NE1048: Mastitis Resistance to Enhance Dairy Food Safety

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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[02/08/2013] [10/16/2014] [10/20/2015] [04/17/2016] [12/22/2016]

Date of Annual Report: 02/08/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/06/2012 - 11/08/2012
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

Gressley, Tanya ............... University of Delaware;
Rezamand, Pedram .......... University of Idaho;
Bewley, Jeffery .................. University of Kentucky;
Owens, Bill ....................... Louisiana State University;
Erskine, Ron ..................... Michigan State University;
Middleton, John ................ University of Missouri;
Keefe, Greg ...................... University of Prince Edward Island;
Pighetti, Gina .................... University of Tennessee;
Wilson, David ................... Utah State University;
Barlow, John ..................... University of Vermont;
Kerr, David ....................... University of Vermont;
Peterson-Wolfe, Christina .. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University;
Fox, Larry .......................... Washington State University;
Ruegg, Pamela .................. University of Wisconsin;

Brief Summary of Minutes

1. The 2012 (FY13) annual business meeting of the NE 1048 Multistate research project was called to order at 4:15 pm by vice-chair David Kerr, presiding in the absence of the current chair Anne Lichtenwalner.

2. An overview of the 2011 business meeting minutes was presented (the complete minutes of the 2011 business meeting were sent by email and available on the project web site). A motion for approval was seconded and the 2011 business meeting minutes were approved by unanimous vote.

3. Introduction of members and new members. Attending members from 14 stations introduced themselves. Tanya Gressley (Delaware), Pedram Rezamand (Idaho), Jeffery Bewley (Kentucky), Bill Owens (Louisiana), Ron Erskine (Michigan), John Middleton (Missouri), Greg Keefe (Prince Edward Island), Gina Pighetti (Tennessee), David Wilson (Utah State), David Kerr and John Barlow (Vermont), Christina Peterson-Wolfe (Virginia), Larry Fox (Washington), Pamela Ruegg (Wisconsin).

4. The following new members were approved by unanimous vote: Chris Luby (Saskatchewan), Simon DuFour (replacing Daniel Scholl; Montreal). The Chair will look into having the new members officially added to the Appendix E list of participants.

5. One individual is listed on our Appendix E list (David Eide) from Univ. Wisconsin Dept. of Nutritional Sciences. The Chair will verify if this is correct.

6. Ghent, Belgium was selected for FY 14 meeting that will take place during the summer of 2014. Dr. DeVliegher (University of Ghent) will oversee the local organization.

7. The project Administrative Advisor, Dr. Cameron Faustman, advised that Federal funds allocated to each experimental station could be used for international travel. He also indicated that there would likely be more funding available in USDA Foundation grant program for FY13. Finally, he advised the group that there is an award at the national level for multistate hatch projects and that we should nominate our group. Dr. Faustman has the last 4 years winning projects. Deadline for the nomination is February 28, 20113. Dr. Kerr asked to receive the document regarding the nomination.

8. Concern was raised there are members of the project that do not show up and do we, as a group, need to take some action? Discussion was had on this topic. As a result, we are going to go through the email list over the past 3 years and Dr. Kerr is going to send an email to those not participating explaining by-laws.

9. Dr. Gressley and Dr. Luby were nominated to serve as NE1048 secretary. Voting was done and Dr. Gressley was selected and accepted the position. Dr. Kerr is going to send role and job description to Dr. Gressley.

10. Seeing no other business the meeting was adjourned after a motion and second. Meeting was adjourned at 5:43 pm.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. DELAWARE: Continued evaluating effects of thymol on in vitro measurements of neutrophil kill of S. aureus. GEORGIA: Daily feeding of a general immunostimulant supplement to dairy heifers resulted in increased L-selectin and interleukin-8 mRNA expression in blood leukocytes, increased in vitro phagocytic ability of blood neutrophils and monocytes against S. aureus and E. coli, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blood neutrophils compared with unsupplemented controls, all of which may enhance immunity in heifers against mastitis. After calving, supplemented heifers exhibited a 3-fold reduction in prevalence of mastitis in early lactation, a 4-fold reduction in SCC, and a 7-lb increase in milk production compared with unsupplemented controls. IDAHO: We are investigating the effect of retinol-binding protein (RBP) status (as regulated by dietary retinol and/or protein) on IMI in periparturient Holstein cows. We have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and that of RBP in the liver and adipose tissues. However, a follow up study showed the relationship between RBP and TNF-alpha is not a cause-effect relationship under our experimental condition. We also finished animal phase of our large dairy project entitled Interaction among energy status, retinol-binding protein status and intra-mammary infection in periparturient dairy cows. Laboratory analyses of this project are being performed. MICHIGAN: We investigated if increased NEFA concentrations modify vascular inflammatory responses of endothelial cells in vitro by changing the expression of important inflammatory mediators. In particular, the role of n-3 fatty acid content in altering the profile of vasoactive eicosanoids and attenuating endothelial cell inflammatory responses was a central aim of our work. NEW YORK: The Cornell team studied the immune response in late gestation and evaluated the impact of an E. coli challenge in late gestation and compared this to the response in mid lactation. Important differences in immune response were observed. TENNESSEE: UT has determined that the interleukin-8 receptor, CXCR1 is highly polymorphic. These polymorphisms can be subdivided into groups that are in linkage and travel together. When polymorphisms of individual groups are combined, this forms a haplotype that is more specific than an individual polymorphism. Specific haplotype combinations were significantly associated with the degree of infection and inflammation following experimental challenge with S. uberis. CXCR1 also is expressed by mammary epithelial cells and would be capable of responding to interleukin-8 released in the mammary gland during infection. VERMONT: Dermal fibroblasts are being used as a model cell to investigate genetic and epigenetic differences between cows in their innate responses to mastitis causing pathogens. The in vitro production of the IL-8 chemokine in response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide or to a synthetic Gram positive cell wall component (PAM2CSK4) are reflected to some degree by in vivo responses to intramammary challenge with E. coli or S. aureus. Candidate genes responsible for the between-animal differences are being investigated VIRGINIA: We are continuing our characterization of T cell responses to dendritic cells presenting S. aureus antigens. In addition to cytokine profiles, we will be evaluating memory cell proliferation and identifying S. aureus specific antigen responses. To date we have shown an increase in IL-17 production from T cells stimulated with irradiated and live Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to cytokine profiles we are evaluating the ability of S. aureus to inhibit dendritic cell apoptosis during intracellular infection. WASHINGTON: A project is on ongoing to determine the innate immune response to experimental challenge by M. bovis. Experimental challenge of dairy calves for 3 days with M. bovis through milk replacer feeding, indicated that M. bovis colonization and shedding after challenge was affected by glucocorticoid administration. A higher carriage and shedding rate in Dexamethasone treated calves, as compared to controls, from the respiratory tract was observed. These results are consistent with shedding in dairy cows during an outbreak of mycoplasma mastitis. WISCONSIN: UW Milk Quality lab members are currently collecting data for a study that is evaluating pathogen specific effects on reproductive performance and embryo loss. Almost 1600 cows have been enrolled of the approximately 2800 cows for the full study. Data collection will be completed in 2013. Objective 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defenses. GEORGIA: Assessment of 118 non-hemolytic staphylococcal isolates from heifers and cows in 2 herds, presumptively identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on blood agar demonstrated that 32.2% of isolates were actually S. aureus based on coagulase production, fermentation of mannitol on mannitol salt agar, and species-level identification based on the API staph test system; 15.2% were other coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS); and 52.5% were identified correctly as CNS. Thus, a significant proportion of S. aureus and CPS infections may be misdiagnosed as CNS, and additional testing should be performed to correctly identify such staphylococcal isolates. KENTUCKY: A MS student in Microbiology at Eastern Kentucky University (Erica Lynch) is conducting a project to assess antimicrobial resistance in pathogens responsible for causing bovine mastitis in Kentucky. This project is a field survey of multiple herds in Kentucky. LOUISIANA: The Hill Farm Research Station continues to collect mastitis pathogens and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility to various antibiotics. Studies are underway to compare susceptibility patterns of veterinary isolated to human isolates of the same pathogens. An increase in goat milk submission has lead to the isolation and characterization of mastitis pathogens from goats, the majority of which are CNS. Susceptibility studies are underway on these isolates. The Mycoplasma mastitis control program continues to be active in Louisiana, quarterly bulk milk samples are cultured for Mycoplasma and routine mastitis pathogens to determine the incidence of these pathogens in Louisiana dairies. MISSOURI: The association between mammary inflammation, duration of infection, and coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) intramammary infection continues to be a major focus of our research. In-depth genotypic characterization of predominant CNS species using whole genome sequencing is underway to elucidate putative virulence factors involved in mastitis pathogenesis. NEW YORK: Full genome sequencing of a number of mastitis E. coli isolates was completed. Differences between transient and persistent isolates were observed and reported. TENNESSEE: This past year, two studies were conducted to prove S. uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) is a relevant virulence factor in vivo. Dairy cows challenged with a SUAM-negative mutant of S. uberis or S. uberis pre-treated with antibodies against SUAM did not develop as severe an infection or inflammation when compared to the wild-type strain or S. uberis receiving antibodies not specific for SUAM. Additionally, several new genes that potentially contribute to S. uberis were identified using a transcriptomic-based approach that identified S. uberis genes activated following intramammary challenge. VIRGINIA: Using irradiated and live S. aureus cultures, we are identifying a role for virulence factors in immune suppression, activation, and manipulation. Specifically we are evaluating changes in T cell activation through granzyme production following antigen presentation and stimulation with live or irradiated S. aureus. Objective 3. Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. GEORGIA: Use of a horn fly control program on dairy heifers based on a pour-on containing 5% permethrin, which was administered every 2 wk was successful in reducing fly populations on animals and allowing teats to heal, which had been damaged (lesions and scabs) by the horn flies. Such control led to decreases in new intramammary infections caused by S. aureus. KENTUCKY: A two-year study to examine the mastitis detection potential of multiple Precision Dairy Farming Technologies (MilkLine P4C individual quarter conductivity, IceRobotics IceQube lying behavior monitors, DVM Systems temperature boluses, SCR Rumination Tags) began in October 2011 at the University of Kentucky. Di Liang has worked on developing a model to examine the economics of mastitis on dairy farms. MAINE: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.Implementation of a nested PCR for detection and speciation of prototheca from dairy farm samples has contributed to a change in knowledge by allowing sensitive and specific detection of prototheca in herds of dairy cattle. Culling and changing management has been advised to reduce prototheca on affected farms. Studies of pasteurization resistance of Maine isolates, and of bedding types to reduce prototheca growth on farms, have been completed. Results have been communicated to Maine farmers, and at National Mastitis Council workshops. MICHIGAN: We have continued outreach efforts to promote better stewardship of antibiotic use on dairy farms. Key contributions included workshops on mastitis bacteriology for dairy producers and veterinary practitioners to help these stakeholders make better therapeutic decisions. Additionally, several presentations were given to veterinary practitioner and dairy producer groups to highlight the interaction between poor therapeutic decisions and residues in meat and milk. MISSOURI: In the last 12 months, we have continued to evaluate prevention and treatment strategies for mastitis. We have evaluated a Lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry cow therapy for treatment of chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in an experimental challenge trial. Data from these studies are currently being analyzed. MINNESOTA: The University of Minnesotas College of Veterinary Medicine is developing an on-line curriculum in mastitis and milking system analysis that will provide web-based, self-directed learning systems for veterinarians and other milking system professionals. Thus far, two modules have been delivered to approximately 30 registrants. The courses are offered through the Office of Veterinary Continuing Education of the College of Veterinary Medicine. Collaborator: University of Wisconsin-Madison. The University of Minnesota conducted a multi-state multi-herd randomized non-inferiority clinical trial to compare the efficacy of three commonly used dry cow mastitis formulations: penicillin/dihydrostreptomycin, ceftiofur hydrochloride and cephapirin benzathine. Results indicate there was no difference among the three treatments tested regarding quarter-level outcomes (e.g. new infections, cures), or cow- level outcomes in the first 100 DIM, including SCC, milk production (strong trend present), risk for a clinical mastitis event, risk for culling or death, and risk for conception. Collaborators: Iowa State University and University of California-Davis. The University of Minnesota reported on a study designed to validate the use of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-plate and Tri-plate systems to diagnose the presence of classes and species of bacteria in milk samples. Results suggested that readers using the Bi-plate or Tri-plate systems on farms will get the most accurate and useful results when using this diagnostic tool to identify the presence of a Gram positive intramammary infection (IMI). Either tool has moderate ability to identify no growth, Gram negative and Staphylococcus aureus IMI. With the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, readers should refrain from trying to speciate the type of organism cultured using either the Bi-plate or Tri-plate. NEW YORK: We evaluated treatment of Gram-negative intramammary infections using a first and third generation cephalosporin with and without corticosteroid. Efficacy of treatment was observed and reported. OHIO: The efficacies of two immune-modulating compounds were tested using a Streptococcus uberis intramammary challenge model. Neither the incidence of intramammary infections, incidence of clinical mastitis, shedding rate of bacteria, nor clinical signs of infection were affected by the test products. UTAH: Completed study of SPC bacteria counts in pasteurized waste milk for feeding to calves, as pasteurized on commercial farms. Developed season-specific milk handling guidelines. Data collection nearly completed for comparison of blood test strips, milk test strips and Fossomatic automated milk analysis for beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in early lactation dairy cattle. Goal is to use DHIA or other meter-collected milk samples for high throughput inexpensive detection of ketotic/negative energy balance cows. VERMONT: A case study to demonstrate contagious pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) transmission dynamics in a herd using automated milking system (robotic milkers) has been completed. Transmission parameters for these 2 contagious pathogens and the impact of control practices in this herd are being evaluated. VIRGINIA: In the past year, we have completed a study examining the changes in animal activity and milk component data around the onset of naturally occurring clinical mastitis. In this study, daily animal activity and milk component data were collected from cows with mastitis and compared to healthy cows. Changes in milk components and daily step activity were observed prior to detection of mastitis. A statistical model utilizing all collected data was able to distinguish cows with mastitis from healthy cows 1 d prior to onset of clinical signs. Early detection of disease may lead to reduced economic losses associated with mastitis. WASHINGTON: Factors associated with time to clearance of mycoplasma mastitis were studied in 18 herds. Most herds cleared mycoplasma mastitis within 1 month, greater than 50% culled diseased cows preferentially, yet culling was not associated with hastened clearance as herds that culled preferentially cleared the infection at ostensibly the same rate as those that did not cull preferentially. Milking time hygiene practices were practiced near full by 17 of the 18 herds and such practices were not associated with time to clearance. Other known mastitis biosecurity and management practices were not associated with clearance time. WISCONSIN: The UW Milk Quality lab completed a study that characterized the differences in in-vitro susceptibility testing of Ceftiofur & Cephapirin as compared to results using the active metabolites of the same compounds (Desfluoceftiofur & Deactylcephaparin). Differences in outcomes for Staphylococci (ceftiofur) and E coli (cephapirin) probably account for some of the lack of association of in vitro susceptibility test results with outcomes of intramammary treatments. UW Milk Quality lab members completed an epidemiological study that characterized the occurrence of clinical mastitis on 51 large modern dairy farms in Wisconsin. Results of this study indicate a strong shift to mastitis caused by a variety of opportunistic environmental pathogens. Upon observation of the cases, approximately 25% of the milk samples resulted in no significant growth of bacteria and a further 20% were caused by pathogens for which no currently available antimicrobials are effective. Most cases were mild and the median days in lactation upon occurrence was approximately 130 days. The association between exposure to antimicrobials and occurrence of resistance will be reported.

