Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

ACCOMPLISHMENTS BY OBJECTIVES 1. Improve the efficiency of bean breeding through elucidation of biological and environmental controls regulating yield potential and adaptation, enhancement of breeding methodologies (including genome mapping and gene database development), and improvement of germplasm diversity utilization. 1.A. Yield and Adaptation, National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. In 2006, seven public and private institutions (ADM, Idaho Seed Bean, MSU, NYSU, U. Guelph, UI and USDA-ARS Prosser) tested 25 new bean lines along with 5 commercial varieties in the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Commercial and experimental lines representing eight market classes (black, navy/small white, great northern, pink, pinto, small red, light red kidney and cranberry) were gathered and distributed to 13 cooperators in the US and Canada. No data was collected in Scottsbluff, NE due to herbicide damage. Dry, hot weather and heavy rainfall during the growing season of 2006 contributed to the loss of yield data in Torrington, Wyoming and to low yield in Ft. Collins, Colorado. Yield and seed appearance in Othello, WA were also lower than normal due to heat stress during seed fill. Seed yield ranged from 923 to 3623 lb/A with a mean of 2273 lb/A across 10 locations. Of the same lines tested in 2005 and 2006, seed yield in 2005 was about 300 to 600 lbs higher than those of 2006. Canning data will be reported in the spring of 2007. Final report will be published on WSU-Prosser web page. Midwest Nursery. MRPN was conducted at four locations, Carrington, ND, Mitchel, NE, Ft. Collins, CO and Saginaw, MI in 2006, but harvested from only three. The nursery included 20 entries consisting of advanced pinto and great northern lines from all four breeding programs in these states. Yield ranged from 20 to 30 cwt/acre across locations. The highest yielding line ND020069 was a pinto from ND which consistently performed above the mean across these diverse locations. This cooperative nursery continues to be valuable as it provides an evaluation of potential new lines prior to release as varieties in other states. Western Regional Bean Trial. The Western Regional Bean Trial (WRBT) coordinated by USDA-ARS (Prosser, WA) was conducted in CO, ID, NE, and WA in 2006. There were 27 entries including 2 checks. In total, two market classes were tested, including 18 pintos and nine great northerns. Ten of the entries were from ID, 5 from CO, 8 from WA (ARS), and 2 from NE. Yields under optimum and water stress conditions were obtained in ID and WA, and yield under rainfed conditions in CO and NE. Uniform common bacterial blight infection enabled some separation for reaction to this disease among the entries. Germplasm evaluation, development, or release. From January 2006 through December 2006 the Phaseolus germplasm maintenance program continued with the regular seed increase program. Until August of 2006 all accessions grown were tested for BCMV. The virus testing position was eliminated from the project due to budget constraints. The curator began testing some accessions in November 2006 and will continue to do so as time permits. There are 14,885 accessions in the Phaseolus collection as of December 31, 2006. Seed increase has been obtained from 351 lines. 11,648 accessions are backed up at the NCPRG in Fort Collins, CO. Two hundred twenty-two new accessions (within 5 specie groups) were added to the collection and passport data on this material has been entered into GRIN. Distribution of Phaseolus germplasm from 1-1-2006 up to 12-31-2006 was 1806 accessions from 27 specie or variety groups. The distribution of germplasm from the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station was 34.6% within the western region of the U.S., 25.4% outside the western region of the U.S., and 40.0% to non-U.S. sites. Species in the collection represent 50 of the 116 recognized Phaseolus taxa. A number of germplasm lines and varieties were evaluated and developed during 2006. Twenty-one replicated yield trials consisting of standard released varieties and over 500 advanced experimental lines of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nine commercial classes were evaluated in Michigan in 2006. Despite a favorable growing season, excessive precipitation delayed harvest and resulted in significant harvest losses, so the overall productivity was only slightly above average in 2006. All the small-seeded black and navy bean trials were direct harvested. Plans to direct harvest the medium-seeded pinto, great northern, red and pink classes were suspended due to the unusually wet weather. Light Red Kidney (LRK) beans are the predominant class of dry beans grown in New York State, with the majority processed into canned products. The NYS growing environment is stressful, with highly variable rainfall and temperatures, plus a relatively short growing season at 90 to 110 days. Large seed size has become a processing requirement and good seed appearance is still needed for the dry-pack trade. During the winter of 2003-2005 greenhouse multiplication was completed with generations of LRK material from crosses of RedKanner, Cornell line 10132 and CELRK with a late maturity, upright, highly productive light red kidney selection which has a plant with 9 nodes, large pods and large seed size. Seed was also multiplied for crosses with the earliest