Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Meeting location for 2008: After a short discussion, it was moved and seconded that we return to Las Vegas next year and meet over the Martin Luther King holiday. This will accommodate the travel arrangements of the most number of people. The motion was passed by voice vote. Chairs: Sally Brown announced that 2006 was her last year to serve as chair. She suggested that Greg Evanylo replace her to serve with Paul Schwab as co-chair. The motion was made from the floor, seconded, and carried as a voice vote. Old Business: Dr. Brown reviewed our objectives from last year: (1) A letter to the editor of an on-line journal had been suggested to discuss the land application of biosolids. This goal was not completed and; (2) We requested of NE 1001 that they let W-1170 respond to their draft report on biosolids. Dr. Brown solicited comments from some members of W-1170, and the comments that were received were forwarded to NE 1001. New Business: Suggestions were taken from the floor concerning means to be taken by W-1170 to stress the developments in the land application of biosolids. Recommendations included: a. Emphasize emerging aspects, such as the strong potential for biosolids to make a positive contribution to carbon sequestration. Dr. Brown informed the group that she has taken an initial step in this direction with a recent article Biocycle; b. Biosolids are logical sources plant nutrients in the development of biofuels; c. W-1170 should strongly emphasize the impacts of biosolids application; d. Emphasis should be kept on the science only. In this regard, the best approach is not to attack potentially poor science that emerges but to continue to publish strong, solid science; e. We should look for partnering opportunities. An example would be a recent NIEHS initiative examining science and public health; f. Some of the members were suggesting that we should not abandon the fundamental approach to the science. We should avoid focusing on a specific waste product. However, another member felt that a lack of focus was a drawback. Reports: In lieu of having the membership present station reports, this years agenda was, instead, in the format of a symposium. Greg Evanylo arranged for us to meet at the USDA-CSREES National Water Conference in Savannah, Georgia. After our business meeting, we held a formal symposium in conjunction with the conference. The symposium was entitled, 'Availability, Transport, and Fate of Land-Applied Waste Constituents' and was to be chaired be Dr. Evanylo. (Dr. Evanylo was ill and unable to attend; Drs. Brown and Schwab assumed duties as chair.) The symposium was developed by the members of W-1170 to summarize the research that members of this workgroup have conducted with biosolids, manures, water treatment residuals, and other waste products subjected to a variety of treatment processes. The constituents addressed in the symposium were traditionally-studied nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace inorganic elements as well as pathogens and emerging organic pollutants. The speakers were selected from the membership as well as one invited guest (Ian Pepper). They presented data to demonstrate the relationship between the content, availability, and management of these constituents and their impact or potential impact on water quality. The agenda: Part I: Nutrients, trace elements, and pathogens 1:35 Metal interactions in biosolids and biosolids-amended soils: Sorption mechanisms to remediation applications. K.G. Scheckel*, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; M. Chappell; A.G.B. Williams; and J.A. Ryan. 1:55 Application of water treatment residuals to agricultural land to reduce contamination of surface and ground water: W-1170 research efforts. N. Basta*, Ohio State University; J. Ippolito; H. Elliott; and G. O'Connor. 2:15 Predicting and managing nitrate-N leaching from biosolids applied to sand & gravel mined lands. W. Lee Daniels*, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; and Greg Evanylo. 2:35 Influence of twenty years of land application of Class B biosolids on soil microbial properties. Huruy Zerzghi and Ian Pepper*, University of Arizona. Part II: Emerging contaminants 3:20 Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following land application of municipal biosolids. Edward Topp*, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Karim Abbaspour; Andrew Beck; Alistair Boxall; Peter Duenk; Kathrin Fenner; David Lapen; Mats Larsbo; Hongxia Li; Chris Metcalfe; Sara Monteiro; and Michael Payne. 3:40 The fate and transport of biosolids-borne TCC. Elizabeth Hodges and George O'Connor*, University of Florida. 4:00 Degradation of nonlyphenol in biosolids amended soil. Dana Devin-Clarke, Mike Dubrava, and Sally Brown*, University of Washington. 4:20 Mobility, chemical lability, and bioavailability of PAHs in contaminated soils amended with biosolids. Paul Schwab*, Purdue University; Kathy Banks; Naressa Cofield; and Zakia Parrish. A discussion session followed, after which the meeting was adjourned.

