Brown, T. Herrman

Modeling non-GM segregation strategies at the grain elevator. P. Gupta; C. R. Hurburgh; E. L. Bowers; and G. A. Mosher

Monitoring and managing stored grain quality with novel wireless sensing and fan control technology. M. Sserunjogi; G. Obeng-Akrofi; D. E. Maier, J. Varikooty

NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee—Panel Discussion. Lead by Chuck Hill, Industry Advisory Committee, Chair, AgriGold Hybrids. Panel consists of: Chuck Hill, Kurt Schultz-U.S. Grains Council, Dr. Linda Kull-Illinois Soybean Association, Reuben McLean-Grain Craft, Dr. Steve Linscombe-The Rice Foundation.

NC-213 Annual Meeting – Business Meeting.

Update from Coordinator/Administrative Advisor- Gary M. Pierzynski, Administrative Advisor/Coordinator, The Ohio State University

NC-213 Mid Term Review – N.C. Region approval was formally given so the Team may continue.

The N.C. Region did emphasize that since this is a Multi State Project, we should focus on having collaborative efforts on research projects. To aid in this effort, NC-213 Endowment Funds can be used/diverted for research collaboration.

We have a new President, so that might impact funding for agricultural research, purposes, etc. In addition, we have a new Secretary of Agriculture.

There is a new N.I.F.A. Director. We are hearing good things about this Director and she is being well received. N.I.F.A. has moved to Kansas City and their Offices

We are waiting on a new budget for overall agricultural research.

There are changes in the Foundational Grants and Gary reviewed the changes. Emphasis is on: Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Building Program.

Other discussion was on Infrastructure Grants, the President’s Infrastructure Bill, next Farm Bill.

Griffiths reviewed The Andersons Grants Awards.

Awards: The Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence, The Andersons Early in Career Award, Student Competition.

Paul Armstrong, Lead Scientist and Research Agricultural Engineer at the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Products Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, has been selected as the “2021 The Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence” Recipient.

Kaliramesh Siliveru, Assistant Professor, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, has been selected as the “2021 The Andersons Early-in-Career Award of Excellence” Recipient.

For the Student Presentation Competition, Priyanka Gupta, Iowa State University, was judged to have the best overall Presentation. The title: “Modeling non-GM Segregation Strategies at the Grain Elevator”.

Please note that the Election of an incoming Secretary and 2022 Meeting Venue will be done via a survey. Since this is a virtual meeting, the results will be compiled then sent to the group.

Election.

Griffiths Atungulu rotates to Past Chair, Paul Armstrong rotates to Chair, Devin Rose rotates to Vice Chair, Election for the position of Secretary. Past Chair is currently vacant.

Chuck Hill remains Industry Advisory Committee Chair, Gary Pierzynski remains Coordinator/Administrative Advisor, Christopher Reed remains The Andersons, Inc. Representative

K.M. Lee and Senay Simsek remain Objective 1 Co-Chairs, Kaliramesh Seiliveru remains Objective 2 Co-Chair. The other position needs to be filled, R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and Gretchen Mosher remain Objective 3 Co-Chairs

The position of NC-213 Secretary, without opposition; with the agreement of all people involved, is filled by Janie McClurkin Moore, Texas A&M University.

Discussion on NC-213 Annual Meeting 2022.

Options:

GEAPS Exchange. March 2022: Saturday, March 26 through Tuesday, March 29, 2022. Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City Convention Center. Historically we have met on Tuesday and joined their President’s Banquet. Then we had meetings on Wednesday. Due to the numerous “hick-ups” we encountered when meeting at Convention Centers, year’s ago NC-213 has chosen not to hold meetings at Convention Centers.

Wheat Quality Council Annual Meeting. February 2022: Tuesday, February 22 through Thursday, February 24, 2022. Embassy Suites, KCI. Historically, we attend their Banquet, which is held on Wednesday and meet again on Thursday.

Purdue University.

Meeting Adjourned.

Gretchen made the Motion Griffiths seconded the Motion.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 Accomplishments    Through collaborative efforts involving Iowa State University and Kansas State University Researchers, physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to suppress maize weevils in stored maize was investigated. Storage containers disturbed once per day (24 h) were more effective than 8 h, 12 h and undisturbed containers. Disturbance as a postharvest strategy to control weevils holds great potential. The initial population of 25 live maize weevils reduced in a range of 1 to 4 weevils at all machine run times. The selected disturbance rate of 1.3 m/s would not directly injure adult maize weevils during the disturbance experiment. The second experiment used the disturbance machines to determine the effective disturbance over time to reduce populations of maize weevils. Disturbance intervals of 8, 12 and 24 h reduced the populations of maize weevils by 75%, 95% and 94%, respectively, compared to the undisturbed jars after 160 days of maize storage. Disturbance once per day was the best interval in controlling weevil populations after 160 days of maize storage. The quality of maize in the disturbed jars was better than that in the undisturbed jars. While the population of live maize weevils in the unstirred bin was increasing, stirring achieved 100% control after 40 days. Additionally, maize in the stirred bin was of a better quality compared to maize in the unstirred bin when tested for moisture content, test weight, insect damage and mold damage. Mechanical augers concentrated broken kernels and fine portion of the foreign material to the bottom of the bin.    The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative (IGQI) is a cutting-edge grain quality research and information program. The interdisciplinary project performs the "rapid response function" at ISU for the grain industry. Through diverse expertise of affiliated faculty and the use of information technology, the project has addressed grain production and processing topics quickly, giving producers and agribusinesses the information needed to make business decisions. Challenges related to genetically modified grains have accelerated the use of alternative delivery systems. To that end, Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR HSI) was explored for animal feed applications. A Corning NIR HSI instrument was used to predict protein and oil content in soybean meal and visualize predicted protein distribution over the entire soybean meal sample. Preprocessing by standard normal variate and Savitzky-Golay derivative was effective in improving calibration model performance. Absorbance spectra from the NIR HSI instrument were relatively close to those from the two NIR instruments in most of the wavelengths. Lysine concentration was determined in soybean meal and dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) using NIR HSI in combination with partial least squares regression or spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification. Overall, both PLS regression and SAM classification obtained promising results thereby indicating the potential of this technology to be used in evaluating amino acid concentration in animal feeds. No ingredient is uniform; ingredient components are treated as averages over some testing or purchasing interval, in the same way that feed safety is monitored over some control interval. On-line measurements with at-line precision open the opportunity for rapid process control, with further savings or efficiencies beyond those generated from more accurate averages. The competitive mixing economics and animal performance risk management could accrue rapidly and could be capturable at the local milling/feeding level.    We examined high pressure processing (HPP) as a means of reducing pathogens in cookie dough. Treating the dough at 600 MPa for 6 min significantly reduced counts of inoculated Escherichia coli by as much as 2.0 log CFU/g. Dough and cookie physical characteristics did not differ significantly among HPP-treated and control doughs. Generic E. coli was found in 2 instances on cleaning equipment at an average of 0.4 log CFU/10 cm2. Coliform counts increased markedly in wheat kernels and milled fractions after passing through the different milling steps. The in vitro protein digestibility of breads was evaluated. Three older cultivars displayed lower digestibility than the other cultivars. Differences in protein digestibility among wheat cultivars that may have important implications for human nutrition. HPP has the potential to improve the microbiological quality of wheat-based cookie doughs. Our survey of wheat milling equipment has provided critical control areas and equipment where cross- contamination is likely to occur during milling. In particular, equipment used to clean and temper wheat grain was found to harbor substantial populations of microorganisms. Therefore, appropriate sanitary measures should, be implemented at these sites to minimize the risk of microbial contamination during wheat milling.    Durum wheat industry monitors weather during grain fill and harvest. By understanding the impact of initial kernel moisture content, the length of time exposed to moisture, temperature, and the number of wet/dry cycles on grain quality allows durum wheat industry to anticipate grain quality in a particular region prior to harvest. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of initial grain moisture content (13, 14, 15, 16, and 17%), temperature (5 and 24°C), and wet/dry cycles involving bulk distilled water and with high relative humidity (80 to 85%) on the hydration of durum wheat grain and their effect on physical grain quality. Soaking times ranged from 15 sec to 12 h. Grain quality tests included kernel moisture content, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, vitreous kernel content, kernel color, and kernel size distribution. Grain was affected more by damp conditions when it had low than high moisture content. Thus, rainfall or heavy dew occurring when kernel moisture was high had little or no effect on grain quality but had significant affect when grain moisture content was low. When the grain moisture was low, a single exposure to moisture, bulk moisture or high relative humidity, was enough to reduce grain quality. Most of the reduction in grain quality seemed to be related to the swelling effect of moisture on the bran layer.    Experiments were conducted to compare the structural and functional properties, and aroma profiles of flaxseed proteins extracted from golden whole flaxseed (WF) and flaxseed meal (FM). The influence of particle size of DDGS, solvent type, concentration  and reducing agents on zein purity, recovery yield and functionality was investigated. Flaxseed proteins obtained from WF and FM reached different purities of isolate (FPI) and concentrate (FPC), respectively. Two kinds of proteins differed significantly in terms of molecular, structural properties and flavor profile. FPC consisted of a larger proportion of low molecular weight fractions with greater heterogeneity than FPI. FPI presented higher foaming capacity than FPC at both neutral (pH 7.0) and acidic pH (pH 3.5) while FPC exhibited higher thermal stability than FPI. For DDGS, 70% ethanol with milled powder has the highest protein purity (92.4%), extraction yield (18.3%) and higher thermal stability among all tested parameters. All zein extracted from DDGS had similar secondary structure of protein profile compared to commercial zein product. However, zein produced from DDGS contains the mixture of γ-zein and α-zein, whereas the commercial zein is mainly compose of α-zein. As a result, the functionality of zein extracted from DDGS showed distinct profile than that of commercial zein. Flaxseed protein isolate (FPI) can be obtained from whole flaxseed. By contrast, flaxseed protein concentrate (FPC) can be prepared from flaxseed meal. Removing mucilage from flaxseed prior to protein extraction could improve the protein extraction yield. In terms of extraction zein from DDGS, 70% ethanol with milled DDGS sample is recommended method for extraction of zein.    Durum and hard red spring wheat (HRSW) were dry milled to produce farina (HRSW) and semolina (Durum). Gluten isolation was done using laboratory scale wet milling methods. DON levels were determined. The purity of gluten extracted using medium and high shear processes for HRSW and DW was higher in DON containing samples when compared to the control samples. None of the gluten fractions contained DON levels above the limit of quantification. DON removed from the gluten fractions was found in high levels in the residual water (water-soluble fraction). This work has demonstrated the effectiveness of three laboratory- scale wet milling processes (Martin, medium shear and high shear processes) to remove DON from contaminated HRSW and DW samples. The wet milling processes yielded gluten, starch and water-soluble fractions, but this research was focused on the study of the gluten fraction. After the wet milling processes, the extracted gluten had DON levels below the limit of quantification (<0.2 mg/kg). The proteins composition was used to assess their impact on fundamental rheology. In this sense, the lower proportion of gliadins versus glutenins yielded better rheological performance similar to the control (commercial wheat gluten). Therefore, the wet milling technique can be considered as an alternative option to process DON contaminated wheat to extract gluten that exhibits a potential application as food ingredient.    