Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/15/2010] [01/05/2011] [02/13/2012] [02/27/2013] [02/05/2015]

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Participants

Link to participant list


In attendance:


Katherine A Aronstein - Southern Plains Area


John Burand - University of Massachusetts


Diana L. Cox-Foster - Pennsylvania State


Keith S. Delaplane - University of Georgia


Frank Drummond - University of Maine


Brian D. Eitzer -New Haven


Marion Ellis - Nebraska Cooperative Extension, University of Nebraska


Maryann T Frazier - Pennsylvania Cooperative Extension


William M Hood - Clemson University


Zachary Huang - Michigan State University


Greg Hunt - Purdue University


Nancy Ostiguy - Pennsylvania State


Ramesh R Sagili - Oregon State University


Walter S Sheppard - Washington State University


Kimberly A. Stoner - New Haven (CONH)


Marla Spivak - University of Minnesota


David R Tarpy - North Carolina State University


P. Kirk Visscher - University of California, Riverside


Mary Purcell - NIFA


Tom Webster - Kentucky State University


Wei-Fone Huang - University of Illinois


Reed Johnson - University of Nebraska


Michael Wilson - University of Tennessee


Jim Kenason - University of Georgia

Brief Summary of Minutes

Committee chair Marion Ellis calls the meeting to order.

Mary Purcell addresses the group about changes in NIFA, and the AFRI program.

Members report on Accomplishments and Impacts of their programs, see attachment.

Report on Foundation for Preservation of Honey Bees given by Marion Ellis. Members of NC1173 are working with this 501(c)(3) group. Last year it provided $10,000 to students to come to the AAPA meeting and hired a professional grant writer to go out for significant monies for bee work . Marla will be vice chairman this year. One RFP coming out soon for $25,000 for Varroa work.

Election of Officers: Secretary for the upcoming year will be Frank Drummond. The secretary is responsible for filing annual reports on NIMMS and will become chair the following year. Chair for the upcoming year will be John Skinner, whom is currently Secretary.

Accomplishments and Impacts: see Copy of minutes

Accomplishments

see <i>Copy of minutes</i>

Publications

Impact Statements

1. see <i>Copy of minutes</i>

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Report Information

Participants

Frank Drummond (ME, current chair of NC1173); Anne Averill (MA); Brian Eitzer (CT); John Burand (MA); Mike Hood (SC); Tom Webster (KY); Keith Delaplane (GA); John Skinner (TN); Paul Rhodes (TN); Kerry Lynott (PA); David Tarpy (NC); Dianna Cox-Foster (PA); Kate Aronstein (USDA/ARS TX); Zachary Huang (MI); Ramesh Sagili (OR); Marion Ellis (NE); Greg Hunt (IN); Reed Johnson (NE); Steve Sheppard (WA); Marla Spivac (MN); Kirk Visscher (CA)

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting started promptly at 5:30 pm and ended at 6:49 pm. Brief presentations were made from state representatives regarding the research and outreach that was conducted over the past year. The following is a brief synopsis of the individual reports. Dr. John Skinner served as secretary and recorded these minutes.

Accomplishments

MA: 1) Focus on native pollinator health. May have evidence for pathogen overflow from honey bees to native pollinators. 2) Assessing factors that determine abundance and diversity of native bees in cranberry landscapes. 3) Assessing pathogen diversity and loads in honey bees that have been exposed to sub-lethal levels of imidacloprid in blueberry flowers. <br /> <br /> ME: 1) Investigating the effects of sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid and acetamiprid on bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) and honey bees. Bumble bee brood rearing is set back initially with exposure to high levels of imidacloprid (applications made during bloom), but by the end of the summer bumble bee colonies that were exposed to imidacloprid residues caught up in population size to those colonies that were not exposed. Exposure of honey bees to sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, separately, did not exhibit any long lasting effects going into the winter and there were no differences in overwintering survival of the two treatment groups. <br /> <br /> CN: Pollen trapping for analysis of pesticide levels in honey bee exposure levels are on going throughout the state.<br /> <br /> MN: 1) Focus of the properties of propolis in regards to its bioactivity against pathogens. 2) Development of honey bee cell culture is progressing well and virus can be grown in culture now for experimentation. 3) Investigating landscape effects on honey bee nutrition and productivity of colonies. 4) Working with queen breeders to develop high quality queens. <br /> <br /> SC: 1) Continue development of small hive beetle trap. 2) Finish small hive beetle IPM guide. <br /> <br /> PA: 1) Distribution and abundance of viruses in different castes and age classes of honey bees, 2) Relationship between small hive beetle and yeasts in the hive. 3) Impact of viruses on honey bee survival. 4) Pathogen prevalence in Africa. 5) Interactions of viruses with other pests. 5) survey of CCD throughout the U.S. 6) Effects of inert pesticide ingredients on honey bee survival and health. 7) Interactions between fungicides and viruses. 8) Viability of viruses found in pollen.<br /> <br /> KY: 1) Focus on Nosema ceranae. Development of stains to evaluate viability of spores, investigation of north  south gradients of N. ceranae, and the use and effectiveness of Fumidil for control of N. ceranae.<br /> <br /> GA: 1) Focus on colony density and varroa infestation levels. 2) Effect of bee pathogens on efficacy of pollination. <br /> <br /> NC: 1) Determine factors that drive mating choice and polyandry. 2) Identify collective behaviors involved in supercedure. 3) Pollination ecology of highbush blueberry.<br /> <br /> USDA/TX: 1) Focus is on Nosema spp. infections and bee survival. 2) Chalkbroos reproduction. 3) Effects of Varroa on bee immune system. 4) Biology of small hive beetle.<br /> <br /> MI: 1) Focus on Nosema spp., effect of pollen nutrition and Nosema infection and consequences of mixed N. ceranae and N. apis infections. 2) Pesticide effects on learning. <br /> <br /> OR: 1) Focus on pollen nutrition and flight, colony growth, and bee physiology. 2) Efficacy of brood pheromone for pollination of non-preferred flowers.<br /> <br /> WA: 1) Focus on germ plasm, genetic diversity, and breeding. 2) Development of ELISA test for Nosema spp. 3) Continue to manage diagnostic lab for Nosema and mites.<br /> <br /> IN: 1) Development of QTL mapping for future brreding for resistance to Varroa and IAPV. 2) Map traits for grooming. 3) Assessed degree of colony loss in 2010 when bees exposed to clothianidin. <br /> <br /> NE: 1) Floral plantings and native bee diversity. 2) Sub-lethal effects of pesticides on queen fertility. 3) Use of micro-arrays to assess sub-lethal effects of pesticides<br /> <br /> CA: 1) Exposure of honey bees to pesticides in nectar and pollen in citrus. 2) Bee dance language investigations and swarm decision making.<br /> <br /> Discussions followed the state reports about the format for the next annual meeting in 2012 and the nature of a cooperative project proposed by Dr. David Tarpy (NC). Dr. Drummond solicited ideas from the group about possible alternatives for the next annual meeting format. He suggested two potential formats and asked the group to think about other possibilities. The formats proposed were: 1) each NC1173 member to bring a single graph that represents a significant aspect of bee health as a talking point. It was suggested that this manner of presentation might stimulate more discussion among members; and 2) that a group of members be given the task to summarize the state a single topic characterizing bee health so that an in-depth discussion would pursue along this single topic and allow all members to fully appreciate where research has been focused and where research is currently lacking. Dr. Tarpy proposed that a matrix be developed that depicts the fields of investigation that each member is pursuing and where cooperative joint efforts are underway. He agreed to take the lead on initiating this project.<br />

Publications

NC1173 Grants and Publications attached.