Publications

PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE GEORGIA: Jackson, K.A., D.J. Hurley, F.M. Kautz, L.O. Ely, and S.C. Nickerson. 2012. Technical note: Development of a challenge model for Streptococcus uberis mastitis in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 95:7210-7213. Nickerson, S. C. 2012. Invited review. Managing mastitis in heifers: An initial step in improving dairy herd health. 2012. Chapter 16 in Milk Production - An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health. Pp. 333-358, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia. IDAHO: Rezamand, P., J. S. Watts, K. M. Hunt, B. J. Bradford, L. Mamedova, and S. D. Morey. 2012. Bovine hepatic and adipose retinol binding protein gene expression and its relationship with tumor necrosis factor-±. J. Dairy Sci. 95:7097-7104. MICHIGAN: Contreras, G.A., S.A. Mattmiller, W. Raphael, J.C. Gandy, L.M. Sordillo. 2012. Enhanced n-3 phospholipid content reduces inflammatory responses in bovine endothelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5729-5736. Contreras, G.A., W. Raphael, S.A. Mattmiller, J. Gandy, L.M. Sordillo. 2012. Nonesterified fatty acids modify inflammatory response and eicosanoid biosynthesis in bovine endothelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5011-5023. Erskine RJ. Vaccination strategies for mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2012 Jul;28(2):257-270. MISSOURI: Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16:357-372. NEW YORK: Gurjar A, Gioia G, Schukken Y, Welcome F, Zadoks R, Moroni P. 2012. Molecular diagnostics applied to mastitis problems on dairy farms. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 28(3):565-76. Oikonomou G, Machado VS, Santisteban C, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. 2012. Microbial Diversity of Bovine Mastitic Milk as Described by Pyrosequencing of Metagenomic 16s rDNA. PLoS One. 7(10): e47671 . Epub 2012 Oct 17. Reksen O, Gröhn YT, Barlow JW, Schukken YH. 2012. Transmission dynamics of intramammary infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Dairy Sci. 95(9):4899-910. Schukken Y, Chuff M, Moroni P, Gurjar A, Santisteban C, Welcome F, Zadoks R. 2012. The "other" gram-negative bacteria in mastitis: Klebsiella, serratia, and more. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 28(2):239-56. Dogan B, Rishniw M, Bruant G, Harel J, Schukken YH, Simpson KW. 2012. Phylogroup and lpfA influence epithelial invasion by mastitis associated Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol. 14;159(1-2):163-70. Watters RD, Schuring N, Erb HN, Schukken YH, Galton DM. 2012. The effect of premilking udder preparation on Holstein cows milked 3 times daily. J Dairy Sci. 95(3):1170-6. Quesnell RR, Klaessig S, Watts JL, Schukken YH. 2012. Bovine intramammary Escherichia coli challenge infections in late gestation demonstrate a dominant antiinflammatory immunological response. J Dairy Sci. 95(1):117-26. Schukken YH, Bennett GJ, Zurakowski MJ, Sharkey HL, Rauch BJ, Thomas MJ, Ceglowski B, Saltman RL, Belomestnykh N, Zadoks RN. 2012. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 5-day ceftiofur hydrochloride intramammary treatment on nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 94(12):6203-15. Dohoo I, Andersen S, Dingwell R, Hand K, Kelton D, Leslie K, Schukken Y, Godden S. 2012. Diagnosing intramammary infections: comparison of multiple versus single quarter milk samples for the identification of intramammary infections in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 94(11):5515-22. Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16(4):357-72. Schukken YH, Günther J, Fitzpatrick J, Fontaine MC, Goetze L, Holst O, Leigh J, Petzl W, Schuberth HJ, Sipka A, Smith DG, Quesnell R, Watts J, Yancey R, Zerbe H, Gurjar A, Zadoks RN, Seyfert HM; members of the Pfizer mastitis research consortium. 2011. Host-response patterns of intramammary infections in dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 144(3-4):270-89. Cremonesi P, Capoferri R, Pisoni G, Del Corvo M, Strozzi F, Rupp R, Caillat H, Modesto P, Moroni P, Williams JL, Castiglioni B, Stella A. 2012. Response of the goat mammary gland to infection with Staphylococcus aureus revealed by gene expression profiling in milk somatic and white blood cells. BMC Genomics. 13(1):540. OHIO: Hogan, Joe and K. Larry Smith. 2012. Managing environmental mastitis. Vet. Clin. Food Anim. 28:217-224. Hogan, J.S., L. Raubenolt, J.L. McCormick, and W.P. Weiss. 2012. Evaluation of propane flaming for reducing bacterial counts in sand bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2152-6159. TENNESSEE: Gillespie, B. E., M. J. Lewis, S. Boonyayatra, M. L. Maxwell, A. Saxton, S. P. Oliver and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Short Communication: Evaluation of bulk tank milk microbiological quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee. J Dairy Sci. 95:4275-9. Kerro Dego O, R. A. Almeida and S. P. Oliver. 2012. Host - Pathogen gene expression profiles during infection of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells with Escherichia coli strains associated with acute or persistent bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol. 155:291 297. Oliver, S.P., S.I. Headrick., M.J. Lewis., B. E. Gillespie., D.L. Johnson and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Experimental intramammary infection with a Strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a cow with persistent E. coli mastitis. Open Journal Veterinary Medicine, 2: 186-190 Pighetti GM and AA Elliott. 2012. Gene polymorphisms: The keys for marker assisted selection and unraveling core regulatory pathways for mastitis resistance. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 16(4):421-432. Pighetti GM, C Kojima, L. Wojakiewicz, and M Rambeaud. 2012. The bovine CXCR1 gene is highly polymorphic. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 145:464-470. UTAH: Wilson, D.J., K. A. Rood, and G.M. Goodell. 2012. Bovine viral diarrhea milk ELISA test detecting anti-p80 antibody association with milk handling methods and cow characteristics. J. Veterinar. Sci. Technolo. 3:1:1-5, 2012. Wilson, D.J., G.M. Goodell, and T. Kelly. 2012. On-farm pasteurized milk fed to dairy calves association of bacteria counts following pasteurization with season, temperature and time until feeding. J. Veterinar. Sci. Technolo. 3:6:1-5, 2012. VERMONT: Kandasamy, S., and D.E. Kerr. 2012. Genomic analysis of between-cow variation in dermal fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Dairy Science. 95: 3852-3864. Kandasamy, S., B.B. Green, A.L. Benjamin, and D.E. Kerr. 2011. Between-cow variation in dermal fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide reflected in resolution of inflammation during Escherichia coli mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:5963-5975. Green, B.B., S. Kandasamy, T.H. Elsasser, and D.E. Kerr. 2011. The use of dermal fibroblasts as a predictive tool of the toll-like receptor 4 response pathway and its development in Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:5502-5514. Becker, S.C., J. Foster-Frey, A. Powell, D.E. Kerr, and D. M. Donovan. 2011. Lysostaphin: molecular changes that preserve staphylolytic activity. In "Science and Technology against Microbial Pathogens. Research, Development and Evaluation" A. Mendez-Vilas ed. World Scientific Publishing Co. pp18-22. Reksen, O., Gröhn, Y., Barlow, J.W., and Schukken, Y.H. 2011. Transmission dynamics of intramammary infections with coagulase negative Staphylococci. Journal of Dairy Science, 95:4899-4910. Barlow, J. 2011. Mastitis Therapy and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: a multispecies review with a focus on antibiotic treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 16:383-407. VIRGINIA: Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie, M. L. McGilliard and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2012. The effects of experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis and flunixin meglumine administration on activity measures, feed intake and milk parameters. J. Dairy Sci. 95(9):4939-49. Maxymiv N.G., M. Bharathan, I.K. Mullarky. Bovine mammary dendritic cells: A heterogeneous population, distinct from macrophages and similar in phenotype to afferent lymph veiled cells. 2012. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Jan;35(1):31-8. WASHINGTON: Quirk, T., L.K. Fox, D.D. Hancock, J. Capper, J. Wenz, and J. Park. 2012. Intramammary infections and teat canal colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci after postmilking teat disinfection: Species-specific responses. Journal of Dairy Sci. 95:1906-1912. Park, Y.K., Fox, L.K., D.D. Hancock, W. McMahan, and Y.H. Park. 2012. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of mastitis pathogens from dairy herds transitioning to organic management. J. Vet. Sci. 13:103-105. Boonyayatra, S., L.K. Fox, T.E. Besser, A. Sawant, J.M. Gay and Z. Ravivi. 2012. A PCR assay and PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism combination identifying the 3 primary Mycoplasma species causing mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 95:196-205. Boonyayatra, S., L.K Fox, J.M Gay, A. Sawant and T.E. Besser. 2012. Discrimination between Mycoplasma and Acholesplasma species of bovine origin using digitonin disc diffusion assay, nisin disc diffusion assay and conventional polymerase chain reaction.. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 24:7-13 WISCONSIN: Olivera, L., H. Langoni, C.M. Hulland and P. L. Ruegg. 2012. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from clinical and subclinical cases of bovine mastitis. J Dairy Science 95:1913-1920. Oliveira, L., A. C. O. Rodrigues, C. Hulland and P.L. Ruegg. 2011. Toxin production, toxin genes and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cases of bovine subclinical mastitis. Am. J. Vet Res. 72:1361-1368. Lago, A., S. M. Godden, R. Bey, P.L. Ruegg, and K. Leslie. 2011. The selective treatment of clinical mastitis based on on-farm culture results I: Effects on antibiotic use, milk withholding time and short-term clinical and bacteriological outcomes. J Dairy Sci 84:4441-4456. Pantoja, J.C. F., D. J. Reinemann, and P. L. Ruegg. 2011. Factors associated with coliform counts in unpasteurized bulk milk. J Dairy Science 94:2680-2691. Pínzon-Sanchéz, C., V. E. Cabrera and P.L. Ruegg. 2011. Decision tree analysis of treatment strategies for mild and moderate cases of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 94:1873-1892. BOOK CHAPTERS / PERIODICALS LOUISIANA: Owens WE and Nickerson SC (2011) Mastitis Therapy and Control | Medical Therapy Options. In: Fuquay JW, Fox PF and McSweeney PLH (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 435439. San Diego: Academic Press. Nickerson, S.C. and W.E. Owens. (2011) Mastitis Therapy and Control | Management Control Options. In: Fuquay JW, Fox PF and McSweeney PLH (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edition, vol. 3, pp. 429434. San Diego: Academic Press. MISSOURI: Middleton JR and Fry PR. 2012. Antimicrobial resistance and mastitis pathogens: Trends and issues. M2 Magazine, Gent, Belgium. June 2012 Edition. pp. 15-20. ABSTRACTS GEORGIA: Eubanks V.J., D.J. Hurley, L. O. Ely, F.M. Kautz, S.C. Nickerson, N.E. Forsberg, Y.Q. Wang, K. Zanzalari, and J. Chapman. 2012. Pre- and postpartum immunomodulatory effects of a dietary supplement on the immune system of dairy heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2. Pg 222. Abstr # 220. Eubanks V., N. Forsberg, Y. Wang, K. Zanzalari, J. Chapman, L. Ely, and S.C. Nickerson. 2012. Dietary supplementation to enhance immunity against mastitis in dairy heifers vaccinated against Staphylococcus aureus: An update. Poster Session. Proceedings of the 51 Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL, 2012. Eubanks, V.J., S.C. Nickerson, D.J. Hurley, L.O. Ely, F.M. Kautz, J. Graham, N.E. Forsberg, Y.Q. Wang, J.D. Chapman, and K.P. Zanzalari. 2012. Enhancing immunity against mastitis in dairy heifers through vaccination and use of a dietary immunostimulant. Poster Session sponsored by PrinceAgri, ADSA-AMPA-ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Joint Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. IDAHO: Rezamand, P., K. M. Hunt, J. S. Watts, J. D. Blickenstaff, B. J. Bradford, and L. K. Mamedova. 2012. Bovine hepatic retinol binding protein gene expression and its relationship with tumor necrosis factor-±. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95 (E. Suppl. 2): 513 (Abst.). KENTUCKY: Sterrett, A.E., C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Potential utility of a parlor-based individual quarter milking system. Page 23 in Proceedings of the 38th of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) Session. Cork, Ireland. Liang, D., M.M. Schutz, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Stochastic simulation of the impact of commodity price variation on mastitis costs. Abstract 646. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. Sterrett, A.E., K.N. Brock, B.I. Kiser, J.D. Clark, D.L. Ray, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Detection of clinical and subclinical mastitis using reticulorumen temperatures. Abstract M110. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. Wolf, K.M. and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Challenges and inconsistencies associated with goat somatic cell counts. Abstract 183. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. MISSOURI: Paradis MÈ, Haine D, Messier S, Middleton J, Perry J, Ramirez AI and Scholl DT. 2011. Identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species by gas chromatography. International Conference on Udder Health and Communication. Utrecht, Netherlands. Oct 25-57, 2011. Suntrup D, Middleton JR. 2012. Comparison of milker hand hygiene techniques. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 4, 2012. Columbia, MO. Suntrup D, Middleton JR, Calcutt MJ, Stewart GC. 2012. Comparative genomic analysis of Staphylococcus chromogenes with other known staphylococcus genotypes. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 4, 2012. Columbia, MO. MINNESOTA: Arruda, A.G., S. Godden, P. Rapnicki, P. Gorden, L. Timms, S. Aly, T. Lehenbauer, J. Champagne. 2012. Preliminary results from a non-inferiority clinical trial: Ability of three commercial dry cow mastitis preparations to cure intramammary infections present at dry off. Proc 45th Annu. Mtg. AABP. Sept. 20-22. Montreal, QC. P. Haran, Godden, S., S. Sreevatsan, J. Bender. Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of Minnesota dairy herds. Annu mtg of the National Mastitis Council. St. Petersberg, FL. Jan. 22-25, 2012. TENNESSEE: Almeida RA, O Kerro-Dego, SI Headrick, MJ Lewis, C Young, BE Gillespie, LS Siebert, DA Luther, GM Pighetti, SP Oliver. 2012. Use of anti-SUAM antibodies in a passive protection model to prevent Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA Almeida RA, O Kerro-Dego, SI Headrick, MJ Lewis, C Young, BE Gillespie, LS Siebert, DA Luther, GM Pighetti, SP Oliver. 2012. Defining the role of SUAM in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis mastitis using a SUAM-negative gene deletion mutant. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA Kerro Dego, O., D. A. Luther, S. P. Oliver, A. M. Saxton, L. J. Hauser and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Transcriptome expression profiles of Streptococcus uberis during bovine mastitis. Proceedings 2012 Annual Meeting of Mastitis Research Workers. Chicago, IL. USA. Luther, D. A., O. Kerro Dego, S.A. Kania, L. Hauser, A. M. Saxton, S. P. Oliver, and R. A. Almeida. 2012. Next-generation sequencing of Streptococcus uberis UT888 genome facilitates quest for virulence /pathogenic associated gene features. Proceedings 2012 Annual Meeting of Mastitis Research Workers. Chicago, IL. USA. Pighetti GM, S Headrick, M Lewis, B Gillespie, C Young, L Siebert, L Wojakiewicz, O Kerro Dego, R Almeida, SP Oliver. 2012. Genetic variation in CXCR1 amino acid expression significantly tied to clearance of Streptococcus uberis in an intramammary challenge model. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA. Siebert L, J Lippolis, GM Pighetti. 2012. Interleukin-8 receptor expression in bovine mammary tissue. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. http://tinyurl.com/crwad128 Siebert LJ, J Lippolis, and GM Pighetti. 2011. Expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in bovine mammary tissue. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA. Warren J, O Kerro Dego, RA Almeida, SP Oliver, and GM Pighetti. 2011. Identification of Streptococcus uberis mutants susceptible to neutrophil killing. In Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. USA. UTAH: Wilson, D.J., K. A. Rood, and G.M. Goodell. 2012. Bacteria counts in on-farm pasteurized milk for dairy calves vs. season and time post-pasteurization. J.Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, E-Suppl. 2:394. VERMONT: Benjamin, A.L., and D. E. Kerr. 2012. Use of dermal fibroblasts to predict the innate immune response to bovine mastitis. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. Green, B.B., S.D. McKay, and D. E. Kerr. 2012.The potential contribution of epigenetic modifications to the animal-specific responses of dermal fibroblasts to LPS. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. Green, B.B., and D. E. Kerr. 2012. Epigenetic contribution to between-animal variation in their fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide. Annual Meeting of The American Association of Immunologists. Boston, MA. Kerr, D.E., B.B. Green, and S. Kandasamy. 2011. Relationship between bovine dermal fibroblast response to LPS in vitro, and animal response to systemic LPS or E. coli mastitis. Physiology and Genomics of Mastitis Conference. Tutzing, Germany. Woolpert, M., Ochoa, A., Barlow, J. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus transmission and control in a robotic milking dairy herd. American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Montreal, Quebec. Barlow, J.W. Sammons, M., Drolet, J.N., Hart, S., Gross, B., Ochoa, A. (2011). Evaluation of novel practices addressing mastitis control on organic dairy farms in Vermont. 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis. Missouri. VIRGINIA: R. J. Ortiz-Marty, N. E. Forsberg, J. D. Chapman, and I. K. Mullarky. 2012. Omnigen-AF restores GR-1, L-selectin, and RANTES expression by immunosuppressed murine PMN challenged with lipopolysaccharide in a MyD88-dependent manner. American Dairy Science Association. J. Dairy Science. 95 Suppl. 2. A. Johnson, M. Lehtimaki, W. Wark, S. Neal, I. Mullarky. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus inhibition of dendritic cell apoptosis. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. M.K. Lehtimaki, S. DaCosta, A. Johnson, I.K. Mullarky;Granzyme B release is triggered by activation of bovine lymphocytes. 2012. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. S.M. Neal. 2012. The effect of maternal colostral immune cells on neonatal health and immune development. 2012. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. WASHINGTON: Buttram, S.M., K.M. Hunt, L.K. Fox and M. A. McGuire. 2012. Changes in bacterial communities in bovine milk when comparing low and high somatic cell count quarters using culture independent analysis. Journal Dairyl Sci. 95 (Suppl.2):262 WISCONSIN: M. J. Fuenzalida, W. Oliveira, J. Gaska, P. M. Fricke, and P. L. Ruegg. 2012. Treatment Outcomes for Clinical Mastitis Caused by E. coli in a Wisconsin Dairy Herd. J Dairy Sci 95 (Suppl.2):278. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS GEORGIA: Eubanks V., S. Nickerson. D. Hurley, F. Kautz, J. Graham, N. Forsberg, Y. Wang, K. Zanzalari, and J. Chapman. 2012. Dietary supplementation to enhance immunity against mastitis in dairy heifers vaccinated against Staphylococcus aureus: An update. Pages 155-156 in Proceedings of the 51 Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL, 2012. Nickerson, S. C. 2012. Mastitis Management for the Future Milking Herd. In Proceedings of the High Plains Dairy Conference 2012, Amarillo, TX. March 7-8, 2012. MICHIGAN: RJ Erskine Applying Pharmacology to Avoid Drug Residues. Presented to the Michigan Dairy Industry Conference, Mt Pleasant, MI; May, 2012 RJ Erskine Mastitis Therapy: Quality Milk Short Course for Dairy Practitioners, - St Peters, MN (Univ of Minnesota) July, 2012 RJ Erskine Mastitis Vaccines. Presented to the Professional Dairy Producers of Pennsylvania, Shippensburg, PA; July, 2012. RJ Erskine Mastitis Pharmacology: NOSAI Japan- Veterinary Shortcourse, East Lansing, MI, Oct, 2012 MISSOURI: Middleton JR, Suntrup DS. 2012. Comparison of milker hand hygiene techniques. Proc. 51st Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. St. Pete Beach, FL. Jan 21-15, 2012. pp. 205-206. Middleton JR. 2012. Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications for human and animal health on dairy farms. Proc. 51st Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. St. Pete Beach, FL. Jan 21-15, 2012. pp. 3-8. MINNESOTA: Goulart, D., A. Dahlke, N. Mayer, J. Timmerman, P. Rapnicki, and S. Godden. 2012. Preliminary results from validation of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-Plate and Tri-Plate. Proc. Annu. Mtg. MN Dairy Health Conference. May 23-24, 2012. Minneapolis, MN. Pp. 112-113. Arruda, A.G., S. Godden, P. Rapnicki, P. Gorden, L. Timms, S. Aly, T. Lehenbauer, J. Champagne. 2012. Preliminary results from a non-inferiority clinical trial: Ability of three commercial dry cow mastitis preparations to cure intramammary infections present at dry off. Proc. Annu. Mtg. MN Dairy Health Conference. May 23-24, 2012. Minneapolis, MN. Pp. 114-115. UTAH: Wilson, D.J. 2012. Johnes disease milk ELISA test strategy. SPC in pasteurized milk for calves time, season, and temperature. Proc. Utah Vet. Med. Assoc.:1-11. Wilson, D.J., and G.M. Goodell. 2012. PetrifilmTM measurement of bacteria counts (SPC) in pasteurized waste milk for feeding to dairy calves and association of SPC with time until feeding, season and temperature. Proc 55th Ann. Conf. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diag.: 38. VERMONT: Kerr, D.E., B.B. Green, and S. Kandasamy. 2011. Variation in cow response to mastitis predicted by laboratory testing of skin cells. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council. Arlington, VA. pages 64-69. VIRGINIA: Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie, M. L. McGilliard and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. The use of peripartum activity measures and blood metabolites as indicators of naturally occurring postpartum disease. The Dairy Cattle Welfare Symposium. 2012. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Tholen, A. R. and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. The use of animal activity and milk component data as indicators of clinical mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting. 2012. St. Pete Beach, FL. Pp. 231-232. I.K. Mullarky. Bovine Immunology: The Intersection of Innate and Acquired Immunity 2012. 23rd Discover Conference on Food Animal Agriculture. WASHINGTON: Fox, L.K., 2012. Mycoplasma and Prototheca Mastitis Management. Minnesota Dairy Health Conference, Minneapolis, MN, May 22-24. WISCONSIN: Ruegg, P.L., 2011. Factors influencing treatment outcomes for clinical mastitis. Proc. 16th Annual NC Veterinary Conference. Raleigh Nov 4-6, NC.

Publications Attachment:

Attachment

Impact Statements

Various projects have reported beneficial effects of nutritional supplementation on ability of leucocytes to kill mastitis causing pathogens. Responses of T-cells, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts to pathogens have highlighted the importance of these cell types in mastitis defense. Genetic differences in specific genes for mastitis susceptibility are being evaluated, as are mechanisms that affect the host immune response during various stages of lactation and during periods of stress. The detrimental effects of mastitis on reproductive performance have been documented.
Refinements in identification and characterization of antimicrobial resistance of mastitis causing pathogens have been accomplished leading to more accurate diagnosis and more informed treatment decisions. Advanced gene sequencing techniques, such as whole genome sequencing are being applied to enhance identification of virulence factors. One of these factors, S. uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM), enables development of more severe mastitis, and may prove to be an important vaccine component.
Assessment of new technologies to advance mastitis control (Objective 3) have shown the benefits of a fly control program to reduce mastitis, and a new technique for rapid measurement of milk beta-hydroxybutyrate could improve early detection of negative energy balance and ketosis that are risk factors for mastitis. Assessment of a new anti-staphylococcal enzyme is in progress that, if successful, has the potential to reduce the use of currently approved antibiotics.
On farm assessment of a culture-based system to identify pathogens in milk has shown promise in identifying Gram-positive pathogens, and this will lead to more appropriate treatment options. A new approach to early detection of mastitis based on the animals physical activity level and milk components has been developed that may permit early detection, and potentially more successful treatment.
Educational workshops and on-line materials for producer groups and veterinarians have been used to enhance application of proven technologies. Finally, various management practices were examined for their association with clearance of mycoplasma mastitis but no specific association was found.
In the reporting period, member stations have published 45 peer-reviewed publications and 3 book chapters related to the projects activities. Furthermore, 33 abstracts and 18 conference presentations were made at various meetings across the US and abroad.
The annual meeting of the NE1048 project was held in conjunction with the Annual Mastitis Research Workers meeting where a total of 35 abstracts were presented to the 45 attendees. Attendees included those from 15 States, 3 Canadian Provinces, and Belgium.

Date of Annual Report: 10/16/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/07/2014 - 08/08/2014
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2012 - 09/01/2013

Participants

Sheila Andrew Connecticut University of Connecticut;
Tanya Gressley Delaware University of Delaware;
Jeffery Bewley Kentucky University of Kentucky;
Bill Owens Louisiana Louisiana State University;
Kasey Moyes Maryland University of Maryland;
Ron Erskine Michigan Michigan State University;
Loraine Sordillo Michigan Michigan State University;
Sandra Godden Minnesota University of Minnesota;
John Middleton Missouri University of Missouri;
Ynte Schukken New York Cornell University;
Paolo Moroni New York Cornell University;
Simon Dufour Other University of Montreal;
Greg Keefe Other Univ. of Prince Edward Island;
Chris Luby Other University of Saskatchewan;
Gina Pighetti Tennessee University of Tennessee;
David Wilson Utah Utah State University;
David Kerr Vermont University of Vermont;
Christina Petersson-Wolfe Virginia Virginia Tech;
Isis Kanevski-Mullarky Virginia Virginia Tech;
Larry Fox Washington Washington State University;
Pamela Ruegg Wisconsin University of Wisconsin

Brief Summary of Minutes

1. The 2014 (FY14) annual business meeting of the NE 1048 Multistate research project was called to order at 5:56 pm by chair David Kerr.

2. Copies of the FY13 business meeting minutes were distributed. A motion for approval was seconded and the FY13 business meeting minutes were approved by unanimous vote.