Improvements in temperature sensors provide an accurate and inexpensive way of determining the temperature of the grain mass. We monitored the temperature, RH and CO2 levels of corn stored in three mini-silos made up of 55-gallon steel drums. Mini-silos contained corn at 14.6% moisture, corn at about 18% moisture in a canister with corn at 14.6% and insect pests in a canister with corn at 14.6%. The trend showed that a drop or rise in CO2 levels at the plenum similarly results to affects the CO2 level at the headspace. This indicates the presence, movement and diffusion of CO2 across the entire grain mass. The temperatures at the grain top, middle and bottom were close with similar variation. They also followed the trend of the ambient temperature. This is an indication that ambient temperature also influences temperature variations in the storage bins. Generally, it was observed that a decrease in the temperature levels also results to a decrease in the CO2 levels. This is an indication that temperature influences the expansion of the CO2 gases in the grain mass. The challenge in correctly interpreting data of temperature, moisture and CO2 profiles of the stored grain bulk is still an issue. This research effort in collaboration with the industry will provide operations personnel with a better understanding of stored bulk condition as measured by temperature, moisture and CO2. However, work is still ongoing on developing analytical tools for data interpretation.    Through collaborative research efforts between Texas A&M University and the Office of the Texas State Chemist, standard Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic techniques coupled to chemometric algorithms were applied to develop the spectroscopic method for early identification and rapid quantification of water-soluble vitamins (WSVs). Fumonisins are toxic by-products of mold growth produced by Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum and other Fusarium species and are commonly found on corn. A study funded by the NC-213 Anderson Grant. Endowment administered by the Ohio State University involved managing fumonisin risk the in the corn value chain by performing a comparison of a Meta-Analysis and Benchmark Does approach to address food safety, quality, and marketing systems of cattle. A PECO statement was developed that considered Purpose, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome as the evaluation criteria for a preliminary literature search to identify articles of cattle exposed to dietary fumonisin. Additionally, a risk of bias criteria was established as a central decision and prioritization tool. We found a 4-fold to 5-fold increase in levels of toxigenic aspergillus species from the beginning to the end of the cottonseed meal process (acid and mechanically delinted). Analysis was conducted on 381 samples for sulfur. Rations were balanced by protein content and sulfur levels were categorized at 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8% and 1.1% sulfur in feed originating from the used of DDGs. The developed spectroscopic techniques would be a simple and efficient analytical tool alternative to conventional wet-chemical methods for screening and real-time monitoring of water-soluble vitamins (WSVs) in food and feed samples at critical locations in the product distribution systems. Outcome of the fumonisin risk assessment, based on an initial assessment of new literature, reveals there are insufficient scientific evidence to support changing existing FDA guidance. The sulfur risk assessment for DDGs fed to cattle will assist ethanol plants and feed manufacturers better manage risk. The findings on aflatoxin contamination can be used to understand how sample aflatoxin levels increase throughout post-harvest processing of cottonseed. Likewise, we now have a set of treatment parameters that can be used to treat samples of contaminated cottonseed and cottonseed meal.    Joint research efforts between USDA-ARS CGAHR, Manhattan and Kansas State University evaluated sorghum grain composition as related to end-use quality traits for several different projects with several industry collaborators.  The effect of environmental factors on sorghum grain composition was investigated and genetic studies were completed to identify genes that impact sorghum grain quality. Sorghum is a drought and heat tolerant crop important to arid areas of the central U.S. and an important crop for food and feed around the world. Sorghum’s tolerance to abiotic stresses and resilience plays an important role in food security. While sorghum grain has important nutritional properties, there are grain quality attributes and nutritional factors that can be improved to enhance the value and utilization of sorghum. Research addressed those issues by identifying genes related to nutritional quality of sorghum; identifying new uses and markets for sorghum proteins; investigated how stored product insects feed on and damage sorghum grain and provided methods to help facilitate the use of sorghum in fuel ethanol production.   Objective 2 Accomplishments:   Rice growers managing some 15 million bushels of rice stored in on-farm bins in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi use newly generated guidelines for rice harvest moisture content and management strategies to completely eliminate discoloration during in-bin rice drying and storage. The team from University of Arkansas has seen a shift from traditional practices to adopt new guidelines that recommend harvest moisture content of 18-19% thereby preserving rice quality and milling yields. Sensors built using newly generated mathematical relationships for predicting rice EMC have been adopted by nearly 100 growers in Arkansas and elsewhere to help automate monitoring of rice condition inside grain bins and controlling of drying fans. The research had provided opportunity for training the next generation of grain processing and post-harvest system engineers: six doctoral and one master’s students.   A Multistate program has provided food industry and general public with a potential measure to ensure food safety by reducing ochratoxin A in cereal-based infant foods during retorting. The effect of a common food processing technique, retorting, on the ochratoxin A concentrations in oats was investigated. Retorting was selected as a model system as it is the most common technique to  make commercial infant foods.  The reduction of OTA after retort was 17.2% in oat porridge and 53.8% in rice porridge, while addition of baking soda resulted in greater reduction of OTA. In retorted oat porridge, reduction of OTA was 30.3% and 47.9% with 0.5% and 1.0% of added baking soda, respectively. The reduction of OTA in retorted rice porridge reached 55.5% and 66.4% with 0.5% and 1% baking soda, respectively. Addition of fructose resulted in greater reduction of OTA in oat porridge (35.5-40.8%) but not in rice porridge. The reduction of OTA in retorted rice and oat porridges with combination 0.5% baking soda and 0.5% fructose were 35.8% and 39.8%, respectively. These results suggest that OTA may be reduced significantly by retorting of oat and rice porridge. In addition, added baking soda may contribute to the reduction of OTA in rice and oat porridges while added fructose may facilitate OTA reduction in oat porridge.     The team of researchers from Purdue University, Kansas State University, USDA-ARS, CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have worked on the project titled as “Mechanisms and Mitigation of Dust Generation During Grain Handling and Processing” which was funded by USDA-AFRI. The results indicated that a portion of the total grain dust is likely to be detached during any physical handling of corn  and that grain handling should not unnecessarily increase the impact velocities of grain kernels to the level that would release the additional quantities of dust that are more strongly attached.    The team of researchers from USDA-ARS, CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, Iowa State University and the University of Florida had developed maize haploid classification techniques using the Single Kernel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. This technique would have a huge impact on hybrid maize development by being able to produce more inbred lines, with differing traits more quickly. The team of researchers from Kansas State University and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have worked on the project related to usage of inert dusts as a potential insecticide. The team had developed dynamic dew point isotherms to determine the optimal storage conditions of inert dust-treated hard red winter wheat. The team is continuing their research to use different inert dusts as potential insecticides for pest management during storage.     The team of researchers from Iowa State University and Purdue University have worked on the project titled as “Segregation Strategies for Non-G.M. Corn: Improving Effectiveness through an Analytical Modeling Approach”. The preliminary interpretations on the costs of segregation suggest that segregation costs are significant, but in years where prices for non-GM mitigate the additional costs of segregated production and handling, the risk level is lower for producers and handlers. In years where the differences between conventional and non-GM feed and feed ingredients are less, the risk will be higher for producers and handlers. The project also confirmed other research that has stated smaller tolerance levels are more expensive and have higher risk of failure throughout the supply chain.   Objective 3 Accomplishments   The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative Extension Group, along with other NC-213 Researchers developed an ongoing program for training processing industry professionals in feed safety and associated regulatory compliance using the Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance (FSPCA) certification materials.  The program was designed to have an industry partner each time the course is taught.  Previous industry partners have been Land O Lakes Cooperative, Renewable Fuels Association, and several individual companies in private offerings.  Most recently, the American Feed Industry Association has become a consistent partner as we adapted to a real time virtual instructor interactive format for virus management reasons. In addition, since 2016, there have been 13 public open classes training 412 PCQI corporate feed safety professionals and another 4 privately contracted classes.  Evaluations on a 5-point scale have been good, and the number of requests for individualized assistance to create Food Safety Plans led us to create a new position specifically for food and feed safety support for companies.   Research conducted by many Iowa State University Professors, Associate Graduate Professors, Associate Professors and Graduate Research Associates, found that rising incomes in developing countries are driving changes in dietary pattern and increasing the demand for safe and nutritious food. However, to equate future demand and supply of such safe and nutritious agricultural products, global food production will also need to increase. Two commonly documented approaches to increasing production of plant-based agricultural commodities are agricultural intensification and cropland expansion. While both have contributed to a great extent to global food security, they have also shown their limitations specifically with regard to their environmental impact. In light of these limitations, post-harvest loss (PHL) reduction constitutes an important and complementary approach to meeting the increasing demand for agricultural products, but also for increasing profit for food value chain actors, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa which remains the most food insecure region in the world. Consequently, this research focuses on analyzing quantitative PHL data obtained from the Rockefeller Foundation, Yieldwise Initiative (YWI) in Kenya, and Tanzania to better understand the impact of various post-harvest technologies in reducing PHL, increasing farmers’ income, and controlling the environmental impact in the mango (Kenya) and maize (Tanzania) value chains. This research was made possible by funding from The Rockefeller Foundation (Grant 2018 F.O.D. 004), the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research (Grant FDs-18-0000000008), and the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station.    Many NC-213 Researchers from a multitude of Departments and the Ivy College of Business at Iowa State University, created continuing education course in Advanced Grain Elevator Management was offered in January 2020 with 30 participants. Additional sessions were planned because of high demand, but Pandemic limitations prevented scheduling.  The FSMA Preventive Controls Qualified Individual short course continued to be offered to qualified feed industry professionals. In both short courses, Iowa State University partnered with industry sponsors and other professional stakeholders, such as the Iowa Agribusiness Association to recruit attendees and offer the course. Beginning in 2020, the short courses were offered virtually to address Pandemic constraints impacting in-person meetings.  Colleagues worked with partners in Animal    Through collaborate efforts from researchers at the University of New Hampshire and Montana State University-Bozeman, found there are two key concerns that arise from use of barley by the wheat stem sawfly. Montana is 3rd in production of barley in the US. Significant decreases in yield could have a negative impact on returns for the bulk availability of barley for malt, feed and seed production.  Moreover, the potential risk to barley production for the malt industry is likely much more grave. The wheat stem sawfly mines stems and impacts vascular flow of nutrients during grain fill.  Typically, this results in decreased yield in the form of decreased amounts of endosperm – at least in wheat.  This causes stable or increased levels of protein relative to carbohydrates.  In wheat, this leads to some potential for offsetting loss with a protein premium for wheat marketed in the bread class. Malt barley is more vulnerable because increased protein as a result of loss of “plumpness” is anathema in malt barley.  The malt class is met by plump grains with low protein and wheat stem sawfly directly counters this.

