Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

With the renewed five year charter of WERA-102 in 2005, one of the tasks for its continuance was to have a special topic session pertaining to agriculture and climate. During this years meeting, the special topic to fulfill this mandate was evapo-transportation (ET). Richard L. Snyder  UCDavis  Biometeorology specialist, Hugo Hildago  Scripps, and Greg McCurdy  WRCC were the invited speakers. As Jan Curtis, 2006 Secretary, will automatically become the 2007 Chair, nominations were solicited for 2007 Secretary. George Taylor (Oregon State Climate Office) was nominated unanimously by all members present inabsentia. The Committee discussed the need to encourage more participation at the Annual Meetings including National Weather Service staff. An overture from Robert Seem, Chair of NC1018 to hold a joint meeting with WERA-102 is being explored for next year with the Colorado Front Range as the venue (tentatively scheduled between mid August to late September). A major focus of NC1018 is the creation of a 30-year, county-level database for climate, crops, and soils. Closely related to this is work on crop simulation models and risk management under varying climate conditions. Since both our groups are a multi-state research committee, they are also looking for opportunities to secure multi-institutional funding. WERA-102 has established a sub-committee (co-chairs: Ted Samis and Greg McCurdy) to examine operational and quality assurance issues, with recommendations anticipated to improve usefulness and reliability. See also USDA-Forest Service report: A review of the Forest Service Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) network (http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr119.pdf). Presentations, discussions, and individual annual reports are located at: ftp://ftp.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/support/climate/wera102 ftp://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/support/climate/crops/wera102/WERA-102_2006.doc ftp://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/support/climate/crops/wera102/annual%20reports

University of Arizona Climate Science Applications Program and Climate Science Extension http://cals.arizona.edu/climate Southwest Climate Outlook: The Southwest Climate Outlook is jointly published each month by the Climate Assessment for the Southwest project and University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. The climate outlook summarizes over 20 climate products with regionally specific interpretations and highlights. This work is funded, in part, by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the Technology Research Initiative Fund of the University of Arizona Water Sustainability Program. The web-published newsletter is viewed by over 2,000 people each month. (http://www.ispe.arizona.edu/climas/forecasts/swoutlook.html) Regional Climate Summaries for Arizona: Two regional (Northwest and Southeast Arizona) climate summaries are now being produced quarterly by the Climate Science Applications Program. These 2-page newsletters have been developed in conjunction with local county extension agents and are distributed through range/livestock newsletters. Current conditions for each multi-county region as well as forecast information are discussed in each summary which a current distribution to over 600 people. http://cals.arizona.edu/climate/proj/seaz/index.htm) Climate Change and Range Management Workshop, January 2006: A workshop was held in conjunction with the Arizona Section of the Society for Range Management winter meeting and drew together over 140 participants representing private ranches as well as land managers from federal, state, and local land management agencies. Eleven presenters from the University of Arizona, Northern Arizona University, New Mexico State University, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service provided cutting edge information on recent climate changes, climate change projections and the implications for range management. A workshop exercise integrated future climate change projections with state & transition models to provide a framework for participants to manage a hypothetical land unit under change climatic conditions into the future. (http://cals.arizona.edu/climate/ws/srm2006/srm2006.htm) USDI-Bureau of Land Management - National Science and Technology Center BLM is evaluating participation in CoCoRaHS (http://www.cocorahs.org/) by providing 4 in plastic rain gauges and hail pads to ranchers in Colorado in order to obtain more precipitation information on the range lands. If the 'prototype' works well in Colorado, BLM is interested in expanding their involvement throughout the West. Climate Office of California The past year has been a period of restart and reorganization for the state climate office of California. A new agreement between the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the National Climatic Data Center was signed designating DWR the state climate office (SCO). Since that time the state climatologist has been organizing elements of DWR activities under the SCO including the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) and the California Data Exchange Center (CDEC) databases. Looking ahead to the coming year the SCO is planning to work with agency personnel and university researchers under the Agency and Academic Research Collaborative (AARC) on a variety of topics. University of California Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM) Worked with the Western IPM Center-sponsored weather systems work group to develop concepts for a collaborative weather-based IPM system; identified possible components of a system, operational needs, research gaps/needs, possible approaches. Group received NRI grant to identify, quantify, and present uncertainties in a weather-based pest modeling system. UC IPM's Web system continues to provide a variety of online, weather-based products for growers and consultants, and use continues to increase. Currently implementing a walnut blight model, Xanthocast, and scab and fireblight models for pears and apples, all intended to be used by growers to improve on-farm decision making. Colorado State University - Colorado Climate Center Have completed the 118th year of uninterrupted daily weather observations from the Fort Collins weather station on the CSU campus. These data were used by many organizations for research and operations. Colorado Agricultural Meteorological Network (COAGMET) - expanded this collaborative network of remote automated weather stations to 57 -- representing most of Colorado's irrigated agricultural lands. Currently funding a 1/4 time field technician and working to improve data quality and metadata documentation. Current emphasis continues to be using COAGMET data to improve estimates of evapotranspiration in order to improve water use efficiency. But many new applications have emerged for timely weather data from agricultural areas -- such as renewable energy, environmental quality, and education. Have conducted a review and update of heating and cooling design temperatures in support of building construction and code standards. Have currently conducting a nationwide test and evaluation of the field readiness of ultrasonic snow depth sensors for potential near-term use by the National Weather Service to improve snow measurement in the U.S. Are working collaboratively with the Western Water Assessment (RISA) to thoroughly evaluate recent and historic trends in seasonal temperatures in all areas of Colorado. This involves extensive metadata evaluation and time series analyses Hail Cannon evaluation. We are currently assisting the citizens of southern Colorado in evaluating local scale rain and hail patterns in the San Luis Valley of south central Colorado. A network of hail cannons are operated there during summer months by a large producer of organic vegetables. Local controversy over the use of hail suppression techniques has resulted in a community effort to measure and report rain and hail. A preliminary report will be provided in January 2007. CoCoRaHS -- Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow network. This network of citizen volunteers measuring and reporting precipitation from over 1000 backyards across Colorado has become an integral part of Colorado's climate monitoring activities. This network has now expanded to 13 states including Wyoming and New Mexico. With the help of new funding from NOAA, continued expansion is expected. Montana will be joining the network in December 2006. New Mexico State University - New Mexico Climate Center Program New Mexico Climate Center is developing a Lenox based web server to replace the windows based system. The new system will use a structured query language data base management system to handle the incoming data. A simplified irrigation nomograph is being developed base on long term average climate data to schedule irrigation in pecan orchards because the climate internet based system was not used by the grower. The assistant state climatologist became the leader of the drought monitor task force in New Mexico. The assistant state climatologist has been working with CLIMAS to outreach information about drought in New Mexico USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service - National Water and Climate Center http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/ The PRISM spatial climatology datasets have been updated to include the 1971-2000 maximum and minimum temperatures, dew point, and precipitation monthly and annual means and totals (http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/prism/products/matrix.phtml?vartype=tmax&view=maps). Unlike the 1961-1990 data that was produced at a 4km resolution, this latter data are at a 30 arc sec (~800 m) resolution. Improvements in the data include better coastal, inversion, and mountain rain shadow parameterization. The SNOTEL Network (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/) has been operating in the Western States for more than 25 years. Despite difficulties in maintaining these remote mountain stations, most observations are received with high reliability. However, about five percent of the temperature data are lost (missing) and another three percent are corrupt. In order to replace missing or suspect data, the PRISM Group (http://mistral.oce.orst.edu/www/snotelqc/) at Oregon State University, under contract by the NRCS, has developed a QC methodology that