Impact Statements

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Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

1. high-resolution maps of the honey bee genome allowed us to target two key traits for Varroa mite resistance. A chromosomal region was mapped that influences mite-grooming behavior and other regions were mapped for Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH). Both of these traits are difficult to assay for in breeding programs and molecular markers for the genes could speed breeding for mite resistance. The region identified for grooming behavior included only 19 genes. These genes for hygienic behavior have been mapped as a quantitative trait loci (QTL). <br /> 2. quantified synergistic effects of miticides, other pesticides, and antimicrobials and found that many of the recommended miticides put in hives to control Varroa mite interact synergistically with other pesticides such as some fungicides to cause high levels of mortality.<br /> 3. local queen breeding has been initiated in both PA and IN<br /> 4. mechanism and genetic basis of Nosema pathogenicity&alters behavioral maturation, but not immune response in bee<br /> 5. demonstrated that Varroa mite reduces weight and the sugar content in their honey bee larval hosts. In addition, evidence was obtained suggesting that Varroa-infested pupae have reduced content of the key sulfur amino acid, methionine.<br /> 6. a novel route of exposure to the insecticide clothianidin was identified. Talc from planters expelled into the environment-contained concentrations of clothianidin a million times higher than the lethal dose (LD50) for honey bees (~3ng). As virtually all corn seed in the Midwest is treated, this represents hundreds of thousands of kilograms of this material entering the environment each year with high potential to expose bees. <br /> 7. pollen analysis and within-hive chemical properties showed that pyrethroids are a much greater threat than neonicotinoids as mortality agents of hone bees. <br /> 8. select inert ingredients that are incorporated as adjuvants in formulated pesticides have been found to be highly toxic to both adult and larval honey bees. This is highly significant since many of these inerts are used in broad classes of pesticides of which honey bees are exposed. <br /> 9. a NC Master Beekeeper Program (MBP) has been started. Its purpose is to provide valuable information to beekeepers and the public through various outreach services.<br />

