W_OLD6: Management and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[11/25/2015] [09/27/2016]

Date of Annual Report: 11/25/2015

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/24/2015 - 06/25/2015
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2014 - 09/01/2015

Participants

PARTICIPANTS

Administrators Present:

Jim Moyer, Administrative Advisor (WSU, Pullman, WA)

Peter Bretting, Senior National Program Leader (ARS ONP, Beltsville, MD) (call in)

Maureen Whalen, Associate Area Director (ARS PWA) (call in)

Jinguo Hu, Station Coordinator (Pullman, WA)

State Representatives Present:

CA Dan Parfitt

CO Mark Brick (call in)

ID Joe Kuhl

MT Jack Martin

OR Shawn Mehlenbacker

UT Kevin Jensen (call in)

WA Carol Miles

State Representatives Absent or Vacant:

NM Ian Ray (Absent but submitted a written report and Dave Stout presented)

AK (vacant)

AZ (vacant)

HI (vacant)

NV (not participating)

WY (vacant)

USDA Germplasm site Present:

Joseph Postman (Corvallis, OR)

James Oliphant (Corvallis, OR)

Roger Chetelat (Davis, CA) (call in)

John Preece (Davis, CA, Riverside, CA and Parlier, CA) (call in)

Harold Bockelman (Aberdeen, ID) (call in)

Gary Kinard (Beltsville, MD) (call in)

Stephanie Green (Fort Collins, CO) (call in)

USDA Germplasm site Absent:

Tracie Matsumoto Brower (Hilo, HI)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Full State Reports will be found on the project Homepage under "Additional Documents" in the future when the new NIMSS system goes online.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