flowering selections from this population with other lines that we have identified as excellent yielding and good canners. Disease-free seed for summer 2006 was produced for plantings in farmer fields and at the Cornell University Freeville Research Farm. The Extension dry bean program in NY (Ithaca and grower fields) evaluated breeding lines, new varieties, and standard varieties. Conducted processing (canning) quality evaluation of 140 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, white kidney and black turtle soup classes which were grown in 1 to as many as 8 different sites located in central and western NY State. Included in the 140 lines above were 8 LRK lines in replicated trials at Freeville in 2006 which were selected from 50 lines developed by Griffiths in 2004-2005. Six new pinto breeding lines along with checks were evaluated in replicated trials (IDBT, Idaho Dry Bean Trial) in two non-stressed (NS), two drought-stressed (DS), and one continual bean (CB) production system at the Kimberly, ID, and Parma, ID, Research and Extension Centers. They were also evaluated in on-farm conventional (CP) and organic (OP) production systems. Data were recorded for growth habit, maturity, seed yield, seed weight, and post-harvest seed coat darkening. A slow darkening pinto breeding line (SDIP-1) was registered and released. Approximately 200 F2:3 families from pinto Othello/VAX 1 and Othello/VAX 3 populations were grown in non-stressed production system at Kimberly. Quincy pinto with high yield potential in the Pacific Northwest and Colorado was registered by Washington State University in 2006. This cultivar has multiple virus resistance but lacks resistance to bean rust. Silver Cloud white kidney was also registered by WSU in 2006. The white kidney bean germplasm line USWK-CBB-17 with resistance to common bacterial blight was registered in 2006 by ARS (Prosser). Heat tolerance. Several promising breeding lines (ARS, PR for heat tolerance) were evaluated under high night temperatures in the greenhouse (NY) and under high daytime temperatures (Juana Diaz, PR) and found to possess tolerance to both conditions. Heat tolerant germplasm from Cornell has been evaluated and tested with commercial heat tolerant materials and release of two snap bean lines following collaborative trials with Dr. Tim Porch in 2004 and 2005. Other. In Idaho, under severe drought stress pressure, a few pinto and great northern breeding lines exhibited high yield potential and also yielded well under favorable growing conditions. In Washington thirteen dry bean trials consisting of 335 breeding lines and check cultivars were tested under multiple stresses including compacted soil, root rot pathogens, low fertility, and moderate drought. A few pinto breeding lines performed well in this test and a high input trial and will be evaluated in the CDBN in 2007. A RIL population (130 RILs) between two high yielding parents (Buster/Roza) under optimum conditions was tested in the multiple stress trial and segregated for high and low yield/adaptation. Evapotranspiration coefficients have been developed for common bean in Puerto Rico (ARS and UPRM) using drainage lysimeters. The coefficients will be used for drought studies and for irrigation scheduling in common bean. 1.B. Breeding Methodologies. Winter Nursery. During the past year, 2,666 bean breeding lines from Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, North Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS were advanced one generation in a winter nursery coordinated by University of Puerto Rico. Coordination of molecular maps. A RIL population derived from Andean common bean G-122 and an adapted pinto line, C072548, was mapped using RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SCAR markers. Among 198 polymorphic markers, 126 were used to construct a linkage map of 13 linkage groups. Composite interval mapping revealed strong evidence (LOD > 2.7) for five QTL that influenced white mold resistance in the straw test. The resistant QTL were located on linkage groups (core map) B1, B2b, B8, and B9, and were contributed from both parental lines. Together the five QTL accounted for 48% of the variation for resistance. Only one QTL, on linkage group B8, was identified for reaction in the field. Two RIL from this population had higher (P<0.05) levels of resistance than the resistant parent G122. One line RIL 67 was increased for testing in 2007. It has determinate growth habit, 96-98 d maturity and moderate yield potential. A comprehensive linkage map of disease resistance loci was updated for common bean and published as a review article in the journal Euphytica. More than 40 disease resistance loci are located on the map, and resistance gene rich (clusters) regions are evident on linkage groups B1, B2, B4, B7, B8, B10 and B11. Pollination biology. No report. Genes and genetic markers. Seed Coat Color Isolines: A project to develop snap bean isolines with attenuated seed coat colors is nearing completion (OSU, Myers). Three sets of BC3 lines in a 91G background have been developed with the following genotypes: pgri V C D Z, P V cu D Z, and P V c d z. Single plant selections were made in the three sets for plants with phenotype most similar to 91G. These will be increased in 2007 to be used in studies on field emergence and processing quality. 