3. Introduction of members and new members:
Attending members introduced themselves.
Members present: 15 stations represented

4. No new members were added. There was brainstorming as to who else might be invited to join the group and the Chair agreed to contact those people. They were: Kevin Anderson (North Carolina State), Patrick Gorden (Iowa State), Corwin Nelson (University of Florida), John Lippolis (USDA, Ames), Sharif Aly (University of California, Davis), Dave Kelton (University of Guelph), Sarah Wagner (North Dakota State University), Erin Royster (University of Minnesota)

5. Chairman’s remarks: David Kerr indicated that there were 32 talks at the 2012 meeting (in 2014 there were 51). He congratulated the group for winning the Multistate Hatch Project Award and passed out the award letters. Station worksheet: the annual report is due within 60 days of this meeting, the mid-term report is due in 2015, and the next rewrite and termination reports are due in 2017.

6. There was no Project Administrator’s report.

7. Pam Ruegg found out that the individual is listed on our Appendix E list (David Eide) from the Univ. Wisconsin – Dept. of Nutritional Sciences wishes to remain on the list.

8. Jeffrey Bewley was nominated to serve as NE1048 secretary, agreed to accept the nomination, and was elected.

9. The 2015 NE1048 meeting will again piggyback onto the NMC meeting. It was decided that NE1048 will be Wednesday February 4 (starting in the morning) and Thursday February 5 in Memphis, TN. Bill Owens will communicate with Anne Saeman about the logistics.

10. Seeing no other business the meeting was adjourned after a motion and second.

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. CONNECTICUT: Work was completed on a collaborative study with Yale University. This study focused on correlating antibiotic resistance genes in feces with antibiotic treatment of mastitis. This study combined functional metagenomics with third-generation PacBio sequencing to significantly extend the roster of functional antibiotic resistance genes found in animal gut bacteria, providing a particularly broad resource for understanding the origins and dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes in agriculture and clinical settings. DELAWARE: Evaluated how assay conditions could be changed to improve in vitro assessment of bovine neutrophil function. Found that decreasing pore size increased sensitivity of neutrophil chemotaxis measures. GEORGIA: Dietary supplementation of OmniGen® for 60 days prepartum to dairy heifers promoted L-selectin expression on blood leukocytes, increased in vitro phagocytic ability of blood neutrophils and monocytes against S. aureus and E. coli, and stabilized reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blood neutrophils compared with leukocytes from unsupplemented control heifers. MARYLAND: Determined that citrus oil may be a promising new therapy for mastitis control. Over-feeding energy prepartum provides new linkages for improving animal health as it relates to prepartum nutritional management. Using RNAseq, a large communication from the mammary to the liver was observed regarding host response during E.coli mastitis challenge. Metabolic parameters after E. coli mastitis challenge are altered and nutrients improve neutrophil response in vitro. Results may led to new therapies for controlling mastitis. MICHIGAN: We continued to study the impact of negative energy balance and fat mobilization vascular endothelial and adipose inflammatory responses of in vitro by changing the expression of important inflammatory mediators. In particular, the role of n-3 fatty acid content in altering the profile of vasoactive eicosanoids and the role of poly-unsaturated fatty acids on attenuating endothelial cell inflammatory responses, as well as lymphocyte expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was a central aim of our work. MINNESOTA: We evaluated the associations among peripartum metabolic parameters and cure of sub-clinical mastitis in the dry period and incidence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis postpartum in Jersey cows. Likelihood of incidence of sub-clinical mastitis within 34 d postpartum and likelihood of clinical mastitis in the first 21 d had a negative association with BCS -21 d relative to calving. We conclude from this experiment that BCS -21 d relative to calving, BCS change during the prepartum period, and NEFA concentration in the peripartum period are associated with udder health during the transition period, which is likely a consequence of the association between energy status and immune function. MISSOURI: In FY13, the University of Missouri completed work relating subclinical hypocalcemia at calving to peripartum disease occurrence including clinical and subclinical mastitis. NEW JERSEY: We found that strains defective in iron-sulfur cluster metabolism are hyper-sensitive to neutrophil oxidative killing and has decreased tissue colonization in mouse model of infections. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that mammals prevent infection by disrupting iron-sulfur cluster metabolism. In addition, lactoferrin is produced to prevent Fe acquisition by microorganisms. Over the last year we have identified three novel factors required for intracellular iron metabolism (Nfu, Bsh, SufT). We have defined a function for one of these proteins (Nfu) in Fe-S cluster trafficking. VIRGINIA: We have complemented our previous in vitro studies characterization T cell responses to dendritic cells presenting S. aureus antigens using in vivo challenge models. Specifically, we challenged cows with intramammary infusion of S. aureus and tracked immune responses through analysis by flow cytometry of milk immune cells. We are currently compiling data and finding a change in T cell profiles depending on type of S. aureus used for challenge, suggesting an ability to manipulate SCC profiles of the mammary gland. TENNESSEE: 1) CXCR1, an immune related gene, is expressed on mammary epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and leukocytes in the mammary tissue. This has a tremendous impact on early immune responses in the gland when it’s ligand, IL-8, is released during infection. 2) Specific CXCR1 genetic haplotypes can distinguish S. uberis growth and subsequent strength of inflammatory responses following intramammary challenge with S. uberis. This suggests CXCR1 can be helpful in genetic selection decisions and provide a model system to better understand host responses that contribute to disease resistance. 3) S. uberis with a mutated/non-functional SUAM gene induced a lower level of inflammation in the mammary gland following intramammary challenge indicating this gene is significantly tied to growth of S. uberis in the gland. VERMONT: We are using dermal fibroblast cultures to model cow-to-cow variation in mastitis severity following experimental challenge. Some relation is apparent between the in vitro responses to stimulation with bacterial components and the in vivo responses to experimental challenge with mastitis causing pathogens. WASHINGTON: Whole blood was collected from 20 cows to determine neutrophil function after exposure to glucocorticoid and different strains of Mycoplasma bovis. Exposure of neutrophils to Mycoplasma bovis in addition to dexamethasone treatment had an additive effect on generation of reactive oxygen species but not on phagocytosis. Only one strain tested did not further modulate O-2 production in combination with dexamethasone. Overall, neutrophils exposed to M. bovis did not exhibit impaired function. These findings may explain in part the interaction between stressful events and outbreak of Mycoplasma bovis associated bovine disease. OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. GEORGIA: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. Assessment of >150 non-hemolytic staphylococcal isolates from heifers and cows from 3 herds, presumptively identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on blood agar demonstrated that 38% of isolates were actually S. aureus based on coagulase production, fermentation of mannitol, and the API staph test system, suggesting that a significant proportion of S. aureus are diagnosed as CNS, and additional testing be performed to correctly identify such isolates. LOUISIANA: Diagnosis and evaluation of mastitis pathogens causing clinical mastitis including Mycoplasma mastitis is continuing. MISSOURI: The University of Missouri continues to work on characterization of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) infection and colonization of the mammary gland in dairy cows and heifers. NEW JERSEY: Factors that promote biofilm formation are virulence factors in S. aureus. We have found that S. aureus stains that are defective in iron-sulfur cluster metabolism have increased multicellular behavior resulting in biofilm formation. This is a deterministic process governed by the Fe-S cluster containing AirSR two-component regulatory system. We have also aided in defining a function for the giant staphylococcal adhesion (Ebh), which has a role in multicellular behavior. We found that ebh expression is governed by the Arl two-component regulatory system. OHIO: The treatment of mammary glands with an immunomodulator at drying off had no effect on SCC the first 48 hours after treatment and no efficacy for preventing intramammary infections and clinical mastitis following experimental challenge with Streptococcus uberis O140J 48 after treatment. OTHER: A project aims to determine the epidemiology of CNS on western Canadian dairies. A manuscript in is preparation comparing cpn60 with rpoB for the speciation of CNS isolates (University of Saskatchewan). VERMONT: We have initiated a study characterizing the biofilm forming potential and antimicrobial susceptibility of 90 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from bulk milk of 44 organic dairy farms in Vermont. We have found an association between the ability of an isolate to form biofilms in vitro and MLST sequence type. VIRGINIA: Using irradiated and live S. aureus cultures, we are identifying a role for virulence factors in immune suppression, activation, and manipulation. These cultures were used in challenge trials to determine a role for virulence factors in influx of somatic cells to the mammary gland. Interestingly, primary challenge with irradiated S. aureus did not induce migration of immune cells to the gland as compared with live S. aureus. WISCONSIN: We are determining how fungal cells thrive under conditions of zinc deficiency such as those encountered in a mammalian host. Our focus is on the ICY2 gene and its function. Icy2 is fungal specific and essential for zinc-limited growth making it an attractive target for antifungal drug therapies. OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. CONNECTICUT: The validation of ultrasound imaging for detection of mastitis is in progress. Histology and microbiology of ultrasound identified areas of possible infection within the mammary gland parenchyma have resulted in a 90% rate of positively identifying an area of inflammation and infection using ultrasound imaging. GEORGIA: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Use of a bovine staphylococcal vaccine in dairy goats reduced the new infection rate, increased spontaneous cures, and lowered herd SCC in a commercial dairy operation. Incorporation of Immunoboost® into a Lysigin® vaccine protocol for dairy heifers improved antistaphylococcal antibody titers up to 4 fold compared to Lysigin® alone. KENTUCKY: An 18 month study to examine the mastitis detection potential of 10 different Precision Dairy Farming technologies will start in October 2014. Multiple decision support tools aimed at improving milk quality and reducing mastitis have been developed. LOUISIANA: Evaluation of novel food grade antiseptics for potential teat dip applications is under way using AOAC and excised teat evaluation. MAINE: During 2013, our lab investigated methods for reducing prototheca on dairy farms, including use of alternative bedding and the effectiveness of essential oils against P. zopfii. Educational workshops were held for producers on the topics of prototheca diagnosis, and risk reduction measures for licensed raw milk producers. MICHIGAN: As part of a multistate USDA-NIFA funded project, we are developing an on-farm evaluation system for milk quality and reduction of antibiotic use. The evaluation system (Quality Milk Alliance) will bring together traditional management assessment related to mastitis control as well as a novel integration with understanding social and communication barriers to change on the part of dairy producers and employees. MINNESOTA: We conducted a study was to describe the test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, etc.) when using the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-plate and Tri-plate to identify common mastitis pathogens in milk for each of the following diagnostic categories: No bacterial growth (NG), Contaminated (three or more organisms), Gram-positive (GP), Gram-negative (GN), Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Other. Our conclusion was that Bi-plate and Tri-plate results will be most accurate when used to classify infections in broad diagnostic categories such NG, GP or GN, with intermediate accuracy to identify infections as being caused by Staph. spp., Strep. spp., or Staph. aureus. However, with the exception of Staph. aureus, accuracy suffers when trying to diagnose other pathogens at the genus and species level. MISSOURI: In FY13, the University of Missouri completed several studies evaluating techniques for evaluating teat sealant efficacy in dry cows. OHIO: 1) Bacterial counts of mastitis pathogens in deep packed manure solids bedding were compared with those in manure solids bedding replaced daily from mattresses. Daily replacement of recycled manure bedding from the back one-third of stalls appears to be an effective approach to reducing exposure to coliforms, specifically Klebsiella, but not streptococci. 2) Milk constituents and physical activity of cows experimentally infected with Streptococcus uberis mastitis were compared with those of uninfected cows. Changes in percentage of lactose in milk and animal activity caused by experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis were detected by the automated milk analyzer and pedometer systems. OTHER: Evaluation of a novel treatment for S. aureus mastitis (University of Saskatchewan). UTAH: Completed study comparing blood test strips, milk test strips and Fossomatic automated milk analysis for beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in early lactation dairy cattle. Improved calibration is needed for high throughput detection and classification of ketotic cows. VERMONT: We have initiated a study to characterize the epidemiology of Staphylococcus species on dairy farms that produce artisanal or farmstead cheeses. VIRGINIA: We are continuing our work in the area of disease detection with the use of daily milk component and animal activity monitoring. In the past year, we completed a study examining changes in milk components and animal activity in early lactation for animals that experienced naturally-occurring mastitis. Our results show changes in rest bouts, rest time, step activity and milk yield prior to onset of clinical signs. Early detection of disease may lead to reduced economic losses associated with mastitis. WASHINGTON: Reduction of mastitis pathogen strains on teat skin exposed to 4 postmilking teat dips was evaluated; and pathogen reduction using 3 premilking teat dip contact times, 15, 30, and 45 s, was determined. Strains within species were not uniformly sensitive to disinfectants tested. Optimal contact time varied between dips and optimal contact time, a function of teat dip used, ranged from 15-30 seconds. Findings suggest that common teat disinfectants used before milking, predips, need only remain on the teat for 15-30 seconds before milking to effect an optimal reduction in mastitis pathogen load. Clinical mastitis (CM) records from 24 dairies were uploaded to WSU’s HEALTHSUM™ software. The average percentage of CM in a month that recurred was 8% (range, 1-17%); RTX was 15% (range, 0-40%).

