NE1036: Postharvest Biology of Fruits

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

Project Menu

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[01/24/2010] [09/30/2010] [07/22/2011]

Date of Annual Report: 01/24/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/26/2009 - 06/27/2009
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2007 - 09/01/2008

Participants

Agri. and Agri-Food Canada - Jennifer DeEll, Jun Song, Robert Prange;
Cornell University - Herb Aldwinkle, Ewa Borejsza-Uysake, Jamil Harb, Hannah James, Seok-Kyu Jung, Craig Kahlke, Jinwook Lee, Jackie Nock, Dave Rosenberger, Chris Watkins;
Michigan State University - Randy Beaudry, Cornelius Barry, Nobuko Sugimoto, Steve van Nocker;
Rutgers University - Brad Hillman;
North Carolina State University - Penelope Perkins;
University of Maine - Renae Moran;
University of California - Max Villalobos;
USDA ARS Beltsville - Bruce Whitaker, Tianbao Yang;
USDA ARS Wenatchee - Jim Mattheis, Dave Rudell;
Washington State University, Fellman John;

Other contributors

Rutgers University Marucci Center for Blueberry Cranberry Research - Amy Howell;
University of Minnesota - Cindy Tong

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was held in Ithaca, NY and was hosted by Chris Watkins. Brad Hillman, the administrative advisor, gave an update on the funding situation and reported that the project renewal for NE1036 was successful. Dan MacLean was elected secretary and accepted the role. Next year's meetings will be held in New Hampshire, prior to the Gordon Conference. Renae Moran agreed to organize next year's meeting.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