Publications

Aronstein, K., A. Averill, F. Drummond, B. Eitzer, J. D. Ellis, N. Ostiguy, S. Sheppard, M. Spivak, and K. Visscher. 2010. A peek at the distribution of viruses in stationary honey bee colonies in the U.S. American Bee Journal 150(4):132.<br /> <br /> Chen, Y.P., and Z.Y. Huang. 2010. Nosema ceranae, a newly identified pathogen of Apis mellifera in the U.S. and Asia. Apidologie 41: 364-374.<br /> <br /> Huang, Z.Y. 2010. Honey bee nutrition. American Bee Journal 150: 773-776. <br /> <br /> Huang, Z.Y. 2010. Honey bee nutrition. Bee Culture 138: (9) 22-26.<br /> <br /> Huang, Z.Y. 2010. Honey bee nutrition. http://www.extension.org/pages/Honey_Bee_Nutrition<br /> <br /> Mullin, C. A., M. Frazier, J. L. Frazier, S. Ashcraft, R. Simonds, D. vanEngelsdorp, and J.S. Pettis. 2010. High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: Implications for honey bee health. PLoS ONE 5:1-19 e9754.<br /> <br /> Ostiguy, N. 2010. Managed Pollinator CAP Coordinated Agricultural Project:<br /> Sustainable Beekeeping. American Bee Journal 150(2):149-152.<br /> <br /> vanEngelsdorp D, N. Speybroeck, J. D. Evans, B. K. Nguyen, C. Mullin, M. Frazier, J. Frazier, D. Cox-Foster, Y. Chen, D. R. Tarpy, E. Haubruge, J. S. Pettis, and C. Saegerman. 2010. Weighing risk factors associated with bee Colony Collapse Disorder by Classification and Regression Tree Analysis. J. Econ. Entomol. 103(5):1517-1523.<br /> Fan, Y., F. J. Richard, C. Rouf, and C. M. Grozinger. 2010. Effects of queen mandibular pheromone on nestmate recognition in worker honey bees (Apis mellifera). Animal Behavior 79(3):649-6.<br /> <br /> Frazier, M., E. Muli, T. Conklin, D. Schmehl, B. Torto, J. Frazier, J. Tumlinson, J. Evans, and S. Raina. 2010. A scientific note on Varroa destructor found in East Africa; threat or opportunity Apidologie 41:453-465.<br /> <br /> Johnson, R. M., M. D. Ellis, C. A. Mullin, and M. Frazier. 2010. Pesticides and honey bee toxicity -U.S.A. Apidologie 41:312-331.<br /> <br /> <br /> Williams, G. R., D. R. Tarpy, D. Vanengelsdorp, M. P. Chauzat, D. L. Cox-Foster, K. S.<br /> Delaplane, P. Neumann, J. S. Pettis, R. E. Rogers, and D. Shutler. 2010. Colony Collapse Disorder in context. Bioessays. 2010 Aug 20. Epub. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000075.<br /> <br /> Solter, L.F. 2010. Microsporidia: Friend, Foe (And Intriguing Creatures). American Bee Journal 150, 1147-1149.<br /> <br /> Shpigler, H., H. M. Patch, M. Cohen, Y. Fan, C. M. Grozinger, and G. Bloch. 2010. The transcription factor Kruppel homolog 1 is linked to hormone mediated social organization in bees. BMC Evol. Biol. 10:120.<br /> <br /> Singh, R., A. L. Levitt, E. G. Rajotte, E. C. Holmes, N. Ostiguy, D. vanEngelsdorp, W. I. Lipkin, C. W. Depamphilis, A. L. Toth, and D. L. Cox-Foster. 2010 . RNA viruses in hymenopteran pollinators: evidence of inter-Taxa virus transmission via pollen and potential impact on non-Apis hymenopteran species. PLoS One 5(12):e14357.<br /> <br /> Corman, S. R., M. C. Schatz, S. J. Johnston, Y. P. Chen, J. Pettis, G. Hunt, L. Bourgeois, C. Elsik, D. Anderson, C. M. Grozinger, and J. D. Evans. 2010. Genomic survey of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, a major pest of the honeybee Apis mellifera. BMC Genomics 11:602.<br /> <br /> Eitzer, B., F. Drummond, J. D. Ellis, N. Ostiguy, K. Aronstein, W. S. Sheppard, K. Visscher, D. Cox-Foster, and A. Averill. 2010. Pesticide analysis at the stationary apiaries. American Bee Journal 150(5):500.<br /> <br /> Solter, L.F. and Huang, W-F. 2010. Sweeter than honey: Honey bee health. INHS Reports, Summer Issue No. 404<br /> <br /> Ciarlo, T., J. Frazier, and C. Mullin. 2010. Inert ingredients in pesticides may impair foraging behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica). In: Entomology 2010, 58th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, San Diego, CA. (D0230 Poster Abstract)<br /> Hunt GJ, Breeding bees for resistance to parasites and diseases. 2010. Am<br /> Bee J 150(7):667-669.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K.A., Murray, K.D. 2010. Chalkbrood disease in honey bees. J. Invertebr. Pathol.103:20-29.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K.A., .Daniel Murray, K.D., Saldivar, E. 2010. Transcriptional responses in Honey Bee larvae infected with Chalkbrood fungus. BMC Genomics, 11:391.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K. A. 2010. Detect Nosema Parasite in Time to Save Bee Colonies. 2009. Am. Bee J.150 (1): 63-65.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K. A. 2010. Detect Nosema Parasite in Time. Bee Culture, Feb: 19-21.<br /> <br /> Grozinger, C. M. and G. E. Robinson. 2010. Sociogenomics. In: Breed, M. and J. Moore (eds.) Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. Oxford: Elsevier Press. pp. 2672.<br /> <br /> Grozinger, C. M. 2010. Genomic approaches to behavioral ecology and evolution. In: Westneat. D. F. and Fox, C. W. (eds.) Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology. New York City. Oxford University Press pp. 488-505.<br /> <br /> Hunter, W., J. Ellis, D. vanEngelsdorp, J. Hayes, D. Westervelt, E. Glick, M. Williams I. Sela, E. Maori, J. Pettis, D. Cox-Foster, and N. Paldi. 2010. Large-scale field application of RNAi technology reducing Israeli acute paralysis virus disease in honey bees. (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS Pathog. 6(12):e1001160.<br /> <br /> Kocher, S. D., J. F. Ayroles, E. A. Stone, and C. M. Grozinger. 2010. Individual variation in pheromone response correlates with reproductive traits and brain gene expression in worker honey bees. PLoS One 5(2):e9116.<br /> <br /> Kocher, S. D., D. R. Tarpy, and C. M. Grozinger. 2010. The effects of mating and instrumental insemination on queen honey bee flight behaviour and gene expression. Insect Mol. Biol. 19(2):153-62.<br /> <br /> Bahn, D. G. 2011. Qualitative analysis of effects of formulation additives on metabolism of chlorothalonil in honeybees. Honors Thesis, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College, University Park, PA. 45 pp. <br /> Seeley, T.D. 2011. Die Weisheit des Schwarms. Deutsches Bienen-Journal (May):<br /> <br /> Seeley, T.D. 2011. House hunting by honey bees. Bee Craft (May): 9-13.<br /> <br /> Seeley, T.D. 2011. House hunting honey bees. Northern Woodlands (Summer): 28-31<br /> Ciarlo, T. J., C. A. Mullin, and J. L. Frazier. 2011. Pesticide adjuvants and inert ingredients may impair foraging behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera). In: Entomological Society of America Eastern Branch 82nd Annual Meeting, Harrisburg, PA, p. 37. (Poster Abstract #9)<br /> Frazier, J. L., M. T. Frazier, C. A. Mullin, and W. Zhu. 2011. Does the reproductive ground plan hypothesis offer a mechanistic basis for understanding honey bee health? In: American Bee Research Conference, Galveston, TX. Amer. Bee J. 151(5): 510. (Abstract)<br /> Frazier, J., C. Mullin, M. Frazier, and S. Ashcraft. 2011. Managed Pollinator CAP Coordinated Agricultural Project: Pesticides and their involvement in Colony Collapse Disorder. Amer. Bee J. 151(8): 779-784.<br /> Mullin, C. A., T. J. Ciarlo, W. Zhu, M. T. Frazier, and J. L. Frazier. 2011. Analyzing pesticide formulation adjuvants to assess their impact on pollinator health. In: Analytical Challenges for Crop Protection Products Symposium, AGRO 10, 242nd ACS National Meeting, Denver, CO. Picogram 80:82. (Abstract)<br /> Mullin, C. A., J. L. Frazier, M. T. Frazier, and T. J. Ciarlo. 2011. A primer on inerts and honey bees. In: American Bee Research Conference, Galveston, TX. Amer. Bee J. 151(5): 513. (Abstract)<br /> Hunt GJ, Shenefield D, Given K, Tsuruda J. 2011. An update on breeding<br /> efforts in Indiana. Bee Culture Nov. 25-31.<br /> <br /> Andino GK, Hunt GJ. 2011. A scientific note on a new assay to measure<br /> honeybee mite-grooming behavior. Apidologie 42:481-484.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K.A., Eduardo Saldivar, E., Webster. T.C. 2011. Evaluation of Nosema ceranae spore-specific polyclonal antibodies. Journal of Apicultural Research 50(2): 145-151.<br /> <br /> Aronstein K A, and Adamczyk, J. 2011. Influence of Genomics: The Post Genomic Era in the Honey Bee Research. . The Journal of the Texas Beekeepers Association. 11(1): 12-17.<br /> <br /> Webster, T and Aronstein, K.A. (ed. Samataro). 2011. Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable solutions (ed. Diana Sammataro): CRP Press, Taylor and Francis, LLC Chapter 10 "Nosema ceranae Detection by Microscopy and Antibody Tests", pp.115-120.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K.A., H.E. Cabanillas, H.E. (ed. Samataro) 2011. Book:"Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable solutions", CRP Press, Taylor and Francis, LLC Chapter 11"Chalkbrood re-examined", pp. 121-130.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K. A., Oppert, B and Lorenzen, M.D. (ed. Paula Grabowski). 2011. Book "RNA Processing", Book Chapter 8: RNAi in the agriculturally important arthropods, in RNA Processing. InTech, pp157-180.<br /> <br /> Abbot, P., J. Abe, J. Alcock, and C. M. Grozinger, et al. 2011. Nature 471:7339.<br /> <br /> Bahn, D. G. 2011. Qualitative analysis of effects of formulation additives on metabolism of chlorothalonil in honeybees.<br /> <br /> Bloch, G., and C. M. Grozinger. 2011. Social molecular pathways and the evolution of bee societies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 366:1574:2155-70.<br /> <br /> Frazier, J., C. Mullin, M. Frazier, and S. Ashcraft. 2011. Managed Pollinator CAP Coordinated Agricultural Project: Pesticides and their involvement in Colony Collapse Disorder. Amer. Bee J. 151(8):779-784.<br /> <br /> Fussnecker, B. L., A. M. McKenzi, and C. M. Grozinger. 2011. cGMP modulates responses to queen mandibular pheromone in worker honey bees. J Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 197(9):939-48.<br /> <br /> Nino, E. L., D. R. Tarpy, and C. Grozinger. 2011. Genome-wide analysis of brain transcriptional changes in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens exposed to carbon dioxide and physical manipulation. Insect Mol Biol. 20(3):387-98.<br /> <br /> Richard, F. J., C. Schal, D. R. Tarpy, and C. M. Grozinger. 2011. Effects of instrumental insemination and insemination quantity on Dufour's gland chemical profiles and vitellogenin expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera). J. Chem Ecol. 37(9):1027-36.<br /> <br /> Tokarz, R., C. Firth, C. Street, D. L. Cox-Foster, and W. I. Lipkin. 2011. Lack of evidence for an association between Iridovirus and colony collapse disorder. PLoS One 6(6):e21844.<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K.S. 2011. Integrated pest management in Varroa. In Varroa - Still a Problem in the 21st Century? International Bee Research Association, Cardiff, UK, pp. 43-51<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K.S. 2011. Understanding the impact of honey bee disorders on crop pollination. In Honey bee colony health (D. Sammataro and J.A. Yoder, eds.). CRC Press, pp. 223-228<br />