employees the PRISM spatial climatology. The end result is all daily observations (taken at midnight) are compared with nearby stations and are given confidence probabilities as to the reliability of the QC fix. These level II flags are therefore conditional and the end user can determine a threshold that is deemed acceptable. The original data and the PRISM predicted and (blended) final QC values are shown in a statistical output file. A contract to create a 4km daily gridded PRISM dataset of the lower-48 using COOP temperature and precipitation is underway with a completion date of 30 September 2007. The period will cover 1960 to 2001. When completed, the data will be accessible via the internet for free. AgACIS has been launched through the NRCS DataMart for USDA internal use. This is part of the ACIS (http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/products/current.html), xmACIS (http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ilx) (NWS NOWData) backbone. It is expected that these climate resources will be part of the NIDIS (http://www.westgov.org/wga/publicat/nidis.pdf) portal. A new NRCS Soil Classification (http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/mlra/index.html) is now available. Although not directly related to climate, knowing soil type helps with the computation of ET, soil erosion, and air quality. Have been involved in the planning phases of NIDIS (http://usgeo.gov/docs/nto/NIDIS_NTO_2006-0925.pdf). In contract to develop a new Plant Hardiness Map for the lower-48 using ~800 m resolution PRISM (1971-2000). This product is expected by mid-2007. VIPER (New water supply forecasting tool) summarized at: (ftp://ftp.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/downloads/centennial/article3220060925.pdf) Enhancing SNOTEL network with secondary sensors (Wind, Humidity, Radiation, Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature, Fuel Moisture Sensor  fire potential) Adding SCAN sites (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/scan/) as described (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/scan/SCAN-brochure.pdf) Incorporate Google Earth applications for better data display (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snotel/earth/index.html) Incorporate GIS for SNOTEL Data display (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/gis/index.html) Oregon State University - Oregon Climate Service Worked with NOAA, USDA and other agencies who collect meteorological data to provide better dissemination methods Worked with Western Regional Climate Center on improved methods for near real-time input of information from NOAA Cooperative observers Developed mapping techniques to provide daily and monthly climate maps Participated in the Oregon Drought Council and Oregon Water Availability Committee, which examined water supply issues in the state. OCS has worked with the National Weather Service to develop improvements to the PRISM model which is used for creating detailed climate maps. OCS participated with a multi-year USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in creating new methods for spatial quality control of weather and climate information. Development of new methods for estimating Probable Maximum Precipitation and other extreme precipitation events using GIS. Chaired the Climate subcommittee of the Oregon GIS Framework Implementation Team. Climate is one of 13 discipline areas falling under Oregons Geographic Information Council, which coordinates state GIS activities. A cooperative effort with Alabama A&M University has involved collection of soil moisture data and other parameters in northern Alabama and southern Tennessee for USDA-NRCS. This represents an expansion of NRCS SCAN network for soil moisture monitoring. US Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation continues to cooperate with the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory to transfer information from three existing stations to Reclamations computer system for use in crop water modeling. Enhancements continue to be made to Reclamations AgriMet Home Page on the World Wide Web to improve access to weather and crop water use information. Near-real time weather data from AgriMet stations continue to be incorporated into several other networks to improve the delivery of timely weather data to a variety of users: the Mesowest Network (sponsored by the University of Utah), the National Weather Service in Missoula, MT (Current surface observations in the Pacific Northwest), and PAWS -- the Public Agricultural Weather System sponsored by Washington State University. AgriMet weather data is utilized daily by the Oregon State University Integrated Plant Protection Center for degree day and pest management modeling. January, 2006: BPA began using AgriMet ET data as a baseline for incentive payments to customers for practicing irrigation scheduling. Reclamation is working with BPAs contractor to insure that the crop consumptive use information from AgriMet is being used correctly. February 22, 2006: Peter Palmer, Mike Darrington, and Brian Sauer (area water conservation coordinator) met with Dr. Marshall English of OSU to review and critique a new web based irrigation scheduling program. The program use AgriMet data for