Publications

PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE CONNECTICUT: Proietto, R.L., L.S. Hinckley, L.K. Fox, and S. M. Andrew. 2013. Evaluation of a clay-based acidic bedding conditioner for dairy cattle bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 96:1044-1053. GEORGIA: Ryman, V.E., S.C. Nickerson, D.J. Hurley, R.D. Berghaus, and F.M. Kautz. 2013. Influence of horn flies (Haematobia irritans) on teat skin condition, intramammary infection, and serum anti-S. aureus antibody titres in Holstein heifers. Res. Vet. Sci. 95: 343-346. Ryman, V.E., S.C. Nickerson, F.M. Kautz, D.J. Hurley, L.O. Ely, Y.Q. Wang, and N.E. Forsberg. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation on the antimicrobial activity of blood leukocytes isolated from Holstein heifers. Res. Vet. Sci. 95:969-974. Nickerson, S.C. and S.P. Oliver. 2013. How well have US dairy producers adopted mastitis control technologies for reducing herd somatic cell counts and improving milk quality? The Professional Animal Scientist. 30:115-124. KENTUCKY: Black, R.A., J.L. Taraba, G.B. Day, F.A. Damasceno, M.C. Newman, K.A. Akers, C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, and J.M. Bewley. 2013. The relationship between compost bedded pack performance and management and bacterial concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 97: 2669-2679. Black, R.A., J.L. Taraba, G.B. Day, F. A. Damasceno, and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Compost bedded pack dairy barn management, performance, and producer satisfaction. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 8060-8074. Liang, D., C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, D.L Ray, J.D Clark, and J.M Bewley. 2013. Influence of breed, milk production, season, and ambient temperature on dairy cow reticulorumen temperature. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 5072-5081. Sterrett, A.E. and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Characterization of management practices used by low somatic cell count Kentucky dairy herds. Professional Animal Scientist. 29: 359-366. Smith, A.C., C.O. Coombs, and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Management practices employed by top Kentucky milk production herds. Professional Animal Scientist. 29: 367-371. Smith, S.M., E.A. Chaney, and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Short Communication: Planning Considerations for On-Farm Dairy Processing Enterprises. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 4519-4522. Sterrett, A.E., C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, J.M. Bewley. 2013. Changes in teat end hyperkeratosis after installation of an individual quarter pulsation milking system. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 4041-4046. Russell, R.A. and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Characterization of Kentucky dairy producer decision making behavior. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 4751-4758 MAINE: Adhikari, N, H. Boniauto, and A. Lichtenwalner. 2013. Dairy bedding type affects prototheca survival in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 96:7739-42. MARYLAND: Ingvartsen, K.L. and K.M. Moyes. 2013. Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle. Animal. 7(Suppl 1):112-122. Graugnard, D.E., M. Bionaz, E. Trevisi, M. Mukesh, M. Ordonez, K.M. Moyes, J.L. Salak-Johnson, R.L. Wallace, J.K. Drackley, G. Bertoni, and J.J. Loor. 2012. Blood immunometabolic indices and polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in peripartal dairy cows are altered by level of dietary energy prepartum. J. Dairy Sci. 95:1749-1758. Bjerre-Harpøth, V., N.C. Friggens, V.M. Thorup, T. Larsen, B.M. Damgaard, K.L. Ingvartsen, and K.M. Moyes. 2012. Metabolic and production profiles of dairy cows in response to decreased nutrient density to increase physiological imbalance at different stages of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2362-2380. Moyes, K.M. , E. Bendixen, M.S. Codrea, and K.L. Ingvartsen. 2013. Identification of hepatic biomarkers for physiological imbalance of dairy cows in early and mid-lactation using proteomic technology. J. Dairy Sci. 96:3599-3610. Moyes, K.M. , T. Larsen, and K.L. Ingvartsen. 2013. Generation of an index for physiological imbalance and its use as a predictor of disease in dairy cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 96:2161-2170. Graugnard, D.E., K.M. Moyes, E. Trevisi, M.J. Khan, D. Keisler, J.K. Drackley, G. Bertoni, and J.J. Loor. 2013. Liver lipid content and inflammometabolic indices in peripartal dairy cows are altered in response to prepartal energy intake and postpartal intramammary inflammatory challenge. J. Dairy Sci. 95:1749-1758. MICHIGAN: Bello, N.M., J.P. Steibel, R.J. Erskine, and R.J. Tempelman. 2013. Cows and herds constitute distinct hierarchical levels of heterogeneity in the variability of association between milk yield and pregnancy outcome in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96:2314-2326. MISSOURI: Chamberlin WG, Middleton JR, Spain JN, Johnson GC, Ellersieck MR, Pithua P. 2013. Association between subclinical hypocalcemia, plasma biochemical parameters, lipid metabolism, postpartum disease, and fertility in post-parturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 96(11):7001-7013. Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Hsieh HY, Perry J, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. 2013. Genome sequence analysis of Staphylococcus equorum bovine mastitis isolate UMC-CNS-924. Genome Announc. Oct 17; 1(5). pii: e00840-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00840-13. Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Hsieh HY, Perry J, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus simulans UMC-CNS-990, isolated from a case of chronic bovine mastitis. Genome Announc. Dec 12;1(6). pii: e01037-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.01037-13. NEW JERSEY: Yu J., Madsen M.L., Carruthers M.D., Phillips G.J., Kavanaugh J.S., Boyd J.M., Horswill A.R., Minion F.C. 2013. Analysis of Autoinducer-2 Quorum Sensing in Yersina pestis. Infect. Immun. Nov 15. PMID: 24247266. Price-Whelan A., Poon C.K., Benson M.A., Eidem T.T., Roux C.M., Boyd J.M., Dunman P.M., Torres V.J., Krulwich T.A. 2013. Transcriptional Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus During Growth in 2 M NaCl Leads to Clarification of Physiological Roles for Kdp and Ktr K+ Uptake Systems. MBio. Aug 20; 4(4). PMID: 23963175. Pang Y.Y., Schwartz J., Boyd J.M., Horswill AR, William M. Nauseef W.M. 2013. Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases Protect against Oxidative Stress in Staphylococcus aureus Encountering Exogenous Oxidants and Human Neutrophils. J Innate Immun. Nov 15. PMID: 24331053 Walker J.N., Spaulding A., Salgado-Pabón W., Schlievert P.M., Boyd J.M., Horswill A.R. 2013. The Staphylococcus aureus ArlRS two-component system is a novel regulator of agglutination and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog. Dec;9 PMID: 24367264. OHIO: Metzger, S.A., and J.S. Hogan. 2013. Antimicrobial susceptibility and frequency of resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 96:3044-3049. Geraghty,S.R., K.A. McNamara, C.E. Dillon, J.S. Hogan, J.J. Kwiek, S.A. Keim. 2013. Buying human milk via the internet: just a click away. Breastfeeding Medicine. 8:474-478. Keim,S.A., J.S. Hogan, K.A. McNamara, V. Gudimetla, C.E.Dillon, J.J. Kwiek and S.R. Geraghty. 2013. Microbial contamination of human milk purchased via the internet. Pediatrics. 132:1227-1235. OTHER: M. Cameron, G. P. Keefe, J. P. Roy, I. R. Dohoo, K. A. MacDonald and S. L. McKenna. Evaluation of a 3M Petrifilm on-farm culture system for the detection of intramammary infection at the end of lactation. Preventive Veterinary medicine. 2013. Vol. 111, Pp 1 – 9. S Dufour, I R Dohoo, H W Barkema, L DesCôteaux, T J DeVries, K K Reyher, J P Roy et D T Scholl. Coagulase-negative staphylococci intramammary infection epidemiology in dairy cattle and impact of bacteriological culture misclassification. Journal Dairy Science. 2012. 95: 6, 3110-3124. J P Roy, G Keefe. Evidence-based veterinary in therapeutic management of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactation cows: what is the best therapeutic option between intramammary and systemic antibiotic treatment, and between intramammary antibiotics? Veterinary clinics of North America. Vol 28 no 1 Pp 39-50, mars 2012 S Dufour, I R Dohoo, H W Barkema, L DesCôteaux, T J DeVries K K Reyher, J P Roy et D T Scholl. Manageable risk factors associated with the lactational incidence, elimination, and prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2012, Vol. 95, No 3 Pp. 1283-1300. E Doré, J Paré, G Côté, S Buczinski, O Labrecque, JP Roy et G Fecteau. Risk factors associated with transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2012, 26: 1, Pp. 32-45. UTAH: Wilson, D.J. and G.M. Goodell. 2013. Comparison of blood strips, milk strips, and automated milk measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate in periparturient dairy cattle and resultant diagnoses of ketosis. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 4:4:1-3. VERMONT: Kandasamy, S., and D.E. Kerr. 2012. Genomic analysis of between-cow variation in dermal fibroblast response to lipopolysaccharide. J. of Dairy Sci. 95: 3852-3864. VIRGINIA: Yeiser, E. E., K. E. Leslie, M. L. McGilliard and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2012. The effects of experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis and flunixin meglumine administration on activity measures, feed intake, and milk parameters. J.Dairy Sci. 95(9): 4939-49. Fitzpatrick, C., N. Chapinal, C. Petersson-Woofe, T. DeVries, D. Kelton, T. Duffield, and K. Leslie. 2013. The effect of meloxicam on pain sensitivity and rumination time in dairy cows with experimentally-induced clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 96(5):2847-56. Agunu, S., C. Petersson-Wolfe, G. Combs, Jr., and K. Petersson. 2013. Effect of vitamin E on the immune system of pregnant/lactating ewes. Sm. Ruminant Res. 111:83-89. WASHINGTON: Stanton, A.L., David F. Kelton, Stephen J. LeBlanc, Jeanne Wormuth, Lawrence K. Fox, and Kenneth E. Leslie. 2013. Effects of tulathromycin on incidence of various diseases and growth of young heifers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243: 267-276. R.L. Proietto, L.S. Hinckley, L.K. Fox, and S.M. Andrew. 2013. Evaluation of a clay-based acidic bedding conditioner for dairy cattle bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 96:1044-53. Harrison, E. M, G. K. Paterson, M.T. Holden, F.J. Morgan, A.R. Larsen, A. Petersen, S. Leroy, S. De Vliegher, V. Perreten, L.K. Fox, T.J. Lam, O.C. Sampimon, R.N. Zadoks, S. J. Peacock, J. Parkhill, and M.A. Holmes. 2013. A Staphyloccocus xylosus isolate with a new mecC allotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57:1524-28. Lu, T., J.Y. Park, K. Parnell, L.K. Fox, M.A. McGuire. 2012. Characterization of fatty acid modifying enzyme actitity in staphylococcal mastitis isolates and other bacteria. BMC Research Notes. 5:323. BOOK CHAPTERS / PERIODICALS GEORGIA: Nickerson, S.C., F. M. Kautz, and E.L. Nace. 2013. Managing mastitis in dairy heifers to improve overall herd health. Bulletin (B 1416). UGA Cooperative Extension. 11 pp. http://www.caes.uga.edu/Publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=8046&pg=dl&ak=AnimalandDairyScience Nickerson, S.C. 2013. Management strategies to reduce heat stress, prevent mastitis, and improve milk quality in dairy cows and heifers. Bulletin (B 1426). UGA Cooperative Extension. 10 pp. http://www.caes.uga.edu/Publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=8082&pg=dl&ak=Animal%20and%20Dairy%20Science. Akers, R.M., A.V. Capuco, and S. C. Nickerson. 2013. Invited Review. Bovine Mammary Anatomy and Function. In Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation". Cambridge University Press. In Press. Eubanks, V.J., and S. C. Nickerson. 2013. Are you ready for fly season? Hoard’s Dairyman. May 10, 2013, page 333. Nickerson, S. C. 2013. Mastitis management in heifers. Hoard’s West. September 25, 2013. Nickerson, S. C. 2013. Waging war in the udder. Hoards Dairyman Magazine. September 2013. Nickerson, S. C. 2013. Despite our best efforts to limit mastitis, bacteria may bridge a cow’s natural defenses and cause an infection. Hoards Dairyman Magazine. Young Dairymen Issue. In press. Nickerson, S. C. 2013. Proper prepping of cows for milking helps to improve milk quality, especially during hot, rainy weather. Georgia Dairyfax. July August September 2013. Pages 13-15. MICHIGAN: Ruegg PL, RJ Erskine and DE Morin. 2013. Mammary Gland Health. In Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5th edition, BP Smith, editor, pp. 1015-1043. VERMONT: Kerr, D.E. 2013. Genetic contributions to variation in response to mastitis. M2-Magazine (a mastitis extension magazine produced by University of Ghent, Belgium) 3(6):21-24. ABSTRACTS CONNECTICUT: Wichman, F., S. Andrew, and J. Handelsman. 2012. Effect of antibiotic use in dairy production on antibiotic resistance and microbial communities in manure. 14th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (ISME 14), August 19, 2012. Alexander, E. J. Riesen, S. Andrew. 2013. Investigations in Early Detection and Diagnosis of Mastitis Utilizing Ultrasound Technology. University of Connecticut Frontiers in Undergraduate Research Poster Presentation. April 13, 2013. KENTUCKY: Mussell, H.A., J.L. Taraba, and J.M Bewley. 2013. Potential for compost bedded pack barns in sustainable organic dairy farming systems. Abstract T100. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Smith, S.M., J.M.Bewley, K.J. McQuerry, and C.L. Wood. 2013. Characterization of quarter milking pulsation and take-off in a conventional milking parlor. Abstract 257.American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Liang, D., L.M.Arnold, M.M.Schutz, and J.M.Bewley. 2013. Estimation of U.S.dairy disease costs through stochastic simulation. Abstract 351.American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. Liang, D., M.M.Schutz, and J.M.Bewley. 2013.Stochastic simulation of the impact of commodity price variation on mastitis costs. NMC 52nd Annual Meeting, January 27-29, 2013 in San Diego, California. Black, R.A., J.L. Taraba, G.B. Day, F.A. Damasceno, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Potential cow-focused benefits of compost bedded pack barns. Dairy Cattle Welfare Symposium. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Black, R.A and J.M. Bewley. A decision support tool for investment analysis of new dairy housing facility construction. 2012. Abstract 644. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. Sterrett, A.E., C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Potential utility of a parlor-based individual quarter milking system. Abstract 534. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. Sterrett, A.E., K.N. Brock, B.I. Kiser, J.D. Clark, D.L. Ray, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Detection of clinical and subclinical mastitis using reticulorumen temperatures. Abstract M110. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. MARYLAND: A.R. Ervin, R. Peters, T. McCoy, and K.M. Moyes. 2013. A survey on the challenges and opportunities regarding the transition from conventional to automatic milking systems (AMS) in the Northeastern (NE) United States. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (Suppl. 1): 179 K.M. Moyes, J. S. Osorio, V. Bjerre-Harpøth, B.M. Damgaard, V.M. Thorup, T. Larsen, J. J. Loor, and K. L. Ingvartsen. 2013. Identification of biomarkers in milk for degree of physiological imbalance (PI) for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (Suppl. 1): 293. A. Hosseini, K.M. Moyes, F.T. da Rosa, J.K. Drackley, and J.J. Loor. 2013. Level of dietary energy alters in vitro adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and inflammatory response to TNF-alpha. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (Suppl. 1): 517. K.M. Moyes, D.E. Graugnard, J.K. Drackley, M.J. Khan, M. Bionaz and J.J. Loor. 2013. Neutrophil (PMN) expression of extracellular trap formation and immunometabolic genes in response to prepartal energy intake and postpartal intramammary (IM) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in postpartal dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (Suppl. 1): 274. K.M. Moyes, J.A. Almario, S. Salaheen, D. Hewes and D. Biswas. 2013. Citrus derived oil (CDO) kills both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in bovine MAC-T mammary epithelial cell lines in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (Suppl. 1): 486. MISSOURI: Fry PR, Suntrup DG, Middleton JR (Faculty Sponsor), Calcutt MJ, Stewart GC. 2013. Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. MU Life Sciences Week. April 15-17, 2013. Columbia, MO. Hoernig K, Middleton JR (Faculty Sponsor), Donovan D. 2013. Efficacy of a lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry-cow treatment for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. MU Life Sciences Week. April 15-17, 2013. Columbia, MO. Fry PR, Suntrup DG, Middleton JR (Faculty Sponsor), Calcutt MJ, Stewart GC. 2013. Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 3, 2013. Columbia, MO. Abstract #12, Page 36. Hoernig K, Middleton JR (Faculty Sponsor), Donovan D. 2013. Efficacy of a lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry-cow treatment for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 3, 2013. Columbia, MO. Abstract #17, Page 40. Neumann A. Hoernig K, Fry P, Butcher M, Middleton JR (Faculty Sponsor). Effects of experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis on dairy cow behavior. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 3, 2013. Columbia, MO. Abstract #11, Page 10. Fry PR, Middleton JR, Calcutt M. 2013. Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. J Vet Int Med 27(3):671 Fry P, Middleton JR, Suntrup D, Calcutt M, Stewart G. 2013. Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. 8th ECBHM Symposium. Bern, Switzerland. August 28-30, 2013. Page 157. NEW JERSEY: Zuelay Rosario-Cruz, Laura Anzaldi Mike, Eric Skaar, and Boyd J.M. 2013. Studying the role of the low-molecular-weight thiol bacillithiol in trace metal metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. North Eastern Microbiologists: Physiology, Ecology and Taxonomy. Blue Mountain Lake, NY; American Society of Microbiology Meeting in Miniature (Theobald Smith Society). New Brunswick, NJ; Rutgers Microbiology Symposium. New Brunswick, NJ; Rutgers Joint Molecular Biosciences Graduate Student annual symposium. New Brunswick, NJ. Shiven Bhatt, Ameya Mashruwala, and Boyd J.M. 2013. The Staphylococcus SufT protein is involved in Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis. New Jersey American Society of Microbiology Meeting in Miniature (Theobald Smith Society). New Brunswick, NJ Mashruwala A*. and Boyd, J.M. The staphylococcal respiratory regulatory system (SrrAB) is involved in the Staphylococcus aureus oxidative stress response. New Jersey American Society of Microbiology Meeting in Miniature (Theobald Smith Society). New Brunswick, NJ 2013 Mashruwala A. and Boyd, J.M. Involvement of the staphylococcal respiratory regulatory system (SrrAB) in the oxidative stress response of Staphylococcus aureus. Rutgers Microbiology Symposium. New Brunswick, NJ. 2013; International Conference on Gram-Positive Pathogens. Omaha, NE. 2012. Boyd, J.M., Mashruwala, A., Bhatt, S., Pang, Y.Y., Benson, M., Nauseef, W., Torres, V. Iron-sulfur cluster metabolism and Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Gordon Research Conference on Iron-Sulfur enzymes. Mount Holyoke College, MA. 2012. Walker JN, Meyer S., Boyd J.M., Voyich JM., Horswill AR, ArlRS Regulation of Agglutination and Pathogenesis in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Conference on Gram-Positive Pathogens. Omaha, NE. 2012. White M.J., Boyd J.M., Horswill A.R., Nauseef W.M., The putative Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor, PI-PLC, is responsive to oxidative stress. International Conference on Gram-Positive Pathogens. Omaha, NE. 2012. UTAH: Wilson, D.J. and G.M. Goodell. 2013. Comparison of milk and blood test strips and Fossomatic milk analysis for measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate in periparturient dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 96, E-Suppl. 1:433. VERMONT: Kerr, D.E., B.B. Green, and S.D. McKay. 2013. Individual differences in bovine fibroblast DNA methylomes may cause variation in their innate response to LPS. 10th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium, Milan, Italy. Green, B.B., S.D. McKay, and D.E. Kerr. 2013. Individual variation of the bovine dermal fibroblast methylome and its potential role in modifying the innate immune response. PAG XXI International Plant & Animal Genome Meeting, San Diego, CA. Benjamin, A.L., and D.E. Kerr. 2012. Use of dermal fibroblasts to predict the innate immune response to bovine mastitis. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. Green, B.B., S.D. McKay, and D E. Kerr. 2012.The potential contribution of epigenetic modifications to the animal-specific responses of dermal fibroblasts to LPS. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL. VIRGINIA: M.K. Lehtimaki, S. DaCosta, A. Johnson, I.K. Mullarky. 2014. Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. O. Galagarza, C.A. Traughber, M.K. Lehtimaki, W. Wark1, W. Mwangi, I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. 2013. Assessing IL-17 response to IL-23 secreted by Staphylococcus aureus-loaded dendritic cells, via RNA interference. Proceedings of the 94th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. M.K. Lehtimaki, S. Garst, A. Johnson, S. DaCosta, W. Wark, W. Mwangi, I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. 2013. Staphylococcus aureus antigens induce long term Th17 cell responses. Proceedings of the 94th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. A. Johnson, M. Lehtimaki, W. Wark, S. M. Neal, and I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. 2013. Staphylococcus aureus Fails to Induce Dendritic Cell Apoptosis. American Association of Immunologist Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii. Isis Kanevsky-Mullarky, Mari Lehtimäki, Wendy Wark, and Waithaka Mwangi. 2013. The role of Th17+ T cells and neutrophils in mucosal immunity against staphylococcus aureus mastitis. The Journal of Immunology, 2013, 190, 54.2. Lehtimaki M. K., Wark W., Kanevsky-Mullarky I. (2014) Bovine lymphocyte responses to Staphylococcus aureus antigens. Graduate student assembly symposium, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. WASHINGTON: Ahmadzadeh, A., L. Fox, M. McGuire, and K. Carnahan. 2013. Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on growth of Mycoplasma bovis associated with bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (Suppl.2):69. Gibson, A. and L. Fox. 2013. Cow Comfort: An important element of the 21st century dairy operation. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (Suppl.2):85. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS GEORGIA: Nickerson, S.C. 2013. Invited Review. Managing mastitis in dairy heifers to improve overall herd health. Penn State Extension Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop. Pages 7-14. Grantville, PA. Oliver, S. P. G. M. Pighetti, R. A. Almeida, P. D. Krawczel, J. M. Fly, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe, J. M. Bewley, L. E. Garkovich, D. M. Amaral-Phillips, L. M. Arnold, S. C. Nickerson, S. Hill-Ward, and A. DeVries. 2013. Southeast Quality Milk Initiative: Implementing science-based recommendations to control mastitis & improve milk quality in the Southeast. Page 187 in: NMC Proceedings. Jan.27-29, San Diego, CA. Schexnayder, S.M., L.E. Garkovich, J. M. Fly, P. D. Krawczel, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe, J. M. Bewley, S. Hill-Ward, G.M. Pighetti, R.A. Almeida, L. M. Arnold, D.M. Amaral-Phillips, S.C. Nickerson, A. DeVries, and S.P. Oliver. 2013. Southeast quality milk initiative: producers' experiences, perceptions, and attitudes about mastitis and bulk tank SCC management. NMC Proceedings. Submitted. KENTUCKY: Sterrett, A.E., C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, and J.M. Bewley. 2012. Potential utility of a parlor-based individual quarter milking system. Page 23 in Proceedings of the 38th of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) Session. Cork, Ireland. Borchers, M. and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Precision Dairy Technologies: A Producer Assessment. Precision Dairy 2013. Rochester, MN. Sterrett, A.E., B.A. Wadsworth, J.D. Clark, and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Influence of Breed, Milk Yield, and Temperature Humidity Index on Dairy Cow Reticulorumen Temperature, Lying Time, and Rumination Time. Precision Dairy 2013. Rochester, MN. Sterrett, A.E., J.D. Clark, D.L. Ray, and J.M. Bewley. 2013. Detection of Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis Using Automated Reticulorumen Temperatures. Precision Dairy 2013. Rochester, MN. MARYLAND: K.M. Moyes. 2012. Physiological imbalance and risk of disease during lactation. 47th Ann Pacific NW Anim Nutr Conf Meet Proc, Oct 23-24, Pasco, WA. K.M. Moyes. 2013. Nutrition and the Immune System: Controlling Mastitis and Subsequent Disease in Lactating Dairy Cow. National Mastitis Council Regional Meet. Proc., July 24. Portland, ME. MICHIGAN: RJ Erskine and JR Middleton. Failure of Mastitis Therapy: Is it the Bugs, Drugs, or Us? Shortcourse presented at the National Mastitis Council, San Diego, CA, Jan, 2013. RJ Erskine and R Thomson. Treat Them or Eat Them: Prevention and Treatment Critical to Milk Quality and Animal Health. Great Lakes Regional Dairy Conference, Frankenmuth, MI, February, 2013. RJ Erskine DAIReXNET Webinar - Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions Feb 12, 2013. RJ Erskine 1) Vaccination Strategies for Mastitis and 2) Sustainability and Animal Welfare in Dairy Production V Annual Brazilian Mastitis Congress, Aguas de Lindoia, S.P., Brazil, June, 2013. RJ Erskine Mastitis Pharmacology Q-MAX Shortcourse for Veterinarians, University of Minnesota, St Peter, MN, August, 2013. MISSOURI: Fry PR, Middleton JR, Calcutt MJ. 2013. Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Proc. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. San Diego, CA. Jan 27-29, 2013. pp. 99-100. Hoernig K, Middleton JR, Donovan D. 2013. Efficacy of a lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry cow therapy for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Proc. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. San Diego, CA. Jan 27-29, 2013. pp. 177-178. Erskine RJ, Middleton JR. 2013. Short Course 7: Failure of mastitis therapy – Is it the drugs, bugs, cows or us? Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council. San Diego, CA. Jan 29, 2013. Printed booklet. Middleton JR. 2013. Staphylococcus aureus mastitis: Have we learned anything in the last 50 years? Proceedings of the National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting, Portland, Maine. July 23-24. NEW JERSEY: Boyd J.M. Intracellular iron metabolism as an antimicrobial target. Symposium for the 60th anniversary of Selman Waksman Nobel Prize. Rutgers University, 2012. Boyd J.M. Bhatt S. , Mashruwala A., Iron-sulfur cluster metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. 7th International Conference on Fe-S Cluster Biogenesis and Regulation. University of South Carolina. Columbia, SC, 2013. Boyd, J.M. Intracellular iron metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. Eastern Meeting on Iron-Sulfur Proteins. Blacksburg, VA. 2012. Boyd, J.M., Mashruwala, A., Pang, Y.Y., Benson M., Nauseef, W., Torres, V. Iron-sulfur cluster metabolism and Staphylococcus aureus virulence. International Conference on Gram-Positive Pathogens. Omaha, NE. 2012. TENNESSEE: Almeida, R. A., O. Kerro Dego, M. E. Prado, S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, C. D. Young, B. E. Gillespie, L. J. Siebert, D. A. Luther, G. M. Pighetti, and S. P. Oliver. 2013. Protective effect of anti-SUAM antibodies on Streptococcus uberis intramammary infections. NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, pp 115-116. Almeida, R. A., O. Kerro Dego, S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, C. D. Young, B. E. Gillespie, L. J. Siebert, D. A. Luther, G. M. Pighetti, and S. P. Oliver. 2013. Defining the role of SUAM in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis mastitis using a SUAM-negative gene deletion mutant. NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, pp 97-98. Pighetti, G. M., L. Wojakiewicz, L. J. Siebert, S. A. Lockwood, H. G. Kattesh, M. P. Roberts, S. I. Headrick, M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, O. Kerro Dego, P. D. Krawczel, S. P. Oliver, and R. A. Almeida. 2013. Cytokine expression by milk somatic cells following experimental intramammary challenge with Streptococcus uberis during the post-partum period. Proc. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, 097. Oudessa Kerro Dego, Douglas Luther, Stephen P. Oliver, Arnold M. Saxton, Loren J. Hauser and Raul. A. Almeida. Transcriptome Expression Profiles of S. uberis During Bovine Intramammary Infections. Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, San Diego January 2013. UTAH: Wilson, D.J., G.M. Goodell, and T. Kelly T. 2012. Influence of season, ambient temperature and time until feeding on bacteria counts in pasteurized milk for dairy calves. Proc. 45th Ann. Conv. Am. Assoc. Bov. Pract.: 231. VIRGINIA: Oliver S., R. Almeida, G. Pighetti, P. Krawczel, C. Petersson-Wolfe, J. Bewley, L. Garkovich, D. Amaral-Phillips, M. Arnold, S. Nickerson, S. Ward, A. DeVries. Southeast Quality Milk Initiative: Implementing Science-based Recommendations to Control Mastitis and Improve Milk Quality in the Southeast. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting 2013, San Diego, CA. Pg 187-188. Griffith A., E. Yeiser, and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2013. Use of Activity Monitors to Detect Peripartum Diseases. Pages 171-172 in Proc. Precision Dairy Conference and Expo, Rochester, MN. Petersson-Wolfe, C. S. 2013. Practical ways to control mastitis. Pages 341-358 in Proc. Western Canadian Dairy Symposium, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. WASHINGTON: Fox, L.K. 2014. Udder Hair Removal: The Effect on Milk and Teat Skin Microflora. Proceedings of 53rd NMC Annual Meeting, Fort Worth, TX, pages 247-248. Fox, L.K. 2013. Mastitis control: The role of vaccine. Second IASA Congress, November 6-9. Torreon, Mexico. Fox, L.K. 2013. Mycoplasma mastitis and prevention. Proceedings of the 11th Western Dairy Management Conference. March 6-8, Reno, NV. Fox, L.K. 2013. Can milk somatic cell counts get too low? A question to be revisited. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council., January 27-29, San Diego, CA, pages 55-63.

