Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the cellular and molecular modes of action by which bioactive chemicals in food protect against human diseases such as cancer, inflammation and microbial infection. Chlorophyll and the synthetic derivative chlorophyllin were shown to have cancer protective properties which are related to inhibition of the environmental carcinogens dibenzopyrene and aflatoxin. Chlorophyll and chlorophyllin reduce access of the carcinogens to the liver, but complexation with the carcinogengs is not necessary for this activity. (Oregon). Tomatine, an alkaloid present in tomatoes, was shown to be nontoxic at high levels in a model using trout and hence the model will be useful for long-term studies to determine whether or not it can cause tumor formation or progression. (Oregon; USDA Albany, California). Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) protects turkeys against aflatoxicosis caused by aflatoxins. This was shown to be due to inhibition of a consumed aflatoxin to its more toxic epoxide form (Utah State). Extracts of pigmented rice brans were found to be much stronger inhibitors of tumor promotion in marmoset cells than was an extract from nonpigmented white rice cooking varieties (USDA Albany). Green tea catechins, particularly epicatechin gallate, were shown to have potent antibactericidal activity against Bacillus cereus, a close model for Bacillus anthraxis (USDAAlbany). Anthocyanin-rich extracts of bilberry, grape and chokeberry significantly inhibited the growth of human colon cancer cell lines in vitro and also reduced aberrant crypt foci (presumed cancer precursors) in rats (Maryland). Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil were effective at suppressing an experimental model of a common kidney disease nephropathy (Michigan State). OBJECTIVE 2. Determine cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of natural and induced toxicants in food for human risk assessment and disease prevention. Gene chips were developed to study the way the indole-3-carbinol dimer (DIM) acts as a tumor promoter in the trout model. The promotion was found to act through an estrogenic pathway and continued after stopping DIM treatment, thus indicating no requirement for chronic exposure. (Oregon) On the other hand, DIM proved to have immune activating and antiangiogenic activity which reduced some tumors in other animal models.(UCBerkeley) These results from two different laboratories emphasize the complex biological interactions which need to be considered with dietary supplements such as DIM. The sensitivity of human white blood cells to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) was found to correlate to presence of a protein kinase. Humans are 4-fold more sensitive to this kinase than are mice and DON sensitivity was found to vary among individuals, perhaps due to both genetic and non-genetic factors (Michigan State). OBJECTIVE 3. Detect and identify new natural or induced bioactive compounds in foods that have beneficial or adverse effects on human health. Analytical methods were developed for detection of sphinganine-1-phophate in serum of animals exposed to subtoxic doses of fumonisins. Studies characterized a new sphingoid base metabolite in renal cells treated with fumonisin and suggested that this sphingoid could play an important role in fumonisin-induced renal toxiicty.(USDA-ARS Georgia). Curcumin, the yellow-coloring pigment in turmeric, was found to inhibit biofilm formation and toxin production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which causes lung disease symptoms in cystic fibrosis. This is accomplished through inhibition of quorum sensing, a communication mechansim in the bacterium. Curcumin did not kill the bacteria, which remained alive, but were no longer capable of causing disease. OBJECTIVE 4. Ascertain how agricultural production an food processing may influence production/stability of natural bioactive chemicals. A survey of literature reports which attempted to compare the beneficial (detrimental) effects of organic vs. traditional agriculture in regard to human health was made. From a scientific viewpoint, few or none of the studies appeared to be conclusive and there was a significant lack of quantitative data which appropriately compared the different methods. (UCDavis). A comparison was made between minimally processed soy-based products consumed in Asian countries and more processed soys or pure isoflavones. The degree of soy flour processing affected the estrogenicity of products although all were compared to a constant level of the isoflavone genistein. Thus, refined products were more estrogenic than those which are minimally processed. The findings suggest that for postmenopausal women with estrogen-dependent breast cancer, the consumption of foods containing soy flour rather than refined products is more advisable (Illinois). Maize products utilized in a Guatamalen Central Highland community were analyzed for toxic fumonisns and were often found to exceed the maximal tolerable daily intake established by the WHO. Lowland corn, which is imported and used in the highlands, was found to be a source of greater fumonosin content than that grown locally. A mouse model for fumonisin risk assessment was developed (USDA Athens, Georgia). COLLABORATIVE PLANS FOR COMING YEAR Bjeldanes(UCBerkeley) and Bailey(Oregon) will continue to study DIM and its carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties. Bailey(Oregon) and Friedman(USDA-WRRC Albany) will study the possible antitumour effects of the tomato alkaloid tomatine. Pestka (Michigan State) and Coulombe (Utah) plan to determine immunotoxic endpoints in poultry exposed to aflatoxin. Magnuson (Maryland) and Vivanco (Utah State) will expand their studies on curcumin.

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