ET-based irrigation scheduling. April, 2006: Peter Palmer, on the behalf of the Bureau of Reclamation, was listed as a cooperator for a major research project funding request submitted by Oregon State University. The project, if funded, will develop a GIS-based approach for a variety of agricultural topics, including irrigation and climate. Utah State University - Utah Climate Center The Utah Climate Center contracts with Colorado State University to maintain UVB irradiance equipment located in Logan. This involves weekly visits to inspect and clean the equipment. Minor repairs of broken cables, loose screws, and data transfer problems, as well as battery maintenance is required. The Logan UVB monitoring site was featured on the 2003 annual reports cover. The Utah Climate Center operates the only NADP site in Northern Utah. The NADP works with the National Trends Network (NTN) to measure chemical changes in atmospheric deposition and its effects on crops, forest, rangelands, surface waters, and natural and cultural resources. This is achieved through the collection of weekly precipitation samples. These samples are processed at the Utah Climate Center office and then mailed within 48 hours to NADP laboratory in Champaign Illinois. Written records concerning the samples are maintained for two years, and must be assessable for inquiries made by the NADP laboratory. Critical data has revealed high levels of ammonium in Northern Utah. This data was recovered through weekly samples submitted to the NADP laboratory, demonstrating the significance of our participation. The Utah Climate Center has recently embarked upon a very useful project of mapping all weather stations located in the state of Utah that has data available to the public. This involves researching each stations location, period of record, and organization to which it belongs. So far we have mapped 1775 stations. It is also determined if the station is still active or not and what elements each station is recording. Western Region Climate Center and University of Nevada-Reno Several sites were installed in Denali National Park as well. WRCC has deployed and maintains a set of evapo-transpiration stations around Reno for Washoe County to assist with lawn watering schedules. WRCC is participating in a project to assess the quality and usefulness of daily cooperative snow data, and a paper has been accepted. WRCC is producing a series of 32 inventories of weather and climate stations for 285 national park units, with more information at (www.wrcc.dri.edu/nps). This will lead into a second phase that provides access to such data. Quality control projects were undertaken and completed, to improve geographic subsets of the RAWS data set. WRCC continues to ingest, archive, manage, and distribute RAWS data. The Weather Coder III project with NOAA will use the web to speed the entry (within a few minutes or so) of NWS cooperative data into the national database, and also anticipate a paperless version of the cooperative program. The RCCs are promoting much of these data access issues with the Applied Climate Information System, ACIS (rcc-acis.org). WRCC was represented on several National Research Council panels of relevance to this objective. The first panel is on Scientific Bases for Colorado River Basin Water Management. This report is in final revision. Another is a standing group, the Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data. This panel oversees the World Data Center program, and can commission other studies. WRCC participated in another NRC meeting on Understanding and Responding to Multiple Environmental Stresses, where the two main topics were Atmosphere-Ecosystem Interactions, and Drought. WRCC participates closely with the four western elements of the NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessment program, located in Colorado, Arizona, California and Washington. WRCC has deployed stations to contribute data to the NOAA Hydro meteorological Test Bed, which is studying orographic precipitation mechanisms in California. WRCC is represented on the Science Advisory Board of the NOAA Climate Test Bed, to help improve the linkage between climate research, climate forecasting, and practical applications. WRCC is also represented on a US CLIVAR panel on Prediction, Predictability, and Applications Interfaces, again to improve the usefulness of climate research. This panel has just been approved to offer a post-doc program to assist in this effort. This continues to include maintenance of web pages to access RAWS (Remote Automatic Weather Station) data and products derived from the data, as well as new applications. A special effort, the California Climate Data Archive (www.calclim.dri.edu) is making much data available to the state of California. Another project has developed improved climate monitoring for Arizona and the Southwest United States (www.wrcc.dri.edu/anom). The Idaho BLM office is sponsoring a project to produce soil moisture estimates for the Great Basin from RAWS data. WRCC is heavily involved in efforts to implement the National Integrated Drought Information System, a collaborative effort that spans government at several levels and other state and non-governmental organizations. A paper on the role of