Impact Statements

Various projects have reported beneficial effects of nutritional supplementation on leucocyte function and animal health. Low prepartum body condition score and postpartum subclinical hypocalcemia were found to increase likelihood of mastitis. Strides have also been made in characterizing individual differences in mastitis susceptibility. CXCR1 and SUAM haplotypes impact inflammatory response to S. uberis challenge. The in vitro response of dermal fibroblast cultures was found to correlate with in vivo response to experimental mastitis challenge.
Host response to pathogenic microorganisms has been evaluated by using in vivo challenge models to study T cell responses to dendritic cells presenting S. aureus antigens. Studies on the importance of iron-sulfur cluster metabolism in bacteria in evading neutrophil kill have identified potential intracellular iron metabolism targets for therapeutic agents. The inability of neutrophils to respond in vitro to Mycoplasma bovis was characterized.
Work found that 38% of isolates classified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on blood agar were actually S. aureus. Other work indicated that evaluation of cpn60 and rpoB were useful for speciation of CNS isolates. The association between biofilm formation and S. aureus virulence continues to be evaluated.
Mastitis detection potential is being evaluated for ultrasound imaging and Precision Dairy Farming technologies. Work also suggests that automated milk analyzer and pedometer systems can be used as early mastitis detection systems. An on-farm evaluation system (Quality Milk Alliance) is being developed for milk quality and reduction of antibiotic use. Efficacy of teat sealant and novel teat dip antiseptics are being evaluated. Work found that 15 to 30 seconds of predip contact time was adequate to ensure optimal reduction in mastitis pathogens. Impact of bedding management on persistence of microorganisms is being studied.
In the reporting period, member stations have published 39 peer-reviewed publications, 2 book chapters, and 8 popular press or extension articles related to various project activities. Furthermore, 42 abstracts and 34 conference proceedings were published in association with various meetings throughout the US and abroad.
The annual meeting of the NE1048 project was held in conjunction with the Annual Mastitis Research Workers meeting. There were a total of 51 abstracts presented to attendees from the US, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, Sweden, Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland.

Date of Annual Report: 10/20/2015

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/04/2015 - 02/05/2015
Period the Report Covers: 09/01/2014 - 10/01/2014

Participants

Pedram Rezamand, Idaho, University of Idaho;
Sharif Aly, California, University of California, Davis;
Jeffery Bewley, Kentucky, University of Kentucky;
Bill Owens, Louisiana, Louisiana State University;
Kasey Moyes, Maryland, University of Maryland;
Ron Erskine, Michigan, Michigan State University;
Sandra Godden, Minnesota, University of Minnesota;
John Middleton, Missouri, University of Missouri;
Simon Dufour, Other, University of Montreal;
Greg Keefe, Other, University of Prince Edward Island;
Chris Luby, Other, University of Saskatchewan;
Gina Pighetti, Tennessee, University of Tennessee;
Christina Petersson-Wolfe, Virginia, Virginia Tech;
Larry Fox, Washington, Washington State University;
John Barlow, Vermont, University of Vermont

Brief Summary of Minutes

1. The 2015 (FY15) annual business meeting of the NE 1048 Multistate research project was called to order at 5:00 pm by Pedram Rezamand.

2. Copies of the FY14 business meeting minutes were distributed. A motion for approval was seconded and the FY14 business meeting minutes were approved by unanimous vote.

3. Introduction of members and new members:
Attending members introduced themselves.
Members present: 14 stations represented

4. No new members were added. There was brainstorming as to who else might be invited to join the group and the Chair agreed to contact those people.

5. There was no Project Administrator’s report.

6. Kasey Moyes was nominated to serve as NE1048 secretary, agreed to accept the nomination, and was elected.

7. The 2016 NE1048 meeting will again piggyback onto the NMC meeting. Considerable discussion occurred about future meeting locations.

8. Seeing no other business the meeting was adjourned after a motion and second.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. Michigan continued to study the impact of negative energy balance and fat mobilization on vascular endothelial and adipose inflammatory responses in vitro by changing the expression of important inflammatory mediators. In particular, the role of n-3 fatty acid content in altering the profile of vasoactive eicosanoids and the role of poly-unsaturated fatty acids on attenuating endothelial cell inflammatory responses, as well as lymphocyte expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was a central aim of our work (MI). Utah’s data collection is complete, analysis is ongoing for comparison of bovine whole genome analysis for SNP detection between cows repeatedly mastitic vs. cows continually free of mastitis. Preliminary bioinformatics is detecting many genetic SNP combinations more common among mastitis-resistant cows and others more common among mastitis-susceptible cows. Utah will finalize analysis of the bovine genome mastitis-related SNP study (UT). Vermont is using dermal fibroblast cultures to model cow-to-cow variation in mastitis severity following experimental challenge. Some relation is apparent between the in vitro responses to stimulation with bacterial components and the in vivo responses to experimental challenge with mastitis causing pathogens. Vermont is now examining epigenetic contributions to the differential responses (VE). Virginia has complemented their previous in vitro studies characterization T cell responses to dendritic cells presenting S. aureus antigens using in vivo challenge models. Specifically, they challenged cows with intramammary infusion of S. aureus and tracked immune responses through analysis by flow cytometry of milk immune cells. Virginia is currently compiling data and finding a change in T cell profiles depending on type of S. aureus used for challenge, suggesting an ability to manipulate SCC profiles of the mammary gland. Virginia will continue to analyze the data from their challenge study to determine the changes in cell populations following challenge with irradiated S. aureus and continue to explore this line of research. (VA). OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. Louisiana’s mastitis pathogens are cultured and identified from milk samples submitted to the laboratory from both cattle and goats. Mastitis pathogens are identified and their antimicrobial susceptibilities determined to screen mastitis pathogens for resistance to antimicrobials. Identification of mastitis pathogens from clinical milk samples will continue. Identification of mastitis pathogens from dairy goats will continue (LA). OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Connecticut’s study combined functional metagenomics with third-generation PacBio sequencing of bacteria in manure of dairy cows administered intramammary B-lactam antibiotic treatment for mastitis and cows with no intramammary infection or treatment. Functional screening of fosmid and small-insert libraries identified 80 different antibiotic resistance genes whose deduced protein sequences were on average 50 to 60% identical to sequences deposited in GenBank. In addition, a novel clade of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases were identified. In addition, ultrasound scanning to monitor changes in mammary quarters following a clinical mastitis infection demonstrated that ultrasound scanning abnormalities accurately predicted the persistence in elevated SCC within the recovering quarters with a correlation of .80 (CT). Connecticut will continue validation of ultrasound detection of mastitis by necropsy and mammary quarter parenchyma histology and microbiological examination of ultrasound scanning areas of that are indicative of abnormalities and no abnormalities to determine the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive prevalence of ultrasound for the detection of mastitis and/or abnormal mammary quarters (CT). The University of Kentucky has been working on a study to examine the potential for multiple precision dairy technologies used in mastitis detection. Additionally, multiple decision support tools have been developed to examine mastitis economics. A study was completed comparing mastitis in compost bedded pack barns to sand Freestall barns. Kentucky will continue assessment of precision dairy technologies and development of decision support tools (KY). Novel food grade products are being evaluated using the modified AOAC test and the excised teat model to determine their suitability for teat dips and disinfectants (LA). As part of a multistate USDA-NIFA funded project, Michigan is developing an on-farm evaluation system for milk quality and reduction of antibiotic use. The evaluation system (Quality Milk Alliance) will bring together traditional management assessment related to mastitis control as well as a novel integration with understanding social and communication barriers to change on the part of dairy producers and employees (MI). At the Missouri station, molecular techniques (gene sequencing, metagenomics & strain-typing) are being applied to the understanding of coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) mastitis in dairy heifers. Various species of staphylococci have been isolated from heifer body sites, pre-partum secretions, and post-partum milk samples. Overall, Staphylococcus chromogenes was the most common species identified in pre-partum secretions (17.8%, 15/84) and post-partum milk samples (16.7%, 14/84). The most common species identified on body sites included S. devriesei (34%, 100/298), S. chromogenes (32%, 96/298), and S. haemolyticus (23%, 68/298). This work will continue into the next fiscal year (MO). Additionally, work has begun using similar methodologies to understand the epidemiology of coagulase negative staphylococcal mastitis in dairy goats. To date, 940 goats have been sampled and 216 CNS isolates collected for further study (MO). Utah completed a statewide prevalence study for Johne’s disease (JD), mycoplasma mastitis, and Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Utah. Repeated bulk tank testing and some individual cow follow up testing were used. Comparing to past results for the region and for individual herds, the percentage of herds becoming newly test-positive, becoming newly test-negative, or with unchanged status for JD and mycoplasma mastitis over time were calculated. (BVD had not been tested for statewide in the past.) Utah will study a mammary gland involution product with preliminary indication that creating a non-milking quarter from a mastitic quarter can be done with minimal production loss and without lasting damage following subsequent calving (UT). Virginia is continuing their work in the area of disease detection with the use of daily milk component and animal activity monitoring. In the past year, they completed a study examining changes in milk components and animal activity in early lactation for animals that experienced naturally-occurring mastitis. Virginia’s results show changes in rest bouts, rest time, step activity and milk yield prior to onset of clinical signs. Early detection of disease may lead to reduced economic losses associated with mastitis. Virginia also completed a study that looked at the changes in animal activity around the onset of naturally-occurring diseases in the transition period. Virginia will continue their work in this area and furthermore, will look at the use of NSAIDs during naturally-occurring disease (VA).

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Literature Connecticut: Wichmann F, Udikovic-Kolic N, Andrew S, Handelsman J. 2014. Diverse antibiotic resistance genes in dairy cow manure. mBio 5(2):e01017-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.01017-13 Michigan: Kabara, E. L.M. Sordillo, S. Holcombe, and G.A. Contreras. 2014. Adiponectin links adipose tissue function and monocyte inflammatory responses during bovine metabolic stress. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 37:49-58. Mattmiller, S.A., B.A. Carlson, J.C. Gandy, and L.M. Sordillo. 2014. Reduced macrophage selenoportein expression alters oxidized lipid metabolite biosynthesis from arachidonic and linoleic acid. J. Nutr. Biochem. 25: 647-654. Raphael, W., L. Halbert, G.A. Contreras, and L.M. Sordillo. 2014. Association between polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipid biosynthesis and leukocyte inflammatory marker expression in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97: 3615-3625. Missouri: Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Hsieh HY, Perry J, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. 2013. Genome sequence analysis of Staphylococcus equorum bovine mastitis isolate UMC-CNS-924. Genome Announc. Oct 17;1(5). pii: e00840-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00840-13. Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Hsieh HY, Perry J, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus simulans UMC-CNS-990, isolated from a case of chronic bovine mastitis. Genome Announc. Dec 12;1(6). pii: e01037-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.01037-13. Fry PR, Middleton JR, Dufour S, Perry J, Scholl D, Dohoo I. 2014. Association of coagulase negative staphylococcal species, mammary quarter milk somatic cell count, and persistence of intramammary infection in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 97(8):4876-4885. [Epub ahead of print 12 Jun 2014]. Fry PR, Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Hsieh HY, Suntrup D, Perry J, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. 2014. Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus chromogenes MU-970 isolated from a case of chronic bovine mastitis. Genome Announc. August 14;2(4). pii: e00835-14. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00835-14. Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Fry PR, Hsieh HY, Perry J, Stewart GC, Scholl DT, Messier S, Middleton JR. 2014. Draft genome sequence of bovine mastitis isolate Staphylococcus agnetis CBMRN 20813338. Genome Announc. Sept 4:2(5). pii: e00883-14. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00883-14. Utah: Wilson DJ, Rood KA, Bunnell J, Whitehouse C, Byrem TM, Goodell GM: Johne’s disease, mycoplasma and BVD in Utah - bulk tank milk testing and comparison to previous regional prevalence and individual herd results over time. J Veterinar Sci Technol 5:3:1-7, 2014. Vermont: Green, B.B., and D.E. Kerr. 2014. Epigenetic contribution to individual variation in response to lipopolysaccharide in bovine dermal fibroblasts. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 157:49-58. Virginia: Kanevsky-Mullarky, I., A. Nedrow, S. Garst, W. Wark, M. Dickenson, C. Petersson-Wolfe and R. Zadoks. 2014. Comparison of virulence factors in Klebsiella pneumonia strains associated with multiple or singles cases of mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. Apr;97(4):2213-8. Neal S., W. Wark, S. Garst, R. James, M. McGilliard, C. Petersson-Wolfe, and I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. Impact of feeding whole as compared to cell-free colostrum on calf immune status. I. The neonatal period. J. Dairy Science. Accepted. Books Michigan: Ruegg PL, RJ Erskine and DE Morin. 2014. Mammary Gland Health. In Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5th edition, BP Smith, editor, pp. 1015-1043. Abstracts Kentucky: Lowe, J.L., K.A. Akers, A.E. Sterrett, J.D. Clark, and J.M. Bewley. 2014. Case study: Effect of alley floor scraping frequency on environmental mastitis-causing pathogen counts. Abstract 29. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Nolan, D.T. and J.M. Bewley. 2014. A decision support tool to estimate the economic potential of SCC hot sheet data. Abstract 289. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Eckelkamp, E.A., J. L. Taraba, R. J. Harmon, K. A. Akers, and J.M. Bewley. 2014. Somatic cell counts, mastitis infection prevalence, and mastitis pathogen distribution in compost bedded pack and sand freestall farms. Abstract 557. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Nolan, D.T., M.J. Bakke, and J.M. Bewley. 2014. Comparison of milk components before and after passing through a novel inline milk filter. Abstract 1504. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Sterrett, A.E., B.A. Wadsworth, K. Akers, J.D. Clark, C.L. Wood, K.J. McQuerry, R.J. Harmon, L.M. Arnold, W.J. Silvia, and J.M. Bewley. 2014. Milk yield, reticulorumen temperature, rumination time, and neck activity changes around mastitis. Abstract 62. NMC Regional Meeting Missouri: Webster RN, Finger AM, Fry PR, Middleton JR. 2014. Identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in dairy heifer calves and their environments. MU Life Sciences Week. April 14-19, 2014. Finger AM, Webster RN, Fry PR, Middleton JR. 2014. Identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in dairy heifer calves and their environments. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 9, 2014. Columbia, MO. Abstract #2. Fry PR, Middleton JR, Fox LK. 2014. Identification of Staphyococcus aureus genotype B among staphylococci isolated from cases of subclinical bovine mastitis in the USA. Phi Zeta Research Day. May 9, 2014. Columbia, MO. Abstract #12. Fry PR, Middleton JR, Fox LK. 2014. Genotyping staphylococci from cases of subclinical mastitis previously identified as Staphylococcus hyicus. J Vet Int Med 28(3):1127. Walljasper N, Fry PR, Middleton JR. 2014. Understanding Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal Mastitis in Dairy Heifers. Veterinary Research Scholars Symposium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. July 31 – August 3. Cline T, Fry PR, Ericsson A, Middleton JR. 2014. Comparison of Milk and Udder Skin Microbiota of Dairy Heifers. Veterinary Research Scholars Symposium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. July 31 – August 3. Vermont: Kerr, D.E. 2014. Understanding animal-to-animal variation in disease management. ADSA-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (JAM). Kansas City, MO. Green, B.B., S.D. McKay, and D. E. Kerr. 2014. Age dependent changes in heifer fibroblast DNA methylation and LPS-induced gene expression. ADSA-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (JAM). Kansas City, MO. Benjamin, A.L., W.J. Weber, S.D. McKay, B.A. Crooker, and D.E. Kerr. 2014. Investigating innate immune response differences between Angus and Holstein cattle with the dermal fibroblast model. ADSA-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (JAM). Kansas City, MO. Elsasser, T.H., S. Kahl, D.E. Kerr, E. Zudaire, and F. Cuttitta. 2014. Proinflammatory Responses of a hTERT-Transformed, Immortalized Line of Cultured Bovine Mammary Epithelial cells (BME). ADSA-ASAS Joint Annual Meeting (JAM). Kansas City, MO. Conference Proceedings Michigan: Erskine, R.J. and J.R. Middleton. 2014. Failure of Mastitis Therapy: Is it the Bugs, Drugs, or Us? Shortcourse presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Ft Worth, TX, January. Erskine, R.J. 2014. Don’t Forget Antibiotic Residues….and Other Related Topics. Great Lakes Regional Dairy Conference, Mt Pleasant, MI, February. Erskine, R.J. 2014. Who is Making the Treatment Decisions on the Dairy Farm? Michigan Dairy Industry Conference, Frankenmuth, MI, May. Erskine, R.J. and J.R. Middleton. 2014. Failure of Mastitis Therapy: Is it the Bugs, Drugs, or Us? Shortcourse presented at the Regional Mtng National Mastitis Council, Ghent, Belgium, August. Sordillo, L.M. 2014. Immunity and Mastitis. Presented at the Regional Mtng National Mastitis Council, Ghent, Belgium, August. Missouri: Fry PR, Middleton JR, Fox LK. 2014. Genotyping staphylococci from cases of subclinical mastitis previously identified as Staphylococcus hyicus. Proc. 53rd Annual Meeting of the Natl. Mast. Counc. Fort Worth, TX. Jan 26-28, 2014. pp. 171-172. Utah: Wilson DJ, Goodell GM: Comparison of beta-hydroxybutyrate determination by Fossomatic milk analysis to milk and blood tests in postpartum dairy cattle. Proc 46th Ann Conv Am Assoc Bov Pract: 191, 2013. Wilson DJ, Goodell GM: Beta-hydroxybutyrate diagnosis of ketosis in periparturient dairy cattle: comparison of blood and multiple milk test methods for concordance and prevalence estimates in the same population of cows. Proc 56th Ann Conf Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag: 47, 2013. Wilson DJ: Johne’s disease, mycoplasma and BVD surveillance of Utah dairy herds and changes in herd infectious status over time. Proc Utah Vet Med Assoc: 1-11, 2014. Virginia: Schexnayder, S., L. E. Garkovich, J. M. Fly, P. D. Krawczel, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe J. M. Bewley, S. C. Nickerson, S. Hill Ward, G. M. Pighetti, R. A. Almeida, L. M. Arnold, D. M. Amaral-Phillips, A. DeVries and S. P. Oliver. 2014. Southeast Quality Milk Initiative: Producers’ Experiences, Perceptions, and Attitudes about Mastitis and Bulk Tank SCC Management. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Fort Worth, TX. Griffith A., M. McGilliard, and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2014. Changes in Activity and Milk Components Around Onset of Clinical Mastitis. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Fort Worth, TX. Garst, S. N., C. S. Petersson-Wolfe and I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. 2014. Gamma-Irradiated Staphylococcus aureus Fails to Protect Against Subsequent Intramammary Infection. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Fort Worth, TX. Pighetti, G. M., S. P. Oliver, R. A. Almeida, P. D. Krawczel, J. M. Fly, S. M. Schexnayder, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe, J. M. Bewley, L. E. Garkovich, D. M. Amaral-Phillips, L. M. Arnold, S. C. Nickerson, S. Hill Ward and A. DeVries. 2014. Southeast Quality Milk Initiative: Milk Quality in the Southeast USA. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting, Fort Worth, TX. Poster Presentations Connecticut: Alexander, E., J. Riesen, and S. Andrew. 2014. Validation of ultrasound as a viable technology for the detection of mastitis. University of Connecticut Frontiers in Undergraduate Research. April 9-10, 2014. Michigan: Contreras, G.A. and R.J. Erskine. 2014. On-farm employee education programs, empowering milk quality teams. Poster presented at the Regional Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Ghent, Belgium, August, 2014. Virginia: Lehtimaki M., W. Wark, I. Kanevsky-Mullarky. 2014. Lymphocyte response to Staphylococcus aureus secreted factors lead to interferon gamma production and neutrophil activation. 30th Annual Graduate Research Symposium. Blacksburg VA. Undergraduate Honor’s Thesis Alexander, E. 2014. Validation of Ultrasound as a Viable Technology for the Detection of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle. University of Connecticut Undergraduate Honor’s Thesis.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 04/17/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/03/2016 - 02/04/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2014 - 09/30/2015