This project, an important part of the UDSA National Plant Germplasm System, manages a diverse collection of important agricultural crop genetic resources and associated information and makes them accessible to plant breeders around the world to develop new cultivars with improved quality and increased productivity, which are critical for feeding the expanding world population. Crop genetic resources are also used by scientists in basic research to increase our knowledge of plant sciences. This project continues to provide information on newly acquired accessions and data collected from characterization and evaluation experiments to the GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Network) database, which the global user community can access via the Internet. Last year, 33,536 packets of high quality seed samples were distributed to 1,269 requesters residing in 45 different countries as well as each of the 50 States. The distributed samples are being used in a wide range of research and education projects such as adaptability testing, genome sequencing, DNA marker development, and crop improvement. Our curators and scientists successfully acquired 1,698 new accessions including 1,403 native plant accessions from the SOS (Seeds of Success) project, 43 accessions from the country Georgia and 85 accessions of Amur silver grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus L.) received as live plants. As of July 24, 2015, the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) collection included 96,739 accessions belonging to 1,100 genera and more than 5,000 species. We packed and stored 1,280 newly regenerated/harvested inventories of a broad range of plant species. We determined seed quantities of 15,043 inventories. We continued the evaluation and characterization of priority crop germplasm over the past year. Our curators uploaded to the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database a total of 65,164 observation data points on 24,816 accessions for 157 established descriptors of 18 different crop species. We shipped 3,020 seed inventories to the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, Colorado and 451 inventories to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway for secured backup. The Phaseolus bean curator, in collaboration with the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, analyzed several nutritional components of nuña beans (Peruvian “Popping” bean) in comparison with a sample of common beans from eight market classes. These beans have been selected and raised among the Andean natives in the high mountains for millennia and have the unique characteristic of bursting when subjected to heat, making them a high protein food in conditions where boiling would consume scarce fuel. This property also makes these beans a potential nutritious snack food, both in and of itself, as well as in the form of an extruded product. We analyzed the molecular diversity of 35 nuña and 8 common dry bean accessions and compared a range of nutritional factors, including protein, starch, sugars, phytate, and antioxidant activity. Genetic analysis using AFLP markers showed nuñas were distinct from the common dry beans analyzed, and there were two distinct groups within the nuñas. There was a similar wide range of nutritional characteristics within both the common dry beans and the nuñas. Values for nuñas and common bean respectively were: protein (18-25 and 17-27%), extractable polyphenols (50-350 and 50-450 mg GAE/100g), non-extractable polyphenols (50-220 and 70-175 mg GAE/100g), phytate (0.45-1.2 and 0.6-1.0%), and total antioxidant activity (8-52 and 7-48 mgTE). There is enough genetic variation in both nuña and common dry beans to breed popping beans adapted to a temperate, long-day environment. The Research Agronomist completed the study on Basin wildrye seed zones for ecological restoration. Basin wildrye is a widely distributed native grass useful for grazing and wildlife habitat. It is the largest native grass found in the arid to semiarid intermountain West region and exists in hexaploid and octoploid forms. Its large size makes it particularly effective for wildlife cover and as a potential bio-fuel in semiarid regions. Upon statistical analysis of the widespread genetic variation in phenology, morphology and production traits in both ploidy types, adaptive traits were correlated to seed source climate variables to develop a comprehensive seed zone map, which covers 673,258 square kilometers in the intermountain West. This map will be useful to guide germplasm selection for restoration projects and in situ conservation. Verticillium wilt, caused by the soilborne fungus, Verticillium alfalfae, is one of the most serious diseases of alfalfa worldwide. The Research Geneticist at Prosser, WA (who was reassigned to WRPIS) identified molecular markers associated with resistance to Verticillium wilt in alfalfa. The study was conducted with two alfalfa populations segregating for Verticillium wilt resistance in collaboration with researchers at DuPont Pioneer and Alforex Seeds companies. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using high resolution melting analysis. Polymorphic SNPs were identified based on melting profiles with up to five clusters representing the various allelic combinations in tetraploid alfalfa. Manual inoculation of the pathogen to replicated cloned plants of each individual was performed and disease severity was scored using a standard scale. Marker-trait association was identified by TASSEL using the general and mixed linear models. Eleven markers were significantly associated with Verticillium wilt resistance and they were located on three chromosomal regions in the alfalfa genome. Six significant markers on chromosome 8 could explain 40% of the total phenotypic variation and represent novel loci associated with Verticillium wilt resistance. Additional markers associated with Verticillium wilt resistance were identified on chromosomes 2 and 7, and they co-located with regions of Verticillium wilt resistance loci reported in M. truncatula. This study highlights the value of SNP genotyping to identify disease resistance loci in tetraploid alfalfa. A research paper titled “Identification of molecular markers associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) using high-resolution melting analysis” has been published in PLoS ONE. This is the first report on the identification of molecular markers associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in alfalfa. The markers identified in this study are useful for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in alfalfa breeding programs. Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) of lettuce is a serious foliar disease, particularly in the warm humid production region. In collaboration with University of Florida, the ARS Research Geneticist at Pullman, WA conducted a genome-wide association analysis for resistance to bacterial leaf spot of lettuce with SNP markers. PI 358001-1 was identified as almost immune to the Florida isolate of BLS. This germplasm line is from the recently formed special pure-line collection based on 322 SNP marker genotypes. Our result indicated that the resistance gene is most likely on lettuce linkage group 2 since the phenotype has significant association with a mapped SNP QGB19C20.yg-1-OP5. This information will lead to a rapid development of user-friendly markers for marker-assisted selection for this valuable trait in lettuce. Faba bean is one of the oldest domesticated crops and a potential new pulse crop in the Pacific Northwest. Although less known to North America, this versatile crop is cultivated worldwide and used as food (dry grain and fresh vegetable), feed and green manure. The ARS Research Geneticist at Pullman, WA released four enhanced winter hardy faba bean germplasm lines that were developed through field selection in five consecutive winter seasons in the Palouse. These released lines are useful for pulse and cover crop development. Prior to public release, several Material Transfer Agreements were signed, including one with the Lundberg Family Farm, a leader in organic rice farming in California, which is looking for suitable legume crops to fit into their sustainable organic farming systems; and another with Weaver Seed of Oregon, which produces and sells both organic and conventional seeds for forage, cover crop and no-till farming systems. New crop diseases pose management challenges. The Research Plant Pathologist at Pullman, WA, identified a pathogen causing a problematic and novel disease of pome fruit crops in Washington State, and published research results jointly with a researcher at Washington State University and an ARS Research Plant Pathologist at Parlier, California. Pathogens causing Ascochyta blight and chocolate spot were isolated for the first time in Washington State from faba bean. Identification and taxonomic placement of disease agents is critical for the formulation of new disease management strategies or adaption of existing strategies.