Publications

Publications Objective 1  Sserunjogi, M. (2020). Physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to control weevils in stored maize. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, USA. Sserunjogi, M., Bern, C. J., Brumm, T. J., Maier, D. E. (2020). Physical Disturbance Time Interval for Control of Maize Weevils in Stored Maize. ASABE Virtual Annual International Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska, July 13-15, 2020. Sserunjogi, M., Bern, C. J., Brumm, T. J., Maier, D. E., Phillips, T.W. (2020). Mechanical Stirring of Maize Stored in on-Farm Steel Bins to Control Maize Weevils – a preliminary study. ASABE Virtual Annual International Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska, July 13-15, 2020. Dantes, Princess Tiffany Galaura, "NIR hyperspectral imaging for animal feed ingredient applications" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 18113. <a href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18113">https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18113</a> Rosentrater, K.A. 2020. ANSI/ASABE D606 Properties and Relationships for Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Oliveira, M.C. and K.A. Rosentrater. 2020. An environmental and economic analysis of flocculation technology applied to a corn-based ethanol plant. Processes, 8(271), 1-20.  Sabillón L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Bianchini A. Microbiological survey of equipment and wheat-milled fractions of a milling operation. Cereal Chemistry.  Sabillón L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Eskridge K, Bianchini A. Effect of high-pressure processing on the microbial load and functionality of sugar-cookie dough. Cereal Chemistry.  Gulati P, Brahma S, Graybosch RA, Chen Y, Rose DJ. 2020. In vitro digestibility of proteins from historical and modern wheat cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100: 2579-2584.  Cabas-Lühmann, P. A. and Manthey, F. A. 2020. Effect of hydration on physical grain quality of durum wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 97:877– 887. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10311">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10311</a>. NIFA Support was acknowledged for this publication.  Yang Lan, Jae-Bom Ohm, Bingcan Chen, Jiajia Rao (2020). Physicochemical properties and aroma profiles of flaxseed proteins extracted from whole flaxseed and flaxseed meal. Food hydrocolloids, 104, 105731. NIFA Support was not acknowledged for this Publication.  Yang Lan, Jiajia Rao. Poster: Effect of Demucilaging Method on the Structural, Rheological and Tribological Properties of Flaxseed Protein. In: 2020 American oil chemists’ society (AOCS) annual meeting. June, 2020. NIFA Support was not acknowledged for this abstract.  López, A. M. M., Ohm, J. B., Manthey, F. A., Rao, J., & Simsek, S. Gluten extraction from deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat by wet milling. Food Control, 120, 107513. NIFA Support was not acknowledged for this Publication.  Lee, K. M., Yarbrough, D., Kozman, M., Herrman, T. J., Park, J. H., Wang, R., and Kurouski, D. 2020. A rapid and convenient screening method for detection of restricted monensin, decoquinate, and lasalocid in animal feed by applying SERS and chemometrics. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 144: 111633.  Lee, K. M., Yarbrough, D., Kozman, M., Herrman, T. J., Park, J. H., Wang, R., and Kurouski, D. 2020. Rapid detection and prediction of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in animal feed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).  Food Control. 114:107243.  Lee, K. M., Yarbrough, D., Kozman, M., Herrman, T. J., Park, J. H., Wang, R., and Kurouski, D. 2020. Sensitive SERS characterization and analysis of chlorpyrifos and aldicarb residues in animal feed using gold nanoparticles. Journal of Regulatory Science. 8: 1-14.  Park, J. H., Thomasson, J. A., Lee, K. M., Suh, C. P. C., Perez, J. L., and Herrman, T. J. 2020. VOCs determination by adsorbent-Raman system in food and botanicals. Analytical Methods. 12:595–1605.  Herrman, D. A., Brantsen, J. F., Ravisankar, S., Lee, K. M., and Awika, J. 2020. Stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanin pigment structure relative to anthocyanins from grains under microwave assisted extraction. Food Chemistry. 333: 127494.  Ioerger, B.P., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., and Lin, H. 2020. Improved method for extracting sorghum polymeric proteins. J. Cereal Sci. 91, 102876.  Burgos, C.C., Cox, S., Ioerger, B., Perumal, R., Hu, Z., Herald, T.J., Bean, S.R., and Rhodes, D.H. 2020. Advancing provitamin A biofortification in sorghum: Genome‐wide association studies of grain carotenoids in global germplasm. The Plant Genome. 13, e20013  Weerasooriya, D., Bandara, A., Dowell, F., Peiris, S., Bean, S.R, Perumal, R., Adee, E., and Tesso, T. 2020. Performance of grain sorghum hybrids resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl coenzyme‐A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor herbicides. Crop Science. In press  Xu, Y., Li, J., Xin, Z., Bean, S. R., Tilley, M., and Wang, D. 2020. Water-soluble sugars of pedigreed sorghum mutant stalks and their recovery after pretreatment. Applied Sciences. 10, 5472.  Peiris, K.H.S., Bean, S.R., and Tilley, M. 2020. Analysis of sorghum content in corn-sorghum bioethanol feedstock by near infrared spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 28, 267-274.  Arthur, F.H., Bean, S.R., Smolensky, D., Cox, S., Lin, H., and Peiris, K.H. 2020. Development of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on sorghum: quality characteristics and varietal susceptibility. J. Stored Products Research. 87, 101569.  Duressa, D., Bean, S.R., St. Amand, P., and Tesso, T. 2020. Identification of α-kafirin alleles associated with protein digestibility in grain sorghum. Crop Science. 60, 2467-2478.  Peiris, K.H.S., Bean, S.R., and Jagadish, S.V.K. 2020. Extended multiplicative signal correction to improve prediction accuracy of protein content in weathered sorghum grain samples. Cereal Chem. 97, 1066-1074.  Pontieri, P., Triosi, J., Romano, R., Pizzolante, G., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., Motto, M., Aletta, M., Del Guidice, F., Sicardi, M., Alfiano, P., and Del Guidice, L. 2020. Nutritional composition of selected white food-grade waxy sorghum variety grown in the Mediterranean area. Australian J. Crop Science. 14, 1525-1532.  Arthur, F.H., Bean, S.R., Smolensky, D., Gerken, A.R., Siliveru, K., Scully, E.D., and Baker, N. 2020. Development of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on sorghum milling fractions. J. Stored Products Research. 87, 101606.  Ostmeyer, T., Bheemanahalli, R., Srikanthan, D., Bean, S.R., Peiris, K.S.H., Madasamy, P., Perumal, R., Jagadish, S.V.K. 2020. Quantifying the agronomic performance of new grain sorghum hybrids for enhanced early-stage chilling tolerance. Field Crops Research. 258, 107955.  Li, J., Lin, H., Bean, S.R., Sun, X.S., and Wang, D. 2020. Evaluation of adhesive performance of a mixture of soy, sorghum and canola proteins. Industrial Crops and Products. 157, 112898.  Publications Objective 2  Wilson, S., Mohammadi Shad, Z., Oduola, A., Zhou, Z., H. J., Carbonero, F., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Decontamination of Mycotoxigenic Fungi on Shelled Corn Using Selective Infrared Heating Technique. Cereal Chemistry. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10394">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10394</a>  Luthra, K., Shafiekhani, S., Sadaka, S. S., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Determination of Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Rice and Husk flour Composites. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(6), 859-867. doi: 10.13031/aea.13822  Smith, D. L., Atungulu, G. G.*, Wilson, S., Mohammadi Shad, Z. (2020). Deterrence of Aspergillus Flavus Regrowth and Aflatoxin Accumulation on Shelled Corn Using Infrared Heat Treatments. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(2), 151-158.   Shafiekhani, S., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Effect of rice chilling on drying, milling and quality characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(5), 767-776. doi: 10.13031/aea.13895  Oduola, A. A., Bowie, R., Wilson, S., Mohammadi Shad, Z., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Impacts of broadband and selected infrared wavelength treatments on inactivation of microbes on rough rice. Journal of Food Safety, 40(2). 10.1111/jfs.12764  Bruce, R. M., Atungulu, G. G.*, Sadaka, S. S. (2020). Impacts of size fractionation, commingling, and drying temperature on physical and pasting properties of broken rice kernels. Cereal Chemistry, 97(2), 256-269. 10.1002/cche.10241  Mohammadi Shad, Z., Atungulu, G. G.*. (2020). Physical Integrity of Long-Grain Hybrid, Pureline, and Medium-Grain Rice Kernels as Affected by Storage Conditions. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(4). doi: 10.13031/aea.13727  Bruce, R. M., Atungulu, G. G.*, Sadaka, S. S. (2020). Physicochemical and functional properties of medium-sized broken rice kernels and their potential in instant rice production. Cereal Chemistry, 97(3), 681-692. 10.1002/cche.10284  Smith, D. L., Atungulu, G. G.*, Mauromoustakos, A. (2020). Processing Parameters for One-Pass Drying of High-Moisture Parboiled Rough Rice with 915 MHz Microwaves. Transactions of the ASABE. doi: 10.13031/trans.14003.  Lee, H.J., C. Lee, and D. Ryu. 2020. Effects of baking soda and fructose in reduction of ochratoxin A in rice and oat porridge during retorting process. Food Control 116:107325.  Cheng, Chavez, R.A., and M. J. Stasiewicz. 2020. When to use one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and Shifted Transversal Design pooling in mycotoxin screening. PLOS ONE. 15(8) E0236668. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236668">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236668</a>.  Chavez, R.A., X. Cheng, and M. J. Stasiewicz. 2020. A review of the methodology of analyzing aflatoxin and fumonisin in single corn kernels and the potential impacts of these methods on food security. Foods 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030297  Sharma, R, C. R. Hurburgh, and G. A. Mosher.  2020.  Developing Guidance Templates and Terminology to Support Multiple Traceability Objectives in the Grain Supply Chain.  Cereal Chemistry (accepted)  Dolphin, C.J., G.A. Mosher, R.P.K Ambrose, and Ryan, S.J. 2020. Meeting the tolerance: How successful is coexistence in commodity corn handling systems. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(5), 777-784.  Salish, K., G.A. Mosher, and R.P.K. Ambrose. 2020. Developing a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to predict the contamination of GM corn in non-GM corn. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(1), 25-31.  Pizarro, M., E. Bowers, and G. Mosher. 2020. Isolation and segregation of non-GM feed: A cost estimation model. Presentation given virtually at the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, July 2020.  Sharma, R, C. R. Hurburgh, and G. A. Mosher.  2020 .  Developing Guidance Templates and Terminology to Support Multiple Traceability Objectives in the Grain Supply Chain.  Cereal Chemistry (acc).  Maier, D.E. (editor). Advances in Post-Harvest Management of Cereals and Grains. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. <a href="https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/open-access/developments-in-the-use-of-hermetic-bags-for-grain-storage/">https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/open-access/developments-in-the-use-of-hermetic-bags-for-grain-storage/</a>  Aby, R.G., & Maier, D.E. 2020. Advances in techniques for monitoring the quality of stored cereal grains. In Advances in postharvest management of cereals and grains (pp. 363-387). Burleigh Dodds Sciences Publishing, Cambridge, UK (ISBN: 978 1 78676 352 5; <a href="https://shop.bdspublishing.com/store/bds/detail/workgroup/3-190-89119">https://shop.bdspublishing.com/store/bds/detail/workgroup/3-190-89119</a>  Mompremier, R.K. 2020. Field testing of PICS bag maize storage in Haiti. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers K. K. Barnes Undergraduate Student Paper Competition entry.  H.H. Tenboer, G.A. Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2020. A quantitative model to characterize granular flow behavior: A measure of grain layer mixing in storage facilities. ASABE Paper # 2000735. Doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.20">https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.20</a>  H.H. Tenboer, G.A. Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. A quantitative model to characterize granular flow and mixing of grain layers. In process.  H.H. Tenboer. Verification of a quantitative model to characterize granular flow – A measure of mixing of grain layers. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.  Bowers, E.L. and Mosher, G.A. Role of worker decision-making in effective FSMA implementation. Prepared for presentation at 2020 NC-213.  Athanassiou, C. G., T. W. Phillips, F. H. Arthur, M. J. Aikins, P. Agrafioti and K. L. Hartzer.  2020.  Efficacy of phosphine fumigation for different life stages of Trogoderma inclusum and Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae).  J. Stored Prod. Res.  Vol 86.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.101556">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2019.101556</a> Hasan, M. M., Athanassiou, C. G., Schilling, M. W., Phillips, T. W.  2020.  Biology and management of the red-legged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cleridae).  J. Stored Prod. Res.  Vol. 88, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101635">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101635</a>  Nayak, M. K., G. J. Daglish, T. W. Phillips and P. R. Ebert.  2020.  Resistance to the fumigant phosphine and its management in insect pests of stored products: a global perspective.  Ann. Rev. Entomol. 65: 333-350.  Ramadan, G. R. M., Abdelgaleil, S. A. M., Shawir, M. S., El-bakary, A. S., Zhu, K. Y., Phillips, T. W.  2020. Terpenoids, DEET and short chain fatty acids as toxicants and repellents for Rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae).  Vol. 87, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101610">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101610</a>  Ramadan, G. R. M., K. Y. Zhu, S. A. M. Abdelgaleil, M. S. Shawir, A. S. El-bakary, P. A. Edde, and T. W. Phillips.  2020.  Ethanedinitrile as a fumigant for Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): toxicity and mode of action.  J. Econ. Entomol. Online doi: 10.1093/jee/toz343  Alemayehu, S., F. Abay, K. M. Ayamut, D. Assefa, A. Chala, R. Mahroof, J. Harvey, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2020. Evaluating different hermetic storage technologies to arrest mold growth, prevent mycotoxin accumulation and preserve germination quality of stored chickpea in Ethiopia. Journal of Stored Products Research, 85, 101526. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.%202019.101526">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr. 2019.101526</a>.  Molla, A., S. Alavi, Bh. Subramanyam, and N. Gabbiye. 2020. Drying characteristics of maize grain in solar bubble dryer. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43, 13312. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13312">https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13312</a>.  Molla, A., N. Gabbiye, Bh. Subramanyam, M. Admasu, K. Kalsa, and S. Alavi. 2020. Effects of grain drying methods on postharvest insect infestation and physicochemical characteristics of maize grain. Journal of Food Process Engineering 13423. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13423">https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13423</a>.  Anthony, K. D. J., R. Maghirang, D. W. Hagstrum, K. Y. Zhu, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2020. Using dynamic dew point isotherms to determine the optimal storage conditions of inert dust-treated hard red winter wheat. Grain & Oil Science Technology, 06.004. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2020.06.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2020.06.004</a>.  Stamenković, O.S., K. Siliveru, V.B. Veljković, I.B. Banković-Ilić, M.B. Tasić, I.A. Ciampitti, I.G. Đalović, P.M. Mitrović, V.&Scaron;. Sikora, P.V.V. Prasad. 2020. Production of biofuels from sorghum. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124: 109769. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109769">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109769</a>  Arthur, F.H., S. R. Bean, D. Smolensky, A. R. Gerken, K. Siliveru, E. D. Scully, and N. Baker. 2020. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=11574214594790972100&btnI=1&hl=en">Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on sorghum milling fractions</a>. Journal of Stored Products Research, 87: 101606. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101606">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101606</a>.  Pezzali, J. G., A. Suprabha Raj, K. Siliveru, and C. G. Aldrich. 2020. Characterization of white and red sorghum flour and their potential use for production of extrudate crisps. PloS One, 15: e0234940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0234940  Gustin, JL, Frei, UK, Baier, J, Armstrong, P, Lübberstedt, T, Settles, AM. Classification approaches for sorting maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) haploids using single‐kernel near‐infrared spectroscopy. Plant Breed. 2020; 139: 1103–1112. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12857">https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12857</a>  Al-Amery, M., Fowler, A., Unrine, J.M., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Su, K., De Melo, J., Yuan, F., Shu, Q., Hildebrand, D. 2020. Generation and characterization of a soybean line with a Vernonia galamensis diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 gene and a myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase knockout mutation. Lipids. 12253. https://doi.org/10.1002/lipd.12253.  Hacisalihoglu, G., Freeman, J., Armstrong, P.R., Seabourn, B.W., Porter, L.D., Settles, A.M. and Gustin, J.L. 2020.  Protein, weight, and oil prediction by single‐seed near‐infrared spectroscopy for selection of seed quality and yield traits in pea (Pisum sativum). J Sci Food Agric, 100: 3488-3497. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10389">https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10389</a>  Rodriguez, F.S., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Yaptenco, K.F., Scully, E.D., Arthur, F.H., Brabec, D.L., Adviento-Borbe, A.A., Suministrado, D.C. 2020. NIR spectroscopy detects chlorpyrifos-methyl pesticide residues in rough, brown, and milled rice. Transactions of the ASABE. 36(6):983-993.  Serson, W., Armstrong, P., Maghirang, E., AL-Bakri, A., Phillips, T., AL-Amery, M., Su, K., Hildebrand, D. 2020. Development of whole and ground seed near-infrared spectroscopy calibrations for oil, protein, moisture, and fatty acids in calibrations of Salvia hispanica. J. Chem. Soc. 97: 3-13.  Publications Objective 3  Maier, D.E. (editor). Advances in Post-Harvest Management of Cereals and Grains. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. <a href="https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/open-access/developments-in-the-use-of-hermetic-bags-for-grain-storage/">https://www.bdschapters.com/webshop/open-access/developments-in-the-use-of-hermetic-bags-for-grain-storage/</a>  Chikez H.B. and Maier D.E.  Analyzing Post-Harvest Loss in Kenya and Tanzania: Lessons learned from the Yieldwise Initiative Data. Consortium for Innovation in Post-Harvest Loss and Food Waste Reduction (Webinar), August 26, 2020.  Chikez H.B., Maier D.E., Olafsson S., and Sonka S.  Predicting the impact of various agricultural practices on Post-Harvest Loss (PHL): The case the mango value chain in Kenya. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting (Virtual and On Demand), July 13-15, 2020.  Chikez H.B. and Rosentrater K.A. Predicting the specific mechanical energy (SME) of a single screw extrusion process. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting (Virtual and On Demand), July 13-15, 2020.  Achhami, B. B., G. V .P. Reddy, J. D. Sherman, R. K. D. Peterson, and D. K. Weaver. 2020. Multiple decrement life tables of Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) across a set of barley cultivars: The importance of plant defense versus cannibalism. PLOS ONE 15 (9), e0238527.  Achhami, B. B., G. V .P. Reddy, J. D. Sherman, R. K. D. Peterson, and D. K. Weaver. 2020. Antixenosis, antibiosis, and potential yield compensatory response in barley cultivars exposed to wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) under field conditions. Journal of Insect Science 20 (5), September 2020, 9: 1-14.

Impact Statements

Further research found that the cultivar “Hockett” is more suited for wheat stem sawfly population growth and development, and we recommend that growers seeing increased stem cutting discontinue planting this popular and otherwise desirable cultivar.

Date of Annual Report: 04/05/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/29/2022 - 03/30/2022
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

Please see attached .pdf with Participants and Institution/Industry.

Participants Attachment:

NC 213 Annual Meeting 2022 Registration File COPY CAN EDIT.pdf

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Annual Business Meeting

Wednesday, March 30, 2022 – 12:30PM Central Time.

Agenda/Minutes

Comments from Paul Armstrong, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas, NC-213 Chair

Paul shared with the group that all Student Presentation Competition Reviewers should send their score sheets to Bill Koshar. Paul thanked all of those involved in planning, etc., the Annual Meeting for their time and efforts. Paul gave a special; “Thank You” to Scott Swanson for all of his efforts. Paul shared with the group that the Presentations can be downloaded, but please ask the Author(s) prior to downloading.

Updates from the NC-213 Administrative Advisor/Coordinator. (Comments shared at the NC-213 Executive Committee Annual Teleconference.)

Gary Pierzynski shared with the group that NC-213 is scheduled for a Renewal and that the WorkPlan/Renewal must be submitted no later than December 1, 2022. The submission sets into place the Approval Process. Gretchen Mosher offered to Mentor the Chair of the Renewal Committee.

NC-213 Chair (Paul Armstrong).

NC-213 Annual Meeting 2023 site options:

--GEAPS - February 25-28, 2023, Kansas City, MO

--Wheat Quality Council, typically the third full week in the month of February.

--Any Land Grant Institution or U.S.D.A. Agency that would like to host.