Accomplishments of Canadian collaborators can be found in the minutes and are not listed here due to space limitations. All three milestones for 2009 were accomplished. 1. Publish two or more studies on the effects of storage regimes on fruit and antioxidant composition. Fawbush et al., 2009 a and b. 2. Establish a website that summarizes all existing information about quality management of Honeycrisp apples. http://smfarm.cfans.umn.edu/Honeycrisp.htm 3. Publish two or more studies of the effects of preharvest 1-MCP treatment on storability of apples. Bai et al., 2009; Fawbush et al., 2009; Jung and Watkins 2009; Marin et al., 2009. OBJECTIVE 1. Determine genetic and biochemical mechanisms governing loss or retention of fruit quality after harvest. CA - Ethylene treatment before 1-MCP resulted in nearly full ripening recovery of pears. Fruit from ethylene suppressed fruit had less bitter pit than wild type in contrast to a previous observation. Fruit from a shaded part of orchard had more bitter pit than from unshaded trees. Transformed plants with a high expression of sCAX1 transporter, a line that has more blossom end rot (BER) even though CA++ concentration is higher than wild type, were used to study calcium accumulation in cellular organelles of tomato fruit tissue and how it relates to membrane permeability and BER. USDA Beltsville - a-Farnesene and its CT oxidation products accumulated more rapidly and reached about twofold higher concentrations in CA compared with WA fruit over the first 8 to 12 weeks of storage. This is in accord with the proposed role of CTs in scald induction. Colloboration with USDA-WA and CA. Polygalacturonase (PG) from decayed Golden Delicious apple fruit inoculated with Penicillium solitum showed a single 50 kDa band on SDS-PAGE, with maximal activity between pH 4 and 5, and at 20 to 37 °C. Incubation of the purified fungal PG with intact apple fruit tissue in vitro caused a 30% reduction in mass after 48 h, suggesting a role in P. solitum-mediated decay of apple fruit. For P. expansum, 7 Kazak accessions of M. sieversii were classified as immune and 38 as resistant. For C. acutatum, 1 accession was categorized as immune and 12 as resistant. These Kazak accessions can serve as a source of genetic material in apple breeding programs, and could be used to identify key genetic components of host resistance to these major postharvest pathogens. MI - They are studying ethylene signaling in tomato using the mutant Green Ripe which has an over expressed protein that causes ripening inhibition. Tomato has two copies and potential functional divergence. They are conducting chlorophyll degradation work in pepper and tomato mutants (Green flesh and CHL retainer) that don't degrade chlorophyll. They screened heirlooms to find diversity in alleles and have found four new alleles, and also fruit cuticle mutants that have differences in thickness and structure. Mechanical harvest and brining lead to low percentages of 'stem-on' fruit in maraschino cherries. Postharvest treatments were tested that amplify or minimize ethylene to examine its role in stem loss during brining. Novel genes for citramalate synthase have been cloned, their protein expressed and activity verified. The findings demonstrate a new enzyme activity in plants and support the existence of a novel pathway that is hypothesized to contribute to ester formation. MN - Harvest date, storage, and consumer sensory evaluation data were collected for fruit of SweeTango apple. Fruit from early harvests had good firmness, but were unable to maintain this firmness after 3 months of storage. Despite low firmness readings for late harvest fruit, consumers liked those fruit as well as early fruit. SweeTango is expected to sell well at Minnesota retail operations. Progeny from genetic crosses with Honeycrisp were tested for presence of different alleles of MdACS1, ACC synthase 1, and MdExpA2, expansin A2. Of 21 genotypes that gave consistent results, 13 were consistent with the hypothesis that presence of an 11 bp indel maintained crispness and 16 were consistent with the hypothesis that absence of the ACS1-2 allele was correlated with crispness maintenance. NY Geneva collaboration with USDA-Beltsville - Initial results with farnesene silencing to show its role in superficial scald of apple were promising, and they hope to have real transgenic lines next year. NY Ithaca - 1-MCP effects on nutritional status of apple fruit are relatively small. A major outcome of this research has been that antioxidant composition is not affected significantly by 1-MCP. Therefore, there are likely to be neither beneficial nor detrimental effects on the health-promoting constituents of the apple fruit as a result of this technology. Two cultivars, Honeycrisp and McIntosh differed in IEC levels and ethylene related genes during and after harvest. Cell wall gene expression was higher in McIntosh at all sampling times with one exception. The objective was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of softening and ethylene production. GABA accumulation was lower in All Star and Earliglow than in Jewel and Northeaster, but not consistently associated with fruit sensitivity to CO2. WA - Functional genomic tools used to investigate ripening relationships and flavor volatile nature and occurrence in apples reveal discrepancies between gene expression and biochemical phenomena. USDA WA - Acorbic acid (AsA) localization in fruit sections stained with silver nitrate revealed AsA localizes to the core line and vascular bundles later in fruit development; this pattern continues during cold storage. Metabolic profiling of Granny Smith apple peel during superficial scald development showed extensive metabolomic changes associated with scald precede actual symptom development. OBJECTIVE 2. Develop or adapt postharvest strategies and technologies to improve quality and market competitiveness of emerging production systems, including organic, local and small-scale. CA - Alternative food additives were screened for control of major postharvest diseases of stone fruit. Short term low oxygen storage reduced both bitter pit and superficial scald disorders without addition of chemical and can be a strategy for scald control of organic apples. ME - Honeycrisp apples can be stored in CA at 5C to prevent soft scald and soggy breakdown, but quality loss was noticeable. Delayed cooling did not reduce soft scald and increased soggy breakdown with an early harvest. With later harvest date, delayed cooling effects varied between two orchards. MI - Results indicate a high sensitivity to both low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide levels; disorder symptoms include internal browning resembling soggy breakdown. Symptoms are not present in air-stored fruit. NY Hudson Valley - Rosenberger assessed fungicides for their effectiveness in protecting apples from the fungal pathogen Penicillium expansum during storage and transport. If defenoconazole is approved for postharvest applications, using a mixture of fludioxonil plus difenoconazole in postharvest treatments applied to apples should help to minimize selection pressure for fungicide- resistant strains. Where wounded apples were briefly immersed in a spore suspension containing captan, captan became more effective as the inoculum/fungicide solution aged because viability of Penicillium spores decreased with time. Thus, although Captan is not effective for protecting wounded fruit when spores are introduced to the wounds, it may assist in controlling postharvest decays by reducing inoculum concentrations in recycling fungicide solutions that are used over extended time periods to treat fruit as it is harvested. NY Ithaca - The effect of 1-MCP treatment on the susceptibility of Empire, Golden Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit to bruising was investigated. The extent of bruising was greatest in Golden Delicious and lowest in Empire. Overall, the bruise volume was 7% and 7.6% lower in 1-MCP-treated fruit of Empire and Golden Delicious, respectively, than in untreated fruit, but was not significantly affected in Fuji. Treating cluster-type tomatoes with 1-MCP at time when the last in the bunch to ripen is still green doesn't work. The major impact of 1-MCP was on the stem vine quality and not on fruit (collaborative study with Ontario). Collaboration with MN, NY, ONT, MI, NS, WA, MA and ME A website was established that summarizes information about quality management of Honeycrisp apples - http://smfarm.cfans.umn.edu/Honeycrisp.htm OBJECTIVE 3. Develop technologies and practices that optimize returns and promote increased consumption of health-beneficial fruits through preservation or improvement of fruit quality attributes. CA - They identified stages in the supply and marketing chain that lead to loss of mango fruit quality and bruises in pomegranates. USDA Beltsville - 1-MCP and ethoxyquin were tested to overcome current limitations to control of pear scald. A combined treatment of d'Anjou pears, including 25 nL L-1 1-MCP immediately after harvest and 1000 uL L-1 ethoxyquin from 1 to 60 days later, both controlled scald and allowed normal ripening after 5 months at -1 °C plus 7 days shelf life at 20 °C. Previously it was found that fruit of the wild eggplant relative Solanum incanum include several HCA amides of polyamines (HCAA) that are not present in fruit of cultivated S. melongena and are of interest because of their biological activity (e.g., lowering blood pressure). On average, fruit of S. incanum parents had about 75% higher levels of total HCA conjugates compared with fruit of S. melongena, however, they contained none of the spermine HCAA that were abundant in fruit from an S. incanum (group B) accession in the USDA core collection. There was wide variation in the levels of individual compounds in the F2 fruit and several lines had a promising abundance of polyamine HCAA. C. baccatum pepper accessions with unique aroma and flavor were identified. Over 170 volatiles have been identified in selected accessions, and 90 have not been previously found in fruit extracts of C. annuum. Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) have less flavor than closely related C. baccatum. Fruit aromatic volatiles, sugars, and organic acids were analyzed in select C. annuum and C. baccatum genotypes. Capsicum baccatum accessions with unique aroma and flavor attributes were found. Over 170 volatiles were identified in selected accessions, more than half of which have not been found previously in fruit of C. annuum. Select C. baccatum germplasms with a rich diversity of aromatic volatiles, organic acids, and sugars should provide breeding material for development of C. annuum stocks with enhanced fruit flavor. NY Ithaca and Ontario - They identified regional variation and harvest and storage factors that lead to flesh browning in Empire apples. WA - Treatment of apples with a mild level of oxidative stress (30 mM peroxide (H2O2)) after MCP treatment showed a partial reversal of MCP-induced ripening inhibition. USDA WA - Monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence of d'Anjou pears during storage in low oxygen environments did not provide an indication of metabolic stress that resulted in development of core browning. Inhibition of ethylene action by 1-MCP applied prior to or after harvest of Honeycrisp apples reduced postharvest development of internal radial browning during storage. At-harvest treatment of d'Anjou pear fruit with a combination of 1-MCP and ethylene at 600 ppb each prevented superficial scald development but allowed ripening to occur after 4 months cold storage. NJ - The chemopreventive potential of a cranberry proanthocyanidin rich extract (PAC) was tested in SEG-1 human esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cells. PAC pretreatment significantly inhibited the viability and proliferation of EAC cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further mechanistic studies are warranted to more fully elucidate the inhibitory potential of PAC against esophageal cancer. The concentrations and profiles of phenolics of selected fruit crops including several Vaccinium species, were examined to better understand how they may be useful sources of phytochemicals. Vaccinium fruit had particularly high phenolic concentrations, and some were very rich in anthocyanins and pro-anthocyanidins. As biomedical studies determine which phenolic structures are associated with particular bioactivities, information on the phenolic concentration and profile of selected species will aid in developing specific uses for fruit crops in human health.