Objective 1: Evaluate the risk-based effects of residual application to uncontaminated (e.g. baseline) soils on chemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity of nutrients and contaminants In Florida, greenhouse column studies continue to evaluate the phytoavailability of biosolids-P to a representative pasture grass. The studies are similar to previously completed studies with multiple biosolids representing national biosolids-processing methods. The current studies focus on biosolids produced and/or marketed in FL, and emphasize those materials with high values of water-extractable P, especially biological nutrient removal materials, but also include a few materials with high total Fe + Al concentrations. Biosolids-P phytoavailability is being compared to fertilizer-P phytoavailability. The study is being continued to access residual value of biosolids-P, especially the low RPP materials. Additional greenhouse studies (pots) with a high and a moderate soluble P biosolids amended at P-based and N-based rates and cropped repeatedly, confirmed expected differences in RPP. The same materials and rates were used in a field study, and field-measured RPP values were consistent with greenhouse values. With the Virginia group, a Virginia Piedmont soil that received five rates (up to 210 Mg/ha) of a high metal-containing biosolid in 1984 began exhibiting Al and/or Zn toxicity and/or Fe deficiency and yield depression in corn as soil pH declined to <5 ten years after biosolids application. Following liming of the soil to pH >6 in 1999, no effect of biosolids rate on Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn phytotoxicity using radish and lettuce as bioassay crops were evident, even as soil pH dropped to between 5.1 and 5.3 in 2006. Biosolids rate increased uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, but uptake responses were usually quadratic or linear and plateau. Uptake coefficients were similar or lower than those employed by USEPA in the Part 503 Risk Assessment Methodology. Lime stabilized biosolids were employed in a large (16 plots, 0.5 ha each) mine soil reconstruction project in central Virginia designed to evaluate soil reconstruction strategies for prime farmlands disturbed by mineral sands mining. The experiment was constructed in the fall of 2004. Treatments include (1) a fertilized and limed control on mine tailings without topsoil, (2) 15 cm of topsoil returned over limed and P-fertilized tailings, (3) 78 Mg/ha lime stabilized biosolids incorporated into tailings with conventional tillage management, and (4) 78 Mg/ha biosolids incorporated into tailings with minimum tillage management. First-year row crop yields (Zea mays) from 2005 indicated that 78 Mg/ha biosolids combined with deep tillage treatments was superior to topsoil (15 cm) return, but produced significantly lower yields than nearby parallel plots on undisturbed prime farmland soil. However, corn yields on the biosolids treatments exceeded long-term county (Dinwiddie and Sussex Co.) average yields by 20%. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields in June 2006 on biosolids treated plots also exceeded long-term county average yields, but were still approximately 30% lower than nearby prime farmland soils. Detailed rooting studies in July of 2006 revealed that subsoil densic layers were most likely responsible for the reduced row crop yield potentials in these reconstructed mine soils. Regardless, the fact that the mine soils equaled or exceeded long-term county average yields for both corn and wheat through application and incorporation of the biosolids is seen as a very positive and somewhat surprising result. In a second study in a constructed tidal freshwater wetland (installed fall 2003) experiment, yardwaste compost applications (80 and 160 Mg/ha wet weight as compost) are being compared with topsoil return, and