NC_OLD213: Marketing and Delivery of Quality Grains and BioProcess Coproducts

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[02/26/2009] [02/16/2010] [02/22/2011] [03/13/2012] [02/19/2013]

Date of Annual Report: 02/26/2009

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/18/2009 - 02/20/2009
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2007 - 09/01/2008

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Executive Meeting
February 18, 2009
Kansas City, MO

Present:
Stephen Kells, Charlene Wolf-Hall, Hongda Chen, James Stitzlein, Joe Needham, Brian Adam, Mark Casada, Bill Ravlin and Leland McKinney

Stephen Kells:
The meeting was called to order. Each person introduced themselves. The first order of business for the meeting was to discuss the future direction of NC-213.

Bill Ravlin:
The rewrite process was completed last year, so this is the first year of the new projects. Since we are at the beginning of the new project, it is good time have a discussion about the future of NC-213 and the collaboration that occurs within this group. Multistate projects are intended to establish seed data to obtain extramural funding and an expectation of multistate projects is that there is collaboration between the different stations. To encourage collaboration, there are two competitive NC-213 funding opportunities offered every other year. One is an individual research award, and the other, is a team competition. The team competition award was designed to promote collaboration. An example of the large funding opportunities that can be obtained by collaboration is the grant received by swine researchers to study purse disease. I am a little concerned that if we dont move this direction, there may be some issues later down the road.

Joe Needham:
Can you clarify what this group should be striving for and are you concerned that this group will splinter.

Bill Ravlin:
There are opportunities for small groups to come together on projects and this project can serve as a platform. The purpose of this group should not be to just share ideas, but to return home and work together. The expectations are that we work together. We have a mid-term review and they will be evaluating this group on whether or not we worked together. The other thing that is evaluated is how dollars were leveraged to obtain other sources of funding. The funds available for multi-state projects can be leveraged and distributed in a number of ways. Some experiment stations may provide funding to scientists for travel. Some experiment stations may actually provide funding for specific projects. How the funds are distributed is up to the Ag Experiment Stations.

Hongda Chen:
Can you elaborate about the swine group and where the funding came from for the award they received?

Bill Ravlin:
An AES committee evaluated the group proposals and selected the award winner. The swine group used the NC-229 as the platform to conduct seed research and to be successful in getting the proposal funded. What I would like to get a better idea of is the amount of collaborative research taking place within NC-213

Stephen Kells:
One challenge that this group faces relative to collaboration is that we are trying to adapt to a changing environment due to the ethanol industry. We are also trying to cater to food safety. Is this group to broad?

Joe Needham:
Tell us about the last few team competition winners and is there a common denominator among the teams that received the awards.

Bill Ravlin
The team competition began in 2000. In 2000 there were 4 submissions and one award. In 2002, there were two submissions and one award. In 2006, there were 6 submissions and two awards.
CO2 monitoring was one of the team projects awarded. Dirk Maier and Tim Herman received an award on evaluating traceability. I am not suggesting that we discontinue independent research, but I think we should put together a team and go to USDA with proposals. We need to ask the industry what research priorities to pursue.

Stephen Kells:
I am open to working with teams, but there are challenges due to the broadness of the group.

Mark Cassada
It can be difficult to change the culture. What mechanisms can be put into place to change the culture of the group?

Bill Ravlin:
We have complete control over this meeting. We could bring in a professional facilitator to help identify areas to work together.

Joe Needham
Can this committee do things to encourage more group activities? This group could decide that there will be more team competitions to provide the mechanisms for collaboration.

Bill Ravlin:
I would suggest that if this is what we want to do then we need to develop a proposal and make a recommendation to the Andersons and the entire group.

Joe Needham:
I dont think the Andersons would have any objections to this direction.

Hongda Chen:
Collaboration promotes solving larger more complex problems. The multidiscipline approach is viewed very favorable.

Joe Needham
I think this group needs to have some recommendations for the larger group

Stephen Kells:
What kind of activity can we add to the agenda to promote team building?

Brain Adam
Can we identify a funding source that would provide the catalyst to bring this group together?

James Stitzlein:
Is there some way that this group could better reach out to the industry or a mechanism to encourage the industry to share what their problems are?

Bill Ravlin:
There are many options available. For example, there could be cost sharing with the industry to solve problems. We can put money on the table and the industry can match it.

Brian Adam:
Federal funding would be easier to obtain if they know the industry is behind it.

Joe Needham:
Are there funds available to go to the industry and offer to solve problems?

Bill Ravlin:
Yes, but if the industry is behind the research they should be willing to match it.

Hongda Chen
Is this committee willing to go to the industry with a survey and then bring this information back to the group?

Bill Ravlin:
I think that is necessary. I think that we need to come away from here knowing what the next step is and that we agree that we will collaborate. Another thing that needs to take place is the creation of an ongoing dialog with in this group and with the industry.

Hongda Chen:
I would like to encourage you to think not just on the five year project, but longer term relative to the up-coming technologies and opportunities.

Stephen Kells:
I propose that Bill challenge the group on ways that the group can start bridging the gap and promoting collaboration. The next item we need to discuss is the industry advisory panel.

James Stitzlein:
The previous discussion ties into this. How does this group interact with the industry to help come up solutions? How do we get the industry to become aware of what this group does? Getting more industry-university interaction would be very useful. Reaching out to the industry with a survey may be helpful.

Joe Needham
Particular if the industry would get excited about what this group is doing.

Stephen Kells
KSU has ties with industry groups such as wheat quality council and GEAPS. Perhaps KSU could help to get NC-213 to interact in their conferences.

Joe Needham:
NC-213 could contribute to the NGFA newsletter, for example, to update the industry relative to what the group is doing.

Stephen Kells
The next item on the agenda is a report on progress

Bill Ravlin:
The new format of the progress report matches the CRIS report format, so hopefully this has made it easier to submit. One question that needs to be answered is: who is the report for and who reads it.

Hongda Chen:
The report is important to provide decision makers with the impacts of these projects.

Bill Ravlin:
The impact statements need to be more of an impact. Impact statements need to answer the questions, so what and who cares. It does not just need to be tied to money. It can impact the environment or food safety. Impact statements need to be written so that anyone can understand them and carry the important message.

Stephen Kells
Could Bill provide definitions for impact, outcome, and outputs? To me they are very similar. The next item to discuss is the summer conference.

Bill Ravlin
There use to be two meetings per year, this meeting for technical sessions, and a summer meeting with the industry. The attendance for the summer secession slowly began to fall off. Then it evolved to where it took place some other conference was planned. The group needs to decide if we need to have a summer meeting.

Brain Adam:
It would probably be worthwhile once the group has decided on a project to work on.

Bill Ravlin:
It may be difficult in these economic times to get industry together.

Stephen Kells:
We will leave it for the group to decide. The next item we need to discuss is the 2010 meeting. It is proposed that NC-213 meet with GEAP, however, there may be potential problems with hotel accommodations. Bill Koshar will find out more information about the schedule.

Note:
Brain Adam agreed to serve as the next secretary.

NC-213 Business Meeting
February 18, 2009
Kansas City, MO

Stephen Kells called the meeting to order and initiated discussion regarding the future direction of NC-213 and how this group could better serve the industry.

Dirk Maier suggested interviewing the industry to better understand their needs. He recommended that NC-213 funds be used to hire a consultant to interact with industry and gather data.

James Stitzlein supported this idea and suggested that an industry perspective would also give NC-213 more visibility.

Dirk Maier stated that the number of researchers working in the area of Grain Quality has declined. This group needs to be more proactive in working with the industry and promoting the research that we are all involved with.

Bill Ravlin agreed with Dirk Maiers proposal, but felt that for it to be worthwhile NC-213 participants would involved with the scope of the survey.

Brain Adam suggested that another way to increase the visibility of NC-213 is to submit NC-213 activities to industry trade magizines.

Dirk Maier agreed, stating that trade magazines are always looking for ideas and items to publish.

Stephen Kells suggested that a committee be established to be responsible for contacting trade journals and promoting the NC-213 group.

Bill Ravlin said that the problem is that Bill Koshar ends up writing all of the material.

Charlie Hurburg said that is the way it is supposed to be.

Rill Ravlin disagreed and stated that at the very least we need the engagement of the group. It needs to be more of the group and less of our office.

Brain Adams suggested that the objective chairs need to solicit material from participants and send the material to Bill.

Dirk Maier said that this is not a new idea. It is part of the responsibility of objective chairs.

Charlie Hurburg suggested that a spread sheet of all participants and their contact information be distributed.

Stephen Kells suggested that the group submit at least 2 articles for the newsletter by mid-May.

Stephen Kells asked for a vote for Dirk Maiers proposal to hire a consultant to evaluate NC-213 and survey the industry. Fourteen participants voted yes and zero voted no.

Bill Ravlin said that you would present this suggestion to the Andersons for their feedback.

Stephen Kells stated that the deadline for reports and presentation titles for next years annual meeting is November 15, 2009. He also suggested that the deadline be enforced this year.

Bill Ravlin emphasized the importance of impact statements. He has received a number of impact statements that were not very well written. Impact statements are critical for promoting the importance of the research that this group is conducting.

Joe Needham stated that most people who are interested in this groups research attend conferences such as GEAPS. Representatives from this group need to attend these types of conferences and present research results.

Stephen Kells proposed that we decide on whether NC-213 participants want to meet in conjunction with GEAPS in 2010 in Wichita, Kansas. Ten participants voted yes and 2 participants voted no. In case meeting with GEAPS is not feasible, Kansas City, Kansas, and Omaha, Nebraska were selected for alternative locations.

Accomplishments

OBJECTIVE 1 Correlation of Amino Acid Measurement with NIR Spectra and total Protein Levels The need to remove synthetic amino acids from organic livestock rations will be resolved by the more rapid development of modified amino acid corn made possible with high throughput analysis methods. Ration balancing software many also be able to use NIRS predicted values more effectively, since the new calibrations are beyond the normal correlation with protein. An organic corn breeding program has screened over 10,000 lines to date. Feed users will be able to monitor soybean meal composition guarantees more effectively, and a single calibration for the various forms of soymeal products will create uniformity while reducing analytical support costs at the same time. Other ingredients will follow. Ethanol yield per bushel of corn can be estimated rapidly and at low cost. Trials are being organized to demonstrate the range received and to estimate the value for either grouping corn lots by predicted ethanol yield or selectively directing certain lots to animal feed rather than to the ethanol plant. Whole soybeans can be screened for fatty acid composition, but making distinction by individual percentages of fatty acids, as some genetics suppliers wish to do, is beyond the capability of the Near Infrared test. Advanced chemometric methods have made the combination of spectra across NIRS brands possible. Across-brand calibrations can be more accurate than the individual brand calibrations, and will allow the use of multiple models in a trading network without loss of accuracy or reproducibility. Physical Properties of Distillers Grains With Solubles The interaction between vertical stress, particle size distribution and flowability are being evaluated. Preliminary data has been collected and compared to free flowing grains (soft red winter wheat). Understanding Regional and Environmental Effects on End-Use Quality in Hard Winter Wheat Varieties In 2007, 2,050,000 acres of wheat were planted in Nebraska and 1,960,000 were harvested with an average yield of 43 bu/acre for a total production of 84,280,000 bu, which represents over $250,000,000 in total worth as grain. Milling and baking is an important way of adding value. Understanding the regional and environmental effects on end-use quality is critical to understanding and preserving this quality market and maintaining Nebraskas reputation as being a supplier of quality wheat. Assess the Reduction in Toxicity of Fumonisin B1 during Extrusion Cooking of Contaminated Grits Using in Vivo Bioassay Methods Extrusion of all three groups of samples without added glucose (fumonisin B1 spiked corn, fermented corn batch 1 and fermented corn batch 2)did not significantly or only slightly (19%) decreased the fumonisin concentrations. However extrusion of the corn samples after addition of 10% glucose resulted in substantial (75-85%) reduction in fumonisin B1 levels. Histopathology and kidney weight findings indicated that extrusion with glucose supplementation, but not extrusion alone, reduced the in vivo toxicity of the fermented corn batch 1 that contained 33 µg/kg of fumonisin B1. However extrusion with or without glucose was ineffective for detoxifying the corn spiked (direct addition of pure fumonisn B1) with 30 µg/kg fumonisin B1 and the fermented corn batch 2 that contained 48 µg/kg fumonisin B1. While this work has shown that extrusion with 10% glucose supplementation is potentially useful for safely reducing the toxicity of fumonisins in corn-based products, additional studies are needed to more fully characterize how extrusion affects fumonisins in food matrices and to determine the practicality and limitations of extrusion for reducing fumonisins in corn-based products and further determine the optimal conditions. Examine Milling Properties, Dough Characteristics, Protein Functionality, and Baking Properties of Soft White Wheat Varieties Phenolic compounds (antioxidants) have beneficial effects on both health and food preservation, however, they also have an impact on the textural properties of food products. Addition of the phenolic acids to flour did not have an effect on the mixing properties of the doughs, but significantly decreased maximum resistance and increased extensibility of 90-minute-rested dough. Physical characteristics of cookies blended with each phenolic acid plus transglutaminase (TG) were not significantly different from the control cookies. However, there were significant effects of TG, with and without phenolic acids, on the moisture content, weight and volume of crackers. This suggested that fermentation time, part of the cracker making process, allowed TG cross linking of proteins to occur prior to baking of the crackers. This project will result in a better understanding of wheat flour quality in relation to end-use products. The use of TG will potentially allow (1) bakers to use weaker flour to produce satisfactory baked products, and (2) millers to provide more consistent flour quality to bakers in spite of environmental growing factors in a particular crop year. In addition, understanding effects of addition of bran fiber and antioxidants in a flour-based system could provide vital information for bakers to utilize these ingredients in their baked products to benefit consumers health. Effect of Preharvest Production Practices on End-Use Quality of Durum Wheat The interaction between time after anthesis and kernel location on spike was not significant for yellow pigment content per kernel. As grain filling progressed to physiological maturity, the yellow pigment content per kernel declined. Pigment content per kernel was greater for kernels found in the middle or bottom of the spike than for kernels located at the top of the spike. Kernels from the bottom of the spike weighed more than kernels found in the middle or top of the spike. Experiments to determine the relationship between vitreousness and total yellow pigment found that kernel weight and yellow pigment content per kernel was greater for vitreous kernels than for nonvitreous kernels. Effect of Ozone Application on Microbial Loads, Deoxynivalenol and Barley Malt Quality Mycotoxin contamination in grains and food products derived from grains is a persistent food safety concern for which the only available effective control is testing and diversion or dilution. We evaluated the effectiveness of ozone as an antimycotoxin and antimicrobial treatment for malting barley. The results of the experiment indicated that, at these dosages, ozone resulted in significant reductions in DON for malts compared to starting barley from each treatment. Ozonation produced lower mold and yeast counts in final malts compared to non-ozonated malts. Differences seen with the clean, control barley were not statistically significant, but those for the naturally Fusarium infected barley were. For aerobic plate counts, ozonation produced lower counts in final malts compared to non-ozonated malts. Differences seen with the clean barley were not statistically significant, but those for the naturally Fusarium infected barely were. Physical and Chemical Properties of Shelled Corn Related to Conditioning and Processing There were significant variations in many kernel attributes among the hybrids tested. This study better documents the known variations in kernel and bulk densities and hardness of corn hybrids. Differences in kernel hardness suggest that there will be noticeable differences in the energy required to grind different hybrids and in other traits affected by hardness such as breakage during handling (breakage susceptibility). The industry may not yet be as aware of the wide variation in water absorption rates. This could significantly affect processes in which kernels are soaked prior to processing, such as Masa production. It may be possible to increase production rates in batch processes that involve soaking by using hybrids that absorb water rapidly. Differences in starch content may affect uses such as corn fuel ethanol production or starch extraction by wet milling where high starch may be advantageous. Similarly, higher fiber content may be desirable if corn is to be used to produce snack foods with higher than normal fiber. Improving Marketing, Processing, Nutritional and Functional Quality of Sorghum, Maize and Wheat Sorghum lines were confirmed to have unusually high levels of flavanones and flavones. The black sorghums had very high levels of the rare 3-deoxyanthocyanins. Progress to breed superior hybrids containing these compounds continued. Sorghum extracts of grains containing black and black plus tannins had excellent color stability which was significantly better than that of common anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables. In vitro evidence indicates that these compounds have anti-cancer activities as well as their unique colorant properties. The environmental conditions during maturation of sorghums affect the flavanoid levels significantly. Tannin sorghum porridges had significantly reduced estimated glycemic indices (EGI) than corn starch and nontannin sorghum porridges. Moreover, the finely ground bran and its extracts added to corn starch porridges caused significant reduction in their EGI. Heating of extracts of special sorghums greatly reduced the EGI, while heating of corn starch with white sorghum bran and its extracts did not reduce the EGI. Thus, tannin sorghums cause a significant reduction in digestibility of porridges that likely is beneficial for type II diabetics. This is reasonable because animal feeding trials of tannin sorghums has consistently documented that they significantly reduced the feed efficiency of livestock. Thus, the use of whole grain tannin sorghums to produce products for type 2 diabetics is promising. Evaluation of wheat flour properties for tortillas continued. Improved methods of evaluating the rheological properties of tortillas using the TA.XT2 were used in models to predict tortilla quality. Wheat flour with low levels of glutenin is best for tortillas. Whole grain white wheat tortillas gave excellent appearance and improved nutritional value. For whole wheat flour tortillas, stronger gluten is required to carry the non-endosperm components. The Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC) improved its efficiency in determining labeling compliance by use of statistical procedures and concentration on firms with poor past performance. A systematic sampling approach developed by the OTSC has led to increased detection of violations because it focuses on manufacturers with past performance violations. Violations may decrease over time. Objective Grading and End-Use Property Assessment of Single Kernels and Bulk Grain Samples A simple imaging system was developed to inspect and sort wheat samples and other grains at moderate feed-rates (30 kernels/s). A single camera captured color images of three sides of each kernel by using mirrors, the images were processed on a personal computer. After classification, the computer could output a signal from the parallel port to activate an air valve to divert (sort) kernels into a secondary container. The sorter is able to separate hard red kernels from hard white kernels (95% to 99%) and is an economical and useful instrument for sorting wheat and other grains with high accuracy. An automated system was developed that nondestructively measured quality traits of individual kernels, sorted the kernels based on user-defined criteria and applied to sorting wheat, Triticum aestivum L, kernels by protein content and hardness. Also used to sort proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., into amylose-bearing and amylose-free fractions. This technology can be used to enrich the desirable class within segregating populations in breeding programs; increase the purity of heterogeneous advanced or released lines; or measure the distribution of quality within samples during the marketing process. Milling wheat infested with low densities of internal feeding insects can result in flour containing insect fragments. The Food and Drug Admin.(FDA) enforces a standard or defect action level of 75 insect fragments per 50g flour. The relationship between level of infestation and number of resulting fragments is not well documented. We characterized the number of insect fragments produced from milling small lots of wheat spiked with known densities and life stages of Sitophilus oryzae. Fragments were enumerated with near-infrared spectroscopy NIRS. Data suggests NIRS could be adopted for rapid assessment of insect fragments resulting from relatively low levels of infestation with immature life state, but was not accurate enough for enumerating fragments resulting from adults at densities relevant to FDA standards. The relationship between bread quality and 49 hard red spring (HRS) or 48 hard red winter (HRW) grain, flour, and dough quality characteristics was studied. Estimated bread quality attributes included loaf volume, bake mix time, bake water absorption, and crumb grain score. When the data set was divided into calibration and prediction sets, the loaf volume and bake mix time models still looked promising for screening samples. Only loaf volume could be predicted with accuracies adequate for screening. Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, is a destructive disease of wheat. FHB causes yield reductions of up to 50% and crop losses in the US have exceeded $1 billion in some years. In addition, FHB can produce the toxin deoxynivalenol which must be below FDA guidelines. Visible detection of FHB is laborious and subjective and we evaluated the use of automated near-infrared technology to detect FHB. Results showed that visual detection was strongly correlated to NIR detection and that the NIR method was more repeatable. This technology should help the grain industry more consistently detect FHB and thus improve the safety of the US food supply. The technology can also be used to rapidly screen new wheat lines for FHB resistance. OBJECTIVE 2 Carotenoids in Corn and Monitoring for Liquefaction in the Dry Grind Ethanol Process with NIR Calibrations for measuring carotenoids in corn with NIR and DE in liquefaction with FT-NIR were developed. U.S. ethanol production capacity was 7.88 billion gallons per year in January 2008 and as of December 2008 the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) estimates that 172 plants were producing 10.44 billion gallons of ethanol annually. An additional 1.58 billion gallons of ethanol production is expected from 21 more plants currently under construction. Ability to rapidly measure and monitor liquefaction prior to fermentation processes and variability in DDGS quality is needed. Research on Grain Inventory Management through Electronic Record-keeping of Bulk Material in a Grain Elevator A GIS based lot identification system was developed. The initial trade unit of bulk commodities is the amount in one batch of a harvesting machine, with subsequent aggregation of GIS coded identifications as lots are commingled. A simulation process for grain flow in handling was developed, based on simulation modeling of grain flow patterns. The goal is Grain Inventory Management through electronic record-keeping of bulk material in a grain elevator in a relational database format that can be expanded to the grain supply chain. Additional grain mock recalls were conducted, with steadily improving precision of tracking inbound lots to possible outbound shipments. The partner company, Farmers Cooperative Elevator Company, developed a quality manual for ISO certification of its agronomy input supply business. One of the goals is tracking of input supplies to specific fields and/or grain lots. This goal connects with the needs of grain tracking. An outreach effort began with the planning of a QMS curriculum at various levels - distance education, adult education, on-campus curricular, QMS minor at the undergraduate curriculum. The outreach connects traceability practices with current processes and provides reasons for U.S. to support traceability of bulk grain products rather than resist the concept. Tracking of feed grains to milk products was begun. The process mapping procedure developed by TRACE was utilized to identify points of identity loss and potential breakdown of the traceability. Cost control operations were identified by the cooperator. An example protocol for the documentation of grain production, to be attached to grain lots as they enter the marketplace was designed. The protocol covers all required and optional elements of ISO 22005 traceability standard. The electronic bin board (internal grain handling traceability system) was tested at one elevator. Modifications are in progress. Heat Treatment of Empty Storage Structures for Pest Disinfestation Heat treatment trials were conducted at two farms near Abilene, Kansas. At each location where temperatures reached the target of 54°C mortality was 100% and no progeny were detected after 60 d incubation. The results of this study confirmed once more that uniform distribution of the heated air has to be assured throughout the plenum and the target temperature has to be maintained sufficiently long to achieve 100% mortality. Utilization of Oilseeds and Grains as Functional Ingredients We have recently completed research on the creation of a gluten free bean snack that contained flaxseed. This work is critical if the Snack industry is to develop healthier snack products. We have developed several functional foods using North Dakota commodities. Flaxseed is a significant source of omega-3 lipids. McGuigan (2005) reported that Frost & Sullivan estimated that the omega-3 and omega-6 ingredients market in the United State is valued at $204.5 million. The entire omega-3 market is expected to increase 8% annually until 2010 in the United States. We have demonstrated the feasibility of using flaxseed and flaxseed oil in products such as ice cream, yogurt, pasta, breads and snack products. The results observed in this research will improve the fundamental knowledge of flaxseed as a food ingredient. The project demonstrated that flaxseed could be extruded into a snack food product up to 15% flaxseed. The remaining 85% of the product formula was a 50%:50% mixture of corn and edible beans flours. Under the appropriate processing conditions, the flaxseed containing samples had physical characteristics similar to the non-flaxseed control products. Furthermore, the flaxseed-containing extruded product had a 10 month shelf life stability when packaged under nitrogen gas. A follow-up study was completed using 10% flaxseed in an edible beans without corn. The samples were coated with cheese flavoring and tested by a sensory panel. The flaxseed-containing snack product was rated equally well as the control in terms of sensory characteristics. These results support the utilization of flaxseed in extruded snacks. The snack food industry could utilize the data as a foundation for developing commercial snack food products that are healthier for consumers. In addition to the snack food products, flaxseed as an antifungal agent has been demonstrated for the first time in model food systems. The components responsible for the activity were identified as phenolic compounds and proteins. The stability of the antifungal activity was also characterized. A mild heat treatment of flaxseed did not significantly affect the antifungal activity; however, high temperature treatment did significantly influence antifungal activity of flaxseed. Our recent publication on antifungal proteins from flaxseed lead a company to contact us to help address issues they are having with flaxseed. Effect of Ozone on Wheat Quality and Functionality Durum wheat: Ozone treatment of grain reduced germination and caused a small reduction in mold count but not in APC or yeast counts. Conjugated diene content (a measure of lipid oxidation) in hexane extracted lipid was higher in ozone treated grain compared to nontreated control. Ozone did not affect DON content in grain infected with Fusarium head blight. Treating grain with ozone did not alter grain protein content, ash content, kernel size, kernel weight, kernel color or falling number. HRSW: Ozone reduced germination and caused a small reduction in APC, yeast, and mold counts. Conjugated diene content in hexane extracted lipid was similar with and without ozone treatment. Ozone treatment did not affect protein content, kernel size, kernel weight, kernel color or falling number. Flour from the ozone treated grain did not differ in protein content, ash content, wet gluten content, gluten index or any dough (farinograph) properties. The bread loaf volume, weight, specific gravity were similar whether made from flour of treated or untreated grain. Effectiveness and Profitability of Alternative Insect Control Strategies in Grain Storage and Processing Firms Simulation results indicated that if insect immigration into some storage structures can be reduced by a factor of 10 (through sealing of openings in grain bins and cleanliness, for example), or if a particular year or location has lower temperatures and/or humidity, an IPM approach likely would be economical. Initial work also suggests that because of its correlation with time required for seasonal cooling, harvest-time temperature of grain going into storage is an important factor determining economic viability of an IPM approach. Tactics identified that can make a sampling-based approach to stored grain management economically attractive include reducing insect immigration rate (by better bin sealing and sanitation) and reducing duration of storage. In addition, an economic comparison of traditional fumigation and closed-loop fumigation, which reduces fumigant use by 30% and controls insects more effectively, and an economic analysis of IPM, was presented to elevator managers and employees in extension workshops for continuing education credit. Determination and Prediction of Sorption Isotherm of Corn Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) DDGS was produced at a commercial fuel ethanol plant using various process conditions to obtain samples of DDGS with various physical and chemical characteristics. The effect of chemical composition on moisture sorption behavior of DDGS at different temperature was investigated. Difference in the sorption isotherm curves of DDGS samples reduced as equilibrium relative humidity increased. Equilibrium moisture content of DDGS samples reduced with lowering of CDS quantity. Sorption behavior of DDGS can be predicted from the chemical composition of protein, sugar, minerals, starch fiber and glycerol. Protein, fiber, sugars, minerals, and glycerol influenced the EMC of DDGS. The effect of protein was higher (35.26%), followed by fiber (26.12%). The results from this study underline the importance of knowledge of chemical composition to predict the sorption behavior of DDGS. The developed predictive models of DDGS isotherms using chemical composition are helping the development of a rapid analysis tool to predict product caking that would help direct the shipment of DDGS bulk to destinations where product are likely not to cake during transport. Low Field Magnetic Resonance Sensing of Moisture Content of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) In these preliminary tests, which were conducted over the range of 10 to 30% moisture, the low field MR sensor was able to measure the moisture content of DDGS to within 0.1 to 0.9 percentage points (average of 0.32 percentage points) of the moisture content determined using a convection oven (2 g, 105C, 3 hrs) . It should be possible, with additional research, to develop models that would give good results for DDGS at higher moisture contents, and also for WDG, wet cake, thin stillage, and condensed solubles. The method is currently being used to measure moisture content of pulp at orange juice processing facilities and it should therefore be adaptable to use in ethanol processing plants. These plants could use the rapid (2 minutes or less) determinations of moisture content to provide more precise control of drying and mixing operations. It may also be possible to use this approach to develop a model for predicting the oil content of DDGS, WDG, and wet cake. Effect of Moisture Content and Fungal Inhibitors on Mold Growth in Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and Wet Distillers Grains (WDG) DDGS is usually dried to approximately 12% moisture content or below to ensure that it has good handling characteristics. Mold cannot grow in DDGS at these low moisture contents. MC of dry DDGS can be increased to 20% or greater by leaks in buildings or containers, or by extended exposure to high humidity air. The studies of CO2 production by DDGS re-wetted to moistures between 16% and 30% MC and incubated at 23°C indicate that there should be very little mold growth in DDGS at 16% moisture or less and relatively slow growth if moisture is around 20%. Also, when DDGS does not have to be shipped long distances, appropriate handling equipment is available, and when it will be utilized within several weeks, energy used to dry the DDGS could be saved by maintaining the DDGS at higher moisture contents. The study of DDGS stored over winter (October through May) at ~17% MC indicated that susceptibility to fungal growth increased with time in storage. Fungal growth was very slow when storage temperature was around 10°C to 15°C. However, as time in storage increased and ambient temperatures (and therefore DDGS temperature) increased in early spring, fungal growth became more rapid and generated heat, which caused a significant increase in DDGS temperature. These results suggest that DDGS stored at ~17% moisture and 10°C to 15°C will not mold for several months. Finally, the study with mold inhibitors indicated that they could effectively control mold and yeast growth in WDG for at least 5 or 6 days at 23°C if they are applied at the proper rate, and that they will retard mold growth in WDG at 23°C for at least 10 days. Furthermore, for one of the inhibitors, the highest application rate (20 lb/ton) was no more effective than the intermediate rate (10 lb/ton). This suggests that relatively high application rates may not offer an advantage in retarding mold growth. Genetic Variation in Grain Hardness of Barley and its Role in Food Processing We continue investigating genotypic and environmental influences on grain hardness of barley as well as factors associated with grain hardness. The major focus of our study is the micro structure of the kernel responsible for variations in grain hardness of barley. We determined the influence of genotype (G) and environment (E) on kernel hardness of barley, and explored the association of kernel hardness with other grain characteristics including size, shape, density and vitreousness. G and E effects on physical characteristics of barley kernel were determined using 14 genetically diverse barley lines grown in 12 locations with 3 replications. We also determined grain hardness, proportion of hull and kernel size of 960 barley breeding lines grown in 2007 using an SKCS and the barleys genotypic variation. Kernel hardness of barley influences post-harvest handling, pearling and milling properties of grains, flour particle size distribution and eventually processing and product quality, as has been well documented for wheat. Large variation in hardness among barley genotypes, and greater influences of genotype than environment on grain hardness indicate the feasibility of genetic improvement of barley varieties to make them specifically suitable for food uses. Consequently, food processors will be able to utilize an increased amount of barley in various food products with improved quality attributes. The major economic impact this study contributes will result from the increased use of barley for food products and the expanded export of barley to overseas food markets. Improved Handling and Storage Systems for Grain Quality Maintenance and Measurement Measured accuracy of the newly developed fringing field capacitive (FFC) moisture sensor, close to that of laboratory instruments, is appropriate for a low-cost, in situ instrument for monitoring stored grain and for rapid determination of grain moisture content in bulk containers. The equilibrium moisture monitoring system was built and installed in a rice storage warehouse for field testing. The monitoring of stored grain with these sensors should improve storage management by detecting problematic conditions quickly so corrective measures can be taken. In a study of grain dust generation and emissions from elevators for both wheat and shelled corn, at an average grain flow rate of 54.4 t/h, the size distribution of dust from the upper and lower ducts showed similar trends among grain lots and repeated transfers but differed between the two ducts. The corn produced significantly more of the smaller dust particles than did wheat, and produced more than twice as much total dust 185 g/t of corn handled than did wheat. These results will be valuable for feed and grain handlers and grain elevator operators for evaluating and improving their handling and sanitation procedures to reduce their safety and health hazards and air pollution problems. OBJECTIVE 3 Research Conducted for Grain Quality Factors and Grain Storage As more corn is used locally in fuel production, less is available for export, feed applications and other processing. This has led to changes in grain transport, on-farm grain storage and the function of local grain elevators. The IGQI added grain storage questions to the 2007 Iowa Farm and Rural Life Poll. The 2007 Survey Report on Grain Storage and Transportation, Twelve percent of the Iowa Farmers intended to construct on-farm storage over the next three years, with an average of 30,000 bushels of new capacity. The addition of on-farm storage was a direct response to the demand for corn by the ethanol industry. The training module can be accessed from the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative web site, www.iowagrain.org. The processing reports have been presented to the 2007 Integrated Crop Management conference participants (approximately 50 in a concurrent session), the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative Advisory Committee (20 participants), and to the Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension field specialists in the ISU College of Agriculture (approximately 60 participants). It is also posted on the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative website www.iowagrain.org and on the Value Added Agriculture Program website www.iavaap.org. This project provided data for the white paper, Food and Fuel: Enough Grain but Not Enough Processing, prepared for Bioeconomy Conversations II, November 2008. The ethanol and soy processing surveys have served as a basis for the Grain Storage Module, a web-based decision maker created by the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative for farmers and grain handlers considering building new storage. It has also helped the IGQI participants better communicate the implications of new local demand for corn and soybeans and how ISU Extension can assist farmers to participate in these new markets. There is ample corn at present and future production levels to meet processing and feed needs in Iowa. We expect this understanding to result in more policy and business decisions based on growth of corn supply rather than on allocation control of corn supply. When taken in connection with new feed ration balancing knowledge, the extension of this study will be to increase the activity of both the livestock and processing industries. Swine diets can utilize more biofuels coproducts than are normally included in rations, in tradeoff with corn grain. More inclusion of biofuel coproducts will alleviate some of the competition for corn between processing and feeding, and will reduce the transportation needs for hard-to-handle coproducts. Less conflict between feed and fuel needs will allow both to grow at rates needed to supply world food needs and domestic fuel demands. GEAPS-Purdue-KSU Grain and Biorefinery Operations Distance Education Program During the past three years, this successful University-industry partnership has had 382 participants from 14 countries (including five Latin American countries) enroll in five courses offered ten times with a completion rate of 82%. Additionally, five undergraduate and graduate students from Purdue University, The Ohio State University and Iowa State University took GEAPS 510, 520 and 590 for independent study college credit, which was supplemented with additional assignments. In 2008, five courses were offered between January and July including two new ones (GEAPS 590 and 540). For 2009, seven courses will be offered between January and July including two new ones (GEAPS 521 and 542). Additionally, five new courses are currently under development. Courses so far have been or are being developed in collaboration with NC-213 experts from Purdue University, Kansas State University, North Dakota State University, Oklahoma State University, Iowa State University, USDA GIPSA, and USDA ARS. Administration of the program has been moved from Purdue University to Kansas State University. International Grain Quality and Technology Congress The 2008 International Grain Quality and Technology Congress was held July 15-18, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois. This scientific conference was an outreach activity underwritten by NC-213 in partnership with the National Soybean Research Laboratory, University of Illinois and Purdue University. This Congress presented cutting-edge research, state-of-the-art knowledge and information on leading industry practices that addressed these issues through keynote, oral and poster presentations, panel discussions, case studies, breakout sessions, special topic workshops, and round table discussions. The participants and presenters at the Congress, from 14 countries, included over 100 leading scientists, engineers, economists, and professionals from the agricultural and food/feed/fiber/fuel industry (including equipment, biotechnology and service suppliers; grain producers, handlers and processors; food and feed manufacturers; fiber and fuel producers), certification agencies, producer organizations, grain inspection services, universities, research institutes, and international trade policy groups from throughout the world also participated.