Impact Statements

1. " beekeepers all over the U.S. are participating in a national FDA trial on using RNAi technology to control Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus in honey bee colonies. This particular study has laid the foundation for RNAi control of nosema and varroa (series of projects underway now) and may fundamentally change the strategies used to control pests and pathogens in honey bee colonies.
2. " a comprehensive study of synergistic interactions between drugs and miticides used in beekeeping was completed and made available to beekeepers. The study provides beekeepers a research-based guide for avoiding harmful synergistic interactions when honey bees are exposed to more than one drug or miticide. The study also included how varroacides interact with selected fungicides applied to orchard crops.
3. " the CAP project has focused on publishing a Best Management Practices guide, educational videos, and health bulletins for beekeepers at the eXtension.org site - a repository of peer-reviewed information at [ http://www.extension.org/bee_health ]
4. " developed toxicology methodologies are being used by state, national, and international agencies that regulate the use of pesticides. For example, in 2011 I attended a SETAC Pellston Conference on pesticide risk assessments. During this conference, scientists, regulators, government officials, and industry representatives worked to standardize risk assessment measures for pesticides, thus affecting a change in pesticide registration.
5. " Mid-west Extension efforts are underway to change planting methods of corn using talc in the planting box to minimize exposure to neonicotinoid seed treatments. This impact will have immediate effects on the way that corn growers in the mid-west plant corn. Also, public concern about the way corn is planted has led to a re-examination of the issue by the EPA.
6. " because of our efforts and research the NC Master Beekeeping Program now has over 6,400 members and ~50% have been active (i.e., have shown some progress in their educational training) in the last 8 years. The active participants of the MBP have accounted for thousands of hours in volunteer time and services, promoting the value of honey bees to North Carolina agriculture and saving taxpayers an estimated $5.6M in extension-related activities since 2003. In addition to increasing the overall number of beekeepers in the state (see above), we have attracted dozens of large- and small-scale beekeepers to provide pollination services to NC growers.
7. " the selection for mite-grooming behavior at Purdue benefitted from a partnership with the Indiana State Beekeepers Association and Clover Blossom Honey Company. Approximately 1,500 queens from the program were used in hives in Indiana. Coordination with local beekeeping associations aided distribution of queen cells. It will now be possible to expand the population base for selection and incorporate multiple resistance traits to decrease loss of hives from Varroa mite parasitism.
8. grants - " 2010 "Behavioral, physiological and molecular effects of multiple factors impacting honey bee health". PDs: Christina Grozinger and Jim Tumlinson USDA-AFRI, $398,871. " 2010 Epigenetic gene regulation in the social bee, Apis mellifera. PDs: Soojin Yi and Michael Goodismen (Georgia Tech University), Co-PD: Christina Grozinger, NSF-MCB grant $260,779 (to Penn State).
9. grants - " 2010 "Sustainable Solutions for Preserving Pollinator Health in East Africa". PDs: Jim Tumlinson, Jim Frazier, Maryann Frazier, Christina Grozinger, Harland Patch (Penn State) and Eluid Muli and Dan Masiga (icipe, Nairobi, Kenya) have received an NSF-BREAD Grant $397,181. " 2010 Exploring using RNAi as a method for controlling Varroa destructor. PDs: Huang, Z.Y. and Z. Xi. The Foundation for the Preservation of Honey Bees, Inc, $14,850.
10. grants - " 2010 Exploring using RNAi as a method for controlling Varroa destructor. PDs: Huang, Z.Y. and Z. Xi. National Honey Board, $20,190, " 2010 Exploring using RNAi as a method for controlling Varroa destructor. PDs: Huang, Z.Y. and Z. Xi. Almond Board of California, $17,000. " 2010 Toxicity of various pyrethroid insecticides to Varroa mites. PDs: Huang, Z.Y., K. Dong, Generating Research and Extension to meet Economic and Environmental Needs, MSU, $30,000.
11. grants - " 2010 Effect of endoparasites, Nosema spp, on honey bee behavior and physiology, PD: Huang, Z.Y. Generating Research and Extension to meet Economic and Environmental Needs, MSU, $15,000. " 2010 Determining the Role of and Limiting Factors Facing Native Pollinators in Assuring Quality Apple Production in Pennsylvania; a Model for the Mid-Atlantic Tree Fruit Industry. PD  D. Biddinger & E. Rajotte, Co-PIs: M. Frazier, J. Schupp, D. Mortenson, J. Frazier, C. Mullin, T. Leslie, & M. Vaughn.  USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative 3-year Research & Extension Grant, $1,380,000.
12. grants - " 2011 Pesticide nosema interactions across developmental stages of honey bees, PD: Huang, Z.Y. Generating Research and Extension to meet Economic and Environmental Needs, MSU, $12,000. " 2011 Are workers previously exposed as larvae to pesticides more susceptible to Nosema ceranae?, PD: Huang, Z.Y. 2011, National Honey Board, $13,080. " 2011. Field exposure to propiconazole fungicides in blueberry, PI: F. Drummond, Wyman & Sons, $10,000.
13. grants - " 2011 Molecular and behavioral studies of host-parasite interactions in honey bees. PI: H. Holt. Mentor: C. Grozinger. NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. $121,500. " 2011 Developing Information for Vegetable Growers on the Squash Bee and on Floral Resources for Pollinators. PI: K. Stoner, Natural Resource Conservation Service - CT office Conservation Improvement Grant. $75,000. " 2011 Quantifying routes of exposure of honeybees to neonicotinoid seed treatments of corn. PIs: Christian Krupke, Greg Hunt, and Brian Eitzer. NAPCC, $9,000.
14. grants - " 2011 "Multifunctional cover crop cocktails for organic systems" PI Jason Kaye and Co-PIs M. Barbercheck, S. Cornelisse, T. DuPont, D. Hartman, M. Hautau, D. Luthe, D. Mortensen, M. Schipanski, and C. White, USDA Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative Grant, $2,300,000. " 2011 Native Pollinators of Eastern Apple Orchards and How to Conserve Them. Northeast IPM Center IPM Partnership PD John Losey  Cornell University, PIs  Cornell  A. Agnello & M. Park, Penn State University  D. Biddinger & E. Rajotte. Northeast IPM Center IPM Partnership, $19,923.
15. grants - " 2011 National Conservation Innovation Grant. PDs: David Biddinger and Ed Rajotte, USDA-NRCS in partnership with the Xerces Society, $45,000. " 2011 Honey bee toxic interactions with formulation inerts and pesticide residues frequently found in U.S. apiaries. PDs: Mullin, C. A.; Frazier, J. L.; Frazier, M. T., USDA/AFRI Competitive Grant, $297,000.

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Please see attached "Copy of Minutes" file for NC1173's recent meeting minutes and full 2012 annual report.