pit-and-mound microtopography was formed in all plots. The experimental wetland was constructed out of sandy dredge spoil materials from the adjacent James River at Shirley Plantation in James City County. Continued monitoring in 2006 indicates significant deposition of an organic rich muddy layer in the upper 2.5 cm of these soils above the underlying sands which appears to support continued development of soil redoximorphic features. Taxodium distichum seedlings responded favorably upon the low (15 cm) mounds in the 2004 growing season, while in 2005 and 2006; trees growing in the slightly depressed pits outperformed those on mounds. Mini-rhizotron tubes were installed under selected seedings in pits, on mounds, and in areas of the plots without micro-topography in the winter of 2005 and 2006 and are being utilized to document rooting interactions with applied treatments (compost and topsoil). Objective 2: Evaluate the ability of in situ treatment of contaminated soil with residuals to reduce chemical contaminant bioavailability and reduce toxicity Rainfall simulation studies were conducted on a Florida sand amended with selected biosolids (from Objective # 1) and with treatments including water treatment residuals (WTRs) to control soluble P leaching. Rainfall simulations were also conducted with soil samples from field studies begun in 1998 to address WTR impacts on P mobility and the long-term stability of WTR-immobilized P. Soil samples from the MI plots were subjected to various measures of P-lability, including extraction with various common soil extractants and a 32P-based technique. All data suggest that WTR-immobilized P is stable, long-term. Thus, WTRs can serve as permanent immobilizers of P in high P soils, and the immobilized-P remains stable unless the soil pH falls below 4. Treatment with an Al-WTR reduced water extractable P in the MI soils by 60-70% and labile P in runoff by at least 50%. Results with the Florida sand similarly showed WTR amendment to reduce P loss, even when leaching was the important P loss mechanism. A field study on the Florida sand confirmed rainfall simulation results. The local Al-WTR used reduced P losses in runoff and leaching (shallow and deeper groundwater wells) without increasing water soluble Al concentrations and without causing Al phytotoxicities. P-sources and Al-WTRs differ because of treatment and conditioning processes, and the amount of Al-WTR needed to control soluble P should not be determined a priori at a fixed mass ratio, as has been suggested by some. Rather, the oxalate-extractable P, Fe, and Al concentrations of the P-sources, the Al-WTR, and the amended soil should be considered and used to calculate the necessary Al-WTR to attain a Soil Phosphorus Storage Capacity of zero. In Pennsylvania, field experiments were established in three locations comparing natural topsoil with manufactured soils containing spent foundry sand, composted organic materials, and high clay subsoil. In the first year growth of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was better on manufactured soils than on natural topsoils. Trace elements in ryegrass tissue from manufactured soils were less than or not different from those grown in natural soil. Leaching losses of nutrients from manufactured soils were not greater than from natural topsoils. Leachate trace element concentrations were very low for all elements analyzed and no significant differences could be measured between manufactured soils and natural soils. No phenolic or PAH compounds were detected in any leachates. Another field experiment was established this year to investigate the potential for use of composted or fresh poultry layer manure for mine reclamation and bioenergy production. Five reclamation treatments were applied to an abandoned coal mine site: conventional (lime plus fertilizer), composted layer manure (67 and 135 Mg/ha) and fresh manure (at an N equivalent to the lower compost application) plus paper mill sludge to adjust C:N ratio to 20: and 40:1 and the experiment was planted with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Vegetation establishment was most rapid on the conventional treatment and slowest on the co-application treatments. Once established, growth was greatest on co-application treatments and least on the conventional treatment. Extreme variability in nutrient leaching precludes any conclusions on nutrient and C leaching at this early stage. A method was developed for estimating phosphorus