Publications

Benoit Igne, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh Jr. 2008. Spectral Pretreatment for Among Brand Near Infrared Instrument Standardization. Pittsburgh Analytical Conference, March 2-6, 2008, New Orleans, LA. Poster and published abstract. Igne B., Rippke G.R., Hurburgh C.R., 2008. Soybean Fatty Acid Prediction by Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Model Standardization, Proc 99th AOCS Meeting, Seattle, WA, May 2008. Invited Presentation and published abstract. Honored Student Award Presentation. Glen R. Rippke, Connie L. Hardy, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr., and Walter A. Goldstein. 2008. Methods of Calibrating NIRS Sensors when Biological Parameters are Correlated: The Case of Maize Amino Acids. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Poster, published abstract. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., Elvira Fernandez dAhumada and G.R. Rippke. 2008. Chemometrics Issues in Calibrating an On-Harvester Embedded NIR Sensor. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Invited presentation, published abstract. Igne, B. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Fourier and Wavelet Coefficients Filtering for Near Infrared Instrument Calibration and Standardization. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Poster, published abstract. Connie L. Hardy, Glen R. Rippke, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr.,Walter A. Goldstein. 2008. Methods of Calibrating NIRS Sensors when Biological Parameters are Correlated: The Case of Maize Amino Acids. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Benoit Igne and Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Particle Swarm Optimization for Variable Selection A Strong Competitor to Genetic Algorithms. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Oral Presentation. Benoit Igne, Charles R. Hurburgh Jr. 2008. Fourier and Wavelet Filtering: a New Type of Spectral Pretreatment for Near Infrared Instrument Calibration and Standardization. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Lidia Esteve Agelet and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Measures of validation for Near Infrared calibrations: The RPD. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Ana Maria DiMartino, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Calibration of Diode Array Spectrometers to Analyze Soybean Meal From Multiple Extraction Methods. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Allison Burgers and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Prediction of Fermentable Starch Content in Corn by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Poster. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2008. Calibration, standardization and validation economics. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Oral Presentation. Benoit Igne and Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Using the Frequency Components of Near Infrared Spectra: Optimizing calibration and standardization processes. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA August 1-6,. 2008. Oral Presentation. Igne B., Rippke G.R., Hurburgh C.R., 2008. Measurement of Whole Soybean Fatty Acids by Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 85(12):1105-1113. IGNE B., and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Standardization of Near Infrared Spectrometers: Evaluation of common techniques for intra and inter brand calibration transfer. JNIRS 16:539-550. Connie Hardy and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008 Progress in using near infrared grain analyzers (NIR) to measure amino acids in corn. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008. Allison Burgers and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008. Baenziger, P.S. and S. Al-Otayk. 2007. Plant Breeding in the 21st Century. pp. In Kasem Zaki Ahmed (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th African Crop Science Society Meeting. October 27 to October 31, 2007. El-Minia, Egypt. Baenziger, P.S., B. Beecher, R.A. Graybosch, A. M. H. Ibrahim, D.D. Baltensperger, L.A. Nelson, Y. Jin, S. N. Wegulo, J.E. Watkins, J. H. Hatchett, Ming-Shun Chen, and Guihua Bai. 2008. Registration of 'NE01643' wheat. J. Plant Registrations 2: 3642. Ali, M., J. Rajewski, P. S. Baenziger, K. S. Gill, K. M. Eskridge and I. Dweikat. 2008. Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among a collection of US sweet sorghum germplasm by SSR markers. Molec. Breeding. 21:497-509. Ibrahim, A.M.H., S.D. Haley, P. S. Baenziger, Y. Jin, M.A.C. Langham, J. Rickertsen, S. Kalsbeck, R. Little, J. Ingemansen, O.K. Chung, B.W. Seabourn, G.H. Bai, Ming-Shun Chen and D.V. McVey. 2008. Registration of 'Alice' wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations 2:110-114. Ibrahim, A.M.H., S.D. Haley, P. S. Baenziger, Y. Jin, M.A.C. Langham, J. Rickertsen, S. Kalsbeck, R. Little, J. Ingemansen, O.K. Chung, B.W. Seabourn, G.H. Bai, Ming-Shun Chen and D.V. McVey. 2008. Registration of Darrell wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations 2:115-119. Bullerman, L.B., A. Bianchini, L.S. Jackson, J. Jablonski, M.A. Hanna and D. Ryu. 2008. Reduction of fumonisin B1 in corn grits by single- screw extrusion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56:2400-2405. Voss, K.A., L.B. Bullerman, A. Bianchini, M.A. Hanna and D. Ryu. 2008. Reduced toxicity of fumonisin B1 in corn grits by single screw extrusion. Journal of Food Protection 71:2036-2041. Ahn, H.J., Kim, J.H., Chang, Y.H., Steffe, J.F., Ng, P.K.W., and Park, H.R. 2008. Effects of transglutaminase on pasting and rheological properties of different wheat cultivars blended with barley or soy flour. Food Science and Biotechnology 17(1):52-57. Koh, B. and Ng, P.K.W. 2008. Effects of phenolic acids and transglutaminase on soft wheat flour dough and baked products. J. Sci. of Food and Agriculture 88:1832-1836. Chang, Y.H., Ng, P.K.W., and Chang, Y.S. 2008. Effects of extrusion process variables on extractable ginsenosides in wheat-ginseng extrudates. Cereal Foods World 53:A53 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Cheung, W., Cheung, P., and Ng, P.K.W. 2008. Effects of addition of mushroom fiber on the baking qualities and on the total dietary fiber content of baked products. Cereal Foods World 53:A54 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Ng, P.K.W., Lewis, J., Tanhehco, E. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2007. January 2008. 38 pp. Senay Simsek, Jae Ohm, Yu Zhang, Bradley Reuhs. Structural Changes of Arabinoxylans in Refrigerated Dough. Institute of Food Technologist Annual Meeting and Food Expo, 2008, in New Orleans, LA. Yu Zhang, Senay Simsek, Osvaldo Campanella. Rheological changes in refrigerated dough during storage. Institute of Food Technologist Annual Meeting and Food Expo, 2008, in New Orleans, LA. Kristin Whitney, Senay Simsek, William Berzonsky, Jae Bom Ohm. The Effect of Starch Properties on Wheat Flour Tortilla Quality. American Association of Cereal Chemist-International Annual Meeting, Cereal Foods World, 52:A65. September 21-24, 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Ramos, O., R.L. Stroshine, and P. Armstrong. 2008. Physical Attributes and Composition of White, Yellow and Specialty Type Maize Hybrids. Proceedings of the 2008 International Grain Quality and Technology Congress, July 15-17, 2008, Chicago, IL. Alviola, J.N. and Waniska, R.D. 2008. Determining the role of starch in flour tortilla staling using alpha-amylase. Cereal Chem 85(3):391-396. Alviola, J.N., Waniska, R.D. and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Role of gluten in flour tortilla staling. Cereal Chem 85(3):295-300. Calderón-Chinchilla, V.R., Hernández Valle, M., Mason, S.C., and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Influencia del nitrógeno en la calidad del grano de sorgo en El Salvador (Influence of nitrogen in the grain yield and quality of sorghum lines in El Salvador). Agronomia Mesoamericana 19(1):47-56. Gu, L., House, S.E., Rooney, L., and Prior, R.L. 2008. Sorghum extrusion increases bioavailability of catechins in weanling pigs. J Ag and Food Chem. 56:1283-1288. Kebakile, Martin, M., Rooney, Lloyd W., de Kock, Henriette L. and Taylor, and John R.N. 2008. Effects of sorghum type and milling process on the sensory characteristics of sorghum porridge. Cereal Chem. 85(3):307313. (with JRN Taylor). Lee, K.M., McReynolds, J.L., Fuller, C., Jones, B., Herrman, T.J. and Runyon, M. 2008. Investigation and characterization of the feed rodent industry in Texas following a multi-state Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen vacuum-packed rodents. Zoono. Public Health 55:488-496. Barrion, S.C. January 2008. Pearl millet milling: Comparison between traditional Nambian fermentation semi-wet milling and dry milling. MS Thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 101 pp. (with JRN Taylor). Dykes, L. May 2008. Flavonoid composition and antioxidant activity of pigmented sorghums of varying genotypes. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 175 pp. Guajardo-Flores, S. May 2008. Evaluation of anticancer potential of sorghums with different genetic characteristics and levels of phenolic compounds. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 85 pp. (with S. Serna-Saldivar). Kebakile, M.M. July 2008. Sorghum dry-milling processes and their influence on meal and porridge quality. PhD Dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 175 pp. (with JRN Taylor). Lemlioglu-Austin, D. December 2008. The effects of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] phenolic compounds on starch digestibility of porridges. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 120 pp. Alviola, J.N. and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Improving shelf-stability of fiber-enriched flour tortillas. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo , New Orleans, Book of Abstracts 174-12. http://preview.tinyurl.com/8vzvw8 Dykes, L., Rooney, W.L., Peterson, G.C., and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Flavonoid content in non-tannin sorghum of varying genotypes. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, New Orleans, LA, Book of Abstracts 177-30. http://preview.tinyurl.com/http-tinyurl-com-58v4vu Gritsenko, M., Alviola, J., McDonough, C., and Rooney, L. 2008. Effect of sorghum, oat, buckwheat and flax on flour tortilla quality. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, New Orleans, LA, Book of Abstracts 173-10. http://preview.tinyurl.com/6fnzmp Lewis, J.B., Taddeo, S.S., McDonough, C.M., Rooney, L.W., Carroll, R.J., and Turner, N.D. 2008. Sorghum bran varieties differentially influence endogenous antioxidant enzymes to protect against oxidative stress during colon carcinogenesis. Experimental Biology Conference. FASEB J. 22:887.7 Njongmeta, N.L., Dykes, L., and Rooney, L.W. 2008. Flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity levels of special sorghums. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo, New Orleans, LA, Book of Abstracts 177-69:237. http://preview.tinyurl.com/6s7kfy Cardenas, A. 2008. Concentration effects and temperature stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanins from black sorghum bran. TAMU Student Research Week, College Station, TX. Lemlioglu-Austin, D., Rooney, L.W., and McDonough, C.M. 2008. Specialty sorghum varieties have potential health benefits with high antioxidant activity and slower starch digestion. Proceedings of Bosphorus 2008 ICC Intl Conference, Istanbul, Turkey. Njongmeta, N. 2008. Concentration effects and temperature stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanins from black sorghum bran. Texas A&M University Student Research Week, College Station, TX. Rooney, L.W., Dykes, L., Rooney, W.L., and Peterson, G.C. 2008. Phytochemicals and other healthy components of sorghums. AACC Intl Annual Meeting. September 21-24, Honolulu, Hawaii, Cereal Foods World 53:A39. Rooney, L.W. 2008. Experience with sorghum processed food products in different countries. INTSORMIL, Building a Supply Chain for Millet and Sorghum Food Processing Workshop. Bamako, Mali. Rooney, L.W. 2008. Sorghum quality, composition and processing properties. US Grains Council, Sorghum Marketing Workshops, European Union (Dublin Ireland, Wageningen Netherlands, Paris France, Coventry England). Pearson, T.C., Wilson, J.D., Gwirtz, J., Maghirang, E.B., Dowell, F.E., Mccluskey, P., Bean, S. 2007. The Relationship Between Single Wheat Kernel Particle Size Distribution and the Perten SKCS 4100 Hardness Index. Cereal Chemistry. 84(6):567-575. Online. doi:10.1094/CCHEM-84-6-0567. Pearson, T.C., Brabec, D.L. 2007. Detection of Wheat Kernels with Hidden Insect Infestations Using an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(5):639-645. Haff, R.P., Pearson, T.C. 2007. An Automatic Algorithm for detection of Infestations in X-ray Images of Agricultural Products. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. 1(3):143-150. Haff, R.P., Pearson, T.C. 2007. Separating in shell pistachio nuts from kernels using impact vibration analysis. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. 1(4):188-192. Armstrong, P.R., Lingenfelser, J., Mckinney, L. 2007. The Effect of Moisture Content on Determining Corn Hardness from Grinding Time and Grinding Energy, and Hardness Prediction Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. Vol. 23(6):793-799. Abu-Ghoush, M., Herald, T., Dowell, F.E., Xie, F., Aramouni, F.M., Madl, R. 2008. Effect of preservatives addition on the shelf life extensions and quality of flat bread as determined by near infrared spectroscopy and texture analysis. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 43(2):357-364. Online. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01594.x. Gwirtz, J., Hosney, C.R., Dowell, F.E., Hubbard, R. 2007. A unique approach to micronization. International Miller. 06/07:60-66. Abughoush, M., Herald, T., Dowell, F.E., Xie, F., Aramouni, F., Walker, C. 2008. Effect of antimicrobial agents and dough conditioners on the shelf-life extension and quality of flat bread, as determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 43(2):365-372. Online. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01625.x. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Pierce, R.0., Lookhart, G.L., Bean, S., Xie, F., Caley, M.S., Wilson, J.D., Seabourn, B.W., Ram, M.S., Park, S., Chung, O.K. 2008. The Relationship of Bread Quality to Kernel, Flour, and Dough Properties. Cereal Chemistry. 85(1):82-91. Online. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM-85-1- 0082. Available http://cerealchemistry.aaccnet.org/toc/cchem/85/1. Paulsen, M.R. 2008. Measurement and Maintenance of Soybean Quality, Ch. 6 In: Soybeans - Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization ed. L.A. Johnson, P.J. White, and R. Galloway, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL. Rathore, S.S.S, M.R. Paulsen, C.B. Kandianis, I.D. Carvalho, W. Liu, W.S. White, and T.R. Rocheford. 2008. Corn carotenoid measurements using near-infrared spectroscopy. International Grain Quality & Technology Congress Proceedings. Chicago, IL. Jul 14-17, 2008. Rathore, S.S.S., M.R. Paulsen, V. Sharma, and V. Singh. 2008. Optimization of yeast and enzyme dose for dry grind ethanol plants. ASABE Paper No. 08-3911. St. Joseph, MI 49085. Rathore, S., Paulsen M.R., Bernardo, V. and Singh, V. 2008. Comparison of methods for monitoring liquefaction for use in the dry grind ethanol industry, AACC International Annual Meeting, CFW 52: A49, Sep 21-24, 2008, Honolulu, HA. Laux, Chad and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Traceability of bulk grains. GEAPS / IAOM Great Lakes Regional Conference, Angola, IN. April 12, 2008. Invited Presentation. Thakur M. and Hurburgh C.R, 2008. Conceptual Design of Fully Traceable Supply Chain for Bulk Agricultural Commodities, NC-213: 2008 Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska February 27, 2008. Mosher, G.A., N. Keren, and S.A. Freeman. 2008. Role of Trust in Safety-Related Workplace Decisions. Accepted for presentation at the National Association of Industrial Technologists Annual Conference, Nashville, TN (November 14, 2008). Laux, C. A, C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., G.A. Mosher. 2008. Food Traceability Using Quality Management Systems to Meet the Food and Drug Administration Bioterrorism Act of 2002. Accepted for presentation at the National Association of Industrial Technologists Annual Conference, Nashville, TN (November 14, 2008). Gregory Bennet and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Methodology to insure U.S. genetically modified (GM) grain sales into approved foreign markets Integrating ISO traceability standards with agricultural quality management systems. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008. Maier, D.E. and D.J.P. Moog. 2008. Development of an organic stored product pest control treatment station in Indiana, U.S.A. utilizing nitrogen for shipment containers. Proceedings of the 2008 Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation International Conference. Chengdu, China. September 21-26, 2008. Moog, D.J.P. and Maier, D.E. 2007. Organic stored product pest treatment using nitrogen during shipment. 2007 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reduction, San Diego, California. October 29 to November 1, 2007 Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall. 2008. Fungistatic Activity of Heat-Treated Flaxseed Determined by Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Food Science 73(6), M250-256. Tulbek, M.C., Hall III, C.A, B. Zhao. 2008.Evaluation of the Impact of Packaging Methods on the Oxidative Stability of Milled Flaxseed. Proceedings of the 62st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Hammond. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 119- 126. Hall III, C.A., M. Niehaus, S. Meyers, M. Tulbek, B. Jacobson. 2008. Effect of Flaxseed Flour on the Quality of Fresh Wheat Tortillas. Proceedings of the 62st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Hammond. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 127-134. Vadukapuram, N., C. A. Hall III, M. C. Tulbek. 2008. Development and Characterization of Milled Flaxseed Fortified Extruded Bean Snack. Proceedings of the 62st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by J. Hammond. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 135- 142. Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall, F. Manthey. 2008. Fungistatic activity of flaxseed in potato dextrose agar and a fresh noodle system. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 121, 262-267. Xu, Y., C.A. Hall III, C. Wolf-Hall. 2008. Antifungal Activity Stability of Flaxseed Protein Extract Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Food Science 73(1), M9-14. Kingsly, A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Modeling Moisture Sorption Isotherm of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) using Artificial Neural Network. (Accepted in Transactions of ASABE). Kingsly, A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Sorption Isotherm of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and its Prediction using Chemical Composition. (In Review Food Chemistry). Kingsly A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles (DDGS) Produced Using Four Process Conditions. Paper presented at AIM of ASABE. ASABE Paper No. 083723. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Kingsly A.R.P. and Ileleji, K.E. 2008. Development of predictive models for the quality and handling characteristics of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Paper presented at International Grain Quality Conference, Chicago. Jiru, T.E, K.E. Ileleji, and D.E. Maier. 2008. Evaluating Energy Efficient Strategies and Product Quality for Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Dry-Grind Ethanol Plants. Poster Presented at Integrated Ethanol Symposium at Purdue Unievrsity. November 18th, 2008. Maier, D.E., Khandelwal, S., Lawrence, J., and Campabadal, C.A. 2007. Modeling airflow in outdoor grain pile aeration systems using computational fluid dynamics software. Paper No. 06-6085; ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Campabadal, C.A., Maier, D.E. and Moog, D.J. 2007. Engineering design parameters for recirculation, flow of ozone through grain storage structures. Paper No. 07-6168. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI. Dhillon, B., H. Sandhu, D. Wiesenborn, F. Manthey, and C. Wolf-Hall. 2007. A comparison between chlorinated water and ozonated water as an antimicrobial treatment during tempering of wheat. Paper No. 076169; ASABE St. Joseph, MI. McClurkin, J.D., Campabadal, C.A. and Maier, D.E. 2008. Semi-continuous ozonation system for pest control. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products. p.170-174. Chengdu, China, September 21-26, 2008. McClurkin, J.D., Maier, D.E. and Woloshuk, C.P. 2008. Effect of ozone treatment on common stored grain molds. Proceedings of the 2008 International Grain Quality & Technology Congress. (on-line). Chicago, Illinois, July 15-18, 2008. Campabadal, C.A. and Maier, D.E. 2008. Semi-continuous ozonation of grain. Annual International Meeting of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. (Abstract; Poster). Honolulu, Hawaii, September 21-23, 2008. Campabadal, C.A. and Maier, D.E. 2008. Semi-continuous ozonation of grain. Proceedings of the 2008 International Grain Quality & Technology Congress. (on-line). Chicago, Illinois, July 15-18, 2008. Baik, B.-K., and Ullrich*, S. E. 2008. Barley for Food: Characteristics, Improvement, and Renewed Interest. J. of Cereal Sci. 48:233242. Nair, S. G., Ullrich, S. E., and Baik*, B.-K. 2008. Barley kernel hardness: Effects of genotype and environment and association with other physical traits. AACCI Annual Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 2008. Abstract for oral presentation. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2008/abstracts/o08ma82.htm Boac, J. M., M.E. Casada, and R.G. Maghirang. 2008. Feed pellet and corn durability and breakage during repeated elevator handling. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 24(5): 637-643. Casada, M.E., M.S. Ram, and P.W. Flinn. 2008. Thermal design of shipping containers for beneficial insects. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 24(1): 63-70. Casada, M.E., and P.R. Armstrong. 2008. Evaluation of fringing field capacitive sensor for wheat moisture measurements. ASAE Paper No. 085207. Presented at ASABE Annual International Meeting. June 29-July 2, Providence, Rhode Island. McIntosh, R.B., and M.E. Casada. 2008. Fringing field capacitance sensor for measuring the moisture content of agricultural commodities. IEEE Sensors Journal 8(3): 240-247. Ramos, O.F., R.L Stroshine, P.R. Armstrong, 2008, Physical attributes and composition of white, yellow and specialty type maize hybrids. 2008 International Grain Quality & Technology Congress Proceedings, Chicago, Illinois Whitty, Gerry. 2008. Measurement and information: The currency of grain quality. Feed & Grain. August/September 2008. http://www.feedandgrain.com/print/Feed-and-Grain/Measurement-and-Information--The-Currency-of-Grain-Quality/1$1211. Groesbeck, C.N., L.J. McKinney, J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, S.S. Dritz, J.L. Nelssen, A.W. Duttlinger, A.C. Fahrenholz, and K.C. Behnke. 2008. Effect of glycerol on pellet mill production and nursery pig growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2228-2236. Lundblad, K.K., J.D. Hancock, K.C. Behnke, E. Prestløkken, L.J. McKinney, and M. Sørensen. 2008. Adding water into the mixer improves pelleting efficiency and pellet quality in diets for finishing pigs without and with use of an expander. Feed and Anim. Sci. Tech. (accepted). Martinez-Kawas, A. 2008. Evaluation of flushing procedures to prevent drug carryover during medicated feed manufacturing. M.S. Thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan Roozeboom, K. and L.J. McKinney. 2008. Harvesting Freeze-Damaged Sorghum. MF-1081. Cooperative Extension Service. Kansas State University, Manhattan. McKinney, L.J., R.A. Miller, and M. Fowler. 2008. Annual Quality Survey of the U.S. Winter Wheat. MF-2861. Cooperative Extension Service. Kansas State University, Manhattan. Miller, R.A., J. Lingenfelser, and L.J. McKinney. 2008. 2008 Preferred Hard Wheat Varieties for Milling and Baking. MF-1077. Cooperative Extension Service. Kansas State University, Manhattan. Rogers, S., S. L. Steeples, K. Dobbeleare-Andrade, S. Alavi, H. Dogan, and L.J. McKinney. 2008. Effect of fresh meat as a protein source on expansion and kibble structure of an extruded canine diet. Cereal Foods World 53:A39 (Abst.) Weaver, D. K. 2009. Stored Grain Weevils. In W.W. Bockus et al. [eds.] Compendium of wheat diseases 3rd Edition. APS Publications, St. Paul, Minnesota. In Press.