1.C. Genetic Diversity. Germplasm conversion. The conversion program at PR (ARS) is in the process of introgressing root rot resistance, root system traits, drought tolerance, and seed traits into several US market classes. One backcross has been completed and selection will be continued in the BC1F2 for photoperiod insensitivity as well as for the introgressed trait. Interspecific crossing. Breeding research efforts continued at Colorado State University on the introgression of genes for resistance to white mold from Andean sources and P. coccineus into adapted pinto germplasm. Bean transformation. Preliminary studies on bean transformation using pollen electroporation techniques have been completed at ARS (PR) and UPRM (PR). No transformants were developed using this technique. Interspecific transfer. Colorado researchers completed the development of a backcross inbred line (BIL) population derived to combine QTL from RIL 67 with those found by Myers et al. (BIC 2004) in P. coccineus accession PI 225956. We have initiated screening of the BIL population with molecular markers to determine which lines possess the QTLs for resistance found in our RIL population and those found in Myers et al. population to pyramid and validate their effect using the straw test. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance has been transferred from scarlet runner bean following interspecific hybridization with 5-593, and the resistance which is controlled by multiple genes is being evaluated and selected in a snap bean background. Wide crosses. Twenty-one multiple-parent interracial F1 hybrids were evaluated in low-soil fertility production system at Kimberly. White-seeded bean lines with resistance to bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) and common bacterial blight (CBB) both in the leaves and the pods were developed by UPR. White-seeded and pinto lines were selected that combine resistance to BGYMV, bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) and rust. 2. Identification of mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions leading to efficient, environmentally- safe, and economical disease control methods. 2.A. Viral diseases. Bean Common Mosaic Virus. Allelism tests have confirmed that a gene linked to the bc-3 locus for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV conditions resistance to ClYVV (Clover yellow vein virus). Allelism tests between the bc-3 source of ClYVV resistance with existing resistance sources in great northern cultivars UI-31 and US1140 are underway. Selected bean genotypes were screened for cross resistance to candidate bean-infecting Begomoviruses Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) inoculated biolistically, and under high natural virus pressure under field conditions for Curtovirus Beet curly top virus (BCTV). Cardinal, Carioca, DOR-364, Moncayo, Othello, Royal Red, T39, and Zacatecano were resistant to SLCV, CLCrV, and BCTV. NY6020-4 was resistant to BCTV and CLCrV and tolerant to SLCV. Venture was susceptible to BCTV and SLCV but resistant to CLCrV. These and other additional genotypes are currently being evaluated for resistance to Bean golden mosaic virus. Light red kidney bean lines with enhanced seed yield potential and resistance to BCMV were developed by UPR researchers. Bean Golden Mosaic Virus. Three bean germplasm lines, PR9771-3-2, PR0247-49 and PR0157-4-1, from UPR were released in collaboration with the USDA-ARS. The lines were derived from interspecific crosses and represent a unique source of resistance to BGYMV. Other Additional populations have been developed by Cornell University (Griffiths) and selected for clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) resistance. A RIL population G122/THORT was characterized for beet curly top virus reaction in the field at Prosser, WA, in 2006. An allelism test between G122 and Cardinal which possesses Bct-1 gene for resistance to BCTV conducted by Harris Moran using a greenhouse agro-inoculation in collaboration with ARS indicated that the resistance in G122 was independent of Bct-1. 2.B. Bacterial Diseases. Warm wet conditions in Michigan favored the development of common bacterial blight (CBB) and progress was made in identification of lines with enhanced levels of resistance. Among these, the most promising were three kidney bean lines USDK-CBB-15, USWK-CBB-16 and USWK-CBB-17 from the USDA-ARS program in Washington (Miklas) and a group of navy and black seeded lines from MSU. All these lines were shown to carry the SU91 marker linked to the QTL for resistance (from tepary bean) on linkage group B8. The level of resistance conditioned by this QTL appears to be adequate for the Michigan production area and should help encourage local seed production. Future plans to release some of these materials will depend on confirming performance and quality traits. Bacterial wilt was confirmed in dry bean samples submitted to Colorado State University by collaborating scientists and growers in western Nebraska and Wyoming during 2004 to 2006 and samples from infected plants in some Colorado fields were collected during 2005 and 2006. Future collaborative work will focus on gaining a better understanding of this resurgent pathogen and disease in the high plains region, as well as evaluating cultivars and germplasm for effective sources of genetic resistance. ABC Weihing was prepared for release and submitted for registration. This great northern line developed by University of Nebraska in collaboration with ARS has the excellent seed quality of Weihing along with partial avoidance to white mold and some resistance to halo blight. ABC Weihing is the first great northern to combine XAN 159 and Montana No. 5 sources of common blight resistance. In a study of 84 common blight pathogen strains from the Americas and Africa, XAN 159 was resistant to nearly all strains from the USA. Significant differences in internal seed infection were observed when pods of CBB resistant lines were artificially inoculated under greenhouse conditions at UPR (Mayaguez) using different strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap). 