W2150: Breeding Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Resistance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses, Sustainable Production, and Enhanced Nutritional

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[05/18/2011] [01/26/2012] [01/18/2013] [01/07/2014] [12/30/2014]

Date of Annual Report: 05/18/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/16/2011 - 02/17/2011
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2010 - 12/01/2010

Participants

Brick, Mark, Colorado State University;
Brown, Judith, University of Arizona;
Cichy, Karen, USDA-ARS, Michigan State University;
Dickson, Mike, Cornell University, Geneva;
Gepts, Paul, University of California, Davis;
Goff, Steven, University of Arizona;
Griffith, Phil, Cornell University, Geneva;
Kelly, Jim, Michigan State University;
Myers, Jim, Oregon State University;
Nienhuis, Jim, University of Wisconsin, Madison;
Noffsinger, Steve, Seneca Foods Corp, Dayton, WA;
Osorno, Juan M., North Dakota State University;
Singh, Shree, University of Idaho;
McClean, Philip, North Dakota State University;
Miklas, Phil, USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA;
Porch, Tim, USDA-ARS, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico;
Pastor-Corrales, M.A., USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD;
Steadman, Jim, University of Nebraska, Lincoln;
Temple, Steve, University of California, Davis;
Thill, Donn, University of Idaho, Moscow;
Urrea, Carlos, University of Nebraska, Lincoln;
Waines, J. Giles, University of California, Riverside;
White, Jeff, USDA-ARS, Maricopa, AZ;
Wink, Bo, Syngenta Seeds, Nampa, ID;
Welsh, Molly, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA;

Brief Summary of Minutes

Carlos Urrea called the meeting to order at 8:00 AM, Wednesday, 2/17/2011, and Molly Welsh (for Rubella Goswami) took minutes. Shree Singh moved to have the minutes from the last meeting approved, Jim Steadman gave the 2nd and the motion was carried.

There was a discussion of the next cycle of meetings for the W2150, and Donn Thill (administrative advisor) reminded us of the pre-requisites for the filing of the final W1150 report. A short discussion of the administrative positions followed and Karen Cichy was elected to be the secretary for the 2011 meeting in Puerto Rico. The incoming Vice-President will be Rubella Goswami and the President will be Steve Noffsinger.

Dr. Thill gave a brief administrative update, congratulated the group on getting the new W2150 project and reminded us that there is a continuing resolution for FY 2011 at present. There followed a questions, answers, and discussion concerning the budget: cuts to appropriations, no earmarks reduction in ARS budgets, reduction in Hatch funds, increases in competitive grants, reductions in Extension, and the effect of the 2012 FY budget on regional project funds.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Publications

Bassett, M.J., P.N. Miklas, G.V. Caldas, and M.W. Blair. 2010. A dominant gene for garnet brown seed coats at the Rk locus in Dorado common bean and mapping Rk to linkage group 1. Euphytica 176:281290. Beaver, J.S., T.G. Porch, and M. Zapata. 2010. Registration of Badillo Light Red Kidney Bean. J. Plant Reg. 4:1-4. Bennink, M.R. 2010. Health benefits associated with consumption of dry beans. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:2-3. http://www.css.msu.edu/bic/PDF/Reports/BIC volume 53, pages 2-3. Bennink, M.R. 2010. Improving nutritional status and CD4 counts in HIV-Infected children through nutritional support (PIII-MSU-3). Electronic Proc. Global PI Meeting. http://www.pulsecrsp.msu.edu/AboutUs/GlobalPIMeeting2010/GlobalMeeting2010Presentations/tabid/136/Default.aspx. Bennink, M.R. 2010. Potential for beans to address global health concerns. Electronic Proc. Global PI Meeting. http://www.pulsecrsp.msu.edu/AboutUs/Global PIMeeting2010/GlobalMeeting2010Presentations/tabid/136/Default.aspx. Brown, J.K. 2010. Characterization of a new whitefly-transmitted virus from a wild legume in Puerto Rico that infects bean, and molecular survey of bean viruses in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and northern Mexico. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:54-55. Collins, A., M. Mujaddad Rehman, J.K. Brown, R.V. Chowda-Reddy, A. Wang,, V. Fondong, and M. Roye. 2010. Molecular characterization and experimental host range of an isolate of Macroptilium golden mosaic virus that infects Wissadula amplissima in Jamaica. Virus Res. 150:148152. Crane, L., H. Teran, S.P. Singh, H.F. Schwartz, and K. Otto. 2010. Progress in pyramiding white mold resistance from across Phaseolus species in common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:86-87. Dorcinvil, R., D. Sotomayor-Ramirez, and J.S. Beaver. 2010. Agronomic performance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines in an Oxisol. Field Crops Res. 118:264-272. Ehdaie, B., D.J. Merhaut, S. Ahmadian, A.C. Hoops, T. Khuong, A.P. Layne, and J.G. Waines. 2010. Root system size influences water-nutrient uptake and nitrate leaching potential in wheat. J. Agron. and Crop Sci. 196:455-466. Halseth, D.E., E.R. Sandsted, W.L. Hymes, R.L. MacLaury, J.M. Kelly, B. Rich, and D. Hoy. 2010. 2009 New York State dry bean variety fact sheet, Cornell University, Department of Horticulture Report No. 63, 18 pp. Hart, J., and P.D. Griffiths. 2010. Differentiation of aphid-transmitted viruses in snap beans using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Annu. Rep. Bean. Improv. Coop. 53:98-99. Henry, A., J.C. Rosas, J.S. Beaver, and J.P. Lynch. 2010. Multiple stress response and below ground competition in multilines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field Crops Res. 117:209-218. Hernandez-Zapeda, C., G. Arguello-Astorga, and J.K. Brown. 2010. Characterization of two newly discovered curtoviruses isolated from spinach in south-central Arizona. Sixth International Geminivirus Symposium/Fourth International Comparative ssDNA Virus Workshop, Guanajuato, Mexico, Nov 7-12, 2010 (Abstract). Hernandez, C., and J.K. Brown. 2010. First report of a new species of curtovirus, Spinach severe leaf curl virus, in spinach crops in Arizona. Plant Dis. 94:917. Hernandez-Zepeda, C., J.K. Brown, O.A. Moreno-Valenzuela, G. Arguello-Astorga, A.M. Idris, G. Carnevali, and R.F. Rivera-Bustamante. 2010. Characterization of Rhynchosia yellow mosaic Yucatan virus, a new recombinant begomovirus associated with two fabaceous weeds in Yucatan, Mexico. Arch. Virol. 155:1571-1579. Heuberger, A.L., M.R. Lewis, M.-H. Chen, M.A. Brick, J.E. Leach, and E.P. Ryan. 2010. Metabolomic and functional genomic analyses reveal varietal differences in bioactive compounds of cooked rice. PLoS ONE 5(9):e12915. Johnson, J.J., M.A. Brick, H.F. Schwartz, A. Andales, M. Bartolo, J. Hain, K. Jewell, S. Sauer, M.M. McMillan, J.B. Ogg,, and K. Otto. 2010. Dry bean variety performance trials. Colorado State University Agric. Exp. Stn. Technical Report TR 10-09, 15 pp. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, and B. Long. 2010. Registration of Santa Fe pinto bean. J. Plant Reg. 4:12-16. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, and E.M. Wright. 2010. Registration of Bellagio cranberry bean. J. Plant Reg. 4:171-174. Kwapata, K., R. Sabzikar, M.B. Sticklen, and J.D. Kelly. 2010. In vitro regeneration and morphogenesis studies in common bean. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ. Cult.: J. Plant Biotech. 100:97-105. Larsen, R.C., C.J. Kurowski, and P.N. Miklas. 2010. Two independent quantitative trait loci are responsible for novel resistance to beet curly top virus in common bean landrace G122. Phytopathology: 100:972-978. Linares-Ramirez, A., J.M. Osorno, T. Porch, and C. Urrea. 2010. Screening of common bean germplasm and cultivars for moderate and terminal drought tolerance in North Dakota and Nebraska. Abstr. ASA-CSSA-SSA Ann. Meet. Oct. 31 to Nov. 4. Long Beach, CA. McCoy, S., L. Otto-Hanson, B. Higgins, and J.R. Steadman. 2010. Improvement in screening for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean through characterization of the pathogen. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:232-233. Mensack, M.M., V.K. Fitzgerald, E.P. Ryan, M.R. Lewis, H.J. Thompson, and M.A. Brick. 2010. Evaluation of diversity among common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from two centers of domestication using omics technologies. BMC Genomics, Dec 2, 2010,11(1):686. Mosha, T.C.E., and M.R. Bennink. 2010. Microelement and Amino Acid Profiles of Cereal-Bean-Sardine Composite Supplementary Foods for Preschool-Age Children in Tanzania. J. Food Processing and Preservation. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2009000443.x Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander Wal. 2010. Registration of Lariat and Stampede Pinto Beans. J. Plant Reg. 4:1-7. Osorno, J.M., J.D. Kelly, M. Brick, C.A. Urrea, J. Garden-Robinson, and P. McClean. 2010. Early recruitment of the next generation of plant breeders: The Bean CAP effort. Abstr. 1st Annu. Mtg. of the Natl. Assn. of Plant Breeders, Aug. 15-17, Johnston, IA. Osorno, J.M., J.D. Kelly, M. Brick, C.A. Urrea, J. Garden-Robinson, and P. McClean. 2010. Strategies and challenges finding the next generation of plant breeders: The Bean CAP effort. Abstr., ASA-CSSA-SSA Annu. Mtg., Oct. 31 to Nov. 4, Long Beach, CA. Pascual, A., A. Campa, E. Perez-Vega, R. Giraldez, P.N. Miklas, and J.J. Ferreira. 2010. Screening common bean for resistance to four Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates collected in northern Spain. Plant Dis. 94:885-890. Porch, T.G., J.R. Smith, J.S. Beaver, P.D. Griffiths, and C.H. Canaday. 2010. TARS-HT1 and TARS-HT2 heat-tolerant dry bean germplasm. HortSci. 45:1278-1280. Porch, T.G., C.A. Urrea, J.S. Beaver, S. Valentin, P.A. Pena, and R. Smith. 2010. Registration of TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1 multiple-stress tolerant black bean germplasm. J. Plant Reg. (accepted). Ronquillo, M.G. 2010. Characterization of field based resistance to specific root rot and wilt pathogens in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Ronquillo, M.G., C.R. Grau, and J. Nienhuis. 2010. Variation in reaction to Fusarium spp. identified in a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) population developed for field-based resistance to root rot and wilt. Crop Sci. 50:2303-2309. Schwartz, H.F., M.A. Brick, K. Otto, and J.B. Ogg. 2010. Germplasm evaluation for resistance to bacterial wilt in common bean, 2008-2009. APS Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V125, 2 pp. Legume ipmPIPE Diagnostic Pocket Series (2 page diagnostic cards, distributed nationally): http://legume.ipmpipe.org/cgi-bin/sbr/public.cgi Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Growth Stages of Common Bean. 2010. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Growth Stages of Lima Bean. 2010. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Growth Stages of Chickpea. 2010. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Growth Stages of Cowpea. 2010. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Growth Stages of Lentil. 2010. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Growth Stages of Pea. 2010. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. Nutrient Imbalances. 2010. Singh, S.P., L. Crane, H. Teran, H.F. Schwartz, and K. Otto. 2010. Transferring white mold resistance from the secondary gene pool of common bean. Annual ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Meeting, Long Beach, CA (Abstract). Singh, S.P., and H.F. Schwartz. 2010. Breeding common bean for resistance to diseases: a review. Crop Sci. 50:2199-2223. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0163. Singh, S.P., H. Teran, L. Crane, H.F. Schwartz, and K. Otto. 2010. Selection for white mold resistance in common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:56-57. Singh, S.P., H. Teran, L. Crane, H.F. Schwartz, and K. Otto. 2010. Introgressing white mold resistance from the secondary gene pool of common bean. Annual Sclerotinia Initiative Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. Singh, S.P., H. Teran, H.F. Schwartz, K. Otto, and L. Crane. 2010. Selection for white mold resistance in common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53:56-57. Steadman, J., S. McCoy, B. Higgins, and L.K. Hanson. 2010. Characterization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean white mold resistance screening locations across the U.S.A. Phytopathology 100:S122. Talukder, Z., P.N. Miklas, M. Blair, J.M. Osorno, M. Dilawari, and K. Hossain, 2010. Genetic diversity and selection of genotypes to enhance Zn and Fe content in common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 90:6-12. Teran, H., and S.P. Singh. 2010. Gamete and recurrent selection for improving physiological resistance to white mold in common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 90:153-162. Teran, H., and S.P. Singh. 2010. Recurrent selection for physiological resistance to white mold in dry bean. Plant Breed. 129:327-333 Wasonga, C.J., M. Pastor-Corrales, T. Porch, and P.D. Griffiths. 2010. Evaluation of snap bean genotypes combining rust resistance and heat tolerance traits in East Africa. Annu. Rep. Bean. Improv. Coop. 53:62-63. Wasonga, C.J., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, T.G. Porch, and P.D. Griffiths. 2010. Targeting gene combinations for broad spectrum rust resistance in heat tolerant snap beans developed for tropical environments. J. Am. Soc. Hort.Sci. 135:521-532. Zapata, M., J.S. Beaver, and T.G. Porch. 2010. Dominant gene for common bean resistance to common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Euphytica (online). Zimmerman, S. 2010. Transfer, characterization and mapping of white mold resistance in an advanced backcross interspecific population between Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus coccineus. MS. Thesis, Oregon State University, June 2010.

Impact Statements

Varieties developed through the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials, and related University and regional trials have resulted in bean varieties with greater multiple biotic and abiotic resistance, easier harvesting with good plant structure, and higher yields. University and USDA scientists, and private companies continue collaborating in these efforts to identify and select the most resistant and highest yielding breeding materials and varieties. In some cases, especially for snap beans in the Willamette Valley, OR and dry beans throughout the country and Puerto Rico, these varieties are grown on 95-100% of the grower/industry acreage. These new varieties help reduce production costs and increase grower income, and provide more consistent yields and vegetable harvest timing.
Our collaborations through the multistate project allow us to quickly identify and disseminate information about new disease and insect strains such as the new race of bean rust, Ur-11 and the new Q biotype of whitefly that was presented in this report. The W1150 establishes important links for developing solutions to production problems that often occur in more than one state and region. This not only benefits the research scientists and private sector, but it also allows for the rapid transfer of information to growers and other interested parties. This year, outreach activities at several Universities benefited from the multi-state collaborative research and information which was presented in extension bulletins, field days, and the Legume PIPE community (http://legume.ipmpipe.org/cgi-bin/sbr/public.cgi).
As mentioned in the Idaho report, erect or upright plant habit, type II, does not always provide resistance to white mold. Given the large number of genes involved for white mold resistance and the nature of this disease under different environments, the multistate W1150 trials provided a valuable tool for identifying new varieties and sources of resistance this past year. Several dry and snap bean lines were identified as having strong resistance and potential for future release and use in breeding.
Viruses continue to be an area of needed discovery, and the collaborations have provided new information. Research in Arizona particularly with regard to curtoviruses (leafhopper vector) and begomoviruses (whitefly vector) in Puerto Rico and other locations, has opened new doors for understanding about the genetics, taxonomy, hosts, identification, and dissemination of these viruses. Research in New York has and will provide new information regarding the genetics and breeding for resistance to viruses found in the CMV complex in the Upper Midwest and New York.
Several heat tolerant bean varieties and breeding lines were identified or released this past year as a result of collaborative nursery research efforts and testing in the W1150. Heat tolerance is necessary for improving pod set and yield under high temperatures, and preventing split pod set which can cause harvest timing issues for snap beans. This improvement will not only benefit the USA, but it will also allow expansion of bean growing regions in other countries.
One thousand four hundred and nine accessions were added to the USDA-ARS-WRPIS Phaseolus germplasm collection and passport data on this material has been entered into GRIN. Some of the materials distributed between January and the end of December 2010 will be tested by W1150 collaborators to help identify new sources of disease resistance.
Drought tolerance was identified in 5 market classes as a result of weather conditions in Michigan and collaborative efforts in Nebraska and Puerto Rico. This has resulted in the release of drought tolerant breeding lines, and will continue to improve the productivity and profitability of beans for producers in areas often affected by drought.
Inheritance studies including QTL identification and generation of trait-linked DNA markers for marker-assisted breeding purposes have improved our knowledge base and helped to fill our tool box used for breeding disease resistance in beans. The knowledge gained and technical tools generated have facilitated the development of varieties with improved disease resistance. These varieties improve profitability and reduce pesticide use.
The PhaseolusGenes database was a valuable tool for identifying new markers for disease resistance genes, and aided the search for genes with potential resistance based on genes in other crops such as soybean and Arabidopsis this past year in the W1150. This database will continue to be a useful tool in the future, for developing markers and marker assisted selection.
Wisconsin research opened up new avenues to understanding the differences in sugar content of green pods among bean varieties. Future research based on the developed methods and differences among varieties, could open up opportunities for use of QTLs for marker-assisted selection of snap bean varieties with high or low sugar content, which could affect nutritional and other green pod quality traits.

Date of Annual Report: 01/26/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/02/2011 - 11/02/2011
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 10/01/2011

Participants

Balasubramanian, Parthiba-Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta;Beaver, James-University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR;Bett, Kristin-University of Saskatchewan;Brick, Mark- Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO;Carro, Vivian-University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR;Cichy,Karen- USDA-ARS, Michigan State University;Ferreria, Juan Jose- SERIDA, Spain;Galeano, Carlos- Catholic University of Leuven;Gehin,Rob- Harris Moran, Sun Prairie, WI;Gepts,Paul- University of California, Davis;Goswami, Rubella-DuPont Crop Protection, DE;Griffith, Phil-Cornell University, Geneva, NY;Grooteman, Paul-Syngenta Seeds, Netherlands;Kalavacharla, Venu (Kal) -Delaware State University;Kelly, Jim-Michigan State University;Kmiecik, Ken-Seminis, DeForest,WI;Myers, Jim-Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR;Nienhuis, Jim-University of Wisconsin, Madison;Noffsinger, Steve-Seneca Foods Corp, Dayton, WA;Osorno, Juan-North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND;Schwartz, Howard-Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO;Singh, Shree-University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID;McClean, Philip-North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND;Miklas, Phil-USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA;Porch, Tim-USDA-ARS, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico;Pastor-Corrales, M.A.-USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD;Safe, Jeff-Crites Seed, Inc., WA;Steadman, Jim- University of Nebraska, Lincoln;Trabanco, Noemi- SERIDA, Spain;Uebersax, Mark-Michigan State University;Urrea, Carlos-University of Nebraska, Lincoln;Varner,Greg- Michigan Dry Bean Commision;Vendeuvre, Elise-Vilmorin SA, France;Wang, Ning-Canadian Grains Commission;Wamatu, John- Brotherton Seed Co., Inc., Moses Lake, WA;Welsh, Molly-USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA;Wisler, Gail-USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD;Zapata, Mildred-University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR

Brief Summary of Minutes

Steve Noffsinger opened the meeting and welcomed all to the W-2150 meeting at the Verdanza Hotel, San Juan Puerto Rico. Since the incoming vice chair, Rubella Goswami, will be taking a job in the private sector out of bean research, she has indicated that she will be unable to be the incoming vice chair for W-2150 and a new nominee will be needed. S. Singh moved, M. Brick second to move Karen Cichy from the current secretary to vice chair, then nominate a new secretary. Motion carried. Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla was nominated for the responsibility of secretary by Shree Singh, and this was seconded by R. Goswami. Motion carried. Introductions of all present were made. S. Noffsinger, Chair of the W2150 thanked Molly Welsh for taking minutes for the last meeting. P. McClean passed a motion to approve the last meeting's minutes and J. Steadman approved. Station reports followed:

COLORADO
Mark Brick reported on the release of CO55-646, which is an upright pinto. There were 39,000 acres planted in CO this year, the least since WWII. Steve Bebee asked if there was an update on cancer prevention work with Henry Thompson. Mark said that there is difficulty in obtaining funding. The momentum on the public health initiative was there but is still unfunded.

MARYLAND
Marcial (Talo) Pastor Corrales reported that there is a new source of rust resistance, PI 310762, that provides resistance to bean rust races that overcome Ur-11; James Kelly reported the re-occurrence in MI of new strains of rust the pathogen that appeared in 2007 and that overcame the resistance of Ur-3. Talo reported that he would be willing to help and collaborate to start new crosses with genotypes with genes of interest such as Ur-5 and Ur-11 that are resistant to the new races in MI and ND. Talo said that if anyone had any interesting crosses with Ur-11 and/or Ur-5, he could screen under greenhouse conditions. Talo said that Ur-5 is still effective. Juan Osorno asked about lines which have a combination of Ur-5 and Ur-11; Talo replied that we do not have this currently. Talo also mentioned that he was working with Jim Steadman to gather more information regarding the new isolate in the NE, CO area that is also overcoming Ur-3. Talo said that the strategy for single gene resistance is not a viable option; it is better to combine two and preferably more effective rust resistance genes in the development of new cultivars with broad resistance to rust.

NEBRASKA
Jim Steadman indicated that he had made a presentation at the BIC on white mold multisite resistance screening and pathogen characterization and thus was not going to repeat that information. With regards to rust, Jim said that there are a lot of samples with teliospores and that he is in the process of increasing spores to be used for inoculation; additionally, there were a lot of seed mixes such as GN Coyne that has resistance to rust but similar seed as GN Orion that does not have resistance when planted in the same fields. Growers thought Coyne was losing resistance, but Orion with a different phenotype was the only variety with pustules. Similarly, GN Beryl looks identical to GN Beryl R, but does not have rust resistance and a seed mix makes Beryl R look susceptible. It appears that there are no new rust races in NE. The great northern variety Coyne released in 2008 performed well in 2011. About 160,000 lb of Coyne were planted in 2011. Coyne had significantly less bacterial diseases and had larger seed and better seed quality. Carlos is also screening CIAT's core collection to bacterial wilt and 1684 accessions (99.1%) were susceptible to one bacterial wilt isolate. Carlos also is working with Tim Porch in the shuttle breeding program between PR and NE. They have co-released two black bean lines. Putative sources of drought tolerance will be evaluated in a new annual trial, the Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN). Carlos asked for volunteers to grow the lines in the DBDN as well as for contributing lines. Lines from the US and CIAT's core collections will be screened for reaction to bacterial wilt isolates.

WASHINGTON:
Phil Miklas started his report with the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN), and that 2011 will be the 62nd annual report. There was discussion on finding the reports of CDBN before 2000 and to make it available to the community. Phil then started his report on WA. There were 16 acres of field trails including CDBN, WRBT, BWMN, Legume IPM-PIPE, and BeanCAP Drought; 142 RILs from Roza/Buster QTL drought study (Urrea), BNF (Pulse CRSP)-low & high N, inoculate (Cichy). Additionally Phil has his regular breeding trials (low inputs yield trial), breeding trials (high inputs), white mold trials, and have increased lines for the Andean Diversity panel. There was significant discussion on the Andean Diversity Panel (Pulse CRSP). Miklas continued on his reporting of specific activities in WA to include tagging the sd trait, yield, canning quality and cooking time (Osorno, Cichy, Bett), bacterial wilt resistance QTL mapping (Parthiba Balasubramanian), virus testing and screening. M. Welsh announced that she is retiring end of fiscal year 2012 and encourages the community to make their voice be heard for her replacement. Mark Brick inquired if the pulse groups had weighed in on this. S. Noffsinger suggested that the Director of the Pacific West area could be contacted. Further discussion ensued.