source coefficients (PSCs) based on the water extractable P (WEP) content of the applied amendment. Assuming amendments with WEP ³ 10 g/kg behave as highly soluble P sources and have a maximum PSC of 1.0, an empirical equation was developed for computing source-specific PSCs from laboratory-determined WEP values [PSC = 0.102 ×WEP^0.99]. Correlations between RDP loss and P source loading rate were improved when loading rates were multiplied by the computed (r squared = 0.73-0.86) versus generic (r squared = 0.45-0.48) PSCs. Research in Washington in the past year has focused on developing a broader understanding of the effect of municipal biosolids application on ecosystem function for both disturbed and natural systems. We tested the effect of both agronomic and high loading rates of biosolids on nitrogen fixation in red alder. The results indicated that N fixation was increased with biosolids application in comparison to conventional fertilizer addition. This was potentially the result of a significantly higher growth rate which subsequently increased N demand. High application of historic, high metal biosolids also did not decrease N fixation in comparison to either control soil or soil amended with high rates of biosolids compost. In contaminated systems, we have worked with both different types of limestone as well as different rates of carbonaceous materials in order to optimize both neutralization of subsoil acidity and encourage establishment of a native plant community. Highly reactive limestone in combination with biosolids was able to increase the pH of high metal, acidic mine tailings in subsurface horizons in a greenhouse study. In a field study, conducted on the same tailings deposit in Leadville, CO where tailings were collected for the greenhouse study, adding woody debris to biosolids to bring the amendment C:N ratio to 30:1 increased species diversity. Objective 3: Predict the long-term bioavailability and toxicity of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended agricultural and contaminated soils. Researchers in Colorado studied the effects of single (1991) or repeated (2002) co-applications of biosolids (10 Mg ha-1) and drinking water treatment residuals (WTR; 5, 10, and 21 Mg ha-1) on a shortgrass steppe ecosystem. Increasing WTR rates led to a slight increase in the number of annual forbs present, and repeated applications slightly decreased the number of plant taxa present. Increases in plant N and Cu content were attributed to repeated biosolids application, and decreases in plant Mo and P content were attributed to sorption on to the WTR fraction. Soil N and Cu were present mainly in the soil surface, while Mo and P were transported downward most likely due to their adsorption to WTR particulate phases. Biogeochemical P cycling research showed WTR as the major P sink. Phosphorus did not readily desorb from these soils under a pH range of 4 to 6. Between pH 7 and 8 some desorption occurred as soil Ca phases competed for P with WTR. The effects of different biosolids rates (0 to 11.2 Mg ha-1 per application) were examined over 12 years on the plant-nutrition status in a dryland wheat-fallow agroecosystem. We showed that the nitrogen first-year-mineralization rates for biosolids applied to dryland wheat-fallow rotations were reduced from 28 to 24% in 6 dry years that followed 6 wetter years. We also could predict surface total trace-element concentrations just based on initial soil levels plus quantities added with biosolids application. Biosolids provided an excellent source of Zn, which is commonly deficient in eastern Colorado soils. A new project in Florida funded by EPA to evaluate the Fate of Triclocarban (TCC) in Sludge-Amended Soils is underway with considerable cooperation from researchers at Proctor and Gamble (Cinn. Lab). Triclocarban is anti-microbial (similar to triclosan, TCS), and is a common ingredient in various bar soaps. About 300,000  500,000 kg of the compound is used each year in the US, and limited data suggest that TCC concentrations in some activated sludges can reach ~40 mg/kg. Preliminary surveys of various biosolids from around the country suggest that anaerobically digested biosolids are likely to contain TCC in the 25-40 mg/kg range, but that other biosolids may contain much less. Our study will examine a variety of fates and potential pathways for human, environmental, and soil microbial impacts of TCC. Little is known about TCC chemistry, so only rough estimates of TCC fate in biosolids and biosolids-amended soils are currently possible. Much of the information available on TCC is unverifiable, so early research efforts will focus on basic TCC chemical and physical characterization and fundamental soil sorption and persistence studies.