2.C. Fungal diseases. Anthracnose. Progress by ARS and MI continues to be made incorporating the broadly based resistance gene Co-42 into kidney, cranberry, black and upright pinto bean germplasm. Previously the gene was only available in late maturing vine pinto and non adapted tropical black bean germplasm. Stem and Root Rots. In PR (UPRM and ARS), three root rot trials were conducted and several promising black bean lines were selected for consideration for release that show good root rot resistance and tolerance to low fertility conditions. White Mold. A white mold experiment in Colorado evaluated the role of cultural practices such as plant density upon disease development. Disease pressure was negligible, even after inoculation with lab-produced mycelia during flowering, apparently due to the relatively dry and warm conditions throughout the season. There was a noticeable increase in plot yield when plant population was increased 50 percent from 1 line to 2 lines per bed. The percent increase in yield when comparing 1 to 2 lines was 26, 55 and 74 for Matterhorn (upright growth habit), Vision (upright growth habit) and Montrose (vine growth habit), respectively. A companion experiment with a collaborator in Idaho with moderate disease pressure showed that fungicide protection improved yield by more than 50 percent for the susceptible vine type Montrose. At Oregon State University, Bean White Mold Nursery entries were grown in the greenhouse and evaluated by straw test, and were grown in the field in a white mold nursery. The fall was warm and dry, and white mold did not become apparent until late October, but a good trial was obtained. A number of common bean lines were grown for oxalate tolerance. Lines selected for testing were those identified as possessing partial resistance to white mold, or had been used as parents in recombinant inbred populations used to identify QTL for white mold resistance. With a few exceptions, white mold resistant varieties were more tolerant of oxalate than susceptible varieties, and recombinant inbred parents were ranked as would be expected based on their disease resistance. Oxalate tolerance and white mold resistance do not appear to be absolutely correlated. For example, NY6020 and OSU5630 have similar levels of oxalate tolerance, but differ in white mold susceptibility. These results suggest that factors other than oxalate tolerance may influence white mold resistance. White mold resistant breeding lines are being developed for 3 market classes (snap beans, kidney beans and black turtle soup beans) of common bean by Griffiths and Halseth, three of which were incorporated in the W-1150 national white mold trials in 2006 (Cornell 603, Cornell 604 and Cornell 605), including three of four new breeding lines that were released in 2005 (Cornell 603 (dark red kidney), Cornell 604 (black bean), Cornell 605 (light red kidney) and Cornell 606 (black kidney)). The multi-site white mold nursery coordinated by the University of Nebraska provided data that supported the identification of two black seeded lines from Cornell with white mold (WM) resistance in both field nurseries and greenhouse straw tests. A black seeded line from Idaho also was resistant in field nurseries, but susceptible in greenhouse tests indicating partial resistance similar to the WM reaction of Ex Rico which is due to disease avoidance. The 2006 greenhouse tests have 10 new lines with putative WM resistance in pinto and great northern as well as black seed classes. A study of phenotypic and genotype variation of isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, cause of WM, from resistance screening programs throughout the USA found evidence that aggressiveness variation and genetic uniqueness of isolates contribute to pathogen variability found at these test sites. Rust. Common bean rust was not found on the high plains until mid-September in 2006. This late season infection, however, was produced by pathotypes with virulence patterns similar to 2005 pathotypes. The Ur-3 resistance gene is still effective. In a search for new sources of resistance in wild bean populations from Honduras, 84 accessions including Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. augusti and P. lunatus were screened with the most virulent pathotypes found in Honduras. P. coccineus accessions were more resistant than other species, including wild P. vulgaris. More than 66% of P. coccineus accessions were resistant, while over 75% of wild beans were susceptible. New rust resistance genes were found. Belmineb - RMR -8, -9, -10, -11, -12 and -13 lines were submitted for registration. These are the first great northern bean lines to combine four rust resistance genes and two genes for resistance to the viruses causing bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis. In addition, the lines have erect habit (type II); moderately early maturity; good