Publications

See Attachment.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

Among the 33,536 packets of seed samples distributed by this project to global germplasm users, 14,447 packets (43%) were sent to foreign countries and 19,089 packets (57%) to U.S. addresses in each of the 50 States. Residents in the 13 Western states received 6,914 packets from WRPIS. California, Washington, Oregon and Idaho are the top states requesting germplasm. These distributed seed samples are being used for research, breeding, education and local adaptability trials.
The Safflower Genetic Resources Homepage maintained by the WRPIS curator provides useful information on safflower germplasm and research. The website had 24,278 visitors from 50 countries with the most visitors from the U.S., China, and India. There were visitors from all 50 states, and California, Texas, New York, Washington, and Missouri were the five most active states. A large amount of information passed to the user community.
The current research work at WRPIS supports small scale growers in the U.S., especially in the Pacific Northwest. This included studying garlic and ornamental bulb crop diseases, pre-breeding faba bean and safflower, and evaluating native plant species and ornamental grasses. An ARS scientist at Pullman, Washington, supplied garlic and rhubarb germplasm to 12 small farms.

Date of Annual Report: 09/27/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/14/2016 - 06/15/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2015 - 09/30/2016

Participants

Administrators Present:

Jim Moyer, Administrative Advisor (WSU, Pullman, WA)

Peter Bretting, Senior National Program Leader (ARS ONP, Beltsville, MD) (presented in the joint meeting)

Jinguo Hu, Station Coordinator (Pullman, WA)

State Representatives Present:

CA Dan Parfitt

CO Mark Brick

ID Joe Kuhl (Chair)

MT Jack Martin (Secretary)

NV Bill Payne

OR Shawn Mehlenbacker

WA Carol Miles (Chair-elect)

State Representatives Absent or Vacant:

NM Ian Ray (Absent but submitted a written report and Dave Stout presented?)

AK (vacant, Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick presented)

AZ (vacant, Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick presented)

HI (vacant, Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick presented)

UT Kevin Jensen (call in)

WY (vacant, Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick presented)

USDA Germplasm site Present:

John Preece (Davis, CA, Riverside, CA and Parlier, CA)

MaryLou Polek (NCGR, Riverside, CA)

Harold Bockelman (Aberdeen, ID)

Gary Kinard (Beltsville, MD) (presented in the joint meeting)

Stephanie Green (Fort Collins, CO) (presented in the joint meeting)

Dave Stout (WRPIS, Pullman)

Kim Hummer (NCRG, Corvallis, OR)

Tracie Matsumoto Brower (Hilo, HI)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting was called to order by Chair Joe Kuhl at 8am. There were brief opening remarks regarding agenda and procedure.

A motion was made by Jack Martin and seconded by Shawn Mehlenbacher to approve the minutes of the 2015 W6 TAC meeting as distributed. The motions passed unanimously.

Resolutions committee was appointed. Dan Parfitt and Kim Hummer comprised the resolutions committee.

Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (Jinguo Hu):

The station has 5 curatorial programs. These include agronomy and grasses (Vicki Bradley), beans (Ted Kisha), cool season food legumes (Clare Coyne), temperate forage legumes (Brian Irish), and horticultural/miscellaneous crops (Barbara Hellier). In 2015 there were 4 active research programs (agronomy, plant pathology, and two in genetics. R. C. Johnson, research agronomist, retired in April 2016. That position has been closed out. The resources from that position will be allocated to upgrading the curator positions, as these positions will now take on added responsibilities. Gwen Pentecost, IT specialist, retired after 17 years at the station. Other significant staff changes include Brian Irish hired as curator of temperate forage legumes germplasm collection at Prosser, WA. This position had been vacant following Stephanie Greene’s move to Fort Collins, CO. Jinguo reviewed acquisitions and distributions for the station. At year end the station held 97,263 accessions belonging to 1,131 genera, 4,994 species and 5,689 taxa. The station distributed 17,805 accessions in 28,031 seed packets to 1,171 requestors during 2015. This represents about one fifth of the total collection.