Due to the past meetings with GEAPS, the group felt it better to meet at a different location than GEAPS’ site which is usually a Convention Center. We experienced not being able to gain early access, removal of all audio-visual equipment before meeting adjourned, and no staff on-hand to offer assistance with meeting room issues.

Paul Armstrong did like the idea to have the Annual Meeting at a Member Institution. He believes that there is great value in Tours of Research Facilities. Kingsly Ambrose, Purdue University, offered to host the meeting last year, and can host for 2023. Kingsly will work with his folks and work with Bill Koshar on particulars.

Paul Armstrong and Griffiths Atungulu – Discussion on the appointment of the NC-213 Secretary

As a reminder:

Chair: Paul Armstrong, moves to Past Chair

Vice Chair: Devin Rose moves to Chair

Secretary: Janie McClurkin Moore moves to Vice Chair

Past Chair: Griffiths Atungulu rotates off of the Executive Committee.

Need to fill the position of; “Secretary.” After some discussion, it was proposed that Deanna Scheff, USDA-ARS-CGAHR-SPIERU, Manhattan Kansas can be nominated. Paul Armstrong will work with Deanna and Bill Koshar to have Deanna added to the Appendix E. Bill shared with the group that we can directly work with Chris Hamilton, NIMSS (National Information Management and Support System) to make it Official. After discussion and a vote, Deanna Scheff was elected to NC-213 Secretary.

Along those lines, NC-213 does have an opening with the Objective Co-Chairs; “Objective 2.” Janie McClurkin Moore, Texas A&M University, offered to take the Role as Objective Co-Chair – Objective 2. The group voted on this Candidate and welcomed Janie to the new Role.

Industry Advisory Committee Chair: Chuck Hill remains if so desires. Chuck Hill is willing to be in this Role for another year.

CSRS/USDA: Hondga Chen remains.

Administrative Advisor/Coordinator: Gary Pierzynski remains.

The Andersons Representative: Christopher Reed remains.

Objective Co-Chairs

1: K.M. Lee and Senay Simsek

2: Janie Moore and Kaliramesh Siliveru

3: R.P. Kingsly Ambrose and Gretchen Mosher

NC-213 Past Chair (Griffiths Atungulu) – The Andersons Awards – Update

Paul Armstrong and Griffiths Atungulu gave an update on the Awards.

The NC-213 Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence went to Dr. Kent D. Rausch, Associate Professor, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

The NC-213 Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Early-in-Career Award went to Dr. Janie M. Moore, Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Agriculture & Life Sciences.

The Student Presentation Competition went to Nahndi Kirk-Bradley, Texas A&M University.

Meeting Adjourned.

Minutes submitted by Bill Koshar, NC-213 Administrative Support

Accomplishments

NC-213 2021 Accomplishments   Objective 1: To measure, model, and assess factors which influence quality and safety attributes in the post-harvest usage, drying, handling, and distribution of cereal grains and oilseeds.   Researchers at Texas A&M AgriLife Research collaborated with the USDA ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory for application of spectral imaging for aflatoxin screening. In this study, multiple hyperspectral imaging techniques with visible and near-infrared (VNIR) system, short-wave infrared (SWIR) system, and Raman spectroscopy were applied for rapid detection and classification of aflatoxins in ground maize. Four classification models developed on each hyperspectral imaging mode in combination with different preprocessing methods displayed acceptable classification accuracies of 95.7%, 82.6%, 95.7%, 87.0% for fluorescence, VNIR, SWIR, and Raman, respectively while no false negative error was found at the cutoff of 10 µg/kg. The findings from this study imply that the hyperspectral imaging techniques employed are promising and feasible as simple and inexpensive tools for rapid detection of aflatoxins in maize and grain-based food and feed products.   The researchers at Texas A&M AgriLife Research also performed a critical analysis of cattle exposure to dietary fumonisin via oral consumption. A Meta-Analysis and Benchmark Dose Approach table was created that categorizes the number of animals, administered dose of fumonisin, and the mean and standard deviation of animal body weight. Future analysis will increase the statistical power and confidence of a newly defined safety breakpoint associated with fumonisin in cattle diets. This study will address hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and pulmonary edema or hypertension thought to arise following the disruption of sphingolipid metabolism from consumption of fumonisin-contaminated corn by cattle.   This research group used a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the impact of dietary S in Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and effective neutral detergent fiber (eNDF) levels on the risk of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) for feedlot cattle in Texas. Results currently reveal the lowest observable effect concentration for total dietary S on S-induced PEM in Texas feedlot cattle is 0.3% diet DM. Findings also indicate that as eNDF levels increased in feedlot cattle diets at a given S concentration, the relative risk of PEM decreased. This suggests that cattle producers and handlers should feed feedlot cattle at higher eNDF levels if the total dietary S concentration varies significantly.   A screening method for confirmation of 107 pesticides in feed product was developed using UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. This method is suitable for screening the pesticides in feed products at levels above the Minimum Level of Applicability.   NC-213 Research Group at Texas A&M AgriLife Research demonstrated that Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP) can effectively treat cowpea weevils. As a result, this novel treatment technology has the potential to be used and aid in grain storage sustainability.   Researchers at the Iowa State University Grain Quality Laboratory continued to create corn and soybean proximate analysis calibrations for multiple models of near infrared transmission (NIRT) analyzers. These calibrations have been utilized by the lab in testing submitted samples for internal and commercial users, and by plant breeding and grain market participants for testing purposes. Instruments used in laboratory testing were from the Foss Infratec series, 1225, 1229,1241, and Nova. Factors measured were corn moisture, protein, oil, starch, and density; soybean moisture, protein, oil, and fiber. Primary sources of variation in the model were error and employee variation.   Researchers at Iowa State University evaluated the existing and emerging challenges to improve and expand the supply chain of hermetic storage bag technology on food security in smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The researchers quantified key engineering properties to develop a standard on gas tightness of hermetic storage bags; estimated the environmental impacts of hermetic storage bag technology; predicted the oxygen depletion during grain storage using hermetic bag technology; and applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to rank commercially available hermetic storage bag liners.   This research group completed a study for shea nut postharvest loss assessment in Ullo, Ghana. The results of the study found that drying and storage tasks continue to be a bottleneck in the sustainable production of shea nuts in Ullo. It was recommended that the Yieldwise model in reducing food and post-harvest loss has potential to improve the shea nut value chain for improved livelihood in the community.   NC-213 Researchers conducted a study with three different storage bags; hermetic bags, jute sacks, and woven polypropylene (PP) bags, were used to store shea nuts over a 30-week storage period. The moisture content of shea nuts was maintained in hermetic bags as a function of ambient temperature and relative humidity conditions. Nuts varied within 1 percentage point as compared to 3 percentage points for nuts in the jute and PP bags. Insect damage of shea nuts in hermetic bags was contained below 30.0% as compared to 82% and 80% in jute and PP bags, respectively. The percentage of weight loss due to insect damage was maintained at 4.5% in the hermetic bags, 10.1% in the jute sacks and 11.6% in the PP bags. Carbon dioxide concentration in the hermetic bag was below 6%, indicating low microbial activity in the hermetic bag over the storage period. Through this research, hermetic bag technology has been demonstrated to be a viable option for the quality preservation of shea nuts and is recommended for adoption.   Researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln evaluated steam treatments with or without tempering with organic acids for the efficacy at reducing microbial load of hard and soft wheat kernels. For both hard and soft wheat, the combination of steam treatment to 85°C with a 1.0 cm grain bed depth and tempering with lactic acid provided the highest reduction in microorganisms and resulted in only minor changes in end-use quality.   Researchers examined asparagine concentration, as well as the concentration of 15 other grain metabolites, in historical and modern wheats. The findings from this study showed changes in concentration of grain components over a century of breeding that may have implications for grain quality and human health.   Researchers evaluated the effects of fungicide application on cadmium concentration in historical and modern wheat cultivars representing 80 years of plant breeding efforts. The results from this study are of great concern, as many mineral elements essential for human nutrition have decreased over time while the toxic heavy metal, Cd, has increased,   Researchers at North Dakota State University used Solvent Retention Capacity to rapidly evaluate semolina/flour for its dough and pasta quality. Data indicate that the Solvent Retention Capacity for sucrose and lactic acid could be used to replace the mixogram score as a test to predict dough and spaghetti cooking quality.     NC-213 Researchers at North Dakota State University evaluated how oat varieties and processing conditions influence the structural, functionality, and aromatic profiles of oat proteins. Unique structure properties of oat protein from ND endowed exceptional thermal stability and solubility, a greater foaming capacity, emulsion capacity and stability. This research provides useful information to the oat breeder when selecting genotypes to be used in cultivar development for protein application and to the plant protein ingredient company when selecting oat to be used in oat protein isolation.   Researchers at Purdue University evaluated how temperature, moisture content, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide levels during storage of grain can be used to make actionable management decisions. The parameters measured provided a good understanding of seasonal patterns of biological activity in stored corn, especially during the spring to fall warm conditions when stored grain is more susceptible to spoilage.    Purdue University evaluated the genetic and phenotypic diversity of hulled wheat for their proposed health benefits. Significant differences were observed in the test weight and grain hardness of hulled wheat, which could be explained by the shape of the kernel and the microstructure of the endosperm. Einkorn was identified as extra soft-textured kernels; in contrast, emmer was a hard-type wheat, similar to hard red spring wheat. Both medium-soft and hard genotypes were observed in spelt. The chemical composition of hulled wheats revealed they have significantly higher crude fat contents.   Researchers at USDA-ARS-CGAHR addressed grain quality attributes and nutritional factors that can be improved to enhance the value and utilization of sorghum by developing methodology to determine sorghum grain composition by FTIR; testing the use of NIR and LIBS for determining the composition of mixtures of corn and sorghum flour; providing grain composition data for sorghum germplasm releases; and developing robust NIR curves to predict starch content and composition in sorghum grain.   Objective 2: To improve management and operational systems to increase efficiency, retain quality, enhance value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain.   Researchers at the University of Arkansas developed a computer simulation platform capable of predicting natural air in-bin drying of rice. The models used in the simulations were validated using field experiments and in-bin sensors built using newly generated EMC-based mathematical relationships. Charts were generated to document “suitable” in-bin rice drying and storage regimes based on the rice harvest moisture content, rice harvest date, drying air flowrate, and fan control strategy. In addition to the forgoing responses the following have been undertaken: develop novel techniques to enhance drying rates while maintaining grain quality, engineer methods for detection, decontamination, and detoxification of harmful-grain molds and mycotoxins, and explore grain and grain processing by-product value addition and utilization.   Researchers at the University of Idaho evaluated means to achieve reduction of Ochratoxin A (OTA) during food processing. In addition, formation of known and unknown degradation products that may affect toxicity of OTA and its derivatives were measured. It was discovered that sugars may affect the fate of OTA. Among all sugars tested, addition of fructose resulted in the greatest reduction of OTA with highest amount of non-toxic degradation product suggesting most effective reduction in its toxicity.   Scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Iowa State University, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln designed and evaluated two systems in which oxygen needed for respiration was limited in a static system (SGRMS) or continuously supplied in a dynamic system (DGRMS) during storage. They also compared the effects of grain respiration measurement system (GRMS) on dry matter loss (DML) rates for stored soybeans. The DML from DGRMS and SGRMS were not statistically different. However, the coefficient of variation was greater for DGRMS than for SGRMS.   Researchers also determined a splits multiplier for stored soybeans similar to the damage multiplier used for shelled corn. Soybeans appeared to be more sensitive to splits content than corn was to presence of damaged kernels. This research is useful in defining a splits multiplier for 18% moisture content soybeans stored at 35 °C using an SGRMS.   Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign used extensive single kernel aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FM) measurements to (i) demonstrate skewness, calculate weighted sums of toxin contamination for a sample, and compare those values to bulk measurements, and (ii) improve single kernel classification algorithm performance. This improved the foundations for single kernel classification of AF and FM in corn, and can be applied to high throughput screening. This study demonstrates the heterogeneous distribution of AF and FM contamination at single kernel level, comparing bulk levels calculated from those data to traditional bulk tests, and utilizing a UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy system to classify single corn kernels by AF and FM level.   Researchers at Iowa State University used a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to assess the risk of AP in the non-GM feed supply chains for poultry and swine. Over 150 sources of AP from planting to finished feed were identified and evaluated, with assigned probabilities and severity levels used to determine a risk score. Risk scores were compounded across the chain through statistical simulation to predict the likely mean, high, and low contribution of each source.   Researchers also created a set of protocols, processes and templates specifically for bulk systems, covering the same operations as analyzed for the non-GM feed study. For each general operation, Critical Traceability Events and supporting Key Data Elements were defined.   Researchers estimated costs for GM/non-GM segregation using Monte Carlo simulation. The analysis has been focused on costs per bushel for corn and soybeans on the farm and at the grain elevator. Costs at the feed mill were measured by animal species feed by ton (swine, broiler, layer, beef, and swine).   Iowa State University Researchers are committed to developing a pseudo-3D finite volume method computational model with boundary conditions based on local weather data to predict grain conditions in real-time. Once the model has been validated, it will be used commercially by Amber Ag and academically by ISU for teaching and research. This model will also be implemented in the bins at the new ISU Kent Corporation Feed Mill and Grain Science Complex.   Researchers at Kansas State University studied improved methods to detect and monitor stored product pests in various habitats, evaluate the efficacy and practicality of fumigant alternatives to phosphine and methyl bromide as well as the efficacy and practicality of food safe materials to protect these commodities. Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) was easily effective for all life stages of Necrobia within the label rate, but as with many other insects, we did not get satisfactory control of mite eggs at a very high dose, one that was equal to about 3-times the allowable label rate. Propylene oxide (PPO) and ethyl formate (EF) were able to give good control against the most serious stored product quarantine pest, khapra beetle (KB), Trogoderma granarium, when applied in combination with SF.   Researchers looked at safe methods for use in integrated pest management of storage pests. The mosquito repellent DEET and the fatty acid mixture of octanoic, nonanoic, and decanoic (C8910) acids were also evaluated as safe repellents and toxicants. These food-safe compounds were repellent to R. dominica and the cigarette beetle, L. serricorne, and showed promise for commercial application as organic insecticides for several pests. The life history and general biology of Necrobia rufipes was documented in more detail than in the past, and gave information useful for pest management of this beetle in the future. Work with food safe methods to keep the insidious mite T. purtresenteae off of high value commodities found chitosan was effective for addition to anti-mite nets.   Researchers evaluated the effect of two silica dusts in managing insects on concrete surfaces and on various stored commodities against damaging stored product insects. The adults of T. confusum, R. dominica and O. surinamensis were found to be more susceptible to silica 2 dust. On the other hand, the adults of T. castaneum were more susceptible to silica 1 dust. Similar results were observed for the experiments involving T. confusum and O. surinamensis where silica dust 2 inhibited the progeny production at a lower concentration.   Researchers at the University of Kentucky evaluated oxygen limited storage systems as alternatives to conventional storage with uncontrolled atmospheric air. Studies conducted indicated changes in compositional profiles of stored grains based on treatments associated with the presence/absence of air. In most cases, the alpha-amylase activity was reduced more in conventional storage compared to hermetic. Germination has been hypothesized to induce desirable changes in grain related to its food and nutritional profile. Germination increased the biologically functional fatty acid methyl esters content, namely omega-3 (C18:3n3) and 11-Eicosenoic acids (C20:1), with an overall decrease in the fat content of the grains.   Researchers at Mississippi State University collaborated with USDA researchers to evaluate corn kernels infected with aflatoxin producing and non-producing Aspergillus flavus using multiple imaging technologies. Artificial intelligence and multivariate image processing algorithms were developed for rapid detection of aflatoxin contamination and toxigenic fungi infection with the SWIR and Raman imagery.   Researchers at Purdue University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USDA-ARS-CGAHR, and Kansas State University used fundamental tools and engineering concepts to study the mechanisms of dust generation during handling and processing of corn. A discrete element model (DEM) was developed, and experiments were conducted using corn kernels on determining the emission rates of total suspended particulates (TSP) at three-grain flow rates and three drop heights during receiving operation at a grain elevator. Corn kernel’s energy changes during the unloading process were obtained from DEM simulation, and the TSP emission rate was calculated based on corn energy loss from every collision and measured dust particle size distribution.   Researchers at USDA-ARS-CGAHR used single kernel near-infrared reflectance (skNIR) spectroscopy as a platform to accurately identify haploid maize kernels. The skNIR platform is a high-throughput device that acquires a NIR spectrum and weight from each kernel to sort DHs from hybrid kernels. This system increased haploids to above 50% which would make a final manual sort be performed more quickly on a substantially smaller lot of kernels.   NC-213 Researchers evaluated 102 flax and 108 sorghum varieties were analyzed for their ionome diversity and elemental level interactions. The results showed substantial genetic variation and elemental correlation in flax and sorghum. A set of flax and sorghum varieties with superior seed mineral composition that could complement breeding programs in improving nutritional quality of flax and sorghum were identified.   USDA-ARS-CGAHR Scientists, in collaboration with Kansas State University, University of Georgia, University of Kentucky, Clemson University, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed grain kernel sub-models required for accurate discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The resulting DEM simulated bulk densities agreed with experimental values at low overburden pressure and tended to overpredict at higher pressures.   Objective 3: To work with multi-institutional colleagues to improve the cereal grain and oilseed supply chain by creating measurable impacts that preserve quality, increase value, and maintain food safety/food security.   Researchers at the University of Illinois Developed training material for grain elevator workers and conducted in-person and virtual trainings. They also tested the effectiveness of compressed air in removing crusted grain from grain bins.   Researchers from the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship sampled Iowa corn on a county by county basis to determine if mycotoxins are a significant hazard in that year. In 2021, the severe drought areas had reduced grain yield and had the same protein and test weight effect as in 2020. However late season rainfall in less intense drought area apparently caused recovery of kernel fill and quality to normal levels. It has been known that grain quality is determined late in the growing season, but these data demonstrated that harvest weather conditions can have more impact on the end result than previously thought. This is important for planning of grain handling and processing operations. These data are now being used for crop quality and development modelling.   A new Iowa State University Feed Mill and Grain Science Complex is a $25 million state-of-the-art facility currently under construction. It will be unique among university facilities because it will have a self-contained feed manufacturing facility and a complete grain handling, drying and storage center. Its mission furthers ISU’s research, teaching, service, Extension, and industry and international outreach in support of the global grain and feed industry. The facility is scheduled to be operational by late 2022.   Researchers at Iowa State University offered a FSMA Preventive Controls Qualified Individual short course to qualified feed industry professionals. They have developed a standardized continuing education program on the FSC36 Safe Feed/Safe Food Certification program. The program will present core concepts to assist feed industry stakeholders implement safe food and safe feed tasks and procedures in their facilities. The program will be presented for the first time in April 2022. A graduate course on Food and Agricultural Traceability as part of Iowa State University’s Executive MBA program in the Ivy College of Business was offered.   Researchers at Montana State University characterized features of pest management that relate to use of wheat and barley by the wheat stem sawfly. They determined how cultivar variation can be manipulated into stabilizing yield and quality of barley on the landscape and we also explored potential interactions between wheat protein content and the degree and stability of pith expression in solid-stem cultivars developed to manage this pest.   There are two key concerns that arise from use of barley by the wheat stem sawfly. Montana remains 3rd in production of barley in the US. Significant decreases in yield could have a negative impact on returns for the bulk availability of barley for malt, feed and seed production. Moreover, the potential risk to barley production for the malt industry is likely more grave. The wheat stem sawfly mines stems and impacts vascular flow of nutrients during grain fill. Typically this results in decreased yield in the form of decreased amounts of endosperm – at least in wheat. This causes stable or increased levels of protein relative to carbohydrates. In wheat, this leads to some potential for offsetting loss with a protein premium for wheat marketed in the bread class. Malt barley is more vulnerable because increased protein as a result of loss of “plumpness” is anathema in malt barley. The malt class is met by plump grains with low protein and wheat stem sawfly directly counters this. In addition, growers impacted by wheat stem sawfly in wheat crops frequently grow solid-stem cultivars to provide a modicum of resistance to this pest. Growers and end users alike have concerns about protein content. At issue are premium returns for high protein content that can be provided at the elevator, especially in spring wheat.   In addition, a presentation entitled “IPM of stored-grain insects” was presented face-to-face at the Montana State University Extension Ag and Natural Resources Spring Update, Lewistown, Montana on May 18. This presentation created eligibility for pesticide applicator recertification credits. Relative isolation due to COVID-19 concerns may have created a gap in knowledge about safe storage of newly-harvested commodities. In particular, there are ongoing concerns about aeration protocols for bulk storage of wheat in large volume bags near bins. Although these can be aerated, early snowfall can create issues with moisture content.