IDAHO:
Shree Singh reported that he has three small projects. The white mold project was funded through the National Sclerotinia Initiative, and then breeding pinto beans for the Idaho bean industry. He also participated in testing regional and national nurseries and trials. For pinto breeding, 1400 lines were evaluated and the number of lines that seem promising has been reduced to 650 lines; further evaluation is ongoing to reduce to 120 lines. He said most of them are the upright type, probably their maximum yield potential is about 4000 lbs/acre. For white mold, about 400 interspecific lines from three species of the secondary gene pool have been evaluated. These were derived from three P. coccineus accessions, one P. costaricensis, and one P. polyanthus. Furthermore, he evaluated 81 interspecific breeding lines derived from P. coccineus received from Jim Beaver. Forty-two of the selected lines are very resistant to white mold; Howard Schwartz and Shree are close to pyramiding genes and some of these lines have the highest levels of resistance. Shree evaluated the National Bean White Mold Nursery, National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery and the Western Regional Bean Trial from Miklas, Brick, and Urrea. Also, he yield-tested two breeding lines from Jim Kelly.

PUERTO RICO
Tim Porch reported work from the USDA-ARS in PR. He reported on two lines (both black), from the shuttle breeding program. CBDN is going to be started and they are thinking about 20 lines will be selected. They also started working on the BeanCAP material for drought. The genetic analysis on the large drought population is going to be started. Some new material from interspecific crosses of P. acutifolius x P. vulgaris is being started. Discussion followed on the quality of the tepary bean. Beaver reported on the release of the line with resistance to BCMV and BCMNV with the USDA and the University of Nebraska. They will also be releasing pink and black beans. Additionally, Beaver reported on 45 lima beans lines.

NORTH DAKOTA
Juan Osorno reported that the growing season was not good this year and he lost several trials, although not entire locations. There is a 50% reduction in bean acreage this year compared to last year. Seed darkening is a big issue. Juan mentioned that there were specialty crop funds that have come down to the states and Juan and Miklas are working together on the seed darkening problem. There were many lines which were ready to go under Ken Grafton's work, and Juan has a small red that is ready to go. This line has the best resistance to bacterial blight NDZ06249. Phil McClean reported that the BeanCAP received the last two years of funding. This will save funds on reagents. BeanCAP is a poster child for Feed the Future and to make sure that we as a community are there. Phil also asked if anyone is thinking about the Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI). Paul Gepts answered that this is still preliminary but that he has talked to Jim Myers and Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla on pod quality.

MICHIGAN:
Jim Kelly reported on the work done in MI. They participated in the BeanCAP and shovelomics. They are in the process of bringing out a white kidney similar to Beluga, and also a pink and a new pinto full season variety, so that this can be crossed to white mold resistant lines from Miklas and then released as a germplasm release. Dr. Singh asked about the resistances that the new white kidney has, and it is BCMV. There is a 15% yield increase over Beluga. Karen Cichy reported on the low raffinose lines. They screened the 1000 tilling lines and found 16 lines with reduced sugar levels; of these four are favorable and they have planted these in the greenhouse and to determine if they have low sugars.

WISCONSIN:
Jim Nienhuis reported on the work that they were doing with Karen Cichy on BNF in snap bean with Eagle x Puebla 152. Karen analyzed the population in the field and they did it in the greenhouse. There was no correlation seen in this work. Jim has brown spot, root rot, and virus nurseries, and had to give up the white mold nursery. Jim also reported about a 10-day organic agriculture workshop organized in Wisconsin, and there are a lot of participants from Latin America; he opened this to others in the bean community who would like to participate in this and asked if members could spread the word about this.

NEW YORK:
Phillip Griffiths reported on progress of work in NY. He reported on materials to be released in the next 12 months. He reported that for snap bean, virus work is one of the most important focuses in NY.

CALIFORNIA:
Paul Gepts reported on work being carried out in his lab for genes expressed in pods. He suggested that in comparison to the Arabidopsis genes, there may be a difference as related to pods in beans vs. siliques in Arabidopsis and Brassicas. Paul Gepts is trying to use GIS information for understanding adaptation in lima bean. Paul is going to be taking over from Steve Temple's material and will continue his work. Paul is concerned about what will happen after his own tenure at UCD. Paul suggested that the area of domestication for lima bean is very narrow. Paul is in contact with ICARDA.

DELAWARE:
Currently there is no member from DE in the W2150; Kal Kalavacharla will be completing the membership process, and updated the members on the work being done in common bean in Delaware. His work in transcriptomic analysis is meant to add value to the various genome sequencing projects that are ongoing, and he will be developing a portal in GBROWSE for comparing the sequences from the transcriptome studies to soybean genome. This will also include the future common bean sequences. He is also beginning to evaluate the reaction of the Crg gene (required for Ur-3 mediated resistance) with other races avirulent on Ur-4 and Ur-6. He mentioned the NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates program in Molecular Genetics & Genomics.

Future items:
Steve Noffsinger suggested that the members need to think about the secretary for the future W2150 session in advance. He said that he had three names to include: Emily Ernest, Janice Rueda, Khwaja Hossain as potential candidates for the position of secretary. There was also discussion on where the next meeting is to be held. There was a suggestion that this could be held in conjunction with the Canadian Pulse group in Niagara Falls, ON in November 2012. We have since been informed that we can hold the meeting in Niagara Falls.
Respectfully submitted
Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla

Accomplishments

e-report CALIFORNIA Participant: Gepts, P. The PhaseolusGenes (http://phaseolusgenes.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/ ) database consists of three hyperlinked components. First, a searchable marker table with essential information such as marker and PCR primer sequences, linkage group (when available), and publication reference and URL. Second, a genome browser based currently on the soybean whole-genome sequence while awaiting the availability of the three whole-genome sequences of bean, with tracks for different categories of sequence-based markers, such as STS, SSR, and SCARs. Currently, the PhaseolusGenes database includes information on 2350 markers, 44% of which have been genetically mapped. The most important categories include 78 SCAR markers (mainly tagging resistance genes), 986 STS markers mainly describing synteny between beans and other legumes such as cowpea, soybean, Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicas, and 1262 SSR markers. A 1x raw DNA sequence from methyl-filtrated BAT93 DNA sequence (263.5 Mbp or ~44% of the bean genome) has yielded over 160,000 microsatellite motifs (considering repeat motifs with 2 to 6 bp and at least 4 repeats). This represents an average of 1 SSR/1,650 bp. When considering only those motifs repeated at least 10 times, the number of microsatellites is reduced to ~7,000 or 1 SSR/38,000 bp, still a sizable number for a high-density molecular linkage map. The sequence reads containing SSR motifs have been mapped onto the soybean whole-genome sequence displayed in the PhaseolusGenes genome browser. The CMap representation will include seven molecular linkage maps for bean, including Bean01 [BAT93 x Jalo EEP558 (BJ population); from LIS: http://www.comparative-legumes.org/, Mesoamerican x Andean; 234 markers, mainly phenotypic, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SCAR, and allozyme]; Bean02 [McClean 2007; BJ population; from LIS; 450 markers, mainly g STS markers], Bean03 (BJ population; Navarro Gomes and Gepts, unpubl. res.; STS markers, including g, Leg, Bng, and D markers; 485 markers), Bean 04 [BJ population; Galeano et al. 2011; 424 markers, mainly SNPs], Bean05 [DOR364 x BAT477, intra-gene-pool, Mesoamerican; Galeano et al. 2011; 291 markers, mainly SSR, RAPD, AFLP], Bean06 [Dorado364 x G19833, Mesoamerican x Andean; Galeano et al. 2011; 499 markers, mainly SSR, SNP, STS], and Bean07 (consensus map, with 1010 markers, mainly SSR, SNP, STS). e-report COLORADO Participants: Brick, M.A , Schwartz, H.F. Colorado State University coordinated the Legume IPM-PIPE national network of sentinel plots throughout 20 states of the U.S. to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust (SBR), common rust, root rots, soybean aphid, legume viruses (e.g., Bean common mosaic, Alfalfa mosaic, Beet curly top), white mold and common bacterial blight. Each State Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on pest and disease monitoring in Sentinel Plots and/or commercial legume fields during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at http://sbrusa.net/. During the last 5 years, the Legume IPM-PIPE project has evolved in its scope and interactivity with state, regional, and national stakeholders and organizations involved with the production, pest management (emphasis upon IPM strategies including selection of disease resistant varieties, planting clean seed, suitable crop rotation, scouting and confirmation of economic threats from disease organisms and insect pests, and timely application of pesticides as needed) and marketing of legumes (emphasis on non-soybean crops). Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 39,000 acres in 2011. The Dry Bean Breeding Project evaluated more than 12,000 lines in the breeding program and increased pure seed of two promising pinto breeding lines in western Colorado. The breeding program collaborated with state experiment station personnel from MI, NE, and ND as well as the USDA and private seed companies in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials and the Colorado Crops Testing Program to evaluate elite lines. White mold disease reduces yield annually from 10 to 30 percent. During 2011, this project conducted a replicated field trial in white mold-infested grower fields to investigate the role and value of cultural practice modification that compared the added value of fungicide when promising dry bean varieties are grown under varying irrigation systems. An ongoing germplasm improvement project with the University of Idaho (Shree Singh) is designed to pyramid white mold resistance from Phaseolus species of the primary and secondary gene pools and introgress the highest levels into pinto bean, the largest market class in the USA and North America. Research to evaluate fiber, sucrose, and oligosacharide content of beans was conducted on a diverse set of germplasm. Breeding activities continue to incorporate novel sources of resistance to foliar rust, white mold disease, root pathogens, and bean common mosaic virus resistance. e-report IDAHO Participant: Singh, S.P. The major research activities during the year included (1) evaluation of the regional and national cooperative nurseries, and (2) breeding for white mold resistance. A brief account of these activities is reported here. The evaluation of the regional and national cooperative nurseries in 2011 included the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) with 25 dry bean cultivars and breeding lines, national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) with 32 genotypes, and National Bean White Mold Nursery (BWMN) comprising 13 dry and green bean breeding lines and cultivars. The WRBT and CDBN were evaluated in replicated trials in the field under high inputs at Kimberly for general adaptation, growth habit, days to maturity, 100-seed weight, and seed yield. Seed is being cleaned for measuring yield, seed weight, and post-harvest seed coat color darkening. The BWMN with three replicates was evaluated under severe disease pressure in the greenhouse at Kimberly. Dry bean genotype A 195 exhibited the highest level of resistance to white mold. For breeding for white mold resistance, approximately 145 breeding lines and families derived from over a dozen inter-gene pool and interspecific crosses along with five controls were screened in the greenhouse, using the ND710 pathogen isolate and multiple inoculations and evaluations. With an increasing number of inoculations (from 1 to 3) and delaying evaluations (evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post inoculation), the disease severity index increased. Thus, our preliminary results indicate that for breeding for higher levels of white mold resistance it may be worth considering use of multiple inoculations and evaluations. Approximately 650 families (F1:4 and F1:5) of pinto market class derived from 19 populations were tested for general adaptation, plant type, maturity, and seed characteristics. Harvested seed from 127 families is being used for characterizing for post-harvest seed coat color darkening. e-report MARYLAND Participant: Pastor Corrales, M.A. The Andean common bean AND 277 has the Co-1(4) and the Phg-1 alleles that confer resistance to 21 and eight races respectively, of the anthracnose (ANT) and angular leaf spot (ALS) pathogens. Because of its broad resistance spectrum, Co-1(4) is one of the main genes used in ANT resistance breeding. Additionally, Phg-1 is used for resistance to ALS breeding. In this study, we elucidate the inheritance of the resistance of AND 277 to both pathogens using F2 populations from the AND 277 × Ruda and AND 277 × Ouro Negro crosses and F2:3 families from the AND 277 × Ouro Negro cross. Ruda and Ouro Negro are susceptible to all of the above races of both pathogens. Co-segregation analysis revealed that a single dominant gene in AND 277 confers resistance to races 65, 73, and 2047 of the ANT and to race 63-23 of the ALS pathogens. Co-1(4) and Phg-1 are tightly linked (0.0 cM) on linkage group Pv01. Through synteny mapping between common bean and soybean we also identified two new molecular markers, CV542014450 and TGA1.1(570), tagging the Co-1(4) and Phg-1 loci. These markers are linked at 0.7 and 1.3 cM, respectively from the Co-1(4)/Phg-1 locus in coupling phase. The analysis of allele segregation in the BAT93/Jalo EEP558 and California Dark Red Kidney/Yolano recombinant populations revealed that CV542014(450) and TGA1.1(570) segregated in the expected 1:1 ratio. Due to the physical linkage in cis configuration, Co-1(4) and Phg-1 are inherited together and can be monitored indirectly with the CV542014(450) and TGA1.1(570) markers. The common bean rust disease and high ambient temperatures (heat stress) limit snap bean production in many of tropical and temperate regions. A collaborative project between Dr. Phillip Griffiths, Cornell University, Dr. Timothy Porch, USDA-ARS, Mayaguez, PR, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, developed snap bean lines combining broad-spectrum rust resistance with heat tolerance for tropical agroecosystems. Eight breeding populations were developed by hybridizing BelJersey-RR-15 and BelFla-RR-1 (each containing the Ur-4 and Ur-11 rust resistance genes) and the heat tolerant snap bean breeding lines HT601, HT603, HT608, and HT611. F2-F4 generations of the populations were evaluated under greenhouse conditions and selected for heat tolerance while simultaneously selecting for the rust resistance genes Ur-4 and Ur-11. Three heat tolerant F5 lines homozygous for Ur-4 and Ur-11 genes, were selected together with a rust resistant but heat sensitive control. These and twelve cultivars adapted to different geographical regions, were evaluated for their reaction to rust and yield at six field sites in East Africa, and for their response to high ambient temperature in Puerto Rico. Rust incidence and severity was high at three of the East African trial sites. Two of the 12 cultivars were resistant to rust at most of these sites, and three of the four breeding lines were resistant at all sites and fixed for the Ur-4 and Ur-11 rust genes. The Ur-11 gene was effective at conferring rust resistance at all sites. Two of the cultivars with the Ur-5 gene tested were resistant to rust at most but not all sites. Yield in Puerto Rico was strongly correlated (R2=0.71, P<0.001) with that of the hottest site in East Africa, highlighting the similarity in genotypic response to high temperatures at the two distinct sites. The newly developed rust resistant and heat tolerant breeding lines showed stable yield at the East African sites with contrasting mean ambient temperatures compared to the cultivars presently grown in the region. Two of these lines, HT1 and HT2, were confirmed to be homozygous for Ur-4 and Ur-11 and with high heat tolerance under both greenhouse and field environments. e-report MICHIGAN Participants: Kelly, J.D., Bennink, M., Cichy K.A. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 32 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, BeanCAP and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico in 2011. All yield trials at Frankenmuth were direct harvested, whereas the large-seeded kidney, cranberry, white mold and BeanCAP drought trials at Montcalm were rod-pulled and biomass was calculated on the drought trial. The BeanCAP drought trial showed good early moisture stress but following late July rains, the entire trial re-grew, resulting in high yields and later maturity throughout. In addition to yield and agronomic data, roots were sampled and rated and biomass and harvest index were recorded. White mold infection was slow to develop in 2011 and never reached high levels of severity. A total of 5600 plots were harvested for yield in 2011 and over 2600 single plant selections were made in the early generation nurseries. Other studies included the evaluation of two RIL populations for reaction to potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), 130-entry black bean RIL population for nitrogen-fixation, certified organic variety trial, a cooperative canning trial with a private company, three BeanCAP nurseries, and the first flor-de-mayo and mayacoba trials. The USDA-ARS East Lansing Dry Bean Genetics Program has conducted germplasm screening to identify beans with low levels of oligosaccharides. A population of 1200 chemically mutagenized beans of the cultivar BAT 93 was analyzed for seed raffinose, stachyose, and sucrose levels via high performance liquid chromatography. Average levels of these three sugars were 0.45%, 1.4% and 2.1% of the dry weight of uncooked seed. The initial screen identified 28 lines that were outliers for one or more of the compounds measured and subsequent screening revealed 4 potential mutant lines. Characterization of the raffinose synthase and stachyose synthase genes in common bean seed is underway and genome screening has revealed this family to contain 13 genes. e-report NEBRASKA Participants: Steadman, J. R.,Urrea, C. A. One contribution to this multistate project is the coordination of national white mold (WM), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, common bean resistance screening nurseries. Field nurseries located in areas with a WM history in six states representing the major production areas provided data that we analyze and summarize. Also, seven greenhouse straw tests provided data for bean lines in early generations, some with crosses to other Phaseolus species and lines with limited seed were evaluated. A preliminary assessment of the data shows two pinto lines and one small red line with partial resistance and adaptation to production areas. A second contribution is the evaluation of a national bean rust nursery in cooperation with USDA-ARS, Beltsville. Agronomic traits and rust reaction evaluation data supported a number of pinto and great northern lines with excellent seed quality, yield potential, architecture and rust/common blight resistance that could be released. A third contribution is the identification of anastamosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani, cause of root rot and damping off of bean and other crops grown in rotation with dry beans such as sugar beet. This R. solani isolate information can be used to screen drought and heat tolerant bean germplasm for root rot/damping off resistance using a newly developed root rot test. From the shuttle breeding program between Nebraska and Puerto Rico, 348 early generation lines were tested under terminal drought conditions. About 1189 individual plants were selected and will be tested in 2012 in Puerto Rico for drought and heat tolerance. Twenty elite lines will be increased in New Zealand for further testing in the 2012 DBDN. Two lines, MST-1 and SN-DT1, with drought/heat and multiple disease resistance, were released by UNL and the USDA-ARS Puerto Rico. From a Buster/SER22 cross, 345 F5:7 RILs were tested in replicated trials under drought and non-drought stress at Mitchell, NE in 2011. Seed yield and 100-seed weight under terminal drought stress was reduced by 60 and 3%, respectively, compared to non-stress. The same set of RILs will be evaluated in Juana Diaz, PR and in Mitchell, NE in 2012. From 1,700 CIAT core collection accessions, 1,685 (99.2%) were susceptible to a local bacterial wilt isolate. Fifteen accessions were resistant to the isolate and to another 6 bacterial wilt isolates. Eight wild beans, 2 P. coccineus, 1 P. acutifolius and 2 cultivated beans were resistant to all isolates tested. We participated in the regional bean trials, MRPN, WRBT (coordinator), and the CDBN. e-report NEW YORK Participants: Halseth, D.E., Griffiths, P.D. A major emphasis of our variety testing program over the past ten years has been on light red kidneys developed by Dr. Don Wallace, with 4 of the light red kidney lines tested in 2011 coming out of his program. These include 773-V98 (now named Wallace, U. S. Plant Variety Protection Certificate No. 200,900.281, Bean, field, Wallace, date issued: November 9, 2009), 1062-V98, NY104 and NY105. Both of these NY lines have been sent to Idaho for commercial seed increase and very limited seed should be available in 2012 for grower trials. One of the primary purposes underlying the Wallace crosses and the new breeding lines has been to identify lines with yield and canning quality comparable to or higher than RedKanner, but with earlier maturity. The Extension dry bean program evaluated 177 new and standard varieties and breeding lines, including those in early stages of development from our own crosses. Trialed material included lines and varieties developed out of public programs and private commercial companies in the US and Canada. The national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery was planted at Freeville in 2011 with 25 entries from several dry bean classes. Yield, maturity, seed size and canning data from all trials will be published in our annual New York State Dry Bean Variety Trials report. Cultivar testing over the past ten years has been primarily on light red kidneys developed by Don Wallace with 4 of the light red kidney lines tested in 2011 coming out of his program. These include: 773-V98 (now named Wallace), 1062-V98, NY104 and NY105. Both of the NY lines have been sent to Idaho for commercial seed increase and limited seed should be available in 2012 for grower trials. One of the primary purposes underlying the breeding program has been to identify lines with yield and canning quality comparable to or higher than RedKanner, but with earlier maturity. White mold tolerant lines from the Griffiths program were included in Halseth/Sandsted field research plots in summer 2011. White mold resistant red kidney and black bean breeding lines have been developed following selection of materials in greenhouse white mold screens 2001-2011. These lines were initially based on material derived from crosses of Cornell lines with Red Kanner and Wallace lines (white mold lines were derived from Redkote2 x NY6603 and NY6633 x Redkote2) for light red kidney material, crosses with T-39 for black bean material and Montcalm for dark red kidney material. From initial selection work Cornell 605 (LRK) proved to be the most promising breeding line performing consistently well in multi-state trials. Populations have subsequently been derived from crosses to CELRK, Cabernet and Wallace. Populations have also been generated from Cornell 611 x Cabernet, Cornell 607 x Montcalm and Cornell 609 x T-39 crosses that were selected at the F5 stage in fall 2011 following two rounds of selection from materials developed in 2010. The white mold resistant lines were inoculated with W-2150 multi-state entries in 2011 to compare with other national breeding lines and varieties in replicated greenhouse trials. Virus resistance in snap bean breeding lines was selected in multiple greenhouse screens in 2011, introgressing genes controlling resistance to CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV/BCMNV. This work included introgression of known genes including a CYVV resistance gene from clipper, bc-3 and the I-gene, new genes introgressed from scarlet runner beans, great northern beans, black beans and navy beans. Differential reactions to multiple virus inoculations was also undertaken in breeding lines and cultivars to identify different gene segregations, optimal combinations, cross resistance and genetic control for re-assembling the optimal combination into commercial cultivars. Evaluating breeding lines selected for resistance to multiple viruses based on the sources initially selected for CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV sources has resulted in a major step forward in understanding the genetic control mechanisms and the desirable gene combinations resulting in cross resistance (resistance to one virus providing resistance to other viruses) combinations for protection against the major viruses being studied. An understanding of the major genes involved with resistance to these viruses is now becoming clear, enabling a change in breeding strategy to fast-track introgression of these resistance genes. e-report NORTH DAKOTA Participants: Osorno, J, McClean, P The main activities involving our station in this multistate project were related to the development of resistance to the new race of bean rust found in Stampede. Progeny tests made in the greenhouses at NDSU and in collaboration with Dr. Talo Pastor-Corrales at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, allowed us to increase the number of resistant plants from 50% to 90% by selecting for the Ur-11 gene. Seed increases have been made in collaboration with Dr. Phil Miklas at USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA. Additional activities involving this multistate project are the screening of breeding lines for white mold, root rots, common bacterial blight, halo blight, and brown spot, and drought tolerance, among others. Screening of genotypes tolerant to drought conditions and mapping of potential new QTLs in a RIL population of (Buster x SER-22) is underway in collaboration with Dr. Carlos Urrea at UNL and Dr. Tim Porch at USDA-TARS. Germplasm exchange has been facilitated by some regional trials such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), among others. Finally, the first canning tests were made at our new canning facilities shared with the Northern Crops Institute. In the future, canning tests could be offered to other breeding programs and other institutions interested. Two lines with potential resistance to white mold have been shared through the National White Mold Nursery (NWM) with excellent results so far. e-report OREGON Participant: Myers J.R. The main focus of the breeding program is to develop white mold resistant bush blue lake green beans. Our long term approach has been to introgress resistance from P. coccineus using the backcross-inbred (BCIB) method. Three populations have been studied (OR 91G/PI25596, OR 91G/PI433251B and OR 91G/PI433251B) and five QTL have been identified on Pv02, Pv03, Pv05, and Pv09. The populations had severe segregation distortion and not all linkage groups were represented in each population. Segregation distortion took the form of too many heterozygotes and too few of the donor parent alleles. Residual heterozygosity is probably retained long after it should have decayed by selection for normal phenotype, which favors the heterozygous condition over homozygous P. coccineus alleles in a P. vulgaris background. As for the missing linkage groups, these appeared to be missing at random since polymorphic markers (with positions known from P. vulgaris SSR maps) were present for each linkage group in each population. These five QTL are being validated by crossing to OSU5613 BBL green bean and Beryl great northern. Segregation for selected markers and phenotypic expression will be examined in the F2 and higher generations where families can be produced for phenotyping. A total of 19 BCIB lines from all three populations are being used in these crosses. BBL advanced lines with the NY6020 partial resistance were developed by selecting in two seasons under moderate white mold pressure. Lines were also selected for improved plant architecture. These were screened in a greenhouse straw test and with the Pv07 and Pv08 QTL markers and 101 lines were retained which had the desired markers and showed some resistance in the straw test. An advanced breeding line, OSU 6443 is being considered for release. It has about 1/2 T/A higher yield advantage over OSU 5630, and possesses very high quality pods and a significantly better growth habit. e-Report PUERTO RICO Participants: Beaver, J.S, Alameda, M., Zapata, M., Porch, T. The white bean breeding line PR0442-28, which combines resistance to BGYMV, BCMV and BCMNV and yields as well as Verano was released as Beniquez. The pink bean breeding line PR0401-259, that combines resistance to BGYMV, BCMV, common bacterial blight and web blight, and the black bean breeding line PR0650-31, that combines resistance to BCMV common bacterial blight and web blight, were released as improved germplasm. The UPR participated in the release of multiple-stress-tolerant black bean germplasm lines TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1. White bean breeding lines that combine resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV, BCMV, common bacterial blight and rust are being developed. Interspecific (P. vulgaris x P. coccineus) breeding lines were identified at the University of Idaho to have white mold resistance. Resistance to common bacterial blight linked to SCAR marker SAP 6 was found to be conferred by the single dominant gene Xap-1. First pathogenic race of Xap was designated as XapV1. During the past year, common and Lima bean lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the University of Delaware and the USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in nurseries planted in Puerto Rico. Several black bean lines developed for heat tolerance and tested for drought in the shuttle breeding program between USDA-ARS, U. of Nebraska, and U. of Puerto Rico were released, TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1. ARS participated in the U. of Puerto Rico release of PR0401-259, PR0650-31, and Beniquez, which combine virus, web blight, and CBB resistance. Advanced lines with tropical sources of root rot and CBB resistance and tolerance to low fertility, tested in collaboration with Cornell in Geneva, NY, are being considered for release. Tepary germplasm, with drought and heat tolerance, have been developed with improved seed size. New germplasm from CIAT has been tested under different abiotic and biotic stress conditions and is being selected for inclusion in the conversion program. e-report: WISCONSIN Participant: Nienhuis, J. Sugars, including fructose, glucose, and sucrose contribute significantly to the flavor and consumer acceptance of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Little is known regarding differences in sugar content among snap bean and dry bean cultivars and the patterns of sugar accumulation with increasing pod size. Alcohol-soluble sugar concentration of five snap bean cultivars and one dry bean cultivar planted in field trials was assayed throughout pod development over two years using high-performance liquid chromatography. Significant differences in sugar accumulation patterns and quantity were observed among cultivars. In general, fructose and glucose content decreased while sucrose increased with increasing pod size in snap beans. In contrast, fructose and glucose amounts increased while sucrose concentration remained unchanged with increasing pod size in the dry bean cultivar. No year by genotype interactions were observed for sugar accumulation patterns or sugar amount. e-report: WASHINGTON Participant: Miklas, P. Released two germplasm lines and one cultivar in 2011-2012: USCR-CBB-20 is a cranberry line with improved level of resistance to common bacterial blight, combined with good yield potential (ARS, ID). Krimson is a cranberry bean cultivar with resistance to Beet curly top virus, moderate maturity, and slightly better yield potential than the check cultivar Cardinal (ARS, private industry).USPT-WM-12 is a new pinto bean germplasm release (pending in early 2012) with improved level of partial resistance to Sclerotinia white mold in field and greenhouse. Under field conditions this line has extremely high yield potential under moderate to high white mold disease pressure in Michigan. This pinto also has a surprisingly high level of partial resistance to white mold in the straw tests conducted in WA. USPT-WM-12 also has performed well in the BWMN which test lines for white mold reaction across multiple field and greenhouse environments (ARS, MI, NE-BWMN). Indel markers and whole genome sequence for bean generated by the BeanCAP project, in combination with genomic synteny with soybean, and RNAseq studies, have led to fine mapping the WM8.3 QTL for white mold resistance. Similar work is underway for fine mapping and candidate gene discovery for the WM7.1 QTL conditioning partial resistance to white mold (ARS, NDSU).Additional indel markers from the BeanCAP project are being used to improve marker resolution for a recently discovered QTL for bacterial wilt resistance on Pv7 (ARS, AC-Canada). We are moving the slow darkening trait into pinto beans with higher yield potential and wider adaptation. (ARS, NDSU). To facilitate breeding for slow darkening trait we tagged the sd gene with three SSR markers which were discovered by SNP analysis and whole genome sequencing. One of the markers is within 1 cM of the sd locus and will be useful for MAS (ARS, U. Sask.). Candidate gene analysis for sd is underway. The Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) was conducted in 2011 across ten states (CA, CO, ID, MD, MI, MT, ND, NE, NY, and WA) and Ontario, Canada. There were 24 entries which included three checks. The test materials consisted primarily of pinto beans and a few cranberry, great northern, kidney, and navy beans. The 2011 CDBN final report is currently in preparation and will be published online on the BIC and USDA-ARS-Prosser websites. Three to four rounds of MAS-BC for Co-4(2), SU91, and Ur-5 gene combination (anthracnose, common bacterial blight, rust) in pinto bean with slow darkening trait is nearing Phase I completion. The next Phase II will consist of phenotypic selection among the MAS-BC generated materials for the associated traits which will be conducted in collaboration with others (ARS, CO, ID, MI).