Participants

Participants Attachment:

NE-1048 Minutes (FY 16).docx

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

NE-1048 Minutes (FY 16).docx

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 12/22/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/09/2016 - 11/11/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Technical Committee: *Official representative coordinating the research:
California: J.C. Cullor*; Connecticut: S. Andrew*; Delaware: T.F. Gressley*; Georgia: S. Nickerson*; Idaho: P. Rezamand*; Illinois: J.J. Loor*; Iowa: L. L. Timms*; Kansas: B. Schultz*, R. Gehring; Kentucky Cooperative Extension: J. Bewley*; Louisiana: W. E. Owens*; Maine: A.B. Lichtenwalner*; Michigan R. S. Erskine*, L. Sordillo; Minnesota: S. Godden*; Missouri: J.R. Middleton*; New Jersey: J.M. Boyd; New York: Y.H. Schukken*, P. Moroni, A.A. Gurjar; Ohio: J.S. Hogan*; Utah: D.J. Wilson*; Pennsylvania: B. Jayaroa*; South Dakota: D. Scholl*; Tennessee G. Pighetti*; S. Oliver, R.A. Almeida; Vermont: D.E. Kerr*; J. Barlow; Virginia: C.S. Petersson-Wolfe*; I.K. Mullarky; Washington: L. K. Fox*; Wisconsin: P. Ruegg*;
International members (Canada): Ontario: K. E. Leslie*, D.F. Kelton, R. Dingwell; Alberta: H.W. Barkema; PEI: G Keefe; Moredun Research Institute: R.N. Zadoks.
Maryland :K.M. Moyes*; Oregon: Massimo Bionaz*

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

Minutes Meeting Mastitis Research Workers.docx

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. Researchers at the University of Georgia observed that dietary supplementation with the immunostimulant OmniGen® (OG) resulted in less mastitis. Scientists at the University of Idaho demonstrated how dietary changes in vitamin A and protein intake affect inflammatory status.  Researchers at the University of Maryland continue to study the effect of nutrient supply on the immune response and the cross-talk between mammary the liver tissue during mastitis (Oregon State University). Scientists at Michigan State University observed that poly-unsaturated fatty acids attenuate inflammatory responses. Researchers at Rutgers University characterized the mechanisms by which Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) builds and maintains inorganic cofactors called iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters. Scientists at Cornell University continue to examine the antibiotic susceptibility of streptococci-like bacteria. At the University of Vermont, scientists observed that the severity of host response to Escherichia coli (E. coli) was quite variable and giving minimal encouragement for the ranking technique on the basis of high (6 cows) or low (6 cows) expression of the TLR4 gene in ear notch samples. Further use of additional ranking parameters will be required to develop a more accurate test to predict a cow’s response to E. coli mastitis. As part of research completed under NIFA funding at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), the scientists are currently evaluating the use of lymphocytes as a target for vaccine development. At Utah State University, scientists identified a number of genetic variations (SNPs) that were associated with resistance or susceptibility to bovine mastitis. The primary objectives for researchers at Washington State University to determine ability of isolated neutrophils to phagocytized and kill different strains of opsonized Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis).  Scientists at the University of Wisconsin observed an association between teat apex diameter with occurrence of both clinical and subclinical mastitis and confirmed an association between occurrence of severe hyperkeratosis and increased somatic cell count (SCC). At the University of Montréal, Canada, scientists are currently investigating cow characteristics associated with recurrence of clinical mastitis. These studies described above aid in providing host mechanisms associated with bovine mastitis susceptibility and resistance that will help formulate new management strategies that will reduce the severity and duration of bovine mastitis.   OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. Data collected from scientists at the University of Georgia suggest that a significant proportion of S. aureus were diagnosed as coagulase- negative staph species and that additional testing should be performed to correctly identify such isolates. Researchers at Louisiana State University are currently investigating mastitis-causing pathogens for dairy cattle and goats regarding their antimicrobial susceptibilities for resistance to antimicrobials. Scientists at the University of Maine are currently conducting in vitro trials of alternative treatments, including evaluation of aromatic compounds and the effects of bedding, for prototheca mastitis in cattle. Work continues at the University of Missouri regarding the relationship between body site colonization and intramammary infection with coagulase negative staphylococci in dairy heifers; as well as evaluating the epidemiology of coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) mastitis in dairy goats and the influence of CNS on milk SCC and milk yield in dairy goats. At Cornell University, data suggest that certain strains of S. aureus are better adapted to live in hostile environments. Investigators that Pennsylvania State University have identified a small cell variant that may play a role in the persistence of S. aureus infections. Research scientist at Rutgers University discovered that the application of nitrate to anaerobic cultures of S. aureus can alter virulence factor expression and biofilm formation.  Researchers at the University of Vermont developed a multilocus sequence typing scheme for S. chromogenes and researchers have identified S. aureus strain types with increased biofilm formation capacity under different growth conditions, and with increased antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Scientists at Virginia Tech identified that lymphocyte number and memory response was modified in live versus modified S. aureus stimulated lymphocytes. International scientists at the University of Montréal are currently investigating the impact of pathogen’s characteristics such as virulence genes, relative biofilm production, antimicrobial resistance phenotypic profiles on clinical mastitis recurrence in characterizing Klebsiella spp. isolates from bovine mammary gland infections. The research studies above will provide further knowledge regarding the characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. Researchers at the University of Georgia discovered cure rates were improved in quarters treatment with dry cow therapy (100%), teat seal (85.7%), or dry cow therapy plus teat seal (96.1%) infected prepartum when compared to untreated controls (55.2%) During intramammary challenge with S. aureus or CNS. The University of Kentucky research has focused on (1) the application of new technologies for mastitis detection, (2) management of compost bedded pack barns for maximum milk quality, and (3) field surveys of Southeast dairy farms. At Louisiana State University, novel food grade products are being evaluated using the modified AOAC test and the excised teat model to determine their suitability for teat dips and disinfectants. At the University of Maine, support was requested to expand quality assessment and control for producers of raw milk. Researchers at the University of Maryland continue to examine the efficacies of alternative therapies for treatment of bovine mastitis for the reduction of antibiotic use on-farm. Scientists at the University of Maryland continue to collect data from dairy farms regarding their transition from conventional to robotic/automatic milking systems and how this may impact mastitis. As part of a multistate USDA-NIFA funded project, scientists at Michigan State University developed an on-farm evaluation system for milk quality and reduction of antibiotic use.  The evaluation system (Quality Milk Alliance) assesses traditional practices related to mastitis control as well as a novel integration with social and communication barriers on the part of dairy producers and employees. Scientists at Michigan State University are developing novel applications for VaDia vacuum analysis as a tool to determine milking efficiency in dairy herds.  These standards will be used to evaluate milking protocols and equipment performance and have the potential to provide an on-farm education platform for producers and/or employees regarding milking protocols. Researchers at the University of Minnesota evaluated the use of an Automated Milk Leukocyte Differential (MLD) Test and the California Mastitis Test for detecting intramammary infection in early lactation (EL) and late lactation (LL) quarters. Overall the results suggest that either test may have greater utility in late lactation. Researchers at the University of Minnesota also observed that intermittent cessassion of lactation decreased milk yield and tended to improve cure of bacterial infections in cows. Currently, the scientists are 1) comparing frequent stripping, a topical udder cream and a negative control as treatment for clinical mastitis in dairy cows; 2)  developing and evaluating extraction methods to improve the MALDI-ToF method's ability to detect M. bovis as well as individual species of Bacillus and Paenibacillus of importance to udder health, food safety and food quality; 3) completing a field validation study using 2,500 bacterial isolates were a subset of samples are derived from station members of NE-1048; 4) evaluating the diagnostic test characteristics of a rapid on-farm culture system to identify intramammary infection in individual quarters at dry off, for the purpose of applying selective dry cow therapy; and 5) completing a pilot study to evaluate the effect of applying a culture-guided selective dry cow therapy program, at the quarter level, on measures of quarter health and antibiotic use. Based on analysis of whole genome sequences of Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus  agnetis, and Staphylococcus chromogenes, scientists at the University of Missouri will generate a multiplex PCR assay that utilizes primers for the aroD gene and nuc gene was developed to differentiate S. hyicus from S. agnetis and S. aureus.  At Cornell University, scientists developed and validated a multitarget PCR assay that can in the same day confirm or reject a presumptive positive mycoplasma culture found upon bacteriological testing of clinical specimens, further discriminate between Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma, and, when coupled with sequence analysis, identify various strains of M. bovis. Incorporation of the validated molecular diagnostic assay into routine bacteriological screening as a supportive confirmation and identification tool will lead to an improved assessment of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma prevalence data, which will facilitate increased knowledge about the role of these mycoplasma in mastitis. Researchers at Cornell University also developed a mathematical optimization model that maximizes farm profit subject to SCC bulk tank thresholds. Data generated at Oregon State indicated that 2,4-thiazolidinedione or TZD treatment improved the liver response to mastitis, prevented the decrease of milk fat synthesis after mastitis induction, and improved the innate immune system. Scientists at Pennsylvania State University are currently examining the correlation of VaDia® recordings and Lactocorder® milk flow curves was undertaken and are also assessing the level of intra-operator and inter-operator agreement of VaDia® vacuum analyses by multiple VaDia® users. In collaboration with scientists at Michigan State University, they will assess records and on-farm evaluation systems and report/intervention tool on the rate of mastitis, use of antibiotics and milk quality. Researchers at Rutgers University characterized a new molecule that inhibits FeS cluster assembly in S. aureus.  This molecule, or a similar molecule, could be used to treat or prevent S. aureus infections including mastitis. Scientists at Utah State University are comparing (blind comparison) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) bacteriological results from bovine milk samples to conventional culture results and those from 16S rRNA genomic identification.  The 16SrRNA analyses are in progress. In addition, data generated at Utah State University suggested that a casein hydrolysate intramammary infusion for cessation of lactation can be an alternative method of drying off one mastitic quarter with a good prospect for return of that quarter’s production following the next calving. Researchers at the University of Vermont continue to work in the area of disease detection with the use of daily milk component and animal activity monitoring and feeding behavior in calves.  The results suggested the device can be used to measure step activity, lying time, and lying bouts in unweaned dairy calves housed in groups.  A subsequent study examined changes in activity and feeding behavior of calves around the time of pneumonia.  Results of this study showed marked changes in both activity and feeding behavior prior to and during pneumonia.  A third study is currently underway examining the effects of meloxicam given either before calving or immediately after calving compared to a negative control on animal activity, milk components and milk yield.  A second objective of this study is to examine the effects of pre-calving administration of meloxicam on calf activity and health. Scientists at Washington State University determined how mycoplasma mastitis pathogens grow when incubated at atmospheric concentrations commonly used for culture of Mycoplasma sp. by veterinary diagnosticians. Improved culture of Mycoplasma sp. in the laboratory will increase sensitivity of detection; more accurate detection of infected cows can improve control of an outbreak of mycoplasma mastitis. At the University of Wisconsin, researchers are working to reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics to advance milk quality and ensure dairy food safety by improving treatment recommendations for non-severe culture negative and Gram-negative clinical mastitis occurring in dairy cows. To meet this aim, the researchers have been enrolling cows in 2 negatively controlled clinical trials to evaluate bacteriological cure, clinical outcomes, milk yield, and trends in quarter-level SCC. Scientists at the University of Saskatchewan recently Completed a study on a novel treatment for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, a study on the effect of different CNS species on udder health and a study on the epidemiology of CNS mastitis on dairy farms. Researchers at the University of Montréal recently described the cost of mastitis in Canada, are currently investigating selective quarter dry treatment for prevention and treatment of intramammary infections during the dry period, identifying sampling strategies for controlling misclassification bias in longitudinal udder health cohort studies, investigating impediment to adoption of mastitis control practices on dairies, examining the impact of recycled manure bedding on udder health and milk microbiota and identifying alternative treatments for prevention and treatment of intramammary infections at dry-off. The studies conducted above will provide further assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. WORK PLANNED FOR THE COMING YEAR, LISTED BY OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE 1: Characterization of host mechanisms associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. The University of Georgia: Continue to evaluate the positive effect of dietary supplementation with OmniGen® and the basis for promoting udder heath by focusing on L-selectin expression on blood leukocytes, phagocytic ability of leukocytes, cytokine expression, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The University of Idaho: Researchers plan to study the effects of elevated lipomobilization on innate immunity of the mammary glands and metabolism in periparturient dairy cows The University of Maryland: continue to work on projects described above. Michigan State University: Continuation of projects stated above. Rutgers University (New Jersey): We are planning on further examining the antimicrobial effects of copper on S. aureus.  We will examine how S. aureus detoxifies copper and how copper kills S. aureus. Utah State University: Continue GWAS analyses including identifying Holstein genes and if known, describing their functions.  Evaluate whether there is biological logic to associations with mastitis resistance or susceptibility as observed in the cows, if gene functions are identified. The University of Vermont:  The Kerr lab will explore the genetic and epigenetic basis for differential expression of the TLR4 gene, and other gene in the TLR4 response pathway. Virginia Tech: We have completed challenge studies and are working on compilation of data for publication. OBJECTIVE 2: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense. The University of Georgia: Continue to assess all non-hemolytic staphylococcal isolates from heifers and cows that are presumptively identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) to determine which isolates are actually S. aureus based on coagulase production, fermentation of mannitol, and the API staph test system, to demonstrate that a significant proportion of S. aureus are misdiagnosed as CNS. Louisiana State University: Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens to various antibiotics will continue. Identification of mastitis pathogens from clinical milk samples will continue. Identification of mastitis pathogens from dairy goats will continue. The University of Maine: Characterization and manipulation of virulence factors of mastitis pathogens for enhancing host defense.Re focus investigations based on current regional mastitis pathogens, informed by our service laboratory work. The University of Missouri: Work on staphylococcal mastitis in dairy goats will continue.  Dairy heifer projects will be completed and the results published.  Pennsylvania State University: Analysis of the small cell variant of S. aureus. Rutgers University (New Jersey): Scientists will continue to examine the mechanisms of S. aureus biofilm formation.  We are interested in the effects of an anoxic growth on biofilm formation and determining if we can disperse fermentative biofilms by introducing a terminal electron acceptor. The University of Vermont: The Barlow lab will quantify potential associations between S. chromogenes strain types and intramammary infection phenotypes. We will use whole genome sequencing to characterize  S. aureus and S. chromogenes strains with different in vitro phenotypes. OBJECTIVE 3: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety. The University of Georgia: Continue to research the infusion of nonlactating cow therapy, teat sealant, and the combination into mammary quarters of bred heifers with focus on why teat sealant demonstrated a 85.7% cure rate against S. aureus and CNS. Louisiana State University: Evaluation of novel products for application as teat dips and antimicrobials will continue. The University of Maine: Assessment and application of new technologies that advance mastitis control, milk quality and dairy food safety.Investigate a cow-side screening methodology for farms with a history of prototheca mastitis.Continue quality assurance and control efforts to reduce food safety risks posed by mastitis pathogens.Continue investigations of bedding-based environmental control of mastitis pathogens.Continue investigation into pathogenesis and control of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats for dairy and general use. The University of Maryland: continue to work on projects described above. Michigan State University: Continuation of projects stated above. The University of Minnesota: We will complete the animal and laboratory work, data analysis, and reporting for the aforementioned ‘in progress’ projects  listed above. The University of Missouri: Novel approaches to therapy, e.g. antimicrobial peptides, will be investigated. Cornell University (New York): Further development of a mathematical optimization model that maximizes farm profit subject to SCC bulk tank thresholds. Oregon State University: We plan to perform an experiment to assess the role of selenium on the transcriptome of liver and mammary macrophages in early lactating dairy cows Pennsylvania State University: Continued work on the project with Michigan State University. Complete the investigation into the agreement of VaDia® vacuum analyses. -  Investigate the use of Vadia® data and parlor software data to predict milking performance and mastitis risk at the cow-level. Utah State University: Study improved casein hydrolyzate protein purity in formulating the intramammary infusion solution.  Investigate the mechanism(s) of how the casein product promotes single mammary quarter involution with minimal clinical severity and maximal return to milk production of the quarter following the next calving. Virginia Tech: We will continue our on-going studies looking at NSAID administration around calving, and we will begin to examine the ability to detect mastitis using changes in milk components and yield, as well as animal activity. The University of Wisconsin: Researchers will conclude enrollment and data collection in both clinical trials, perform analysis and submit papers.