Publications

Please see the attached .pdf file with all Publications. Thank you.

Impact Statements

Research conducted by Scientists at Montana State University found a key finding is that the cultivar “Hockett” is more suited for wheat stem sawfly population growth and development, and they recommend that growers seeing increased stem cutting discontinue planting this popular and otherwise desirable cultivar. This research has also shown that the greater attraction to “Hockett” is due to increased amounts of host plant volatiles that are attractive.

Date of Annual Report: 03/30/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/14/2023 - 03/15/2023
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022

Participants

See attached word document.

Participants Attachment:

List of Attendees.doc

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Annual Meeting Business Notes

Wednesday, March 15, 2023 – 12:30PM

12:34PM Devin Rose called NC-213 Annual Business Meeting to order.

Three items of business for the meeting:

-Update on the new 5-year plan and renewal process

-Determine annual meeting location for 2024

-2024 Executive Office Discussion

Updates on 5 Year Workplan – Rewrite:

-The current 5-year project plan end this fiscal year and the executive committee, led by Devin, re-wrote and submitted a new 5-year project plan. The new plan is currently being reviewed and is expected to be accepted.

-Gretchen Mosher recognized the efforts put forth by Devin and the re-write and the NC-213 group offered a round of applause.

-Devin remined the group to check their emails for updating Appendix E and to reach out if individuals need to be added to Appendix E.

2024 Annual Meeting:

-Devin informed the group about the previous discussion the executive committee held previously to the annual meeting. The executive committee came up with 3 options for next year’s meeting.

Option Number 1. Hold the meeting in-conjunction with GEAPS in Kansas City, MO (discussion points below):

-Hesitation the executive committee on hosting with GEAPS again based on prior experiences.

-GEAPS is going transitions with their leadership and Steve Records (GEAPS Representative on the Industry Panel) mentioned he would bring our concerns and ideas to the new board before his departure.

-Sam McNeil brought up the cost associated with GEAP attendance. There has not been a discounted membership fee or conference attendance fee in the past and can be expensive to attend.

-Gretchen Mosher stated that there is now an affiliate member ship for academics and government employees and is ~$350/yr. Gretchen also mentioned that there is an option for a 1-day pass to the expo for $50 per individual.

-A student member in attendance also stated that the GEAPS meeting is free for students and would be the preferred option for students and young professionals.

-Deanna Scheff mentioned that we could “pair/not pair” with GEAPS next year. The GEAPS exchange ends on Tuesday, so we [NC-213] could attend the expo on Monday and start the NC-213 meeting on Tuesday. That would offer both opportunities for that want to attend both meetings.

-Gretchen Mosher mentioned that GEAPS holds blocks of hotels near the Expo, so we may be able to work with GEAPS and get a block of rooms in the same area or change to a different venue to host the meeting.

-Chuck Hill stated he could get a wheat expert to sit on the industry panel if we feel we are lacking on that commodity representation and Mark Macrander from Ingredion offered to hold tours of their facilities on Tuesday morning for the NC-213 group.

Option Number 2. Hold the meeting in-conjunction with Wheat Quality Council in Olathe, KS (discussion points below):

-Initially the favorite by the committee and would be earlier in the month of February.

-The last meeting with the Wheat Quality Council was 2015 and 2017 in Kansas City.

-Senay Simsek called a representative on the Wheat Quality Council and the representative the individual stated that we [NC-213] are welcome to pair our meeting with them in Olathe, Kansas.

Option Number 3. Hold the meeting at another member university (discussion points below):

-Not a great response by the group to host at another university next year

-Griffiths Atungulu offered to host NC-213 at the University of Arkansas in the future

-Kansas State University and the USDA in Manhattan could host in the future

-University of Nebraska – Lincoln could host in the future

Option Number 4.

-Sam McNeil informed the group about the National Farm Machinery Show in mid-February that could be an option (now or in the future). It is a free show to attend and has exhibitors for agricultural products, equipment, and services in the farming industry.

After discussion was completed, a vote was called for:

GEAPS: 5 votes

Wheat Quality Council: 4 votes

NC-213 2024 meeting will be held in conjunction with GEAPS in Kansas City, MO.

2024 Executive Office Discussion

Current officers for 2024

-Secretary: Open

-Vice-Chair: Deanna Scheff

-Chair: Janie McClurkin Moore

-Past-Chair: Devin Rose

*Paul Armstrong will be rotating off

Devin informed the group that there were 2 nominations for the secretary position.

-Kali Silveru from Kansas State University

-Salah Issa from the University of Illinois at Urbana

Salah Issa gave a short speech to the group about his background and interest in serving on the executive board. Kali Silveru was not present at the meeting, due to another conflict, but Devin presented a short background about Kali to the group.

Mark Casada questioned the committee why we have two choices. He mentioned that in the past the board had already had a nomination for the secretary position and the nominee had “accepted” the nomination. Devin responded by confirming that the board had a nomination prior to the NC-213 Annual meeting, but during the meeting another name was brought forward.

Devin called for a vote:

Salah: 6 votes

Kali: 3 votes

Other important information:

Student Poster Competition – People’s Choice Award: Mike Ssenjogi “Light Extinction Through Dust Clouds and the Relationship with Dust Particle Properties” Purdue University

The Andersons Cereals and Oilseeds Award of Excellence: Sam McNeil, University of Kentucky

The Andersons Early-in-Career Award: Deanna Scheff, USDA-ARS-CGAHR-SPIERU, Manhattan, Kansas

Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments

NC-213 2022 Accomplishments Objective 1: To measure, model, and assess factors which influence quality and safety attributes in the post-harvest usage, drying, handling, and distribution of cereal grains and oilseeds. <ul> <li>Researchers at Iowa State University continue creating corn and soybean proximate analysis calibrations for multiple models of near infrared transmission (NIRT) analyzers. Recently, work was completed to measure the inter-reliability between and among NIRT units.</li> <li>Researchers at Iowa State University performed experiments on grain quality characteristics, moisture content, test weight, dry matter loss, percent grain damage, commercially objectionable foreign odor, aflatoxin content, and the number of insects.</li> <li>These researchers also continue to perform life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis on hermetic storage bag. Calculated annual costs based on a 9-month period which included costs for purchasing the bags, insecticide, adoption, and transportation. Assessed annual revenue, including discounts, and economic impacts calculated for storage as profit and loss reduction or the entire lifetime of bags. <ul> <li>Incorporated feedback from expert on calculations of oxygen depletion in hermetic storage bags, continue to develop online dashboard for launch in 2023.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Researchers are also working on reducing post-harvest loss in the shea value chain in rural Ghana. They have developed moisture sorption isotherms and predicted shelf life for shea nuts, at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C). Likewise, equilibrium relative humidity was monitored on nuts at different moisture contents (4, 7, 10, 15, and 20% wet basis).</li> <li>PICS bag maize storage was tested for long-term, on-farm storage of maize in Haiti. Bags filled with 50kg of maize kept live maize weevil counts down to around 5 weevils/kg compared to control bags that increased from 5 to 199 weevils/kg.</li> <li>Iowa state researchers also worked on developing gluten free snack and pasta products. Extrusion trails were performed to help mitigate texture issues with high-protein pasta and snack foods using lentil, chickpea, and fava bean flours.</li> <li>Researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln evaluated heat treatment of wheat kernels using a continuous steamer, like what is found in commercial milling, to reduce bacteria on wheat samples. Log reduction of 7.67 for Enterococcus faecium B-2354 and 4.66 for generic E. coli ATCC 25922 were achieved with a 2-minute residence time of steam, where samples reached about 80°</li> <li>Dialyzability assay was used to determine mineral element bioavailability in unprocessed, germinated, and fermented whole wheat porridges. The reduction in phytic acid concentration and pH of fermented flour increased the bioavailability of cadmium. The dialyzability assay may be utilized for the rapid screening of additional wheat-based foods</li> <li>Analysis of 23 wheat cultivars' protein digestibility and end-use quality parameters was performed. Bread protein digestibility was positively correlated with kernel diameter, loaf firmness, milling yield, and Mixograph midline peak time, and increased with release year. With release year and protein digestibility, high molecular weight protein increased and low molecular weight protein decreased. Compared to the low digestibility samples, the high digestibility samples possessed a greater variety of peptides, less cysteine, and more proline.</li> <li>North Dakota State University researchers have been developing alternatives to the mixograph. GlutoPeak, Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC), and gluten index tests have been proposed as potential replacements. By milling grain into semolina and evaluating dough quality with mixograph, GlutoPeak, SRC, and gluten index tests, eleven durum cultivars cultivated in ten different environments were evaluated in a study. Additionally, the cooking quality of the dry spaghetti was assessed. Using solutions of water, sodium carbonate, lactic acid, and sucrose, several parameters, including time-to-peak, peak height, and mixogram score, peak maximum time and maximum torque, and SRC, were evaluated.</li> <li>NDSU researchers discovered that hop essential oil nanoemulsion inhibited Fusarium growth and mycotoxin production during micro-malting with naturally FHB-infected barley grains. Hop essential oil nanoemulsion reduced fungal biomass, DON content, and aldehydes compared to the control. Fungal hyphae on barley and malt surfaces and tissues were also examined. Compared to raw barley grains, fungal hyphae on kernel surfaces decreased after steeping but increased between the husk and testa layer after germination.</li> <li>Researchers at Purdue University measured the temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, moisture content, and insect activity of corn stored in eight cylindrical steel bins using sensors and insect traps. In addition, sieved grain samples were analyzed monthly for their proximate composition, susceptibility to fungal invasion, and insect activity. The objective of the study was to comprehend the behavior and seasonal patterns of stored grain conditions, which are crucial to grain quality and economic value.</li> <li>Researchers at Purdue University developed an open-source database that stores and manages physical property data crucial for the selection and design of equipment and structures for cereal grains, co-products, and biomass. The database contains links to data/standards sources and permits the submission of new data. This achievement has enabled more accurate model predictions for computational modeling techniques, such as the discrete element method and the finite element method, which are increasingly utilized by the industrial sector for equipment design and process optimization.</li> <li>Using Radio Frequency (RF) treatments, Purdue researchers increased the nutritional value of corn bran by fermenting insoluble dietary fibers (IDF). The IDF remains insoluble while targeting essential gut bacteria. RF or RF/enzymatic hydrolysis of isolated corn fiber is used. In vitro fecal fermentation will quantify SCFA production from processed samples. SCFA production increases with bacterial growth. Targeted amplicon sequencing will assess the fecal microbiome. This boosts corn bran's nutritional value and industrial potential.</li> <li>Using arabinoxylans and β-glucans, Purdue researchers examined the dietary fiber fractions of hulled wheat flour and bread. This comprehensive analysis localized these components using staining and immunolabeling. The study investigated the genetics of health-promoting compounds in hulled wheat species and their potential for developing more nutrient-dense common wheat cultivars. This research reintroduces hulled wheat as a valuable raw material for a variety of food products, expanding the market and meeting consumer demand for natural and organic products.</li> <li>In addition to the previous accomplishment, the study revealed differences in the distribution of non-starch polysaccharides within the kernels of hulled wheat species. Utilizing the AOAC 2011.25 integrated dietary fiber assay, different fiber fractions in flour and bread were analyzed. Einkorn and spelt whole meal flour had significantly lower levels of insoluble dietary fiber and total dietary fiber compared to hard red spring wheat, and bread samples exhibited a similar trend. Some genotypes of einkorn and emmer contained more soluble dietary fibers of low molecular weight (SDF-LM). To evaluate the health benefits associated with SDF-LM in these wheat varieties, additional research is required.</li> <li>Purdue University researchers evaluated the grain quality of five industrial hemp cultivars, as well as their yield, physical characteristics, composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. There were significant differences between cultivars in terms of kernel weight per thousand, dietary fiber content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacities. These findings contribute to the development of a comprehensive industrial hemp grain quality program that will allow producers and processors to increase industry profitability and equity while catering to specific applications such as oil, plant-based protein, and dietary fiber. To evaluate the nutritional quality of hemp grain components and to increase knowledge in this field, additional research is required.</li> <li>Texas A&M University researchers are investigating the use of hyperspectral imaging techniques for classifying aflatoxin- and fumonisin-contaminated corn samples, with the support vector machine model achieving high levels of accuracy. In addition, the Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service developed time-of-flight mass spectrometry and micro-fluidics to measure toxins, drugs, and bacterial contaminants, allowing for the monitoring of dangerous toxins in laboratories with high containment. In addition, a method was developed for identifying and confirming six antibiotics in catfish feed using UPLC-MS-MS, based on modified and expanded USDA guidelines for detecting antibiotic residues.</li> <li>Researchers at CGAHR, USDA-ARS in Manhattan, KS evaluated several factors that influence sorghum grain composition and end-use quality, including the effect of nitrogen fertilization, genetic variability, and environmental effect.</li> </ul> Objective 2: To improve management and operational systems to increase efficiency, retain quality, enhance value and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain <ul> <li>Texas A&M University researchers evaluated the effects of diatomaceous earth and atmospheric cold plasma treatment on stored grains and discovering that atmospheric cold plasma acted as a stabilizer against the degrading effects of diatomaceous earth on wheat dough strength.</li> <li>Researchers at the University of Arkansas aimed to improve rice drying, storage, and milling through a variety of studies. This included testing new grain management tools, characterizing rice cultivars, and studying seed germination after drying. Dielectric heating was used for rice drying, instantization, and pasteurization. Salting rice before harvest affected drying, milling yield, and physicochemical quality. The study also standardized milling yield assessment methods, developed nondestructive rice chalk content measurement methods, and quantified rice cultivar physicochemical and functional characteristics. Studying aflatoxin formation, developing dielectric heat treatments for insect pest control, and investigating nonthermal rice flour decontamination addressed safety concerns.</li> <li>University of Idaho researchers studied the use of antioxidants, specifically -tocopherol, to mitigate OTA-induced toxicity. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potential human carcinogen, is present in a variety of foods and cereal grains, including oats, and poses a health risk. α-tocopherol exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress induced by OTA in human kidney cells, according to the research. It was observed that α-tocopherol decreased cytotoxicity, boosted antioxidant defense systems, and mitigated OTA-induced renal damage.</li> <li>University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Iowa State University researchers simulated real-world storage conditions with varying moisture and temperature to estimate soybean dry matter loss (DML) and lipid oxidation (LO) over 30 days. Moisture affected vDML (volatile) more than temperature. Higher moisture content also increased LO indicator concentrations, indicating lipid oxidation. Under unfavorable storage conditions, LO products, DML, and vDML correlated positively, indicating lipid decomposition and dry matter loss. These findings may improve maximum storage time recommendations by considering qualitative and quantitative soybean deterioration.</li> <li>Iowa State University researchers addressed the concerns of supply chains aiming to produce non-genetically modified (GM) animal feed by managing the unintentional presence of GM grain (Adventitious presence (AP)) at each stage. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) were utilized to assess AP risks and identify over 150 sources of AP in the non-GM feed supply chain. In addition, a comprehensive cost analysis using Monte Carlo simulation shed light on the economic aspects of non-GM grain and feed isolation and segregation. A vulnerability analysis was also conducted to identify the grain and feed handling system's most vulnerable points.</li> <li>Iowa State University researchers developed an integrated strategy for mycotoxin monitoring and management in commodity corn and established an advisory panel to guide the development of practical supply chain recommendations. The objective of the project is to determine the historical incidence of mycotoxins in the corn-growing region of the United States and to identify early-season and harvest-time predictors of mycotoxin risk in commodity corn.</li> <li>Researchers at Iowa State University analyzed post-harvest loss (PHL) data from the Rockefeller Foundation Yieldwise Initiative in Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria. In the mango, maize, and tomato value chains, this research seeks to comprehend the effect of various post-harvest technologies on the reduction of PHL, the enhancement of farmer income, and the management of environmental impact. Specific objectives include conducting a comparative analysis of post-harvest technologies, identifying key drivers of PHL, predicting the impact of technology adoption, and developing a decision-support tool for maximizing technology adoption in low-income countries.</li> <li>By analyzing post-harvest loss (PHL) data in Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria, Iowa State University researchers aimed to meet the rising demand for safe and nutritious food. The research provides valuable insights by examining the impact of post-harvest technologies on lowering PHL, increasing farmers' income, and controlling environmental impact in the mango, maize, and tomato value chains. Specific achievements include conducting a comparative analysis of post-harvest technologies, identifying key drivers of PHL, predicting the impact of technology adoption, and developing a decision support tool to maximize the adoption of post-harvest technologies in low-income countries.</li> <li>Researchers from Iowa State University developed a new wireless monitoring system that replaces conventional temperature cables with headspace and plenum sensors. This system effectively monitors grain conditions, makes aeration decisions, and sends timely alerts when grain spoilage is imminent. The research also includes the development of a computational model that accounts for various factors affecting grain storage, and its validation will allow Amber Ag and Iowa State University to use the model for commercial and academic purposes, respectively.</li> <li>Iowa State University researchers developed a survey instrument to quantify and assess the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from grain handling, drying, and storage operations. The objective of the survey was to collect information from industry stakeholders regarding energy consumption and equipment specifics. The survey results will be used to identify and evaluate strategies for achieving net-zero carbon emissions in these operations, contributing to more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly grain industry practices.</li> <li>Kansas State University researchers found alternative fumigants for pest control in stored grain, synergized deltamethrin, and identified sources of microbial contamination in wheat milling to improve food safety. investigated the synergistic effect of "C8910" short-chain fatty acids on deltamethrin, an important grain-storing insecticide. Deltamethrin-resistant red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum was studied. C8910 increased deltamethrin toxicity, especially against the resistant beetle strain. Inhibiting detoxification enzymes was another synergistic mechanism found. This study reveals deltamethrin's efficacy enhancement and suggests C8910 as a natural synergist.