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Accomplishments

Determined that dispersed colonies of honey bees maintain lower levels of Varroa mites than do crowded colonies (all without miticide treatments), probably because they experience less drifting and robbing (Objectives 1 and 3); NY<br /> <br /> Determined that supplementing pumpkin fields with commercially produced colonies of the non-Apis bee, Bombus impatiens, produced on average the same yield (fruit weight per plant) as pumpkin fields supplemented with either hives of Apis mellifera or pumpkin fields that were not supplemented with managed bees (Obj. 9); NY<br /> <br /> Visits to pumpkin flowers by non-Apis bees, especially Bombus impatiens and Peponapis pruinosa, and feral Apis mellifera were significantly positively correlated with pumpkin yield (fruit weight per plant) (Obj. 9); NY<br /> <br /> B. impatiens and A. mellifera visited more pumpkin flowers in fields that were in landscapes characterized by diverse habitats and had a relatively significant proportion of grassland (Obj. 9); NY<br /> <br /> In cooperation with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, one research technician was employed and tasked with investigating RNAi control of Varroa mites during the CRIS report period. We completed a field project in cooperation with Beeologics, Inc. through which we tested dsRNA constructs developed to silence the expression of specific genes in Varroa. My team has analyzed the colony phenotype data while our colleagues at Beeologics (now owned by Monsanto) continue to process the molecular data (Objective 1); FL<br /> <br /> During the CRIS project period, we evaluated the role and causative mechanisms of bee pests and pathogens in honey bee colony deaths. This included (1) identifying different viruses, bacteria, and nosema found in stationary honey bee colonies in different geographic regions of the U.S., (2) quantifying viral and Nosema spp. infection levels as related to stationary colony morbidity and mortality, and multi-variable correlations with pests and pesticides, (3) quantifying stationary colony exposure to commonly used pesticides in relationship to region and crop, and (4) determining relationships between pesticides found in colonies and surrounding land use (Objective 5); FL<br /> <br /> We initiated an effort to determine the impacts of 13 pesticides on (1) gene expression patterns in developing bee larvae and pupae, (2) cell death levels in larval, pupal, and adult bee midguts, and (3) adult honey bee foraging behavior (Objective 3); FL<br /> <br /> Managed two extension programs that facilitate our efforts to educate beekeepers about best management practices for disease/pest control and for beekeeping in general. The UF Bee College is an annual two-day event catered to beekeepers with all levels of expertise (>300 beekeepers attended in 2012). The UF Master Beekeeping program is a tiered program through which ~250 beekeepers are engaged in research and extension efforts (~8% of FL beekeepers are involved in the program). Both programs are used to facilitate knowledge transfer (Objective 7); FL<br /> <br /> Assessment of honey bee pathogens within the Apis mellifera and non-Apis pollinator communities in North Central Florida. This will help us determine the spread and prevalence of honey bee pathogens in the environment. In some preliminary trials, we have discovered Black Queen Cell Virus and Deformed Wing Virus in non-Apis bee species, both in adult and immature bees (Objective 9); FL<br /> <br /> To determine the effects of pesticides and other environmental chemicals on honey bee colony health.<br /> Over 47% of pollen and wax had both in-hive miticides fluvalinate and coumaphos combined with up to 99 ppm of chlorothalonil. Chorothalonil, a contact fungicide, was found to be a pesticide marker for entombing behavior in bee colonies associated with poor health. <br /> <br /> An improved, automated version of the proboscis extension reflex assay was used to measure the olfactory learning ability of honey bees treated orally with sublethal doses of the most widely used spray adjuvants on almonds in California. Organosilicones were more active than the nonionic adjuvants, while the crop oil concentrates were inactive. <br /> <br /> A method for analysis of organosiloxane, nonylphenol and octylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in bee hive matrices was developed. Nonylphenol more than organosiloxane and octylphenol polyethoxylates were found in wax samples, while pollen and particularly honey residues were lower (Objective 3); PA<br /> <br /> Determined the effects of interactions among various factors affecting honey bee colony health.<br /> Through use of the statistical approach of classification and regression tree analysis with 55 different variables measuring colony stress, six of the variables having the greatest discriminatory value were pesticide levels in different hive matrices. These included coumaphos in brood and wax, chlorothalonil in wax, and dicofol in beebread (Objective 5); PA<br /> <br /> Our approach in documenting pesticides in apiary samples has been to search for a wide sweep of pesticides that are used frequently in hives and around bees where they forage. Although we have found 132 different pesticides and metabolites in beehive samples, no individual pesticide amount correlates with recent bee declines. Our residue results based on 1300 samples do not support sufficient amounts and frequency of imidacloprid in pollen to broadly impact bees. Indeed, if a relative hazard to honey bees is calculated as the product of mean residue times frequency detected divided by the LD50, the hazard due to pyrethroid residues is three-times greater than that of neonicotinoids detected in pollen samples. Lipophilic pyrethroid prevalence and persistence in the hive likely has more consequences for colony survival than the water-soluble neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid. However, higher residues of the less toxic neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiacloprid or of pyrethroids in pollens with even higher amounts of fungicides may have considerable impact on bee health via their synergistic combinations. Over 47% of pollen and wax had both in-hive miticides fluvalinate and coumaphos combined with up to 99 ppm of chlorothalonil. Chorothalonil, a contact fungicide, was found to be a pesticide marker for entombing behavior in bee colonies associated with poor health. Through use of the statistical approach of classification and regression tree analysis with 55 different variables measuring colony stress, six of the variables having the greatest discriminatory value were pesticide levels in different hive matrices. These included coumaphos in brood and wax, chlorothalonil in wax, and dicofol in beebread. This study used an unbiased analysis of multiple factors that might be associated with Colony Collapse Disorder, and certainly indicates that pesticides are very likely involved and that interactions with other stressors are likely factors contributing to the decline of honey bee health. High numbers and diversity of active ingredient residues suggest that more generic formulation inerts or adjuvants that co-occur across classes of pesticides may be involved. An improved, automated version of the proboscis extension reflex assay was used to measure the olfactory learning ability of honey bees treated orally with sublethal doses of the most widely used spray adjuvants on almonds in California. Learning was impaired after ingestion of 20 µg organosilicone surfactant, indicating harmful effects on honey bees caused by agrochemicals previously believed to be innocuous. Organosilicones were more active than the nonionic adjuvants, while the crop oil concentrates were inactive. A method for analysis of organosiloxane, nonylphenol and octylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in bee hive matrices was developed. Nonylphenol more than organosiloxane and octylphenol polyethoxylates were found in wax samples, while pollen and particularly honey residues were lower. The impact of synergistic pesticidal blends on bees cannot be fully understood without identification and risk assessment of inert residues and their agrochemical interactions; PA<br /> <br /> Graduate student, Mike Goblrisch, studied the pathogenicity and effects of Nosema ceranae on honey bee physiology and behavior. He found that 7-day old Nosema infected bees had lower levels of the storage protein, vitellogenin (Vg), and higher levels of Juvenile Hormone (JH), compared to uninfected bees. Nosema infected bees foraged significantly more and at earlier ages compared to uninfected bees. Vg and JH are important hormonal and protein regulators of development and behavior, and their disruption can lead to precocious foraging and shortened life-span in infected bees (Objective 5); MN<br /> <br /> In collaboration with Dr. V. Krischik, Dept Entomology, Univ MN, we fed imidacloprid in sugar syrup to large field colonies at doses of 0, 50ppb, 100ppb and 200ppb all summer in 2011. Sublethal effects were observed after 3 months of treatment: 200ppb treated colonies had significantly less sealed brood, less stored pollen, fewer pollen foragers, and higher levels of Nosema ceranae compared to untreated controls. All treated colonies had significantly higher levels of three viruses, DWV, BQCR, and IAPV by July compared to control colonies. Judy Wu, PhD student, is studying effects of IMD in sugar syrup (0, 20ppb, 50ppb and 100ppb) on queen bee egg laying and activity patterns. At two higher doses, the number of eggs the queen lays per unit time, and her distance traveled over the comb are significantly reduced compared to the 20ppb and control colonies (Objective 3); MN<br /> <br /> In MN, we established one of seven replicate apiary sites (WA, TX, FL, ME, PA, CA) to evaluate the factors that lead to colony death. The data are being analyzed by collaborating labs across the country, and will include analyses of nutrition, levels of parasitic mites (Varroa and tracheal mites), Nosema disease, viruses, Small Hive Beetles, analysis of pesticide residues in comb and in pollen, and assessments of colony strength over 4 years time (Objective 5); MN<br /> <br /> We have developed Tech Transfer Teams that work closely within a region’s commercial beekeeping community to help beekeepers conduct long-term monitoring of diseases and pest loads in their colonies, and to help U.S. queen bee breeders incorporate traits that help honey bees resist pathogens and parasitic mites in commercially available stocks. Thus far we have developed two teams – one in Northern California to work with commercial bee breeders, and one in the Upper Midwest to assist migratory beekeepers. The original team (in No. CA) was initiated by Marla Spivak and is now (like all others) funded through BIP, beekeeper contributions, and other grants. The Bee Tech Teams are modeled after independent professional consultants that work for other grower groups, but are uniquely designed to meet the needs of the specific group of beekeepers they cater to. Data from all the teams are entered into a secure Bee Informed database which in turn generates reports that are promptly returned to beekeepers, allowing them to make educated treatment decisions (Objectives 7 and 8); MN<br /> <br /> Determined that the microsporidium Nosema ceranae is, like Nosema apis, a midgut pathogen; no other host tissues are invaded. The spores are not regurgitated but do contaminate mouthparts of communally caged bees due to hygienic behavior. (Objective. 