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Literature University of Georgia: Berry, E. A., J. E. Hillerton, H. Hogeveen, J. S. Hogan, S. C. Nickerson*, S. P. Oliver, G. M. Pighetti, P. Rapnicki, Y. H. Schukken, and K. L. Smith. 2016. Book: Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis, 5th Edition. National Mastitis Council, New Prague, MN. Enger, B., R.R. White, S.C. Nickerson, and L.K. Fox^. 2016. Meta-analysis of factors influencing teat dip efficacy trial results in reducing the development of new intramammary infections. J. Dairy Sci. 05 Oct. 2016. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11359">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11359</a>. Nickerson, S.C. 2015.  Managing Mastitis through Proper Dry-Off Procedures EXTENSION BULLETIN (B 1447) <a href="http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1447">http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1447</a>. Nickerson, S.C. 2015.  Control of Mastitis and Milk Quality in Dairy Goats through Immunization BULLETIN (B 1446) <a href="http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1446">http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1446</a>. Nickerson, S.C. and L.M. Sordillo^. 2016. Book Chapter: Modulation of the bovine mammary gland. In Large Dairy Herd Management. 3rd ed. D. K. Beede, ed. American Dairy Science Association, Champaign, IL. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/ldhm.">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/ldhm.</a> University of Kentucky: Liang, D., L.M. Arnold, C.J. Stowe, R.J. Harmon, and J.M. Bewley. 2016. Estimating U.S. clinical dairy disease costs with a stochastic simulation model. J. Dairy Sci. (Accepted)   Klefot, J. M., J. L. Murphy, K. D. Donohue, B. F. O’Hara, M. E. Lhamon, and J. M. Bewley. 2016. Development of a noninvasive system for monitoring dairy cattle sleep. Journal of   Eckelkamp, E. A., J. L. Taraba, K. A. Akers, R. J. Harmon, and J.M. Bewley. 2016. Sand bedded freestall and compost bedded pack effects on cow hygiene, locomotion, and mastitis indicators. Livest. Sci. 190:48-57.            Eckelkamp, E. A., J. L. Taraba, K. A. Akers, R. J. Harmon, and J.M. Bewley. 2016. Understanding compost bedded pack barns: Interactions among environmental factors, bedding characteristics, and udder health. Livest. Sci. 190:35-42.   Lowe, J.L., A.E. Stone, K.A. Akers, J.D. Clark, and J.M. Bewley. 2015. Effect of alley-floor scraping frequency on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, environmental Streptococcus species, and coliform counts. The Professional Animal Scientist 31(3):284-289.   Wadsworth, B.A., A.E. Stone, J.D. Clark, D.L. Ray, and J.M. Bewley. 2015. Stall cleanliness and stall temperature of two different freestall bases. J. Dairy Sci. 98 (6): 4206-4210.   University of Idaho: Rezamand, P., B. P. Hatch, K. G. Carnahan, and M. A. McGuire. 2016. Effects of α-linolenic acid-enriched diets on gene expression of key inflammatory mediators in immune and milk cells obtained from Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 83: 20–27. Louisiana State University: <table width="624"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="624"> Owens WE, Ray CH (2016) An Overview of Mastitis Management and Therapy in Dairy Goats. J Vet Sci Med Diagn 5:3. </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="624">   Owens WE, Ray CH (2016) Comparison of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Selected Bacterial Species from Bovine, Agricultural and Human Sources. J Vet Sci Med Diagn 5:2. doi:10.4172/2325-9590.1000192 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> University of Maryland: <ol start="2016"> <li>Garcia, T.H. Elasser, L. Juengst, Y. Qu, B.J. Bequette and K.M. Moyes. 2016. SHORT COMMUNICATION: Amino acid supplementation and stage of lactation alter   </li> </ol> apparent utilization of nutrients by blood neutrophils from lactating dairy cows in vitro.  J. Dairy Sci. 99:3777-3783.   K.M. Moyes, P. Sørensen and M. Bionaz^.  2016.  The impact of intramammary Escherichia coli challenge on liver and mammary transcriptome and cross-talk in dairy cows during early lactation using RNAseq. PLOSOne. 23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157480. eCollection 2016.   M.A. Crookenden, A. Heiser, A. Murray, V.S.R. Dukkipati, J.K. Kay, J.J. Loor^, S. Meirer, M.D. Mitchell, K.M. Moyes, C.G. Walker and J.R. Roche.  2016.     Parturition in dairy cows temporarily alters the expression of genes in circulating neutrophils.  <ol start="6483"> <li>Dairy Sci. 99:6470-6483.</li> </ol>   M.A. Crookenden, C.G. Walker, A. Heiser, A. Murray, V.S.R. Dukkipati, J.K. Kay, S. Meier, K.M. Moyes, M.D. Mitchell, J.J. Loor^ and J. R. Roche.  2016. Effects of precalving body condition and prepartum feeding level on gene expression in circulating neutrophils.  J. Dairy Sci.  Accepted. Michigan State University: Sordillo, L. M. 2016. <a href="http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/pubmed/26830740">Nutritional strategies to optimize dairy cattle immunity.</a> J. Dairy Sci. 99:4967-4982. Mavangira, V., M. J. Mangual, J. C. Gandy, L. M. Sordillo. 2015. <a href="http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/pubmed/26566597">15-F2t-Isoprostane Concentrations and Oxidant Status in Lactating Dairy Cattle with Acute Coliform Mastitis.</a> J Vet Intern Med. 30:339-347. Boutinaud, M., N. Isaka, V. Lollivier, F. Dessauge, E. Gandemer, P. Lamberton, A. I. De Prado Taranilla, A. Deflandre, L.M. Sordillo. 2016. <a href="http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/pubmed/27179868">Cabergoline inhibits prolactin secretion and accelerates involution in dairy cows after dry-off.</a> J. Dairy Sci. 99:5707-5718. University of Minnesota:   Godden, S.M., E. Royster, W. Knauer, Y. Schukken, M. Lopez-Benavides, J. Sorg, S. Leibowitz, and E.A. French. 2016. Randomized non-inferiority study evaluating the efficacy of a post-milking teat disinfectant for the prevention of naturally occurring intramammary infections. J. Dairy Sci. 99:3675-3687. University of Missouri: Hoernig KJ, Donovan DM, Pithua P, Williams III F, Middleton JR.  2016.  Evaluation of a lysostaphin-fusion protein as a dry-cow therapy for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle.  J Dairy Sci.  99(6):4638-4646.  [Epub 2016 Mar 31]   Adkins PRF, Middleton JR, Fox LK^.  2016.  Comparison of virulence gene identification, ribosomal spacer PCR genotype, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for strain-typing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of subclinical bovine mastitis in the USA.  J Clin Microbiol.  54(7):1871-1876.  [Epub 2016 May 18]   Rutgers University (New Jersey): Rosario-Cruz Z., Chahal H.K., Anzaldi-Mike L.L., Skaar E.P., and Boyd J.M.  Bacillithiol has a role in Fe-S cluster biogenesis in Staphylococcus aureus.  Mol. Micro. 2015 Oct. PMID: 26135358 Mashruwala A.M., and Boyd J.M., De novo assembly of plasmids using yeast recombinational cloning.  Methods Mol. Biol. 2016 Feb PMID: 26194707 Rosario-Cruz Z. and Boyd J.M.  Pysiological roles of bacillithiol in intracellular metal processing.  Curr Genet.  2016 Feb.  PMID: 26259870 Mashruwala A.A., Bhatt S., Poudel S., Boyd E.S., and Boyd J.M. The DUF59 containing protein SufT is involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur (FeS) proteins during conditions of high FeS cofactor demand in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Genetics. 2016 Aug. PMID: 27517714   Choby J.E., Mike L.A., Mashruwala A.A., Dutter B.F.  Dunman, P.M., Sulikowski G.A., Boyd J.M., and Skaar E.P.* A small molecule inhibitor of iron-sulfur cluster assembly is toxic to Staphylococcus aureus in an Sae-dependent manner. Cell Chemical Biology 2016 Nov. PMID:27773628 Mashruwala A.A., Roberts C., Bhatt S. May K.L., Carroll R.K., Shaw L.N., Boyd J.M. Staphylococcus aureus SufT: an essential iron-sulfur cluster assembly factor in cells experiencing a high-demand for lipoic acid.  Mol. Micro. 2016 Sep. PMID: 27671355 Cornell University (New York): Addis MF, Tedde V, Puggioni GM, Pisanu S, Casula A, Locatelli C, Rota N, Bronzo V, Moroni P, Uzzau S. Evaluation of milk cathelicidin for detection of bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2016 Oct;99(10):8250-8. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11407. PubMed PMID: 27522416. Ospina PA, Rota N, Locatelli C, Colombo L, Pollera C, Giacinti G, Bronzo V, Casula A, Arpinelli A, Brossette V, Facchi M, Patelli A, Ruggeri A, Barberio A, Potenza G, Nydam DV, Moroni P. Randomized noninferiority field trial comparing 2 first-generation cephalosporin products at dry off in quarters receiving an internal teat sealant in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2016 Aug;99(8):6519-31. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10807. PubMed PMID: 27265178. Addis MF, Tanca A, Uzzau S, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, Moroni P. The bovine milk microbiota: insights and perspectives from -omics studies. Mol Biosyst. 2016 Jul 19;12(8):2359-72. doi: 10.1039/c6mb00217j. Review. PubMed PMID: 27216801. Barberio A, Flaminio B, De Vliegher S, Supré K, Kromker V, Garbarino C, Arrigoni N, Zanardi G, Bertocchi L, Gobbo F, Catania S, Moroni P. Short communication: In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis isolates identified in milk from dairy cattle in Belgium, Germany, and Italy. J Dairy Sci. 2016 Aug;99(8):6578-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10572. PubMed PMID: 27209138. Gioia G, Werner B, Nydam DV, Moroni P. Validation of a mycoplasma molecular diagnostic test and distribution of mycoplasma species in bovine milk among New York State dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2016 Jun;99(6):4668-77. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10724. PubMed PMID: 27016831. Bardiau M, Caplin J, Detilleux J, Graber H, Moroni P, Taminiau B, Mainil JG. Existence of two groups of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis based on biofilm formation, intracellular survival, capsular profile and agr-typing. Vet Microbiol. 2016 Mar 15;185:1-6. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.003. PubMed PMID: 26931384. Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Bertocchi L, Zanoni MG, Barberio A, Drigo I, Varisco G, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Short communication: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of dairy cows and effect of swine population density. J Dairy Sci. 2016 Mar;99(3):2151-6. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9940. PubMed PMID: 26805972. Scaccabarozzi L, Leoni L, Ballarini A, Barberio A, Locatelli C, Casula A, Bronzo V, Pisoni G, Jousson O, Morandi S, Rapetti L, García-Fernández A, Moroni P. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Dairy Goats: Genotypic and Phenotypic Comparison of  Intramammary and Environmental Isolates. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 25;10(11):e0142973. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142973. PubMed PMID: 26606430; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4659641. Plumed-Ferrer C, Barberio A, Franklin-Guild R, Werner B, McDonough P, Bennett J, Gioia G, Rota N, Welcome F, Nydam DV, Moroni P. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR fingerprint characterization of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus garvieae isolated from bovine intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci. 2015 Sep;98(9):6216-25. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9579. PubMed PMID: 26142865. Kessels JA, Cha E, Johnson SK, Welcome FL, Kristensen AR, Gröhn YT. Economic comparison of common treatment protocols and J5 vaccination for clinical mastitis in dairy herds using optimized culling decisions. J Dairy Sci. 2016 May;99(5):3838-47. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10385. PubMed PMID: 26947301. Cha E, Hertl J, Schukken Y, Tauer L, Welcome F, Gröhn Y. Evidence of no protection for a recurrent case of pathogen specific clinical mastitis from a previous case. J Dairy Res. 2016 Feb;83(1):72-80. doi: 10.1017/S002202991500062X. PubMed PMID: 26568557. Troendle, J.A., Tauer, L.W.,  Gröhn, Y.T.: Optimally achieving milk bulk tank somatic cell count thresholds. Journal of Dairy Science. Accepted. Oregon State University: Bionaz, M., et al. (2015). "TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Nutrigenomics in dairy cows: Nutrients, transcription factors, and techniques." J Anim Sci 93(12): 5531-5553. Pennsylvania State University: Schewe, R.L., J. Kayitsinga, G.A. Contreras, C. Odom, W.A. Coats, P. Durst, E.P. Hovingh, R.O. Martinez, R. Mobley, S. Moore, R.J. Erskine^.  Herd management and social variables associated with bulk tank somatic cell count in dairy herds in the eastern United States. 2015. J. Dairy Sci. 98(11).7650-7665. Utah State University: Wilson DJ, Rood KA, Whitehouse C, Bunnell J, Goodell GM, Byrem TM: Dairy herd -  level prevalence of Johne’s disease and BVD in the Intermountain West of the U.S.A. and farm management practices and characteristics for test-positive herds. J Veterinary Sci Technol 6:4:1-7, 2015. University of Vermont: Carroll, J.A., N.C. Burdick-Sanchez, J.D. Arthingon, C.D. Nelson, A.L. Benjamin, F.T. Korkmaz, D.E. Kerr, and P.A. Lancaster. 2017. In utero exposure to lipopolysaccharide alters the postnatal acute phase response in beef heifers. Innate Immunity 23: In Press Benjamin A.L., F.T. Korkmaz, T.H. Elsasser, and D.E. Kerr. 2016. Neonatal LPS exposure does not diminish the innate immune response to a subsequent LPS challenge in Holstein bull calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 99:5750-5763. Benjamin A.L., B.B. Green, S.D. McKay, B.A. Crooker, and D.E. Kerr. 2016. Differential responsiveness of Holstein and Angus dermal fibroblasts to LPS challenge occurs without major differences in the methylome. BMC Genomics. 17:[Epub March 24 ahead of print]. Virginia Tech: Langel SN, Wark WA, Garst SN, James RE, McGilliard ML, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Kanevsky-Mullarky I. 2016.  Effect of feeding whole compared with cell-free colostrum on calf immune status: Vaccination response.  J. Dairy Sci.  99(5):3979-94. Ludwig EK, Brandon Wiese R, Graham MR, Tyler AJ, Settlage JM, Werre SR, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Kanevsky-Mullarky I, Dahlgren LA. 2016.  Serum and synovial fluid serum amyloid A response in equine models of synovitis and arthritis.  Vet Surg. 45(7): 859-867.   Swartz TH, McGilliard ML, Petersson-Wolfe CS. 2016.  The use of an accelerometer for measuring step acitivty and lying behaviors in dairy calves.  J. Dairy Sci. 99(11):9109-9113.  Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Michelle Arnold.  Reference guide for mastitis-causing bacteria.  <a href="http://sequalitymilk.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SQMI-Bacterial-Reference-Guide.pdf">http://sequalitymilk.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SQMI-Bacterial-Reference-Guide.pdf</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Yeast and Molds: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-72/DASC-72.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-72/DASC-72.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Trueperella pyogenes: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-71/DASC-71.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-71/DASC-71.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Proteus spp.: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-68/DASC-68.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-68/DASC-68.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Pasteurella spp.: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-67/DASC-67.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-67/DASC-67.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Mycoplasma spp.: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-66/DASC-66.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-66/DASC-66.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Enterobacter spp.: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-65/DASC-65.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-65/DASC-65.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Corynebacterium bovis: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-64/DASC-64.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-64/DASC-64.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus hyicus: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-63/DASC-63.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-63/DASC-63.html</a> Christina Petersson-Wolfe and Turner Swartz.  Bacillus spp.: A practical summary for controlling mastitis.  <a href="https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-62/DASC-62.html">https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/DASC/DASC-62/DASC-62.html</a> Washington State University: Adkins P.R.F, John R Middleton^; Lawrence K Fox. 2016. Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cases of Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in the United States.  Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 54: 1871-1876   Nicholas, R.A.J., L.K. Fox, I. Lysnyansky. 2016.  Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle: to cull or not to cull.  The vet. J. 216:142-147.   Fox, L.K. 2016.  Removal of hair from the mammary gland: Recovery of bacteria from teat skin and milk.  Journal of Dairy Science. 99:1461-1464. University of Wisconsin: Guarin, J.F. and P.L. Ruegg.  2016.  Short Communication:  Pre- and post-milking anatomical characteristics of teats and their associations with increased risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows.  J Dairy Sci. 99:8323-8329.       Guarin, J.F., M.G. Paixao, and P.L. Ruegg.  2016.  Association of anatomical characteristics of teats with quarter milk somatic cell count.  Published online  27 July, 2016:  <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11459">http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11459</a>.      Guarin, J.F., C. Baumberger, and P.L. Ruegg.  Anatomical characteristics of teats and pre-milking bacterial counts of teat skin swabs of primiparous cows exposed to different types of bedding. Accepted J Dairy Sci.  Oct  14. 2016   International: University of Montreal Belage, E., Dufour, S., Jones-Bitton, A., Schock, D., Kelton, D.F., Submitted for publication. Adoption and consistency of application of pre-milking preparation in Ontario dairy herds. Journal of  Dairy Science. Francoz, D., Welllemans, V., Roy, J.P., Lacasse, P., Ordonez-Iturriaga, A., Labelle, F., Dufour, S., Accepted for publication. Non-antibiotic approaches at drying off for treating and preventing intramammary infections: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Animal Health Research Reviews. Goetz, C., Dufour, S., Archambault, M., Malouin, F., Jacques, M., 2016. Importance et contrôle de biofilms formés par les staphylocoques lors d’infections intra-mammaires chez la vache laitière. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 167, 215-229. Abstracts University of Georgia: Alward, K. J., J. F. Bohlen, L. O. Ely, and S. C. Nickerson. 2016. Assessing the correlation between teat end scores and the presence of mastitis in lactating Holstein cows. Abstract. Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association and the American Society of Animal Science; 2016 July 19-23, 2016, Salt Lake City, UT. Page 22 in: J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl.5/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, E-Suppl. 1. Enger, B. D., R. R. White, S. C. Nickerson, and L. K. Fox^. 2016. Meta- analysis of factors influencing new intramammary infection rate in experimental challenge teat dip efficacy trials. ADSA.  Page 57 in: J.       Anim. Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 5/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, E-Suppl. 1. Enger, B. D., R. R. White, S. C. Nickerson, and L. K. Fox^. 2016.  Meta-analysis of factors influencing new intramammary infection rate in natural exposure teat dip efficacy trials. ADSA. Page 355 in: J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 5/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, E-Suppl. 1. Hall, C.L., S.C. Nickerson, D.J. Hurley, L.O. Ely, and F.M. Kautz. 2015. Use of a novel adjuvant to enhance the protective effect of a commercial Vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers.  J. Dairy Sci. Abstract no. 514. Orlando, FL. Page 569 in: J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 93, Suppl. s3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 98, Suppl. 2. <a href="http://www.jtmtg.org/JAM/2015/abstracts/566.pdf">http://www.jtmtg.org/JAM/2015/abstracts/566.pdf</a>.   Hurley, D.J., M. Adkins, C. Barber, N.A. Norton, S.C. Nickerson, L.O. Ely, F.M. Kautz, D.J. McClean, J.D. Chapman, and A.D. Rowson. 2016. Cell-mediated immune response to MLV BRD vaccination in Holstein heifers fed an immunomodulatory supplement. 2016 CRWAD. Abstract.   Kautz, F.M., S.C. Nickerson, and L.O. Ely. 2105. Use of a staphylococcal vaccine to reduce prevalence of mastitis and lower somatic cell counts in a registered Saanen dairy goat herd. J. Dairy Sci. Abstract no. 627. Orlando, FL. Page 613 in: J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 93, Suppl. s3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 98, Suppl. 2. <a href="http://www.jtmtg.org/JAM/2015/abstracts/613.pdf">http://www.jtmtg.org/JAM/2015/abstracts/613.pdf</a>.   Pighetti, G.M., C.S. Petersson-Wolfe^, J.M. Bewley^, S.C. Nickerson, S. Hill-Ward, A. De Vries, and S.P. Oliver. 2015. Southeast Quality Milk Initiative: Milk quality in the Southeast USA. National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting Proceedings, pp 213-214. Memphis, TN. February 1-3, 2015.   Pighetti, G.M., S.P. Oliver, R.A. Almeida, P.D. Krawczel, J.M. Fly, S.M. Schexnayder, C.S. Petersson-Wolfe^, J.M. Bewley^, L.E. Garkovich, D.M. Amaral-Phillips, L.M. Arnold, S.C. Nickerson, S. Hill-Ward, and A. De Vries.  2015.  Southeast Quality Milk Initiative: Milk Quality in the Southeast USA.  NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, pp 209-210. Memphis, TN. February 1-3, 2015.   University of Idaho: <ol start="2016"> <li>Chen, K. C. Ramsey, C. Y. Tsai, M. A. McGuire, and P. Rezamand. 2016. Interaction among energy status, dietary protein, and vitamin A in periparturient dairy cows: Effects on milk fatty acid profile and gross milk yield efficiency. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, (E-Suppl. 1):404.</li> </ol> University of Kentucky: Bochantin, K. and J.M. Bewley. 2016. The importance of mastitis management practices in maintaining milk quality in the United States. Abstract 42. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah.   Nolan, D.T., C. Blakely, P. D. Krawczel, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe^, G. M. Pighetti, A. Stone, S. Ward, and J. M. Bewley. 2016. Perceived mastitis costs and milk quality management practices among Southeastern United States dairy producers. Abstract 585. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah.   Stone, A.E., C. Blakely, K. Bochantin, P. D. Krawczel, M. Myers, D. T. Nolan, C. S. Petersson-Wolfe^, G. M. Pighetti, S. Ward, and J. M. Bewley. Housing and demographic effects on somatic cell score in southeast United States dairies. Abstract 761. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah.   Lee, A.R., S.M. Smith, D.L. Ray, J.D. Clark, and J.M. Bewley. 2016. Effects of exit-lane water drenching using showers on lactating dairy cow vaginal temperature.     Abstract 1174. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah.   Nolan, D.T., J.M. Bewley. 2015. The effect of somatic cell score on milk yield of dairy cattle in the southeastern United States.  Abstract 93. Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL. (Oral)   Kawonga, B.S. and J.M. Bewley, 2015.  A cow cooling investment decision support tool for dairy farms in low and high humidity regions.  Abstract No. 813. American Dairy Science Association and American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting, July 12-16. Orlando Florida.   Eckelkamp, E.A., J.L. Taraba, R.J. Harmon, K.A. Akers, and J.M. Bewley. 2015. Comparison of mastitis, its indicators, and lameness in compost bedded pack and sand freestall farms.  European Federation of Animal Science Annual Meeting. Warsaw, Poland.   Bewley, J.M., R.A. Black, F.A. Damasceno, E.A. Eckelkamp, G.B. Day, and J.L. Taraba. 2015. Compost bedded pack barns as a lactating cow housing system. European Federation of Animal Science Annual Meeting. Warsaw, Poland.   Eckelkamp, E.A., J.L. Taraba, R.J. Harmon, K.A. Akers, and J.M. Bewley. 2015. Moisture, temperature, cow health, and bedding bacteria relationships in compost bedded pack barns. Abstract 275. American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL.   Eckelkamp, E.A., J.L. Taraba, R.J. Harmon, K.A. Akers, and J.M. Bewley. 2015. Effect of compost bedded pack and sand bedded freestall housing on reported clinical mastitis incidence, mastitis infection prevalence, herd somatic cell count, and bulk tank somatic cell count. Abstract 4. National Mastitis Council 54th Annual Meeting Technology Transfer Session.  Memphis, TN.   University of Maryland: <ol start="2016"> <li>Garcia, Y. Qu, C.M. Scholte, D. O’Connor, W. Rounds and K.M. Moyes. 2016.</li> </ol> Regulatory effect of dietary intake of chromium propionate on function of monocyte-derived macrophages from Holstein cows in mid-lactation.  J. Dairy Sci. 99(Suppl 1): 737.   <ol start="2016"> <li>Qu, T.H. Elsasser, M. Garcia, C.M. Scholte, E.E. Connor, J. Newbold and K.M. Moyes. 2016. The effects of short-term feeding of tocopherol mix (α-, β-, γ-, and δ) on blood neutrophil function and immunometabolic-related gene expression in lactating dairy cows.  J. Dairy Sci. 99(Suppl 1):57.</li> </ol>   Scholte, C.M., Y. Qu, M. Garcia, T.H. Elsasser, D. Biswas and K.M. Moyes. 2016. Effects of citral and linalool on blood neutrophil toxicity and oxidative response in dairy cows.   J. Dairy Sci. 99(Suppl 1):327.   M.A. Crookenden, C.G. Walker, A. Heiser, J.J. Loor^, K.M. Moyes, J.K. Kay, S. Meier, <ol start="2016"> <li>Murray, V.S.R. Dukkipati, M. Mitchell and J.R. Roche. 2016. miRNAseq from whole blood over the transition period. J. Dairy Sci. 99(Suppl 1):85.</li> </ol>   University of Minnesota: Godden, S.M., E. Royster, J. Timmerman, P. Rapnicki, and H. Green. 2016. Evaluation of an Automated Milk Leukocyte Differential Test for Detecting Intramammary Infection in Early and Late Lactation Quarters and Cows. Annu Mtg. of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Sept. 15-17, 2016. Charlotte, NC Patel, K., S. Godden, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, B. Crooker, and N. McDonald. 2016. Pilot study: Evaluation of the effect of selective dry cow therapy on udder health.  In: Proc. Annu. Meeting of the Minnesota Dairy Health Conference. May 18-20, 2016. Bloomington, MN. University of Missouri: Adkins PRF, Middleton JR, Fox LK^.  2016.  Potential body site reservoirs for coagulase negative staphylococcal intramammary infection in heifers.  J Animal Sci.  94(supplement 2):33.   Quas ED, Bernier Gosselin V, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Identifying coagulase negative staphylococcal species Isolated from dairy goat milk using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry.  Proceedings of the 39th Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta).  6 May 2016.  Abstract #6 – Veterinary Professional Student Oral Presentations.   Limberg E, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Effect of freezing and storage time on culture yields of body site swabbing samples from dairy heifers.  Proceedings of the 39th Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta).  6 May 2016.  Abstract #21 – Veterinary Professional Student Poster Presentations.   Bernier Gosselin V, Middleton JR, Quas E, Adkins PRF.  2016.  Persistence of intramammary infection by coagulase negative staphylococcal species in dairy goats.  Proceedings of the 39th Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta).  6 May 2016.  Abstract #19 – 2nd and 3rd Year Resident & Graduate Student Oral Presentations.   Arroyo G, Adkins PRF, Fox LK^, Middleton JR.  2016.  Comparison of MALDI-TOF and PFGE for strain-typing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow’s milk.  Veterinary Research Scholars Symposium, Ohio State University, 28-31 July 2016.   Cornell University (New York): Troendle, J., Tauer, L.W.,  Gröhn, Y.T.: Optimally achieving milk bulk tank somatic cell count thresholds, 2016 AAEA Annual Meeting in Boston, MA, July 31-August 2.  Oregon State University: Richards, S. G., et al. (2014). "Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione treatment in milk production and leukocytes phagocytosis after sub-clinical mastitis induction in lactating dairy goats." J Dairy Sci 97(E-Suppl. 1): 419-420. Rosa, F., et al. (2015). 2,4-thiazolidinedione improves liver function but does not affect insulin sensitivity and expression of genes in adipose and mammary tissue of lactating dairy goats. 2015 Joint Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Rosa, F., et al. (2016). Effect of 2,4-thiazolidinedione treatment in the inflammatory response to induced sub-clinical mastitis in dairy goats receiving adequate vitamin supplementation. 2016 Joint Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT. University of Vermont: Korkmaz, F.T. and D.E. Kerr. 2016.  Identifying DNA methylation Differences That Contribute to an Age-Dependent Increase in Bovine Innate Immunity Using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing and the Dermal Fibroblast Model. 35th International Society for Animal Genetics Conference. Salt Lake, UT. Mugabi, R. and Barlow, J.W. 2015. Biofilm formation is clonally specific among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from selected Vermont dairy farms. 116th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts. Washington State University: Arroyo, G.T., P.R. Adkins, L.K. Fox, J.R. Middleton^. 2016.  Comparison of MALDI-Tof and PFGE for strain-typing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow’s milk Merial 27th Annual Veterinary Scholars Symposium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Enger, B.D., R.R. White, S.C. Nickerson^, and L.K. Fox. 2016.  Factors influencing new intramammary infection rate in teat dip efficacy trials by meta-analysis. Proceedings of the NMC 55th Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. pages 100-102 Enger,B.D., R. R. White, S. C. Nickerson^, and L. K. Fox. 2016.  Meta-analysis of factors influencing new intramammary infection rate in experimental challenge teat dip efficacy trials. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, E-Suppl. 1, number 126.   Enger,B.D., R. R. White, S. C. Nickerson^, and L. K. Fox. 2016.  Meta-analysis of factors influencing new intramammary infection rate in natural exposure  teat dip efficacy trials. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, E-Suppl. 1, number 754.   Conference Proceedings University of Georgia: Nickerson, S. C. 2016. Benefits of fly control in dairy heifers. Invited Symposium Paper presented in: Strategies for Managing Heifers in the Southeast. ADSA Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT. July 20, 2016. Page 26 in: J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 5/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 99, E-Suppl. 1. University of Maine: Lichtenwalner, A. Bedding Choices for Mastitis Prevention.  Feb. 2-4, 2016. Mastitis Research Workers Conference, Glendale AZ. University of Maryland:   C.M. Scholte, D.C. Nelson, T.H. Elsasser, S. Kahl, E.E. Connor, Y. Qu and K.M. Moyes.  2016.  Recombinant bacteriophage endolysin, PlyC, is non-toxic and does not alter blood neutrophil oxidative response in lactating dairy cows.  in Natl. Mastitis Counc. Ann.  Mtg. Proc., Glendale, AZ.  Natl. Mastitis Counc., Inc., Madison, WI.   Michigan State University: Erskine, R.J.  How Can We Engage Dairy Employees? Southeast Quality Milk Initiative Annual Meeting, Russellville, KY, November, 2015.   Erskine R. J. The Quality Milk Alliance: Building the science classroom. Seminar presented to the General Session, 55th Annual Mtng National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ, February, 2016. Erskine, R. J., M. Borek-Stine, and R. Moore. Engaged employees: The connection between protocols and performance. Short course presented at the 55th Annual Mtng National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ, February, 2016. Erskine, R.J. Let the Cows Vote on Milking Protocols. Presented to The Progressive Dairy Operators of Canada, Toronto, ON, March, 2016.    Erskine, R.J. 1) Applying pharmacology on a dairy farm, 2) Dumpster diving, somatic cell counts, and employee incentives: A Quality Milk Alliance potpourri, and 3) Bovine Leukemia Virus, is it a problem? Or not?  Seminars presented to the Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association, Spring Clinic, State College, PA, May, 2016.   University of Minnesota: Godden, S., E. Royster, K. Patel, and J. Timmerman. 2016. Selective dry cow therapy – We can do this! Proc. National Mastitis Council 2016 Regional Meeting. June 29-30, 2016. Appleton, WI.  Pp. 8-15. University of Missouri: Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Molecular characterization of coagulase negative staphylococci from heifer intramammary infections and potential body site reservoirs.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Bernier Gosselin V, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Prevalence of coagulase negative staphylococcal species intramammary infection in dairy goats.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Lopez-Benavides M, Romero-Saurez S, Henderson M, Adkins EC, Denbigh J, Middleton JR.  2016.  Iodide residues in bulk tank milk when using iodine and non-iodine pre-milking teat disinfectants.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Lopez-Benavides M, Vandaveer W, Leibowitz S, Adkins EC, Denbigh J, Middleton JR.  2016.  Glycolic acid is present in bulk tank milk when using non-glycolic acid and glycolic acid based teat disinfectants.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Cornell University (New York):   Moroni P., Gioia G., Kolar Q., Mock L., Ospina P., Plumed-Ferrer C., Rauch B., Santisteban C., Scillieri Smith J., Virkler P., Watters R., Welcome F., Zurakoswski M., and Nydam D. Emerging pathogens: the last information on Klebsiella, Prototheca and Lactococci. Proceeding of the 54nd  National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting pp.37- 49. February 1-3, 2015, Menphis, Tennesse. Short course “Emerging mastitis pathogens: Klebsiella, Prototheca, Mycoplasma and Other Streptococci. National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting pp.10-16. July 28-29, 2015, Syracuse, New York. Pennsylvania State University:   Hovingh, E.P.  Use of a four-channel vacuum recording device for monitoring and diagnosing milk equipment and milking procedures abnormalities. 2016. Florida Dairy Summit, Gainesville, FL.  February 11, 2016. (Conference presentation) Utah State University: Britten JE, Wilson DJ, Rood KA: The intramammary use of casein hydrolysate for cessation of lactation in a single quarter. Proc 55th Ann Mtg Natl Mast Council:120-121, 2016. Wilson DJ, Rood KA, Whitehouse C, Bunnell J, Goodell GM, Byrem TM: Johne’s disease and Bovine Viral Diarrhea bulk milk surveillance in the Western U.S. - regional prevalence and positive farm characteristics. Proc XXIX World Assoc Buiatrics: 369, 2016. Kelly EJ, Wilson DJ: Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in two goats associated with contaminated essential-oil based teat dip. Proc 59th Ann Conf Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag: 181, 2016. Wilson DJ, Rood KA, LaRose JP, Wang Z: Holstein single nucleotide polymorphisms analyzed by genome wide association study for associations with mastitis resistance and susceptibility. Proc 59th Ann Conf Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag: 70, 2016. University of Wisconsin:   Fuenzalida, M. J., C. Baumberger, and P. L. Ruegg. 2016. Preliminary results of a clinical trial evaluating effects of treatment of culture negative cases of clinical mastitis on somatic cell count and bacteriological outcomes. Pages112—113 in National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting Proceedings, Glendale, AZ.   International:   University of Montreal Francoz, D., Wellemans, V., Dupré, J.P., Roy, J.P., Labelle, F., Karreman, H., Lacasse, P., Dufour, S., 2016. A systematic review of non-antimicrobial treatments of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. In, 2nd Canadian organic science conference, Montréal-Longueuil, QC, Canada. Francoz, D., Wellemans, V., Dupré, J.P., Roy, J.P., Labelle, F., Karreman, H., Lacasse, P., Dufour, S., 2016. A systematic review of non-antimicrobial treatments of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. In, World buiatric congress, Dublin, Ireland. Jamali, H., Barkema, H.W.^, Jacques, M., Lavallée-Bourget, E.M., Malouin, F., Saini, V., Stryhn, H., Dufour, S., 2016. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical mastitis recurrence in dairy cows. In, World buiatric congress, Dublin, Ireland. Jamali, H., Barkema, H.W.^ Jacques, M., Malouin, F., Saini, V., Stryhn, H., Dufour, S., 2016. Clinical mastitis recurrence in dairy cows. In, NMC 55th annual meeting, Glendale, Arizona, USA. Belage, E., Kelton, D.F., Bauman, C., Dufour, S., 2016. National dairy study - A focus on Udder Health and Milking management on Canadian dairy farms. In, The 2016 meeting of the Canadian Association of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Guelph, ON, Canada.   Poster Presentations University of Georgia: Enger, B.D., R.R. White, S.C. Nickerson, and L.K. Fox^. 2016. Factors influencing new intramammary infection rate in teat dip efficacy trials by meta-analysis. Poster and oral presentation. National Mastitis Council Technology Transfer Session and Research Development Session. NMC 55th Annual Meeting, January 31-February 2, 2016, Glendale, Arizona. University of Idaho: <ol start="2016"> <li>Chen, K. C. Ramsey, C. Y. Tsai, M. A. McGuire, and P. Rezamand. 2016. Interaction among energy status, dietary protein, and vitamin A in periparturient dairy cows: Effects on milk fatty acid profile and gross milk yield efficiency. The 2016 Joint Annual Meetings, Salt Lake, Utah.</li> </ol> Michigan State University: Moore, R. and R. J. Erskine. Let the cows score the milking protocols. Poster presented at the 55th Annual Mtng National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ, February,2016. University of Minnesota: Patel, K., S. Godden, E. Royster, J. Timmerman, B. Crooker, and N. McDonald. Pilot study: Evaluation of the effect of selective dry cow therapy on udder health. University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine Points of Pride Research Day. Oct. 5, 2016. University of Missouri: Limberg E, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Effect of freezing and storage time on culture yields of body site swabbing samples from dairy heifers.  Proceedings of the 39th Annual CVM Research Day (Phi Zeta).  6 May 2016.  Abstract #21 – Veterinary Professional Student Poster Presentations.   Arroyo G, Adkins PRF, Fox LK^, Middleton JR.  2016.  Comparison of MALDI-TOF and PFGE for strain-typing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow’s milk.  Veterinary Research Scholars Symposium, Ohio State University, 28-31 July 2016.   Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Molecular characterization of coagulase negative staphylococci from heifer intramammary infections and potential body site reservoirs.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Bernier Gosselin V, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR.  2016.  Prevalence of coagulase negative staphylococcal species intramammary infection in dairy goats.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Lopez-Benavides M, Romero-Saurez S, Henderson M, Adkins EC, Denbigh J, Middleton JR.  2016.  Iodide residues in bulk tank milk when using iodine and non-iodine pre-milking teat disinfectants.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Lopez-Benavides M, Vandaveer W, Leibowitz S, Adkins EC, Denbigh J, Middleton JR.  2016.  Glycolic acid is present in bulk tank milk when using non-glycolic acid and glycolic acid based teat disinfectants.  Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council, Glendale, AZ.  Jan 31 – Feb 2.   Rutgers University (New Jersey): Poster. Rosario-Cruz Z*., Gandhi S., Boyd JM.  Copper homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. American Society of Microbiology National Meeting. New Orleans, LA  2015. Poster. Rosario-Cruz Z*., Gandhi S., Boyd JM.  Copper homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Meeting of the New Jersey Antimicrobial Resistance Working Group. Piscataway, NJ  2015. Poster. Mashruwala A.A., van de Guchte, A., Boyd JM.  Cellular respiration as a trigger for multicellular behavior in Staphylococcus aureus.  Meeting of the New Jersey Antimicrobial Resistance Working Group. Piscataway, NJ  2015. Poster. Mashruwala A.A., van de Guchte*, A., Roberts C., Eveleigh D.E., Boyd JM, Microbes, Miracles, Medicine—A history of antibiotics at Rutgers.  Meeting of the New Jersey Antimicrobial Resistance Working Group. Piscataway, NJ  2015. Poster. Bernhardt, C., and Boyd JM. investigating of how Zinc and Tin inhibit Streptococcus mutans.  Aresty Undergraduate Research Symposium.  New Brunswick, NJ 2016. Poster. Mashruwala A., Earle,C., van de Guchte A., and Boyd JM.  Regulation of Clp proteases by SrrAB in Staphylococcus aureus. New Jersey American Society of Microbiology Meeting in Miniature (Theobald Smith Society). New Brunswick, NJ  2016. Poster. Roberts C., Jasim H., Mashruwala A.A., Rosario-Cruz Z*. Sause W., Torres V., Boyd JM.  The Suf iron-sulfur cluster biosynthetic system is essential for Staphylococcus aureus viability and decreased Suf function results in global metabolic defects and decreased survival in human neutrophils. New Jersey American Society of Microbiology Meeting in Miniature (Theobald Smith Society). New Brunswick, NJ  2016. Poster.  Al-Tameemi, H.M.*, Mashruwala A.A., Tanner A.W., Carabetta, V.J., Dubnau, D., Boyd J.M.  The YaaT, YlbF, and YmcA proteins are necessary for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, but what are their functions in the non-sporulating bacterium Staphylococcus aureus? New Jersey American Society of Microbiology Meeting in Miniature (Theobald Smith Society). New Brunswick, NJ  2016. Poster. Mashruwala A., Earle,C., van de Guchte A., and Boyd JM.  Regulation of Clp proteases by SrrAB in Staphylococcus aureus.  Joint molecular biosciences graduate student association meeting.  Rutgers University. 2016 Poster. Roberts C., Jasim H., Mashruwala A.A., Rosario-Cruz Z*. Sause W., Torres V., Boyd JM.  The Suf iron-sulfur cluster biosynthetic system is essential for Staphylococcus aureus viability and decreased Suf function results in global metabolic defects and decreased survival in human neutrophils. Joint molecular biosciences graduate student association meeting.  Rutgers University. 2016 Poster.  Al-Tameemi, H.M., Mashruwala A.A., Tanner A.W., Carabetta, V.J.,  Dubnau, D., Boyd JM.  The YaaT, YlbF, and YmcA proteins are necessary for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, but what are their functions in the non-sporulating bacterium Staphylococcus aureus? Joint molecular biosciences graduate student association meeting.  Rutgers University. 2016 Poster.  Rosario-Cruz Z* Liu G., Montelione G., Boyd JM. The ACME Encoded copBcbl operon protects Staphylococcus aureus from copper intoxication: Cbl is an extracellular membrane-associated copper-binding protein. Joint molecular biosciences graduate student association meeting.  Rutgers University. 2016. Poster. Mashruwala A., Earle,C.*, van de Guchte A., and Boyd JM.  Regulation of Clp proteases by SrrAB in Staphylococcus aureus. Rutgers Microbiology symposium. Rutgers University 2016 Poster.  Rosario-Cruz Z., Liu G., Montelione G., Boyd JM. The ACME Encoded copBcbl operon protects Staphylococcus aureus from copper intoxication: Cbl is an extracellular membrane-associated copper-binding protein. Rutgers Microbiology symposium. Rutgers University 2016 Poster.  Al-Tameemi, H.M., Mashruwala A.A., Tanner A.W., Carabetta, V.J., Dubnau, D., Boyd JM.  The YaaT, YlbF, and YmcA proteins are necessary for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, but what are their functions in the non-sporulating bacterium Staphylococcus aureus? Rutgers Microbiology symposium. Rutgers University 2016 Poster. Roberts C., Jasim H., Mashruwala A.A., Rosario-Cruz Z*. Sause W., Torres V., Boyd JM.  The Suf iron-sulfur cluster biosynthetic system is essential for Staphylococcus aureus viability and decreased Suf function results in global metabolic defects and decreased survival in human neutrophils. Rutgers Microbiology symposium. Rutgers University 2016 Poster.  Mashruwala A.A., Bhatt S., Boyd JM. The Duf59 containing protein SufT is required for the maturation of iron-sulfur (FeS) proteins during condictions of high FeS cofactor demand in Staphylococcus aureus.  Rutgers Microbiology symposium. Rutgers University 2016. Cornell University (New York): Scillieri Smith J., Moroni P., Santisteban C., Rauch B., Warner B., and Nydam D. Lactococcus and other organisms we are calling “Other Streptococci”: an investigation in Northern New York. National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting pp.10-16. July 28-29, 2015, Syracuse, New York. Barberio A., Natale A., Ceglie L., Guerrini E., Zuliani F., Lucchese L., Capello K.,  and Moroni P. Patterns of Coxiella burnetii shedding in cow and goat milk. Proceeding of the 54nd  National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting pp.187-188. February 1-3, 2015, Menphis, Tennesse. Utah State University:   Kelly EJ, Wilson DJ: Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in two goats associated with contaminated essential-oil based teat dip.  Am Assoc Vet Lab Diag, Greensboro, NC, 2016. University of Wisconsin:   Fuenzalida, M. J., C. Baumberger, and P. L. Ruegg. 2016. Preliminary results of clinical outcomes of treated and non-treated culture negative cases of clinical mastitis. Poster presentation at Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Discovery Challenge, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison   International: University of Montreal Aghamohammadi, M., Kelton, D.F., Barkema, H.W.^, Hogeveen, H., Keefe, G.P., Singh, K., Dufour, S., 2016. Mastitis associated economic loss in Canadian dairy farms. In, World buiatric congress, Dublin, Ireland. Skoulikas, S., Dufour, S., Haine, D., Perreault, J.Y., Roy, J.P., 2016. Early lactation extended therapy against Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in heifers: a randomized controlled trial. In, World buiatric congress, Dublin, Ireland. Krug, C., DeVries, T.J., Morin, P.A., Roy, J.P., Dubuc, J., Dufour, S., 2016. Validation of the algometer for measuring udder discomfort in postpartum lactating dairy cows. In, World buiatric congress, Dublin, Ireland. Belage, E., Kelton, D.F., Bauman, C., Dufour, S., 2016. National Dairy Study – A Focus On Udder Health And Milking Management on Canadian Farms In, NMC 55th Annual Meeting, Glendale, AZ, USA. *bold = technical member for the station ^Scientist from an NE-1048 Experimental Research Station