The implications of the Pullman Regional Airport expansion project were discussed. About 28 acres of seed production land would be lost with the airport expansion project. Jinguo is negotiating with WSU to find alternative, equivalent land. This will lead to some increased costs because the station will have to pay rent (~$100 per acre). And the land will be further away leading to increased travel cost and time.

The long term goal is to move the temperate forage legume germplasm management project from Prosser to Central Ferry. Commercial alfalfa hay production fields surrounding the Prosser site may be planted with genetically-engineered Roundup Ready alfalfa (RRA). The Central Ferry site is more isolated from RRA production fields. The move has not been completed due to financial constraints. In the meantime precautions have been taken to protect the genetic integrity of the collection with measures such as installing insect proof cage covers over the seed regeneration plots. As noted earlier Brian Irish is the new curator of the temperate forage legume collection.

State reports:

Washington state report (Carol Miles)

Highlights of submitted report:

In 2015, 166 Washington State residents requested a total of 6,304 germplasm samples from the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS).

About 30% of the requests were from university researchers.

About half (49%) of the recipients provided feedback on their germplasm use.

The most samples requested were for Triticum and Hordeum, followed by Cicer, then by Vicia, Solanum, Malus, and Chenopodium.

Twelve publications were reported.

Utah state report (Kevin Jensen)

Highlights of submitted report:

Utah had requests for plant germplasm from 30 users.

Hordeum vulgare was used in gene expression analysis for putative fiber biosynthesis and reporter genes.

Agropyron cristatum accession used as a parent in a mapping population studying important traits in crested wheatgrass.

Medicago sativa subsp. Falcate accessions will be compared with long-term persistent alfalfa plants collected throughout the temperate, semi-arid Inter Mountain West.

Oregon state report (Shawn Mehlenbacher)

Highlights of submitted report:

Oregon had requests for plant germplasm from 114 users.

After several years of testing more than 100 accessions have been identified with high levels of Eastern Filbert Blight resistance.

New Simple sequence Repeat (SSR) markers have been identified for use in hazelnut breeding and genetics.

A new hazelnut cultivar (‘McDonald’) was released.

The Pisum core collection was screened for powdery mildew reaction. Data were returned for entry into GRIN.

Four accessions of Mentha were screened for gene expression following infection with Verticillum dahlia.

Used Fragaria accessions to accomplish the complete resolution of the genome composition for the progenitors of the cultivated strawberry.

Solanum accessions were screened for folate content. There was a ten-fold difference in folate content among the accessions.

Sixteen publications were reported.

Nevada state report (Bill Payne)

Highlights of submitted report:

The committee welcomed new member Bill Payne.

There were 9 requests for plant germplasm.

The largest use was for teff. The most important issues with this crop are improving grain yield, forage quality and lodging resistance.

New Mexico state report (Ian Ray)

Highlights of submitted report:

Twenty-six individuals received 383 accessions.

Solanum capsicoides accessions categorized as Aleppo type peppers are being evaluated to determine their suitability for production in New Mexico. This is important since no Aleppo type peppers are being imported since the Syrian war.

The Arachis ICRISAT mini-core collection was screened for response to Sclerotinia blight under greenhouse conditions.

Montana state report (Jack Martin)

Highlights of submitted report:

Twenty six individuals requested 413 plant germplasm accessions in Montana during 2015.

Zea mays accessions are being used to assess variation in genes affecting starch biosynthesis.

Both Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum accessions are being used to study haplotype variation associated with a major locus controlling stem solidness in wheat.

Five publications were reported.

Idaho state report (Joe Kuhl)

Highlights of submitted report:

In 2015 7,533 accessions representing 53 genera and 86 species were requested in Idaho from the National Plant Germplasm System.

The top two genera requested in Idaho were Triticum (6,326) followed by Avena (639), representing 92.5% of total accessions requested.

Accessions from the National Small Grains Collections were used to identify and map new genes that confer resistance to Ug99 wheat stem rust, oat crown rust and barley stripe rust; identify resistance to snowmold in wheat; use in a colorimetric chemical assay to measure water- extractable arabinoxylan in wheat meal.