Publications

Bai, J., Yin, X., Whitaker, B.D., Deschuytter, K., Chen, P.M. 2009. Combination of 1-methylcyclopropene and ethoxyquin to control superficial scald of 'd'Anjou' pears. HortTechnology 19: in press. Barry C.S. 2009. The stay-green revolution: recent progress in deciphering the mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation in higher plants. Plant Science 176: 325 - 333. Barry C.S., McQuinn R, Chung M-Y, Besuden A, Giovannoni J.J. 2008. Amino acid substitutions in homologs of the STAY-GREEN protein are responsible for the green-flesh and chlorophyll retainer mutations of tomato and pepper. Plant Physiology 147: 179 - 187. Fawbush, F., Nock, J., Watkins, C. 2009. Antioxidant contents and activity in SmartFresh-treated 'Empire' apples during air and controlled atmosphere storage. New York Fruit Quarterly 17(4):15-18. Fawbush, F., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2009. Antioxidant contents and activity of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated 'Empire' apples in air and controlled atmosphere storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 52:30-37. Fuchs, S.J., Mattinson, D.S., and Fellman, J.K. 2008. Effect of edible coatings on quality of fresh green asparagus. J. Food Proc. Preserv. 31:951-971. Hancock, J., Callow, P., Serce, S., Hanson, E., and Beaudry, R. 2008. Effect of cultivar, controlled atmosphere storage, and fruit ripeness on the long-term storage of highbush blueberries. HortTechnology, 18(2):199-205. Jung, S.K., and Watkins, C.B. 2009. 1-Methylcyclopropene treatment and bruising of different apple cultivars during storage. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 84:143-148. Jurick, W.M., II, Vico, I., McElvoy, J.L., Whitaker, B.D., Janisiewicz, W., Conway, W.S. 2009. Isolation, purification and characterization of a polygalacturonase produced in Penicillium solitum-decayed 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit. Phytopathology 99: 636-641. Kahlke C., Watkins, C. 2009. Harvest indices. Fruit Notes 9(18):1-3. Kalt, W., MacKinnon, S., McDonald, J., Vinqvist, M., Craft, C., Howell, A. 2008. Phenolics of Vaccinium berries and other fruit crops. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 88:68-76. Kresty, L.A., Howell, A.B., Baird, M. 2008. Cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit acid-induced cell proliferation in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58:676-680. Marin, A.B., Colonna, A.E., Kudo, K., Kupferman, E.M, Mattheis, J.P. 2009. Measuring consumer response to 'Gala' apples treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Postharvest Biol Tech 51: 73-79. Paull, R.E., Irikura, B., Wu, P., Turano, H., Chen, N.J., Blas, A., Fellman, J.K. Gschwend, A.R., Wai, C.M., Yu, Q., Presting, G., Alam, M., and Ming, R. 2008. Fruit Development, Ripening, and Quality Related Genes in the Papaya Genome. Tropical Plant Biol. 1:246-277. Peck, G.M., Merwin, I.A., Watkins, C.B., Chapman, K.W., Padilla-Zakour, O.I. 2009. Maturity and quality of 'Liberty' apple fruit under integrated and organic fruit production systems are similar. HortScience 44:1382-1389. Rosenberger, D.A. 2009. Fungicides, biocides, and sanitizers for managing postharvest pathogens in apples. N.Y. Fruit Quarterly 17(3):3-6. Rosenberger, D. 2009. Postharvest fungicides for apples in 2009. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 18(25):1-3. Online at http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/scaffolds/2009/ Rosenberger, D. 2009. Sanitizers and biocides for apple storage and packing operations. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 18(25):3-5. Online at http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/scaffolds/2009/ Rudell, D.R., Mattheis, J.P. 2009. Superficial scald development and related metabolism is modified by postharvest light irradiation. Postharvest Biol Tech 51:174-182. Sugimoto N., S. Park, S. van Nocker, and R. Beaudry. 2008. Gene expression associated with apple aroma biosynthesis. Acta Horticulturae, 768:57-64. Watkins, C.B. 2009. Postharvest physiological disorders and mineral nutrients. New York Fruit Quarterly 17(3):17-20. Whitaker, B.D. 2008. Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of superficial scald development in apple and pear fruits. Proceedings COST action 924 International Congress: Novel approaches for the control of postharvest diseases and disorders, p. 257-268. Whitaker, B.D., Villalobos-Acuña, M., Mitcham, E.J., Mattheis, J.P. 2009. Superficial scald susceptibility and a-farnesene metabolism in 'Bartlett' pears grown in California and Washington. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 53: 43-50.

Impact Statements

Studies described increase our knowledge of metabolic responses to the stress induced in the postharvest storage environment, as well as determine genetic basis for precursor-product relationships to efficiently select for apple germplasm with different end-use.
As biomedical studies determine which phenolic structures are associated with particular health benefits, information on the phenolic concentration and profile of selected Vaccinium species will be useful in developing specific uses for fruit crops in human health.
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment of apple fruit has had a major impact of improving quality of fruit for the US consumer and increasing exports of New York-grown fruit to the UK. As part of this multi-state project, we are developing both the applied and unpinning basic information required to develop appropriate management practices to ensure that full impacts of this new technology are realized.

Date of Annual Report: 09/30/2010

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 06/25/2010 - 06/26/2010
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2008 - 09/01/2009

Participants

Renae Moran (Chair) and Fang Geng, University of Maine

Dan MacLean, University of Georgia (Secretary)

Brad Hillman, Rutgers University (Administrative Advisor)

Randy Beaudry, Nobuko Sugimoto and Carolina Contreras, Michigan State University

John Fellman, Washington State University

Jim Mattheis and Dave Rudell, USDA ARS Wenatchee, WA

Bruce Whitaker, USDA ARS Beltsville, MD

Jun Song, Agri. and Agri-Food Canada, Nova Scotia

Jennifer DeEll, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario

Dave Rosenberger, Chris Watkins, and Jinwook Lee, Cornell Univ.

Penelope Perkins-Veazie, North Carolina State University

Elizabeth Mitcham, Andrew Macnish and John Labavitch, University of California

Cindy Tong, University of Minnesota

Alan Woolf and Jason Johnston, Auckland, NZ

Brief Summary of Minutes

The meeting was held in Waterville Valley, NH and was hosted by Renae Moran. Brad Hillman, the administrative advisor, advised the group on the purpose of multistate projects and current trends in how they are funded. Dan MacLean served as secretary. Next year's meetings will be held in Washington in conjunction with Postharvest Unlimited meetings to be organized by Jim Mattheis and Dave Rudell.