Publications

Abawi, G.S., T.G. Porch, and J.D. Kelly. 2011. Field and greenhouse evaluation of bean germplasm for root rot and other diseases in New York, 2010. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:142-143. Astudillo, C., and K.A. Cichy. 2011. Characterization and expression analysis of a dehydrin gene in Phaseolus vulgaris. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:16-17. Beaver, J.S. 2010. Contributions of genetic diversity to the improvement of dry edible beans. Invited presentation made at the C-08 Symposium Using genetic resources: Does it have a role in increasing yield? 2010. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Long Beach, CA. 2 Nov. 2010. Brick, M.A., J.B. Ogg, H.F. Schwartz, J.J. Johnson, F. Judson, S.P. Singh, P.N. Miklas, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2011. Registration of Croissant Pinto Bean. J. of Plant Reg. 5:1-5. Brick, M.A., M.A. Newell, P.F. Byrne, and H.F. Schwartz. 2010. Introgression of resistance to white mold derived from multiple sources of common and scarlet runner bean. USDA Sclerotinia Initative Workshop. Minneapolis, MN Jan 19-121, 2011. Brick, M.A., J.B. Ogg, H.F. Schwartz, and F. Judson. 2011. Release of Shiny Black Pearl black bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:212-213. Brick, L.A., D. Echeverria, M.A. Brick, and H. Thompson H. 2011. Dietary Fiber content of dry edible beans based on the 2009.01 CODEX Method. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:4-5. Brisco, E.I., T.G. Porch, and J.D. Kelly.2011. Comparison of choice versus no-choice tests of a dry bean IBL population for resistance to potato leafhopper. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:88-89. Butler, N., and K.A. Cichy. 2011. Protein Content and Canning Quality of Historically Important Navy Bean Varieties in Michigan. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:8-9. Daniell, E.L., E. Ryan, M.A. Brick, and H.J. Thompson. 2012. Dietary Dry Bean Effects on Hepatic Expression of Stress and Toxicity Related Genes in Rats. British J. Nutrition. (In Press). de Souza, T.L.P., E.G. de Barros., C.M. Bellato, E.Y. Hwang, P.B. Cregan, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2010. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53: 108-109. Duncan, R.W., S.P. Singh, and R.L. Gilbertson. 2011. Interaction of common bacterial blight bacteria with disease resistance quantitative trait loci in common bean. Phytopathology 101:425-435. Estevez de Jensen, C., O. Faria, T.G. Porch, and J.S. Beaver. 2011. Speed of nodulation of UMR 1899 and UMR 1597 in common bean breeding lines. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:168-169. Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., A. Cruz, A. Garcia, J. Kami, P.S. Vidigal Filho, L. Sousa, P. McClean, P. Gepts, and M.A., Pastor-Corrales. 2011. Linkage mapping of the Phg-1 and Co-1(4) genes for resistance to angular leaf spot and anthracnose in the common bean cultivar AND 277. Theor. Appl. Genet. 122: 893-903. Halseth, D.E., E.R. Sandsted, W.L. Hymes, R.L. MacLaury, J.M. Kelly, B. Rich, and D. Hoy. 2011. 2010 New York State dry bean variety trials. Cornell University, Department of Horticulture Report No. 67, 24 pages. Halseth, D.E., E.R. Sandsted, W.L. Hymes, R.L. MacLaury, J.M. Kelly, B. Rich, and D. Hoy. 2011. 2010 New York State dry bean variety fact sheet. Cornell University, Dept. Hort. Rep. No. 66, 18 pp. Hart, J., and P.D. Griffiths. 2010. Differentiation of aphid-transmitted viruses in snap beans using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Annu. Rep. Bean. Improv. Coop 53:98-99. Hart, J.P., and P.D. Griffiths. 2011. Molecular and phenotypic evidence for multiple alleles at the recessive potyvirus resistance locus eIF4E. Bean Improv. Coop. Program and Abstracts p32. Harveson, R.M., C.A. Urrea, and C.D. Yonts. 2011. Summarizing eight years of bacterial wilt research in Nebraska. The StarHerald, Scottsbluff, NE. P.1. June 5, 2011. Harveson, R.M., C.D. Yonts, and C.A. Urrea. 2011. Evaluating cooper applications for managing bacterial wilt infections in dry beans. The Bean Bag. 29(2):9 & 20. Harveson, R.M., C.A. Urrea, and C.D. Yonts. 2011. Reflection on bacterial wilt and a summary of studies conducted in Nebraska. The Bean Bag 29(1): 4 & 7. Harveson, R.M., H.F. Schwartz, and C.A. Urrea. 2011. Bacterial wilt of dry beans in western Nebraska. NebGuide G1562, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 4 pp. Hodel, L. 2011. Identification of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines for relative nitrogen response in a population derived from a Mesoamerican x Andean cross. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Hyten, D.L., Q. Song, E.W. Fickus, C.W. Quigley, J.S. Lim, I.Y. Choi, E.Y. Hwang, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, and P.B. Cregan. 2010. High-throughput SNP discovery and assay development in common bean. BMC Genomics 11:475. Langham, M.A.C., H.F. Schwartz, S.A. Tolin, J. Golod, J. LaForest, and K.F. Cardwell. 2011. Legume IpmPIPE: A New Option for Generating, Summarizing, and Disseminating Real-time Pest Data to Stakeholders. J. of Integrated Pest Management DOI: 10.1603/IPM11003. Mbogo, K.P, J. Davis, and J.R. Myers. 2009. Transfer of the arcelin-phytohaemagglutinin-alpha amylase inhibitor seed protein locus from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) to common bean (P. vulgaris L.). Biotechnology 8:285-295 (DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2009.285.295). McClean, P.E., J. Burridge, S. Beebe, I.M. Rao, and T.G. Porch. 2011. Crop improvement in the era of climate change: an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Functional Plant Biology. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP11102). McCoy, S., R. Higgins, and J.R. Steadman. 2011. The search for resistance to a disease of common bean caused by a soilborne necrotrophic fungus. Phytopathology 101:S278. McCoy, S., B. Higgins and J.R. Steadman. 2011. Use of multi site screening to identify partial resistance to white mold in common bean in 2010. Annu. Rep. Bean. Improv. Coop 54:128-129. Miklas, P.N., S.P. Singh, H. Teran, J.D. Kelly, and J.R. Smith. 2011. Registration of common bacterial blight resistant cranberry dry bean germplasm line USCR-CBB-20. J. Plant Reg. 5:98-102. Miklas, P.N., D. Fourie, J. Trapp, R.C. Larsen, C. Chavarro, M.W. Blair, and P. Gepts. 2011 Genetic characterization and molecular mapping Pse-2 gene for resistance to halo blight in common bean. Crop Sci. 51: 2439-2448. Mkwaila, W., K.A. Terpstra, M. Ender, and J.D. Kelly. 2011. Identification of QTL for resistance to white mold in wild and landrace germplasm of common bean. Plant Breeding 130:665-672. Mkwaila, W., and J.D. Kelly. 2011. Heritability estimates and phenotypic correlations for white mold resistance and agronomic traits in pinto bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:134-135. Myers, J.R., S. Zimmerman, J.E. Haggard, J. Davis and D. Kean. 2011. Synthesis of white mold QTL efforts in Phaseolus coccineus x P. vulgaris backcross inbred populations. National Sclerotinia Initiatitve meeting, Minneapolis MN, Jan 19-21, (abstract). Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.M. Osorno, S.G. Markell, and R.S. Goswami. 2011. Identifying plants of Stampede pinto bean with resistance to new races of rust pathogen. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:126-127. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J. Rayapati, J.M. Osorno, J.D. Kelly, E.M. Wright, M.A. Brick, S.G. Markell, and R.S. Goswami. 2010. Reaction of common bean cultivars to two new races of the rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53: 64-65. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., M.A. Wright, S.G. Markell, H.E. Awale, J.D. Kelly, J.G. Jordahl, R.S. Lamppa, F.M. Mathew, J.M. Osorno, and R.S. Goswami. 2010 Comparing the virulence of new races of the common bean rust pathogen from Michigan and North Dakota. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53: 128-129. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.R. Steadman, C.A. Urrea, M.W. Blair, and J.P. Venegas. 2011. The Domesticated Tepary bean accession G 40022 has broader resistance to the highly variable bean rust pathogen than the known rust resistance genes in common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54: 124-125. Pena, P.A., C.A. Urrea, and J.R. Steadman. 2011. Identification of Sources of Rhizoctonia Root Rot Resistance in Drought Tolerant Dry Beans. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:154-155. Porch, T.G., C.A. Urrea, J.S. Beaver, S. Valentin, P.A. Pena, and J.R. Smith. 2011. Registration of TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1 multiple-stress-tolerant black germplasm. J. Plant Reg. 5:1-6. Porch, T.G., and P.D. Griffiths. 2011. Strategies to improve adaptation of common bean to high ambient temperature. Bean Improv. Coop. Program and Abstracts p16. Ramirez Builes, V.H., T.G. Porch, and E.H. Harmsen. 2011. Evaluation of the efficiency of water use in common bean under drought and non-stress conditions in the greenhouse and field. Agron. J. 103:1206-1215. Roman-Aviles, B., J.M. Lewis, and J.D. Kelly. 2011. Fusarium Genetic Control: A Long Term Strategy. In: Control of Fusarium Diseases, Editors: Fernando M. Alves-Santos and Julio J. Diez. 2011:000-000 ISBN: 978-81-308-0470-5. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A. Brick. 2011 On-farm validation of cultural practice adjustments to improve white mold management in dry bean irrigation systems. USDA Sclerotinia Initative Workshop. Minneapolis, MN Jan 19-121, 2011. Schwartz, H.F., and M.A.C. Langham. 2011. Legume ipmPIPE update and future plans. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:2-3. Singh, S.P., and H.F. Schwartz. 2010. Breeding common bean for resistance to insect pests and nematodes: A Review Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 239-250. Singh, S.P., H. Teran, M. Lema, and R. Hayes. 2011. Selection for dry bean yield on-station versus on-farm conventional and organic production systems. Crop Sci. 51: 621-630. Skoglund, L.G.,R.M. Harveson, W.Chen, F.Dugan, H.F.Schwartz,S.G. Markell,L. Porter, M.L. Burrows, and R. Goswami. 2011. Ascochyta blight of peas. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0330-01-RS. Souza, T.L.P.O., E.G. de Barros, C.M. Bellato, E.Y. Hwang, P.B. Cregan, and M.A. Pastor-Corrales. 2011. Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in common bean. Mol Breeding. DOI 10.1007/s11032-011-9632-4. Soule, M., L. Porter, J. Medina. G.P. Santana, M.W. Blair, and P.N. Miklas. 2011. Comparative QTL map for white mold resistance in common bean, and characterization of partial resistance in dry bean lines VA19 and I9365-31. Crop Sci. 51:123-139. Urrea, C.A., C.D. Yonts, and J. Smith. 2011. Improving dry bean production systems under limited irrigation by integrating variety drought tolerance, soil water based irrigation scheduling, and alleviation of soil compaction. 2011. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 54: 156-157. Vandenlangenberg, K. 2011. Understanding fructose, glucose, and sucrose accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Walters, H., M.A. Brick, and J.B. Ogg. 2011. Evaluation of heirloom beans in northern Colorado. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:56-57. Wasonga, C.J., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, T.G. Porch, and P.D. Griffiths. 2010. Targeting Gene Combinations for Broad-spectrum Rust Resistance in Heat-tolerant Snap Beans Developed for Tropical Environments. J. Americ. Hort Sci. 135: 521-532. Wasonga, C.J., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, T. Porch, and P.D. Griffiths. 2010. Evaluation of Snap Bean Genotypes Combining Rust Resistance and Heat Tolerance Traits in East Africa. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 53: 60-61. Wright, E.M., and J.D. Kelly. 2011. Mapping QTL for seed yield and canning quality following processing of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Euphytica 179:471484. Zapata, M., J.S. Beaver, and T.G. Porch. 2011. Dominant gene for common bean resistance to common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Phaseoli. Euphytica 179:373-382. Zimmerman, S. 2010. Transfer, Characterization and Mapping of White Mold Resistance in an Advanced Backcross Interspecific Population Between Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus coccineus; MS. Thesis, Oregon State University, June, 2010.

Impact Statements

Verano is the most popular white-seeded bean cultivar in Puerto Rico. During the past year, > 10,000 lbs of bean seed of the white-seeded cultivars Verano and Morales were produced at the Isabela Substation.
The guide containing recommendations for bean production in Puerto Rico is available to farmers, extension agents and students at the following web site http://academic.uprm.edu/jbeaver/ .
The PhaseolusGenes has demonstrated its usefulness by facilitating the discovery of two STS markers to tag a disease resistance gene, namely the Phg-1 gene for resistance to angular leaf spot (see Goncalves-Vidigal et al. 2011). The database also allows discovery of candidate genes through synteny with related legumes such as soybean and, more distantly, model species such as Arabidopsis. Through synteny with soybean, genes such as the Pse-2 gene for resistance against the halo blight pathogen was mapped onto chromosome 10 of common bean (Miklas et al. 2011).
The legume industry has been impacted by the Legume IPM-PIPE with a conservative return of 5 percent by reducing losses from diseases and pests affecting: common beans, snap beans, lima beans, chickpeas, lentils, and peas. A series of 32 field cards covering legume growth stages, diseases and insects has been printed and delivered to more than 10,000 stakeholders throughout North America as well as posted online.
Lines developed for white mold resistance in collaboration with University of Idaho exhibited higher levels of white mold resistance than the individual parents.
Elucidated the genetic resistance in Andean common bean cultivar AND 277 to the anthracnose and angular leaf spot pathogens.
In Michigan, the adoption of new upright black bean varieties from MSU breeding program has provided growers with opportunity to direct harvest the crop and thus reduce production costs.
Great northern bean variety Coyne released in 2008 is productive, has excellent seed and is resistant to common blight and bean rust. Coyne will generate a gross income of $2.3 million in 2011. Royalty fees will come back to the breeding program. There will be a direct cost savings of $450,000/year to growers because of reduced use of chemicals.
A significant problem in dry bean production is susceptibility to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), particularly during cool, damp seasons. Cornell 601 (LRK), Cornell 603 (DRK), Cornell 604 (black kidney), and Cornell 605 (LRK) lines developed by Griffiths represent the best white mold resistance currently available in the US. These show acceptable agronomic and processing potential and are now being used in further Cornell crosses.
The processed vegetable industry in the Willamette Valley, OR, grow about 18,500 A of bush blue lake green beans. Most acreage grown by the industry is OR 91G but a recent release, OSU 5630 now occupies about 1/2 of the acreage. OSU 5630 shows about a one T/A yield advantage, and has better uniformity and quality than OR 91G. The value of total production for processed beans averages $22 M, which leads to an estimate of $11.0 M in farm gate sales for this OSU 5630 in 2010. Processors in the Willamette Valley indicate they will be switching almost entirely from OR 91G to OSU 5630 in the next few years.
A recent growers survey showed that 50% of the MIN-DAK region planted with pinto beans used NDSU varieties (Lariat, Stampede, ND-307, and Maverick). Also, 66% of the black bean acreage was planted with Eclipse, which was released by NDSU in 2004 and 17% of the navy bean area was planted either with Norstar or Avalanche, which were released in 1991 and 2008, respectively. With a state average seed yield of 15.5 cwt per acre and an average price of $24 per cwt across all market classes for 2010, dry bean varieties from NDSU helped to contribute $134 million to the state‘s economy last year.

Date of Annual Report: 01/18/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/05/2012 - 11/05/2012
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

Brick, Mark (mark.brick@colostate.edu) - Colorado State University;
Cichy, Karen (Karen.cichy@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-East Lansing;
Grusak, Michael (mike.grusak@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Huston;
Hart, John (jph248@cornell.edu) - Cornell University;
Kalavacharla, Venu (vkalvacharla@desu.edu) - Delaware State University;
Kelly, Jim (kellyj@msu.edu) - Michigan State University;
Nienhuis, Jim (Nienhuis@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin;
Noffsinger, Steve (snoffsinger@senecafoods.com) - Seneca Foods Corp;
Osorno, Juan (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Singh, Shree (singh@kimberly.uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho-Kimberly;
Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS - Prosser;
Porch, Tim (tim.porch@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Mayaguez;
Pastor-Corrales, M.A.(talo.pastor-corrales@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Beltsville;
Rueda, Janice (janice.rueda@wsu.edu) - American Pulse Association;
Steadman, Jim (jsteadman1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
Urrea, Carlos (currea2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;
Wisler, Gail (gail.wisler@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Beltsville;

Brief Summary of Minutes

The W2150 meeting was called to order by Karen Cichy, Chairperson, at 8:17 AM. Janice Rueda volunteered and was unanimously voted as secretary and Kal Kalavacharla was the vice-chair for this meeting. Dr. Donn Thill gave an administrative update of the W2150 program. The W2150 records were good through 2011, so funding should continue through 2015. A 3-year review will be done in 2013, involving a multistate research committee to look at the W2150.

State reports followed:
University of Puerto Rico: Tim Porch reported that 10,000 lbs of the white seeded Verano and Moraz beans were produced this year at the Isabela Substation. Verano was rated 3-4 on resistance for common bacterial blight (CBB) while Moraz was very susceptible. Genetic work is being done with CBB and the initial data indicates a recessive gene originating from Vax 6. Porch is working with Beaver and Brick on the release of tepary bean lines with bruchid, CBB, and drought tolerance. Porch is working with Singh to develop white mold and CBB resistant cranberry beans. Porch completed evaluations with the Andean diversity panel for disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance.

Colorado State University: Mark Brick reported that funding for the IPM Legume PIPE will not continue, but the digital resources and web site will still be accessible to stakeholders. Links to new USDA-NIFA projects will also be provided, including international programs to reduce losses from root rot disease in Africa. Schwartz has ongoing work with Singh to pyramid white mold resistance from wild sources and related species into pinto bean. The breeding program evaluated 14,000 breeding lines and increased seed for 7 promising pinto lines in western Colorado. Fiber and oligosaccharides are being quantified through the BeanCap. There were differences in dietary fiber (16-27% dry weight). Mark has released a new pinto with Ur-6 for rust. It rates 3 on pustules, but it does not have Ur-5 resistance. It has the bc-2 gene. Brick has introgressed nuna popping beans into temperate germplasm and is developing 2 bush- habit, photoperiod insensitive releases.