Colorado: Blecker, S.W., Ippolito, J.A., Barrett, J.E., Wall, D.H., Virginia, R.A., and Norvell, K.L. 2006. Phosphorus fractionation implications in soils of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:806-815. Ghasemi-Fasaei, R., Maftoun, M., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Yasrebi, J., Assad, M.T., and Ippolito, J. 2006. Kinetics of Copper Desorption from Highly Calcareous Soils. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:797-809. Ippolito, J.A., and Barbarick, K.A. 2006. Biosolids affect soil Ba in a dryland wheat agroecosystem. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 2333-2341. Ippolito, J.A., and Barbarick, K.A. 2006. Phosphorus extraction methods from water treatment residual-amended soil. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:859-870. Barbarick, K.A., Ippolito, J.A., and Hansen, N.C. 2006. Biosolids application to no-till dryland crop rotations. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR06-7. Ippolito, J., Barbarick, K.A., and Gourd, T. 2006. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR06-8. Ippolito, J., Stromberger, M., Barbarick, K., and Bayley, R. 2006. Water residuals and biosolids: Effect of co-application on soil phosphorus. Awwa Research Foundation, Denver, CO. 49 p. Assefa-Mulisa, Y., Borch, T., Ippolito, J.A., Hansen, N.C., and Jones, J. 2006. Fate and transport of phosphorus in manure, biosolids and water treatment residual amended soils under cyclic redox conditions. Paper #307-5. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Freeman, C.L., Hansen, N., Ippolito, J., and Shurson, G. 2006. Soluble and Mehlich-III extractable phosphorus from swine manure applied soils. Paper #10-2. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Ippolito, J., Barbarick, K., and Paschke, M.. 2006. Long-term water treatment residuals-biosolids co-application affects rangeland soils and plants. Paper #124-11. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Ippolito, J., Barbarick, K., and Norvell, K. 2006. Biosolids impact soil phosphorus recovery, fractionation and potential risk. Paper #307-1. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Ippolito, J., Barbarick, K., and Paschke, M.. 2006. Long-term composted biosolids affects rangeland soils and plants. Paper #127-8. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Lagae, H., Barbarick, K., Davies, S., and Lybecker, D. 2006. Municipal biosolids  Their economic value in dryland winter wheat-fallow cropping rotation. J. Soil Water Cons. 61(3): 191. Florida: Silveira, M.L., M.K. Miyattah, and G.A. OConnor. 2006. Phosphorus release from a manure-impacted Spodosol: effects of a water treatment residual. J. Environ. Qual. 35:529-541. Silveira, M.L., L.R.F. Alleoni, G.A. OConnor, and A.C. Chang. 2006. Heavy metal sequential extraction methods: a modification for tropical soils. Chemosphere 64: 1929-1938. Van Alstyne, R., L.R. McDowell, P.A. Davis, N.S. Wilkinson, L.K. Warren, and G.A. OConnor. 2006. Effects of dietary aluminum from an aluminum water treatment residual on bone density and bone mineral content of feeder lambs. The Professional Animal Scientist 22:153-157. Makris, K.C. and G.A. OConnor. 2007. Land application of drinking water treatment residuals as contaminant-mitigating agents. In Sarkar, D., Datta, R., and Hannigan, R. (Ed) Current Perspectives in Environmental Geochemistry. Geological Society of America Press, Denver, CO, (In press). Agyin-Birikorang, S., G.A. OConnor, L.W. Jacobs, K.C. Makris, and S.R. Brinton. 2007. Long-term P immobilization by a drinking water treatment residual. J. Environ. Qual. 36: (In press). Elliott, H.A., and G.A. OConnor. 2007. Phosphorus management for sustainable biosolids recycling in the United States. Soil & Soil Biol. (In press). Agyin-Birikorang, Sampson. 2006. Lability of drinking-water treatment residuals (WTR) immobilized phosphorus: implications for long-term stability. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Oladeji, Olawale. 2006. Management of phosphorus sources and water treatment residuals (WTR) for environmental and agronomic benefits. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Penn State: Elliott, H.A., R.C. Brandt, P.J.A. Kleinman, A.N. Sharpley, and D.B. Beegle. 