Impact Statements

NC-213 scientists developed a single NIRS instrument calibration for the various forms of soymeal products being received by mills. This advancement will create uniformity and reduce analytical support costs at the same time. A multi-location milling company is now monitoring all inbound soybean meal based on the new calibration.
NC-213 scientists designed and built a low cost sorting device for wheat using a standard personal computer and color camera. At a wheat throughput of 3.5 kg per hour, the sorter separates the wheat with an accuracy 15 to 20% higher than what can be achieved with traditional sorters. Four wheat breeders in the United States have already adopted this system as their tool of choice for separating red and white wheat.
NC-213 scientists modified a common laboratory roller mill system to effectively detect hidden insect infestations in wheat kernels at low cost based on the kernel electrical properties. This technology should help grain handlers and millers detect grain that is infested and take action before the insect population increase and damage more grain and is currently being transferred to a major food processor in the United States.
NC-213 scientists showed that a quality management system (QMS) facilitates tracing bulk products through handling and distribution channels to a much greater degree of accuracy than previously anticipated, with tracking precision increasing by 50% over the last two years of study. The three largest grain companies in Iowa have implementing quality management systems to identify solutions to grain inventory and operations problems corroborating that QMS is a cost saving practice.
NC-213 scientists are demonstrating the effectiveness and profitability of alternative insect control strategies in grain storage and processing firms. Presentation of initial results to elevator managers and employees at extension workshops led the workers to decide to: work at sealing bins, adopt more cleanliness practices, research closed-loop fumigation for their facility, pay more attention to IPM, and consider more carefully the economics of IPM.
NC-213 scientists have shown there is ample corn at present and future production levels to meet processing and feed needs in Iowa. This understanding will result in more policy and business decisions based on growth of corn supply rather than on allocation control.
NC-213 scientists found that swine diets can utilize more biofuels coproducts than are normally included in rations, in tradeoff with corn grain. More inclusion of biofuel coproducts will alleviate some of the competition for corn between processing and feeding, and will reduce the transportation needs for hard-to-handle coproducts. Less conflict between feed and fuel needs will allow both to grow at rates needed to supply world food needs and domestic fuel demands.
NC-213 scientists established a professional development program in partnership with the Grain Elevator & Processing Society (GEAPS) providing a curriculum for the design and operation of grain handling and processing facilities. During the past three years, this successful University-industry partnership has had 382 participants from 14 countries (including five Latin American countries) enroll in five courses offered ten times with a completion rate of 82%. Participants have significantly increased knowledge of the design and operations issues covered in the courses.

Date of Annual Report: 02/16/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/03/2010 - 02/05/2010
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2008 - 09/01/2009

Participants

Casada, Mark , USDA, Manhattan, Kansas

McKinney, Leland , Kansas State University

Adam, Brian , Oklahoma State University

Stroshine, Richard , Purdue University

Duehl, Adrain, , USDA, Gainesville, Florida

Lee, L.M., , Office of State Chemist, Texas A&M University

Needham, Joe , The Andersons, Inc.

Stitzline, Jim , Consolidated Grain & Barge Co.

Ravlin, F. William , The Ohio State University

Nanssen, Christian, , Office of State Chemist, Texas A&M University

Jones, Carol , Oklahoma State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Executive Meeting
February 4, 2010
Kansas City, MO

Present:
Mark Casada, USDA, Manhattan KS
Leland McKinney, Kansas State University
Brian Adam, Oklahoma State University
Charlie Hurburgh, Iowa State University
K.M. Lee, Office of State Chemist, Texas A&M University
Joe Needham, The Andersons, Inc.
Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University

The industry evaluator position.

The membership would have break-out groups during business meeting on Friday.

Mark Casada discussed the Ad hoc committees recent conference call. Conclusion was that before investing time, effort, and money into this position, the group would need to think about what specifically is needed. In addition, the group felt that the committed need more discussion of what we as NC-213 want to be. Bill Ravlin wants to be sure that The Andersons dollars are spent well. Discussion that followed included:

-Would it help to have a little more structure to the discussion?

-We already have a five year plan and could that be used as a beginning?

-Bill Ravlin and Charlie Hurburgh had already noted that NC-213 is large group, sub-units could come together to put together grant proposals.

-Bill Ravlin noted that each of the last two years a specific project group was highlighted by USDA.

-Joe Needham made the comment that a year ago he felt a need to make industry connection before hiring evaluator need to get better prepared.

NC-213 Mid Term.

Ravlin distributed the midterm review form that he has to complete. Important elements of the midterm review to remember:

-Progress Report NC-213 is more comprehensive.

-Linkages hard for Ravlin to put this part of the report together.

-Funding how is NC-213 being used.

-Information and Technology Transfer we do this well.

After much discussion it was decided to continue talks on the Mid-Term during Fridays Business Meeting.

Summer Conference.

Suggestion of holding a summer conference was discussed especially a good way to keep connected. This could possibly be a web meeting or conference call. Joe Needham suggested that it be focused, perhaps by objective, rather than the whole group.

NC-213 Annual Meeting2011.

After some discussion, it was decided to meet in Kansas City, Missouri next year with Wheat Quality Council

Elections.

After discussion, it was decided to approach Dr. Carol Jones, Oklahoma State University, to join the executive committee in the position of Secretary.

NC-213 Website.

Bill Ravlin distributed a mock-up of the revised website. After some discussion, it was decided to make any firm decisions during Fridays Business Meeting.

Meeting adjourned.

NC-213 Business Meeting
February 5, 2010
Kansas City, MO

Present:

Mark Casada, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
Leland McKinney, Kansas State University
Brian Adam, Oklahoma State University
Richard Stroshine, Purdue
Adrian Duehl, USDA, Gainesville, Florida
K.M. Lee, Office of State Chemist, Texas A&M University
Joe Needham, The Andersons, Inc.
Jim Stitzlein, Consolidated Grain & Barge
Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University/OARDC
Christian Nanssen, Texas A&M University
Carol Jones, Oklahoma State University

The industry evaluator position.

The group asked Joe Needham to begin discussion on this topic. Joe made the following comments: A year ago there was frustration about whether our work was relevant to industry were doing good work, but does anybody know and care? I am enthusiastic about the prospect of hiring an industry evaluator. But I feel we need to work internally on what we want to do and be, before we move forward with hiring someone. What would we want that person to do?

Much discussion followed. Here are some excerpts from the discussion.

Move to group discussion to address this:
Bill Ravlin: Two perspectives: 1) what the systems view of multistate projects is, and 2) our view.

Bill Ravlin on linkages and funding. He struggles with these (at least knowing what is happening). Linkage is getting groups together, sharing information, being more competitive in extramural funding competition. How to measure that? Number of articles published together, etc. It is occurring, but need way to measure it. Funding great opportunity for people here to get together and be competitive.

Mark Casada: How can we benefit industry?

Christian Nanssen: Is industry calling on us? Who is industry?

Mark Casada: As individuals, how can we combine forces, taking advantage of individual strengths.

Joe Needham: Good points, reason we wanted to hire a consultant/bridge to let industry know about us.

Jim Stitzlein: Have had some good points of contact, but need to do much more. Opportunity with GEAPS is a good avenue. Most of his counterparts in industry dont know we exist. If they dont know NC-213 exists, how will we know what they need? Or, what should be our priorities among lots of needs?

After much discussion, it was decided that:

-The Administrative Advisors office will create a one pager for all members to distribute and use within their contact, etc.

-The ad hoc committee would (using Brian Adams draft) create a research maxtrix. This would include NC-213 researchers and their field(s) of expertise. This could be used in conjunction with the one pager. Ideal outcome? Industry would use the matrix and call upon NC-213 researchers for assistance, etc.

-Invite sponsors of research to our meetings.

Steps:

-The objective chairs, along with input from balance of executive committee, will develop research topics within each objective

2011 Annual meeting. To be held in Kansas City, Missouri with the Wheat Quality Council.

Officer Elections. Brian Adam nominated Dr. Carol Jones, Oklahoma State University, to serve in the executive position of Secretary unanimously approved.

NC-213 Website. Bill Ravlin distributed a mock-up of the revised website. Once the site is built, it will be sent to the executive committee for input. Once we have all input and have edited, the site will be rolled out to all. All members are encouraged to submit their areas of research/expertise and send a photo.

Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 Accomplishments: Research: Dry Grind Ethanol Process Monitoring with NIR Ethanol production in the dry grind ethanol industry converts starch in corn to ethanol using enzymes and yeast. This study was conducted to determine the effects of initial enzyme and yeast dose on starch-to-glucose and glucose-to-ethanol conversion, and to optimize the yeast and enzyme dose for the production of ethanol and sugar during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. A dry-grind fermentation laboratory procedure was used for evaluating the effect of yeast and enzyme dose on the ethanol yield-time profile. Fermentation was performed on a yellow dent corn hybrid with 3 enzymes doses (80 µL, 110 µL, and 140 µL) of spirizyme glucoamylase enzyme and 3 yeast doses (2 mL, 4 mL, and 6 mL of 0.1 g dry yeast /mL of slurry). Samples were taken at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours from the start of SSF. Samples were analyzed using HPLC and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) for the ethanol and sugar contents. Each treatment was replicated three times. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for studying effects of treatment on the response and optimization of the SSF process. It was found that both enzyme and yeast dose had significant effects on the level of sugar present during the SSF process. However, only yeast dose had a significant effect on the ethanol content. Effect of treatment on the responses was also found to be dependent on the time after the fermentation. Both HPLC and NIR measurements found that time was the most significant factor affecting ethanol yield followed by yeast dose and interaction between time and yeast. For total soluble sugars, time, enzyme dose, yeast dose, and the interaction between yeast and enzyme dose were significant factors. Response surface analysis indicated that for the given range of yeast and enzyme dose, ethanol increases with an increase in yeast dose and a decrease in enzyme dose. Another study involved using NIR to monitor the fermentation process in dry-grind ethanol plants. The objectives of this study were to: a) collect ethanol and total sugar samples during fermentation for lab-scale and full-scale plants; b) to determine key wavelengths with full-scale NIR spectroscopy (833 2500 nm); c) to adapt calibrations for a fixed-wavelength spectrometer; and d) to test fixed-filter wavelength calibrations in full-scale ethanol plants. Excellent calibrations were also obtained for prediction of total sugars with a validation set of 173 samples, obtaining SEP = 1.49, R2 = 0.94, RPD = 6.75/ 1.49 = 4.53. These results were presented at the 2009 International Fuel Ethanol Workshop BBI International. http://2009.fuelethanolworkshop.com/presentations/Paulson,%20Marvin.pdf Research: Validation of Whole Grain Near Infrared Calibrations for Corn Amino Acids A study of NIRS calibration transfer was completed. The study determined that multiple brands and models of NIRS units could be cross calibrated such that the variability across a group of different instruments would be not greater than the variability across a group of the same brand/model instrument. This finding is important in that multiple models can be approved by the relevant authority for testing in trade, and thus not creates the market/technology development limitations imposed by the use of only one make of instrument. Four technical papers were published over the course of the study and one doctoral dissertation was completed. The procedures and findings were used to create a new proposal for their application to image and very small spot size beam spectroscopy. Transfer of calibration from tradition to very high resolution instruments could stimulate great advances in the detection of compounds at low levels or with non-uniform distribution in samples. The objectives of this part of the project were (1) characterization of the structural properties of dough components that affect dough syruping; (2) identification of rheological changes that occur during refrigeration, and as they relate to arabinoxylans (AX), starch and protein solubility. For the second part of the project, we investigated role of starch on tortilla quality. Starch properties affect the end-use quality of products made from wheat flour. Seven genotypes of wheat flour, having various amounts of amylose, were grown in North Dakota. Flour from these genotypes was tested for starch properties to assess the impact of starch on tortilla quality. During the reporting period the following outputs were achieved: 1) Mentored 1 M.S. student in area of role of non-starch polysaccharides on refrigerated dough quality. 2) Co-taught short course on Basics of Wheat and Flour Quality. Results of the research were shared with food companies and international trade groups. The information was presented orally 3) Consulted with many companies on role of enzymes in baking systems and role of carbohydrates in cereals 4) Three oral and four poster presentations were given at professional meetings of the, Institute of Food Technologists and AACC International. 5) Six peer reviewed journal articles were published. Research: Objective Grading and End-Use Property Assessment of Single Kernels and Bulk Grain Samples Milestones achieved during the development of techniques to predict end-use characteristics, and to determine the accuracy and impact of these predictions are: --Detect wheat kernel defects using single kernel acoustics from impact emissions: Transfer design and software to industry. The approach to detecting insect damaged wheat kernels was changed from acoustic impact emissions to electrical conductance. A CRADA was formed to develop commercial versions of the technology. A major food manufacturing company has purchased the first two commercial devices and is using them in two mills. --Detect characteristics of single corn kernels using NIR spectroscopy. --Detect and remove kernels with mycotoxin-producing molds. --Detect mutants for corn breeders. --Detect insect fragments in flour. --Predict end-use quality. Objective 2 Accomplishments: Research: Maize to Milk-A Case Study of Handling System Traceability. The results of research demonstrated that consistent data collection, communication, and coordination will identify the feed ingredients that contribute to a processed milk product. It also proved that there are significant gaps that are vulnerable to problems such as like aflatoxin. Though this processor has successfully operated for many years without a recall, implementing a traceability system would only strengthen the integrity of their products. It would allow them to take a closer look at every aspect of the operation and uncover gaps and inconsistencies that would otherwise not be found until a problem occurs. Research: Developing the Operation and Ontology of Bulk Materials Traceability An ad-hoc standard for soybean traceability was created as part of the EU project TRACE - Trace the origin of food (TRACE) and cooperation with the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative. TRACE developed generic and sector-specific traceability systems for use in the food industry. This standard is a specification of the information to be recorded in 3 links of the soya bean production chain: at the farmer, at the elevator handling bulk soya beans and at the processor in order to achieve effective traceability. The soya bean processing link refers to meal and oil processing (solvent extraction). This study has a special focus on the traceability need of intercontinental trade between the U.S. and Europe. This work was presented at European and U.S. venues, and is being published at the time of this report. Research results have been presented at several local and national conferences in 2008 and 2009. Research: Utilization of Oilseeds and Grains as Functional Ingredients. During the reporting period the following outputs were achieved: 1) Mentored 2 M.S. and 1 Ph.D. student in the area of flaxseed utilization and development of new products using these commodities. 2) Co-taught short course on flaxseed quality and utilization. Information was disseminated to food companies and international trade groups. The information was presented orally and in the form of handouts. Hands-on application of flaxseed was conducted and demonstrated using laboratory and pilot scale techniques. 3) Consulted with several companies regarding milling of flaxseed, incorporation of flaxseed in food applications, and the stability of flaxseed in food systems. 4) Three oral and two poster presentations were given at professional meetings of the American Oil Chemists Society, Institute of Food Technologists and AACC International. Technical aspects of producing flaxseed products were provided to the scientific audience. The stability of the flaxseed fortified snack product was presented. Research: Effectiveness and Profitability of Alternative Insect control Strategies in Grain Storage and Processing Firms. Previous work with an interdisciplinary, multi-institutional team of scientists using a simulation approach confirmed that insufficient control of insects is costly. Sampling is also costly and explains why many elevator managers are reluctant to adopt IPM techniques. The simulation model showed that this preference was especially appropriate for facilities with concrete grain bins that do not have aeration capability. Work in this reporting period expanded upon the simulation model to reflect more realistic insect growth and immigration parameters, weather conditions, and effects of treatment methods. Results indicated that if insect immigration into storage structures can be reduced by a factor of 10 (through sealing of openings in grain bins and cleanliness, for example), or if a particular year or location has lower temperatures and/or humidity, an IPM approach likely would be economical. Tactics identified that can make a sampling-based approach to stored grain management economically attractive include reducing insect immigration rate (by better bin sealing and sanitation) and reducing duration of storage. Objective 3 Accomplishments: Research: Sharing Research Results and Applications of Quality Management Systems/Traceability in Grain Markets Iowa State researchers participated in the European Union project TRACE, which ended its 5 year term in December 2009. Numerous papers, presentations and discussions were held in the U.S. and Europe, presenting the reasons, feasibility and research results for bulk material traceability. Traceability and the quality management systems required to support traceability have potential to generate economic benefits in excess of costs. The long-running elevator case study has demonstrated a benefit-cost ratio of 2:1, and a continuous improvement in tracking ability, as shown over four groups of mock recall data. Cost-benefit studies are the major need in promoting both quality management systems and traceability in agriculture. An international conference, Agricultural & Food Traceability Conference, was hosted in Des Moines Iowa, in June 2009. Proceedings and presentations are available at www.iowagrain.org. A distance education course, Quality Management Systems for Bulk Materials Handling Operations, was designed for the Grain Elevator and Processing Society distance education program. It was taught in January 2010 with 29 participants from across the grain industry, in 4 countries. EXTERNAL FUNDING: Iowa State University 9/15/2006 9/14/2009. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. and J.D. Lawrence. Food Chain Economic Analysis (IV). USDA Special Grant. $375,475. 7/1/2007 6/30/2008. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Iowa Grain Quality Initiative FY07. Extension 21. $166,230. 10/1/2007-9/30/2008 Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. Select Yield and Quality. United Soybean Board. $36,250. 10/1/2007-9/30/2008 Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. Uniformity in Near Infrared Measurements of Soybean Quality Traits (V). United Soybean Board $62,500. 10/1/2007-9/30/2008 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Regional variation in soybean traits (II). United Soybean Board. $10,000. 10/1/2007-9/30/2008 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Harmonization of United Soybean Board NIRS efforts (II). United Soybean Board. $25,000. 7/1/2007-6/30/2009 Jane, J. L., S. Srichuwong, C. R. Hurburgh, Jr., A. L. Pometto, L. A. Johnson, J. Koziel. Enzyme Hydrolysis of Uncooked Dry-grind Corn for Ethanol Production. Grow Iowa Values Fund. $561,857. 7/1/2008-6/30/2009 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Iowa Grain Quality Initiative FY09. Extension 21 Grants. $166,230. 4/1/2008-5/30/2009 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., L. Tang. Automated phenotyping of biomass crops. Grow Iowa Values Fund. $102,240. 9/1/2008-8/29/2009 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Expanding the Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Capacity of the Official Inspection System. USDA-Grain Inspection-Packers and Stockyards Administration. $32,588. 10/1/2008-9/30/2009 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Select Yield and Quality. United Soybean Board. $36,000. 10/1/2008-9/30/2009 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Uniformity in Near Infrared Measurements of Soybean Quality Traits (VI). United Soybean Board. $62,358. 10/1/2008-9/30/2009 Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. Harmonization of United Soybean Board NIRS efforts (III). United Soybean Board. $29,500. 7/1/2009-6/30/2010 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Iowa Grain Quality Initiative FY10. Extension 21 Grants. $153,430. 10/1/2009-9/30/2010 Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. Select Yield and Quality. United Soybean Board. $35,000. University of Nebraska 2008-2009 Baenziger, P.S., L. Xu Developing High Quality Nebraska Wheat for Domestic and Foreign Markets Nebraska Wheat Board $50,000 2009-2010 Baenziger, P.S., L. Xu Developing High Quality Nebraska Wheat for Domestic and Foreign Markets Nebraska Wheat Board $50,000 Oklahoma State University 2007-2010 Wilson, Yang, Arthur, Campbell, Siebenmorgen, Jean-Francois Meullenet, Adam, Reagan, and McKay. Integrated Post-Harvest Rice Management: Optimizing Insect Control, Grain Quality, and Information Delivery. USDA-CSREES-CAR. $612,199. 2005-2009 Ramaswamy, S., F. Arthur, D. Maier, B. Adam. Integrated Management of Storage Pests from Farm to the Table. USDA/CSREES/RAMP. $1,700,000. 10/1/2007 9/30/2010. PIs Lloyd T. (Ted) Wilson and Yubin Yang, Texas A&M U.-Beaumont; Franklin H. Arthur and James F. Campbell, USDA-ARS; Terry Siebenmorgen and Jean-Francois Meullenet, U. of Arkansas-Fayetteville; Brian D. Adam, Oklahoma State U.; Eugene Reagan, Louisiana State U.; Tanja McKay, Arkansas State U.-Jonesboro. Integrated Post-Harvest Rice Management: Optimizing Insect Control, Grain Quality, and Information Delivery. USDA-CSREES-CAR. Purdue University 2006 - 2009 Stroshine, R. Physical and Chemical Properties of Shelled Corn Related to Conditioning and Processing. USDA/ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, Kansas. $11,767. 2007 - 2010 Maier, D., K. Ileleji, and R. Stroshine. Processing, Handling and Utilization of DDGS An Integrated Ethanol Co-Product Research and Extension Effort Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station and Indiana Department of Agriculture $18,140. Office of State Chemist, Texas A&M University 2005-2010 Herrman, T. Chemist B.S.E. Prevention Program. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services $1,248.574 2007-2009 Herrman, T., M. Hardin, K.M. Lee Chemist Microbiological Validation Study for F.S.I.S. F.E.R.N. USDA, Food Safety Inspection. $568,000. Washington State University 2009 Baik, B. K. Quality Assessment of Washington State University Wheat Breeding Samples. Washington Wheat Commission. $41,000. 2009 Baik, B. K. Barley Coordinated Agricultural Project: Leveraging genomics, genetics, and breeding for gene discovery and barley improvement. USDA-NRI-Applied Plant Genomics (subcontract to U. of Minnesota, PD G. Muehlbauer). $65,604. 2009 Baik, B. K., E. Fuerst, R. Koenig, I. Burke, K. Painter, D. Roberts, D. Huggins, A. M. Fortuna, S. Machado, J. Goldberger, J. Johnson-Maynard Sustainable Dryland Organic Farming Systems in the Pacific Northwest. USDA-NIFA AFRI. $1,040,210. 2008 Baik, B. K. Quality Assessment of Washington State University Wheat Breeding Samples. Washington Wheat Commission. $41,000. 2008 Baik, B. K. Barley Coordinated Agricultural Project: Leveraging genomics, genetics, and breeding for gene discovery and barley improvement. USDA-NRI-Applied Plant Genomics (subcontract to U. of Minnesota, PD G. Muehlbauer). $62,839. 2008 Baik, B. K. Genetics and biochemistry of barley grain hardness and its significance on end-use. ARC Graduate Research Assistant Enhancement Program. $31,431. 2008 Baik, B. K., E. Fuerst, C. Morris Wheat Quality in Organic and Conventional Dryland Cropping Systems. WSU-CSANR $10,000. USDA, GMPRC, Manhattan KS 2009-2013. Casada, M.E., R.G. Maghirang, S.G. McNeill, M.D. Montross, S.A. Thompson (USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Kansas State Univ., Univ. of Kentucky, Univ. of Georgia). Developing New Stored Grain Packing Factors. USDA Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. $1,200,000.