Washington: Phil Miklas said the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) reports are posted at (http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/docs.htm?Docid=21679) which also includes the Dry Bean Yield Trials, Dry Bean Multiple Stress Plot Trials, white mold trial data, SCAR markers for bean diseases, and a list of USDA Dry Edible Bean Releases. Juan has reports for the CDBN through 1980 that he will convert to PDF form for posting as well. Miklas stated that yield, 100 seed wt, and harvest maturity are minimum data that needs to be collected at your location if you are going to do CDBN testing. Stability of yield across locations was analyzed by geometric means in the CDBN. Andean types tended to have lower yield and stability across locations. The CDBN test included 20 lines this year, few pinks, few reds, and a few great northern. Miklas participated in the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT, includes CO, ID, NE, and WA, coordinated by Brick), and the Bean White Mold Nursery (BWMN coordinated by Steadman). He is evaluating breeding nurseries for BNF capacity. Miklas is performing white mold screening for the private industry, and working with Myers on fine QTL mapping for white mold resistance. Miklas is doing Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for pintos for the common bacterial blight resistance gene, Ur-5 rust gene with Talo, and the Co-42 anthracnose resistance gene with Kelly. The Andean diversity panel was evaluated under stress conditions- compacted soil, low fertility, root rot pathogens and drought.

Nebraska: Jim Steadman reported that for white mold/sclerotinia testing, 9 lines were tested across 7 sites, and 27 went into the nursery. Steadman is characterizing subspecies of sclerotinia, including those found in sunflower. In private company sunflower screens prior to going to oil, if the white mold is too high, it goes to bird seed. They don't know if the isolates have increased virulence, but they are probably being spread all over the world through bird seed. Previous studies indicate that cattle destroy sclerotinia in their intestinal tracts, but they do not know if birds destroy white mold. Carlos Urrea reported that the production quality is looking good this year. The industry is looking at direct harvest and narrow row spacing (15") for production. Growers are making $400/acre when baling bean straw. Drought experiments were conducted on 330 F3:4 lines. They are screening for resistance to Bacterial Brown Spot which is a problem in Nebraska. Nebraska has 11,000 acres in Coyne, which has a large seed and looks good in the field. Carlos thought it would replace Beryl-R.

Maryland: Talo Pastor-Corrales reported that regarding rust, beans need 5 hours of low temperatures and high humidity at night to get it. In 2012 in Maryland they had 2 weeks at 105-109 degrees F and were very dry. Flowering was severely affected by the heat. For the CDBN, rust showed very late with 4 inoculations. Very few Andean materials have broad resistance. In the greenhouse, they used races 56 and 108 to quickly eliminate progeny. For black bean, in Guatemala, they have resistance to races infecting important rust resistance genes, unique from PI 260418 (susceptible to race 84) and Ouro Negro (susceptible to race 108). PI 181996 (108 sus) is called Ur-11. PI 260418 and Ouro Negro are both resistant to race 85. Pinto 114 is resistant to races 38 and 39 but very susceptible to other races.

Wisconsin: Jim Nienhuis is studying flavor and nutrition in snap beans. They found that as sieve size increases, fructose and glucose decrease. They also found different results for dry bean backgrounds. They are planning to use an inbred backcross population and SNPs in the future for this project, and they sent the material to Cregan (BeanCAP) for screening. Nienhuis is studying N use efficiency to increase yields in organic production. There are also root rot and seed corn maggot issues in organic production. Spinosad (Entrust is trade name) is used as an organic insecticide and it improves germination. In his root rot research (purgatory selection plot at Hancock, WI) this year, they had Fusarium with the drought condition. They have Eagle x Puebla 152 inbred backcrosses and using SNPs for mapping. Nienhuis is working on the identification of genes associated with snap bean domestication.

Michigan: Jim Kelly reported that in the MI bean growing region there were high temperatures and below normal rainfall this year. Good rains in August helped the bean crop. MSU breeding program conducted 24 yield trials in 10 market classes of dry bean and participated in the CDBN, MRPN, and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in MI and a winter nursery in Puerto Rico. Releases: Eldorado pinto - has been the top yielder since 2007 in MI; also the top yielder with variety trials since 2009; it is full season (100-105 day bean); tolerant of white mold, and upright, they have it direct harvested in yield trials. Rosetta - upright type pink bean, has nice color, doesn't have stem snap off problem of Sedona. Snowdon - early season white kidney, brighter seed, better yield; inadequate seed is available at the moment. Zorro - upright black bean has allowed growers to direct harvest the crop and thus reduce production costs.
Karen Cichy is looking at the genetic basis for color retention in canned black beans. They are using Black Magic and Shiny Crow, and progeny for gene mapping. The shiny seed coat doesn't influence color retention (and it is on separate linkage group) but it affects/slows down water absorption during processing.

Idaho: For Shree Singh's pinto breeding project he is making selections for moderate slow darkening. Singh transferred white mold resistance from P. coccineus to common bean (pintos). His backcrosses included Othello and Pinto UI-320. From the UI-320 class, he selected 42-48 lines, and then he selected 3 breeding lines of pintos with higher levels of white mold resistance. Singh is attempting to pyramid white mold resistance in Andean germplasm. Shree is working with Miklas on CBB in two RIL populations: Othello x VAX 1, and Othello x VAX 3. They found that SU91 gives good resistance in primary and trifoliate leaves but not in the pods. Eventually, they also plan to screen pods for CBB resistance.

North Dakota: Juan Osorno reported that ND had record yields this year. They didn't have rains discoloring beans during seed harvest so that was good, besides not having flooded soils like they did the previous year. North Dakota has 680,000 acres total in beans which is 63% pintos, although black beans are increasing and pinto acreage is going down. Release: Rio Rojo - variety release of a new small red this year; it has the best levels of CBB resistance in a common red line and outyields most of the red beans; the seed quality is not as good as Merlot. New version of Stampede is resistant to new rust race. ND61106 - does well under fields with root rot (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia) in Minnesota; has infected field now. There is a new Pulse Pathologist at NDSU - Julie Pasche. Update on NDSU production guide will be coming out soon (last one was in 2003). There is now a new race of rust in late material (not Ur-3) in ND. It doesn't presently affect anything because it occurs during the dry down period prior to harvest.

Delaware: Venu Kalavacharla reported that he is working on genomic resources in common bean, for rust and drought. He is using a transcriptome sequencing library from leaves, roots, and pods that will be published right after BIC 2011. The sequences are available for download. Many root specific transcripts are related to nodulation. His goal is to map these with populations of beans using ESTs SSRs, and he believes most are new markers. Kal fast neutron bombarded Sierra seed which resulted in 2 susceptible plants with a mutation in Ur-3. Kal is also looking at epigenetics, a gene at 2 different locations in DNA with either changes in chromatin structure and CHIP-seq from Sierra, etc. in the leaves. He is looking for progeny from crosses or wide crosses with weird symptoms in the leaves, etc. Kal wants to develop a bridge between classical and molecular breeding fields for students. Funding is coming through 2007 NSF, and he is going for another round of funding.

American Pulse Association: Janice Rueda updated the group on the activities of the American Pulse Association. She said the USDA Dietary Guidelines 2005 recommendations for pulse crops were 3 cups per week and were reduced by 50% in 2010 to 1.5 cups per week. She presented an update on the two pulse initiatives in the 2012 Farm Bill, the Pulse Health Initiative ($125 Million) and the Pulse School Food Pilot Initiative ($10 Million). The APA research program was also presented. The pea and lentil organization contributed $250,000 for fiscal year 2012-13 to jumpstart health and nutrition research on pulse crops. $100K is designated for the commission of research reviews which will aim to compare the nutritional characteristics of pulse crops to those of whole grains, which are currently associated with many health benefits by consumers, despite a distinct lack of conclusive scientific evidence.

Final W2150 Meeting Notes: Steadman pointed out that the new secretary for the Portland W2150 will take care of the 5 year W2150 renewal as President in 2015. Osorno suggested that someone who receives money from the W2150 should be the new secretary in 2013, so they could be the President in 2015. Discussion followed. Group will vote on the new secretary at the next W2150 meeting in Portland, OR. The W2150 Meeting adjourned at 3:35 PM and was followed by the Phaseolus Crop Germplasm Committee Meeting (Mark Brick, Acting Chair), and the Genetics Committee Meeting (Tim Porch, Chair).

Accomplishments

e-report ARIZONA: Nothing to report e-report CALIFORNIA: Nothing to report e-report COLORADO Participant: Brick, M., Schwartz, H. Colorado State University concluded the final year as coordinator for the IPM Legume PIPE national network of sentinel plots throughout 20 states of the U.S. to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust (SBR), common rust, white mold, root rots, bacterial and viral diseases, and insect pests. Each State Coordinator established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on pest and disease monitoring in Sentinel Plots and/or commercial legume fields during the season; and established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public. Since its inception, the Legume ipmPIPE project has evolved in its scope and interactivity with state, regional, and national stakeholders and organizations involved with the production, pest management (emphasis upon IPM strategies including selection of disease resistant varieties, planting clean seed, suitable crop rotation, scouting and confirmation of economic threats from disease organisms and insect pests, and timely application of pesticides as needed) and marketing of legumes (emphasis on non-soybean crops). The Legume ipmPIPE web site and digital resources will be archived for access by stakeholders and linkage to new USDA-NIFA projects that will include international programs designed to reduce losses from root rot diseases in Africa. An ongoing germplasm improvement project with the University of Idaho (Shree Singh) is designed to pyramid white mold resistance from Phaseolus species of the primary and secondary gene pools and introgress the highest levels into pinto bean, the largest market class in the USA and North America. Agronomic studies during the last three years showed that planting double lines instead of single lines per bed increased yield an average of 10 percent for less prostrate pinto varieties such as Croissant and Stampede when compared to a prostrate variety Montrose grown at 84000 plants per acre. Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 50,000 acres in 2012. The Dry Bean Breeding Project evaluated more than 14,000 lines in the breeding program and increased pure seed of seven promising pinto breeding lines in western Colorado. The breeding program collaborated with state experiment station personnel from MI, NE, and ND as well as the USDA and private seed companies in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials and the Colorado Crops Testing Program to evaluate elite lines. There continues to be a need to provide producers and processors with updated information on cultivars and pest control to maximize economic return and reduce pesticide use. e-report IDAHO Participants Shree Singh. Pinto Bean Breeding. Three hundred seventy-three families and breeding lines (F1:4 and F1:6) of pinto (the largest market class in Idaho and North America) derived from 19 populations that were harvested in bulk in 2011 and 7 controls were evaluated in the high input and compacted soil with continual bean production systems since 1950 at Kimberly, ID. Each plot consisted of 1 to 4 rows 12.5 feet long without replicates. These were tested for general adaptation, plant type, maturity, and seed characteristics. Harvested seed from 70 selected families and breeding lines was cleaned and stored at room temperature for characterizing for post-harvest seed coat color darkening. In early December 2012, all unacceptable darkened families and breeding lines will be discarded. Seed of surviving families and breeding lines will be sent to Puerto Rico for increase during the off season and for further evaluations in ID and other Western States in 2013.White Mold Resistance. Common bean has only partial or low levels of resistance to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Forty-two breeding lines with high levels of white mold resistance and seven susceptible and resistant controls were evaluated against an aggressive (ND) and less-aggressive (AR) isolates of S. sclerotiorum in the greenhouse at Kimberly. The 42 genotypes included interspecific breeding lines derived from Phaseolus coccineus and P. costaricensis, and breeding lines derived from crosses among white mold resistant large-seeded Andean germplasm and from multiple-parent crosses involving Phaseolus species of the primary and secondary gene pools. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. Each plant consisted of 6 plants, which were inoculated three times beginning at the fifth inter-node with 48 hours old culture of S. sclerotiorum and evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post the first inoculation. Three interspecific and four breeding lines with pyramided resistance were selected for further evaluations and release to public and private researchers. We also evaluated the parents, F1, and F2 of pinto Othello x A 195 and A 195 x G 122 against the less aggressive and aggressive isolates of S. sclerotiorum in the greenhouse at Kimberly. Othello is highly susceptible to white mold, and A 195 and G 122 are highly resistant. Data is being compiled and analyzed. Also, we will conduct follow up research to test genetic hypotheses developed from this inheritance study. Common Bacterial Blight Resistance. Common bean also has low levels of resistance to common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. Also, there is a zero tolerance for that and other seed-transmitted bacterial diseases in ID. The highest levels of resistance occur in the tepary bean (P. acutifolius, a member of the tertiary gene pool of the common bean) and interspecific breeding lines derived from that such as VAX 1 to VAX 6. There are two known markers, namely BC420 and SU91, linked to the tepary bean derived resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL). The BC420 marker is linked with undesirable seed coat color such that seed color of genotypes carrying that QTL are unacceptably dark. Thus, the BC420 linked QTL could not be used in developing commercially acceptable colored beans (e.g., pinto, pink, and red market classes of bean) resistant to common bacterial blight. The resistance response of the SU91 linked QTL in the trifoliolate leaves is well documented. But, the response of SU91 linked QTL in pods is not known. We screened several dozen F6-derived F7 recombinant inbred lines from Othello x VAX 1 and Othello x VAX 3 crosses to identify new common bacterial blight resistance QTL derived from the tepary bean, and to determine the response of SU91 in the pod. Our results indicate that while SU91 linked QTL confers high levels of resistance in leaves it has no effects on pods when inoculated with aggressive as well as less aggressive bacterial isolates. We have identified several recombinant inbred lines resistant to common bacterial blight that do not carry any known markers including BC420 and SU91. These breeding lines should be of immense value for breeding common bean of all colored as well as various white market classes. The identification of new tepary bean derived resistance QTL is being carried out in collaboration with researchers at Prosser, WA; Beltsville, MD; and Fargo, ND. e-report MICHIGAN Participant: Kelly, James, Cichy, Karen, The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 24 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in MI and winter nursery in Puerto Rico in 2012. All yield trials at Frankenmuth were direct harvested except for 100-entry drought trial that was rod-pulled. The drought trial showed good early moisture stress but late July rains resulted in high yields and later maturity throughout. In addition to yield and agronomic data, roots were sampled and rated and biomass and harvest index were recorded. Large-seeded kidneys, cranberry, and white mold trials at Montcalm were rod-pulled. Dry weather early in the season followed by ample rainfall delayed maturity at Frankenmuth. Plots at Montcalm had similar rainfall pattern but the stress was offset with supplemental irrigation and excellent yields were recorded in the kidney and cranberry trials. Screening for resistance to common bacterial blight was very effective in these nurseries. White mold infection developed well in 2012 and genotypic differences were observed. A total of 3,900 plots were harvested for yield in 2012 and 1,977 single plant selections were made in the early generation nurseries. Other studies included the evaluation of 130-entry black bean RIL population for nitrogen fixation, and certified organic variety trials at two locations. Identification of a low oligosaccharide bean: Mutagenized bean lines have been screened for seed oligosaccharide levels. In the first screening of 1000 lines, candidate lines were identified that were potentially low raffinose and/or low stachyose mutants. Based on second and third screening rounds, it appears that none of the lines with low oligosaccharide levels were heritable. Since no mutant was identified, screening continued for natural variation for this trait in 100 diverse Andean bean lines, and one red mottled line from Tanzania, Maulasi, had 64% less stachyose and 26% less raffinose in cooked seeds as compared to average levels of the 100 lines screened. Genetics of seed zinc accumulation in beans: A transcriptome of all the genes expressed and their level of expression has been developed for bean pods of three cultivars that accumulate different levels of zinc in their seeds, Albion, Voyager and T39. This data has been analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes related to zinc and iron transport. In addition all sequence variation in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been identified. e-report NEBRASKA Participants: Steadman, James, Urrea, Carlos, One contribution to this multistate project is the coordination of national white mold (WM), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, common bean resistance screening nurseries. Field nurseries of 9 lines and 3 checks located in areas with a WM history in six states representing the major USA bean production areas and a location in Belgium will provide data that we will analyze and summarize. Also, nine greenhouse straw tests will provide data for 27 bean lines in early generations, some with crosses to other Phaseolus species and lines with limited seed. A second contribution is the evaluation of a national bean rust nursery in cooperation with USDA-Beltsville. Agronomic traits and rust reaction evaluation data supported a number of pinto and great northern lines with excellent seed quality, yield potential, architecture and rust/common blight resistance that are candidates for on-farm trials and eventual release. No rust was reported or observed in NE and surrounding area in 2012. White mold was found in the Panhandle Research and Extension Center, but incidence was low. WM did not occur in the multistate nursery due to heat and irrigation availability. A total of 330 F3:4 lines from shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and Nebraska were tested under terminal drought at Scottsbluff in 2012. About 1248 individual plant selections were made and will be tested in Puerto Rico for drought and heat tolerance in 2012-2013 growing season. A total of 16 lines from the shuttle breeding program between Puerto Rico and Nebraska were compared to 28 lines from CIAT and 4 referenced checks under terminal drought stress. The RIL populations Buster/SER 22 (345 lines), Buster/Roza (144 lines), and Stampede/Red Hawk (184 lines) were tested for terminal drought stress in Scottsbluff. A sub-set of Buster/SER22 will be evaluated in Juana Diaz, PR in December 2012. A protocol to screen bacterial brown spot was developed. Six bacterial brown spot isolates (GN2, 82 JL, 9907, PS 10, PSM 5, and PS 18) were screened in concentrations of 1.5 and 300 million cfu/ml using Neb. Sel.1 # 27 and Orion as resistant and susceptible checks, respectively. One leaflet of the first expanded trifoliolate leaf of each plant was inoculated using the multiple needle method. Two plants per accession were planted and inoculated. The plants were evaluated 7 and 14 days after inoculation using a 1-9 scale, where 1= immune and 9= highly susceptible. Reactions from 1 to 4 were considered resistant and from 5 to 9 were susceptible. This experiment is being replicated twice. C. Urrea participated in the regional bean trials MRPN, WRBT (coordinator), and the CDBN. A sampling of sunflower birdseed from 25 vendors found all bags/packages had sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. e-report NEW YORK Participants: Griffiths, P., Halseth, D., A major emphasis of our variety testing program over the past ten years has been on light red kidneys. These include: 773-V98 (now named Wallace), 1062-V98, NY104 and NY105. Both of the NY lines have been sent to ID for commercial seed increase and limited seed should be available in 2013 for grower trials. One of the primary purposes underlying the breeding program has been to identify lines with yield and canning quality comparable to or higher than RedKanner, but with earlier maturity. Those that show the most promise will be increased and advanced in the greenhouse next winter and will be in more extensive yield and processing trials in 2013. White mold tolerant lines from the Griffiths program (Cornell 603, 605, 607, 608, 611 and 612) were included in Halseth/Sandsted field research plots in summer 2012 to compare their yield and maturity performance with other cultivars. Acceptable performance for quality, canning, maturity and yield could lead to the development and release of dry bean varieties with high levels of resistance to white mold. Breeding lines developed by the Griffiths project in 2012 trials conducted by the Halseth project, focusing on the LRK and DRK market classes. The light red kidneys included: Cornell 605, Cornell 611 and Cornell 612. The dark red kidneys included: Cornell 603, Cornell 607 and Cornell 608. Populations have subsequently been generated from Cornell 605, Cornell 607, Cornell 608, Cornell 611 and Cornell 612 to Wallace to improve yield and plant characteristics for production. New populations selected from crosses of the best LRK and DRK materials with Wallace were selected and increased in 2011/2012 and 44 selections were increased and tested in field trials with Halseth/Sandsted in 2012. The Extension dry bean program in 2012 evaluated 100 new and standard varieties and breeding lines, including those in the early stages of development from our own crosses. These included lines and varieties developed out of public programs and private commercial companies in the US and Canada. University and government cooperators include: Cornell University, Michigan State University/USDA, University of California (Davis), North Dakota State University, Colorado State University, University of Nebraska, University of Idaho, USDA-ARS and Agriculture Canada (Guelph). Private industry programs include: ADM, Gen-Tec, Idaho Seed Bean Company and Seminis Vegetable Seeds. The varieties and breeding lines tested consisted of the following classes: Light Red Kidney (62 varieties and lines), Black Turtle Soup (13), Dark Red Kidney (8), Pinto (8), Navy (1), Cranberry (1), Pink (3), Great Northern (2), Navy (1). Virus resistance in snap bean breeding lines was selected in multiple greenhouse screens in 2012, introgressing genes controlling resistance to CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV/BCMNV. This work included introgression of known genes including a CYVV resistance gene from clipper, bc-3 and the I-gene, new genes introgressed from scarlet runner beans, great northern beans, black beans and navy beans. Differential reactions to multiple virus inoculations was also undertaken in breeding lines and cultivars to identify different gene segregations, optimal combinations, cross resistance and genetic control for re-assembling the optimal combination into commercial cultivars. Evaluating breeding lines selected for resistance to multiple viruses based on the sources initially selected for CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV sources has resulted in a major step forward in understanding the genetic control mechanisms and the desirable gene combinations resulting in cross resistance (resistance to one virus providing resistance to other viruses) combinations for protection against the major viruses being studied. An understanding of the major genes involved with resistance to these viruses is now becoming clear, enabling a change in breeding strategy to fast-track introgression of these. e-report NEW YORK Participants: Fuchs, Marc, We investigated bean transformation parameters such as preconditioning of seeds (sterilization, germination medium and germination conditions), seedling explant (embryogenic axis, cotyledonary nodes and embryogenic callus), preculture of seedling explants with cytokinins, and composition of tissue culture medium (macronutrients, micronutrients, nitrogen supplements, vitamins, sugars and growth regulators) using fresh market snap bean, processing snap bean and dry bean cultivars. Following sterilization, seeds were either cultured on solid germination medium, or placed on moist filter paper in sterile Petri dishes or in liquid germination medium using sterile vermiculite and Styrofoam containers. Seeds were incubated either under fluorescent light (33-45 microE m/ /s with a 16/8 hr light/dark photoperiod) or in the dark, and at varied temperature regimes (25C, 28 C or 30C). The highest germination rates were obtained when seeds were incubated at 25C in the dark on solid medium or sterile vermiculite. Cotyledonary nodes and explants were excised from germinating seeds (6-7 days in dark) and their abaxial side was cultured on either the Gamborg or the Murashige and Skoog medium for 2-3 weeks to allow organogenesis. Individual shoots (> 1 cm in length) were excised and transferred to the Gamborg medium. Experiments were replicated at least twice to evaluate the optimal treatment for organogenesis. Cotyledonary nodes on Gamborg medium produced multiple shoots that elongated at low BA (2.5 mg/L) mainly from the apical meristem while at higher BA (7.5 mg/L) multiple shoots developed from both the apical and the cotyledonary nodes. Shoots that developed at lower BA concentration elongated on the same media (length average >5 mm) while at higher BA concentrations (7.5-10.0 mg/L) shoot primordia (<5mm) did not elongate until the cultures were transferred to media without BA or low BA (1 mg/L). Preliminary results indicate that Gamborg medium was the best for organogenesis (e.g. producing the higher number of primordial shoots per explant) for all the cultivars tested but the optimal BA concentration was specific to each cultivar. The next steps will consist of determining parameters for direct organogenesis from embryogenic axis, indirect organogenesis, elongation and rooting of shoots, as well as the effect of antibiotics of organogenesis. In parallel, the genetic variability of CMV was studied using 20 isolates collected in different snap bean and dry bean fields in NY from 2004 to 2009. The approach consisted of characterizing the coat protein and movement protein genes by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction using specific primers followed by sequencing. Sequence analyses showed a 95.1-100% and a 97.5-100% nucleotide sequence identity in the coat protein and movement protein genes, respectively. Based on nucleotide sequence alignments, two RNAi constructs were designed each in highly conserved regions of the coat protein and movement protein genes. RNAi constructs were cloned in the binary plasmid pGA482G and mobilized in A. tumefaciens strain C58 for plant transformation. The resistance inducing capacity of the four RNAi constructs was investigated in N. benthamiana. An average of 40 independent transgenic lines were developed per construct and screened for resistance following mechanical inoculation with a 1:50 dilution of CMV-infected snap bean extracts. Resistance was achieved in nearly half of the R0 lines with the RNAi CP-1 construct (47%, 15 of 32), 37% (15 of 41) of the R0 lines with RNAi CP-2 construct, 5% (2 of 43) of the R0 lines with the RNAi MP-1 construct, and in only one (2%, 1 of 42) of the R0 lines with the RNAi MP-2 construct. Resistance was expressed as an absence of CMV symptoms (leaf cupping, mosaic and stunting) and no detectable virus by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using specific antibodies over 3-4 weeks. Resistant R0 plants were self-pollinated and, as expected, most R1 lines screened so far are resistant to CMV following mechanical inoculation. These results are promising in terms of resistance to CMV in common bean. e-report NORTH DAKOTA Participants: Osorno, Juan, The main activities involving our station in this multistate project were related to three main areas: i) the improvement of resistance to the new race of bean rust found in Stampede, ii) the development of pinto cultivars with the slow-darkening gene, and iii) studies related to drought tolerance. In the case of Stampede pinto bean, progeny tests made in the greenhouses at NDSU and in collaboration with Dr. Talo Pastor-Corrales at USDA-ARS Beltsville-MD, allowed to increase the number of resistant plants from 50% to 90% by selecting for the Ur-11 gene. Seed increases have been made in collaboration with Dr. Phil Miklas at USDA-ARS at Prosser-WA and it will be released as a cultivar in 2013. Dr. Miklas is also the co-investigator in the slow darkening project. A total of 18 advanced lines and 80 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) were tested during the 2012 growing season across multiple environments in ND and WA. Screening of genotypes tolerant to drought conditions and mapping of potential new QTLs in two RIL populations (Buster x SER-22 and Stampede x Redhawk) is underway in collaboration with Dr. Carlos Urrea at UNL and Dr. Tim Porch at USDA-TARS. A new pulse pathologist (Dr. Julie Pasche) has been recently hired at NDSU, which will enhance our breeding efforts on disease resistance. Additional activities involving this multistate project are the screening of breeding lines for white mold, root rots, common bacterial blight, halo blight, and brown spot, and drought tolerance, among others. Germplasm exchange has been facilitated by some regional trials such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), among others. Finally, breeding lines from the breeding program were screened for canning quality at our new canning facilities shared with the Northern Crops Institute. In the future, canning tests could be offered to other breeding programs and other institutions interested. Two lines with potential resistance to white mold have been shared through the National White Mold Nursery (NWM) with excellent results so far. In addition, a new small red cultivar (Rio Rojo) has been released because of its high seed yield, agronomic performance, and resistance to common bacterial blight. Some disease screening, canning/cooking quality, and seed increases of this new cultivar were made in collaboration with members of this multi-state group e-report OREGON: Nothing to report e-report, PUERTO RICO Participants: Beaver, J.S., White-seeded lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and bruchids were selected at the Isabela Substation. These lines will be multiplied for evaluation in future field trials. We also selected white-seeded lines with BGYMV and BCMNV resistance and earlier maturity. This will provide local growers with greater flexibility in the harvest of green-shelled beans. Pink lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and possibly resistance to common bacterial blight were also selected. White bean lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and rust were evaluated in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti from 2008 to 2011 PR0806-80 and PR0806-84 had the best overall performance with low common bacterial blight scores and among the highest yields in the five test environments. White bean lines from the cross Verano//PR0003-124/Raven were selected for the presence of the bgm-1 gene and the QTL SW12 for resistance to BGYMV. The lines were also screened for the presence of the bc-3 resistance gene. Four of the most promising lines were screened in the greenhouse at the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station for reaction to two strains of the common bacterial blight pathogen and found to have useful levels of resistance. Andean pink beans with the bc-3 gene for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV were evaluated from 2007 to 2011 in field trials planted at the Isabela Substation. In January 2012, the project planted 1,923 bean breeding lines from Michigan State and North Dakota State Universities in winter nurseries as a cooperative activity of Regional Hatch Project W-2150. Lines from the cross PR0313-58 x VAX 6 were used to study the inheritance of CBB resistance associated with the SCAR marker SU-91. During the past year, the parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations were screened for reaction to common blight in the greenhouse at the University of Puerto Rico using Xap strain 3353. F2:3 lines were evaluated in a screen house at the USDA-ARS-TARS and at the Isabela Substation for common bacterial blight reaction. Preliminary results suggest that two genes may confer high levels of resistance common bacterial blight found in VAX 6. Several black bean lines that combine erect architecture, heat tolerance and high levels of resistance to common bacterial blight were selected from the population. e-report PUERTO RICO Participants: Porch, Tim, Tepary lines were developed, TARS-Tep 22 and TARS-Tep 32, and are in the proves of release as germplasm. ARS participated in the U. of Puerto Rico release of PR0401-259 and Pro650-31, which combine virus, web blight, and CBB resistance. An advanced line with tropical sources of root rot and CBB resistance, and tolerance to low fertility, tested in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico and Cornell in Geneva, NY, is being considered for release. A cranberry germplasm line with CBB resistance, and potentially white mold resistance, is being considered for release in collaboration with U. of Idaho. A second cycle of recurrent selection for drought tolerance has been noted. The genetics of CBB resistance is being studied in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico. Progress is being made with the evaluation of ashy stem blight resistance in the greenhouse and field. Evaluations have been completed of the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) for disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance and on the AM 100 Drought population for heat and drought tolerance in Puerto Rico. e-report WISCONSIN Participants: Nienhuis, James, 1) Bean Improvement Cooperative, Biennial meeting held at Niagara Falls, Canada in November of 2012 2) Midwest Food Processors annual meeting held at Madison WI in Nov 28-29, 2012 3) American Society for Horticultural Science, annual meeting held in Miami, FL in July of 2012 4) Organic Farming Research Foundation, annual meeting held in spring of 2012 in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Publications