2006. Estimating source coefficients for phosphorus site indices. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 2195-2201. Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, A.M. Wolf, D.B. Beegle, H.A. Elliott, J.L. Weld, and R.C. Brandt. 2006. Developing an environmental manure test for the phosphorus index. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:2137-2155. Stehouwer, R.C., R.L. Day, and K.E. Macneal. 2006. Nutrient and trace element leaching following mine reclamation with biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 35:1118-1126. Hindman, Jennifer. 2006. Use of spent foundry sand and compost as components of manufactured soils. M.S. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University. Univ. Park, PA. 117 pp. Stehouwer, R.C. 2006. Nutrient leaching from coal refuse amended with reclamation rates of composted or fresh poultry layer manure. 18th World Congresss of Soil Science, Philadelphia, PA. July 9-15, 2006. Virginia: Evanylo, Gregory, Beshr Sukkariyah, Martha Anderson Eborall, and Lucian Zelazny. 2006. Bioavailability of heavy metals in biosolids-amended soil. Plenary Paper, 9th International Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37 (15-20):2157-2170. Spargo, J.T., G.K. Evanylo, and M.A. Alley. 2006. Repeated compost application effects on P runoff in the Piedmont. J. Environ. Qual. 35(6): 2342-2351 Daniels, W.L., Beck, M. and Eick, M. 2006. Guidance for the beneficial use of fly ash on coal mines in Virginia. p. 75-82 In: Z. Agioutantis and K. Komnitsas, Eds., 2nd International Conf. Advances in Mineral Resources Management and Geotechnics, 25-27 Sept., 2006, Hania, Crete, Heliotopos Conferences, LTD, http:heliotopos.conferences.gr Orndorff, Z.W. and Daniels, W.L. 2006. Predicting depth to sulfidic sediments in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. p. 1453-1472 In: R.I. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc., 7th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), March 26-30, 2006, St. Louis MO. Published by the American Society of Mining and Reclamation (ASMR), 3134 Montavesta Road, Lexington, KY 40502. Zhang, X., E. Ervin, G. Evanylo, and K. Haering. 2006. Auxin-Boosted Biosolids Impact on Drought Resistance in Kentucky Bluegrass. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual International Meetings, Indianapolis, IN. http://crops.confex.com/crops/2006am/techprogram/P25370.HTM Bowden, C. L. 2006. Effects of organic amendments on soil humic substances content and physiological properties of Zea mays and Glycine max grown on a droughty Piedmont soil. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Washington: Svendson, A., C. Henry, and S. Brown. 2007. Restoration of high zinc and lead tailings with municipal biosolids and lime: greenhouse study. J. Environ. Qual. In press. Brown, S., H. Compton and N. Basta. 2007. Field Test of In Situ Soil Amendments at the Tar Creek National Priorities List Superfund Site. J. Environ. Qual. In press. Brown, S., P. DeVolder, and C. Henry. 2007. Effect of amendment C:N ratio on plant diversity, cover and metal content for acidic Pb and Zn mine tailings in Leadville, CO. Environ. Pollution. In Press. Chaney, R.L., E. Filcheva, C.E. Green and S. L. Brown. 2006. Zn Deficiency Promotes Cd Accumulation by Lettuce from Biosolids Amended Soils with High Cd:Zn Ratio. J. Residuals Sci. Tech V3:2 Gaulke, L. S., C.L. Henry, and S. L. Brown. 2006. Nitrogen fixation and growth response of Alnus Rubra following fertiliztion with urea or biosolids. Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), 63, 4:.361-369. ISSN 0103-9016. Gaulke, L. S., C.L. Henry, and S. L. Brown. 2006. Nitrogen fixation and growth response of Alnus rubra amended with low and high metal content biosolids. Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), 63, 4:351-360. ISSN 0103-9016. Maryland: Abou-Shanab, R.A.I., J.S. Angle and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Bacterial inoculants affecting nickel uptake by Alyssum murale from low, moderate and high Ni soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:2882-2889. Chaney, R.L., E. Filcheva, C.E. Green and S.L. Brown. Zn deficiency promotes Cd accumulation by lettuce from biosolids amended soils with high Cd:Zn ratio. J. Residual Sci. Technol. 3:68-75. Everhart, J.L., D. van der Lelie, R.L. Chaney and D.L. Sparks. 2006. Assessing nickel bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils. Sci. Total Environ. 