Publications

Rathore, S.S.S., M.R. Paulsen, V. Sharma, and V. Singh. 2009. Optimization of yeast and enzyme dose for dry-grind corn fermentation process for ethanol production. Trans of ASABE. 52(3): 867-875. Rathore, S.S.S, M.R. Paulsen, B. Vidal, and V. Singh. 2009. Monitoring liquefaction unit operations in dry-grind ethanol process: Factors affecting hydrolysis and methods for analysis. Trans of ASABE. 52(5): 1639-1647. Paulsen, M.R. 2009. Determining Ethanol and Total Sugars with Fixed-Filter Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. International Fuel Ethanol Workshop, June 15 - 18, 2009, Denver, CO. BBI International. http://2009.fuelethanolworkshop.com/presentations/Paulson,%20Marvin.pdf Burgers, A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Combined Congress 2009, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. January, 2009. Oral presentation. Hurburgh, C.R. and C. L. Hardy. 2009. Near Infrared Based Quality Control for Distillers Grains. International Distillers Grains Conference and Fuel Ethanol Workshop. Denver, CO. June 14-17, 2009. Invited presentation. Burgers, A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Prediction of fermentable starch content of corn by near-infrared spectroscopy. AACC International Annual Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. September 13-16, 2009. Oral presentation. Burgers, A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Poster presentation. 13th Annual Distillers Grains Symposium. Des Moines, Iowa. April 22, 2009. Awarded student scholarship from Distillers Grains Council. Hardy, C.L., Glen R. Rippke, Charles R. Hurburgh, Walter A. Goldstein. 2009. Calibration of near-infrared whole grain analyzers for amino acid measurement in corn. AACC International Annual Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. September 13-16, 2009. Igne, B , Jean-Michel Roger, Sylvie Roussel, Véronique Bellon-Maurel, and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2009. Improving the Transfer of Near Infrared Prediction Models by Orthogonal Methods, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 99 (2009) 5765). IGNE, B. and C.R. HURBURGH, Jr. 2009. Local chemometrics for samples and variables: Optimizing the calibration and standardization processes. J. Chemometrics (accepted waiting for proofs). IGNE, B. and C. R. HURBURGH, Jr. 2009. Using the frequency components of near infrared spectra: Optimizing calibration and standardization processes. JNIRS (accepted - waiting for proofs) Koh, B. and Ng, P.K.W. 2009. Effects of ferulic acid and transglutaminase on hard wheat flour dough and bread. Cereal Chem 86:18-22. Ozturk, S., Koksel, H., Kahraman, K., and Ng, P.K.W. 2009. Effect of debranching and heat treatments on formation and functional properties of resistant starch from high amylose corn starches. European Food Research and Technology 229:115-125. Ozturk, S., Koksel, H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2009. Characterization of resistant starch samples prepared from two high-amylose maize starches through debranching and heat treatments. Cereal Chemistry 86(5):503-510. Ng, P.K.W., Lewis, J., and Nyombaire, G. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2008. January 2009. 37 pp. Rigdon, A.R. 2009. The use of molecular methods and the characterization of bacterial isolates from antifungal sourdough bread cultures. M.S. Thesis. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Zhang, Y., Simsek, S., Campanella, O., Ohm, J., Chang, H., Reuhs, B., and Mergoum, M. 2009. Rheological changes in refrigerated dough during storage in relation to proteins. Journal of Food Process Engineering. Article in press. Whitney, K., Simsek, S., Berzonsky, W., Ohm, J., and Sorenson, B. 2009. The Effect of Spring Wheat Starch Properties on Flour Tortilla Quality". Journal of Food Process Engineering. Article in press. Simsek, S. 2009. Application of xanthan gum for reducing syruping in refrigerated doughs. Food Hydrocolloids 23:2354-2358. Simsek, S., Ojanen-Reuhs, T., Marie, C., and Reuhs, B. 2009. An apigenin-induced decrease in K antigen production by Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 is y4gM- and nodD1-dependent. Carbohydrate Research 344:1947-1950. Zhang, Y. and Simsek, S. 2009. Physicochemical Changes of Starch in Refrigerated Dough during Storage. Carbohydrate Polymers 78: 268-274. Simsek, S., and Ohm, J. 2009. Structural changes of arabinoxylans in refrigerated dough. Carbohydrate Polymers 77:87-94. Simsek, S. Analysis of cereal starches by high performance size exclusion chromatography. 2009. AACC International Meeting. Baltimore, MD. Cereal Foods World 54:A28. Whitney, K., Simsek, S., Anderson, J., Ohm, J., and Mergoum, M. 2009. Evaluation of arabinoxylans in hard red spring wheat grown in Minnesota for refrigerated dough production. AACC International Meeting. Baltimore, MD. Cereal Foods World 54:A71. Zhang, Y., Ohm, J., Mergoum, M., and Simsek, S. 2009. Fundamental rheology and protein comp osition changes in refrigerated dough. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo. Anaheim, CA. Simsek, S., Ohm, J., Zhang, Y., and Reuhs, B.L. 2009. Structural changes of arabinoxylans in refrigerated dough. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo. Anaheim, CA. Zhang, Y., Simsek, S., and Campanella, O. 2009. Changes of polysaccharides in refrigerated dough system during storage. IFT Annual Meeting and Food Expo. Anaheim, CA. Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J. and Jones, B. 2009. Application of multivariate statistics in risk-based approach to regulatory compliance. Food Control 20:17-26a. Barros, F., Alviola, J.N. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Comparison of quality of refined and whole wheat tortillas. Journal of Cereal Science. (in press) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2009.10.001 Yeung, H., Ehlers, J.D., Waniska, R.D., Alviola, J.N. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Rapid screening methods to evaluate cowpea cooking characteristics. Field Crops Research 112:245-252. Dlamini, N., Dykes, L., Rooney, L.W., Waniska, R.D. and Taylor, J.R.N. 2009. Condensed tannins in traditional wet-cooked and modern extrusion-cooked sorghum porridges. Cereal Chem 86(2):191-196. Dykes, L., Seitz, Larry M., Rooney, W.L. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Flavonoid composition of red sorghum genotypes. Food Chem 116:313-317. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.052 Mondal, S., Hays, D.B., Alviola, J.N., Mason, R.E., Tilley, M., Waniska, R.D., Bean, S.R. and Glover, K.D. 2009. Functionality of gliadin proteins in wheat flour tortillas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (4), 1600-1605. Awika, J.M., Yang, L., Browning, J.D., Faraj, A. 2009. Comparative antioxidant, antiproliferative and phase II enzyme inducing potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. LWT - Food Science & Technology, 42, 1041-1046. Yang, L., Browning, J.D., Awika, J.M. 2009. Sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanins possess strong phase II enzyme inducer activity and cancer cell growth inhibition properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 1797-1804. Mugode, L. 2009. Free amino nitrogen improvement in sorghum malt brewing. MS Thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 95 pp (Dr. JRN Taylor, major professor with L. Rooney) Ribeiro de Barros, F. May 2009. Wheat flour tortilla: quality prediction and study of physical and textural changes during storage. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 187 pp. Gritsenko, M. May 2009. Effects of composite flours on quality and nutritional profile of flour tortillas. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 99 pp. Njongmeta, N.L.A. May 2009. Extractability profiling and antioxidant activity of flavonoids in sorghum grain and non-grain materials. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 232 pp. Yang, L.Y. Dec 2009. Chemopreventive potential of sorghum with different phenol profiles. MS Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 117 pp. Turner, N.D., Taddeo, S.S., Lewis, J.B., McDonough, C.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Rats consuming bran from black and brown sorghums have lower short chain fatty acid concentrations and fewer aberrant colonic crypts. FASEB J. 23:560.2. AACC Int'l Boswell, S., McDonough, C.M., and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Gelatin as a functional ingredient in gluten-free bread. American Association of Cereal Chemistry International (AACCi) Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17. Cereal Foods World 54:A36. Boswell, S.E. and Lindsay, J. 2009. TruCous. Product Development Competition. AACCi Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17 (4th Place). Jondiko, T. Alviola, J.N, Rooney, L.W. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Effects of resistant starch on the physical, sensory and textural properties of wheat flour tortillas. AACCi Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17. Cereal Foods World 54:A48. Ojwang, L. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Effect of bisulfite on color properties of 3-deoxyanthocyanins at different pH levels. AACCi Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17. Cereal Foods World 54:A57. Taleon, V., Dykes, L., Rooney. L.W. and Rooney, W.L. 2009. Effect of environment on flavonoid levels in sorghum grains. AACCi Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17. Cereal Foods World 54:A68. Turner, N.D., Taddeo, S.S., Lewis, J.B., McDonough, C.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Lower fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations in rats consuming polyphenol-rich sorghum bran containing diets are associated with fewer aberrant colonic crypts. AACCi Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17. Cereal Foods World 54:A69. Yang, L. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Inhibitory effect of sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanin structure on esophageal cancer cell proliferation in vitro. AACCi Conference, Baltimore, MD, September 13-17. Cereal Foods World 54:A31 (2009 Best Student Research Paper Competition, 2nd place). Asif, M., Rooney, L.W., Riaz, M.N., Mack, C.A. 2009. Gluten free, sorghum-based, high fiber breakfast cereals. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, Amarillo, TX, August 11-12. Boswell, S.E., McDonough, C.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Production of sandwich style gluten-free, casein-free bread using white sorghum. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, Amarillo, TX, August 11-12. Oral Presentation and Poster awarded 3rd in competition. Lewis, J.B., Taddeo, S.S., McDonough, C.M., Rooney, L.W., Carroll, R.J., Turner, N.D. 2009. Some sorghum brans protect against oxidative stress during colon carcinogenesis in part by differentially influencing endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, Amarillo, TX, August 11-12. Ojwang, L.O., Awika, J.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Effect of pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid on stability of sorghum pigments. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, Amarillo, TX, August 11-12. Taleon, V.M., Dykes, L., Rooney, W.L. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Effect of environment on flavonoid levels in sorghum grains. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, Amarillo, TX, August 11-12. IFT Boswell, S., McDonough, C. and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Production of a sandwich style gluten-free, casein-free bread. IFT Conference, Anaheim, CA, June 7-10. (Honorable Mention Award). Cardenas-Hinojosa, A.P., Njongmeta-Nenge, L.A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Color stability of black sorghum bran extracts under different pH and temperatures. IFT Conference, Anaheim, CA, June 7-10. Njongmeta, N.L.A., Dykes, L., Taleon-Alban, V.M and Rooney, L.W. 2009. Flavonoid profiles of non-grain plant tissues of some sorghum varieties compared to the grains. IFT Conference, Anaheim, CA, June 7-10. SICNA Yang, L. 2009. Potential of sorghum to protect against gastrointestinal cancer. SICNA Conference, Grapevine, TX, February 25-27. University Industry Consortium (UIC) Ojwang, L.O. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Effect of pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid on stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. TAMU Industry Consortium (UIC), College Station, TX, April 28. Yang, L. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Potential of sorghum phenols to protect against gastrointestinal cancer. TAMU Industry Consortium (UIC), College Station, TX, April 28. Student Research Week Jondiko, T. 2009. Effects of resistant starch on the quality of wheat flour tortillas. 12th Annual Student Research Week, College Station, TX, March 23-27. Ojwang, L.O. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Effect of pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid on stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins.12th Annual Student Research Week, College Station, TX, March 23-27. Yang, L. and Awika, J.M. 2009. Potential of sorghum phenols to protect against gastrointestinal cancer. 12th Annual Student Research Week, College Station, TX, March 23-27. Nansen C., Sidumo, A.J. 2009. Using spatial structure analysis of reflectance data to assess spider mite stress in maize plants. Entomological Society of America Conference in Indianapolis, Dec 13-16, 2009. Sidumo A.J., Nansen, C., Gharalari, A.H., Vaugh, K. 2009. Spider mites response to water stress of corn. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America conference in Indianapolis, Dec 13-16, 2009. Sidumo, A., Vaughn, K., Nansen, C., Porter, P. 2009. Influence of drought stress, spider mites and hybrid selection on corn silage, grain yields and mycotoxins. Entomology Science Conference, College Station, Texas A&M, Nov. 2-4, 2009. Pearson, T.C., Brabec, D.L., and Dogan, H. 2007. Discrimination of soft and hard white wheat kernels using the single kernel characterization system parameters and kernel imaging. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. (2009) 3:89-99 Carver, B. F., Hunger, R. M., Edwards, J. T., Rayas-Duarte, P., Klatt, A. R., Porter, D. R., Seabourn, B. W., Bai, G-H., Dowell, F. E., Yan, L-L, and Martin, B. C. 2008. Registration of Guymon wheat. J. Plant Reg. 2(1):33-35. Log no. 208816. Dowell, F.E., Maghirang, E.B., Graybosch, R.A., Berzonsky, W.A., and Delwiche S.R. 2009. Selecting and sorting waxy wheat kernels using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem. 86(3):251-255. Log No. 233432. Brown, B. & Hurburgh, C.R. (2009). Maize to Milk: An analysis of the traceability systems of bulk commodities. Poster presented at TRACE 5th Annual Meeting, Munich, Germany, April 1-3, 2009. Brown, B. & Hurburgh, C.R. 2009. Maize to Milk: An analysis of the traceability systems of bulk commodities. Poster presented at: 6th Annual BIGMAP Symposium, Ames, Iowa, April 22-23, 2009. Maitri Thakur and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2009. Internal Traceability Database Modeling for a Grain Elevator, Poster presented at TRACE ¬ 5th Annual meeting and conference, Freising, Germany, April 1-3, 2009. Maitri Thakur and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2009. Operational techniques to facilitate traceability in a bulk grain supply chain, Agricultural and Food Traceability Conference, Des Moines, Iowa. June 9-11.2009. Maitri Thakur, Lizhi Wang, Charles R. Hurburgh, 2009. A lot aggregation optimization model for minimizing food traceability effort, ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, Nevada, June 21-24, 2009. Paper 095727. Maitri Thakur, Charles R. Hurburgh. 2009. Framework for implementing traceability system in the bulk grain supply chain. Journal of Food Engineering 95:617-626. Thakur, M. and K.M. Donnelly. 2009. Traceability of soya beans: Specifications for the information to be recorded in the soya bean farming, handling (elevator) and processing establishments and other links in the soya bean product distribution chain. Report 31/2009. Nofima Market, Tromsoe, Norway. Majoni, S., and T. Wang. Characterization of deposit in corn oil and corn oil extracted from corn fermentation co-products. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. In-press. Schorno, A., Manthey, F., Hall, C. 2009. Effect of seed moisture content on flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) milling and milled product characteristics. J. Sci. Food Agric. 89:2317-2322. Schorno, A., Manthey, F., Hall, C. 2009. Effect of immature and off-colored seeds on the lipid quality of milled flaxseed. J. Food Lipids 16:407-420. Popova, I. E.; Hall, C.; Kubatova, A. 2009. Determination of lignans in flaxseed using liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography, A . 1216 (2): 217-229. Wei, Q.; Wolf-Hall, C; Hall III, C. 2009. Application of Raisin Extracts as Preservatives in Liquid Bread and Bread Systems. J. Food Sci. 74: M177-M184. Sandhu, K., Manthey, F.A., and Elias, E.M. 2009. High Relative Humidity Affects Vitreousness of Durum Wheat {Triticum turgidum L. var. durum (Desf)}. Cereal Res. Comm. 37:269-275. Ramos, O., 2009. Physical Properties, Water Absorption Rate, Equilibrium Moisture Content, and NIR Composition of Yellow, White, and Specialty type Maize Hybrids. MS Thesis, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. Park, E.Y. Baik, B.-K., and Lim, S.-T. 2009. Influences of temperature-cycled storage on retrogradation and in vitro digestibility of waxy maize starch gel. J. Cereal Sci. 50:43-48. Nair, S.G., Ullrich, S.E., and Baik, B.-K. 2009. Structural differences in diverse barley lines for SKCS hardness index. AACCI Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, September 2009. Abstract for oral presentation. Cereal Foods World 54:A24. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2009/abstracts/o09ma48.htm. Baik, B.-K., Lee, J., Byun, M., Kim, J., Kim, J., and Lim, 2009. Irradiation as a tool for modifying physiochemical characteristics of rice flours and rice cake quality. AACCI Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, September 2009. Abstract for poster presentation. Cereal Foods World 54:A34. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2009/abstracts/p09ma06.htm. Park, S. ., and Baik, B.-K. 2009. Significance of the proportion and composition of albumins on in vitro protein digestibility of raw and cooked pea seeds. AACCI Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, September 2009. Abstract for poster presentation. Cereal Foods World 54:A59. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2009/abstracts/p09ma142.htm. Zhou, X., Lim, S.-T., and Baik, B.-K. 2009. Effects of temperature cycling and starch concentration on retrogradation of waxy and normal corn starches. AACCI Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, September 2009. Abstract for poster presentation. Cereal Foods World 54:A74. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2009/abstracts/p09ma221.htm. Boac, J.M., R.G. Maghirang, M.E. Casada, J.D. Wilson, and J. Yoon-Sung. 2009. Size distribution and rate of dust generated during grain elevator handling. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25(4): 533-541. Casada, M.E., and P.R. Armstrong. 2009. Evaluation of fringing field capacitive sensor for wheat moisture measurements. Transactions of the ASABE 52(5): 1785-1791. Gonzales, H.B., P.R. Armstrong, R.G. Maghirang. 2009. Simultaneous monitoring of stored grain with relative humidity, temperature and carbon dioxide sensors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25(4) 595-604. Thakur, M., G.A. Mosher, B. Brown, G.S. Bennet, H.E. Shepherd, and C.R. Hurburgh, 1-3 April 2009, Traceability in the bulk grain supply chain. Poster presented at the TRACE 5th Annual Meeting and Conference, Freising, Germany. April 1-3, 2009. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009 Methodology to Insure U.S. Genetically Modified (GM) Grain Sales into Approved Foreign MarketsIntegrating ISO Traceability Standards with Agricultural Quality Management Systems. Poster presented at the TRACE - 5th Annual Meeting and Conference, Freising, Germany. April 1-3, 2009. Brown, B. & Hurburgh, C.R. (2009). Maize to Milk: An analysis of the traceability systems of bulk commodities. Poster presented at TRACE 5th Annual Meeting, Munich, Germany, April 1-3, 2009. Hurburgh, C. R. 2009. Tracing bulk grains. TRACE 5th Annual Meeting, Munich, Germany, April 1-3, 2009. Invited oral presentation. Maitri Thakur, Gretchen A. Mosher, Brittini Brown, Gregory S. Bennet, Howard E.Shepherd, Charles R. Hurburgh, 2009. Traceability in the bulk grain supply chains. Resource: Engineering and Technology for a Sustainable World, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, April/May 2009:20-22. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009. Food Traceability The Next Step Integrating Supply Chain Management (Logistics) WITH Quality Management Systems (QMS). Poster presented at the Food and Fuel Crops: Issues, Policies, and Regulations, 2009 BIGMAP Symposium, Ames, Iowa. April 22-23, 2009. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009. Methodology to Insure U.S. Genetically Modified (GM) Grain Sales into Approved Foreign MarketsIntegrating ISO Traceability Standards with Agricultural Quality Management Systems (QMS). Poster presented at the 10th CSL/JIFSAN (Central Science Laboratory)(Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition) Symposium: Methods and Systems for Tracking, Tracing and Verifying Foods, Greenbelt Marriott Hotel, Greenbelt, Maryland. May 13-15, 2009. Hurburgh, C. R. 2009. Bulk materials traceability. 10th CSL/JIFSAN Symposium, College Park, Maryland, May 13-15, 2009. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009. Advances in Traceability Systems The Integration of Supply Chain Logistics and Quality Control Systems (QCS). Presented at the TRACE R & D 2009, A Research & Development Conference & Strategic Workshop for Agriculture and Food Traceability, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. June 3-4, 2009. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009. Advances in Traceability Systems The Integration of Supply Chain Logistics and Quality Control Systems (QCS). Poster presented at the TRACE R & D 2009, A Research & Development Conference & Strategic Workshop for Agriculture and Food Traceability, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. June 3-4, 2009. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009. Methodology to Insure U.S. Genetically Modified (GM) Grain Sales into Approved Foreign MarketsIntegrating ISO Traceability Standards with Agricultural Quality Management Systems (QMS). Poster presented at the Food & Agricultural Traceability Conference & Workshop, Des Moines, Iowa. June 9-11, 2009. Bennet, G.S., and C.R. Hurburgh. 2009. Advances in Traceability Systems The Integration of Supply Chain Logistics and Quality Control Systems (QCS). Poster presented at the Food & Agricultural Traceability Conference & Workshop, Des Moines, Iowa. Hurburgh, C.R. 2009. Quality and Quantity; Its the Business. Invited presentation. Operations Management and Technology Seminar, Grain Elevator and Processing Society. St. Louis, MO, July 28, 2009. Mosher, G.A., Freeman, S.A., Field, D.W. & Hurburgh, C.R. 2009. Development of a quality management course for adult learners using backward design. Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) 2009 Conference Proceedings Refereed Paper. Mosher, G.A., Laux, C.M. & Hurburgh, C.R. 2009. Using mock recall data to measure continuous quality improvement. Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) 2009 Conference Proceedings Refereed Paper. Maitri Thakur and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2009. Traceability activities in the United States and the TRACE project. Final TRACE conference How to trace the origin of food? 2-3 December 2009 - Autoworld - Brussels Belgium Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Feasibility of Bulk Material Traceability. Invited Presentation. FDA-FSIS Food Traceability Public Meeting. Washington, D.C. December 12, 2009. Mosher, G.A., and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. COEXISTENCE AND ECONOMY AND TRANSGENIC PLANT RISK. The Encyclopedia of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food (In Press). Mosher, G. A., Charles Hurburgh and Howard Shepherd. 2009. Quality management systems in grain operations. 10-unit distance education course for the Grain Elevator and Processing Society distance education program, offered in January 2010. Hurburgh, C.R. and C. L. Hardy. 2009. Near Infrared Based Quality Control for Distillers Grains. International Distillers Grains Conference and Fuel Ethanol Workshop. Denver, CO. June 14-17, 2009. Charles Hurburgh and Connie Hardy. 2009. Corn quality and agronomic issues relating to ethanol production. Proc Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University Extension, December 3, 2009. Alison Robertson, Charles Hurburgh, Gary Munkvold and Steve Ensley. 2009. Impact of hail damage on corn quality. Proc Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University Extension, December 3, 2009. Charles Hurburgh, Chad Hart, and Connie Hardy. 2009. Current technologies and status of grain-based biofuels. Growing the Bioeconomy. Multi-State Conference. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. December 1, 2009

Impact Statements

NC-213 scientists found that NIRS is a rapid nondestructive technique that is able to measure organic substances in minutes. Standard deviation of ethanol yield across typical corn samples was 0.1 gal/bu, which represents $5-7m variation in revenue to a 100m gal per year dry grind ethanol plant. Changes in agronomic practices, such as delayed planting, or increase N fertility can have $2-4m per yr impacts at the ethanol plant, based on compositional changes that drive ethanol yield changes.
Researchers developed lines of corn for organic systems with increased levels of methionine, lysine, and cysteine, deliberately manipulated to break the correlation with total protein. This program was created as NIRS measurement of amino acids in corn has been hampered by the high correlation between the total protein content and the typical amino acid level. When average corn is used to calibrate NIRS analyzers, the calibration estimates the amounts of amino acids for protein level.
NC-213 researchers found that sorghum is an excellent source of a wide variety of bioactive compounds that can be produced in large quantities because sorghum can be easily grown, stored and processed to concentrate its unique components effectively. In addition, they discovered that tortillas containing tannin sorghum brans have good dark color and good acceptability with significantly high levels of antioxidants and dietary fiber.
NC-213 researchers discovered that with the adoption of color image sorting technology, a low cost sorting device for wheat, could be built using a standard personal computer and color camera. Special programming techniques can be used for a high throughput while keeping the sorter cost low. Accuracy is 15 to 20% higher than traditional sorters.
NC-213 researchers created a system that measures insect infestation of wheat kernels using the electrical conductance. The apparatus is low cost (-/+$1500 for parts) and can inspect a one kg sample in less than one minute. A partnership was formed with private industry to produce and market commercial versions of the system. The technology is currently being adopted by a major food manufacturing company.
NC-213 scientists conducted research on automated detection of fusarium head blight or scab damaged wheat kernels. FHB causes yield reductions of up to 50% and crop losses in the US have exceeded $1 billion. In addition, FHB can produce the toxins that must be below FDA guidelines. This technology will help the grain industry detect FHB and improve the safety of the US food supply. The technology can also be used to rapidly screen new wheat lines for FHB resistance.
NC-213 researchers presented at GEAPS 2010, held in Wichita, Kansas in February 2010. This presentation helped bring together GEAPS participants and NC-213 researchers to see how both parties can work together in problem solving grain, cereals, and oilseeds issues. This was a tremendous opportunity for NC-212 as over 1,800 attended the annual international technical conference and exposition. Survey results for this presentation were outstanding.

Date of Annual Report: 02/22/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/16/2011 - 02/17/2011
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2009 - 09/01/2010

Participants

Executive Committee Meeting: Adam, Brian, Oklahoma State University - brian.adam@okstate.edu; Casada, Mark, USDA, Manhattan KS - casada@ksu.edu; Jones, Carol, Oklahoma State University - jcarol@okstate.edu; Koshar, Bill, Ohio State University - ; Maier, Dirk, Kansas State University - dmaier@k-state.edu; McKinney, Leland, Kansas State University - lelandm@ksu.edu; Needham, Joe, The Andersons, Inc. - needham@andersonsinc.com; Ravlin, Bill, Ohio State University - ;Business Meeting: Adam, Brian, Oklahoma State University - brian.adam@okstate.edu; Armstrong, Paul, USDA Manhattan, KS - Paul.Armstrong@ARS.USDA.GOV; Casada, Mark, USDA, Manhattan KS - casada@ksu.edu; Ilejei, Klein, Purdue University - ; Jones, Carol, Oklahoma State University - jcarol@okstate.edu; Koshar, Bill, Ohio State University - ; Lipsak, Lloyd, Frito Lay - Lloyd.lipska@fritolay.com; McKinney, Leland, Kansas State University - lelandm@ksu.edu; McNeill, Sam, University of Kentucky - smcneill@uky.edu; Needham, Joe, The Andersons, Inc. - needham@andersonsinc.com; Ravlin, Bill, Ohio State University - ; Stroshine, Richard, Purdue University -

Brief Summary of Minutes

-NC-213 Critical Mid-Term Review. Bill Ravlin gave an overview of the Midterm and the process. This year was different as he asked the Executive Committee to rank NC-213. Discussion included the different sections of the Midterm and how the AAs office ranked each section: 1) Progress Report Excellent, 2) Linkages Good, 3) Funding Good; and, 4) Information and Technology Transfer Excellent. Over all recommendation: Approve. Discussion also included the Andersons Grant Program and the possibility of having a theme for the grant program, a match requirement, offering one RFP every other year, and more work with the Industry Advisory Committee for input.

Action: Add to Executive Committee quarterly teleconference to discuss further.

-Annual Report Discussion with an emphasis on: Impact Statement review and Extramural Funding. Bill Ravlin/Leland McKinney. The AAs office will take the lead on the annual report (SAES 422). The meeting minutes must be submitted to the NCRA office 30 days after the meeting and the annual report (SAES 422) 60 days after the meeting. Much discussion was held regarding the impact statements and the need for correct statements.

-NC-213 One Pager. Bill Ravlin. Send you thoughts and pictures showing NC-213 participants engaged in research activities to the AAs office.

Action: Send hard copies to: C. Jones and J. Needham.

-Possible Summer Conference/Meeting and NC-213 Annual Meeting 2012. Leland McKinney. Discussion was held on holding a summer conference/meeting and options for annual meeting 2012. After much discussion, it was decided to bring up these ideas during future conference calls. Ideas included:

--IQGC 2012.

--A Theme for a future meeting.

-Andersons Grants Update. Bill Ravlin. Distributed latest survey of grants received for competitions and grants awarded. Discussion was held regarding the need for reviewers. Discussion was held about the possibility of having proposals reviewed by the Andersons Early-In-Career recipient and candidates.

-Officer elections. Brian Adam/Leland McKinney. After discussion it was decided that Brian and Leland would approach Klein Ileleji, Purdue University, for the position of Secretary. As of February 2011, here is the slate of Officers and Executive Committee members.