Minutes Attachment:

Attachment

Accomplishments

All three milestones for 2009 have been accomplished. 1. Publish two or more studies on the effects of storage regimes on fruit and antioxidant composition. Fawbush, F., Nock, J., Watkins, C. 2009. Antioxidant contents and activity in SmartFresh-treated Empire apples during air and controlled atmosphere storage. New York Fruit Quarterly 17(4):15-18. Fawbush, F., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2009. Antioxidant contents and activity of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated Empire apples in air and controlled atmosphere storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 52:30-37. Felicetti, E. and Mattheis, J.P. 2010. Quantification and histochemical localization of ascorbic acid in Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit during on-tree development and cold storage. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 56:56-63. MacLean, D.D., D.P. Murr, and J.R. DeEll. 2010. Postharvest variation in total antioxidant capacity and flavonoid levels in D'Anjou Pear (Pyrus × communis L.) after treatment with 1-MCP. Acta Hort. 857:243-250. Manthey, J. and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2009. Influences of harvest date and location on the levels of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, total phenols and the in vitro antioxidant capacity, and phenolic profiles of five commercial varieties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:10825-10830. Tsantili, E. Shin, Y., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2010. Antioxidant concentrations during chilling injury development in peaches. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:27-34. 2. Establish a website that summarizes all existing information about quality management of Honeycrisp apples. The Honeycrisp website is available at http://smfarm.cfans.umn.edu/Honeycrisp.htm. R. Beaudry led a collaboration to produce 'Region-By-Region Storage Recommendations for Honeycrisp' which was compiled from responses of apple storage researchers including Cindy Tong, Christopher Watkins, Robert Prange, Jennifer DeEll, Gene Kupferman, and Jim Mattheis. The website along with a summary of storage recommendations for Honeycrisp apples was mentioned in Good Fruit Grower August 2010 issue, a nation-wide trade publication for fruit growers. 3. Publish two or more studies of the effects of preharvest 1-MCP treatment on storability of apples. DeEll, J., and B. Ehsani-Moghaddam. 2010. Preharvest 1-methylcyclopropene treatment reduces soft scald in Honeycrisp apples during storage. HortScience 45:414-417. Villalobos-Acuña, M.G., W.V. Biasi, S. Flores, R.B. Elkins, N.H. Willits, and E.J. Mitcham. 2010. Preharvest application of 1-methyclopropene influences fruit drop and storage potential of Bartlett pears. HortScience 45:610-616. Progress Toward 2010 Milestones 1. Complete studies that identify the active antioxidative components of fruit. One paper was published on mango antioxidative components and several studies are still in progress. Manthey, J. and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2009. Influences of harvest date and location on the levels of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, total phenols and the in vitro antioxidant capacity, and phenolic profiles of five commercial varieties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:10825-10830. Current studies: Blueberry flavonoids in hand-harvested versus mechanically harvested fruit and phytonutrient content in 13 pomegranate cultivars (Univ. of Georgia). Chlorogenic acid derivatives in eggplant relatives and nutritional compounds in pepper species (USDA ARS at Beltsville). Antioxidant metabolites in Empire apples and their role in browning as a result of 1-MCP treatment (Cornell Univ.-Ithaca). Changes in apple flavonoids and phenolic compounds during ripening and with 1-MCP treatment (AFHRC, Nova Scotia). 2. Identify postharvest handling methods that will reduce or eliminate browning disorders in 1-MCP treated apple fruit. Two groups are currently working together on this issue. Through collaboration between the Cornell Univ.-Ithaca and USDA-ARS Wenatchee, metabolic responses of Empire in 1-MCP treated apples were measured to find the causes of flesh browning. Factors influencing development of stem-end internal browning in Gala with SmartFresh were evaluated (USDA-ARS Wenatchee). 3. Publish two or more studies on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of fruit ripening and quality. Barry, C.S. and Pandey, P. 2009. A survey of cultivated heirloom tomato varieties identifies four new mutant alleles at the green-flesh locus. Molecular Breeding 24:269-276. Barry, C.S. 2010. Factors influencing the ripening and quality of fleshy fruits. Annual Plant Reviews 38:296-326. L. Ostergaard, ed., Wiley. Felicetti, E. and Mattheis, J.P. 2010. Quantification and histochemical localization of ascorbic acid in Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit during on-tree development and cold storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 56:56-63. Jiang, Y.M. and J. Song. 2010. Fruits and Fruit Flavour: Classification and Biological Characterization. Handbook of Fruit Flavors. Ed. Feng Chen. John Wiley, New York. Paliyath, G., Tiwari, K. Yuan, H., Whitaker, B.D. 2008. Structural deterioration in produce: Phospholipase D, membrane deterioration and senescence. In: Paliyath, G. Murr, D.P. Handa, A.K., Luri, S. (eds.). Postharvest Biology and Technology of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, pp 195-239. Rudell, D.R., Mattheis, J.P., and Hertog, M.L.A.T.M. 2009. Metabolic change precedes apple superficial scald symptoms. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:8459-8466. Song, J. 2010. Major enzymes in flavour volatile production and regulation in fruit and vegetables. P45-69. Enzyme in fruit and vegetable processing. Ed. Alev Bayindirli. Taylor and Francis. Group LLC. 4. Complete and publish evaluations of apple fruit quality before and after 1-MCP commercialization at the retail level. 5. Complete evaluations of small fruits in alternate production systems and storage system trials. Several studies are in progress: The evaluation of fruit quality in three blueberry cultivars with and without 1-MCP. The effect of mechanical harvesting on fruit quality during storage in 'crispy-fleshed' compared to melting-fleshed blueberry cultivars. Postharvest control of decay in Muscadines. (Univ. of Georgia) Sensitivity of nine blueberry cultivars to modified atmospheres. Blackberry fruit shelf-life and aroma profile, packaging design and packaging containers under retail storage conditions. (Michigan State Univ.) Muscadine quality and shelf life following chlorine or UV treatment and 4 weeks storage. Raspberry fruit quality in several cultivars grown in tunnel and field systems. (North Carolina State Univ.) Postharvest application of hexanal vapor for fruit decay reduction, maintaining fruit quality and extending storage life of blueberry (AgCanada, Nova Scotia). 6. Initiate investigations into new fruit cultivars and selections released from breeding programs. Current studies: New blueberry cultivars for adaptation to mechanical harvest. Fruit quality and chilling injury in pomegranate cultivars (Univ. of Georgia). Quality at harvest and after storage of Minneiska apples with and without 1-MCP. Consumer taste surveys of Minneiska and other apple cultivars (Univ. of Minnesota). Testing SmartFresh on new Ontario pear cultivars (OMAFRA). OBJECTIVE 1. Determine genetic and biochemical mechanisms governing loss or retention of fruit quality after harvest. Factors governing fruit flavor were studied by examining ester production and genes involved in their biosynthesis, aroma perception and volatiles during maturation, volatile evolution during tissue cutting, and aroma-forming genes. Ripening, which has a major impact on quality and shelf life, was studied at the biochemical and genetic level by examining protein profile changes, gene expression and by improving gene silencing techniques. To further understand the causes and prevention of disorders and decay, studies were conducted to examine enzymes, metabolites, hormones and genes involved in their development. Specific studies and major findings are listed below. Fruit quality, flavor and ripening To elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in apple softening and ethylene production, differences in ethylene related genes expression, CW genes and uronic acid were measured in a fast and slow softening cultivar. (Cornell Univ.