Acosta-Gallegos, J., and J.D. Kelly. 2012. Strategies to improve adaptation of common bean to drought. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:7-8. Beaver, J.S., M. Zapata, M. Alameda, T.G. Porch and J.C. Rosas. 2012. Registration of PR0401-259 and PR0650-31 dry bean germplasm lines. J. Plant Reg. 6:81-84. Brisco E.I., Proch T.G., Kelly J.D. 2012. Influence of leaf color in a dry bean mapping population on Empoasca sp. Populations and host plant resistance. Annual Report for the Bean Improvement Cooperative 55:83-84. Cichy, K.A. Astudillo, C, Fernandez, A., 2012. Mapping and Expression Analysis of Zinc Transporter Genes, Bean Improvement Cooperative Annual Report 55: 53-54. Daniell, E.L., E.Ryan, M. Brick, and H. Thompson. 2012. Hepatic Expression of Stress and Toxicity related genes in response to increasing amounts of dietary dry bean. British Journal of Nutrition. Duncan, R.W., R.L. Gilbertson, and S.P. Singh. 2012. Direct and marker-assisted selection for resistance to common bacterial blight in common bean. Crop Sci. 52:1511-1521. Estevez de Jensen C., Porch T., Beaver J., Chicapa Dovala A., Baptista L. 2011. Disease incidence in Phaseolus vulgaris in the regions of Chianga, Cuanza Sul and Malange, Angola. Phytopathology 101:S277. Godoy-Lutz, G., N. Gonzalez, J.R. Steadman, R. Higgins and K.M. Eskridge. 2012. Variability among populations of the web blight pathogen from bean fields. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Coop. 55:39-40. Griffiths, P., Stansted, E., and Halseth, D. 2012. Release of Cornell 607-612: Common bean breeding lines with resistance to white mold. HortScience 47:952-954. Hart, J. and Griffiths, P. 2012. Molecular and phenotypic evidence for multiple alleles at the recessive potyvirus resistance locus eIF4E. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:79-80. Heilig, J.A., and J.D. Kelly. 2012. Performance of dry bean genotypes grown under organic and conventional production systems in Michigan. Agron. J.104:1485-1492. doi:10.2134/agronj2012.0082. Heilig, J. and J.D. Kelly. 2012. Utilizing growth pouches to screen black and navy dry bean breeding lines for early nodulation. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:67-68. Hodel, L., J. Nienhuis, and K. Cichy. 2012. Comparing nitrogen stability index and plant biomass in an `Eagle x Puebla 152' RIL population. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:261-262. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, K.A. Cichy, and E.M. Wright. 2012. Registration of Rosetta pink bean. J. Plant Registrations 6: 229-232. doi: 10.3198/jpr2012.03.0142crc. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, W. Mkwaila, K.A. Cichy, and E.M. Wright. 2012. Registration of Eldorado pinto bean. J. Plant Registrations 6: 233-237. doi: 10.3198/jpr2012.02.0140crc. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, K.A. Cichy, and E.M. Wright. 2012. Registration of Snowdon white kidney bean. J. Plant Registrations 6: 239-242. doi: 10.3198/jpr2012.03.0146crc. Linares, A.M., C.A. Urrea, T.G. Porch, and J.M. Osorno. 2012. A mapping population for the evaluation of drought tolerance in dry bean. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55: 107-108. McCoy, S., B. Higgins and J.R. Steadman. 2012. Use of multi-site screening to identify and verify partial resistance to white mold in common bean in 2011. 2012. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Coop. 55:153-154. Miklas, P.N., J.D. Kelly, J.R. Steadman and S. McCoy. 2012. Release of partial white mold resistant pinto USPT-WM-12. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Coop. 55:291-292. Mkwaila, W. and J.D. Kelly. 2012. Identification and validation of QTL for resistance to white mold in two pinto bean RIL populations. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:157-158. Mukeshimana, G., L. Butare, S. Beebe, M.W. Blair and J.D. Kelly. 2012. Phenotypic evaluation of dry bean RIL populations for drought resistance in Rwanda. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:111-112. Mukeshimana, G., Y. Ma, A. E. Walworth, G-q. Song, and J. D. Kelly. 2012. Factors influencing regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Biotechnol. Rep. doi:10.1007/s11816-012-0237-0. Multiple authors. 2011. Enhancing Pulse Productivity on Problem Soils by Smallholder Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities. Workshop at Pennsylvania State Univ. Organized by the Pulse Collaborative Research Support Program (Pulse-CRSP). August 14-18, 2011. State College, PA. Osorno, J.M., M.R. Miles, J. Weyers, J. Prendergast, J.D. Kelly, G. Varner, M. Siddiq, C.A. Urrea, K. Cichy, and A.M. Linares. 2012. Genetic and environmental effects of canning quality of pinto and navy bean cultivars commonly grown in the central U.S. bean improve. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55: 77-78. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.M. Osorno, S.G. Markell, and R.S. Goswami. 2011. Identifying plants of Stampede pinto bean with resistance to new races of rust pathogen. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 54:126-127. Pastor-Corrales, M.A., J.M. Osorno, S.G. Markell, and R.S. Goswami. 2011. Using phenotypic markers to identify common beans with two and three rust resistance genes. Annu. Meet. Amer. Soc. Phytopathology. August 6-10, Honolulu, Hawaii. Phytopatology 101:S138. Pearson, C., J.B. Ogg, M.A. Brick, and A. Berrada. 2012. Popping and Yield Characteristics of Nuña Bean Lines Developed for Temperate Climates. Published on line. Agronomy Journal. Pfad, C. and J.Nienhuis. 2012. Reducing risk associated with organic snap bean production in Wisconsin. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:37-3 Porch, T.G., J.S. Beaver, and M.A. Brick. 2012. Registration of tepary germplasm with multiple-stress tolerance, TARS-Tep 22 and TARS-Tep 32. Published on-line. Journal of Plant Registrations. Porch, T.G., C.A. Urrea, J.S. Beaver, S. Valentin, P.A. Peña and J.R. Smith. 2012. Registration of TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1 Multiple-stress-tolerant black bean germplasm. J. Plant Reg. 6:75-80. Porch T.G., and Beaver J.S. 2012. Strategies to improve adaption of common bean to high ambient temperature. Annual report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 55:9-10. Raja Mohd Anuar, R.F. and J. Nienhuis. 2012. Identification of QTLs and genes associated with pod length as a snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) domestication event. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:23-24. Schwartz, H. F., and Gent, D. H. 2012. High Plains Integrated Pest Management Resource. On-line IPM bulletin with 22 major crops and multiple disease and insect pests. Updated disease reviews, IPM and pesticide recommendations for all 22 crop sections, with a total of 230 disease profiles. www.highplainsipm.org [Updates submitted by H. F. Schwartz in 2012] Schwartz, H.F., and Langham, M.A.C. 2012. Legume ipmPIPE Overview of 2007-2011 Contributions to the Legume Industry. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:35-36. Schwartz, H.F., Brick, M.A., Buchleiter, G., Ogg, J.B., and McMillan, M.S. 2012. Plant arrangement enhances dry bean production for some varieties. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:65-67. Singh, S. P., Teran, H., Schwartz, H. F., Otto, K., Debouck, D. G., Roca, W., and Lema, M. 2012. Phaseolus costaricensis-derived white mold resistant interspecific common bean breeding line VRW 32. J. of Plant Registration accepted July 20, 2012 Sousa, L.L., M.C. Goncalves-Vidigal, A.S. Cruz, P.S. Vidigal Filho, V.A. Vallejo and J.D. Kelly. 2012. Genetic mapping of the Co-52 allele for resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in MSU 7-1 line. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:109-110. Thompson MD, Mensack MM, Jiang W, Zhu Z, Lewis MR, McGinley JN, Brick MA, Thompson HJ. 2012 Cell signaling pathways associated with a reduction in mammary cancer burden by dietary common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Carcinogenesis. 2012 Jan;33(1):226-32. Epub 2011 Nov 9. PMID. Urrea, C.A., V. Schelegel, C. D. Yonts, and J. Smith. 2012. Effect of soil compaction and irrigation management on antioxidants in dry bean production. 2012. Annu. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 55: 133-134. VandenLangenberg, K.M, P.C. Bethke, and J. Nienhuis. 2012. Patterns of fructose, glucose, and sucrose accumulation in snap and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods. Hort Sci. 47(7):874-878. VandenLangenberg, K.M., P.C. Bethke, and J. Nienhuis. 2012. Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with fructose, glucose, and sucrose concentration in snap bean pods. Crop Sci. 52:1593-1599. VandenLangenberg, K.,P. Bethke, and J. Nienhuis. 2012. Patterns of fructose, glucose, and sucrose accumulation in snap and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 55:55-56. Wasonga C.J., Pastor-Corrales M.A., Proch T.G., and Griffiths P.D. 2012. Multi-environment Selection of Small Sieve Snap Beans Reduces Production Constraints in East Africa and Subtropical Regions. HortScience 47: 1000-1006. Westermann, D.T., H. Terán, C.G. Muñoz-Perea, and S.P. Singh. 2011. Nutrient uptake and utilization by common bean landraces and cultivars in seven stressed and non-stressed organic and conventional production systems. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91:1089-1099. Zapata, M., J.S. Beaver and T.G. Porch. 2012. Ribotype characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli pathogenic race XAPV1. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop 55:119-120.

Impact Statements

One pinto bean variety from CSU, Longs Peak (CO55646) was released to the public. Varieties developed by the CSU program contribute to reduced yield losses to white mold, common bacterial blight, and rust diseases as well as improved seed quality and harvest management duet to upright Type II architecture. CSU cultivars account for approximately 50% of cultivars grown in CO.
Verano is the most popular white-seeded bean cultivar in Puerto Rico. During the past year, 10,000lbs of bean seed of the white-seeded cultivars Verano and Morales were produced at the Isabela Substation. A guide containing recommendations for bean production in Puerto Rico is available to farmers, extension personnel and students at the following web site http://academic.uprm.edu/jbeaver/.
Fundamental advances on regeneration and transformation of common bean by using resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as a proof-of-principle has been achieved.
The MSU breeding program released a high-yielding upright full-season pinto bean variety, Eldorado; early-season white kidney bean, Snowdon; and a new upright pink bean variety, Rosetta that has good seed color. The adoption of new upright black bean variety Zorro from MSU breeding program has provided growers in Michigan with opportunity to direct harvest the crop and thus reduce production costs.
The new version of Stampede pinto bean with improved resistance to the new race of rust will be available to growers in 2013. The release of Rio Rojo small red bean was made in 2012.
WI snap bean breeder identified breeding lines with unique sugar and flavor profiles and lines with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency.
Dry bean varieties were identified which will allow growers to more consistently produce a higher quality crop with higher yields while using lower levels of inputs.

Date of Annual Report: 01/07/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/30/2013 - 10/30/2013
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2012 - 03/01/2013

Participants

Beaver, Jim (james.beaver@upr.edu) University of Puerto Rico; Beneke, Casper (casper@starkeayres.co.za);Cichy, Karen (karen.cichy@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, East Lansing;Ernest, Emmalea (emmalea@udel.edu) University of Delaware; Gepts, Paul (plgepts@ucdavis.edu) University of California Davis;Grebb, Tom (tom@centralbean.com) Central Bean;Griffiths, Phillip (pdg8@cornell.edu Cornell University;Hossain, Khwaja (k.hossain@mayvillestate.edu) Mayville State University;Hou, Anfu (anfu.hou@agr.gc.ca) Agriculture and Agri-food Canada;Kalavacharla, Venu (Kal) (vkalvacharla@desu.edu) - Delaware State University;Karasev, Alex (akarasev@uidaho.edu) University of Idaho;Kelly, Jim (kellyj@msu.edu) - Michigan State University;Kisha, Ted (tkisha@wsu.edu; theodore.kisha@ars.usda.gov) USDA-ARS;McClean, Phil phillip.mccleam@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARA, Prosser;Myers, Jim (james.myers@oregonstate.edu) Oregon State University;Nienhuis, Jim (nienhuis@wisc.edu) - University of Wisconsin;Noffsinger, Steve (snoffsinger@senecafoods.com) - Seneca Foods Corp; Osorno, Juan (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;Pasche, Julie (julie.pasche@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;Pastor-Corrales, M.A. (talo.pastor-corrales@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, Beltsville;Porch, Tim (timothy.porch@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Mayaguez;Rueda, Janice (rueda@wayne.edu) - American Pulse Association;Safe, Jeff (jeff@critesseed.com) Crites Seed;Souza, Thiago L.P.O. (thiago@souza@embraper.br);Singh, Shree (singh@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho, Kimberly;Schwartz, Howard (howard.schwartz@colostate.edu Colorado State University;Steadman, Jim (jsteadman1@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;Thayer, Julie (jthayer@wsu.edu) Washington State University;Uebersax, Mark (uebersax@msu.edu) Michigan State University;Urrea, Carlos (currea2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska; Valmadrid, Arlene D. (arlene.dionglay@eastwestseed.com) Eastwest Seed; Varner, Greg (varnerbean@hotmail.com) Varner Bean;Waines, Giles (giles.waines@ucr.edu) University of California Riverside;Wamatu, John (john@brothertonseed.com) Brotherton Seed

Brief Summary of Minutes

Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla (Chairperson), called the meeting to order at 8:11 AM. An attendance sheet was circulated in lieu of introductions, and new attendees were introduced during state reports. Donn Thill, Administrative Advisor to the W-2150, was unavailable to participate via conference call. Steve Noffsinger motioned to approve minutes from last meeting. MA (Talo) Pastor-Corrales 2nd, and the motion passed. Julie Pasche was voted in as secretary. Phil Miklas motioned to approve, Juan Osorno 2nd , and it was informally and quickly passed. Janice Rueda assumed the role as vice-chair. Ann Marie Thro, USDA NPL for Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, was present via phone. Ann asked that classification codes be used in reports. She said plant breeders are needed to volunteer for NIFA panels and to submit proposals, and contact info was provided.

See the full version of the meeting minutes provided as an attachment.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