The pea accessions are also being used as differential cultivars to pathotype field isolates of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV).

Seven publications were reported.

Colorado state report (Mark Brick)

Highlights of submitted report:

Colorado received 3,312 plant germplasm accessions during 2015.

Sunflower accessions are being used to characterize differences in anatomical and metabolic characteristics under different light and temperature conditions.

An Archaeologist used plant accessions received to compare to ancient specimens to ensure proper identification.

Helianthus petiolaris (prairie sunflower) accessions used to determine their potential for restoration of highly disturbed arid lands.

Sugar beet accessions were screened for beet curly top and Rhizoctonia resistance.

Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) screened for root rot (Fusarium solani), but all accessions were susceptible to the root rot pathogen.

Two publications were reported.

California state report (Dan Parfitt)

Highlights of submitted report:

There were 736 requests from 486 different users for plant germplasm. The response rate for requests for information on germplasm use was 16%.

The major groups requesting the most plant germplasm include home gardeners, California rare fruit growers, private plant breeding companies, and university and federal researchers

Many requests were for clonally propagated fruit crops as scion wood for propagation. Other uses for requested plant germplasm include breeding research by private, university, and federal plant breeders, and molecular/biochemical research.

The Viticulture Department at UC Davis continues to maintain grape collections for teaching and research. Several other fruit and nut germplasm collections continue to be maintained (peach, walnut, pistachio, pecan and persimmon).

Eight publications were reported.

Alaska state report (Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick)

Highlights of submitted report:

Six individuals requested 29 different accessions.

One user reported successful grafting of Malus domestica, while another user was not able to successfully root their Rubus cuttings.

Arizona state report (Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick)

Highlights of submitted report:

Fifty-nine individuals requested plant germplasm in 2015.

Used a date palm accession to cross with an existing date palm variety in a breeding project to improve flavour in date palm.

Malus domestica accessions will be tested for cider production in central Arizona.

Camelina accessions are being used to study variation in leaf wax and cutin.

Hawaii state report (Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick)

Highlights of submitted report:

Ficus carica (Fig) accessions were established at multiple locations in Hawaii for evaluation. Fig production in Hawaii offers to increase biodiversity and enhance economic opportunities for small farmers.

Lattuce sativa (lettuce) accessions used to identify genotypes that are tolerant to tip burn and less tendency to bolt in Hawaii conditions.

Cicer arietinum (chick pea) accessions were evaluated to determine their response to sowing date. Adapted chick peas cultivars will fill a crucial need to increase food security and crop diversity for Hawaii.

Wyoming state report (Dave Stout and Meg Gollnick)

Highlights of submitted report:

Twelve individuals requested plant germplasm in 2015.

Humulus lupulus (hops) accession was planted to compare with other local varieties.

Plant germplasm obtained from NPGS was used to teach identification and propagation methods for a class focusing on herbs, spices and medicinal plants.

Open Discussion:

The committee discussed vacancies on W6-TAC. Four states do not have representatives (AK, AZ, HI, and WY). It was noted that it is the state Experiment Station Director’s responsibility to appoint someone to the region project if they agree to participate. . Some members may be leaving the committee soon due to retirement. Members stressed the importance of identifying new members to take their place.

Methodology for collecting information for state reports was also discussed. Some members reported they sent out follow-up emails to recipients that did not respond to the original request. In general that seemed to increase response rates.

Meeting plans for the 2017 meeting were discussed. There was general agreement that the meeting would be a tele-conference meeting hosted by WRPIS in Pullman, WA. A tentative date was set for the fourth week of June.

Jinguo Hu presented the FY2017 proposed W6 budget. The proposed budget is $425,420. The proposed budget is the same as previous year except for a 3% increase in salaries and benefits. The committee expressed concern the proposed budget showed no increase in other budget line items. The new project is compelling and stresses stakeholder impact as well as scientific discovery and resource conservation.

Carol Miles moved and Mark Brick seconded to endorse the FY2017 proposed W-6 budget of $425,420. The motion passed unanimously.

Resolutions Committee report: Dan Parfitt and Kim Hummel presented the resolutions committee report. The resolutions are as follows.