Brian Adam (Chair)
Carol Jones (Vice Chair)
Klein Ileleji (Secretary)
Leland McKinney (Past Chair)
Jim Stitzlein (Chair of I.A.C.)
Objective co-chairs:
1: K.M. Lee and S. Simsek
2: L. McKinney and C. Wolf-Hall
3: B. Adam and C. Hurburgh

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by many fungi under certain environmental conditions. The extent of corn contamination with mycotoxins varies with geographic location, normal annual climatic fluctuations, agronomic and storage practices, and plant vulnerabilities to fungal invasion during phases of growth, storage and processing. Dry grind ethanol production from corn is growing in the US; from 2002 to 2010, ethanol production increased from 2.1 to 10.6 billion gallons per year in 2009 (RFA, 2010). The dry grind ethanol industry consumes 25% of the total corn crop produced in the US. Mycotoxins in corn processed by dry grind plants present two problems. First, mycotoxins could end up in DDGS sold as animal foodstuffs. Second, it is believed that mycotoxins stress the yeast during fermentation, resulting in lower ethanol yields. Under controlled conditions, it was determined that aflatoxin B1 added at levels of 100, 200, 350 or 775 ppb did not affect fermentation rates nor final ethanol concentrations (Murthy et al 2005). In a previous study, corn with no detectable levels of known mycotoxins was inoculated with aflatoxin B1 prior to fermentation. In the current study, effects of corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on fermentation are not known. The objectives are: 1) determine the effects of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin and other mycotoxins on the fermentation process and its distribution in wet grains and thin stillage using corn naturally contaminated with these mycotoxins and 2) determine the distribution of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin and other mycotoxins when using corn fractionation processes. A two year study of calibration and standardization methods for Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) based analyzers was completed. Fifty-seven techniques and combinations of techniques were evaluated, some creating substantial improvement in accuracy, using soybean protein and oil as the test factors. The operating systems of NIRS units can use less than 50% of these methods; computational upgrades would be needed. The modified approach was to identify soft wheat cultivars with enhanced quality for traditional and non-traditional processing into soft wheat products, and for processing into value-added products with increased levels of constituents with health benefits. Constituents, such as bran and starch, are being examined. The amount of soluble fiber in wheat bran is very small compared to insoluble fiber. Extrusion cooking technology has been used to increase the proportion of soluble fiber in wheat bran. Wheat bran obtained after milling contains residual starchy endosperm, as it is practically impossible to obtain pure bran during the milling process. During extrusion cooking, this starchy endosperm can be converted to other components that interfere with dietary fiber analysis. Thus, processes were developed to remove starchy endosperm materials adherent to the bran, prior to extrusion. Once this was done, it was found that extrusion did not affect the quantity of insoluble dietary fiber; however, soluble dietary fiber increased significantly after extrusion cooking. Water binding capacity was significantly higher for the de-starched bran than non-de-starched bran. On the other hand, extrusion cooking significantly reduced the water binding capacity of de-starched bran compared with that of non-extruded de-starched bran. During the reporting period the following outputs were achieved: 1. Mentored 2 M.S. students in area of role of carbohydrate functionality in wheat quality and effect of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Quality. 2. Consulted with many companies on role of enzymes in baking systems and role of carbohydrates in cereals 3. Four oral and eight poster presentations were given at professional meetings of the, AACC International, Annual NC-213 Grain quality Meeting, and Annual EPSCOR Meeting 4. Seven peer reviewed journal articles were published/accepted. A simple model that can discriminate samples that meet minimum tortilla quality (diameter and flexibility) requirements was developed. This model includes insoluble polymeric proteins, mixograph mixing time, dough extensibility and dough relaxation time. The prediction accuracy was 81.4%. This finding, once validated, will lead to significant reduction in amount of sample, processing time and cost to determine suitability of wheat lines for tortillas. Allelic composition in specialty wheat that consistently produced good quality tortillas across environments was identified. Presence of 2+12 on Glu D1, regardless of composition of Glu A1 or Glu B1 produces tortillas that have large diameter and retains their flexibility during storage. This information will lead to potential development of IP wheat lines for tortillas. Sucrose, starch and cellulose-based tracers had desirable durability suitable for handling and storing with grains. Different colored tracers were used to validate tracer sampling processes. Tracers dispensed in bulk grains were not highly concentrated or significantly segregated in bin and truck operations. The number of tracers required for identification of grain sources fell within the confidence intervals and sample sizes estimated by statistical probability methods. Truck sampling was more efficient and feasible in collecting tracers over bin sampling. The suggested statistical sampling strategies and principles appear practical in a typical grain supply chain. Four hulless barley genotypes of various seed color contained total anthocyanins of 35.1, 80.9, 764.6 and 6785.3 microgram/g in yellow, black, blue and purple barley grains, respectively. Bran fractions contained more than twice as much anthocyanins as whole grains in black, blue and purple barleys. The purple barley contained 11 anthocyanins, whereas only one type of anthocyanin, peonidin derivative, was detected in blue, black and yellow barley grains. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-(6-succinyl) glucoside and two unknown peonidin derivatives were the major anthocyanins detected in purple barley. DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities and total antioxidant activity of acetone extracts were highest in purple barley, which also showed the highest total anthocyanin content, followed by black and blue barleys. Yellow barley was lowest in total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activities of acetone extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activities of water extracts were much lower than those of acetone extracts, but differences in total antioxidant activities between acetone and water extracts were small and inconsistent. In conjunction with various collaborators, we investigated the impact of flour extraction rate and particle size on the properties of sorghum flour and how this impacted the quality of bread made from sorghum Research comparing the effect of different milling procedures on flour quality was also done and it was found that procedures that produce the less mechanically damaged flour produce the best bread. We also investigated how properties of sorghum flour made from different sorghum hybrids impacted the quality of noodles made from sorghum. The properties of the different flours had a direct impact on the quality of the sorghum noodles and one flour was identified which produced much higher quality noodles than the others. These experiments showed that flour quality has an important impact on foods made from sorghum and that milling procedures need to be optimized for different types of foods made from sorghum. Optimizing the quality of sorghum flour could have a large impact on the growing gluten-free food market (estimated to be near $2B in 2012) by providing a new source of high quality flour and foods. We also made progress in improving the functionality of sorghum proteins in foods. To date, isolated sorghum proteins have not shown any functionality similar to that of wheat proteins, that is, they cannot form dough, which is critical to the ability to make bread for example. However, previous research has shown that closely related proteins of corn are capable of this. We have determined that cross-linking and the hydrophobicity of sorghum proteins appear to be a key difference why sorghum proteins do not form dough. We have also found that how the proteins are isolated has a large impact on their functionality. A key factor that determines the biochemical composition of all cereal grains is the environment. Thus we investigated the impact of nitrogen fertilizer levels as well as the effect of cover crops on the physical properties of sorghum grain as well as protein and starch levels and protein digestibility. Fertilizer levels and cover crop both impacted protein levels and grain hardness, both of which in turn impact end-use quality of sorghum. These treatments could thus be used to modulate the quality of sorghum grain for different types of end-use. Finally, we investigated the impact of sorting sorghum grain by color on the phenolic content and composition of sorghum. Slight differences in total phenolic content were found among sorting treatments. Thus, sorting grain by color could lead to methods for increasing the anti-oxidant levels of different sorghum grain lots. Stored-grain packing is defined as the increase in grain bulk density due to the compressibility of grain when subjected to the cumulative weight of overlying material in a storage unit. The major variables affecting stored-grain packing are grain type, moisture content, test weight, and bin geometry and dimensions. Science-based modeling is being used to reduce the total amount of data required to achieve results that are sufficiently accurate and applicable over the range of conditions encountered in the grain industry. Physical properties are being measured in the laboratory to use as model inputs. A preliminary model for determining packing factors for a wide range of grains and bins has been developed and the preliminary calibration has worked well. This model employs the differential form of Janssens equation to estimate the pressure and in-bin bulk density for a given depth of grain in a bin. The primary project objectives are to calibrate and validate this model by measuring packing for the selected grains wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, oats, and barley using data collected from all of the major grain-producing locations within the U.S. and to make the new packing factor data readily available to government agencies and other users in the grain industry. Objective 2: A four-year study of the capability and benefits of traceability in US bulk product markets was completed. Traceability is an operational part of an organized quality or food safety/quality (QMS or FS/QMS) management system. FS/QMS will also support occupational safety, bioterror, biosecurity, environmental, and risk management compliances. Systems were developed for process mapping, geolocation of traceable units, bulk grain tracking, and cost-benefit analysis. Collaborating grain firms continue to develop their FS/QMS systems, and continue to report significant economic benefits for operational improvements/efficiencies. Compliance with new food safety legislation will be greatly simplified by the FS/QMS. Mock recall data continued to show the potential for steady improvement in tracking accuracy of bulk undifferentiated materials. A log book was maintained to document all the activities associated with the CO2 sensor such as battery change, data copied, and any software updates. Furthermore, we collected the details of each bin including size, number of fans, grain type, date of bin filling, and moisture content of the grain, use of pesticides, sample collection, and contact information of the collaborators. Our research partner, BinTech Company, connected all CO2 sensors installed in these bins to the main server located at the BinTech headquarters (Boulder, Colorado) using wireless cell phone (Verizon®) network. With this technology we can monitor the condition of the corn storage bins online (Real-time monitoring). Two sets of grain samples were collected from each bin by probing a grain trier at 10 locations. One set of grain samples are being used for enumerating insects, molds, and analysis of mycotoxins at Kansas State Universitys Grain and Feed Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory at the Department of Grain Science and Industry. The other set of grain samples are sent to the Kansas Grain Inspection Service, Topeka, KS to determine the corn kernel quality parameters such as moisture content, test weight, moldy kernels, heat damaged kernels, percentage of broken kernels, foreign material, and total damaged kernels. The levels of aflatoxin, fumonisin, and DON/vomitoxin in corn samples are being analyzed using AOAC (Association of Analytical Communities, Gaithersburg, MD) approved method based on an Enzyme Linked Immmunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit (AgraQuant® mycotoxin ELISA test kits, Romer Labs Inc., Union, MO). We expect to complete these analyses in early 2011. This project was continued at Kansas State University with nitrogen treatment in larger capacity tote bags. Three tote bags were filled with wheat and covered with oxygen barrier film. Different life stages bioassays of Sitophilus oryzae, (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were used in this study. The bags were then sealed and purged with nitrogen gas for duration of 1, 3 and 7 days. Temperature was monitored continuously in each bag using a temperature sensor and data were logged every two minutes. Oxygen sensors were placed inside the bags and connected to the computer through Labview hardware and software to measure and log oxygen concentration. These sets of experiments were done in early spring through mid-summer 2010. Temperature fluctuations were observed in the tote bags which ranged from 18.2oC in April to 30.7oC in July. It took 72 hours of nitrogen purging to achieve 1% oxygen concentration whereas it took 166 hours (7 days) to achieve 0.02% oxygen concentration. There was 100% mortality for all species exposed for a week. For three days of nitrogen exposure, mortality of 20.4 %, 96.2% and 94.7 % were noticed for adults red rice weevil, lesser grain borer and red flour beetle respectively. For one day nitrogen exposure, mortality varied from 8.0 to 51%, 0.0 to 85.8% and 68.0 to 100% for rice weevil, lesser grain borer and red flour beetle, respectively. Adults of rice weevil adults and lesser grain borer were the least susceptible among all life stages when exposed for 1 day. However, their mortality increased to 100% when exposed for 3 days. For one day exposure, the mortality rate was less because oxygen concentration remained above 5%. However, higher mortality rate was observed for red flour beetle at this oxygen concentration. Exposure for three days resulted in fairly high mortality for the three species and all life stages except for 2 and 3-week old larvae of rice weevil. The influence of relative humidity was not studied assuming that not much change occurred in the interstitial air due to the sealed environment and low wheat moisture content. A silo bag grain storage demonstration was held at the Farmers Co-op, Manhattan on Friday 23rd July, 2010. The loading and unloading of silo bags was demonstrated, including all of the grain handling equipment needed. This demonstration was conducted in cooperation with Kansas Wheat Commission and INTA, Argentina (National Institute of Agricultural Technology) and AKRON, Argentina. The demonstration was attended by scientists from USDAs Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, Kansas Wheat Commission staff, wheat produces and elevator managers from Manhattan and neighboring areas. A scientist from Australia was also in attendance at the demonstration. Videos and pictures were taken of the demonstration for use in presentations. During this event, we distributed an information brochure on silo bag grain storage to all participants. During the demonstration we organized live interactions with scientists, producers, and grain managers. Part of this study is to evaluate silo bags for its effectiveness in controlling an important stored- wheat insect during storage. A foot long PVC pipe with 3.5 diameter was fabricated and sealed on both ends with 200 µm opening heavy duty mesh. These PVC pipes were filled with hard red winter wheat (80% volume of the PVC pipe, 980 g/pipe) and 30 unsexed adults of mixed ages. These stored-product insect bioassay kits were inserted in two silo bags at three locations in a silo bag, one at top and the other at three feet deep. One HOBO® data logger was installed in each insect bioassay kit to record the temperature and relative humidity for five months at an interval of two hours. Six stored-product insect bioassay kits were incubated at 28°C with 60% RH in the laboratory will serve as control Grain samples (70) representing seven varieties were obtained from the 2009 Regional Durum Wheat Quality Survey. Varieties evaluated included Alzada, Ben, Divide, Grenora, Lebsock, Mountrail, and Pierce. These samples were graded by North Dakota Grain Inspection Service. Kernel moisture content, 1000-kernel weight, falling number, and protein content were determined on the grain. Semolina was hydrated to 32% moisture, mixed using a pin mixer and dried using a high temperature drying profile commonly used for pasta drying. The semolina and hydrated/dried semolina were ground using a Udy mill and total yellow pigments were determined using water saturated n-butanol method (Method 14-50, AACC 2000). Events: Acheampong, Kwame, Michael Dicks, and Brian D. Adam. The Impact of Biofuel Mandates and Switchgrass Production on Hay Markets. Presented at 2010 NCCC-134 Conference on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management, St. Louis, Missouri, April 19-20, 2010. Published in Proceedings. Available at http://www.farmdoc.illinois.edu/nccc134/conf_2010/pdf/confp05-10.pdf. Practical results of work evaluating economics of closed loop fumigation and economics of insect management in stored grain were presented at several elevator manager training and certification workshops. Adam, Brian D. Economics of Closed Loop Fumigation, and Grain Blending and Traceability. Presentations at the 2010 Grain Elevator Manager Workshops, Weatherford, Enid, and Shawnee, Oklahoma, March 23 and April 6, 2010. Jones, Carol L. Closed Loop Fumigation Methods and Grain Quality Preservation, Presentations at the 2010 Grain Elevator Manager Workshops, Weatherford, Enid, and Shawnee, Oklahoma, March 23 and April 6, 2010. Adam, Brian D. Economics of Insect Management in Stored Grain, Economics of Closed Loop Fumigation, and Grain Blending and Traceability. Presentations as part of OSU Training Workshop for MidKan Cooperative Association in Moundridge, Kansas, March 2-3, 2010. Jones, Carol L. Closed Loop Fumigation Methods and Grain Quality Preservation, Presentations as part of OSU Training Workshop for MidKan Cooperative Association in Moundridge, Kansas, March 2-3, 2010. Jones, Carol L. Preserving Grain Quality through Management and Aeration Practices. Presentations as part of the High Plains Grain Workshop in Amarillo, Texas, Feb. 1, 2010. Jones, Carol L. Closed Loop Fumigation Methods and Grain Quality Preservation, Presentations as part of OSU Training Workshop for Missouri Fumigation Certification Training, Columbia, Missouri, January 9 10, 2010. Presentations to elevator managers and employees in Kansas and Oklahoma at Elevator Training Workshops (see above in Events), using results of previous research and research identified above in Activities. Presented results of work on effects of biofuel mandates on Oklahoma hay markets at professional/industry conference as part of regional research project (NCCC-134). Presented results of work on buffer zones for GMO crops at Southern Ag Econ Assoc. meeting. Insect pest commingling in residual grain of an elevator leg boot is likely an important source of pest carry-over from one year to the next. The elevator boot and pit area likely contribute to insect pest contamination of facility equipment and stored grain products in commercial grain elevator facilities. This research, initiated in early 2009, was continued in 2010 to quantify insect pest population densities and movement of insect pests commonly found in the elevator boot and pit area of commercial elevator storage facilities to other parts of the facilities. Monthly residual grain samples were collected for a second year from the elevator boot, pit, and load-out areas of six commercial facilities in Kansas, three grain elevators and three feed mills, and four facilities in Kentucky, three grain elevators and one flour mill. All samples were inspected for adult insect activity and the observations were recorded. In pilot-scale elevator leg tests, infested samples (zero, 50, 100, or 200 adult insects per kg and one insecticide treatment) were initially transferred through the leg to fill the boot with infested residual grain. The boots with infested residual grain were stored at optimal temperatures for insect development for undisturbed rest-periods of zero, 8, 16, or 24 weeks. After the rest period a 15 kg lot of insect-free grain was transferred through the elevator leg boot containing the infested residual grain and discharge material was collected and the density of adult insects and infested kernels was measured. These samples were sieved to remove external insects and were then allowed to incubate (grow-out) for 8 weeks to allow internal insects to emerge, at which time external insects were again counted. Objective 3: Kansas State University has continued to develop and support the GEAPS-K-State Grain and Biorefinery Operations Distance Education Program. Over the course of 2010, several changes were made to the program to enhance delivery and meet the needs of the grain industry. The CD lecture-delivery component was phased out, changing the program to an online-only delivery format. The development of a credentialing program stems from a widely expressed industry need for qualified, motivated employees, especially as the current generation of professionals nears retirement. The credentialing programs are therefore designed to meet needs for: Grain companies seeking better-qualified new employees, Grain companies seeking ways to train existing employees Young people interested in obtaining jobs in the grain industry, University students interested in grain-industry employment opportunities and careers, Industry professionals interested in improving job skills, and Industry professionals interested in career advancement The credentialing program is expected to be especially useful in terms of creating new career-path options for young people entering the workforce. Currently, no formal credentialing programs exist for grain-operations training and career options. It is envisioned to establish an International Grain Industry Center as the structure to support and facilitate the development, delivery and administration of the proposed credentialing and continuing education program for the global grain operations and processing industry.

Publications

Objective 1 Publications Paulsen, M.R., S.S. Rathore, R.W. Steffen, Y. Zhang, B. Wrenn, M.A. Schlicher and A.L. Kennay. 2010. Spectroscopic determination of chemical properties of DDGS. ASABE Paper No. 1009113. Presented at Annual ASABE International Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA Jun 2010. Lan, T. and Ileleji, K.E. 2010. Opportunities for process improvements in drying of distillers grains with solubles. Paper presented at AIM of ASABE. ASABE Paper No. 1008756. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. A.R.P. Kingsly, K.E. Ileleji, C.L. Clementson, A.A. Garcia, D.E. Maier, R.L. Stroshine and S. Radcliff. 2010. The effect of process variables on the physical and chemical properties of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) plant scale experiments. Bioresource Technology 101(1): 193-199. Igne, B. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2010. Local chemometrics for samples and variables: Optimizing the calibration and standardization processes. Journal of Chemometrics. 24:75-86. Igne, B. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2010. Using the frequency components of near infrared spectra: Optimizing calibration and standardization processes. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 18(1):39-47. Igne B., Reeves J.B., McCarty G., Hively, W.D., Lund E., Hurburgh, C.R., 2010. Evaluation of PLS, LS-SVM, and LWR for quantitative spectroscopic analysis of soils, Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 18(3):167-176. Fleur, A-F, Charles R. Hurburgh, Lidia Esteve Agelet, Glen Rippke, and Phillip Clancy. 2010. Calibration of a Diode Array NIR Transmission Spectrometer. International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-5, 2010. Poster. Esteve Agelet, L., Hurburgh, C. R., Gowen, A., ODonell, C., Duvick, S. and Gardner, C. 2010. Single Seed Discrimination by NIRS. Oral session presented at the biannual International Diffuse Reflectance Conference (IDRC), Chambersburg, PA. Esteve Agelet, L., Rippke, G. R., and Hurburgh, C. R. 2010. Effect of Fourier-Transform Instrument Resolution on Grain Calibration Performance. Poster session presented at the biannual International Diffuse Reflectance Conference (IDRC), Chambersburg, PA. Esteve Agelet, L., Rippke, G. R., and Hurburgh, C. R. 2010. Genetically-Modified and Conventional Single Seed Soybean Discrimination with Fourier-Transform Transmittance. Poster session presented at the biannual International Diffuse Reflectance Conference (IDRC), Chambersburg, PA. Esteve-Aglelet, L and C. R. Hurburgh. 2010. A Tutorial on Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Calibration. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 40: 4, 246 260. Lewis, J. M., Siler, L., Souza, E.J., Ng, P.K.W., Dong, Y., Jiang, G.-L., and Ward, R.W. 2010. Registration of Ambassador Wheat. J. of Plant Registrations 4:195-204. Lewis, J.M., Siler, L., Souza, E., Ng, P.K.W., Yanhong Dong, Y., Jiang, G.-L., and Ward, R.W. 2010. Registration of Coral Wheat. J. of Plant Registrations 4:205-214. Lewis, J.M., Siler, L., Souza, E., Ng, P.K.W., Dong, Y., Brown-Guedira, G., Jiang, G.-L. and Ward, R.W. 2010. Registration of Red Amber Wheat. J. of Plant Registrations 4:215-223. Yu, N., Laurenz, R., Siler, L., Ng, P.K.W., and Lewis, J. 2010. Evaluation of alpha-amylase accumulation and falling numbers in soft red and soft white wheat adapted to Michigan. Cereal Foods World 55:A76 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Ng, P.K.W., Lewis, J., and Nyombaire, G. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2009. January 2010. 35 pp. Simsek, S., Zhang, Y., and Campanella, O. 2010. Physicochemical properties of arabinoxylans in refrigerated dough. Food Research International. 43:2119-2125. Simsek, S., Whitney, K.L., Ohm, J.B., Anderson, J., and Mergoum, M. Refrigerated Dough Quality: Effect of Environment and Genotypes of Hard Red Spring Wheat. Journal of Food Science. Article in press. Simsek S. 2010. Non-Starch Polysaccharides of Wheat as Dietary Fiber. VII. International Nutrition and Dietetics Congress, Istanbul, Turkey. Alviola, J.N. and Awika, J.M. 2010. Relationship between objective and subjective wheat flour tortilla quality evaluation methods. Cereal Chem. 87(5):481-485 Alviola, J.N., Jondiko, T. and Awika, J.M. 2010. Effect of cross-linked resistant starch on wheat tortilla quality. Cereal Chem 87(3):221-225. Asif, M., Rooney, L.W., Acosta-Sanchez, D., Mack, C.A. and Riaz, M.N. 2010. Uses of sorghum grain in gluten-free products. Cereal Foods World 55(6):285-291. Asif, M., Rooney, L.W., Riaz, M.N. & Mack, C.A. 2010. Gluten free breakfast cereals & snacks. Inst. of Food Technologists (IFT) Annual Meeting, Jul 17-20, Chicago, IL. Asif, M., Rooney, L.W., Riaz, M.N. and Mack, C.A. 2010 Gluten free sorghum-based whole grain snacks. AACC International, Savannah, GA, October 24 - 27. Barros, F., Alviola, J.N. and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Comparison of quality of refined and whole wheat tortillas. Journal of Cereal Science 51:50-56. Blackburn, J. 2010. Living gluten-free. Sorghum Grower, Natl Sorghum Producers, Fall issue, pp 12-14. Boswell, S.E., McDonough, C.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Development of a gluten-free laboratory control using optimum mixing times in one pound loaves. IFT Annual Meeting, Jul 17-20, Chicago, IL. Boswell, S.E. 2010. Development of gluten-free bread baking methods utilizing sorghum flour. MS Thesis. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 68 pp. Boswell, S., McDonough, C.M., Rooney, L.W. 2010. Gluten-free bread: How sorghum can improve this picture. Sorghum Checkoff, USDA/ARS Center for Grain & Animal Health, ADM, and American Institute of Baking (AIB), June 2-3, Manhattan, KS. Calderon, V.R., DuVille, K., Rooney, L.W., and Pinilla, E. 2010. Utilization of sorghum in Central American foods. AACC International, October 24-27, Savannah, GA. Chiremba, C. 2010. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of sorghum cookies. IFT Annual Meeting, July 17-20, Chicago, IL. Dykes, L. and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Special sorghums for health foods. In D.M. Martirrosyan & N. Abate, Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases, Volume5. Richardson, TX: Food Science Publisher, pp. 308-320. Johnson, W.B., Ratnayake, W.S., Jackson, D.S., Lee, K.M., Herrman, T.J., Bean, S.R., Mason, S.C. 2010. Factors affecting the alkaline cooking performance of selected corn and sorghum hybrids. Cereal Chem. 87:524-531. Jondiko, T., Barros, F., Alviola, J.N., Rooney, L.W., Tilley, M., Ibrahim, A., Hays, D. and Awika, J.M. 2010. Relationship of tortilla quality to flour and dough properties. AACC International, Savannah, GA, October 24 - 27. Jondiko, T.O, Alviola, J.N, Awika, J.M and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Improving shelf stability of fiber enriched wheat flour tortillas using high gluten bread flour. IFT Annual Meeting, July 17-20, Chicago, IL. Jondiko, T. 2010. Effects of variations in high molecular weight glutenin allele composition and resistant starch on wheat flour tortilla quality. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 87 pp. Lee, K.M., Armstrong, P.R., Thomasson, A., Sui, R., Casada, M., and Herrman, T.J. 2010. Application of binomial and multinomial probability statistics to the design of a global grain tracing and recall system. AACCi Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA, Oct 24-27. Cereal Foods World 55:A57. Lee, K.M., Armstrong, P.R., Thomasson, A., Sui, R., Casada, M., and Herrman, T.J. 2010. Development and characterization of food-grade tracers for the global grain tracing and recall system. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:10945-10957. Lee, K.M., Armstrong, P.R., Thomasson, A., Sui, R., Casada, M., and Herrman, T.J. 2010. Development and characterization of food-grade tracers for the global grain tracing and recall system. AACC Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA, Oct. 24-27. Cereal Foods World 55:A28. Lee, K.M., Armstrong, P.R., Thomasson, A., Sui, R., Casada, M., and Herrman, T.J. 2010. Application of binomial and multinomial probability statistics to the sampling design of a global grain tracing and recall system. Food Control. (In press) Ojwang, L. and Awika, J.M. 2010. Stability of apigeninidin and its methoxylated derivatives in the presence of sulfites J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 9077-9082. Pinilla, E. 2010. Training CENTA, El Salvador. Winrock. Feb 28 - March 20 and June 6 - 19, 2010. Pinilla, E. 2010. Utililization of sorghum in El Salvador: grain, flour and end-product quality. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 98 pp. Rooney, L. 2010. Vita Bread, formulation and health benefits. Sorghum: A Whole Grain and Gluten-Free Solution. Sorghum Checkoff, USDA/ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health, ADM, and AIB, June 2-3, Manhattan, KS. Rooney, L.W, Cassandra, C.M. and Boswell, S. 2010 December. The Science of gluten-free cookies. The Ultimate Gluten-Free Cookie Book. author Roben Ryberg, Da Capa Press of Perseus Books Group, 256 pages. Rooney, L.W. 2010. Presentations on special sorghums for health. Several international food companies. Rooney, L.W. 2010. Use of special sorghums with unique phytochemicals in healthy food products. AACC Intl Milling and Baking Spring Technical Conference, May 5-7, Ft. Worth, TX. Rooney, L.W., Awika, J.M., & Turner, N.D. 2010. Sorghum antioxidant and anti-cancer research. Sorghum: A Whole Grain and Gluten-Free Solution. Sorghum Checkoff, USDA/ARS Ctr for Grain & Animal Health, ADM & AIB. Jun 2-3, Manhattan, KS. Taleon, V.M. 2010. Effect of environment and genetics on flavonoid levels in sorghum grains. MS Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 141 pp. Taleon, V.M., Rooney, W.L., and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Effect of environment on hardness of special sorghums. IFT Annual Meeting, July 17-20, Chicago, IL. Taylor, J.R.N.; Barrion, S.C., and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Pearl millet-new developments in ancient food grain. Cereal Foods World 55(1):16-19 Turner, N.D., Taddeo, S.S., McDonough, C.M. and Rooney, L.W. 2010. Polyphenol-rich sorghum brans promote fecal water retention and alter short chain fatty acids in Sprague Dawley rats. AACC Intl, Savannah, GA, Oct 24 - 27. Yang, L., Allred, K.F., and Awika, J.M. 2010. Phytoestrogenic potential of sorghum potential of sorghum phenolic extracts. AACC Intl, Savannah, GA, Oct 24 - 27. Park, C. S., and Baik, B.-K. 2010. Recovery and Purity of Isolated Barley Starch and Protein as Affected by Fractionation Water Temperature. Cereal Chem. 87:561-565. Nair, S., Ullrich, S. E., Blake, T. K., Cooper, B., Griffey, C. A., Hayes, P. M., Hole, D. J., Horsley, R. D., Obert, D. E., Smith, K. P., Muehlbauer, G. J., and B.-K. Baik. 2010. Variation in Kernel Hardness and Associated Traits in USA Barley Breeding Lines. Cereal Chem. 87:461466. Baik, B.-K., and Park, Eun-Young. 2010. Implication of phenolic compounds and polyphenol oxidase to barley food discoloration. Food Science and Industry 43 (3): 48-54. Lee, C.-H., Baek, N.-I., Kim, B.-M., and Baik, B.-K. 2010. Relationships between anthocyanin content and composition, and antioxidant activity of four hulless barley genotypes of different seed color. AACCI Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA September 2010. Abstract for poster presentation. Cereal Foods World 55:A57. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2010/abstracts/p10ma115.htm. Nair, S. G., Ullrich, S. E., and Baik, B.-K. 2010. Compositional and structural characterization of hulless barley lines of variable ²-glucan content. AACCI Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA September 2010. Abstract for poster presentation. Cereal Foods World 55:A62. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2010/abstracts/p10ma139.htm. Smith, B. M., Bean, S. R., Schober, T. J., Tilley, M., Herald, T. J. and Aramouni, F. 2010. Characterization of the composition and molecular weight distribution of carob germ protein fractions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:7794-7800 de Mesa-Stonestreet, N. J., Alavi, S., and Bean, S. R. 2010. Sorghum proteins: The concentration, isolation, modification, and food applications of kafirins. J. Food Sci. 75: R90-R104. Johnson, W. B., Ratnayake, S., Jackson, D. S., Lee, K.-M., Herrman, T. J., Bean, S. R., and Mason, S. C. 2010. Corn and sorghum characteristics influencing nixtamization performance. Cereal Chem. 87:524-531 Schober, T. J., Moreau, R. A., Bean, S. R. and Boyle, D. L. 2010. Partial removal of lipids improves the functionality of zein in viscoelastic zein-starch dough. J. Cereal Sci. In Press Pontieri, P., Di Mar, A., Tamburino, R., De Stefano, M., Tilley, M., Bean, S. R., Roemer, E., De Vita, P., Alifano, P., Del Giudice, L., and Massardo, D. R. 2010. Chemical composition of selected food-grade sorghum varieties grown under typical Mediterranean conditions. Maydica. In press. Bean, S. R., Ioerger, B. P., and Blackwell, D. L. 2010. Separation of kafirins on surface porous reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography columns. J. Agric. Food Chem. In press. Objective 2 Publications: Laux, Chad and C.R. Hurburgh. 2010. Using Quality Management Systems in Food Traceability. Journal of Industrial Technology. 26(3):1-6 (web) July 2010. Mosher, G and C.R. Hurburgh. 2010. Transgenic Plant Risk: Coexistence and Economy. Encyclopedia of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food. 1: 1, 639 642. Online publication date: 21 July 2010 Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2010. Food Safety Management Systems and Bulk Material Traceability. Iowa Food Industry Networking Day. Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. October 21, 2010. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., Daniel Loy, and J. D. Lawrence. 2010. Maintaining Food Safety through Quality. PM-3005. Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr., M. Thakur, C. Laux, G. Mosher, K. Donnelly. 2010. Theory and experience with traceability of bulk commodities in grain handling systems. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA. October 24-28, 2010. Invited Symposium Presentation, Abstract Mosher, G.A. and Hurburgh, C.R. Delivery of an online quality management course for adult learners. Presentation given at the Association of Technology Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) Annual Conference. Panama City, FL, October 2010. Mosher, G.A., Keren, N., and Hurburgh, C.R. The impact of employee trust on the perceptions of organizational safety and quality. Presentation given at the Association of Technology Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) Annual Conference. Panama City, FL, October 2010. Mosher, G. A. 2010. Do Perceptions of Organizational Trust, Safety, and Quality Predict the Decision-making Process of Employees? Poster and presentation given at the Association of Technology Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) Annual Conference. Panama City, FL, October 2010. 2010 Graduate Research Presentation Award. 2010 Graduate Research Poster Award. Maier, D.E. and D.J.P. Moog. 2008. Development of an organic stored product pest control treatment station in Indiana, U.S.A. utilizing nitrogen for shipment containers. Proceedings of the 2008 Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation International Conference. Chengdu, China. September 21-26, 2008. Moog, D.J.P. and Maier, D.E. 2007. Organic stored product pest treatment using nitrogen during shipment. 2007 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reduction, San Diego, California. October 29 to November 1, 2007. Adam, B.D., Edmond Bonjour, and Jim Criswell. "Cost Comparison of Methyl Bromide and Sulfuryl Fluoride (ProFume®) for Fumigating Food Processing Facilities, Warehouses, and Cocoa Beans." In: Carvalho, O.M, Fields, P.G., Adler, C.S., Arthur, F.H., Athanassiou, C.G., Campbell, J.F., Fleurat-Lessard, F., Flinn, P.W., Hodges, R.J., Isikber, A.A. Navarro, S., Noyes, R.T., Riudavets, J., Sinha, K.K., Thorpe, G.R., Timlick, B.H., Trematerra, P., White, N.D.G. (Eds), Proceedings of the Tenth International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June-2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal, Julius-Kuhn-Archiv, Berlin, Germany, pp.314-321. Adam, B. D., M. Siaplay, P. W. Flinn, B. W. Brorsen, and T. W. Phillips. Factors Influencing Economic Profitability of Sampling-Based Integrated Pest Management in Stored Grain Journal of Stored Products Research 46 (2010) 186-196. Accessible at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2010.04.004 Tumusiime, Emmanuel, Hugo De Groote, Jeffrey Vitale and Brian Adam. 2010. The Cost of Coexistence between Bt Maize and Open-Pollinated Maize Varieties in Lowland Coastal Kenya. AgBioForum, 13(3): 208-221 Jones, C. L., J. Hardin, and E. Bonjour. 2010. Closed Loop Fumigation. Fact Sheet for Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service. Stillwater, OK. Ojbective 3 Publications: Hurburgh, C.R. 2010. Handling the 2009 Corn Crop. Agribusiness Showcase. Agribusiness Association of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa. February 9, 2010. Hurburgh, C.R. 2010. Inventory Management and the 2009 Crop. In service training, AgPartners, LLC, Calumet, IA. February 16, 2010. Hurburgh, C. R. 2010. Current research in grain handling operations. Proc. Exchange 2010, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Wichita, KS. February 20-23, 2010. Organizer of NC213 research session, GEAPS Exchange 2010. Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2010. The impact of the 2009 corn crop quality on ethanol production. Novozymes, Inc., Ames., Iowa. March 5, 2010. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2010. Grain storage and management now and in the future. AAI Feed Committee. Agribusiness Association of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa. March 10, 2010. Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Hurburgh, C.R. and Ensley, S. 2010. Impact of hail damage during early reproductive stages on ear rot and mycotoxin contamination of maize. 2010 American Phytopathology Society Annual Meeting, August 7-11, Nashville, TN. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2010. Increased Corn Yields: Warehouse Challenges. USDA-FSA Warehouse Inspectors Conference. July 20, 2010. Omaha, NE Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2010. Quantity and Quality: Warehouse Issues for 2010. Association of Grain Regulatory Officials Annual Conference, July 27, 2010. Des Moines, IA. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2010. Lessons for the 2009 Crop and Forecast for 2010. Siouxland Chapter, Grain Elevator and Processing Society. Sioux City, IA. September 7, 2010. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2010. Lessons for the 2009 Crop and Forecast for 2010. Four Corners Ag Supply. September 10, 2010. Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2010. Lessons for the 2009 Crop and Forecast for 2010. Greater Iowa Chapter, Grain Elevator and Processing Society. Nevada, IA. September 14, 2010. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2010. Harvest training 2010. West Central Coop Company. Carroll IA. September 2, 2010. Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2010. Harvest training 2010. Farmers Coop Company. Ames IA. September 8, 2010. Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.M., Hurburgh, C and Ensley, S. 2010. Effect of hail damage on maize grain quality. Agronomy Journal (in press) Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Hurburgh, C.R. and Ensley, S. 2010. Impact of hail damage during early reproductive stages on ear rot and mycotoxin contamination of maize. Phytopathology 100: SXX In Press