2); IL<br /> <br /> Determined that Nosema ceranae produces significantly more mature spores over a 20-day infection period than does N. apis. (Objective. 2); IL<br /> <br /> Determined that Nosema ceranae is released from control by fumagillin at higher concentrations of the drug than is Nosema apis. Fumagillin apparently impacts honey bee proteins and, in the laboratory, allows N. ceranae to hyperproliferate when concentrations are very low, similar to treated hives in the summer months. (Objective. 2); IL<br /> <br /> Our goal of identifying candidate genes that influence the two principal mechanisms of honey bee resistance to Varroa mites is considered complete (objective 2). Identification of candidate genes for mite-grooming behavior and Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) was performed. This was a collaboration between the Hunt lab and and Managed Pollinator CAP collaborators at the USDA Baton Rouge Bee Lab, and a collaboration between the Hunt lab and the Mexican agricultural research service (INIFAP). Two publications included sequences of specific probes that can be used to follow the inheritance of alleles for genes that potentially influence mite-resistance traits for marker-assisted selection. Sequences of the SNP probes along with the maps have been deposited in dbSNP at NCBI and will be linked to the map in the NCBI MapViewer. Additional crosses were made in the fourth year to increase the grooming-behavior trait in the Purdue breeding lines. Stock is being made available through a specialty crops grant to the Indiana State Beekeepers Association; IL<br /> <br /> Analyses of routes of exposure of honey bees to pesticides from the Hunt lab were published (Objective 3). This was the first indication in the US that neonicotinoid seed coats were abrading and causing bee kills. Since that publication and other extension efforts, there have been over a hundred bee kill incidents investigated in the US and Canada that coincided with corn planting. Results were communicated in a webinar, in a publication that was mirrored in the two major trade journals (Hunt et al. 2012) and at workshops at national, regional and state beekeeper meetings, and at a public science seminar in Lafayette IN. Dr Hunt served on a scientific advisory panel on risk assessment to pollinators for the EPA in September 2012. Additional semi-field studies were conducted at Purdue in the fall of 2012 that involved feeding clothianidin-spiked pollen patties; IL<br /> <br /> Last year we helped write a successful proposal that was awarded to the president of the Indiana State Beekeeping Association obtained a grant to distribute and propagate Purdue stocks selected for Varroa mite tolerance (Objective 8). This year we participated again by providing queen rearing and instrumental insemination workshops and propagation of breeding stock; IL<br /> <br /> Stoner and Eitzer found that the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam can translocate from soil application into the nectar and pollen of squash plants where they would be available to bees. (Objective 3); CT<br /> <br /> Eitzer along with collaborators from scientists at Purdue University found that there were high levels of neonicotinoid pesticides in corn seed planter dust, and that the neonicotinoid pesticides could be found in soils and dandelions around planted fields. (Objective 3); CT<br /> <br /> Long-term monitoring of pesticides in pollen trapped from honey bee colonies in two locations has continued. Samples from 2007-2011 have been analyzed using a multi-residue extraction technique known as QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) as in previous year. (Objective 3); CT<br /> <br /> As part of the new SCRI grant, in 2012, we counted bees pollinating winter squash and pumpkin in 21 fields across Connecticut, in a coordinated project looking at whether there are pollination deficits that would affect yield, and factors affecting the abundance and diversity of pollinators. We collected squash bees, Peponapis pruinosa, and the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens, as well as honey bees for pathogen analysis (Objective 9); CT<br /> <br /> Also as part of the SCRI grant, pollen and nectar samples were collected from 14 pumpkin and winter squash farms across the state in order to determine the extent and level of pesticide contamination of cucurbit pollen and nectar under real field conditions. Trapped pollen was also collected from 4 honey bee hives near cucurbit fields at different farms. (Objective 3); CT<br /> <br /> In collaboration with scientists at Purdue University we are analyzing dosimeters placed around fields as they were planted to determine transport of neonicotinoids during planting. (Objective 3); CT<br /> <br /> Determined that the fungicide Pristine, alone and in combination with a spray adjuvant, had no detectable effect on honey bee queen success through adult emergence (Objective 3); OH<br /> <br /> Educational programs (113) were conducted including the 20 hour, fee-based beemaster program in 5 locations; in-service training (3); regional (15), multi-county (85), state (8) and local (2) association meetings, workshops, field days, videos, 3 new websites (1 at UT and 2 National) and 3,500 + contacts via email; TN<br /> <br /> NC1173 Leads to other grant funded programs In the past three years the University of Tennessee has become the national leader in electronic research based information on bee health. This started with a Northern Region Project (Now NC1173) that expanded, becoming national and resulted in forming a team and submitting a successful USDA/NIFA CAP proposal; TN<br /> <br /> We were funded as part of a 21 member national USDA/NIA/CAP team from 17 institutions to reverse managed bee decline. As lead institution we formed, certified and maintained the eXtension Bee Health CoP with 38 leaders and 120 members from 37 states who provide 298 pages of content and use YouTube Bee Health channel to provide 31 videos for stakeholders; TN<br /> <br /> The Managed Pollinator CAP Grant We have executed research that strikes at the center of the systemic issues surrounding bee decline; we have coordinated labs in a way that reduces redundancy and draws upon expertise previously outside the circles of bee science; we have built linkages with ARS and with sister consortia in Europe; in the eXtension website http://www.extension.org/bee%20health we have founded quite simply the best on-line site for science-based information available on bee health; and most recently we have partnered with a sister CAP – the Bee Informed Platform – to create the largest integrated superstructure for delivering bee health knowledge in the history of North America. These are not the kinds of outcomes one gets with independent grants and labs. These are the kinds of outcomes of a coordinated entity – the Managed Pollinator CAP; TN<br /> <br /> An eXtension.org Community of Practice (CoP) was initiated in 2008 with the purpose of disseminated accurate web-based information about bees. As of April 28th, 2011 The Bee Health CoP now has 38 leaders and 65 members with relevant experience in bee research and extension. The CoP utilizes various web tools to engage the public, with the primary center of the effort at http://www.extension.org/bee_health .There are 376 pages that make up the Bee Health website on eXtension.org. We also have a YouTube Bee Health channel http://www.youtube.com/beehealth which is used as a convenient place to upload videos and reach a wider audience. There are 31 videos currently uploaded. An evaluation of the public usage of this effort follows utilizing data from Google Analytics and YouTube; TN<br /> <br /> Although there are too many individual content pieces to mention many, all basic information article additions are referenced in our newsletter at http://www.extension.org/pages/25040/bee-health-cop-updates a few are listed here (TN):<br /> • The Best Management Practices For Beekeepers Pollinating California’s Agricultural Crops<br /> • 11 updates from subjects being researched by the Managed Pollinator CAP team<br /> • Varroa Sensitive Hygiene and mite reproduction<br /> • American Bee Research Conference proceedings with video<br /> <br /> Websites Generated and maintained to support and promote the objectives of NC1173:<br /> • http://www.extension.org/bee_health<br /> • http://www.youtube.com/beehealth<br /> • http://www.beeccdcap.uga.edu/<br /> • http://beeinformed.org/<br /> <br /> Determined the effects of single species and mixed species infections of the fungal pathogen, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae on honey bee physiology and behavior (Obj 3). Determined the effects of carbon dioxide on honey bee mortality either by itself or when combined with Nosema ceranae infection (Objective 3). Determined the genes important for varroa survival and reproduction (Objective 3); MI<br />