pod-to-ground clearance; desirable seed size, whiteness and shape; and good yield. Pastor-Corrales (ARS, Beltsville), in collaboration with ARS scientists from Ft. Detrick, MD and the National Soybean Research Center in Urbana, IL, completed the evaluation of the 16 selected common bean cultivars to six isolates of the Asian soybean rust pathogen (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) from countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The objective of this study was to compare the reaction of the common bean cultivars with those of soybean accessions that were sources of single genes for resistance to P. pachyrhizi, to detect any potential sources of resistance among bean cultivars and to determine if there is a differential response among common bean cultivars to different isolates of the Asian soybean rust pathogen. This study was conducted at USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) Plant Pathogen Containment facility at Ft. Detrick, MD. The experiment contained three randomized replications and was conducted four times from February 2004 through February 2006. The sixteen cultivars included several beans with single genes for resistance to the common bean rust pathogen (Uromyces appendiculatus) such as Aurora (Ur-3), Early Gallatin (Ur-4), Mexico 309 (Ur-5), Golden Gate Wax (Ur-6), PI 181996 (Ur-11), PI 260418 (Ur-14?), Pinto 114 (used as a universal susceptible to common bean rust ) and bean cultivars combining two, three, and four genes for resistance to U. appendiculatus: CNC (with two or more undefined common bean rust resistance genes), BelDakMi-RMR-10 (Ur-4, -11)], BelDak-RR-2 (Ur-3, -6, -CNC), Belneb-RR-1 (Ur-5, -6, -7), BelMiNeb-RMR-5 and BelMiNeb-RMR-7 (Ur-4, -6, 11), BelDakMi-RMR-14 (Ur-3, -6, -11), BelMiNeb-RMR-8 and BelDakMi-RMR-18 (Ur-3, -4, -6, -11). All of these common bean cultivars were inoculated with six isolates of P. pachyrhizi from Taiwan (TW72-1 and TW-80-2), Brazil (BZ01-1) Paraguay (PG01-2), Thailand (TH01-1) and Zimbabwe (ZM0101). The soybean cultivars PI 200492 (Rpp1), PI 230970 (Rpp2) PI 459025B (Rpp4) and Ina (none known) were included as checks. The results show that several of the common bean cultivars evaluated in this study appeared to have resistance to the ASR but none were immune. Among the common bean cultivars, Compuesto Negro Chimaltenango, PI 181996, Aurora, and Pinto 114 were the most resistant to all six isolates of the ASR pathogen and had lower severity, less sporulation, and consistent reddish brown lesions, associated with resistance in soybeans. In addition, a differential response was observed among the common bean cultivars with a cultivar by isolate interaction for both severity and sporulation levels, as well as for the presence of or absence of the RB lesion type. The presence of genes for resistance in common bean cultivars to the common bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), singly or in combination, did not correspond with the reaction of these cultivars to the soybean rust. Two common germplasm lines with four genes for resistance to common bean rust were among the most susceptible to all six isolates of the soybean rust. On the other hand, Pinto 114 which does not appear to have resistance to common bean rust was among the most resistant to all six isolates of the soybean rust. These results suggest that resistance in common bean to common bean rust is independent from resistance to soybean rust. In addition, collaborative research with R. Frederick (ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD) was initiated to determine the inheritance of resistance in common beans to the soybean rust pathogen. We have evaluated an F2 population of 120 plants resulting from the cross between Mexico 309 (S) x CNC (R) plus the resistant and susceptible parents and soybean check cultivars. All were inoculated with a Brazilian isolate of P. pachyrhizi. Early results suggest that resistance in this P. vulgaris cross is controlled by two dominant genes. Additional evaluations are necessary to confirm these results. Resistance-linked genetic markers. Research to identify molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to soybean rust in common bean was planned and initiated by ARS (Pastor-Corrales). Many pairs of oligonucleotides sets (denominated Pri 1 to 30) based on SSR, resistance-gene analogs (RGA) and genes involved in the plant defense mechanism from different plants, including common bean, were initially selected. These primers will be used to amplify DNA fragments, through PCR reactions, of common bean cultivars CNC and PI 181996, Mexico 309 and PI 260418, that have been shown to be resistant and susceptible, respectively, to P. pachyrhizi. This research is being conducted by postdoctoral scientist Claudia Bellato. The MSU materials with resistance to CBB originated as four-way crosses to combine QTL for CBB resistance on B6 and B8. This work was undertaken by O Boyle (cited below) who evaluated the potential of independent linked markers for indirect selection of CBB resistance in field experiments in East Lansing and Saginaw, Michigan. The presence of the SU91 marker was correlated with lower CBB leaf scores in East Lansing (r = -0.50***), and Saginaw (r = -0.59***), and correlated with pod resistance in Saginaw (r = -0.48***). SU91 exhibited a negative correlation with yield (r = -0.20*) in East Lansing, but showed no association with yield in Saginaw. Plant selections