-Ithaca) Genes for the isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS) family have been cloned, including novel genes for citramalate synthase (CIMS), their protein expressed, and activity verified. Amino acid profiles of apple fruits high in branched-chain esters revealed highly elevated levels of isoleucine. The findings demonstrate a new enzyme activity in plants and support the existence of a novel pathway that is hypothesized to contribute to ester formation. (Michigan State Univ.) Panelists were able to distinguish between non-ripening and normally ripening fruit approximately two weeks before the onset of the ethylene and respiratory climacteric in control fruit. C-6 aldehydes for non- and normally-ripening fruit yielded levels several hundred times higher than odor thresholds. Cis-3-hexenal remained constant throughout the experiment for non-ripening fruit, but declined markedly for normally ripening fruit. Paradoxically, hexanal increased for normally ripening fruit. Autonomously produced esters such as butyl acetate increased coincident with increased ethylene. All physiological changes trailed the detection of sensory differences by about two weeks. (Michigan State Univ.) The dynamics of volatile evolution was characterized following tissue cutting or disruption in apple. We found transient 'waves' of volatiles were produced. The initial wave was aldehyde products of the lipoxygenase pathway, which were then converted to alcohols, which, in turn, were incorporated into esters, which slowly dissipated. The timing of production of alcohols and esters from the wound suggests that these compounds do not contribute to aroma of apple during the eating experience. (Michigan State Univ.) Ripening relationships and flavor volatile nature and occurrence in winter pear were investigated. Differences exist in volatile amounts and compounds between cultivars. There were discrepancies between gene expression and biochemical phenomena based on work with functional genomic tools. (Washington State Univ.) Some ripening stage specific proteins as well as proteins present at all stages in apple were identified by studying protein profiles changes associated with fruit ripening and senescence in apple. The effect of ripening and ethylene on the gene expression of apple allergens, ethylene perception and biosynthesis were measured. Genes that were upregulated, induced or unaffected during ripening and after ethylene treatment of apple were identified. To understand apple flavor biosynthesis, we identified and quantified 33 compounds in fresh cut apples and changes that occur with cutting. Both ethylene and high temperature influence volatile biosynthesis in banana fruit at the transcriptional level and accelerates fruit ripening. (AgCanada, Nova Scotia) The effect of maturity, cold storage and 1-MCP on the aroma forming genes and volatile production in two apricot cultivars was studied. (Univ. of California) A virus-induced gene silencing technique was studied in tomato and petunia to begin evaluating this technique for use in studying gene function in fruit. Modified constructs were used to successfully silence phytoene desaturase which is involved in lycopene biosynthesis and protection of the chlorophyll apparatus. (Univ. of Georgia and Univ. of Calif.) The effect of postharvest handling on gene expression of the lycopene biosynthetic pathway, fruit quality and nutritive value of tomato was investigated. (Univ. of Georgia and OMAFRA) Storage disorders and decay Causes of blossom end rot and bitter pit were studied in tomato and apple. (Univ. of California) To test the hypothesis that apple storage scald is unduced by oxidation products of ±-farnesene, Granny Smith apple was transformed with a silencing construct of the ±-farnesene synthase gene, AFS1. Transgenic lines are being evaluated for reduced levels of AFS1 transcript and ±-farnesene following stress or exposure to ethylene. Scald susceptibility in wild Kazak apple accessions was studied to explore the genetic basis of scald susceptibility. (USDA-ARS Beltsville and NYAES-Geneva). An enzyme produced by blue mold growing on pear fruit, polygalacturonase (PG), promoted tissue maceration and was distinct from a previously characterized PG produced during apple fruit decay by the same fungus. (USDA-ARS Beltsville) Compounds linked to superficial scald development were identified as glucose conjugates, acylated glucose conjugates, and fatty acyl esters of and ²-sitosterol and campesterol. Metabolic differences are linked to oxidative stress leading to superficial scald. Segregation of 1-MCP or DPA and control peel metabolomes began 7 days after storage initiation. Differences in more than 50 metabolites related to DPA treatment preceded scald development by one or more months and may be used to validate treatment efficacy. (USDA-ARS Wenatchee and Beltsville) Empire apples are being subjected to metabolomic analyses indentify responses associated with flesh browning with 1-MCP. (Cornell Univ.-Ithaca, USDA-ARS Wenatchee) Metabolic changes within peel tissue that are linked to soft scald in Honeycrisp were identified. (USDA-ARS Wenatchee) OBJECTIVE 2. Develop or adapt postharvest strategies and technologies to improve quality and market competitiveness of emerging production systems, including organic, local and small-scale. Handling procedures and new technologies were tested for reducing decay in apple and extending storage life of berry fruits. Other strategies tested include nonchemical methods of preventing storage disorders, evaluation of new fruit cultivars and the limitations of organic fungicides for decay of apple. Disorders and Decay Low O2 atmospheres applied under lab and semi-commercial conditions can be a viable treatment for reducing storage disorders in apple whilst maintaining fruit quality. (Univ. of California) Fruit treated with a low-volume non-recycling drench with fungicide and DPA provided excellent control of superficial scald and resulted in less decay than the traditional type of drench. Pyrimethanil failed to control Botrytis cineria because the isolate was later found to be resistant. Control of Botrytis cineria or P. expansum was not improved by combining fludioxonil with captan. Fludioxonil alone or in combination with difenoconazole provide excellent control of both pathogens. OMRI-approved fungicides applied to apple during the very wet summer of 2009 did not control black rot. Losses to black rot occurred in both in the field and during cold storage. (NYAES-Geneva) BioSave 10 LP, a biofumigant, has potential benefit for extending the postharvest storage and marketing window of muscadines. The rate of sulfur dioxide was too high and resulted in stem end damage. (Univ. of Georgia) Washing muscadine berries with 100 ppm free chlorine had no negative effects on berry quality and removed dust and debris, but did not prolong shelf life. UVC treatments did not reduce ripe rot, but green berries had fewer brown lesions than riper berries. (North Carolina State Univ.) The shelf life of blackberries in bio-based and petroleum-based containers was measured under retail storage conditions. Blackberries in both container types met US No.1 