The W6 Technical Advisory Committee thanks Stephanie Greene and Joseph Postman for local arrangements and organizing the joint TAC and PGOC meetings in Fort Collins, CO June 14-15, 2016.

The W6 Technical Advisory Committee supports the efforts of Jinguo Hu and James Moyer to replace potential lost seed production land due to the future airport expansion with appropriate and equivalent land resources

The W6 Technical Advisory Committee thanks R. C. Johnson (research agronomist) and Gwen Pentecost (IT specialist) for their many years of service to the WRPIS and the plant germplasm community.

Motion made by Carol Miles and seconded by Shawn Mehlenbacher that all resolutions should be approved as written. The motions passed unanimously

Motion was made by Carol Miles and seconded by Dan Parfitt to adjourn the meeting at 11:56am. The motions passed unanimously.

In the afternoon of June 14 and the morning of June 15, 2016, the W6 Technical Advisory Committee members participated in the joint meeting with other RTACs and Plant Germplasm Operations Committee. All participants toured the National Laboratory of Genetic Resource Preservation in Fort Collins, Colorado in the afternoon of June 15.

Jack Martin

Secretary W-6 TAC

Minutes Attachment:

REPORTS --NLGRP - RTAC Bretting- RTAC NGRL Kinard.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Atwater D.Z. and R.M. Callaway. 2015. Testing the mechanisms of diversity-dependent overyielding in a grass species. Ecology. 96:3332-3342. doi:10.1890/15-0889.1. Bhattarai, G. 2015. Microsatellie marker development, characterization and mapping in European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), and investigation of novel sources of eastern filbert blight resistance in Corylus. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Bhattarai, G. and S. A. Mehlenbacher. 2015. Microsatellite development and characterization in hazelnut. Abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science. New Orleans, LA. August 4-7, 2015. Bhattarai, G. and S.A. Mehlenbacher. 2016. Mapping new simple sequence repeat markers in hazelnut. Poster 1141. Abstracts of the Plant and Animal Genome Meeting, Jan 8-13, San Diego. Bhattarai, G., S.A. Mehlenbacher and D.C. Smith. 2015. Novel sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight in hazelnut. Abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science. New Orleans, LA. August 4-7, 2015. Blake, N.K., J. M. Martin, H.-Y. Heo, K. D. Kephart, S. P. Lanning and L. E. Talbert . 2015. Registration of Near-Isogenic Lines for Photoperiod Response in Hard Red Spring Wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations. 9:239-243 doi:10.3198/jpr2014.12.0088crg. Briggs J., S. Chen, W. Zhang, S. Nelson, J. Dubcovsky, M.N. Rouse. 2015. Genetic mapping of SrTm4, a recessive stem rust resistance gene from diploid wheat effective to Ug99. Plant Diseases 105: 1347-1354. Brouwer, B. and S. Jones. 2016. Selecting and Breeding Barley for Craft Malt and Organic Production in Western Washington. Tilth Producers Quarterly. 26 (1). Brouwer, B., P. Hayes, P. Schwarz, K. Murphy, S. Lyon, and S. Jones. 2014. Breeding barley for organic production and craft malt in Western Washington. 7th Organic Seed Growers Conference Proceedings. Organic Seed Alliance. Port Townsend, WA. Pages: 17-20. Bulli, P., Zhang, J., Chao, S., Chen, X. and Pumphrey, M., 2016. Genetic Architecture of Resistance to Stripe Rust in a Global Winter Wheat Germplasm Collection. G3:g3-116. Chen S., M.N. Rouse, W. Zhang, Y. Jin, E. Akhunov, Y. Wei, J. Dubcovsky. 2015. Fine mapping and characterization of Sr21, a temperature-sensitive diploid wheat resistance gene effective against the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Ug99 race group. Theor Appl Genet. 128:645-656. Cheng, P., W. Holdworth. Y. Ma, C.J. Coyne, M. Mazourek, M.A. Grusak, S. Fuchs and R.J. McGee. 