Impact Statements

As a result of work conducted by NC-213 scientists, information from research on DDGS will have an impact on U.S. dry grind ethanol producers. . Understanding the distribution of mycotoxins in wet grains and thin stillage and during corn fractionation will help develop strategies to reduce final mycotoxin concentrations in DDGS and other dry grind coproducts.
NC-213 researchers found that drying wet distillers grains and condensed distillers soluble to DDGS is an energy intensive process which consumes the second largest energy budget in corn to ethanol production. The results from this research will help in optimizing the drying process of DDGS in order to decrease energy consumption, while maintaining product quality.
Through extensive research, NC-213 scientists have found that single seed determination of viability and biotech status could preserve germplasm collections, improve seed quality monitoring, and open significant markets for non-GM grains that were previously inaccessible due to lack of practical testing methods.
Through NC-213 efforts, research has led to a better understanding of wheat flour quality to end-use products. These efforts will have a direct, positive impact as wheat growers will have new and improved agronomic wheat varieties to plant; millers will have wheat with better milling properties to mill; and, bakers will have flour with better baking quality to use. In addition, understanding the effects of the addition of bran fiber in a flour-based system could provide vital information for bakers utilizing these ingredients in their baked products to benefit consumers health.
Through NC-213 work, an automated single kernel near-infrared (SKNIR) spectroscopic method was evaluated for identification of wheat kernels damaged by Fusarium fungi and for estimating the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON), that Fusarium produces. The kernels identified by the SKNIR system as FDKs had a better correlation than visual FDK % with other FHB assessment indices such as FHB severity, FHB incidence and kernels g-1. This technique can be successfully employed to non-destructively sort kernels with fusarium damage and to estimate DON levels of those kernels. In addition, because the method is non-destructive, seeds may be saved for generation advancement.
NC-213 scientists developed a method that simplifies and reduces cost of development calibrations to automatically measure grain and soybean composition. This method is being used at the University of Kentucky to measure soybean breeder samples oil and protein content and this method is being used at Iowa State University for single seed measurement.
NC-213 research resulted in the commercialization of sorting technology and adoption by seed breeders/producers. A low cost color image based sorting device for grains was refined, commercialized, and transferred to a manufacturing company through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with National Mfg. who has sold over ten of these machines to various seed breeders and seed foundations in the US and internationally. The new sorting system has unprecedented accuracy, throughput, and low cost for inspection/sorting systems.
NC-213 researches at North Dakota State University, through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, are working with Jolly Time Popcorn to adapt a sorting machine for popcorn. The system is also being used by US and international scientists. The camera design has been transferred to an electronics manufacturer (Short Dog Electronics). NDSU seed foundation states that the machines shortened production time for yellow flax by one year, increased production by 20%, and reduced contaminates by 90% over past practices.
Through research results, a commercially viable CO2 monitoring sensor and system for grain storage structures was created and in late 2010, the system was introduced commercially on a limited scale through a licensing agreement between the developer (BinTech, Boulder, Colorado) and The GSI Group (Assumption, Illinois) as the exclusive distributor.

Date of Annual Report: 03/13/2012

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/06/2012 - 03/07/2012
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 09/01/2011

Participants

Adam, Brian Oklahoma State University
Ambrose, Kingsly Kansas State University
Armstrong, Paul USDA, ARS, Manhattan KS
Baik, B.K. - Washington State University
Boac, Josephine - Kansas State University
Casada, Mark USDA, ARS, Manhattan KS
de la Pena, Elena - North Dakota State University
Dobrydina, Marina - North Dakota State University
Hallen-Adams, Heather - University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Hellevang, Kenneth North Dakota State University
Hill, Chuck AgriGold Hybrids
Hurburgh, Charlie Iowa State University
Jones, Carol Oklahoma State University
Koshar, Bill The Ohio State University
Lee, K.M. Office of the Texas State Chemist
Maier, Dirk Kansas State University
Manthey, Frank North Dakota State University
McGuill, Charles ROMER Labs, Inc.
Medic, Jelena Iowa State University
Mosher, Gretchen Iowa State University
Needham, Joe The Andersons, Inc.
Paulsen, Marvin University of Illinois at Urbana
Ravlin, F. William The Ohio State University
Shepherd, Howard Iowa State University
Simsek, Senay North Dakota State University
Soto Camara, Marina Iowa State University
Tumbleson, Mike University of Illinois at Urbana
Weaver, David Montana State University-Bozeman

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Business Meeting
Wednesday, March 7, 2012
Hilton Minneapolis MN
12Noon Agenda

Adam, Brian Oklahoma State University
Ambrose, Kingsly Kansas State University
Armstrong, Paul USDA, ARS, Manhattan KS
Baik, B.K. - Washington State University
Boac, Josephine - Kansas State University
Casada, Mark USDA, ARS, Manhattan KS
de la Pena, Elena - North Dakota State University
Dobrydina, Marina - North Dakota State University
Hallen-Adams, Heather - University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Hellevang, Kenneth North Dakota State University
Hill, Chuck AgriGold Hybrids
Hurburgh, Charlie Iowa State University
Jones, Carol Oklahoma State University
Koshar, Bill The Ohio State University
Lee, K.M. Office of the Texas State Chemist
Maier, Dirk Kansas State University
Manthey, Frank North Dakota State University
McGuill, Charles ROMER Labs, Inc.
Medic, Jelena Iowa State University
Mosher, Gretchen Iowa State University
Needham, Joe The Andersons, Inc.
Paulsen, Marvin University of Illinois at Urbana
Ravlin, F. William The Ohio State University
Shepherd, Howard Iowa State University
Simsek, Senay North Dakota State University
Soto Camara, Marina Iowa State University
Tumbleson, Mike University of Illinois at Urbana
Weaver, David Montana State University-Bozeman

We welcomed Chuck Hill as the new Chair of the NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee (IAC).

NC-213 Rewrite
Bill Ravlin.
The Executive Committee will need to identify a re-write committee. The next term will be October 1, 2013 until September 30, 2018. The re-write needs to be sent to the NCRA Directors Office (Review committee) by mid-December 2012. (Refer to handouts for complete details and information to be covered during this discussion.). As Chair, Carol Jones will oversee the re-write process. Charlie Hurburgh, Iowa State University, volunteered to assist in the process and to help acquire resources for the task from the ICGOP.

Annual Report Discussion with an emphasis on: Impact Statement review and External Funding
Bill Ravlin/Brian Adam.
The AAs Office will begin this process by completing the sections: meeting participants, meeting minutes, and publications. The Executive Committee will complete, with assistance from members at large, the Accomplishments and Impacts sections. The AAs office will send detailed instructions on these sections along with examples of acceptable Impact Statements. Once the Accomplishments and Impacts sections have been sent to the AAs office, they will be reviewed and edited. (Refer to handout for complete details on Impact Statements to be covered during this discussion.) The AAs Office will begin this process immediately.

NC-213 Annual Progress Reports from Participating Stations
Bill Ravlin.
Should the Administrative Advisors office continue to produce a hard copy of this publication? This is available through the NC-213 website. This year approximately 20 reports were submitted by stations. (There are a limited number available here at the meeting. If you would like more copies, please visit the website or contact the AAs office.) After some discussion, it was agreed to have the report available on-line prior to the meeting and that if members wanted a hard copy, they would print from the website.

NC-213 One Pager
Bill Ravlin.
General discussion. At the request of NC-213 participants to create a one-pager, the AAs Office put together a publication and distributed at last years annual meeting. How is this working? What kind of comments are you receiving? How are you using this one pager? (Refer to One Pager handout for reference.) After discussion it was decided that the AAs Office would send an e-mail to the members asking for input. Also, Montata State University-Bozeman was omitted from the one pager and that will be added.

NC-213 Annual Meeting 2013.
Brian Adam.
GEAPS Exchange 2013 will be held in Louisville, KY on February 23-26.
Wheat Quality Council will be held in Kansas City, MO on February 12-14, 2013 (Tue/Wed Banquet /Thur). The group voted to have the NC-213 meeting in conjunction with the Wheat Quality Council in Kansas City, Missouri in 2013. The dates of the NC-213 meeting will be Tuesday, February 12 and Wednesday, February 13. The AAs Office will coordinate with (the) Wheat Quality Council and Embassy Suites KCI.

NC-213 Website.
Bill Koshar.
New website is up. General discussion and input. Members had positive comments regarding the revised website and for now should remain as posted.

Andersons Grants Update.
Bill Ravlin.
Distribute latest survey of grants received for competitions and grants awarded. No discussion shared, but members appreciated being kept up-to-date on the competition. The next competition will be a Team Competition that will be announced sometime in June 2012.

Officer elections.
Carol Jones/Brian Adam. This item can be initiated in the executive committee meeting and then discussed during the business meeting.
Leland McKinney (past chair rolls off)
Brian Adam (current chair to past chair)
Carol Jones (vice chair to chair)
Klein Ileleji (secretary to vice chair)
Note: Need to fill the position of secretary. Senay Simsek was nominated and accepted the position of Secretary.
Jim Stitzlein made a request to leave the post of Chair, NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee. After a vote, it was decided that Chuck Hill, AgriGold Hybrids would take over the position of Chair.
Note: All objective co-chair positions are filled.
A: K.M. Lee and S. Simsek
B: L. McKinney and C. Wolf-Hall
C: B. Adam and C. Hurburgh

Senay Simsek, North Dakota State University was elected to the officer position of Secretary.

Meeting Adjourned.

Accomplishments

The accomplishments for the past year by NC213 consist of the following and are focused on promoting the three objectives of the project in the most collaborative manner as possible. The following show indication of these accomplishments: A yearly meeting was held in conjunction with the GEAPS Exchange in Minneapolis. Technical presentations gave results and information about the research conducted by the stations and groups of stations in collaboration. A quarterly newsletter provided reports of project activities. Station personnel organized to begin the effort of the NC213 rewrite to be completed by August of 2012. The Andersons grants and awards supplied funding for research that supports the three objectives. In 2012, proposals that will be considered for these awards must indicate a strong level of cross-entity collaboration. The number of private industry participants at the yearly meeting increased and plans are set in place to recruit and include additional participation for 2012 through the efforts of a new industry representative. In 2012, plans for offering a yearly meeting session that would attract visitors from the Wheat Council meeting coinciding with the NC213 meeting have been discussed and will be investigated in planning for the 2012 yearly meeting. Plans for 2012: Plans for the upcoming year will focus on encouraging collaboration between entities and on the NC213 rewrite efforts. Activities to encourage collaboration will include monthly webinar discussions between institutions around the USA about grain drying and what works for me topics, Andersons grants focused on collaborative efforts as a prerequisite for consideration, and the inclusion of more industry representatives and visitors. The rewrite efforts are led by a multi-institutional committee with input from the entire NC213 group. The focus will be achieving our three current goals by cross-institutional collaboration and a commitment to group projects. The quarterly newsletters and web presence will continue as well as the yearly meeting complete with technical and industry presentations. The yearly meeting will be held coinciding with the Wheat Councils meeting in Kansas City. Four universities and two USDA centers will work together to develop and provide three new distance education courses in areas pertaining to grain handling through GEAPS. Objective 1: To characterize quality attributes and develop systems to measure quality of cereals, oilseeds, and bioprocess coproducts. Short-term outcomes (STO), Outputs (OP) STO: NIRS quality evaluation equipment calibration and protocols for testing were evaluated and validated. OP: An NIR method to measure phenols in sorghums was developed and improved as a quick method to measure sorghum phenols in a breeding program. In the area of mycotoxins: STO: Detection of mycotoxin and aflatoxin and quality affects due to presence of fungus. OP: The level of mycotoxin infection (Stenocarpella maydis and aspergillus sp. was determined that would result in a reduction of final ethanol concentrations from corn. OP: Investigations confirming that the levels of Deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat are concentrated in the bran and germ layers of the wheat were conducted. These tests showed that DON might be bound to the cell wall material or protein component of the wheat kernel OP: To determine good kernels versus kernels infected with mycotoxin producing fungi, the physical properties of infected kernels was observed. The tests indicated differences in size, shape and density between good and infected kernels. This information could be used in sorting some of the kernels, thus reducing the mycotoxin levels in the corn prior to processing. OP: Raman spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics were studied for the rapid detection and prediction of aflatoxins in ground corn samples. This technology may lead to a fast way of detecting aflatoxin in corn. STO: The effect of drying processes on Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles was investigated. OP: It was determined that the amount of DDGS used in the drying process had an impact on the amount of energy used in drying. STO: Investigations were conducted to analyze the effects of addition of bran fiber in a flour-based system. OP: Several companies are developing sorghum flour and whole ground grain of excellent quality for use in gluten free and other products. STO: The role of flour particle size on sponge cake baking quality was investigated. OP: Soft wheat grown in no-till conditions provided greater kernel diameter and weight. No-till cultivation lowered protein content and antioxidant capacity which is imparted to quality of baked goods. STO: New methods were developed for screening sorghum for end-use properties such as protein digestibility, phenolic acid content, starch damage and mold levels. OP: Physical grain traits were measured in 300 genetically diverse samples to help identify germplasm sources for use in developing sorghum lines with improved quality traits. An instrument used to detect starch damage in wheat was proved to useful in sorghum. STO: Rapid and non-destructive single-kernel sorting systems to improve post-harvest grain quality that can help grain breeders rapidly select specific traits was investigated. OP: Solutions to detect DON in wheat, protocols for counting insect pieces, imaging algorithms for spot detection in popcorn and detecting insects. STO: Storage packing factors were measure in 40 bins. OP: Data is being used to calibrate a computer model that predicts packing factors more accurately. Objective 2: To develop methods to maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety at key points in the harvest-to-end-product value chain. Short-term outcomes (STO), Outputs (OP) STO: Dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, can be treated with sodium metabisulfite (SMB), together with pelleting, reduces DON levels. OP: These results imply that pelleting in combination with SMB may allow pork producers to safely utilize DON-contaminated DDGS. STO: CO2 sensors can detect grain spoilage due to insects and molds 3-4 weeks before detection by traditional methods such as visual, smell and temperature sensors. OP: The CO2 sensor system will complement all other grain management techniques producers should follow such as sanitation, application of protectant at time of bin filling, insect and mold monitoring, and fumigation. STO: Chlorine Dioxide gas (ClO2) was effective at certain concentrations in killing adults and new larvae, but not old larvae or eggs, of red and confused flour beetles. OP: Chlorine dioxide gas can be a viable tool (structural fumigant) for controlling stored-product insects in flour mills and food processing facilities, as an alternative to methyl bromide. STO: Glutograph stretch time was able to group wheat cultivars into five categories: 1. Very strong; 2. Strong; 3. Moderately strong; 4. Moderately weak; and 5. Weak. The glutograph relaxation value did not relate well to gluten strength. Glutograph stretch time correlated with extrusion properties (pressure and energy requirements) and cooked spaghetti firmness. OP: The glutograph test is relatively quick (about 12 min) and requires 10 or 20 g of semolina, so it has potential in helping pasta processors blend semolina to match processing and end product quality requirements. STO: A new version of a model for determining packing factors for a wide range of grains has been developed. The new platform is flexible for including new additions and further improvements of the input, output, and included data base. OP: The more accurate and user-friendly model will likely be adopted by government agencies and grain industry customers to enhance their operations. STO: A study simulated grain commingling in a pilot-scale bucket elevator boot to evaluate the tradeoffs of computational speed versus accuracy in determining best management practices in preventing cross-contamination. OP: Results will be used to accurately predict commingling levels and improve grain handling, which can help farmers and grain handlers reduce costs and maintain grain purity during transport and export of grain. STO: Pilot-scale tests determined the extent to which insect density levels in infested bucket elevator leg boots affected the level of insects transferred through the elevator leg to other locations. OP: Improved bucket elevator leg sanitation guidelines will likely be adopted by commercial grain elevator facilities and other grain and food industry stakeholders. This should lead to identification of the most economical pest management programs, more managers adopting best management practices, and reduced infestations in the targeted grain handling and processing facilities. Objective 3: To quantify and disseminate the impact of market-chain technologies on providing high value, food-safe, and biosecure grains for global markets and bioprocess industries. OP: NIRS-based grain component testing service reviewed 4578 samples of corn and soybeans from 2010 and 2011. STO: Quality patterns indicated extremes of heat, moisture and low humidity. This indicated that more work to reflect these extreme effects must be done for the testing service to handle these weather extremes. OP: Distance Education Courses are offered in conjunction with GEAPS and a credentially program has been developed. STO: 1270 participants from 23 countries enrolled in 15 courses. Three new courses will be offered in 2012 with collaboration between several universities and USDA offices. OP: Comparative experiments with nanostructured alumina and commercial inert dust for management of the lesser grain borer and the rice weevil were conducted. STO: Findings were presented regionally and published in a peer reviewed journal. The dust has activity comparable than that of commercially available products depending on the target insect species. OP: The genetic mechanisms of Fusarioum head blight in wheat was researched. STO: The data will be used to determine the timing of the initiation of DON gene expression and indicate the optimal time frame for sampling of kernels for this mycotoxin. OP: The willingness of consumers to pay more for rice with higher quality and superior insect control was assessed. STO: Consumers will pay more for rice they like better but they make their decision not based solely on objective quality standards. However, if they know what the higher quality standard is, they are willing to pay more for it. Workshop participants indicated they learned more about the topic and would use some of the information.