grades for more than 12 days at 3 °C, but quality was better in the OPS container. Fruit from packages of different material but same design showed similar trends in the level of fruit volatile compounds. A naturally occurring plant volatile with antimicrobial capacity was developed into a bio-based polymer. The new polymer was effective in inhibiting fungal growth. (Michigan State Univ.) Postharvest application of hexanal vapor can reduce fruit decay, maintain fruit quality and extend storage life of blueberry. (AgCanada, Nova Scotia) New Cultivars Thirteen pomegranate cultivars were evaluated for postharvest quality, resistance to chilling injury, and phytonutrient content. The cultivars could be divided into two general groups 1) highly pigmented, tart fruit and 2) low-pigmented, sweet fruit. (Univ. of Georgia) Raspberry selections were evaluated for fresh fruit quality when grown in North Carolina field and high tunnels. (North Carolina State Univ.) OBJECTIVE 3. Develop technologies and practices that optimize returns and promote increased consumption of health-beneficial fruits through preservation or improvement of fruit quality attributes. Improving the potential quality of fruit was accomplished by increasing the effective use of 1-MCP for quality preservation of apple and pear, by testing handling procedures that prevent chilling injury in important apple cultivars, by measuring consumer preference for new apple cultivars, testing new technologies for extending the storage life of blueberries and strawberries, by developing a greater understanding of flavor in pepper, and by increasing our knowledge of how handling procedures affect health beneficial compounds in blueberry. Additional studies increased our understanding of health beneficial compounds in eggplant, quality loss from bruising apples, optimization of mango harvest and handling. 1-MCP Studies Minneiska fruit softened to <15 lbs. within 3 months of cold storage. MCP-treated fruit were more firm than air-stored fruit but still exhibited <15 lbs. firmness. (Univ. of Minn.) Ambrosia is a low producer of ethylene making it very responsive to 1-MCP. IEC was not a good indicator of fruit maturity, but starch index around 2-4 consistently related to optimum harvest maturity. 1-MCP slowed loss of firmness, soluble solids and skin color change in Bartlett pear. Pears eventually softened. Scald and internal breakdown were reduced. Similar effects occurred with Harrow Crisp, but internal cavities developed. (OMAFRA) The inclusion of ethylene in the 1-MCP treatment atmosphere greatly reduced its efficacy to delay ripening of pear. (Univ. of California) When Empire apples are treated with SmartFresh, flesh browning can occur at 1 and 3 °C. To date, nothing has worked to diminish browning. SmartFresh has been approved for multiple applications. It was applied to McIntosh 1, 4 and 8 days after harvest. Firmness responded as expected. However, flesh browning decreased with delay of treatment after harvest, while more advanced maturities also resulted in an increase in flesh browning. (Cornell Univ.-Ithaca) 1-MCP treatment of Rabbiteye blueberry resulted in the stimulation of ethylene production and higher TSS content in three cultivars. 1-MCP also resulted in accelerated loss of firmness in one cultivar. 1-MCP may have limited applicability for the blueberry industry. (Univ. of Georgia) Storage Disorders Several studies were conducted to test strategies for reducing chilling injury and preventing other disorders in long-term storage in Honeycrisp apples. Honeycrisp is sensitive to high CO2 and low O2 and symptoms of this were reduced by a preconditioning treatment. Drenching fruit in DPA also suppressed disorder development. (Michigan State Univ.). CA storage regimes were tested in New York. Flesh browning was worse with higher CO2. There was no obvious optimal atmosphere. (Cornell Univ.-Ithaca). CA storage of Honeycrisp was tested in Washington State. Internal browning (not soggy breakdown) and external calyx browning increased as O2 decreased regardless of SmartFresh treatment. Internal browning increased with increased CO2. Factors increasing soft scald and soggy breakdown in air storage were orchard, later harvest date, low storage temperature and Harvista with the warmer temperatures. (USDA-ARS Wenatchee). Honeycrisp and Minneiska developed an internal browning disorder in commercial storages and it was more prevalent in late harvests. (Univ. of Minnesota). Preharvest 1-MCP reduced soft scald and soggy breakdown in Honeycrisp. DPA drench substantially reduced soft scald incidence and hard skin bronzing in Ambrosia, and incidence of soft scald can very with orchard. (OMAFRA). Preconditioning and fruit maturity at harvest interactions occurred with Honeycrisp apple chilling disorders in fruit stored at 1 °C. (Univ. of Maine). Low O2 storage of d'Anjou pears reduced scald. 1-MCP prevented scald development in pears, but regaining the capacity to ripen was dependent on fruit lot, storage duration and ethylene concentration. (USDA-ARS Wenatchee) CO2 prior to and during CA, temperature prior to CA, delayed CA and SmartFresh prior to CA were evaluated as factors influencing stem-end internal browning in Gala. (USDA-ARS Wenatchee) Fruit quality and flavor Consumers surveyed at a farmers market in Minnesota preferred newer varieties to older ones and were willing to pay a higher price for them. (Univ. of Minn.) Crispy-fleshed blueberries were compared to melting types for mechanical harvesting, fruit quality and flavonoid content. Melting-fleshed cultivars were more negatively impacted by mechanical harvesting than crispy-fleshed cultivars. The content of most flavonoids was greater in hand-harvested fruit after harvest. (Univ. of Georgia) O2 and CO2 combinations were tested for storing nine blueberry cultivars for 8 weeks at 0 °C. As CO2 increased, firmness, skin reddening and decay declined, and the proportion of fruit with poor internal quality increased. Cultivar effects were far more pronounced than atmosphere effects. (Michigan State Univ.) Methods of microscopy were used to visualize bruise damage in apple. Bruise tissue is comprised of both live cells and dead cells that appeared burst, crushed or without apparent damage. A greater amount of intercellular space in the tissue was associated with more tissue damage from bruising. (Washington State Univ.) Variability in firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity within the mango fruit was measured to identify the optimal maturity at harvest and ripeness stage at the time of cutting for fresh-cut mango. Methods of measuring the composition of mangoes were compared to effectiveness in determining maturity and ripeness. The effect of ethylene or temperature conditioning was measured on pear ripening and sensory quality. Pallet preservation systems to improve strawberry postharvest life and quality were compared. Only minor differences in fruit quality were observed, but CO2 concentrations within pallet covers vary among different systems. (Univ. of California) Compounds with Human Health Benefits Four new, complex derivatives of the potent phenolic antioxidant chlrogenic acid were isolated from fruit tissues of a wild eggplant relative and structurally elucidated. Pungent capsaicinoids and their nonpungent analogs that contribute to flavor were identified and evaluated in fruit from 224 accessions of South American hot peppers. Variability in the concentration was sufficiently large to suggest that genetic manipulation could be used to develop improved cultivars which could then be introgressed into bell pepper breeding lines. (USDA-ARS Beltsville) Five major groups of polyphenolics and a total of 16 individual compounds were characterized in apple. Only one compound was affected by 1-MCP. 1-MCP did not affect fruit antioxidant capacity or total phenolic compounds. (AgCanada, Nova Scotia)