Publications

Abramson, C.I., J. Squire, A. Sheridan, P.G. Mulder. 2004. The effect of insecticides considered harmless to honey bees (Apis mellifera): proboscis conditioning studies by using the insect growth regulators tebufenozide and diflubenzuron. Environmental Entomology 33: 378-388<br /> <br /> Alford, D. V. 1975. Bumblebees. Davis-Poynter Ltd., London, UK<br /> <br /> Aliano, N.P. and Ellis, M.D. 2005. A strategy for using powdered sugar to reduce varroa populations in honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Res. 44(2): 54–7.<br /> <br /> Aliano, N.P., M.D. Ellis, B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Acute toxicity of oxalic acid to Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and their Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hosts in laboratory bioassays. Journal Economic Entomology 99(5): 1578-1582<br /> <br /> Allen, M., B. Ball. 1996. The incidence and world distribution of honey bee viruses. Bee World 77: 141-162<br /> <br /> Amir, P., and H. Knipscheer. 1989. Conducting on-farm animal research: Procedures and economic analysis. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA and Ottawa, Canada: Winrock International and International Development Research Center.<br /> <br /> Anderson, D.L., A.J. Gibbs. 1988. Inapparent virus infections and their interactions in pupae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) in Australia. Journal of General Virology 69: 1617-1625<br /> <br /> Arechavaleta-Velasco, M.E. and G.J. Hunt. 2004. Binary trait loci that influence honey bee guarding behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society American 97: 177-183.<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K., E. Saldivar. 2005. Characterization of a honeybee Toll related receptor gene Am18w and its potential involvement in antimicrobial immune defense. Apidologie 36: 3-14<br /> <br /> Aronstein, K., Pankiw, T., Saldivar, E. 2006. SID-1 is implicated in systemic gene silencing in the honey bee. Journal of Apicultural Research 45: 20-24 <br /> <br /> Atkins, E. L., D. Kellum. 1986. Comparative morphogenic and toxicity studies on the effect of pesticides on honeybee brood. Journal Apicultural Research 25: 242-255<br /> <br /> Aupinel, P. et al. 2005. Improvement of artificial feeding in a standard in vitro method for rearing Apis mellifera larvae. Bulletin of Insectology 58:107-111.<br /> <br /> Aupinel, P. et al. 2007. Toxicity of dimethoate and fenoxycarb to honey bee brood (Apis mellifera), using a new in vitro standardized feeding method. Pest Management Science 63: 1090-1094.<br /> <br /> Bailey, L., B.V. Ball. 1991. Honey Bee Pathology. Academic Press Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Publishers San Diego CA USA<br /> <br /> Ball, B. V., M.F. Allen. 1988. The prevalence of pathogens in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Annals of Applied Biology 113: 237-244<br /> <br /> Belzunces, L.P., S. Garin, M.E. Colin. 1993. A convenient biological method for evidencing synergies between pesticides and bees: effects of pyrethroid insecticides and azol fungicides applied at sub lethal dose. In Fifth International Symposium on the hazards of pesticides to bees. (Harrisson, E.G., Editor. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 70-75<br /> <br /> Berényi, O., T. Bakonyi, I. Derakhshifar, H. Köglberger, N. Nowotny. 2006. Occurrence of six honeybee viruses in diseased Austrian apiaries. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72(4): 2414-2420 doi 10.1128/AEM.72.4.2414-2420<br /> <br /> Beyer, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Ideker, T. 2007. Integrating physical and genetic maps: from genomes to interaction networks. Nature Reviews Genetics 8: 699-710<br /> <br /> Bitterman, M.E., R. Menzel, A. Fietz, S. Schafer. 1983. Classical conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Comparative Physiology 97: 107-19<br /> <br /> Bogdanov, S. 2004. Beeswax: quality issues today. Bee World 85: 46-50.<br /> <br /> Bogdanov, S., V. Kilchenmann, A. Imdorf. 1998. Acaricide residues in some bee products. Journal of Apicultural Research 37: 57-67<br /> <br /> Bogdanov, S., A. Imdorf, V. Kilchenmann. 1998. Residues in wax and honey after Apilife Var Treatment. Apidologie 29: 513-524<br /> <br /> Bosch, J. and W. Kemp. 2001. How to manage the blue orchard bee. Sustainable Agriculture Network, National Agriculture Library Beltsville, MD.<br /> <br /> Bowen-Walker, P.L., S.J. Martin, A. Gunn. 1999. The transmission of deformed wing virus between honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 73: 101-106<br /> <br /> Brian, A.D. 1951. The pollen collected by bumblebees. J. Anim. Ecology. 20: 919-194.<br /> <br /> Cameron, C.E., I. Sela, J. de Miranda, B. Yakobson, Y. Slabzeki. 2005. Characterization of bee viruses and an investigation of their mode of spread. www.bard-isus.com/320501_Cameron_Sela_BeeViruses.pdf<br /> <br /> Chen, Y. and J. D. Evans, 2008. Prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae in healthy and declining honey bee colonies. 41st Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology and 9th International Conference on Bacillus thuringiensis. August 3-7, 2008 University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. https://www.ent.iastate.edu/sip/2008/node/417. Visited May 16, 2008.<br /> <br /> Chen, Y., Y. Zhao, J. Hammond, H. Hsu, J.D Evans, M. Feldlaufer. 2004. Multiple virus infections in the honey bee and genome divergence of honey bee viruses. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 87: 84-93<br /> <br /> Chen, Y., Evans, J.D. 2007. Historical presence of Israeli acute paralysis virus in the United States. American Bee Journal 147(12): 1027-1028<br /> <br /> Chen, Y., Evans, J.D., Smith, I.B., Pettis, J.S. 2007. Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.010<br /> <br /> Chen, Y., J. D. Evans, B. Smith, J. S. Pettis. 2008. Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97: 186–188<br /> <br /> Chittka, L. and J.D. Thomson (eds.). 2001. Cognitive ecology of pollination: animal behavior and floral evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK<br /> <br /> Churchill, G.A. 2004. Using ANOVA to analyze microarray data. Biotechniques 37: 173–177<br /> <br /> Collins, A.M. and J.S. Pettis. 2001. Effect of varroa infestation on semen quality. American Bee Journal 141(8): 590-593.<br /> <br /> Collins, A.M., Pettis, J.S., Wilbanks, R, and Feldlaufer, M.F. 2004. Performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens reared in beeswax cells impregnated with coumaphos. Journal of Apicultural Research 43(3): 128-134<br /> <br /> Cox-Foster, D. L., S. Conlan, E. C. Holmes, G. Palacios, J. D. Evans, N. A. Moran, P.-L. Quan, T. Briese, M. Hornig, D. M. Geiser, V. Martinson, D. vanEngelsdorp, A. L. Kalkstein, A. Drysdale, J. Hui, J. Zhai, L. Cui, S. K. Hutchison, J. F. Simons, M. Egholm, J.S. Pettis, W. I. Lipkin. 2007. A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Science 318: 283-287<br /> <br /> <br /> Crowder, M.J. and D.J. Hand. 1990. Analysis of repeated measures. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, 257 pp.<br /> <br /> Decourte, A., C. Armengaud, M. Ranou, J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Gauthier, M. Pham-Delegue. 2003. Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 78: 83-92<br /> <br /> Decourtye, A. et al. 2004a. Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 78:83-92.<br /> <br /> Decourtye, A. et al 2004b. Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honey bees under semi-field and laboratory conditions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 57:410-419.<br /> <br /> De Graaf, D. C. and F. J. Jacobs. 1991. Tissue specificity of Nosema apis. J. Invertebrate Pathology. 58:277-278.<br /> <br /> DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Curry, R. 2004. A mathematical model of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) and honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) population dynamics. International Journal of Acarology 30(3): 259-274<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K.S. 2007. Sustainable management of Varroa destructor. Bee Craft [UK] 89(11): 15-19<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K. S., D.F. Mayer. 2000. Crop pollination by bees. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing (2000)<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K.S., J.A. Berry, J.A. Skinner, J.P. Parkman, & W.M. Hood. 2005.<br /> Integrated pest management against Varroa destructor reduces colony mite levels<br /> and delays economic threshold. Journal of Apicultural Research 44(4): 117-122<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K.S, J.D. Ellis, J.A. Berry. 2007. Profitability of a Varroa IPM system. Book of Abstracts, International Conference on Recent Trends in Apicultural Science, Mikkeli, Finland<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K. and W.M. Hood. 1997. Effects of delayed acaricide treatment in honey bee <br /> colonies parasitized by Varroa jacobsoni and a late-season treatment threshold for the southern<br /> USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36: 125-132.<br /> <br /> Delaplane, K.S. and W.M. Hood. 1999. Economic threshold for Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in the<br /> Southeastern USA. Apidologie, 30: 383-395.<br /> <br /> de Miranda, J.R., M. Drebot, S. Tyler, M. Shen, C.E. Cameron, D.B. Stoltz, S.M. Camazine. 2004. 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Impact Statements