Publications

Adam, Brian D. and Corinne Alexander. 2011. Economics of IPM Decisions. Ch. 28 in "Stored Product Protection," a web publication scheduled for print publication in 2012, edited by David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips and Gerrit Cuperus. Available at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/doc4901.ashx. Asif, M. December 2011. Extrusion of special sorghums containing condensed tannins and other phenols. PhD Dissertation, Texas A&M Univ, 140 pp. Barros, Frederico, Bhima Geera, J. M. Awika and L. W. Rooney. 2011. Effect of sorghum phenolic extracts on starch pasting, thermal and digestive properties. AACC International, October 16-19, October 16-19, Palm Springs, CA. Barros, Frederico, Joseph M. Awika and L.W. Rooney. 2011. Digestibility and pasting properties of corn starch in the presence of sorghum phenolic extracts. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, September 12-14, Stillwater, OK. 2nd place out of 17 papers. Boswell, S.E., J. Lindsay, C.M. McDonough and L.W. Rooney. 2011. Development of gluten-free yeast bread utilizing egg white foam. Institute of Food Tech, June 11-15, New Orleans, LA. 2nd place poster Boswell, Sara E., Lindsay J., McDonough C.M., Rooney L.W. 2011. Effect of sorghum bran particle size in gluten-free muffins, AACC International, October 16-19, October 16-19, Palm Springs, CA Bean, S., Ioerger, B.P., Blackwell, D.L. 2011. Separation of Kafirins on Surface Porous RP-HPLC Columns. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59:85-91. Boac, J.M., Casada, M., Maghirang, R.G., Harner, III, J.P. 2010. Material and interaction properties of selected grains and oilseeds for modeling discrete pParticles. Transactions of the ASABE. 53(4):1201-1216. Boac, J.M., R. Bhadra, M.E. Casada, M.D. Montross, S.A. Thompson. S.G. McNeill, R.G. Maghirang, E. Haque. 2011. Stored grain packing factors: field measurements for wheat and corn. ASABE Paper No. 1111426 presented at ASABE AIM, August 7-10, Louisville, Ky. Boac, J. M., M. E. Casada, R. G. Maghirang, and J. P. Harner III. 2011. 3-D and quasi-2-D discrete element modeling of grain commingling in a bucket elevator boot system. Trans. ASABE (In press). Boac, J. M., M. E. Casada, R. G. Maghirang, and J. P. Harner III. 2010. Material and interaction properties of selected grains and oilseeds for modeling discrete particles. Trans. ASABE 53(4): 1201-1216. Boac, J. M., M. E. Casada, R. G. Maghirang, and J. P. Harner III. 2011. Particle models for discrete element modeling of bulk grain properties of wheat and shelled corn. ASABE Paper No. 11-11095. Presented at ASABE AIM, August 7-10, Louisville, Ky. Brabec, D.L., Pearson, T.C., Flinn, P.W., Katzke, D. 2010. Detection of internal insects in wheat using a conductive roller mill and estimation of insect fragments in the resulting flour. Journal of Stored Products Research. 46(3):180-185. Burgess, K., Whitney, K.L., Simsek, S. 2011. Fate of wheat mycotoxins during milling and baking process. National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) 75th Annual Educational Conference & Exhibition. Columbus, OH. Chang, Y.H. and Ng, P.K.W. 2011. Effects of Extrusion Process Variables on Quality Properties of Wheat-Ginseng Extrudates. International Journal of Food Properties 14:914-925. Chang, Y.H., Cui, S.W., Roberts, K.T., Ng, P.K.W., and Wang, Q. 2011. Evaluation of extrusion-modified fenugreek gum. Food Hydrocolloids 25:1296-1301. Chiremba, Constance, Rooney, L.W. and Taylor, J.R.N. 2011. Relationships between simple grain quality parameters for the estimation of sorghum and maize hardness in commercial hybrid cultivars. Cereal Chem 88(6):570-575. Choi, H.-W., Harris, T., and Baik, B. 2011. Significance of flour particle size on sponge cake quality of soft white wheat. AACCI Annual Meeting, Palm Spring, CA, October 2011. Cereal Foods World 56:A35. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2011/abstracts/p11ma44.htm. Dien, B., Wicklow, D., Singh, V, Moreau, R., Moser, J. and Cotta, M. 2011. Influence of Stenocarpella maydis infected corn on the dry grind ethanol process. Proc. Intl. Starch Tech. Conf. p. 82-88, Urbana, IL. S.Y. Dai, K.M. Lee, J. Balthrop, W. Li, and T.J. Herrman. 2011. Mycotoxin test kit validation for high-aflatoxin samples. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) Annual Meeting. Palm Springs, CA. Dai, Susie Y., Kyung Min Lee, Wei Li, Jim Balthrop and Tim Herrman. 2011. Mycotoxin Test Kit Validation for High Aflatoxin Samples AACC Intl., October 16-19, Palm Springs, CA. Dykes, Linda, Peterson, Gary C., Rooney, William L. and Rooney, Lloyd W. 2011. Flavonoid composition of lemon-yellow sorghum genotypes. Food Chemistry 128:173-179. Lidia Esteve Agelet. PhD, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. May 2011. Dissertation: Single seed discriminative applications using near infrared technologies Esteve Agelet, Lidia, David D. Ellis, Susan Duvick, A. Susana Goggi, Charles R Hurburgh, and Candice A. Gardner. 2011. Feasibility of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Analyzing Corn Kernel Damage and Viability of Soybean and Corn Kernels. Journal of Cereal Science: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.11.002 Frobose, H. L., M. D. Tokach, E. L. Hansen, L. J. McKinney, J. M. DeRouchey, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband, and J. L. Nelssen. 2011. Evaluating the Effects of Pelleting Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles in the Presence of Sodium Metabisulfite on Analyzed DON Levels p.90. Kansas Agri. Exp. Sta. Rep. Prog. No. 1056. Gonzales, H., Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, R.G. 2009. Simultaneous monitoring of stored grain with relative humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide sensors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 25(4):595-604. T.J. Herrman and K.M. Lee. 2011. Aflatoxin risk management in Texas: Comparative analysis of testing variability by multiple agencies. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) Annual Meeting. Palm Springs, CA. Hallen-Adams HE, Wenner N, Kuldau GA, Trail F (2011) Deoxynivalenol biosynthesis-related gene expression during wheat kernel colonization by Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathology 101:1091-1096. Jones, Carol, Mark Casada, and Otto Loewer. 2011. Drying, Handling and Storage of Raw Commodities. Ch. 10 in "Stored Product Protection," a web publication scheduled for print publication in 2012, edited by David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips and Gerrit Cuperus. Available at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/doc4909.ashx. Kalkan, H., Beriat, P., Pearson, T.C., Yardimci, Y. 2011. Detection of contaminated hazelnuts and ground red chili pepper flakes by multispectral imaging. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 77:28-34. Kenkel, Phil, and Brian Adam. 2011. Economics of Commodity Grading and Segregation. Ch. 29 in "Stored Product Protection," a web publication scheduled for print publication in 2012, edited by David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips and Gerrit Cuperus. Available at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/doc4839.ashx. Lan, T. and Ileleji, K.E. 2010. Opportunities for process improvements in drying of distillers grains with solubles. Paper presented at AIM of ASABE. ASABE Paper No. 1008756. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. Tian Lan. 2011. Evaluating energy efficient strategies and product quality of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) in dry-grind ethanol plants. MS. Thesis (Unpublished), Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana. Lan, T, K.E. Ileleji and D.E. Maier. 2012. Energy performance and product quality of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) using a bench-scale rotary drum dryer. Lee, K., Armstrong, P.R., Thomasson, A., Sui, R., Casada, M., Herrman, T.J. 2010. Development and characterization of food-grade tracers for the global grain tracing and recall system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58:10945-10957. doi:10.1021/jf101370k. Lee, K., Armstrong, P.R., Thomasson, A., Sui, R., Casada, M., Herrman, T.J. 2011. Application of binomial and multinomial probability statistics to the sampling design process of a global grain tracing and recall system. Food Control. 22(7):1085-1094. Lindsay, Jack, Sara E. Boswell, Cassandra McDonough, and Lloyd W. Rooney. 2011. Utilizing sorghum bran to extend cocoa attributes in snack products. Institute of Food Tech, June 11-15, New Orleans, LA. 4th place presentation. Lindsay, Jack, Sara E. Boswell, Cassandra McDonough, and Lloyd W. Rooney. 2011. Utilizing sorghum bran to extend cocoa attributes in snack products. Institute of Food Tech, June 11-15, New Orleans, LA. 4th place presentation. Li, N., Wang, Y., Tilley, M., Bean, S. R., Wu, X., Sun, X. S., and Wang, D. 2011. Adhesive Performance of Sorghum Protein Extracted from Sorghum DDGS and Flour. J. Polymers and the Environment. 19:755-765. Liu, L., Herald, T. J., Wang, D., Wilson, J., Bean, S.R., Aramouni, F. 2011. Characterization of sorghum grain and evaluation of sorghum flour in a Chinese egg noodle system. J. Cereal Sci. 55:31-36. McClurkin, J.D. Shelf-life improvement of distillers wet grains with soluble through gas treatment and aseptic processing. PhD. Dissertation Proposal Submitted to Committee, ABE Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Nair, S., Knoblauch, M., Ullrich, S. E., and Baik, B.-K. 2011. Microstructure of hard and soft kernels of barley. J. Cereal Sci. 54:354-362. Nair, S., Ullrich, S. E., and Baik, B.-K. 2011. Association of Barley Kernel Hardness with Physical Grain Traits and Food Processing Parameters. Cereal Chem. 88:147-152. Ng, P.K.W., Lewis, J., and Liu, Ya. MSU Wheat Quality Testing of Advanced Lines: Report on Milling and Baking Test Results for Selected Michigan-Grown Soft Wheats Harvested in 2010. January 2011. 35 pp. Nyombaire, G. and Ng, P.K.W. 2011. Physicochemical properties of extruded washed wheat bran. Cereal Foods World 56:A23 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Park, E., Fuerst, P., Miller, P., Machado, S., Burke, I., and Baik, I. 2011. Functional and nutritional characteristics of wheat grown in organic, no-till, and conventional cropping systems. AACCI Annual Meeting, Palm Spring, CA, October 2011. Cereal Foods World 56:A58. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2011/abstracts/p11ma166.htm. Peiris, K., Pumphrey, M.O., Dong, Y., Maghirang, E.B., Berzonsky, W., Dowell, F.E. 2010. Near-infrared spectroscopic method for the identification of Fusarium head blight damage and prediction of deoxynivalenol in single wheat kernels. Cereal Chemistry. 87(6):511-517. Peiris, K.S., Dowell, F.E. 2011. Determining weight and moisture properties of sound and fusarium-damaged single wheat kernels by near infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chemistry. 88(1):45-50. Pearson, T.C. 2010. High-speed sorting of grains by color and surface texture. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 26(3):499-505. Pontieri, P., Fiore, R. D., Troisi, J., Bean, S. R., Roemer, E., Okot, J., Alifano, P., Pignone, D., Giudice, L. D., Massardo, D. R. 2011. Chemical composition and fatty acid content of white food sorghums grown in different environments. Maydica 56-1705: 1-7. Ritchie, Lauren Elizabeth, R.J. Carroll, B.R. Weeks, C.M. McDonough, L. Dykes, L.W. Rooney, N.D. Turner. 2011. Reduction in DSS-induced enhancement of colonic injury and NF-ºB activation in rats consuming a diet containing black sorghum bran. Experimental Biology. April 9-13, Washington, DC. Rooney, L.W. 2011. Sorghum's role in food security in parts of Central America. In Cooperative Program for the Improvement of Crops & Animals (PCCMCA) Annual Meeting, Technological Innovation for Climate Change, April 25-30, El Salvador. Rooney, L.W. 2011, 2010. Presentations on special sorghums for health. Several international food companies interested in sorghum in healthy foods. Rooney, L.W. 2011. Characteristics of cereal grains. TAMU Food Protein R&D Extrusion: Cereals, Protein & Other Ingredients. August 22, College Station, TX. Rooney, Lloyd W. 2011. Nutraceutical and nutritional value of sorghum. US Grains Council Sorghum Symposium, November 21, Tokyo, Japan. Rooney, Lloyd W. 2011. Use of sorghum in composite breads, baked products and extruded snacks: health benefits. Innovative use of alternative flours in the baking industry. Queensland Govt Employment, Economic Development and Innovation. October 4-6, Brisbane, Australia. Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Hurburgh, C.R. and Ensley, S. 2011. Impact of hail damage during early reproductive stages on ear rot and mycotoxin contamination of maize. Phytopathology 100: S109 Simsek, S., 2011. Mycotoxins in wheat. NC213 Grain Quality Annual Meeting. Kansas City, MO. Sikulu, M., Killeen, G.F., Hugo, L.E., Ryan, P.A., Dowell, K.M., Wirtz, R.A., Moore, S.J., Dowell, F.E. 2010. Near-infrared spectroscopy as a complementary age grading and species identification tool for African malaria vectors. BioMed Central (BMC) Parasites and Vectors. 3:49. Online. Parasites and Vectors doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-49. Stadler, T., Buteler, M., and Weaver, D.K. 2010. Novel use of nanostructured alumina as an insecticide. Pest Management Science 66: 577-579. Stadler, T., Buteler, M., and Weaver, D.K. 2010. FORO: Nanoinsecticidas: Nuevas perspectivas para el control de plagas (FORUM: Nanoinsecticides: New perspectives on insect pest control). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 69: 149-156. Sylvie A. Roussel, Benoît Igne, David B. Funk, Charles R. Hurburgh 2011. Noise Robustness Comparison for Near Infrared Prediction Models. JNIRS 19:23-26 Taleon, Victor, M. Asif, C. Mack, M. Riaz, L. Rooney. 2011. Effect of extrusion on breakfast cereal from special sorghums containing phytochemicals. AACC International, October 16-19, Palm Springs, CA. Wong, J.H., Marx, D.B., Wilson, J.D., Lemaux, P.G., Buchanan, B.B., Pedersen, J.F. 2010. Principal component analysis and biochemical characterization of protein and starch reveal primary targets for improving sorghum grain. Plant Science. Volume 179 (2010) 598-611. Wegulo, S.N., Bockus, W.W., Nopsa, J., De Wolf, E.D., Eskridge, K.M., Peiris, K., Dowell, F.E. 2011. Effects of integrating cultivar resistance and fungicide application on fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in winter wheat. Plant Disease. Vol. 95(5):554-560. Yang, Liyi, Kimberly F. Allred, Bhima Geera, Clinton D. Allred and Joseph M. Awika. 2011. Digestibility and pasting properties of corn starch in the presence of sorghum phenolic extracts. Sorghum Improvement Conference of North America, September 12-14, Stillwater, OK. Yang, Liyi, Kimberly F. Allred, Clinton D. Allred and Joseph M. Awika. 2011. Phytoestrogenic activity of sorghums with different flavonoid compositions. American Chemical Society. March 27-31, 2011, Anaheim, CA. Yu, N., Laurenz, R., Siler, L., Ng, P.K.W., and Lewis, J. 2011. Evaluation of ±-amylase accumulation and falling numbers in soft red and soft white wheat adapted to Michigan. Cereal Foods World 56:A71 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Yan, S., Wu, X., Bean, S., Pedersen, J., Tesso, T., Chen, Y., and Wang, D. 2011. Evaluation of waxy grain sorghum for ethanol production. Cereal Chem. 88:589-595.

Impact Statements

Research conducted in this program showed that a less expensive, user-friendly calibration and validation process will increase the feasibility of using NIRS analysis in many operating situations. If multiple models and makes of instruments can be approved for trade use, the total cost of testing will be competitively reduced and further enhance industry support services for analytical applications in bioindustries.
The results obtained from this preliminary assessment of Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics showed that this spectroscopic technique is an excellent alternative for a rapid and low-cost analytical method to detect aflatoxins in grains over conventional spectroscopic and standard wet chemical methods. Raman spectroscopic methods may allow fast qualitative and quantitative evaluation of mycotoxin substances to provide real-time monitoring for mycotoxins in grains and oilseeds at receiving points.
NC-213 scientists and engineers (USDA, Manhattan, KS) successfully built and demonstrated a new type of electronic sorting machine that can detect and separate many types of weed seeds, discolored seeds, and fungal infected seeds. This new capability has been demonstrated to and adopted by breeders and producers of grass seed, flax seed, alfalfa seed, pulses, corn seed, soybean seed, and wheat seed. Additionally, a popcorn producer is evaluating the technology for removing fungal damaged popcorn kernels.
Research conducted by NC-213 investigators resulted in an automated single kernel near-infrared (SKNIR) spectroscopic method being developed to identify wheat kernels damaged by Fusarium fungi and to estimate the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) levels. Breeders throughout the US are using this technology to study scab infections, objectively score breeding lines, and to select resistant seed.
Research results by NC-213 have clearly demonstrated that CO2 sensors can detect grain spoilage due to insects and molds prior (3-4 weeks) to detection by traditional methods such as visual, smell and temperature sensors.

Date of Annual Report: 02/19/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/12/2013 - 02/13/2013
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

Ambrose, Kingsly (kingsly@ksu.edu) Kansas State University; Armstrong, Paul (paul.armstrong@ars.usda.gov) USDA, ARS, CGAHR Manhattan Kansas; Baasandorj, Tsogtbayar (tsogtbayar.baasandor@my.ndsu.edu) - North Dakota State University; Bean, Scott (scott@gmprc.ksu.edu) USDSA, ARS, CGAHR Manhattan Kansas; Bhadra, Rumela (rumelabhadra31@yahoo.com) Kansas State University; Bryant, Morrie (morrie.bryant@pioneer.com) Pioneer; Cao, Nanning (nancycao@iastate.edu) Iowa State University; Casada, Mark (casada@ksu.edu) USDA, ARS Manhattan Kansas; de la Pena, Elena North Dakota State University; Dogan, Hulya (dogan@k-state.edu)Kansas State University; Dowell, Floyd (Floyd.dowell@ars.usda.gov) USDA, ARS, CGAHR Manhattan Kansas; Eigenmann, Cassie (ceigenmann@dickey-john.com) Dickey-John Coporation; Hallen-Adams, Heather (hhallen-adams2@unl.edu) University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Hardy, Connie (chardy@iastate.edu) Iowa State University; Herald, Tom USDA, ARS, CGHAR Manhattan Kansas; Hill, Chuck (chuck.hill@agrigold.com) AgriGold Hybrids; Hurburgh, Charlie (tatry@iastate.edu) Iowa State University; Jones, Carol (jcarol@okstate.edu) Oklahoma State University; Koshar, Bill (koshar.3@osu.edu) The Ohio State University; Kuruc, Julie North Dakota State University; Lawrence, John (jlawrence@intelliair.com) IntelliAir; Lee, K.M. (kml@otsc.tamu.edu) Texas A&M University; Lin, C.J. The Mennel Milling Company; Macradner, Mark Ingredion; Manternach, Tom (tom_manternach1@cargill.com) Cargill, Inc.; McKinney, John (jmckinney@ilcrop.com) Illinois Crop Improvement Association; Mosher, Gretchen (gamosher@iastate.edu) Iowa State University; Needham, Joe (joe_needham@andersonsinc.com) The Andersons, Inc.; Nenonen, Steve (steve.nenonen@romerlabs.com) ROMER Labs, Inc.; Paulsen, Marvin (mpaulsen@illinois.edu) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Ravlin, Bill (Ravlin.1@osu.edu) The Ohio State University; Roskens, A. Bruce (bruce.roskens@grainmillers.com) Grain Millers; Shepherd, Howard (howard@iastate.edu) Iowa State University; Simsek, Senay (senay.simsel@ndsu.edu) North Dakota State University; Stroshine, Richard (strosh@ecn.purdue.edu) Purdue University; Tilley, Dennis (dtilley@gmprc.ksu.edu) USDA, ARS, CGAHR Manhattan Kansas; Tumbleson, Mike (mtumbles@illinois.edu) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Ward, Jason (jward@ext.msstate.edu) Mississippi State University; Weaver, David (weaver@montana.edu) Montana State University-Bozeman; Weidmaier, David (david.weidmaier@Ldcom.com) Louis Dreyfus Commodities

Brief Summary of Minutes

NC-213 Rewrite/Plan of Work. Bill Ravlin, The Ohio State University, and Charlie Hurburgh, Iowa State University, led general discussion on the final document and gave an overview of document. After much discussion, Bill Ravlin reported that his office would distribute the final document to all participants, along with some questions to be addressed by the group. Bill also encouraged participants to review the document and to send in comments, additions, edits, etc.

Annual Report Discussion. Bill Koshar, The Ohio State University, led general discussion on the annual report. The emphasis will be on creating successful Impact Statements. During the annual meeting, Bill Ravlin gave a presentation on creating successful Impact Statements. Other sections of the annual report include: Publications, Meeting Minutes, Accomplishments, and information on meeting participants. Bill Koshar will work with the Executive Committee on the Annual Report.

Annual Reports of Progress From Participating Stations. Bill Koshar gave an overview of this publication. Only one station will not be submitting a progress report. Out of the 18 stations, 25 reports were received. The report is available on-line.

Overview of The Andersons Research Grant Program. Bill Koshar gave an update on the Program. In 2012, the Team Competition was held. Six proposals were received. One was voted ineligible. Two were funded. Results were communicated via e-mail and the results were put on the NC-213 web site.

NC-213 Annual Meeting 2014. Carol Jones, Oklahoma State University, led discussion on next years meeting location. After an exchange of ideas, the NC-213 membership agreed the 2014 meeting will take place in Omaha, Nebraska, with GEAPS Exchange February 22-25th. Bill Ravins office will work with the Executive Committee to finalize dates and to formulate a group who can present at GEAPS Exchange on behalf of NC-213. Charlie Hurburgh offered to work with the GEAPS Exchange Program Committee in securing a double spot. Bill Koshar will work with GEAPS Exchange office in preparation of the meeting.

NC-213 Elections. Carol Jones led discussion on elections, which included checking with current Executive Committee Members to see if they would be willing to continue to serve on the Executive Committee. During the meeting, there was a motion to nominate Kingsly Ambrose, Kansas State University, for the position of Secretary. This nomination was approved and Kingsly accepted the nomination. The group accepted nominations from the floor. After some discussion, Kingsly Ambrose was elected NC-213 Secretary, 2013-2014.