Publications

Publications and Proceedings Almenar, E.; Samsudin, H.; Auras, R. Hate, J. 2010. Consumer acceptance of fresh blueberries in bio-based packages. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90(7): 1121-1128. Almenar, E., Hernández-Muñoz, P., Gavara, R. 2009. Evolution of selected volatiles in chitosan-coated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) during refrigerated storage. J. of Agric. Food Chem. 57: 974-980. Bai, J., Yin, X., Whitaker, B.D., Deschuytter, K., Chen, P.M. 2009. Combination of 1-methylcyclopropene and ethoxyquin to control superficial scald of d'Anjou pears. HortTechnology 19: 533-537. Barry, C.S. and Pandey, P. 2009. A survey of cultivated heirloom tomato varieties identifies four new mutant alleles at the green-flesh locus. Molecular Breeding 24:269-276. Barry, C.S. 2010. Factors influencing the ripening and quality of fleshy fruits. Annual Plant Reviews 38:296-326. L. Ostergaard, ed., Wiley. Beaudry, R.M. and Vallejo, F. 2010. Comparing the function of perforated and non-perforated film in MAP: Impact on the quality of broccoli. Proc. 9th Intl Controlled Atmosphere Conference. Acta Hort. DeEll, J., and B. Ehsani-Moghaddam. 2010. Preharvest 1-methylcyclopropene treatment reduces soft scald in Honeycrisp apples during storage. HortScience 45:414-417. DeEll, J.R., J.T. Ayres, and D.P. Murr. 2010. Commercial application of 1-methylcyclo-propene affects storability and disorders of Empire apples. Acta Hort. 857:107-114. Deewatthanawong, R., Watkins, C.B. 2010. ³-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in CO2 treated tomatoes. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:97-105. Deewatthanawong, R., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2010. ³-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in four strawberry cultivars in response to elevated CO2 storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:92-96. de Freitas, S. T., C.V.T. do Amarante, J.M. Labavitch, and E.J. Mitcham. 2010. Cellular approach to understanding bitter pit development in apple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:6-13. Fawbush, F., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2009. Antioxidant contents and activity of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated Empire apples in air and controlled atmosphere storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 52:30-37. Felicetti, E. and Mattheis, J.P. 2010. Quantification and histochemical localization of ascorbic acid in Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit during on-tree development and cold storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 56:56-63. Gomes, M.H., R.M. Beaudry, D.F. Almeida, and F.X. Malcata. 2010. Modelling respiration of packaged fresh-cut Rocha pear as affected by oxygen concentration and temperature. J. Food Eng. 96:74-79. Guevara, J.C., L. Cedeno, E.M. Yahia, and R.M. Beaudry. 2009. Modeling of temperature and relative humidity effect on respiration rate of Nopalitos. Proc. 6th International Congress on Cactus and Cochineal, Joao Pessoa, Brazil Oct. 22-26, 2007, F.A.P. Campos , J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., and S. De Melo Silva, (eds.). Acta Hort. 811:161-166. Jiang, Y.M. and J. Song. 2010. Fruits and Fruit Flavour: Classification and Biological Characterization. Handbook of Fruit Flavors. Ed. Feng Chen. John Wiley, New York. Joo, M.J.; Samsudin, H.; Almenar, E.; Auras, R.; Harte, J.; Harte, B. An eco-friendly container for ready-to-eat blackberries matching lifestyle necessities. Proc. 24th IAPRI Symposium on Packaging (IAPRI 2009). South Carolina, USA. Jung, S.K. and Watkins, C.B. 2009. 1-Methylcyclopropene treatment and bruising of different apple cultivars during storage. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 84:143-148. Jurik, W.M, II., I. Vico, V.L. Gaskins, W.M. Garrett, B.D. Whitaker, W.J. Janisiewicz, and W.S. Conway. 2010. Purification and biochemical characterization of polygalacturonase produced by Penecillium expansum during postharvest decay of Anjou pear. Phytopathology 100:42-48. Legnani, G., Watkins, C.B., Miller, W.B. 2010. Effects of hypoxic and anoxic controlled atmospheres on carbohydrates, organic acids, and fermentation products in Asiatic hybrid lily bulbs. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 56:85-94. Lui, J., J. DeEll, G. Bozzo, and B. Shelp. 2009. Physiological disorders of postharvest apples: a role for glutamate decarboxylase derived ³-aminobutyrate? Proc. of the Eastern Regional Meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists & Plant Development Workshop, p. 75. Guelph, Ontario. Manthey, J. and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2009. Influences of harvest date and location on the levels of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, total phenols and the in vitro antioxidant capacity, and phenolic profiles of five commercial varieties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:10825-10830. Mitsuhashi-Gonzalez, K. M.J. Pitts, J.K. Fellman, E.A. Curry, and C. Clary. 2010. Bruising profile of fresh apples associated with tissue type and structure. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26:509-517. Moran, R.E., J.R. DeEll, and W. Halteman. 