</li> <li>University of Kentucky researchers tested soft red winter wheat storage methods like hermetic bags and metal cans. Wheat varieties, temperatures, and storage times were considered. Hermetic storage preserved wheat quality for food and phytochemical applications in quality preservation research. Hermetic storage affected microbial growth, α-amylase activity, β-glucan content, total protein content, and germination potential. A study on microbial growth and water activity found no difference between hermetic and conventional storage. Hermetic storage reduces water activity, which inhibits spoilage microorganisms. The Hermetic storage sprouting prevention study reduced sprouting risk by lowering α-amylase activity. Hermetic storage may prevent sprouting and preserve wheat quality.</li> <li>Researchers at Mississippi State University have developed methods for the rapid detection of aflatoxin contamination and toxigenic fungi infection in corn kernels. The researchers gathered corn kernels infected with aflatoxin-producing and non-producing Aspergillus flavus and performed imaging with a tabletop shortwave near infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging system and a Raman hyperspectral imaging system. SWIR and Raman images were analyzed using artificial intelligence and multivariate image processing algorithms to identify aflatoxin-infected kernels and detect the presence of aflatoxin.</li> <li>Purdue University researchers sought a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative carrier for Aflasafe®, a biocontrol product used to combat aflatoxin contamination in grains and oilseeds. The cost of the current carrier, sorghum, makes it inaccessible to smallholder farmers in developing nations. The study investigated the possibility of substituting sorghum with grains from a local brewery. The properties of various brewers' grains, as well as their influence on granulation and final granule properties, were analyzed. Granules were successfully manufactured, and their particle and bulk properties were evaluated through wet granulation with a rotating drum. This research has the potential to yield a cheaper carrier option for Aflasafe®, making it more accessible to smallholder farmers and improving food safety in developing nations.</li> <li>Texas A&M University researchers reviewed the scientific literature on dietary fumonisin exposure and cattle health and performance. PECO (Purpose, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome) statements and bias risk were used to evaluate the review. According to research analysis, the 2001 FDA fumonisin guidance was based on three studies. These studies were confounded and did not meet EPA Benchmark Dose Software requirements. Recent literature did not meet analysis criteria. A meta-analysis was also prevented by differences in cattle fumonisin toxicity indicators. The review highlights the gaps and challenges in our understanding of how dietary fumonisin affects cattle health.</li> <li>Texas A&M researchers created a Monte Carlo simulation for economic risk assessment. The evaluation estimated the financial loss from banning fumonisin-contaminated corn in Texas. Fumonisin incidence, mycotoxin testing, alternative markets, grain elevator price discounts, and crop insurance were simulated. This study examined how these variables affected corn that exceeded the FDA-recommended cattle feed level. The evaluation highlights the economic effects of eliminating the blending option and the importance of accurate mycotoxin testing and market considerations in fumonisin-contaminated corn management.</li> <li>Texas A&M University researchers developed a risk assessment model to evaluate the impact of effective neutral detergent fiber (eNDF) on polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in Texas backgrounding and finishing cattle consuming rations containing various sources of dietary sulfur (S). The study examines the potential negative effects of increased S content in animal diets, particularly from dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS), on cattle health.</li> <li>Researchers at the Center for Grain and Animal Health Research in Manhattan, Kansas, used near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to predict sorghum grain protein, oil, and kernel weight. This study shows that this nondestructive and fast method is comparable to near-infrared spectroscopy. This method generates prediction maps by visualizing grain and kernel protein variation. Breeders, cultivators, and processors can benefit from hyperspectral imaging's quality control of sorghum grains, especially oil content. The review also emphasizes the importance of non-destructive seed phenomics techniques in seed quality evaluation and crop improvement, particularly near-infrared spectroscopy and other imaging methods. These crop improvement and sustainability-promoting methods are also reviewed.</li> <li>Researchers from CGAHR in Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Iowa State University examined how tarpaulin movement affects grain bunker fumigation PH3 distribution. Bunker storage and fumigation are cost-effective grain storage methods. This study uses CFD and FSI to understand tarpaulin motion and PH3 distribution. A mathematical representation was created to characterize various scenarios based on the tarpaulin's sinusoidal motion. The study shows that PH3's behavior is sensitive to motion parameters and that minimizing the bunker's tarpaulin's spatial frequency optimizes fumigant distribution. A Deep Neural Network (DNN) model was created to correlate tarpaulin motion parameters with the predicted fraction of bunker volume receiving a lethal PH3 concentration, eliminating the need for CFD simulations. Field workers can use this model to build bunkers for fumigation.</li> </ul>   Objective 3: To work with multi-institutional colleagues to improve the cereal grain and oilseed supply chain by creating measurable impacts that preserve quality, increase value, and maintain food safety/food security.   <ul> <li>Texas A&M University researchers implemented APTECA, a multi-institutional approach to manage aflatoxin and fumonisin risk in Eastern and Southern Africa, proficiency testing programs and distance learning initiatives in several countries, and a project in Malawi to introduce co-regulation and policy workshops involving key stakeholders. AgriLife Research and COMESA also signed a Memorandum of Understanding to address Non-Tariff Trade Barriers, improve regulatory science, and measure and manage mycotoxin risk in the region. These efforts improve food safety, market transparency, and laboratory testing and technical expertise.</li> <li>Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Iowa State University have published a paper with the intent of developing a series of extension-based safety messages on this topic. Together with the GHSC, they developed training curriculum on Dump Pit Safety and Cold Weather Hazards.</li> <li>Iowa State University researchers are nearing completion of the new ISU Kent Feed Mill and Grain Science Complex, a cutting-edge facility. It has feed manufacturing and grain handling, drying, and storage. Iowa State University supports the global grain and feed industry through research, instruction, service, Extension, and industry and international outreach. The facility will open mid-2023. The 2021 report summarized capabilities. The new facility hosted the August 2022 Advanced Grain Elevator Operations Management short course and the fall 2022 3-credit Feed Processing and Technology course (TSM455/555) required for the ISU Feed Technology Minor. Over 500 people took 40 tours in 2022. Before the facility opens, feed safety, quality management, personnel safety, business management, and Standard Operating Procedures have improved.</li> <li>Researchers at Montana State University developed and advanced wheat stem sawfly management and wheat quality research projects. Utilizing genetic manipulation and carbohydrate reserves, these projects explored methods to stabilize yield and improve pest control. Moreover, presentations and efforts to improve hygiene and temperature management in on-farm storage were made to address concerns regarding wheat quality and safe storage practices.</li> <li>Researchers from Purdue University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CGAHR in Manhattan, and Kansas State University examined the factors that influence dust cloud formation. Surface characteristics, such as adhesion and surface energy, play a role in dust generation during grain handling, as determined by simulation. By minimizing air turbulence, modifying the cross-sectional area of downspouts can reduce dust separation from grains, according to the findings.</li> </ul> Impacts Objective 1 impacts <ol> <li>Continuation of the development and implementation of ASABE standard (ASABE Project X657) Measurement and Rating of Hermetic Storage Bags – Specifications of Gas Barrier Liners</li> <li>Improvements to low-cost, locally-manufactured moisture meters for determining the moisture content of shea nuts during drying and storage.</li> <li>Determining the dialyzability of mineral elements in wheat-based foods and evaluating the effect of feed rate and residence time on heat treatment of wheat kernels.</li> <li>Identifying a potential screening method for cadmium availability and correlating bread protein digestibility with end-use quality parameters. Outputs include log reduction of pathogenic bacteria and protein molecular weight and composition analysis.</li> <li>GlutoPeak's peak maximum time, SRC lactic acid solution, and gluten index could be suitable alternatives to the mixograph test when evaluating the cooking quality of semolina and pasta.</li> <li>The study sheds light on how the susceptibility of corn to biological activity varies throughout the storage season and provides insights on monitoring CO2 levels at the plenum.</li> <li>The detailed analysis of fiber components in hulled wheats and the effects of bread baking provides insights for developing hulled wheats that may benefit high-fiber, low-FODMAP diets. More research is needed to assess hulled wheat products' fiber fractions' health benefits.</li> <li>Identified industrial hemp's chemical composition and grain quality affect its use in oil, protein, and dietary fiber production. Hemp grain quality knowledge will boost producers' and processors' profits and industry standing.</li> <li>Rapid, simple, and cost-effective hyperspectral imaging methods should be a convenient and reliable tool for qualitative and quantitative screening of mycotoxin-contaminated corn products and management and control of the products to improve animal and human safety. In low-resource settings, maize aflatoxins and fumonisins quantification will improve food safety monitoring.</li> </ol> Objective 2 impact statements <ol> <li>The improved food safety and security resulting from this project will benefit the health of 29 million Texans and one billion Texas animals.</li> <li>Reduced OTA and its toxicity to improve food safety for the food industry and the public. OTA caused oxidative stress-induced liver and kidney toxicity despite the kidney being a major target organ. Thus, diet antioxidants may affect OTA-mediated liver toxicity, so they should be studied.</li> <li>The research on soybean respiration provided crucial information that filled in knowledge gaps regarding soybean storage, particularly in regions of low latitude. This contributes to a better understanding of storage practices and the reduction of losses in regions like Brazil and India.</li> <li>The work resulted in several peer-reviewed publications and the completion of Master's theses, affording students educational opportunities and contributing to the body of scientific literature in the field of soybean storage and respiration.</li> <li>The findings highlighted the significant losses that occur in low latitude regions as a result of suboptimal drying and storage facilities, highlighting the need for improved practices and technologies to reduce dry matter loss and preserve soybean quality under high temperature and humidity conditions.</li> <li>The research focuses on significant soybean storage losses in low-latitude regions where drying and storage facilities are often suboptimal, causing dry matter loss and quality degradation. This research fills gaps in our knowledge of soybean storage by measuring soybean respiration rates under typical storage conditions using a dynamic grain respiration system. Previous studies relied on corn respiration data and assumptions.</li> <li>This study examines soybean storage conditions in low-latitude countries like Brazil and India, which have no cool or cold seasons. Data from this research improves soybean storage in these regions' commercial supply chains.</li> <li>The non-GM grain and feed study provides scientific data for practical US and international policies on non-GM products. This study identifies high-risk supply chain areas and provides data to support higher tolerance levels for unintentional GM grain, reducing the risk of producing and handling specialized crops. Traceability protocols for food safety and environmental/climate impacts improve documentation efficiency to meet customer specifications and regulations.</li> <li>It is expected that the impact of this research will benefit stakeholders by providing pragmatic, scientific strategies to manage mycotoxins in corn, thereby promoting food safety, minimizing risks, and maximizing profitability throughout the commodity corn supply chain.</li> <li>Created a multi-criteria decision support tool to maximize post-harvest technology adoption in low-income countries, considering technical and sustainability performance and the needs of all key value chain actors. This tool helps decision-makers choose effective technologies for adoption.</li> <li>Conducted a techno-economic analysis of image-based remote sensing technologies to quantify remaining sweet potatoes in North Carolina, USA. The study resulted in the development of an online dashboard that facilitates the evaluation of the image-based technology's economic viability.</li> <li>Five soft red winter wheat varieties were tested for conventional and hermetic storage. Alternative storage technologies are compared to traditional methods. This helps farmers, grain managers, and processors evaluate alternative grain storage projects.</li> <li>Provide a quicker and non-destructive method for aflatoxin detection, thereby aiding in the reduction of aflatoxin contamination in corn and ensuring food safety.</li> <li>Economic risk assessment showed that removing fumonisin-contaminated corn from state regulatory authority would cost Texas $3–7 million. The financial impact was attributed to fumonisin accumulation, crop insurance enrollment, and reliable mycotoxin testing. The research suggests that farmers can reduce their financial risk by purchasing crop insurance yield coverage and using the OTSC OSS program for accurate and defensible mycotoxin testing.</li> <li>dentifying Texas backgrounding and finishing cattle districts with the highest sulfur (S) toxicity risk. District 2 in the South Plains is the riskiest, according to the study. Results can guide cattle diet, water, and feed management.</li> <li>Discovering previously unknown mechanisms that influence the distribution of phosphine gas (PH3) within bunkers during fumigation.</li> </ol> Objective 3 impact statements <ol> <li>Labs participated in multiple rounds of the APTECA proficiency-testing program, emphasizing the importance of validating aflatoxin B1 test kits. Technical trade barriers between EAC B1 and total aflatoxin limits hinder regional regulatory harmonization and trade.</li> <li>The APTECA project in Kenya successfully implemented a risk-based regulatory plan of work in Meru and Marsabit counties, revealing varying levels of aflatoxin contamination in maize samples and emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and intervention.</li> <li>Established program with 71 countries, 304 laboratories, and 101 public health and regulatory agencies serving 5.3 billion people, 2.9 billion of whom live in low and lower-middle income countries according to 2021 World Bank lending categories. Precision and TBT reduction will improve food safety and trade.</li> <li>Workshops, trainings, and research improved grain safety. Over 700 US workers received valuable in-person and online training. Compressed air also decrusted grain in storage bins. A grain handling paper promoted best practices and grain entrapment research. Positive participant evaluations showed that agricultural training could save lives.</li> <li>Minimizing airflow turbulence reduces corn kernel dust during gravity handling. Also, unloading speed can increase dust production. These insights can improve grain handling facility dust control and safety.</li> </ol>