climate variability in western resource management was commissioned by the US Forest Service. Another paper was produced on the Mojave Desert as an outgrowth of a resources management meeting in Redlands CA in 2004. Another paper was produced on evaporation from Crater Lake, Oregon, for which this element can be determined by methods that will work here but not in any other lake in the world. A new method is in preparation to prepare monthly updates on the status of recent California climate behavior, and link this to time series covering the last century or more. Part of this work involves obtaining a detailed understanding of the properties and behavior of such an index. This effort will also blend into efforts to describe past precipitation variations in the Central Valley of California, using 500-year records from California blue oak. The further goal of this work is to establish relationships of these patterns to the larger patters of climate variability that span the Pacific Basin and other parts of the Northern Hemisphere. A NOAA project called Westmap is developing ways to produce time series of selected month combinations for a variety of geographic areas from 1895 through the most recent month, based on 4-km gridded data from PRISM. University of Wyoming - Wyoming State Climate Office and Wyoming Water Resources Data System Conducted a variety of workshops and public meetings on the issues of drought and climate change in Wyoming (see http://www.uwyo.edu/enr/WyomingWater.asp for one example) and the West at large. Helped revive a cooperative program to monitor soil moisture at 17+ sites throughout the states. These activities included joint efforts with UW Ag. Extension and Dept. of Renewable Resources to further standardize reporting procedures and better calibrate field sensors. We are currently seeking additional funds for upgrades and long-term maintenance of these sites. WRDS and the SCO are also pursuing cooperative agreements that would allow installation of soil moisture sensors on platforms operated by researchers at the University of Wyoming and by the State Engineers Office. Continued active participation in the COCORAHS program. Recent efforts have been centered on increasing coverage in underserved areas, and an aggressive pursuit of gauge installations at complimentary observation sites (e.g. Ag. Experiment stations). Participated in a variety of efforts aimed at developing a national network of phenological monitoring sites (http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/Geography/npn/). Currently developing a state-level working group that will assess existing climate monitoring capabilities and data needs for the support of agriculture. To date this group includes members from a variety of state and federal agencies (e.g. SEO, USGS), as well as local agricultural producers. Worked with National Park Service units in the Greater Yellowstone Area to assess their climate-monitoring protocols and spatial coverage of climate monitoring sites. A key goal of this work is to help determine if the existing climate monitoring network meets the demands of natural resource management in this region. We are continuing an extensive program aimed at developing new graphical displays and map-based interfaces that will allow farmers, ranchers, and natural resource managers easier access to weather and climate-related data. Instead of performing a text search or scrolling through pages of links to find what they need, users of the WRDS-SCO websites will soon click on a map of the state (or county or river basin, etc.) to gain access to relevant products. We have begun a concerted effort to blend existing data products from multiple agencies in order to produce new, value-added products for agriculture and natural resource management. We are, for example, combining SWE data from NRCS SNOTEL with river stage data from USGS gauging stations in a series of graphics that will help everyone from regional water managers to small irrigators better understand the timing, magnitude, and duration of the spring runoff. Worked with the National Park Service to develop a framework for improving climate-data access and dissemination within its Inventory and Monitoring Program.

Crimmins, M. A., 2006: A Synoptic Climatological Analysis of Extreme Fire Weather Conditions Across the Southwest United States. International Journal of Climatology, 26, 1001-1016. Bureau of Land Management - http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/wraws/) RAWS Data A. Ruiz T.W. Sammis G.A. Picchioni J.G. Mexal 2005 Irrigation scheduling protocol for treated industrial effluent in the Chihuahua desert 2006 AWWA 98:2 page 123-132 Andales, Allen. J. Wang. T. W. Sammis J. G. Mexal. L.J. Simmons, D. R. Miller, V. P. Gutschick. 2006 A model of pecan tree growth for the management of pruning and irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 84:77-88 Andales, A., J. Wang, T. W. Sammis, J. G. Mexal, L. J. Simmons, and D. R. Miller, 2006. Pecan tree growth-irrigation- pruning management model. Agricultural Water Management. Volume 84, Issues 1-2 , Pages 77-88. Wang, J., T.W. Sammis, C.A. Meier, L.J. Simmons, D.R. Miller, and Z. Samani. 2005. A modified SEBAL model for spatially estimating pecan consumptive water use for Las Cruces, New Mexico. 