2015. Association mapping for agronomic and quality traits in USDA Pea Single-Plant collection. Molecular Breeding 35(2):75. DOI 10.1007/s11032-015-0277-6 Colburn, B.C., S.A. Mehlenbacher, V.R. Sathuvalli and D.C. Smith. 2015. Novel sources of eastern filbert blight resistance in hazelnut accessions 'Culpla', 'Crvenje' and OSU 495.072. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 139:191-200. Cooper, W.R., and J.B. Bamberg. 2016. Variation in susceptibility to potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae), among Solanum verrucosum germplasm accessions. Am. J. Pot. Res. In press. DOI: 10.1007/s12230-016-9512-x. Coyne, C.J., M.-L. Pilet –Nayel, R. J. McGee, L.D. Porter, P. Smykal, N.J. Grünwald. 2015. Identification of QTL controlling high levels of partial resistance to Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in pea. Plant Breeding 134:446-453. doi:10.111/pbr.12287. Dugan, F.M. 2015. Fungi, p. 231 in: Beaudry, M.C., and Bescherer Metheny, K., (eds.), Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland. Dugan, F.M. 2015. Hidden Histories and Ancient Mysteries of Witches, Plants and Fungi. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. 180 pp. Dugan, F.M. 2015. Mead, pp. 308-309 in: Beaudry, M.C., and Bescherer Metheny, K., (eds.), Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland. Forrest, K., V. Pujol, P. Bulli, M. Pumphrey, C. Wellings, S. Herrera-Foessel, J. Huerta-Espino, R. Singh, E. Lagudah, M. Hayden, and W. Spielmeyer. 2014. Development of a SNP marker assay for the Lr67 gene of wheat using a genotyping by sequencing approach. Mol. Breeding. 2014, 34(4) 2109-2116. doi: 10.1007/s11032-014-0166-4 Govindarajulu, R., M. Parks, J.A. Tennessen , A. Liston, and T.-L. Ashman. 2015. Comparison of nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial phylogenies and the origin of wild octoploid strawberry species. American Journal of Botany 102:544-554. Goyer, A. and V. Sathuvalli. 2015. Shrinkage and bruising characteristics of seven russet potato varieties during cold storage. Am. J. Potato Res. 92:189. (Abstr.) Hu, J., S.J. Kwon, J.J. Park, E.J. Landry, D.S. Mattinson and D.R. Gang. 2015. LC-MS determination of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) lines with common and rare flower colors. Functional Foods in Health and Disease. 5(7):243–250. Hystad, S. M., J. M. Martin, R.A. Graybosch and M.J. Giroux. 2015) Genetic characterization and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum) line 07OR1074 exhibiting very low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Theor. and Appl. Genet. 128: 1605-1615. Johnson, R.C., M.E. Horning, E.K Espeland, and K. Vance-Borland. 2015. Relating adaptive genetic traits to climate for Sandberg bluegrass from the intermountain western United States. Evolutionary Applications, 8:172–184. doi: 10.1111/eva.12240 Johnston, W., R. Johnson, C. Golob, K. Dodson, M. Nelson, G. Stahnke, E. Guertal. 2015. Development of turf-type Poa pratensis L. germplasm for seed production without field burning.  Athens Journal of Sciences 2: 9-15. Jordan, K. W., S. Wang, Y. Lun, L.-J. Gardiner, R. Maclachlan, P. Hucl, K. Wiebe, D. Wong, K. Forrest, IWGSC, A. G. Sharpe, C. H. D. Sidebottom, N. Hall, C. Toomajian, T. Close, J. Dubcovsky, A. Akhunova, L. Talbert, U. Bansal, H. S. Bariana, M. Hayden, C. Pozniak, J. J. Jeddeloh, A. Hall and E. Akhunov. 2015. 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Impact Statements

In 2015, WRPIS plant genetic resources were distributed to a very diverse users, from international seed companies (Bayer CropScience), medium sized companies (Bejo Seeds Inc.), small seed companies (Territorial Seed), Federal government agencies (ARS), University researchers (almost all state universities in the west), non-profit organizations (Lopez Community Land Trust Seed Library), school teachers, farmers, hobbyists and individual home gardeners, as shown by the request feedback data collected by W6 project state representatives (see individual state reports).