e-report ARIZONA: Nothing to report e-report CALIFORNIA: Nothing to report e-report COLORADO: Participants: Brick, M., Schwartz, H. Colorado State University concluded the final year during 2012 to 2013 as coordinator for the Legume ipmPIPE national network of sentinel plots throughout 20 states of the U.S. to monitor for the occurrence of soybean rust, common rust, white mold, root rots, bacterial and viral diseases, and insect pests. The Legume ipmPIPE web site and digital resources have been archived for continued access by stakeholders as well as linkage to new USDA-NIFA project outputs from international programs designed to reduce losses from root rot diseases in Africa. The web site coordination will be handled by South Dakota State University and Multigrain International LLC in conjunction with projects funded by the USDA NIFA on Common Bean Productivity Research for Global Food Security (Michigan State University) and Genetic Approaches to Reducing Fungal and Oomycete Soilborne Problems of Common Bean in Eastern and Southern Africa (University of Nebraska). Commercial dry bean production in Colorado was estimated at 38,000 acres in 2013. The Dry Bean Breeding Project initiated a Fast Track project to develop slow darkening pinto bean varieties for the High Plains and western US. The project increased 200 F4 lines for evaluation and winter increase in New Zealand during winter 2013-14. The seed increases from these lines will be shipped back to the US and tested for yield and agronomic traits, while simultaneously increasing for clean seed. The goal is to release two slow darkening varieties in 2015. The project evaluated more than 11,000 lines in the breeding program and increased pure seed of seven promising pinto breeding lines in western Colorado. One line, CO 91212, will be increased in New Zealand during the winter 2013-14 and planted for Foundation Seed Production and release in 2014. The breeding program collaborated with state experiment station personnel from MI, NE, and ND as well as the USDA and private seed companies in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials and the Colorado Crops Testing Program to evaluate elite lines. An active outreach program provides producers and processors with updated information on cultivars and pest control via field days, newsletters, phone contact, email contact and press releases to maximize economic return of the bean crop and reduce pesticide use. e-report IDAHO: Participant: Shree Singh. Seventy pinto bean breeding lines derived from 19 populations and checks were evaluated in the high input, drought-stressed, and compacted soil with continual bean production systems at Kimberly, Idaho in 2013. They also were tested in a purgatory plot at Roza and in the high input plot at Othello, Washington; under rust pressure in the field and greenhouse at Fort Collins, Colorado; and in high input and drought-stressed condition at Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Each plot consisted of 1 to 4 rows 12 to 15 feet long with 1 to 3 replicates. These were tested for general adaptation, plant type, maturity, seed yield and other seed characteristics, and response to rust. Based on the data collected so far approximately 25 breeding lines were selected for screening for post-harvest seed coat color darkening. All unacceptable darkened breeding lines will be discarded. Seed of surviving breeding lines will be used for further evaluations in replicated trials in Idaho and other Western States in 2014. White Mold Resistance. Only partial or low levels of resistance to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are found in Common bean. A two-pronged strategy, namely (1) introgression of resistance from the Phaseolus species of the secondary gene pool, and (2) pyramiding of resistance from across Phaseolus species was undertaken in collaboration with researchers at Colorado State University in 2003. We are very pleased to report that both projects were successfully completed in 2013 despite the fact that we did not have any external funding for the past three years. One interspecific breeding line derived from P. coccineus, and three breeding lines with pyramided high levels of resistance from across Phaseolus species were developed in 2013. Their seed will be multiplied for registration and public release in 2014. The inheritance of white mold resistance in Othello (susceptible) x A 195 (resistant) and A 195 x G 122 (resistant) crosses against the less aggressive and aggressive isolates of S. sclerotiorum was completed in 2013. The F1 was resistant and two complementary dominant genes controlled resistance against each isolate in Othello x A 195. The F1 also was resistant and there was no segregation in the F2 in response to the less aggressive isolate, and a single dominant gene controlled resistance in response to the aggressive isolate in A 195 x G 122. Common Bacterial Blight Resistance. The identification of new common bacterial blight (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) resistance QTL (quantitative trait loci) in VAX 1 interspecific breeding line was completed in collaboration with researchers at USDA-ARS, Prosser, Washington and Beltsville, Maryland in 2013. A new tepary (P. acutifolius, a member of the tertiary gene pool of the common bean) bean derived resistance QTL located on the Pv11 linkage group was identified in VAX 1, and its presence verified in VAX 3 of which VAX 1 was a parent. The new resistance QTL confers partial resistance in leaves and pods to less aggressive strain, but confers a high level of resistance against aggressive strain in leaves. Also, it interacts positively with other known resistance QTL from the common and tepary beans. e-report MICHIGAN: Participants: James D. Kelly, Karen A. Cichy. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 25 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in Michigan and winter nursery in Puerto Rico in 2013. All yield trials at Frankenmuth were direct harvested. Large-seeded kidney and cranberry trials, as well as the 100-entry drought trial at Montcalm were rod-pulled. The white mold trial was direct harvested. The drought trial showed good early moisture stress but late July rains resulted in high yields and later maturity throughout. In addition to yield and agronomic data, roots were sampled and rated and biomass and harvest index were recorded. Dry weather early in the season followed by cooler weather and ample rainfall delayed maturity at Frankenmuth. Plots at Montcalm had similar rainfall pattern but the stress was offset with supplemental irrigation and excellent yields were recorded in the kidney and cranberry trials. White mold infection developed well in 2013 and genotypic differences were observed. A total of 3,960 plots were harvested for yield in 2013 and approximately 2000 single plant selections were made in the early generation nurseries. Other studies included the evaluation of 130-entry black bean RIL population for nitrogen-fixation, and certified organic variety trials at two locations. Black bean processing quality: Processing quality was evaluated on 98 black bean genotypes representing cultivars and breeding lines of the major black bean breeding programs in the U.S. The materials were canned and evaluated for color retention, texture, appearance and water uptake. Significant variability was observed for each of these traits. These lines were also tested for high throughput evaluation methods to predict color retention. The methods included measurement of the color of soaked beans and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of whole seed. The NIR was better able to predict the color retention than the color of the soaked beans. The most contrasting genotypes for color retention are being genotyped with 6000 SNP markers. This information will be used to identify genomic regions important for color retention. Black bean seed mineral concentration QTL: Seed iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were evaluated on 108 black bean recombinant inbred lines that were grown in a replicated field experiment in 2010 and 2011. A linkage map of 3500 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNP) and diversity array markers was developed for the black bean population. The phenotypic data was used to conduct QTL analysis of seed mineral concentration. The analysis identified QTL for seed Fe and Zn concentration on chromosomes 2 and 6. Black bean and cranberry bean breeding: Crossing and evaluating of early generation lines is underway in the black and cranberry market classes. In black bean, crosses were made to combine seed yield and seed mineral concentration. In cranberry beans crosses were made to combine seed yield, resistance to common bacterial blight, and canning quality. Nutrient Density of Dry Bean Seeds: An in-depth study on the nutrient composition of two bean genotypes with similar seed size and color but different cooking times was conducted. The two lines tested are both from the Andean gene pool. One cooks in 24 min (fast cooking) and the other cooks in 42 min (slow cooking). The fast cooking line had 24% more protein and 10% more folate in the cooked seed than the slow cooking line. There are also different levels of minerals in the two seed types. Genetics of seed zinc and iron accumulation in beans: Phaseolus dumosus, a relative of common bean, has higher levels of zinc and iron in the seed as compared to common bean. We are currently conducting field evaluation and gene expression analysis of common bean lines developed at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) with high seed Fe and Zn introgressed from P. dumosus. e-report NEBRASKA: Participants: James Steadman, Carlos Urrea. A cooperative dry bean breeding line trial at Beltsville, MD USDA campus was evaluated for rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) seven weeks after planting. Bean lines originated from numerous breeding programs across the USA including the Nebraska program under Carolos Urrea. Resistance to rust in the majority of great northern, pinto, red, black and cranberry was identified. Nearly all 152 lines were resistant or intermediate with only four lines rated susceptible. Other bean germplasm was also evaluated for rust, adaptation and other diseases. Identification of rust resistance genes in NE elite lines is planned for 2014. A failed freezer caused a loss of needed races of the rust pathogen. We are restoring viability to those races. Nebraska coordinated a multisite bean white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) screening nursery in eight states NY, WI, ND, CO, ID, WA, OR, NE. Moderate levels of resistance were identified in a few adapted pinto lines. Associated with these greenhouse straw tests and field screening nurseries is a study of S. sclerotiorum isolate variability from these testing sites as well as grower fields collected over 10 years. A range of genetic diversity and pathogen aggressiveness was found with significant differences between field locations, between screening nurseries and grower fields in the same state and over years of collection. We are also initiating a root rot pathogen study on beans in Nebraska. C. Urrea coordinated the Western regional bean Trial evaluated at NE, CO, WA, and ID and participated in the Mid-west Regional Bean Trial. Two great northern and two pinto Nebraska lines were evaluated in those trials. Six great northern and seven pinto elite NE lines were tested in growers fields in 2013 under the Mother & Baby trial scheme. At least one line will be released as a potential cultivar to be grown in Nebraska. Coordinated and conducted a great northern trial in a growers field at Bayard, NE. Six great northern cultivars were grown in four replicated trial. Each plot consisted of 0.30 acres. Three drought mapping populations, Buster/SER22, Buster/Roza, and Stampede/Red Hawk, in collaboration with North Dakota State University and USDA-Prosser, WA were evaluated under stress and non-stress at Mitchell, NE. Irrigation was stopped at flowering stage. Entries were exposed to terminal drought. A national nursery on drought was assembled (DBDN). Sixteen entries from the on-going shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and Nebraska and six reference checks (Matterhorn, Marquis, Orion, Beryl-R, Merlot, and Stampede) were tested at CO, CA, NE, WA, PR, and MI in replicated trials under stress and non-stress conditions. Shuttle breeding between Nebraska and Puerto Rico continues. Of 516 F3:4 individual rows, 86 were selected for drought tolerance in Mitchell, NE during 2013. Individual rows were grown under terminal drought. The Andean Diversity Panel and the Andean Bean CAP lines were evaluated under drought and non-drought stress conditions. Cooking tests will be conducted. The same set of lines was evaluated for common bacterial blight reaction in an inoculated field, and lines with resistance were identified. Study of the genetics of bacterial wilt is in progress. Two sources of bacterial wilt identified from CIATs Core Collection are backcrossed to the susceptible parents Raven and Mayasi as well as the source of Emerson resistance (PI 165078). e-report NEW YORK: Nothing to report e-report NORTH DAKOTA: Participants: Juan Orsorno, Julie Pasche, Phil McClean, Richard Zollinger. The main activities involving our station in this multistate project were related to three main areas: i) the development of pinto cultivars with the slow-darkening gene, ii) studies related to drought tolerance, and iii) developing of navy bean germplasm with multiple resistant genes for bean rust. Dr. Miklas is the co-investigator in the slow darkening project; Drs. Carlos Urrea and Tim Porch are collaborators on the drought project, and Dr. Talo-Pastor Corrales is the collaborator for the bean rust project. For the slow darkening project, a total of 12 advanced lines were tested during the 2013 growing season across multiple environments in North Dakota and Washington. Mapping of potential new QTLs in two RIL populations (Buster x SER-22 and Stampede x Redhawk) is underway. The analysis of one population has been completed. Dr. Talo-Pastor Corrales screened in the greenhouse F1 seeds from several crosses involving navy cultivars and sources of resistance to bean rust. Additional activities involving this multistate project are the screening of breeding lines for white mold, root rots, common bacterial blight, halo blight, among others. Germplasm exchange has been facilitated by some regional trials such as the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN). Outcomes/Impacts: Collaboration among programs not only within NDSU, but also with scientists from other universities and institutions, has been facilitated by having a multistate project like the W-2150. Four slow darkening pinto breeding lines will be sent for a breeder seed increase at New Zealand and at least one of these lines will be released as the first slow darkening pinto cultivar in the region. North Dakota growers estimate they lost more than $60 million dollars in 2011 and 2012 due to discounted prices of dark pinto beans. In addition, two kidney breeding lines and possibly an early-maturity pinto breeding line will be released in the near future. Some disease screening, canning/cooking quality, and seed increases of this new cultivar were made in collaboration with members of this multi-state group. The QTL mapping research done with the Buster/SER22 RIL population allowed the identification of several genomic regions associated with drought tolerance. Specifically, QTLs related to seed yield, seed size, and leaf temperature were identified and QTL validation is underway. A similar approach will be made with the Stampede/Redhawk population. e-report OREGON: Nothing to report e-report PUERTO RICO: Participant: Tim Porch, USDA-ARS-TARS, Mayaguez, PR. A root rot and low N tolerant small red bean germplasm is being released, TARS-LFR1, in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico and Cornell U. TARS-LFR1 also has CBB resistance and the I gene, and has good BNF performance. A small cranberry germplasm line with CBB resistance, and low levels of white mold resistance, is being considered for release in collaboration with the U. of Idaho. The second cycle of recurrent selection for drought in the collaborative shuttle breeding with the U. of Nebraska is underway with preliminary yield trials beginning in 2014. The genetics of CBB resistance was studied in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico, with the identification of two dominant genes from VAX 6. Progress is being made with the evaluation of ashy stem blight resistance in the greenhouse and field, with a diversity analysis conducted on a M. phaseolina collection from Puerto Rico. Evaluations have been completed of the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) for disease, insect, and abiotic stress response in collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico. Collaborative trials with Cornell U. and CIAT for heat tolerance in snap and dry bean, and with the U. of Saskatchewan for drought in interspecific lines were conducted. A tepary bean shuttle breeding project has been initiated with Colorado State U. in 2013. In collaboration with the U. of Puerto Rico and Colorado State U., tepary bean germplasm was released, TARS-Tep 22 and TARS-Tep 32, with improved seed quality and plant architecture and with bruchid, CBB, heat, and drought tolerance. Preliminary evidence indicates that BCMNV resistance has been found in the CIAT tepary collection, the genetics and breeding of this trait will be pursued. e-report PUERTO RICO: Participant: Beaver, J.S. Black bean breeding lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and bruchids were selected at the Isabela Substation. White bean breeding lines with resistance to BGYMV, BCMNV and rust were evaluated in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti from 2008 to 2011. Mean seed yields were comparable to the check cultivar Verano. Results from screening with specific rust races, conducted by Dr. M.A. Pastor Corrales at Beltsville, MD, suggest that some lines combine the Ur-11, Ur-4 and Ur-5 resistance genes. White bean lines from the cross Verano//PR0003-124/Raven were selected for the presence of the bgm-1 gene and the QTL SW12 for resistance to BGYMV. The lines were also screened for the presence of the bc-3 resistance gene. Four of the most promising lines were screened in the greenhouse at the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station for reaction to two strains of the common bacterial blight pathogen and found to have useful levels of resistance. The University of Puerto Rico, in collaboration with the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, participated in the development and release of TARS-LFR1, a small-red dry bean germplasm which has superior performance in low N soils and root rot resistance and in the release of improved tepary bean germplasm lines. In December 2012, the project planted 1,949 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University in winter nurseries as a cooperative activity of Regional Hatch Project W-2150. Lines from the cross PR0313-58 x VAX 6 were used to study the inheritance of CBB resistance associated with the SCAR marker SU-91. The parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations were screened for reaction to common blight in the greenhouse at the University of Puerto Rico using Xap strain 3353. F2:3 lines were evaluated in a screen house at the USDA-ARS-TARS and at the Isabela Substation for common bacterial blight reaction. Preliminary results suggest that two genes confer high levels of resistance common bacterial blight found in VAX 6. White and black bean lines that combine erect architecture, heat tolerance, the bgm gene and the SW12 SCAR for BGYMV resistance, the I gene for resistance to BCMV and high levels of resistance to common bacterial blight were selected from the population.

Publications

Agarwal, C., J.M. Osorno, P. McClean, and R. Goswami. 2013. Identification and characterization of new sources of resistance to white mold in dry beans. Annual Rept., Bean Improv. Coop. 56:51-52. Astudillo, C., Fernandez, A., Blair, M., Cichy, K.A. 2013. Phaseolus vulgaris ZIP gene family: identification, characterization, mapping and gene expression. Frontiers in Plant Science. 4:286. Cichy, K.A., A. Fernandez, A. Kilian, J.D. Kelly, C.H. Galeano, S. Shaw, M.A. Brick, D. Hodgkinson, and E. Delorean. 2013. QTL analysis of canning quality and color retention in black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mol Breeding. DOI 10.1007/s11032-013-9940-y. Duncan, R.W., M. Lema, R.L. Gilbertson, and S.P. Singh. 2013. Registration of common bean pinto US14HBR6 resistant to race 6 of the halo blight pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. J. Plant Reg. (in press). Ferreira, J.J., A. Campa, and J.D. Kelly. 2013. Organization of genes conferring resistance to anthracnose in common bean, pp. 151-181. In: R. K. Varshney and R. Tuberosa (eds). Translational Genomics for Crop Breeding, Volume I: Biotic Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Guachambala M., Gonzalez A., Estevez de Jensen C., Beaver J.S., Porch T.G. 2013. Root traits and nodulation of recombinant inbred bean lines from a Jamapa x Calima population inoculated with two strains of Rhizobium. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative 56:75-76. Harveson, R.M., Schwartz, H.F., and Steadman, J.R. 2013. Rust of dry beans. NebGuide EC1866 (revised), 12 pages. Harveson, R.M., Steadman, J.R., and Schwartz, H.F. 2013. White mold of dry beans. NebGuide EC1866 (revised), 12 pages. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, K.A. Cichy, and E.M. Wright. 2013. Registration of Powderhorn great northern bean. J. Plant Registrations 7 (in press). Kleintop, A.E., Echeverria, D., Brick, L.A., Thompson, H.J., and Brick, M.A. 2013 Adaptation of the AOAC 2011.25 Integrated total dietary fiber assay to determine the dietary fiber and oligosaccharide content of dry edible bean. J. Food Ag. Chemistry. DOI: 10.1021/jf403018k Mukeshimana, G., Y. Ma, A. E. Walworth, G-q. Song, and J. D. Kelly. 2013. Factors influencing regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 7:59-70.doi:10.1007/s11816-012-0237-0. Miklas, P.N., L. D. Porter, J. D. Kelly, and J. R. Myers 2013. Characterization of white mold disease avoidance in common bean. European J. Plant Pathology. 135:525543. doi:10.1007/s10658-012-0153-8 Moghaddam, S.M., S. Mamidi, Q. Song, J.M. Osorno, R. Lee, P. Cregan, and P.E. McClean. 2013. Developing marker-class specific indel markers from next generation sequence data in Phaseolus vulgaris. Frontiers in Plant Genetics and Genomics (In Press). Mukeshimana, G., and J.D. Kelly. 2013. Influence of basal salt sources on the regeneration of common bean. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 56:1-2. Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, A.J. Vander Wal, and S.L. Gegner. 2013. A new small red bean with improved resistance to common bacterial blight: Registration of Rio Rojo. J. Plant Reg. 7:130-134. Osorno, J.M., M.R. Miles, J. Weyers, J. Prendergast, J.D. Kelly, G. Varner, M. Siddiq, C.A. Urrea, K. Cichy, and A. M. Linares. 2012. Genetic and environmental effects on canning quality of pinto and navy bean cultivars commonly grown in the central U.S. Annual Rept., Bean Improv. Coop. 55:77-78. Porch T.G, Beaver J.S. and Brick M.A. 2013. Registration of Tepary Germplasm with Multiple-Stress Tolerance, TARS-Tep 22 and TARS-Tep 32. J. of Plant Registrations 2013 7: 3: 358-364. Porch T.G., Beaver J.S., Debouck D.G., Jackson S.A., Kelly J.D., Dempewolf H. 2013. Use of Wild Relatives and Closely Related Species to Adapt Common Bean to Climate Change. Agronomy 3:433-461. Porch T.G., C.A. Urrea, J.S. Beaver, S. Valentin, P.A. Peña and J.R. Smith. 2012. Registration of TARS-MST1 and SB-DT1 Multiple-Stress-Tolerant Black Bean Germplasm. J. of Plant Registrations. 6:75-80. Porch T.G. and Hall A.E. Heat Tolerance, In Genomics and Breeding for Climate-Resilient Crops, Vol. 2 Target Traits (Ed. C. Kole). Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany 167-202. 2013. Schwartz, H. F. and Singh, S.P. 2013. Breeding common bean for resistance to white mold: A review. Crop Science 53:1-13. Doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.02.0081 Schwartz, H.F., Brick, M.A., Ogg, J.B., and McMillan, M.S. 2013. Double row arrangement enhances pinto bean production for upright cultivars. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 56:143-144. Schwartz, H.F., Panella, L.W., Brick, M.A., and Byrne, P.F. 2013. Fusarium wilt and yellows of sugar beet and dry bean. CSU Fact Sheet No. 2.950 (revised), 3 pp. Sousa, L.L., M.C. Gonçalves-Vidigal, A.O. Gonçalves, P.S. Vidigal Filho, H. Awale, and J.D. Kelly. 2013. Molecular mapping of the anthracnose resistance Co-15 gene in the common cultivar Corinthiano. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 56:45-46. Valverde, R.A., M.A. Pastor-Corrales, S. Khankhum, J.M. Osorno, and S. Sabanadzovic. 2013. Endornaviruses recurrently detecte don Mesoamerican but not in Andean bean cultivars. Annual Rept., Bean Improv. Coop. 56:57-58. Vandemark, G. J., M. A. Brick, J. Osorno, J. D. Kelly, and C. Urrea. 2013. Yield gains in edible grain legumes. In S. Smith, J. Specht, B. Diers, and B. Carver (eds.) Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops. CSSA. Madison, WI. (in press). Webb, K.M., Case, A.J., Brick, M.A., Otto, K. and Schwartz, H.F. 2013. Cross pathogenicity and vegetative compatibility of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from sugar beet. Plant Disease 97:1200-1206 dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-12-1051-RE.

Impact Statements

CSUs most recent pinto bean variety releases, Longs Peak (2011) and Croissant (2009) continue to provide the public with adapted high yielding cultivars with excellent seed quality. CSU cultivars account for approximately 50% of cultivars grown in CO and to lesser extent in WY, NE, KS and the western US. Outreach activities included two field days with grower/industry stakeholders, a newsletter distributed twice annually, and numerous contacts with growers.
Varieties and information on production and pest management from CSU programs contribute to reduce yield losses to white mold, common bacterial blight, and rust diseases as well as improved seed quality and harvest management due to upright Type II architecture.
Characterization and mapping of ZIP family of metal transporters in dry bean: 23 Zn transporter genes were identified. Expression patterns of 4 were characterized in 2 genotypes. PvZIP12 showed differential expression with contrasting seed Zn level. Located to a genomic region important to seed Zn accumulation, it is a good candidate gene for increasing seed Zn concentration. This finding may be used to help make beans more nutritious by increasing their mineral content.
Application of NIR spectroscopy to assess black bean processing quality: Canned black beans are important bean products in the U.S. Vis/NIR spectroscopy used to predict how well different bean varieties hold up during the canning process. Promising results were obtained. This is the first report where Vis/NIR on intact dry seed has been used to predict canning quality on canned seed. These findings may help breeders develop black bean varieties with superior canning quality.
The QTL mapping research done with the Buster/SER22 RIL population allowed the identification of several genomic regions associated with drought tolerance. Specifically, QTLs related to seed yield, seed size, and leaf temperature were identified.

Date of Annual Report: 12/30/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 08/19/2014 - 08/21/2014
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2013 - 09/01/2014

Participants

Beaver, Jim (james.beaver@upr.edu) - University of Puerto Rico;
Brick, Mark (mark.brick@colostate.edu) - Colorado State University;
Cichy, Karen (karen.cichy@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS, East Lansing;
Grusak, Mike (mike.grusak@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS Houston, TX (via phone);
Hossain, Khwaja (k.hossain@mayvillestate.edu) - Mayville State University (via phone);
Kalavacharla, Venu (Kal) (vkalvacharla@desu.edu) - Delaware State University (via phone);
Kelly, Jim (kellyj@msu.edu) - Michigan State University;
Kisha, Ted (tkisha@wsu.edu; theodore.kisha@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS;
Martin, Pat (pmartin2@unl.edu) - Nebraska Panhandle REC;
Miklas, Phil (phil.miklas@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARA, Prosser;
Osorno, Juan (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Pasche, Julie (julie.pasche@ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University;
Porch, Tim (timothy.porch@ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS-Mayaguez;
Rueda, Janice (rueda@wayne.edu) – Wayne State University/Archer Daniels Midland;
Reuter, Lynn (dryediblebeans@nebraska.gov) - Nebraska Dry Bean Commission;
Schlegel, Vicki (vschlegel3@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska – Lincoln;
Schwartz, Howard (howard.schwartz@colostate.edu) - Colorado State University;
Thill, Donn (dthill@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho (via phone);
Urrea, Carlos (currea2@unl.edu) - University of Nebraska;

Brief Summary of Minutes

Carlos called the meeting at 8:00 am and introduced Lynn Reuter from the Nebraska Dry Bean Commission, who was attending as an invited guest. Introductions of others present followed. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss group activities and objectives over the next five years and to work on the proposal.

Janice Rueda, Chair, Julie Pasche, vice-chair and Khwaja Hossain, Secretary. In the past the chair has been the one to organize the writing; however, we can diverge from that and do it as a team. Janice indicated that she would be willing to serve as final editor, as she has expertise in putting the information into the system.

Administrative update - Dr. Donn Thill, via phone: Annual multi-state research committee report:

The committee report is due 60 days from the meeting date. Vice-chair, Julie Pasche, Chair, Janice Rueda, and Secretary Khwaja Hossain, will complete and submit the report. Donn will e-mail Carlos Urrea the report instructions including character limits for each of the categories. Accomplishments should be summarized by objective with an emphasis on demonstrating interaction in multistate research proposals.

Renewal of W2150 – The current W2150 project will expire on September 30, 2015. The new proposal needs to be approved, and in place by September 30, 2015. The timeline of events leading up to the approval are as such: submit the new proposal for external review into NIMSS system by January 15, 2015. This will require that it is submitted to Donn no later than Dec. 15, 2014 for his review. He will return his comments to editing committee for incorporation into the final draft to be submitted to NIMSS by January 15, 2015. The first step is to request permission to write the proposal. The group is to send Donn a statement of issues and justification; this can be an update of the statement of the problem and justification in the current W2150 proposal. Upon receiving the statement, Donn will submit it to the NIMSS system and request issue of a new project number. The project will be designated temp_W3150, throughout the proposal and rewrite process. Once the proposal is approved, the group will be designated W3150. The W2150 will be terminated as of September 30, 2015.