Meeting adjourned.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: To characterize quality attributes and develop systems to measure quality of cereals, oilseeds, and bioprocess coproducts. Accomplishments New techniques for determining raw grain and seed quality and value added process quality were investigated. A new bread formulation that assists people who cannot eat gluten was developed. Linkages between soybean producers in Brazil, three Brazilian universities and USA university researchers was established and strengthened. Researchers worked with the Flax Institute of American and the Institute of Food Technologists doing cutting edge flaxseed quality research. Work with the US Wheat Associates and the North Dakota Wheat Commission produced information about deoxynivalenol (DON) in the upper Midwest. Researchers in Indiana, Kansas, and Oklahoma worked with the USDA labs in Manhattan KS to conduct research in several grain quality areas, particularly in aflatoxin in grain. Mycotoxins in distillers grains can now be reduced with a new method. Raman spectroscopy can now be used to detect fumonisins in corn. Conversations among universities that are members of NC213 centered on ways to collaborate to continue the mentioned research and develop new opportunities for interdisciplinary funding. Outcomes Postharvest losses of grains, oilseeds, and pulses worldwide are higher than desired, with some reports of up to 10 to 20% in some countries. Such losses involve the entire food chain from harvest, gathering, drying, storage, transport, more storage and finally use or end use processing. The following outcomes represent advancements in information and methods for detecting and improving grain and food products through the storage and processing phases of production. NIRS techniques can be used to detect ingredient quality for feed mills. NIRS techniques were determined to be effective in detecting ingredient quality for feed mills. Industry users of NIRS using assistance in calibrating their equipment increased their operating efficiency, and quickly recouped the cost of the NIRS units/calibrations in discounts or improvements in ingredient quality for suppliers. The potential for pasteurization of flaxseed to reduce microbial loads now exists. Three methods of testing wheat for potential spaghetti quality are available for processors. Wheat growers have a method to predict damage from DON to wheat quality and marketability. Distillers Grain handlers and processors have a new alternative for reducing mycotoxins. A new bread formula is available that uses sorghum and reduced refined starches for a wheat free product. This facilitates the intake of bread for persons with Celiac Disease. Outputs The ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss has the goal of reducing postharvest losses of grains and oilseeds in many parts of the world with focus on India and Brazil. Some of our initial work was to measure and quantify harvest losses in Brazil. Pasteurization is intended to reduce the microbial loads prior to the milling process for whole flaxseed. Heat processing first and then followed by milling may be a possible alternative. A model was provided that predicts the temperatures and duration of heat treatment required to reduce microbial loads to an acceptable level in whole flaxseed for the milling process. The testing labs for spaghetti quality received new information about which test is the best for testing. Tests compared were the alveograph, gluten index, and glutograph. Each test has strengths given certain testing conditions. The glutograph has potential for assessing cooked spaghetti. A correlation found between two methods of DON detection in hard red summer wheat will give wheat growers and processors more information about the FHB damage to wheat quality and marketability in the upper Midwest USA. Reducing the levels of mycotoxins in distillers grains will provide ethanol plants another means of controlling outbreaks of mycotoxins, and thus increase the marketability of DDGS co-products. Information provided in this study on the effectiveness of these methods and the appropriate treatment protocols will permit processors to evaluate the use of these alternatives to reduce mycotoxin levels. The proposed Raman spectroscopic method combined with chemometrics demonstrates that this spectroscopic technique is an alternative rapid and non-destructive analytical method to detect fumonisins in maize over conventional spectroscopic and standard wet chemical methods. Starch is the major constituent of wheat flour, whereas little is known about the quantitative and qualitative roles of starch on quality. From this study, we have learned that rather than protein content, starch and amylose content have larger influence on SC baking quality of wheat flour. This provides us with an important selection tool of wheat breeding lines in development of elite soft white wheat varieties for Asian markets. Wheat free foods are typically high in refined starches and little research has been reported on the production of wheat-free foods containing added nutraceutical compounds. A new sorghum bread formula was optimized to contain high levels of tannin. This resulted in bread with increased fiber and anti-oxidant levels. Development of this bread provides persons with Celiac Disease with bread with improved nutritional properties while providing sorghum producers an avenue to utilize high tannin sorghum lines for human food markets. Methods for quality characteristic rapid determination were identified. Activities To date, harvest losses from eight combines in soybeans and eleven combines in corn were measured in Goias and Mato Grosso states of Brazil. A user training program for NIRS calibration, validation and quality control was continued. Individual users were assisted with calibration of NIRS units in specific product situations. A large database of feed ingredient quality factors was collected. Evaluation of NIRS instrumentation continued. A new calibration for proximate analysis of bakery meal (rejected or outdated bakery products ground and homogenized) yielded unexpectedly good results. A review article on soybean composition as related to grain yield was prepared and submitted. Focus on the effects of pasteurization on the microbial counts of flaxseed produced the following: 1). Mentored two M.S. students in the areas of flaxseed utilization and stability; 2). Disseminated information on flaxseed stability to health researchers, food companies and international trade groups. Information was presented orally in the form of power point presentations and email communications; 3). One poster and one oral presentation were given at professional society conferences. Methods using alveograph, gluten index, glutograph and mixograph were developed to evaluate 16 durum wheat cultivars in North Dakota for their pasta cooking quality. These different rheological tests were used to distinguish the weak, medium strong, strong and very strong gluten cultivars. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major fungal disease affecting several gramineous hosts, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat of the Northern Great Plains of the United States and Western Provinces of Canada are susceptible to scab, especially in years that have wetter than average growing seasons. Research determined the prevalence of bound deoxynivalenol (DON) in commercial samples of wheat. During the reporting period the following outputs were achieved: 1. Mentored 3 M.S. and 2 PhD students 2. Consulted with many companies on role of enzymes in baking systems and role of carbohydrates in cereals 3. Four oral and five poster presentations were given at professional meetings of the AACC International, Annual NC-213 Grain quality Meeting 4. Eight peer reviewed journal articles were published/accepted. The data produced are used by USDA-Agricultural Statistics Service and many researchers from the Agribusiness and Applied Economics Department, extension appointment researchers and many other staff who deal with spring wheat. One approach to reducing mycotoxin levels in corn co-products is removal of some of the infected kernels by means of pre-cleaning. Data about the use of a micropycnometer to detect density of both good and moldy kernels was generated. The results will give an indication of the amount of mycotoxin reduction that can be achieved with these devices. The potential for using color sorting for reducing the mycotoxin loads in corn co-products, the potential for using ozone, aqueous sodium bisulfite and microwave treatments to reduce fungal levels were also considered and future testing protocols were established. Raman spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative measurement of fumonisins in maize was investigated. Development of classification and quantification calibration models for early detection of fumonisins in naturally contaminated maize samples aimed to provide a basis and a useful starting point for real-time monitoring and a high-throughput analysis of fumonisin contaminated samples to improve the quality and safety of maize products. Three chemometric methods for all preprocessed spectra data at the Raman shift range of 4001800 cm-1were used to develop calibration models for fumonisin quantification. The testing of qualitative and quantitative effects of wheat starch on sponge cake baking quality provided information about twenty different wheat flours. Bostwick flow distance of flour-water batter appears to be the most appropriate estimate of sponge cake baking potential of soft white wheat flour. A wheat-free sorghum bread formula using whole grain sorghum flour with added bran from high tannin sorghum was optimized. The use of proteases to improve the functional properties of sorghum proteins was investigated. A method to allow direct extraction of the health promoting phenolic compounds found in sorghum using an alkaline solvent was achieved without the need to decorticate or grind the grain. A high-throughput 96-well plate method was developed for determining total phenolic content, flavonoid content and DPPH-scavenging capacity in either sorghum bran or flour. A rapid, small-scale method to accurately determine bread making quality for early generation HWW breeding lines by combining the solutions used in the SDS sedimentation method (AACC 56-70) and the centrifugation process was found within the SRC method (AACC 56-11). Milestones New methods for detecting quality were tested and disseminated for wheat, soybeans, distillers grain, and corn. Testing and modeling to predict value-added process quality was studied and disseminated for corn, flaxseed, and wheat. A new bread formulation that helps people with Celiac disease was developed and information extended. Objective 2: To develop methods to maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety at key points in the harvest-to-end-product value chain. Activities Iowa State U., the Grain Quality Initiative and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship collaborated to develop a statewide sampling program, industry training and the request (which was approved) for new FDA policy on aflatoxin blending for the 2012 crop. Kansas State, Oklahoma State and Montana State developed models that compare efficacy and economic viability of alternatives to conventional methods for insect control. They investigated alternative ways to economically control insects in grain, given the increased restrictions on currently used controls. Specifically, efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against eggs, young larvae, old larvae, and adults of the red flour beetle was evaluated as an alternative to methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride; potential for closed loop fumigation as a way to reduce use of phosphine was evaluated; viability of aerosols and ultrafine inert dusts as an alternative to conventional insecticides was evaluated. Outputs Models that provide guidelines for evaluating alternative strategies, including economic considerations, were developed. Short-term Outcomes The aflatoxin levels in the 2012 corn crop were lower than expected; the sampling and education program significantly reduced public fears and trade distortions based on predictions. Managers of stored products learned best management practices for controlling insects in stored grain. Grain handling, grain traceability and food safety. Activities USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Kansas State U., U. of Georgia, and U. of Kentucky developed improved ways to measure volume of grain in storage and improved methods to maintain grain purity and reduce costs in handling. Iowa State developed models for implementing traceability systems for grain, and Oklahoma State has built a prototype system for automating a grain traceability system using RFID technology at country elevators. The new International Center for Grain Operations and Processing, a non-profit entity, with five sponsors: KSU, ISU, the Kansas Grain and Feed Association, the Agribusiness Association of Iowa and Grain Elevator and Processing Society was incorporated February 3, 2012. A risk assessment model for food safety issues in bulk grains and grain products was developed by Iowa State U. The assessment was used to create a checklist to aid grain handling and processing facilities in creating a food safety preventive controls plan. A database of scientific organizations either publishing or contributing to the science of food safety in grains was assembled. Outputs A risk assessment model for food safety issues in bulk grains and grain products was developed. The assessment was used to create a checklist to aid grain handling and processing facilities in creating a food safety preventive controls plan. A database of scientific organizations either publishing or contributing to the science of food safety in grains was assembled. Short-term Outcomes Grain and grain processing firms are beginning to consider how food safety might apply to bulk grain and grain products. Iowa State materials are providing assistance in this effort. We expect that significant regulations to support Food Safety & Modernization Act will be issued in early 2013. As of July 1, 2012, there were at least 50 Iowa grain firms that have been exposed to the potential requirements and initial actions that could be taken in preparation. More heard the basics of what may happen, and what FSMA is likely to require. Milestones Objective 3: To quantify and disseminate the impact of market-chain technologies on providing high value, food-safe, and biosecure grains for global markets and bioprocess industries. Accomplishments-Effects of drought and other environmental conditions on food safety Activities A training course for FDA inspectors was held June 25-28, 2012, in Manhattan, Kansas, focusing on feed mill inspections. There were 75 participants from the US and territories. Short-term Outcomes Producers and the grain industry were better able to optimize the use of drought-affected grains. In general the outcome was better than expected, in terms of both grain yield and grain quality. Data and concepts for crop modeling and forecasting were generated. The FDA inspectors that we trained were relatively unfamiliar with agriculture. There are now 75 that understand much better the reality and the potential food safety risks associated with feed production. Course reviews indicated that about 50% of the material could be made distance education, with a wider distribution than onsite education will allow. The next offerings and next new courses, to be reported in FY2013, will reflect those views. New technologies in grains and oilseeds Activities U. of Missouri and Oklahoma State U. are investigating the market effects of high-oleic soybean oil, with results suggesting that high-oleic soybean oil will begin to displace competing edible oils, and eventually the high-oleic oil will become a soybean commodity trait. This information is useful for helping agricultural producers, elevators, processors, and end-users better understand future soybean and soybean oil market dynamics. Short-term Outcomes GEAPS-KSU Grain Operations Distance Education and Professional Credentialing Program Activities Kansas State U. has continued to develop and support the GEAPS-K-State Grain Operations Distance Education Program. Additional work continues to progress regarding credentialing. A phased program was launched at the GEAPS 2012 Exchange in Minneapolis, MN. The program will allow industry professionals to get a credential in Grain Handling Operations. Specialty tracks are also being developed to allow industry professionals the opportunity to get education in a specific area. In addition, accreditation is being investigated, which will establish the distance education program as a designated international standard of quality assessment and validate to the industry the merit of the program. In addition, Kansas State U. is continuing and expanding its training on safety issues related to elevator explosions related to grain dust, including such issues as sources of dust generation, handling/conveying equipment maintenance and their relation to dust generation, and preventive maintenance in grain and feed handling and processing facilities. The training aims to communicate to workers and supervisors practical risk information on dust hazards. The goal of this project is to train 500 workers/supervisors from the U.S. grain and feed handling and processing industry. The grain dust training program materials are currently under development and are being reviewed by industry representatives. In 2013, multiple training programs will be offered in conjunction with GEAPS Exchange, International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Regional Conferences, and along with the safety meetings conducted by Kansas Grain and Feed Association (KGFA) and National Grain and Feed Association (NGFA). Short-term Outcomes The GEAPS partnership continues to be a success, since inception, the program has had 1500 participants from 23 countries (including Latin American countries) enroll in seventeen courses offered fifty-three times with a completion rate of 86%. In 2012, thirteen courses were offered between January and November including two new courses (GEAPS 545, and 552). In addition, two new courses are currently under development for offering in 2013 as well as two updates. Courses are continuing to be developed in collaboration with NC-213 experts from Purdue University, Kansas State University, North Dakota State University, Oklahoma State University, Iowa State University, USDA-GIPSA, and USDA-ARS.

Publications

Pilcher, C.M., A. Greco, C.R. Hurburgh, G.P. Munkvold, C.K. Jones and J.F. Patience. 2012. Amino acid composition and digestibility of mold damaged corn selected for low mycotoxin content fed to finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 90 (E-Suppl. 2):49. Esteve Agelet, Lidia, Aoife A. Gowen, Charles R. Hurburgh, Colm P. O'Donell. 2012. Feasibility of Conventional and Roundup Ready® Soybeans Discrimination by Different Near Infrared Reflectance Technologies. J. Food Chem. 134 (2012): 11651172 Esteve Agelet, Lidia, David D. Ellis, Susan Duvick, A. Susana Goggi, Charles R Hurburgh, and Candice A. Gardner. 2012. Feasibility of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Analyzing Corn Kernel Damage and Viability of Soybean and Corn Kernels. Journal of Cereal Science, 55(2) March 2012: 160165 Esteve Agelet, Lidia, Paul R. Armstrong, Ignacio Romagosa Clariana, Charles R. Hurburgh. 2012. Measurement of Single Soybean Seed Attributes by Near-Infrared Technologies. A Comparative Study. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60: 83148322 Medic, Jelena, Dennis Lock, Charles R. Hurburgh, and Christine Atkinson. 2012. Creating More Reliable Analytical Results in the Soybean Industry - The SQT Program. Presentation at 102nd AOCS Annual Conference, Long Beach, CA. April 30, 2012. Oral presentation. Medic, Jelena and C. R. Hurburgh. 2012. OPTIMIZATION OF SOYBEAN QUALITY TRAITS PROGRAM PERFORMANCE. Presentation at 102nd AOCS Annual Conference, Long Beach, CA. April 30, 2012. Oral presentation. Cao, Nanning, C. R. Hurburgh. 2012. Calibration sample selection in near-infrared spectroscopy. Pittcon 2012, Orlando, FL March 11, 2012. Poster. Cao, Nanning and C. R. Hurburgh. 2012. Calibration Data Set Creation for Agriculture Products. Proc 25th IDRC Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 4, 2012. Invited oral presentation. Cao, Nanning and C. R. Hurburgh. 2012. Calibration Optimization in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. SCIX 2012, Kansas City, MO. October 3, 2012. Poster Kuchynski, J. Vegi, A., Wolf-Hall, C., Hall III, C. and Turner, C. 2012. Pasteurization of flaxseed using response surface methodology. Proceedings of the 61st Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 33-40. Kuchynski, J. Vegi, A., Wolf-Hall, C., Hall III, C. and Turner, C. 2012. Pasteurization of Flaxseed using Response Surface Methodology. Annual Meeting and Expo of the Institute of Food Technologists. June 25 - 28, Las Vegas NV. (Poster 035-103). Abu Hammad, W. A., Elias, E. M., Manthey, F. A., Alamri, M, S., and Mergoum, M. 2012. A comparison of methods for assessing dough and gluten strength of durum wheat and their relationship to pasta cooking quality. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47(12), 2561-2573. Bong, K., and Manthey, F. A. 2012. A simple rheometer to measure firmness of cooked pasta. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2012Abstracts/p12ma10.htmpasta Simsek, S., Burgess K., Whitney K.L., Yan, G., Qian, S.Y. 2012. Analysis of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in wheat. Food Control. 26:297-292. Simsek, S. 2012. Effect of naturally occurring wheat enzymes on mycotoxins. NC213 Grain Quality Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, MN. K.M. Lee, S.Y. Dai, T.J. Herrman, and J.M.B. Musser. 2012. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay to quantify camphor extracted from goat serum. J. Chromatogr. B. 905:133-136. K. Liang, R. Thomasson, K.M. Lee, M.X. Shen, Y. Ge, and T.J. Herrman. 2012. Printing data matrix code on food grade tracers for grain traceability. Biosystems Eng. 113:395401. K.M. Lee, and T.J. Herrman. 2012. Application of Raman spectroscopy for detection of aflatoxin in ground corn samples. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) Annual Meeting. Hollywood, FL. Choi, H.-W., Harris, T., and Baik, B.-K. 2012. Improvement of sponge cake baking test procedure for simple and reliable estimation of soft white wheat quality. Cereal Chem. 89:73-78. Choi, H.-W., and Baik, B.-K. 2012. Significance of particle size on sponge cake baking quality of wheat flour. Cereal Chem. Accepted. Choi, H.-W., and Baik, B.-K. 2012. Use of dried egg powder in sponge cake baking test and flour-water batter viscosity as an estimate of sponge cake baking quality. AACCI Annual Meeting, Hollywood, FL, September 30-October 3. Poster. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2012Abstracts/p12ma23.htm. Choi, H.-W., and Baik, B.-K. 2012. Significance of starch property and quantity on sponge cake baking quality of soft white wheat. AACCI Annual Meeting, Hollywood, FL, September 30-October 3. Poster. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2012Abstracts/p12ma22.htm. Smith, B.M., Bean, S. R., Herald, T.J., and Aramouni, F. 2012. Effect of HPMC on the quality of wheat-free bread made from carob germ flour-starch mixtures. J. Food Sci 77: C684-C689. Kumar, T., Dweikat, I., Sato, S., Ge, Z., Nersian, N., Chen, H., Elthon, T., Bean, S., Ioerger, B., Tilley, M., and Clemente, T. 2012. Modulation of kernel storage proteins in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Plant Biotechnology Journal. 10:533-544. Blackwell, D. L., Herald, T.J., Bean, S.R., and Gadgil, P. 2012. Alkaline extraction of phenolic compounds from intact sorghum kernels. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47:2671-1675. Kaufman, R. C., Herald, T. J., Bean, S. R., Wilson, J. D., and Tuinstra, M. R. 2012. Variability in tannin content, chemistry, and activity in a diverse group of tannin containing sorghum cultivars. J. Sci. Food Ag. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5890 Pontieri, P., de Vita, P., Boffa, A., Tuinstra, M. R., Bean, S. R., Krishnamoorthy, G., Miller, C., Roemer, E., Alifano, P., Pignone, D., Massardo, D. R., Del Guidice, L. 2012. Yield and morpho-agronomical evaluation of food-grade white sorghum hybrids grown in Southern Italy. J. Plant Interactions. 7: 341-347 Wu, Y., Li, X., Xiang, W., Zhu, C., Lin, Z., Wu, Y., Li, J., Bai, G., Wang, M. L., Bean, S. R., Tuinstra, M. R., Tesfaye, T. T., Yu, J. 2012. Cloning of Tan1 Gene Reveals a Balance between Natural and Artificial Selection on Tannin in an Old-Word Cereal. PNAS 109:10281-10286 Blackwell, D. L., Herald, T.J., Bean, S.R., and Gadgil, P. 2012. Alkaline extraction of phenolic compounds from intact sorghum kernels. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47:2671-1675. Herald, T.J., Gadgil, P. and Tilley, M. 2012. High-throughput micro plate assays for screening flavonoid content and DPPH-scavenging activity in sorghum bran and flour. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 92:2326-2331. Kaufman, R. C., Herald, T. J., Bean, S. R., Wilson, J. D., and Tuinstra, M. R. 2012. Variability in tannin content, chemistry, and activity in a diverse group of tannin containing sorghum cultivars. J. Sci. Food Ag. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5890 Liu, L., Herald, T.J., Wang, D., Bean, S., Wilson, J.D. and Aramouni, F.M. 2012. Characterization of sorghum grain and evaluation of sorghum flour in a Chinese egg noodle system. Journal of Cereal Science 55 (1): 31-36. Seabourn, B.W., Xiao, S.Z., Tilley, M. and Herald, T.J. 2012. Development of a small-scale hybrid sodium dodocyl sulfate-solvent retention capacity-sedimentation method to rapidly predict hard winter wheat bread making quality of breeding samples. Crop Science. 52(3): 1306-1315. Smith, B.M., Bean, S. R., Herald, T.J., and Aramouni, F. 2012. Effect of HPMC on the quality of wheat-free bread made from carob germ flour-starch mixtures. J. Food Sci 77 (6): C684-C689. Mosher, G.A., N. Keren, S.A. Freeman, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2012. Management of safety and quality and the relationship with employee decisions in the country grain elevator. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 18(3), 195-215. Mosher, G.A., Nir Keren,. Charles Hurburgh. 2012. Employee Trust and Its Influence on Quality Climate at Two Administration Levels. The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (JTMAE), Volume 29, Number 1 (January through March 2013). Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. What Do You Need in a Traceability Solution? 102nd AOCS Annual Conference, Long Beach, CA. May 1, 2012. Invited Oral Presentation. Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. Bulk Grain Traceability:Best Practices: A Joint Session. Review and Update. 2012 AACC Milling and Baking Division Annual Conference, San Diego, CA. May 2, 2012. Invited Oral Presentation. Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. Crop Quality Issues for the 2012 Harvest. Six-part Integrated Crop Management Newsletter Series, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames, IA. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/August 27, September 4, September 6 (2), September 20, September 29, 2012. Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. The Impact of Drought on Grain Quality. Proc 24TH annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames IA. November 28, 2012. Shaw, Angela, Heather Snyder, Howard Shepherd. 2012. FDA Food Safety Modernization Act: Registration for Current and New Facilities. Voice over Powerpoint presentation. Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, ISU Extension and Outreach. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Grain/Topics/fdarecordcompliance.htm Shaw, Angela, C.R. Hurburgh, Heather Snyder, Howard Shepherd and Connie Hardy. 2012. Food Safety Preventive Control Plan Checklist v2.0. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Grain/Topics/fdarecordcompliance.htm Channaiah, L.H., Wright, C., Subramanyam, Bh., and D.E. Maier. 2012. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide gas against eggs, larvae, and adults of Triboilum castaneum and T. confusum. In: Navarro S, Banks HJ, Jayas DS, Bell CH Noyes RT, Ferizli AG, Emekci M, Isikber AA, Alagasundaram K, (Eds.) Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, Antalya, Turkey. 15-19 October 2012, ARBER Professional Congress Services, Turkey PP: 335-541. McNeill, S.G., M.D. Montross, M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, and R.G. Maghirang. 2012. Describing grain packing: a new mathematical model. ASABE Paper No. 12-1338199. Presented at ASABE AIM, July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. Bhadra,R., J.M. Boac, M.E. Casada, M.D. Montross, S.A. Thompson, S.G. McNeil, R.G. Maghirang. 2012. Field Measurements for stored grain packing factor corn, oats, and soybeans. ASABE Paper No. 12-13338063. Presented at ASABE AIM, July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. Montross, M., S. McNeill, M. Casada, R. Bhadra, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2012. Compaction Behavior of Hard Red Winter Wheat Varieties Compared to Composite Samples. ASABE Paper No. 12-1337871 presented at ASABE AIM, July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. Roberts, K.T., Cui, S.W., Chang, Y.H., Ng, P.K.W., and Graham, T. 2012. The influence of fenugreek gum and extrusion modified fenugreek gum on bread. Food Hydrocolloids 26:350-358. Nyombaire, G. and Ng, P.K.W. 2012. Effects of extrusion on physicochemical and functional properties of washed wheat bran. Cereal Foods World 57:A63 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Masatcioglu, M.T., Koksel, H., and Ng, P.K.W. 2012. Effects of extrusion cooking on furosine formation. 14th ICC Cereal and Bread Congress, August 6-9, 2012, Beijing, China. Tacer Caba, Z., Nilufer Erdil, D., Boyacioglu, M., and Ng, P.K.W. 2012. Interactions between anthocyanins and cereal ingredients during extrusion. Cereal Foods World 57:A72 for AACCI Annual Meeting. Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., Brown, R.L., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E. SVM-based feature extraction and classification of aflatoxin contaminated corn using fluorescence hyperspectral data. Proceedings of IEEE 4th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing Conference 2012, No. 112, June 4-7, 2012, Shanghai, China. Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., Brown, R.L., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E. 2012. Differentiation of Toxigenic and Atoxigenic Fungi Inoculated Corn with Hyperspectral Imaging. Proceedings of 2012 SPIE Conference, Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety IV, 8369-10, April 24-25, 2012, Baltimore, MD Hruska, Z., Yao, H., Kincaid, R., Brown, R. L., Cleveland, T. E., & Bhatnagar, D. 2012. Detecting Contamination in Whole Corn Ears Infected with Toxigenic Aspergillus Flavus Using Fluorescence Hyperspectral Imaging. WMF/IUPAC 2012 Conference. Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Kincaid, R., & Brown, R. L. 2012. Development of a Hyperspectral Instrument for Contamination Detection of Whole Maize Ear. WMF/IUPAC 2012 Conference. Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Adam, Brian D., and Mike Buser. Whole-Chain Traceability Information Sharing from Farm to Fork and Back Again. Invited Keynote Presentation at 2012 Arkansas Association for Food Protection Conference, Fayetteville, AR, September 11-12, 2012. Jones, Carol L. Grain Grading Systems and Quality Accountability. Aprosoja conference in Sinope, Brazil. With Peter Goldsmith et al. from University of Illinois. October 22-27, 2012. Siaplay, Mounir, Brian D. Adam, B. Wade Brorsen, and Kim Anderson. 2012. Using Basis, Futures Price, and Futures Price Spread as Barometers for Storage Decisions. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5):15-24. Adam, Brian D. and Corinne Alexander. 2012. Economics of IPM Decisions. Ch. 28 in "Stored Product Protection," edited by David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips and Gerrit Cuperus. Available at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/doc4901.ashx. Jones, Carol, Mark Casada, and Otto Loewer. 2012. Drying, Handling and Storage of Raw Commodities. Ch. 10 in "Stored Product Protection," edited by David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips and Gerrit Cuperus. Available at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/doc4909.ashx. Kenkel, Phil, and Brian Adam. 2012. Economics of Commodity Grading and Segregation. Ch. 29 in "Stored Product Protection," edited by David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips and Gerrit Cuperus. Available at http://www.entomology.ksu.edu/doc4839.ashx. Bhadra,R., J.M. Boac, M.E. Casada, M.D. Montross, S.A. Thompson, S.G. McNeil, R.G. Maghirang. 2012. Field Measurements for stored grain packing factor corn, oats, and soybeans. ASABE Paper No. 12-1338063. Presented at ASABE AIM, July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. McNeill, S.G., M.D. Montross, M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, and R.G. Maghirang. 2012. Describing grain packing: a new mathematical model. ASABE Paper No. 12-1338199. Presented at ASABE AIM, July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. Montross, M., S. McNeill, M. Casada, R. Bhadra, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. 2012. Equilibrium moisture content of hard red wheat varieties and composite samples. ASABE Paper No. 12-1337871 presented at ASABE AIM, July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. Boac, J.M., M.E. Casada, R.G. Maghirang, and J.P. Harner III. 2011. 3-D and quasi-2-D discrete element modeling of grain commingling in a bucket elevator boot system. Trans. ASABE 55(2): 659-672. Boac, J. M., M. E. Casada, R. G. Maghirang, and J. P. Harner III. 2012. Discrete element modeling of commingling of insect-infested and sound grain kernels. ASABE Paper No. 12-1337463 presented at ASABE Annual International Meeting (AIM). July 29-August 1. Dallas, TX. Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. Maintaining Grain Quality and Controlling Mycotoxins After a Difficult Year. 41st Annual Country Elevator Conference. National Grain and Feed Association, Omaha, NE. December 10, 2012. Invited Oral Presentation Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. The Impact of Drought on Grain Quality. Proc 24TH annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames IA. November 28, 2012. Shaw, Angela, Heather Snyder, Howard Shepherd. 2012. FDA Food Safety Modernization Act: Registration for Current and New Facilities. Voice over Powerpoint presentation. Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, ISU Extension and Outreach. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Grain/Topics/fdarecordcompliance.htm Shaw, Angela, C.R. Hurburgh, Heather Snyder, Howard Shepherd and Connie Hardy. 2012. Food Safety Preventive Control Plan Checklist v2.0. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Grain/Topics/fdarecordcompliance.htm Lusk, J. and J.L. Parcell. A Partial Equilibrium Model of Adopting High Oleic Soybean Oil. Western Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting, Park City, UT, 2012. Parcell, J.Ll, and G. Tonsor (2012). Information and Market Institutions.In W. Armbruster and R. Knutson (Eds.), Marketing Policy. New York, NY: Springer Publishing. Stadler, T., M. Buteler, D. K. Weaver and S. Sofie. 2012. Comparative toxicity of nanostructured alumina and a commercial inert dust for Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) at varying ambient humidity levels. Journal of Stored Products Research 48: 81- 90.

Impact Statements

Researchers at Iowa State collaborated with industry users of NIRS units/calibrations. Through this collaboration, the users were able to increase their operating efficiency, thus quickly recouping the cost of the process in discounts or improvements in ingredient quality for suppliers. In addition, NC-213 scientists at Iowa State have been able to make samples and calibration support available to the public, thus increasing the pace of NIRS instrument development. This availability will benefit both users and vendors alike.
NC-213 scientists discovered that Raman spectroscopy method combined with chemometrics, demonstrates that this technique is a rapid and non-destructive analytical method to detect fumonisins in maize over conventional spectroscopic and standard wet chemical methods. Raman spectroscopy as an easy, rapid, and inexpensive screening system for fumonisins and other mycotoxins can be a powerful tool for quality control of grains and oilseeds throughout the entire marketing chain to improve the safety of feed and food products supplied to consumers.
NC-213 researchers at Washington State University discovered that both dried egg powder and frozen eggs were identified as potential replacement of fresh eggs in Sponge Cake (SC) baking tests. SC baking tests using dried egg powder in substitute of fresh eggs can effectively differentiate wheat flours of different baking quality, despite a decrease in SC volume. Frozen eggs produce similar volume of SC to fresh eggs, so this is proven to be a suitable substitute of fresh eggs in SC. Research also proved that Bostwick flow distance of flour-water batter can be an effective and efficient predictor of SC baking potential of soft white wheat flour.
Research conducted by NC-213 scientists (USDA, ARS, CGAHR) focused on the production of wheat-free foods containing added nutraceutical compounds. A sorghum bread formula optimized to contain high levels of tannin, containing sorghum, resulted in bread with increased fiber and anti-oxidant levels. Development of this type of bread provides individuals suffering from Celiac Disease (a glutin allergy) with a bread that has improved nutritional properties while providing sorghum producers an avenue to utilize high tannin sorghum lines for human food markets.
Careful evaluation of the grain and flour traits are important to select the appropriate attributes for Chinese noodle production. Research showed Sorghum is similar to other grains in terms of characteristics that dictate end product quality and application. Knowing grain quality, flour quality and end-use application are necessary in hybrid selection. Through control of starch damage and flour particle size, it is possible to manufacture sorghum flour based gluten free Chinese noodles with high quality physical attributes making sorghum more marketable.
Through the training efforts of NC-213 researchers at Iowa State University, U.S. Food and Drug Administration inspectors now have a better understanding of the real and potential food safety risks associated with feed production. Course reviews indicated that about 50% of the material could be made available via distance education, and would provide a wider distribution than onsite education. Researchers proved that this course offering is beneficial to the FDA in creating a better understanding of agriculture.
As a result of collaboration among NC-213 scientists and engineers (Purdue University, Kansas State University, North Dakota State University, Oklahoma State University, Iowa State University, USDA-GIPSA, and USDA-ARS) courses are continuing to be developed for the successful GEAPS-KSU Grain Operations Distance Education and Professional Credentialing Program. The partnership has had 1,500 participants from 23 countries enrolled in seventeen courses offered 53 times with a completion rate of 86%. In 2012, thirteen courses were offered between January and November including two new courses.