Publications

Objective 1   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Ensuring Performance of Hermetic Storage Bag Technology for Food Security and Resource Sustainability” World Food Prize Foundation Graduate Student Poster Competition. Iowa Events Center. October 19, 2022 (3rd Place-Best Poster)   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Ensuring Performance of Hermetic Storage Bag Technology for Food Security and Resource Sustainability” Norman Borlaug Lecture Poster Competition. Great Hall. Memorial Union. October 17, 2022. (2nd Place-Best Poster)   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to the ranking of commercially available hermetic storage bag liners” ASABE 2022 Annual Internal Meeting. Houston, Texas. July 17-20, 2022   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Predicting Performance of Hermetic Storage Bag Technology” Consortium for Innovation in Post-harvest Loss and Food Waste Reduction. Annual Meeting. Kumasi, Ghana, June 6-10, 2022   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. “Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to the ranking of commercially available hermetic storage bag liners” ISU Graduate and Professional Research Conference. April 6, 2022   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E “Predicting the performance of hermetic storage bag technology”. NC213 2022 Virtual Meeting Student Research Competition. March 30, 2022   Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E “Predicting the performance of hermetic storage bag technology”. ISU Consortium Webinar. February 24, 2022   Obeng-Akrofi, G., Akowuah, J. O., Maier, D. E. ., & Addo, A. 2022. Selection of an Appropriate Biomass Burner for Drying Maize in a Crossflow Column Dryer Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology, 6(2), 107-119. <a href="https://doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v6i2.63">https://doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v6i2.63</a>   Arthur, E. Akowuah, J.O. and Obeng-Akrofi, G. 2022. "Assessment of the purdue improved crop storage (pics) bag for maize storage in Ghana." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development 22, no. 6. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.111.22055">https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.111.22055</a>   Akowuah, J. O., Boateng, H. A., Akrofi, G. O., & Maier, D. E. 2021. “Performance evaluation of a flatbed maize dryer with a biomass heat source.” International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT), 11(2355-2022-152), 37-41.     Obeng-Akrofi G., D.E. Maier, and J.O. Akowuah. Moisture Sorption Isotherm of Shea nuts. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022. (presenter)   Arthur, E., J.O. Akowuah, G. Obeng-Akrofi and B. Asante. Comparative assessment of cold storage and hermetic bag storage on stored maize grain viability, nutritional content, and quality. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.   Arthur, E., J.O. Akowuah, G. Obeng-Akrofi and B. Asante. Assessment on the adoption constraints and profitability of hermetic storage technology for storage of maize in Ghana. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.   Kwashie, A.A., J.O. Akowuah, G. Obeng-Akrofi and S. McNeill. Thin layer mathematical modelling and performance assessment of solar bubble dryer for drying white maize. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.   Lawrence J., G. Obeng-Akrofi and D.E. Maier. Quantification of over‐drying of bottom layers and under‐drying of top layers based on grain depth, airflow and bin diameter during natural air drying of corn. ASABE 2022 Annual International Meeting, Houston, TX, July 17 - 20, 2022.   Rithana, R., Bern, C., Bowers, E., Brumm T., and Maier, D. "Field testing of Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bag maize storage in Haiti." Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research 13, no. 1 (2022): 1-5.   Liu S, Xu L, Wu Y, Simsek S, Rose DJ. 2022. End-use quality of historical and modern winter wheats adapted to the Great Plains of the United States. Foods 11:2975.   Haiyang Jiang, Xiaoxi Qi, Shaobin Zhong, Paul Schwarz, Bingcan Chen, Jiajia Rao* (2023). Effect of treatment of Fusarium Head Blight infected barley grains with hop essential oil nanoemulsion on the quality and safety of malted barley. Food chemistry accepted.   Olenloa, A.E. and K.E. Ileleji. 2023. Seasonal changes of abiotic and biotic factors in stored grain ecosystems during a year storage. Transactions of ASABE (in preparation).   Kulathunga, J., & Simsek, S. (2022). Dietary fiber variation in ancient and modern wheat species: Einkorn, emmer, spelt and hard red spring wheat. Journal of Cereal Science, 104, 103420.   Whitney, K., Vaca, J., Bolt, M., Turco, R., Simsek, S. 2022. Industrial hemp grain – development of cultivar quality assessment. Cereals and Grains Association Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, MN. USA.   Herrman, T., K.M. Lee, Y.C. Hsieh, S. Williams. 2022. Analytical uncertainty in animal feed laboratories: a current evaluation of the AAFCO proficiency testing data for select analytes. Journal of Regulatory Science 10(1) (2022) 1-13.   Nishimwe, K. V. Hoffmann, T. Herrman. 2022. Market-driven strategies for combating aflatoxins in Rwanda. 2022. Final report RWA-21162, International Growth Center.   Ncube, M.B., Taylor, J., Bean, S.R., Ioerger, B.P. and Taylor, J.R.N. 2022. Modification of zein dough functionality using kafirin as a coprotein. Food Chem. 373:131547.   Chiluwal, A., Perumal, R., Poudel, H., Muleta, K., Ostmeyer, T., Fedenia, L., Pokharel, M., Bean, S.R., Sebela, D., Bheemanahalli, R., Oumarou, H., Klein, P., Rooney, W.L., and Jagadish, S.V.K. 2022. Genetic control of source-sink relationships in grain sorghum. Planta. 255, 40.   Pontierri, P., Troisi, J., Calcagnile, M., Bean, S.R., Tilley, M., Aramouni, F., Boffa, A., Pepe, G., Guidice, F.D., Chessa, A.L., Smolensky, D., Aletta, M., Alifano, P., and Giudice, L.D. 2022. Chemical composition, fatty acid and mineral content of food-grade white, red and black sorghum varieties grown in Mediterranean environment. Foods. 11:436 https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030436   Zhao, J., Weiss, T., Du, Z., Hong, S., Bean, S.R., Li, Y., and Wang, D. 2022 Comparative evaluation of physicochemical and fermentative responses of three sorghum varieties from dryland and irrigated land and properties of proteins from distillers’ grains. J. Cereal Sci. 104: 103432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103432   Emendack, Y., Xin, Z., Hayes, C., Burow, G., Sattler, S., Bean, S., and Smolensky, D. 2022. Registration of three new bmr12 sorghum mutants from an EMS-induced BTx623 mutant population. J. Plant Registration. 16:453-458.   Li, J. Zhao, R., Xu, Y., Wu, X., Bean, S.R., Wang, D. 2022. Fuel ethanol production from starchy grain and other crops: An overview on feedstocks, affecting factors and technical advances. Renewable Energy. 188:223-239.   Ostmeyer, T.J., Bahuguna, R.N., Kirkham, M.B., Bean, S.R., Jagadish, S.V.K. 2022. Enhancing sorghum yield and grain quality through efficient nitrogen utilization – challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13:845443   Xu, X., Bean, S., Wu, X., and Shi, Y-C. 2022. Effects of protein digestion on in vitro digestibility of starch in sorghum differing in endosperm hardness and flour particle size. Food Chem. 382:123635   Ayalew, H., Peiris, K.H.S., Chiluwal, A., Kumar, R., Tiwari, M., Ostmeyer, T., Bean, S.R., and Jagadish, S.V.K. 2022. Genetic control of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain quality under variable environments. The Plant Genome. E20227   Akin, P. Demirkesen, I., Bean, S.R., Aramouni, F., and Boyaci, I.H. 2022. Sorghum flour application in bread: Technological challenges and opportunities. Foods. 11, 2466.   Yoganandan, M., Buenavista, R.M., Bean, S.R., Aramouni, F.M., Dogan, H. and Siliveru, K. 2022. Influence of tempering methods on waxy white sorghum kernel, milling, and flour properties. Journal of the ASABE. 65:1303-1316.   Objective 2   Mohammad Shad, Z., Venkitasamy, C., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Fungi and Mycotoxin in Rice: Concerns, Causes, and Prevention Strategies (pp. 61-77). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_4   Atungulu, G*., Shafiekhani, S. (2022). Rice Drying Systems. Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products (Fifth Edition) (pp. 331-345). Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, UK. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812758-2.00009-X   Bruce, R., Sadaka, S., Mauromoustakos, A., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Aging characteristics of rice dried using microwave at 915 MHz frequency. Cereal Chemistry, 99(5), 1218-1233. doi.org/10.1002/cche.10584   Odek, Z., Siebenmorgen, T., Mauromoustakos, A., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Effect of post-drying tempering of rice on minimizing kernel fissuring and maximizing moisture removal. Transactions of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 65(1), 1-9. Doi:10.13031/ja.14698   Hampton, R., Atungulu, G., Rolland, V., Wilson, S., McKay, T*. (2022). Effects of infrared radiation on germination of long grain rice. Applied Engineering in Agriculture Journal of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 38(1), 129-133. doi: 10.13031/aea.14774   Oduola, A., Callewaert, P., Devlieghere, F., Bluhm, B., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Growth and aflatoxin b1 biosynthesis rate of model Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 exposed to selected infrared wavelengths. Food Control, 109204. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109204   Bruce, R., Atungulu, G*., Sadaka, S., Mauromoustakos, A. (2022). Influence of harvest moisture content and milling duration on microwave-dried rice physicochemical properties. Cereal Chemistry, 99(5), 1086-1100. doi.org/10.1002/cche.10555   Shafiekhani, S., Rocha, M., Finberg, E., Shiflett, M., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Modeling heat and mass transfer of long-grain hybrid rice in a chilled environment. Applied Engineering in Agriculture Journal of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 38(1), 113-128. doi: 10.13031/aea.14440   Dey, S., Hettiarachchy, N*., Bisly, A., Luthra, K., Atungulu, G., Ubeyitogullari, A., Mozzoni, L. (2022). Physical and textural properties of functional edible protein films from soybean using an innovative 3D printing technology. Journal of Food Science, 87(11). doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16349   Bruce, R., Atungulu, G., Crandall, P*., O'Bryan, C. (2022). Uncooked Rice Consumption: Causes, Implications. Cereal Chemistry, 99(5), 971-984. doi.org/10.1002/cche.10580   Luthra, K., Scott, S., Graham-Acquaah, S., Siebenmorgen, T., January, R., Atungulu, G*. (2022). Development and validation of rapid visco analyzer method for rapid determination of gelatinization temperatures of Arkansas rice cultivars BR Wells: Arkansas Rice Research Studies 2021 (pp. 269).   HJ Lee, HD Kim, and D Ryu. 2023. Protective Effect of alpha-Tocopherol against Ochratoxin A in Kidney Cell Line HK-2, Journal of Food Protection, Under review.   Latanze, M.P. 2022.  Dry matter loss and lipid oxidation evaluation of soybeans during storage at elevated moisture content and temperature.  Transaction of the ASABE 65(5):1039-1048 (doi: 10.13031/ja.14777).   Gupta, P., C.R. Hurburgh, E.L. Bowers, and G.A. Mosher. 2022. “Application of fault tree analysis – failure mode and effect analysis to evaluate critical factors influencing non-GM segregation in the U.S. grain and feed supply chain”. Cereal Chemistry, 99, 1394-1413. DOI: <a href="https://10.1002/cche.10601">https://10.1002/cche.10601</a>     Sharma, R., C.R. Hurburgh, and G.A. Mosher. 2022. “Vulnerability analysis using evidence-based traceability in the grain supply chain.” Cereal Chemistry, 99(4), 860-872. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10545">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10545</a>   Pizzaro, Mateus. Cost estimate models for the isolation and segregation of non-GM feed. 2022. Doctoral dissertation.   Chikez, H.; Maier, D.; and Sonka, S. Identifying most critical drivers of mango, tomato, and maize postharvest losses (PHL) and predicting their impact: An analysis of the YieldWise Initiative data in Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania. 2022 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Houston, Texas, July 17-20, 2022.   Chikez, H.; Maier, D.; Rosentrater, K.; and Sonka S. Decision Support Tool for Post-harvest Technologies Selection in Low-income Countries. Norman Borlaug Dialogue Lecture Poster Competition, Ames, Iowa, October 17, 2022. (3rd Place Award)   Chikez, H.; Maier, D.; Rosentrater, K.; Olafsson, S.; and Sonka S. A multi-criteria ranking of agricultural technologies for increased adoption in low-income countries. 2022 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Houston, Texas, July 17-20, 2022.   Multi-criteria decision support system: <a href="https://phldashboard.shinyapps.io/MDCA/">https://phldashboard.shinyapps.io/MDCA/</a>   Techno-economic analysis (TEA) of remote sensing image-based technologies to quantify sweet potatoes left in the field in North Carolina, USA: <a href="https://phldashboard.shinyapps.io/TEASP/">https://phldashboard.shinyapps.io/TEASP/</a>   Maier, Dirk E. and Jordan J.J. Wright. "Detecting spoilage with temperature sensors: The number and placment of sensors are key to detecting increasing temperatures in stored grain." World Grain November 2022: 56-60.   Maier, Dirk E. and Jordan J.J. Wright. "Temperature cable placment: Location of cables is important in monitoring grain during the aeration and storage periods." World Grain April 2022: 46-50.   Yang, Xiangbing, Liu, Yong-Biao, Singh, Rippy, Phillips, Thomas W. 2022. Nitric oxide fumigation for control of ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). J. Econ. Entomol. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac014">https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac014</a>   Ramadan, G. R. M., Zhu, K. Y. and Phillips, T. W. 2022. Synergism of deltamethrin with a mixture of short chain fatty acids for toxicity against pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 184: 105132; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105132">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105132</a>   Edde, P.A. and Phillips, T. W. 2022. Integrated pest management strategies for cigarette beetle control in the tobacco industry – a mini review. Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research. Volume 31 @ No. 2 @ July 2022 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2022-0009   Ramadan, G. R. M., Maille, J. J. and Phillips, T. W. 2022. Sorption and desorption dynamics of ethyl formate and propylene oxide as fumigants in durable agricultural commodities. J. Stored Prod. Res. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102007</a>   Navratilova, B., Sopko1, B., Nesvorna, M., Phillips, T. W., and Hubert, J. 2022. Pesticide exposure results in bacterial changes in the microbiomes of distinct cultures of the pest mite Acarus siro . FEMS Microbiology Ecology. In review.   Jan Hubert, B. Navratilova, B. Sopko, M. Nesvorna, and T. W. Phillips. 2022. Pesticide residue exposure provides different responses of the microbiomes of distinct cultures of the stored product pest mite Acarus siro. BMC Microbiology. 22:252, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-%2002661-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022- 02661-4</a>.   Martin, R., K. Siliveru, J. Watt, P. Blodgett, and S. Alavi. 2022. Pilot scale roller milling of chickpeas into a de-hulled coarse meal and fine flour. Processes 10 (11), 2328. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112328">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112328</a>   Anjali, K. U., C. Reshma, N. U. Sruthi, R. Pandiselvam, A. Kothakota, M. Kumar, K. Siliveru, K. Marszalek, and A. Mousavi Khaneghah. 2022. Influence of ozone treatment on functional and rheological characteristics of food products: an updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2134292">https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2134292</a>   Yoganandan, M., R.M. Buenavista, S. R. Bean, F. M. Aramouni, H. Dogan, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Influence of tempering methods on waxy white sorghum kernel, milling, and flour properties. Journal of the ASABE, 65(6), 1303-1316. DOI: 10.13031/ja.15221   Shivaprasad, D. P., E. Nkurikiye, B. Rajpurohit, Y. Li, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Significance of different milling methods on white proso millet flour characteristics and rheological and baking properties. Journal of Texture Studies, 1-13. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12717">https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12717</a>   Sajith Babu, K., K. Siliveru, and J. Amamcharla. 2022. Influence of micro and nano-bubble treatment on morphological characteristics and flow properties of spray-dried milk protein concentrate powders. Journal of Dairy Science, 1-6. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2022-0226">https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2022-0226</a>   Rivera, J. M. K. Pulivarthi, D. P. Shivaprasad, R. Phebus, G. Aldrich, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Quantifying Escherichia coli contamination in milling equipment during lab scale milling operations. Cereal Chemistry, 1-13. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10558">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10558</a>   Rivera, J., M. K. Pulivarthi, D. P. Shivaprasad, R. Phebus, G. Aldrich, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Significance of wheat milling operations on the distribution of Escherichia coli bacterium into milling fractions. Cereal Chemistry, 1-17. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10554">https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10554</a> (<a href="http://www.aaccnet.org/Pages/default.aspx">Editor’s pick</a>).   Pulivarthi, M.K., M. Selladurai, E. Nkurikiye, Y. Li, and K. Siliveru. 2022. Significance of milling methods on brown teff flour, dough, and bread properties. Journal of Texture Studies, 1-12. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12669">https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12669</a>   Nanje Gowda, N. A., K. Siliveru, P. V. Vara Prasad, Y. Bhatt, B. P. Netravati, and G. Chennappa. 2022. Modern processing of Indian millets: a perspective on changes in nutritional properties. Foods, 11, 499. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040499">https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040499</a>   McGuire, C., K. Siliveru, R. P. K. Ambrose, and S. Alavi. 2022. Food powder flow in extrusion: role of particle size and composition. Processes, 10, 178. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010178">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010178</a>   Yao, K. D., Bh. Subramanyam, and R. G. Maghirang. 2022. Moisture content and application rates of inert dusts: Effects on dust and wheat physical properties. Food Research 6 (3): 12-20.   Berhe, M., Bh. Subramanyam, M. Chichaybelu, G. Demissie, F. Abay, and J. Harvey. 2022. Post-harvest insect pests and their management practices for major food and export crops in East Africa: An Ethiopian case study. MDPI Insects 13: 1068. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111068">https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111068</a>.   Alemayehu, S., F. Abay, K. M. Ayimut, R. Darnell, R. Mahroof, J. Harvey, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2023. Effects of storage duration and structures on sesame seed germination, mold growth, and mycotoxin accumulation. 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How critical is the need for portable, small capacity local storage of dried commodities? How critical is the need for portable, small capacity local storage of dried commodities?

Impact Statements

Aflatoxin is regarded as one of the most important food safety problems in the world. Corn contaminated with toxigenic strains of A. flavus can result in great losses to the agricultural industry and pose threats to public health. The research effort aims at providing a rapid, non-destructive method for screening corn at elevators or grain collection points, identifying and diverting contaminated grain into alternative uses, thereby protecting the food supply and increasing producer profitability. Results from the current study enhanced the potential of using multispectral imaging for the detection of fungal infected and aflatoxin contaminated corn.