The goal of this meeting is to draft an outline of objectives of the proposal and determine the writing and editing committees. All interested parties can participate in the writing/editing; however, only 3 people will be given access to NIMSS for submitting the proposal. Once the proposal is submitted into NIMSS by Jan. 15, it will be go out for external review. The group needs to provide the names, phone numbers, email and mail addresses of 3 or 4 external reviewers. They will contact those people and make sure they are interested and have time to review the proposal in a timely fashion. When that is done, the proposal will go to the Western State Experiment Station Multi-State Proposal Review Committee for review. Generally, there are some minor edits that will come back from that and it will go back to the writing committee, they clean that up and send it back to Donn and he will look them over and if the suggested changes have been incorporated or addressed, there will be a final approval and then the process will go through NIMSS. Also, Donn will send emails to all Agriculture Experiment Station Directors to invite new participants

Prior to the Jan. 15 deadline, all individuals interested in being involved with the W3150 project will need to sign up as a committee member in the NIMSS site for whichever your respective objectives are on Appendix C. Previous membership does not automatically roll forwards from the W2150. This is considered a new proposal so all new or returning members need to go in and file a new Appendix C under the temp_W3150. The individuals on appendix E will be emailed directly.

Once a writing committee is designated, Donn suggested that they email questions to him for clarification. The statement of issues and justification as well as the three individuals requesting access to the NIMSS submittal system should be sent to Donn ASAP. Reviewers will look for proof of multi-state interactions, be clear to leave no question in reviewers mind of integrated activities.

Donn will send out a blanket invitation to all University/ARS member institutions to new people who may want to join W2150/W3150. Juan Osorno stated that the reason for asking for this to happen is because several people that are officially part of the multi-state project have either retired or do not participate actively in the project. Donn stated that two things will be required, the blanket invitation will go out and that goes out to the Agriculture Experiment Station Directors to be forwarded to individuals who might be interested. The people who are on Appendix C now on W2150 should get the invitation directly but, State Experiment Station Directors will need to invite new individuals who are involved in related research at their university. A question was posed concerning inviting individuals outside of land grant institutions; Donn will email those details to Carlos.

Donn and Mark have been working together in a 4 state bean research consortium planning sessions and the reason he is bringing it up is that you will be rewriting your proposal and there has been at least been some interest expressed by this consortium to have a multi-state project and one of the possibilities would be to expand to a certain extent this current one, if the committee so chooses. It may not be practical but putting it out there for consideration. There is a lot of interest in some of the agronomic pest management of beans, there is also interest from this group of trying to identify enough states and bean researchers to submit a center of excellence proposal to NIFA through the AFRI process because that was one of the things that was listed in the current farm bill is that there will be centers of excellence and it generally needs to be multi-state.

Donn indicated the same level of funding, or modest increases to Hatch and Smith-Lever in FY16. Juan asked, for the new people to the group, an explanation of the allocation process. Donn stated there are two ways it can be allocated directly through the Hatch process and the other is the multi-state process. When the federal capacity or formula funds are received at a state experiment station, part of those are marked for Hatch and part are marked for multi-state uses, based on a formula. For example, at the Univ. of Idaho, the federal research dollars that they get in about 75% are for Hatch and 25% are mandated to be used in a multi-state fashion similar to the W2150. Those faculty members who are on Hatch are required to have a Hatch proposal and part of their salary is paid out of federal dollars based on their activities in their Hatch proposal. There also may be some operational dollars provided, and salary for staff support. On the multi-state dollars, the same thing happens but there they are coded differently in the budget system. For example, Mark sits on this project and part of his salary from CSU may come from a budget number from multi-state funds CSU receives.

Juan asked the question that we have some retired members but we have some that are not the most active in the group. If they do not get back to us for the renewal, we are not obligated to list them. Can we eliminate them from the renewal? Donn indicated you can because you start from over with membership in the renewal process. People have to reapply by completing Appendix E, which must be approved by their state experiment station director and then by Donn and finally by NIFA. The state experiment station directors should know whether or not to approve someone for the committee.

Jim Kelly asked, if they want to introduce a new researcher into this justification and we do not have the players in this room but we want to introduce other scientists, can just reach out to them and let them indicate their interest or not in joining the group? Donn said absolutely and it is highly encouraged that you actually look down through the objectives and see which ones of those that you feel you have accomplished and perhaps can set those aside and add new objectives and as you add or evaluate current ones, look around within the bean research group to see who makes sense to be on the committee and reach out to them if they are interested in being an active member.

Question from Kal concerning the process for a person who is not at a land grant and not on the list. Donn knows you can do it but will get the exact details to Carlos to distribute.

Donn stated that, having gone through the process recently with another regional research project, the review committees really look for proof of the multi-state interaction. You want to make that front and center in the rewriting of the proposal so there is no doubt in any reviewer’s mind of how well the group’s activities are integrated.

Ted Kisha asked how he was connected to W2150. Donn stated you can be directly connected through Appendix E.

Donn asked for the issues and justifications statement and the three editors that have access to NIMSS as soon as possible and the annual report within 60 days.

Mark asked how many were aware of the Farm Bill Center of Excellence concept. It is fairly new and does not think it relates to this group. His understanding it is a regional centers of excellence issue like Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, Oklahoma, etc. Bottom line, what it says that centers of excellence will get preferential treatment for NIFA funding. So, crop science was asked to weigh in on it and this is how he knows about it and they did not support the concept. They thought it would only create more bureaucracy, more machinery that could get outdated and still have preferential treatment. So they wrote a report supporting some general concepts but not this. But it is going to happen, whether you support or not, in Mark’s opinion. It is in the Farm Bill. This is a different concept than BeanCap but use W-2150 as an umbrella

Juan proposed the expansion of the North American Panel to other countries, Mark supported the proposal. Mark proposed for open access of BeanCap resources which is currently sort of a request format.

Janice asked that given that all the sub-projects are the heavy breeding component is there any interest in the group to expand out into the nutrition and sustainability to attract membership to those fields? Discussion led to this is an important component and needs to be included.
It opened discussion on how does the group sell W2150 to a new person and what is in it for them? Miklas stated that this group provides their work of linkage to geneticists and breeders that know the crop. Janice added that agriculture is an instrument of public health.
Reasons to be part of this but very little funding. Have a willingness to collaborate. Sharing of knowledge, brain storming and developing partnerships.

Janice suggested passing a paper around for those to write a name down for those people who may be interested.

Objectives were discussed and drawn up.

Objective leaders, #1 Tim Porch; #2 Karen Cichy; #3 James Beaver. Editors/writers for each objective are yet to be determined.

Janice requested state report needs be sent to her within 30 days. The report needs to be submitted within 60 days from today. The Committee requested a time extension to file their annual report (Dec.) so results from the 2014 field season could be included. Permission granted.

Secretary – Rueda nominated Vicki Schlegal, Hossain 2nd, passed

Deadlines – Janice Sept 2, sub-leaders participation list confirmation
Oct 15 draft due to leaders
Nov 1 to Janice
Nov 15 for re-review
Dec 15 to Donn Thill

W2150 adjourned at 4:10 pm.

Accomplishments

Arizona: Nothing to report California: Nothing to report Colorado: The primary objectives of this project are to improve dry bean production in the USA, while reducing the impact of agriculture on the environment and providing an inexpensive nutritious food commodity that will enhance human health and reduce chronic diseases among the population. A key component of this project is the collaboration among scientists in the USA to share information, genetic material, research methods, and data to enhance all projects involved. The major goals of the project are: 1. Improving bean yield potential by incorporating resistance/tolerance to major biotic and abiotic stresses, broadening the genetic base, developing genomic resources, and coordinating field trial nurseries. Sub-objectives: 1a) Facilitate the genetic elucidation and breeding for resistance to bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, facilitated by monitoring and characterizing pathogen variation. 1b) Advance in the genetics and breeding for tolerance to heat and drought in response to global climate change. 1c) Broaden the genetic base of major bean market classes by characterizing and using exotic germplasm. 1d) Develop and utilize genomic resources for marker-assisted breeding. 1e) Coordinate and expand national and regional bean trials. (CA, CO, ID, MI, NE, ND, OR, Puerto Rico) 2. Identify and implement sustainable agricultural systems that improve bean seed yield, conserve natural resources, and protect the environment. (AZ, CA, CO, ID, MI, NY, ND, Puerto Rico) A three-year study was completed at the CSU research farm north of Fort Collins. The study compared the performance of three pinto bean cultivars with varying growth habit grown under furrow irrigation to determine if double row arrangement on seed beds increased seed yield or altered seed size compared to single row arrangement on seed beds. Upright type II cultivars Croissant (CSU release) and Stampede (NDSU release) were compared to the prostrate type III cultivar Montrose (CSU release). Growing conditions were favorable for plant development with trace infections of common bacterial blight and insect pests each year. Adequate furrow irrigation water and fertilizer supported optimum plant development and pod set. Significant interactions were noted among factors year, entry, and rows per bed. Yield varied from 2900 to 3800 kg/ha and 200-seed weight varied from 62 to 83 g, depending on entry and row arrangement during 2010 to 2012. Upright growth habit cultivars Croissant and Stampede had 5% higher yield under double row arrangement compared to single row arrangement, while the prostrate cultivar Montrose showed no response to row arrangement. Mean seed weight among cultivars did not differ between row arrangements. These results suggest that pinto bean growers should be able to increase yield and maintain desirable seed size using double row arrangement over traditional single row arrangement on the planting bed. Commercial dry bean production in CO was estimated at 43,000 A in 2014. The Dry Bean Breeding Project continued with the Fast Track project to develop slow darkening pinto bean varieties for the High Plains and western US. The project increased 200 F4 lines for evaluation and winter increase in New Zealand during winter 2013-14. The seed increases from these lines were shipped back to the US and tested for yield and agronomic traits in 2014, while simultaneously increasing for clean seed. Six lines were selected for further increase of Breeder seed in the winter nursery during 2014-15 for use to produce Foundation seed for release in 2015. In addition, the project evaluated more than 12,500 lines in the breeding program and increased pure seed of ten promising pinto breeding lines in western Colorado. One line, CO 91212, was increased in New Zealand during the winter 2013-14 and planted for Foundation Seed Production and will be released in 2014-15. The breeding program collaborated with state experiment station personnel from MI, NE, and ND as well as the USDA and private seed companies in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery, the Western Regional Bean Trials and the CO Crops Testing Program to evaluate elite lines. Individuals that worked on the project included all principal investigators, their research and extension associates, technicians, graduate students and undergraduate students. Collaboration and training were continued with various organizations including the CO Dry Bean Administrative Committee, CO Seed Growers Association, CO Department of Agriculture, Regional W 2150 Research and Extension Committee members throughout the US. Additional contacts include CO dry bean growers of all major dry bean growing counties, field consultants with seed companies, pesticide companies, pesticide applicators, and crop consultants. Outreach activities included grower/industry and stakeholder meetings, scientific presentations at the national meeting of the Rocky Mountain Bean Dealers Association, the newsletter the CO Bean News distributed twice annually, and numerous contacts with growers via the telephone and internet. Idaho: Pinto Bean Breeding. Ten advanced breeding lines (selected from approximately 75 breeding lines evaluated in 2013) and checks were evaluated in the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) in the high input, drought-stressed, and compacted soil with continual bean production systems for the past 64 years at Kimberly in 2014. They also were tested in a purgatory plot at Roza and in the high input plot at Othello, WA; under drought and rust pressures in the field and greenhouse at Fort Collins; and in high input and drought-stressed conditions at Scottsbluff. These were tested for general adaptation, plant type, maturity, seed yield and other seed characteristics, and response to rust. Based on the data collected so far, 5 breeding lines were selected for the winter or off-season seed increase and purification. Seed of the surviving plant-to-progeny rows will be again multiplied during the summer planting in the Trial Ground at Kimberly in 2015. Depending upon the seed availability, a bulk sample of each of the five breeding lines will be tested in the WRBT and the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery, and the most promising breeding line(s) will be released to Idaho bean growers as new cultivar(s) at the end of 2015 or early 2016. If necessary, an additional seed increase will be made in the winter season either in Chile or New Zealand. Thus, approximately 200 lb of the Breeder or Stock seed of each new cultivar will be supplied to the ID Foundation Seed Program in May 2016. Also, new cultivar(s) will be registered in the J Plant Registration. White Mold Resistance. Seed of one interspecific pinto bean breeding line, namely VCP 13 derived from a recurrent backcross of pinto ‘UI 320*2/PI 439534 (Phaseolus coccineus, a member of the secondary gene pool), and one pinto (PRP 153) and three Andean (PRA 152, PRA 154, PRA 155) breeding lines with pyramided high levels of white mold (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) resistance from across Phaseolus species was multiplied in the field at Kimberly in 2014. They also were simultaneously screened on the same plants against the pathogen isolates ARS12D, CO467, ND710, and NY133 in the greenhouse at Kimberly, Idaho. Furthermore, approval for the public release from the ID Foundation Seed Program Committee and the Director of Idaho and CO Agricultural Experiment Stations has been requested. Hopefully, these will be released for public use in December 2014, and registered in the J Plant Registration in the spring of 2015. Their seed for research purposes should be available some time in 2015. Common Blight Resistance. An advanced tepary bean (P. acutifolius, a member of the tertiary gene pool of the common bean) derived common blight (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) resistant pinto PTRXa11.4 breeding line was developed. This breeding line has partial resistance in leaves and pods to less aggressive bacterial strain (e.g., ARX8AC), but confers a high level of resistance against aggressive (e.g., Xcp25) strain in leaves. We also helped develop, in collaboration with Tim Porch Andean breeding lines 08SH-840 and CXR 1, and in collaboration with Mari Carmen Asensio of Spain RCS 63 with high levels of pyramided common blight resistance. Seed of these breeding lines will be multiplied in 2015 for public release and registration in the J Plant Registration. Michigan: Bean Breeding Nurseries. The MSU dry bean breeding and genetics program conducted 20 yield trials in ten market classes and participated in the growing and evaluation of the Cooperative Dry Bean, Midwest Regional Performance, and the National Sclerotinia Nurseries in MI and winter nursery in Puerto Rico in 2014. All yield trials at Frankenmuth were direct harvested. Large-seeded kidney and cranberry trials, at Montcalm were rod-pulled. The white mold trial was direct harvested. Bean yields at Frankenmuth were exceptional in 2014 averaging 35 cwt/A with top yields exceeding 50 cwt in some trials. Temperatures were moderate not exceeding 90 F and rainfall for 4-summer months was 2.2 inches above the 30-yr average. The extra rainfall was well distributed with most falling in July so there was no stress to the crop due to limited moisture or high temperatures at the critical flowering period. White mold was a serious problem in the commercial crop but not in research plots where the extra tile drainage allowed for more rapid drying of the soil surface following rain. Plots at Montcalm had similar rainfall pattern but the supplemental irrigation did contribute to the development of white mold. Incidence in the National Sclerotinia Initiative nursery was very high in the susceptible checks and proved to be an excellent screening nursery. The major problem at Montcalm was the presence of severe root rots mainly Fusarium that was accentuated by the cooler soil conditions early in the season. Despite this, yields in kidney beans approached 40 cwt/A and many lines with tolerance to root rot and with resistance to common bacterial blight were identified in kidney bean nurseries. A total of 2,742 plots were harvested for yield in 2014 and approximately 2000 single plant selections were made in the early generation nurseries. Other studies included the evaluation of 36-entry certified organic variety trials at two locations. Black Bean Fe and Zn Biofortification. A QTL consensus map has been developed by combining QTL data from a black bean recombinant inbred line population and an additional three RIL populations. This analysis identified QTL on chromosomes 6 and 11 that appear to be important for seed Fe and Zn levels across diverse bean germplasm. These consensus QTL are currently being validated. The molecular markers associated with the high seed mineral levels are being screened across bean germplasm for utility in marker assisted selection. Black bean donor lines with high seed Fe and Zn have been crossed into high yielding black bean varieties and one to two backcrosses have been made. These materials have been planted in the field and will be evaluated for agronomic characteristics and advanced to the next generation at which time they will be evaluated for seed mineral levels. Black Bean Low Phytic Acid Germplasm. Three low phytic acid bean lines were received from the Italian Institute of Biology and Biotechnology. These lines were crossed with high yielding US black bean germplasm and were backcrossed to the adapted parent and/or self-pollinated. The crosses are currently being grown in the field and will be evaluated via SNP melting curve analysis for the presence of the low phytic acid trait. Nebraska: The main goal is improving bean yield potential and grower profitability by incorporating resistance/tolerance to major biotic and abiotic stresses, broadening the genetic base, and coordinating field trial nurseries, NE will: a) facilitate the genetic elucidation and breeding for resistance to bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, using characterized pathogen isolates b) advance in the genetics and breeding for tolerance to heat and drought in response to global climate change, c) broaden the genetic base of major bean market classes by characterizing and using exotic germplasm, and e) coordinate and expand national and regional bean trials. The overall strategy of the Nebraska component is based on collaborative research of constraints shared across different production regions. This collaboration includes germplasm and pathogen exchange, sharing of protocols and techniques, regional nurseries and trials, and screening genotypes for the traits of interest. As a result of this exchange of knowledge and material, breeding projects will be able to incorporate and pyramid favorable genes for enhanced seed yield potential, nutritional value, and resistance to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses using a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional team approach. Major goals of the project are to improve bean yields by incorporating resistance/tolerance to major biotic and abiotic stresses, broaden the genetic base, developing genomic resources, and coordinate field trial nurseries. Sub-objectives: 1a) Facilitate the genetic elucidation and breeding for resistance to bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, facilitated by monitoring and characterizing pathogen variation. 1b) Advance in the genetics and breeding for tolerance to heat and drought in response to global climate change. 1c) Broaden the genetic base of major bean market classes by characterizing and using exotic germplasm. 1d) Coordinate and expand national and regional bean trials (CA, CO, ID, MI, NE, ND, OR, Puerto Rico). A total of 95 F4:5 lines from a shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and NE were tested under terminal drought at Scottsbluff in 2014 in drought stress and non-stress conditions. The same set of lines is being planted in Juana Diaz, PR in 2014. RIL extremes from the drought mapping population Buster/Roza were tested under terminal drought stress at Scottsbluff, NE. A national nursery on drought was assembled (DBDN). Sixteen entries from the on-going shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and Nebraska and six reference checks (Matterhorn, Marquis, Orion, Beryl-R, Merlot, and Stampede) were tested at CO, CA, NE, WA, PR, and MI in replicated trials under stress and non-stress conditions. The Shuttle Breeding line 9, VAX 2, and Matterhorn had the highest Geometric Mean yield of 3669, 3087, and 3035 lb/A, respectively. We participated in 3 regional bean trials; Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT), and the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN). Two Nebraska lines, NE2-1325 and NE2-13-17, had the highest yields of 3576 and 3405 lb/A followed by Buster with 3404 lb/A in the 2014 MRPN conducted in Scottsbluff. PT13-17, PT13-18, and NE2-13-25 had the highest yields of 4455, 3836, and 3727 lb/A in the 2014 WRBT conducted in Scottsbluff. The Andean Diversity Panel and the Andean BeanCAP lines were evaluated under drought and non-drought stress conditions. The same set of lines was evaluated for common bacterial blight reaction. Two germplasm lines, MST-1 and SB-DT1 were released in 2011 with drought/heat and multiple disease resistance are being used in crosses. Two sources of bacterial wilt resistance identified from CIAT's Core Collection were backcrossed to the susceptible parents Raven and Mayasi as well as the wilt resistant source Emerson (PI 165078). Advanced bean lines from the NE breeding program tested at USDA Beltsville, MD showed rust resistance to multiple races of the pathogen. This resistance was found in all seed classes. Common bacterial blight resistance was also found in most seed classes. Rust was not reported in NE in 2014 growing season. R. solani root rot resistant bean lines were found in drought tolerant NE advanced breeding lines, but drought tolerance and root rot resistance were not correlated. We have identified 11 bean lines that have moderate levels of white mold (WM) resistance and nine adapted bean lines from many seed classes. We were able to select bean lines with many favorable traits and low to no WM in NE. About 30% of the great northern seed class bean area in NE and neighboring states was planted to Coyne in 2014, which generated a gross income of $13.7 million in 2014. There was a direct cost of savings of $2.5 million to growers because of reduced use of chemicals because of disease resistance in Coyne. The shuttle breeding program between Puerto Rico and Nebraska has expedited selection for multiple stress tolerance (drought/heat) and multiple disease resistance (common blight and rhizoctonia root rot). Outreach through the NE industry was via BeanBag, the StarHerald newspaper, scientific journals (Nature and Plant Disease), and the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC) results have been disseminated. New York: A major emphasis of our variety testing program over the past ten years has been on light red kidneys developed by Don Wallace, including: 773-V98 (now named Wallace), 1062-V98, NY104 and NY105, plus the black turtle soup line 96-148. One of the primary purposes underlying the breeding program has been to identify LRK lines with yield and canning quality comparable to or higher than RedKanner, but with earlier maturity similar to CELRK, or in the case of BTS lines, better yield and similar maturity to Midnight. Both of the NY lines and 96-148 have been sent to Idaho for commercial seed increase and have been placed in grower trials for 2010-2113 where they have been compared to standard commercial varieties. Given the wet spring conditions in 2013 several planned grower strip trials were either flooded out or never planted due to heavy and prolonged rains. Nevertheless, there were 4 locations from which we successfully harvested strip trials and reliable data was obtained. NY104 and NY105 were in one strip trial planted next to Cal Early, but there was virtually no difference in yield. The BTS line 96-148 had yield considerably better than T39 at one location, slightly less yield than T39 at another and somewhat better yield than Shania at a third location. New populations were initiated to transfer and select upright vine architecture in red kidney breeding lines following crosses from navy, great northern and black bean lines received from MSU. Eight new breeding lines were selected and identified for white mold resistance in the latest cycle, six light red kidney and two dark red kidney which were tested in replicated yield trials in 2013 at Freeville. The LRK lines (13WMLRK-1, 13WMLRK-2, 13WMLRK-3, 13WMLRK-4, 13WMLRK-5, 13WMLRK-6) had superior yield compared to CELRK and Wallace, but all were later in maturity. Two dark red kidney lines (13WMDRK-1, 13WMDRK-2) from the same program were compared to the standards Montcalm and Cabernet. Both had better yields and were significantly earlier than the checks, making them promising candidates for advancement if performance is replicated. The Extension dry bean program in 2013 evaluated 80 new and standard varieties and breeding lines, including those in the early stages of development from our own crosses. The National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery with 16 entries was grown at Freeville in 2013. The main replicated yield trials, testing all the bean classes listed above, were grown at the Vegetable Research Farm at Freeville in 2013. In the light red kidney trial at Freeville, Inferno had the highest yield (2755 lbs/a) but was also the latest to mature. Cal Early, NY104, NY105 and Pink Panther were the earliest at 82 days. In the dark red kidney trial, KDD-DJ091030 from Seminis had the highest yield (2268 lbs/a) but was one of the latest. K11320 from MSU. was the earliest. In the black turtle soup trial, Black Velvet had the highest yield (3277 lbs/a), but was one of the latest. 96-148 from the Cornell program had the fourth highest yield (2962 lbs/a) which was not significantly different from Black Velvet. Virus resistance in snap bean breeding lines was selected in multiple greenhouse screens in 2014, introgressing genes controlling resistance to CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV/BCMNV. This work included introgression of known genes including a CYVV resistance gene from clipper, bc-3 and the I-gene, new genes introgressed from scarlet runner beans, great northern beans, black beans and navy beans. Differential reactions to multiple virus inoculations was also undertaken in breeding lines and cultivars to identify different gene segregations, optimal combinations, cross resistance and genetic control for re-assembling the optimal combination into commercial cultivars. Evaluating breeding lines selected for resistance to multiple viruses based on the sources initially selected for CMV, BYMV, CYVV and BCMV sources has resulted in a major step forward in understanding the genetic control mechanisms and the desirable gene combinations resulting in cross resistance (resistance to one virus providing resistance to other viruses) combinations for protection against the major viruses being studied. An understanding of the major genes involved with resistance to these viruses is now becoming clear, enabling a change in breeding strategy to fast-track introgression of these. Dry bean production in NY is restricted by a short growing season, and variable rainfall and growing temperatures. The objectives of this project were to screen for genotypes with relatively short plant maturity, stress tolerance (particularly at seed set) and utilization quality appropriate for processing and dry pack markets. Dry bean varieties identified from these studies will allow growers to more consistently produce a higher quality crop with higher yields while using lower levels of inputs. Yield, maturity, seed size and canning data from all trials will be published in our annual NY State Dry Bean Variety Trials report and specific attribute information for each variety and line will be provided in our NY State Dry Bean Variety Trials Variety Fact Sheet. North Dakota: The multistate project activities focused on 4 major areas: i) The continued testing of slow darkening pinto breeding lines and ii) Evaluation of pinto breeding lines with multiple disease resistance, both in collaboration with Phil Miklas from USDA-ARS at Prosser-WA; iii) Collaborative regional trials: Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN) and Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN); iv) the release of 2 new kidney cultivars (Talon dark red and Rosie light red kidney). Additional projects include the identification of genomic regions associated with bean plant architecture and white mold resistance. Results of these activities were shared in the W-2150 annual meeting at Scottsbluff, Annual Bean Day at Fargo, and some of the field days at the NDSU Research and Extension Centers. In the case of the slow darkening pintos, 2 breeding lines are in the seed increase stages. Initial plans were to release the lines as new cultivars in 2015. However, an early frost near Cody, WY caused a 50% loss due to both damaged seed and germination. Therefore, a winter increase will be needed in order to recover from the seed losses and do a new increase during the 2015 growing season. Both lines have been tested across ND for their agronomic performance and seed yields are comparable to the cultivars commonly grown in the region plus the slow darkening trait. Therefore, seed quality has been improved while maintaining the agronomic performance desired by the growers. A total 125 F3:4 Multiple Disease Resistance (MDR) pinto breeding lines were grown in New Zealand this year and 109 lines were selected for harvest based on disease symptoms, plant architecture, and overall agronomic potential. A total of 113 MDR pinto breeding lines plus 7 checks were planted in 2 locations in ND (Hatton and Johnstown) in May-June 2014. In addition, the same lines were planted in Othello, WA for additional evaluation and production of disease-free seed. During the summer, natural disease pressure was very high at Johnstown, which allowed the field evaluation of the lines for three diseases simultaneously: common bacterial blight (CBB), white mold (WM), and halo blight (HB). There was no natural pressure of anthracnose since this disease has been reported only in some fields in central ND. The MDR pinto lines were also evaluated for desirability (agronomic appearance). A total of 64 MDR pinto breeding lines (56% of the total) were selected and harvested at each location based on the disease and desirability scores. These lines will be evaluated for rust, anthracnose, and CBB in the greenhouse. For the MRPN, a total of 20 genotypes were planted across 4 states (CO, MI, ND, and NE) during the 2014 growing season. Unfortunately, the trial at North Dakota was loss due to flooding and data was not collected. Nonetheless, data from the other 3 states will be available. As for the CDBN, a total of 34 genotypes were planted across 9 locations in the U.S. and 1 location in Canada. Data from all locations should be available early 2015. Common trials for the mapping of genomic regions associated to plant architecture were planted both in ND and WA. A total of 178 genotypes from Durango race were included in these trials (known as the Durango Diversity Panel or DDP), and they were evaluated for many morphologic and agronomic traits. Finally, a new MAGIC population (Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross) for white mold is under development. This WM-MAGIC will serve both for mapping purposes as well as a source of improved germplasm. Accomplishments • The publication of the common bean genome sequence can be considered a great milestone from this project given the fact that several members of this multistate project were part of this important research. • Two slow darkening pinto breeding lines are the final stages of development and will be released next year, once enough seed to distribute is available. • 64 out of 125 MDR pinto breeding lines have been selected for further evaluation and selection. • Talon is a high yielding dark red kidney with high levels of resistance to the root rot fungal complex commonly present in MN. In addition, Talon possess the gene that confers resistance to Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) and showed resistance reaction to the new race of bean rust present in ND (20-4). Under field conditions, Talon showed intermediate levels of resistance to bacterial diseases (common bacterial blight and halo blight) in comparison with the commercial checks. The complex cross-series involves multiple cultivars and breeding lines. Averaged across all environments, Talon produced 231 and 331 kg more per hectare than Montcalm and Redhawk, respectively. Days to maturity, seed type, and canning quality is within acceptable commercial ranges and comparable to the commercial checks. • Rosie is a high yielding light red kidney with high levels of resistance to the root rot fungal complex commonly present in MN. The complex cross-series involves multiple cultivars and breeding lines. In addition, Rosie possess the gene that confers resistance to Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) but it is susceptible to the new race of bean rust present in ND (20-4). Under field conditions, line Rosie showed intermediate levels of resistance to bacterial diseases (common bacterial blight and halo blight) in comparison with the commercial checks. Averaged across 11 common environments, Rosie produced 296 kg ha-1 more than Pink Panther, one of the most commonly grown light red kidney cultivars in the region. Seed type and canning quality is within acceptable commercial ranges, but days to maturity for Rosie (106 days) are significantly higher than Pink Panther (91 days). Results of these activities were shared in the W-2150 annual meeting at Scottsbluff, NE, Annual Bean Day at Fargo, and some of the field days at the NDSU Research and Extension Centers. Also, some results were presented at the ASA-CSSA-SSSA annual meetings in Tampa-FL in 2013 and Long Beach in 2014 as well as the Plant and Animal Genome (PAG) in San Diego in early 2014. Oregon: Nothing to report Puerto Rico: A multiple disease resistant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm, TARS-LFR1, was released through recurrent selection by the USDA–ARS, and by the University of Puerto Rico and Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Stations that has superior performance in low nitrogen (N) soils and root rot resistance. In addition to root rot, this germplasm has resistance to common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, and Bean common mosaic virus and yields well in association with rhizobia through biological nitrogen fixation. TARS-LFR1 has shown consistently high yield potential under root rot and low soil N conditions. Breeding lines developed from a second cycle of recurrent selection for drought in the collaborative shuttle breeding with the UN were evaluated in NE and in Puerto Rico in 2014. In collaboration with USDA-ARS-Prosser, over 150 bulk breeding populations were developed for abiotic and biotic traits in Mesoamerican and Andean genetic backgrounds. Several QTL, and associated markers, were identified through a collaborative effort with MSU for leaf hopper resistance. Advanced lines of tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) were generated, and are currently being tested at CSU through a shuttle breeding effort, and in Honduras, and Burkina Faso for potential release. Washington: Dry bean nurseries: Participated in four cooperative trials in 2014. The 65th national Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN), directed by P Miklas, was conducted across 11 states and Ontario, and consisted of 34 entries: 12 pintos, 2 blacks, 1 navy, 1 great northern, 1 red, 2 pinks, 2 flor de mayos, 5 light red kidneys, 2 dark red kidneys, 2 white kidneys, and 4 yellows. The ARS-Prosser pintos PT11-13 and PT12-37 were the top two yielding lines across all locations. PT11-13 will be registered for cultivar release in 2015. Two slow darkening pinto beans 23ST-27 and SF103-8 developed by ARS-Prosser in collaboration with J. Osorno (NDSU) yielded favorably in the CDBN and will likewise be registered for cultivar release in 2015. Contributed 5 pinto and 2 great northern advanced lines for the Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT). PT13-17 and PT13-18 pinto beans breed for multiple disease resistance using marker-assisted selection performed well in this nursery, and will be advanced for additional testing in 2015. The Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN) was planted at Othello, under terminal drought and non-stress. A drought severity index of 0.44 was obtained which was perfect for identifying materials with superior drought tolerance. The Bean White Mold Nursery was planted at Paterson, for the 15th consecutive year with good levels of disease pressure obtained as evidenced by a disease score of 7.2 for the susceptible check Beryl. The great northern breeding line 031A-11 and pinto breeding line 039A-5 continue to exhibit good levels of white mold resistance. White mold: The Middle American Diversity panel of 300 lines was tested in the field and greenhouse straw test and GWAS was performed with greater than 35,000 SNPs generated by GBS. One QTL mapped on Pv08 (21.3 Mb) in a different location from WM8.3 (Mb 50.1); thus, may represent a new QTL or previously identified but uncharacterized QTL. Two QTL were detected in the greenhouse straw test on Pv07 (15.6 Mb) and Pv09 (18.7 Mb). The location for the Pv07 QTL is slightly different from WM7.1 QTL region (Mb 1.1 to 8.3), and again could represent a new QTL. Correlation data affirmed the importance of avoidance traits in expression of field resistance to WM. A RIL population of 160 F5 RILs were generated (Orion/USPT-WM-12) and will be used to examine the straw test resistance exhibited by USPT-WM-12. This work was done in collaboration with NDSU (McClean) and OSU (Myers) and leverages funding from the National Sclerotinia Initiative. Halo blight: A new QTL for halo blight resistance to Race 6 was observed on Pv04 in Rojo/CAL 143 RIL population. The Pse-6 gene for resistance to races 1, 5, 7, and 9 was mapped to Pv04 within a major R gene cluster. Wisconsin: Jim Nienhuis reported mapping traits with SNPs for root rot resistance (Aphanomyces and Pythium) in snap beans. He looks at parallel. He commented that 100 lb/A N applied to Central Sands soil will not be tolerated, so they are looking at high N fixing materials. He is investigating flavor improvement to increase consumer acceptability and is working on organic production combining root rot resistance with spinosad and virus resistance. Sieve size for processing snap beans seems to be getting smaller. Although not retiring soon, he commented that commodity positions will not be replaced at the Univ Wisconsin.