1. Gave talks to five beekeeper associations, including the annual meeting of the Eastern Apiculture Society, in which I reported on my studies of how honey bees in the wild are persisting with Varroa but without receiving pesticide treatments (Objective 1); NY
2. In light of our recent accomplishments, pumpkin growers may either reduce or eliminate costs associated with pollination services by managed bees in certain pumpkin fields and will rely exclusively on wild non-Apis bees and feral A. mellifera for pumpkin pollination (Objective 9); NY
3. Our pesticide research is highlighting novel impacts of pesticides on bees. We hope, in the near future, to expand our toxicology research to include investigations on pesticide impacts on queen and drone honey bees (Objective 3); FL
4. We have delivered numerous presentations on pollinator decline, CCD and the potential role of pesticides at local, state, regional and national beekeeping conferences. The impact of systemic pesticides, seed treatments, formulation additives, and other pesticides and their combinations on non-target species, and their role in honey bee and other pollinator health are of global consequence to food security and future crop protection strategies. Practical outcomes include developing both selective pest control strategies and regulatory processes that assure safety for pollinators and products from the hive; PA
5. Results on Nosema ceranae experiment accepted for publication in PlosOne. Results are communicated to beekeepers at association meetings, and a summary article will be published in the USDA-BeeCAP column in American Bee Journal and Bee Culture magazines (Objective 2); MN
6. Results of colony level imidacloprid exposure are being written up for publication. All results are communicated to research and beekeeping association meetings locally and nationally by M. Spivak and Judy Wu (Objective 3); MN
7. Articles on portions of our methods and results have been published in the USDA-BeeCAP column in American Bee Journal and Bee Culture magazines, and are communicated to state and national beekeeping meetings (Objective 5); MN
8. Commercial bee breeders and beekeepers are supportive of the Tech Teams and have agreed to make them financially sustainable through fee-for-service. Results of breeding progress for resistance traits will be documented by graduate student Katie Lee as part of her PhD degree at the Univ of MN. We have published the results of our evaluations of stock from the bee breeders in MN in two U.S. beekeeping trade journals (Objectives 7 and 8); MN
9. Elucidating the tissue tropism and spore production of Nosema ceranae provides better understanding of transmission mechanisms and competitiveness of this microsporidium in honey bee populations. Studies on fumagillin impacts will assist beekeepers to make more informed decisions regarding treatment for nosemosis. (Objective 2); IL
10. Beekeepers at regional and state meetings learned how to raise their own queens and select for resistance to mites; IL
11. Beekeepers also learned how to report pesticide kills associated with drift from planting neonicotinoid treated corn seed. For the first time, reports of bee kills came into the state chemist office and almost all tested positive; IL
12. Our results and publications have been cited in articles in Bee Culture, the American Bee Journal, the Xerces publication "Are Neonicotinoids Killing Bees?" and in the White Paper prepared by the EPA for the Scientific Advisory Panel on the Pollinator Risk Assessment Framework; CT
13. Contributed to guidance on IGR insecticide use during bloom in almonds to protect immature honey bees from exposure to developmental toxicants. (Obj. 3); OH
14. Beekeepers were provided with a research-based guide for avoiding harmful synergistic interactions when honey bees are exposed to more than one drug or miticide and how miticides interact with selected fungicides applied to orchard crops (Obj. 3); CT
15. TN Beemaster Program participants (75) improved average knowledge 33.6% [test scores (pre vs post)] 30%, 35%, 32%, 33%, and 38%, respectively in 5 locations at Dresden, Chattanooga, Waverly, Knoxville and Johnson City. This program now has more than 2,200 enrolled; TN
16. In 2012 use of ?Bee Health?: eXtension website increased 17.4% to 182,761 page views. YouTube channel subscribers increased 49.4% to 1444. YouTube Views increased 54% to 394,510; TN
17. We estimate beekeeping research and extension programs in Tennessee have aided beekeepers to reduce their losses of colonies to parasitic mites and other causes by 15%; TN
18. The value of each lost colony is approximately $575.0.00 for bees, hive parts, medications and honey production. We estimate that beekeepers following recommendations have saved 10,500 colonies of bees valued in excess of $5,750,000 annually; TN
19. Beekeepers were provided with reports of our studies (how nosema infections affect bees and what genes are important for varroa reproduction) at extension meetings and implications for beekeeping (Objective 3); MI

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