367:732-744. Filcheva, E., R.L. Chaney, S.L. Brown and C.E. Green. 2006. Effect of Fe, Mn, and Zn enriched municipal sludge composts on Cd uptake by lettuce from three different Cd-contaminated soils. Bulg. J. Ecol. Sci. 4:27-34. Li, Y.-M., R.L. Chaney, R.D. Reeves, J.S. Angle and A.J.M. Baker. 2006. Thlaspi caerulescens sub_species for Cd and Zn recovery. US Patent 7,049,492; pp. 1-8. Granted May 23, 2006. Lucena, J.J. and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Synthetic iron chelates as substrates of root ferric chelate reductase in green stressed cucumber plants. J. Plant Nutr. 29:423-439. Miller, J.F., C.E. Green, Y.-M. Li and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Registration of three low cadmium (HA 448, HA 449, and RHA 450) confection sunflower genetic stocks. Crop Sci. 46:489-490. Siebielec, G. and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Mn fertilizer requirement to prevent Mn deficiency when liming to remediate Ni phytotoxic soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:163_179. Wang, A.S., R.L. Chaney, J.S. Angle and M.S. McIntosh. 2006. Using hyperaccumulator plants to phytoextract soil Cd. pp 103-114. In M. Macková, D.N. Dowling and T. Macek. (eds.) Phytoremediation and Rhizoremediation. Springer Verlag. Wang, A.S., J.S. Angle, R.L. Chaney, T.A. Delorme and R.D. Reeves. 2006. Soil pH effects on uptake of Cd and Zn by Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Soil 281:325-337. Wang, A.S., J.S. Angle, R.L. Chaney, T.A. Delorme and M. McIntosh. 2006. Changes in soil biological activities under reduced soil pH during Thlaspi caerulescens phytoextraction. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:1451-1461. Wood, B.W., R.L. Chaney and M. Crawford. 2006. Correcting micronutrient deficiency using metal hyper accumulators: Alyssum biomass as a natural product for nickel deficiency correction. HortScience 41:1231_1234. Angle, J.S., L. Zhang and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Degradation of Alyssum biomass in soil. Abstract booklet for International Conference on Serpentine Ecology, Sienna, Italy (May, 2006). Abstract pg. 6. Chaney, R.L. 2006. In Situ Remediation and Ecosystem Restoration on Toxic Mine and Smelter Contaminated Soils Using Soil Amendments. pp. In Proc. Workshop Novel Alternatives for Remediation of Metal Polluted Soils (Dec 6-12, 2006. Montecillo, Mexico). Chaney, R.L., L.C. Broadhurst, M.S. McIntosh, R.D. Reeves and J.S. Angle. 2006. Phytoextraction of heavy metals with hyperaccumulator plants. International Bioavailability Workshop, Seville, Spain (Sept. 11-14, 2006). pp. 65-66. Chaney, R.L., H. Kim and A.P. Davis. 2006. The significance of heavy metals, trace elements and toxic organic compounds in compost products. Proc. Annual Conf. U.S. Composting Council, Albuquerque, NM Jan 22-25, 2006). Chaney, R.L. and P.G. Reeves. 2006. The Role of Crop Cd Bioavailability in Potential for Transfer of Soil Cd Risk to Humans and Wildlife. pp. In Proc. Workshop Novel Alternatives for Remediation of Metal Polluted Soils (Dec 6-12, 2006. Montecillo, Mexico). Codling, E.E., C.E. Green, A.K. Piri and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Total and extractable lead and arsenic concentration in US long-term orchard soils and potential accumulation by vegetable crops. pp. World Congress of Soil Science 2006: Abstract 14384. Craig, A.M., J.M. Duringer, D.J. Smith, M.J.M. DeLorme and R.L. Chaney. 2006. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of [14C]-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in sheep after a 30-day exposure to Dietary unlabeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Environmental Restoration Poster Number 124  Page E109. Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop, Nov. 28-30, 2006. Washington, D.C. McNear, D.H., Jr., R.L. Chaney and D.L. Sparks. 2006. The influence of soil Ni speciation on the phytoremediation potential of soils surrounding an historic Ni refinery in Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. pp. World Congress of Soil Science 2006: Abstract 17158. Tappero, R., R.L. Chaney and D.L. Sparks. 2006. Spectromicroscopic investigation of Co speciation in a ni/co hyperaccumulator plant used for phytoremediation and phytomining. pp. World Congress of Soil Science 2006: Abstract 12480. Indiana: Schwab, A.P., P. Splichal, and M.K. Banks. 2006. Adsorption of atrazine and alachlor to aquifer material and soil. 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