Publications

Aranda, L., T.G. Porch, M.J. Bassett, L. Lara, and P. Cregan. 2014. Genetics and Mapping of the Cl Gene for Circumlineated Pattern in Common Bean Using AFLP-based Bulk Segregant Analysis and SNP-based Bidirectional Selective Genotyping. Hortscience 139:213-218. Beaver, J.S., E.H. Prophete, J.C. Rosas , G.G. Lutz, J.R. Steadman and T.G. Porch. 2014. Release of XRAV-40-4 black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. J. of Agric. of the UPR 98:83-87. Brick, M., D. Echeverria, A. Kleintop, H. Thompson, and J. Osorno. 2014. Dietary fiber content in dry edible bean cultivars. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:195-196. Brisco, E.I., T.G. Porch, P.B. Cregan, and J.D. Kelly. 2014. Identification of QTL associated with resistance to leafhopper species Empoasca fabae and Empoasca kraemeri in common bean. Crop Sci. doi:10.2135/cropsci2014.02.0159 Brisco, E.I., T.G. Porch, P.B. Cregan, and J.D. Kelly. 2014 Quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Empoasca in common bean. Crop Sci. 54: doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.02.0159. Cichy, K.A., A. Fernandez, A. Kilian, J.D. Kelly, C.H. Galeano, S. Shaw, M. Brick, D. Hodkinson, and E. Troxtell. 2014. QTL analysis of canning quality and color retention in black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mol. Breed. 33:139-154. doi: 10.1007/s11032-013-9940-y. Cichy K.A., J. Weisinger, T. Porch, and P.N. Miklas. 2013. Diversity for Cooking Time In Andean Dry Beans. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:25-26. De Ron, A.M., R. Papa, E. Bitocchi, A.M. González, D.G. Debouck, M.A. Brick, D. Fourie, F. Marsolais, J. Beaver, V. Geffroy, P. McClean, M. Santalla, R. Lozano, F. Yuste-Lisbona, and P.A. Casquero. In Press. Chapter 1 Common bean. In (A.M. De Ron and M. Santalla eds.) Handbook on Plant Breeding: Grain Legumes. Misión Biológica de Galicia – National Spanish Research Council, Pontevedra, Spain. dos Santos, H.M., V. Hoyos-Villegas and J.D. Kelly. 2014. Genome-wide association analysis for reaction to white mold in the BeanCAP Mesoamerican panel. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:235-236. Duncan, R.W., Gilbertson, R.L., Lema, M., and Singh, S.P. 2014. Inheritance of resistance to the widely distributed race 6 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola in common bean pinto US14HBR6. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94:923-928. Jhala, R., R. Higgins, E. Eskridge and J.R. Steadman. 2014. Characterized Isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Can Facilitate Identification and Verification of Resistance to White Mold in Dry and Snap Beans. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Coop. 57:57-58. Jhala, R., R. Higgins, and J.R. Steadman. 2014. Use of Multi Site Screening to Identify and Verify Partial Resistance to White Mold in Common Bean in 2013. Ann. Rpt. Bean Improvement Coop. 57:233-234. Heilig, J.A. and J.D. Kelly. 2014. QTL analysis of biological nitrogen fixation and agronomic traits in the Puebla/Zorro RIL population. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:101-102. Ibarra-Perez, F.J., J.G. Waines and B. Ehdaie, J. A. Heilig and J.D. Kelly. 2014. Phenotyping root and shoot traits of Zorro and Puebla 152 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:107-108. Kamfwa, K., K.A. Cichy and J.D. Kelly. 2014. Genetic variability for nitrogen fixation in the Andean diversity panel of Phaseolus vulgaris. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:43-44. Katuuramu D.N. and K.A. Cichy. 2013. Variability in Seed Mineral and Protein Concentration in an Andean Bean Diversity Panel. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:139-140. Kelly, J.D. 2014. The changing face of bean breeding; past and future. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57: 1-2. Kelly, J.D., G.V. Varner, K.A. Cichy, and E.M. Wright. 2014. Registration of ‘Powderhorn’ great northern bean. J. Plant Registrations 8:1-4. doi:10.3198/jpr2013.05.0020crc. Kelly, J. D., Wright, E. M., Varner, G. V., and Sprague, C. L. 2014. ‘Powderhorn’: A new variety of great northern bean for Michigan. Ext. Bulletin E3218. Linares, A.M., C.A. Urrrea, T.G. Porch, S. Mamidi, P.E. McClean, and J.M. Osorno. 2014. QTL mapping for drought tolerance using a RIL population of Buster x SER 22. The Bean Improv. Coop. p.37. Mendoza, F.A., K. Cichy, R. Lu and J.D. Kelly. 2014. Evaluation of canning quality traits in black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by visible/near-infrared spectroscopy. Food Bioprocess Technol. 7:2666-2678. doi:10.1007/s11947-014-1285-y. Miklas, P.N., J.D. Kelly, J.R. Steadman, and S. McCoy. 2014. Registration of Partial White Mold Resistant Pinto Bean Germplasm Line USPT-WM 12. Journal of Plant Registrations 8:183-186. Mukeshimana, G., L. Butare, P.B. Cregan, M. W. Blair and J. D. Kelly. 2014. Quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance in common bean. Crop Sci. 54:923-938. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.06.0427. Mukeshimana, G., A.L. Lasley, W.H. Loescher and J.D. Kelly. 2014. Identification of shoot traits related to drought tolerance in common bean seedlings. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 139:299–309. Sousa, L.L., A. S. Cruz, P. S. Vidigal Filho, V. A. Vallejo, J. D. Kelly and M.C. Gonçalves-Vidigal. 2014. Genetic mapping of the resistance allele Co-52 to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in the common bean MSU 7-1 line. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 8:317-323. Musoni, A., J. Kayumba, L. Butare, F. Mukamuhirwa, E. Murwanashyaka, D. Mukankubana, J.D. Kelly, J. Ininda, and D. Gahakwa. 2014. Innovations to overcome staking challenges to growing climbing beans by smallholders in Rwanda. p. 129-136. In: B. Vanlauwe et al. (eds.), Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Intensification of the Humid Highland Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Springer International Publishing Switzerland doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07662-1_11. Oblessuc, P.R., R. M. Baroni, G. da Silva Pereira, A. F. Chioratto, S.A.M. Carbonell, B. Briñez, L. Da Costa E Silva, A. A. F. Garcia, L.E.A. Camargo, J. D. Kelly, and L. L. Benchimol-Reis. 2014. Quantitative analysis of race-specific resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in common bean. Mol. Breed. 34:1313-1329. doi:10.1007/s11032-014-0118-z Porch, T.G., J.S. Beaver, G. Abawi, C. Estévez de Jensen, J.R. Smith. 2014. Registration of a small-red dry bean germplasm, TARS-LFR1, with multiple disease resistance and superior performance in low nitrogen soils. J. Plant Reg. 8:177–182. Prophete, E., G. Demosthenes, G. Godoy-Lutz, T.G. Porch and J.S. Beaver. 2014. Registration of PR0633-10 and PR0737-1 Red Mottled Dry Bean Germplasm Lines with Resistance to BGYMV, BCMV, BCMNV, and Common Bacterial Blight. J. Plant Reg. 8:49–52. Schmutz J, McClean P, Mamidi S, Wu GA, Cannon SB, Grimwood J, Jenkins J, Shu S, Song Q, Chavarro C, Torres- Torres M, Geffroy V, Moghaddam SM, Gao D, Abernathy B, Barry K, Blair M, Brick MA, Chovatia M, Gepts P, Goodstein DM , Gonzales M, Hellsten U, Hyten DL, Jia G, Kelly JD, Kudrna D, Lee R, Richard MMS, Miklas PN, Osorno JM, Rodrigues J, Thareau V, Urrea CA, Wan M, Yu Y, Zhang M, Wing RA, Cregan PB, Rokhsar DS, Jackson SA. 2014. A reference genome for common bean and genome-wide analysis of dual domestications. Nature Genetics 46: 707 713. H. F. Schwartz, M. A. Brick, J. B. Ogg, K. Otto and M. S. McMillan . 2014. Enhancement of dry bean production by soil ripping and irrigation interval. Ann. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:149-150. Schwartz, H.F., Otto, K., Viteri, D.M., Debouck, D.G., and Singh, S.P. 2014. Response of six wild Phaseolus costaricensis accessions to seven bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of common bean. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:241-242. Sikora, E.J., Allen, T. W, Wise, K. A., Bergstrom, G., Bradley, C.A., Bond, J., Brown-Rytlewski, D., Chilvers, M., Damicone, J., DeWolf, E., Dorrance, A., Dufault, N. , Esker, P., Faske, T.R., Giesler, L., Goldberg, N., Golod, J., Gómez, I.R.G., Grau, C., Grybauskas, A., Franc, G., Hammerschmidt, R., Hartman, G. L., Henn, A., Hershman,D., Hollier, C., Isakeit, T., Isard, S., Jacobson, B., Jardine, D., Kemerait, B., Koenning, S., Langham, M., Malvick, D., Markell, S., Marois, J.J., Monfort, S., Mueller, D., Mueller, J., Mulrooney, R., Newman, M., Osborne, L., Padgett, G.B., Ruden, B.E., Rupe, J., Schneider, R., Schwartz, H., Shaner, G., Singh, S., Stromberg, E., Sweets, L., Tenuta, A., Vaiciunas, S., Yang, X.B., Young-Kelly, H., and Zidek, J. 2014. A coordinated effort to manage soybean rust in North America: a success story in soybean disease monitoring. Plant Disease Feature Article 98:864-875. Singh, S.P., Schwartz, H.F., and Steadman, J.R. 2014 A new scale for white mold disease rating for the common bean cut-stem method of inoculation in the greenhouse. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 57:231-232. Singh, S.P., Schwartz, Teran, H., Viteri, D.M., and Otto, K. 2014. Pyramiding white mold resistance between and within common bean gene pools. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 94:947-954. Singh, S.P., Schwartz, Viteri, D.M., Teran, H., and Otto, K. 2014. Introgressing white mold resistance from Phaseolus coccineus PI 433246 to common pinto bean. Crop Sci. 54:1-7. Teran, H., Jara, C., Mahuku, G., Beebe, S., and Singh, S. P. 2013. Simultaneous selection for resistance to five bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in three Andean x Middle American inter-gene pool common bean populations. Euphytica 189:283-292. Trapp, J., C. Urrea, P. Creagan, and p. Miklas. 2014. Extreme phenotypes in Buster x Roza mapping population. The Bean Improv. Coop. p. 85. Urrea, C.A. 2014. Evaluation of the Andean bean CAP lines to terminal drought in western Nebraska. The Bean Improv. Coop. p. 39. Urrea, C.A., and R.M. Harveson. 2014. Identification of sources of bacterial wilt in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Disease 98(7): 973-976. Vandemark, G.J., M.A. Brick, J. Osorno, J.D. Kelly, and C. Urrea. 2014. Edible grain legumes. In: S. Smith, B. Diers, J. Specht, and B. Carver (ed). Yield Gains in major U.S. field crops. CSSA Special Publications, Madison, WI. DOI: 10.2135/cssaspecpub33. Viteri, D.M., Cregan, P.B. Trapp, J., Miklas, P.N., and Singh, S.P. 2014. A new common bacterial blight resistance QTL in VAX 1 common bean and interaction of the new QTL, SAP6, and SU91 with bacterial strains. Crop Sci. 54:1598-1608. Viteri, D.M., and Singh, S.P. 2014. Response of 21 common beans of diverse origins to two strains of the common bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. Euphytica 200:379-388. Viteri, D.M., Terán, H., Asensio-S.-Manzanera, M.C., Asensio, C., Porch, T.G., Miklas, P.N., and Singh, S.P. 2014. Progress in breeding Andean common bean for resistance to common bacterial blight. Crop Sci. 54:2084-2092.

Impact Statements

The publication of the common bean genome sequence can be considered a great milestone from this project given the fact that several members of this multistate project were part of this important research.
A three-year study was completed that compared the performance of three pinto bean cultivars with varying growth habit under furrow irrigation to determine if double row arrangement on seed beds increased seed yield or altered seed size. Upright type II cultivars Croissant (CSU release) and Stampede (North Dakota State University release) were compared to the prostrate type III cultivar Montrose (CSU release). Significant interactions were noted among factors year, entry, and rows per bed. Upright growth habit cultivars Croissant and Stampede had 5% higher yield under double row arrangement compared to single row arrangement, while the prostrate cultivar Montrose showed no response to row arrangement. Mean seed weight among cultivars did not differ between row arrangements. These results suggest that pinto bean growers should be able to increase yield and maintain desirable seed size using double row arrangement over traditional single row arrangement on the planting bed.
The breeding program released a high-yielding, disease resistant, upright full-season black bean variety, Zenith, and a new upright navy bean variety, Alpena that has excellent canning quality and uniform maturity. Zenith possesses superior color retention following canning, a trait the processing industry needs. Foundation seed of both varieties was produced in 2014. Currently the black bean variety Zorro from MSU breeding program is grown on 80% acres planted to black beans in MI and has provided growers with opportunity to reduce costs by direct harvesting the crop. Certified seed was also produced of new great northern bean variety Powderhorn released by MSU in 2014.
A national nursery on drought was assembled (DBDN). Sixteen entries from the on-going shuttle breeding between Puerto Rico and Nebraska and six reference checks (Matterhorn, Marquis, Orion, Beryl-R, Merlot, and Stampede) were tested at CO, CA, NE, WA, PR, and MI in replicated trials under stress and non-stress conditions. The Shuttle Breeding line 9, VAX 2, and Matterhorn had the highest Geometric Mean yield of 3669, 3087, and 3035 lbs/acre, respectively. The Dry Bean Drought Nursery (DBDN) was planted at Othello, WA, under terminal drought and non-stress. A drought severity index of 0.44 was obtained which was perfect for identifying materials with superior drought tolerance.
Two lines with slow darkening characteristics from the NDSU breeding program were to be released as new cultivars in 2015. However, an early frost caused a 50% loss due to both damaged seed and germination. Seed will be increased in winter and summer nurseries. Seed yields of both lines have proven comparable to pinto bean cultivars commonly grown in North Dakota and these lines provide the additional benefit of the slow darkening characteristic. Therefore, seed quality has been improved while maintaining the agronomic performance desired by the growers. Additionally, six pinto bean lines with slow darkening characteristics were selected by CSU for further increase of Breeder seed in the winter nursery during 2014-15 for use to produce Foundation seed for release in 2015.