2009. Effects of preharvest precipitation, air temperature, and humidity on the occurrence of soft scald in Honeycrisp apples. HortScience 44:1645-1647. Paliyath, G., Tiwari, K. Yuan, H., Whitaker, B.D. 2008. Structural deterioration in produce: Phospholipase D, membrane deterioration and senescence. In: Paliyath, G. Murr, D.P. Handa, A.K., Luri, S. (eds.). Postharvest Biology and Technology of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, pp 195-239. Peck, G.M., Merwin, I.A., Watkins, C.B., Chapman, K.W., Padilla-Zakour, O.I. 2009. Maturity and quality of Liberty apple fruit under integrated and organic fruit production systems are similar. HortScience 44:1382-1389. Pesis, E., A. Ibanez, M. Phu, E. Mitcham, S. Ebeler, and A. Dandekar. 2009. Superficial scald and bitter pit development in cold-stored transgenic apples suppressed for ethylene biosynthesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 2786-2792. Rosenberger, D.A., Meyer, F.W. and Rugh, A.L. 2010. Controlling Penecillium blue mold in stored apples with Scholar and difenoconoazole, 2009-09. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). (in press). DOI:10.1094/PDMR04. Rudell, D.R., Mattheis, J.P., and Hertog, M.L.A.T.M. 2009. Metabolic change precedes apple superficial scald symptoms. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:8459-8466. Rudell, D.R., Mattheis, J.P. 2009. Superficial scald development and related metabolism is modified by postharvest light irradiation. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 51:174-182. Rugkong, A., Rose, J.K.C., Lee, S.J., Giovannoni, J.J., O'Neill, M.A., Watkins, C.B. 2010. Cell wall metabolism in cold-stored tomato fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:106-113. Singh, H.P., D.P. Murr, G. Paliyath, and J.R. DeEll. 2010. Aroma volatile biosynthesis in Gala apples stored in controlled atmosphere. Acta Hort. 857:115-121. Song, J., L. Fan, C. Forney, and C. Campbell-Palmer. 2010. Use of hexanal, a natural volatile compound, to control postharvest diseases and extend shelf-life of highbush blueberry. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 90:359-366. Song, J. 2010. Major enzymes in flavour volatile production and regulation in fruit and vegetables. P45-69. Enzyme in fruit and vegetable processing. Ed. Alev Bayindirli. Taylor and Francis. Group LLC. Sun L. and van Nocker S. 2010. Analysis of promoter activity of members of the PECTATE LYASE-LIKE (PLL) gene family in cell separation in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biology 10:152. Tsantili, E. Shin, Y., Nock, J.F., Watkins, C.B. 2010. Antioxidant concentrations during chilling injury development in peaches. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:27-34. Vallejo, F. and R. M. Beaudry. 2010. Absorption of 1-MCP by non-target materials during storage. Proc. 9th Int'l Controlled Atmosphere Conference. Acta Hort. Villalobos-Acuña, M.G., W.V. Biasi, S. Flores, R.B. Elkins, N.H. Willits, and E.J. Mitcham. 2010. Preharvest application of 1-methyclopropene influences fruit drop and storage potential of Bartlett pears. HortScience 45:610-616. Whitaker, B.D., Villalobos-Acuna, M., Mitcham, E.J., and Mattheis, J.P. 2009. Superficial scald susceptibility and ±-farnescene metabolism in Bartlett pears grown in California and Washington. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 53: 43-50. Newsletter and Technical Bulletin Articles Region-By-Region Storage Recommendations for Honeycrisp: Responses from apple storage researchers. Compiled by R.M. Beaudry, MSU. http://smfarm.cfans.umn.edu/RegionalReccs.pdf, Good Fruit Grower 61(13):17 DeEll, J. 2010. SmartFresh and Storage of Honeycrisp apples. 53rd Intl. Fruit Tree Assoc. Conference. Compact Fruit Tree (9 pp., in press). DeEll, J. 2010. 1-MCP technology for McIntosh apples. 53rd Intl. Fruit Tree Assoc. Conference. Compact Fruit Tree (9 pp., in press). Fawbush, F., Nock, J., Watkins, C. 2009. Antioxidant contents and activity in SmartFresh-treated Empire apples during air and controlled atmosphere storage. New York Fruit Quarterly 17(4):15-18. James, H., Watkins, C., Cheng, L., Nock, J. 2009. Flesh browning in McIntosh and Empire apples - a NYFVI project. 14pp. Storage Workshop, Ithaca, NY. Dept. Horticulture Publication number 58. Kahlke C., Watkins, C. 2009. Harvest indices. Fruit Notes 9(18):1-3. MacLean, D.D., D.P. Murr, and J.R. DeEll. 2010. Postharvest variation in total antioxidant capacity and flavonoid levels in D'Anjou Pear (Pyrus × communis L.) after treatment with 1-MCP. Acta Hort. 857:243-250. Mattheis, J., Rosenberger, D., DeEll, J., Watkins, C. 2009. Honeycrisp panel review. 11p. Storage Workshop, Ithaca, NY. Dept. Horticulture Publication number 58. Rosenberger, D.A. 2009. Fungicides, biocides, and sanitizers for managing postharvest pathogens in apples. NY Fruit Quarterly 17(3)3-6. Rosenberger, D. 2009. Postharvest fungicides for apples in 2009. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 18(25):1-3. Online at http://www.nyaes.cornell.edu/ent/scaffolds/2009/. Rosenberger, D. 2009. Sanitizers and biocides for apple storage and packing operations. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 18(25):3-5. Online at http://www.nyaes.cornell.edu/ent/scaffolds/2009/. Watkins, C.B. 2009. Postharvest physiological disorders and mineral nutrients. New York Fruit Quarterly 17(3):17-20. Watkins, C., Kupferman, E., Mattheis, J., DeEll, J. 2009. Storage disorders - the good, the bad, with and without 1-MCP. 12pp. Storage Workshop, Ithaca, NY. Dept. Horticulture Publication number 58.

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 07/22/2011

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 05/22/2011 - 05/23/2011
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2010 - 09/01/2011

Participants

Participants Attachment:

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Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

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