15th Conference on Applied Climatology. Hilton Savannah DeSoto, Savannah, Georgia. 20-24 June, 2005. Paper number 7.13. Holmén, B., D. Miller, A. Hiscox, W. Yang, J. Wang, T. Sammis, and R. Bottoms. 2006. Aerosol Emissions from Agricultural Field Operations. 2006. Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science Bolger Center, Potomac, Maryland, near Washington DC. June 5  8, 2006. Wang, J., T.W. Sammis, C.A. Meier, L.J. Simmons, D.R. Miller, and D. Bathke. 2005. Remote Sensing Vegetation Recovery after Forest Fires using Energy Balance. Sixth Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology Sponsored by American Meteorological Society Radisson Hotel Canmore, AB, Canada 2527 October, 2005. Paper number 7.6. Wang, J., V.P. Gutschick, T.W. Sammis, and C.A. Meier. 2005. Estimating evapotranspiration over the Jornada with remote sensing using Surface Energy Balance. Fifteenth Annual Jornada Symposium. New Mexico State University. July 14, 2005. Wang, J., T.W. Sammis, and V. P. Gutshcick, 2006. Inferring complex patterns of surface flux and atmospheric circulation via remote sensing. Flux Measurements in Difficult Conditions, a Specialist Workshop. Boulder, Colorado, USA, 26-28 January 2006. Wang, J., T. W. Sammis, C. A. Meier, L. J. Simmons, D. R. Miller. 2006. Remote sensing evapotranspiration using energy balance algorithm and algorithm sensitivity analysis. Lineae Terrarum, International Borders Conference. El Paso, Texas, USA - Ciudad Juarez, Mexico - Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. March 27 - 30, 2006. Wang, J., Ted W. Sammis, and Scott L. Willimas. 2006. Review of satellite remote sensing use in forest health studies. Global Vegetation Workshop. August 8-10, 2006. University of Montana, Missoula, Montana. Wang, J., T.W. Sammis, and J.G. Mexal. 2005. Vegetation recovery three years after los alamos forest fire estimated from ASTER satellite data. New Mexico section, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Truth or Consequences, NM. March 4, 2005. Wang, J., T.W. Sammis, 2005. Pecan tree water-nutrient management model. Agricultural Nutrient Management Session. 2005 Southern Region Water Quality Conference. Holiday Inn North, Lexington, Kentucky. October 23rd - 26th, 2005. Wang, J., T.W. Sammis, 2005. A sensitivity analysis on remote sensing evapotranspiration algorithm-surface energy balance algorithm for land. American Geography Union Conference, San Francisco, CA, December, 2005. Valentine, Beth, George H. Taylor, Jeffrey K. Stone and Richard R. Halse, 2006. Equine cutaneous fungal granuloma: a study of 44 lesions from 34 horses. European Society of Veterinary Dermatology. 17; 266272. Natural Resources Conservation Service - Provide weekly snowpack and drought monitor updates (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/water/drought/wdr.pl) NRCS soil narrative climatology: (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/cgibin/soil-nar.pl) NRCS Climate Conservation datasets by county - (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/climate-map.html) and as described at: (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/wets_doc.html) NRCS - to publicize the utility of PRISM, several articles have been released on NRCS This Week on-line newsletter: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/2006/061406/techtip06.14.06.html http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/2006/070506/techtip07.05.06.html http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/2006/071906/techtip07-19-06.html http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/2006/080906/techtip08.09.06.html http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/2006/083006/techtip08.30.06.html http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/2006/101806/techtip101806.html AgriMet: An Irrigation Water Management Tool Palmer, P.L., 2006, Proceedings, Ground Water and Surface Water Under Stress, USCID Conference, Boise Idaho, October 25-27, 2006. US Bureau of Reclamation - AgriMet websites: US Bureau of Reclamation AgriMet websites - Pacific Northwest Region: http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet; Great Plains Region:http://www.usbr.gov/gp/agrimet/index.cfm Malek, E., Davis. T., Martin, R.S., and Silva, P.J. 2006. Meteorological and environmental aspects of one of the worst national air pollution episodes (January, 2004) in Logan, Cache Valley, Utah, U.S.A. Atmos. Research. 79: 108-122. Gray, S.T., J.L. Betancourt, S.T. Jackson and R.G. Eddy. 2006. Roll of multidecadal climate variability in a range extension of pinyon pine. Ecology 87:1124-1130. Pederson, G.T., S.T. Gray, D.B. Fagre and L.J. Graumlich. 2006. Long-duration drought variability and impacts on ecosystem services: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana USA. Earth Interactions 10(4):1-28. Woodhouse, C.A., S.T. Gray and D.M. Meko. 2006. Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin. Water Resources Research, 42:W05415, doi:10.1029/2005WR004455. Wyoming Water Resources Data System and State Climate Office documents at: http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrds/wsc/dtf/drought.html http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrds/climatological.html