carrying SU91 were crossed with additional source of CBB resistance linked to the BC420 marker on B6. The presence of SU91 was correlated with lower CBB disease ratings for leaves (r = -0.20*) and pods (r = -0.27***), whereas the presence of BC420 was only correlated with low pod ratings (r = -0.19*) in one experiment, and leaf resistance (r = -0.18*) in a second experiment. Presence of both markers resulted in lower levels of CBB resistance than provided by either marker alone, possibly indicating epistatic interactions between the loci conditioning CBB resistance in common bean. Data from the current study provides breeders with critical information on which genomic regions to target as part of an overall strategy to enhance resistance to CBB in common bean. SCAR markers linked with the Pse-1 gene conditioning resistance to Races 1, 5, 7, and 9 of the halo bacterial blight pathogen were developed and mapped to linkage group B10. Similarly a SCAR marker linked with Pse-2 gene which conditions resistance to Races 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 was developed but has not yet been integrated with the core map because the marker is only present in the resistance source A43. Other. Colorado State University coordinated the Asian soybean rust and soybean aphid monitoring network of sentinel plots (8 to 9 in each state, and fewer in each province) located in the western U.S. (Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan) to monitor for the occurrence of Asian soybean rust (SBR) and the soybean aphid (SBA). The State/Provincial Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on soybean rust and soybean aphid generated by the Sentinel Plot and/or other activities during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES PIPE Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at http://sbrusa.net/. During 2006, the western network of more than 25 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored more than 40 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in 4 states and 3 provinces from May to September for SBR and SBA. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust or soybean aphid detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in Colorado and the western region during 2006. Plans are underway to expand SBR (and other pest) monitoring on legume crops such as common bean during 2007 with the addition of other western states, such as Arizona, California, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming to the 2006 network members. This contributed valuable information to the national program involved with monitoring the outbreak and movement of the fungus in southeastern and now Midwestern states. Timely reporting in the west also allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease and insect pest status and threat. As a result, thousands of acres of legumes were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide or insecticide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment and food supply. UPR breeding line 04SH-8730 was found to be resistant to a local isolate of ashy stem blight. Elucidate genetic controls for food quality and value-added components. 3.A. Food quality testing. California-Berkeley researchers report for the first time the core histone H3- and H4-acetylation inhibitory properties of lunasin from different (Korean) soybean varieties used for various food purposes and from tissues of rats fed lunasin-enriched soy (LES) to measure bioavailability. Lunasin was analyzed by immunostaining and inhibition of core histone acetylation by a non-radioactive histone acetyl transferase assay. Various amounts of lunasin are found in the soybean varieties, which correlated with the extent of inhibition of core histone acetylation. Both soy lunasin and synthetic lunasin inhibit core histone acetylation in a dose dependent manner. Lunasin in LES is protected from in vitro digestion by pepsin. Lunasin extracted from blood and liver of rats fed with LES is intact and inhibits core histone acetylation. 3.B. Characterization of bean constituents, nutritional value, and reduction in flatulence potential. Research on the health benefits of beans continues with the completion of the third preclinical feeding trial. The results of trials #2 and #3 confirm that beans in the diets of laboratory animals have a significant effect on reducing the incidence of mammary cancer in animals that are treated with a carcinogen. The most recent trial also included a dosage levels treatment using red bean. The results, although not completely analyzed, suggest a linear dosage response based on % of the diet that contained bean. This research is in the process of being prepared for publication. We are currently in the process of designing and preparing to conduct a clinical trial to determine the broad health benefits to humans. Research in the nutrition and health arena by Michigan State University scientists indicates that consistent consumption of beans will help reduce the odds of developing Type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and breast cancer. However, most North Americans eat very few beans due to a variety of reasons. It is clear that cooked and canned beans do not fit into the lifestyle and taste preferences of most North Americans. Therefore, a long term goal is to increase bean consumption by making alternative bean products available to the consumer. It was hypothesized that a ready to eat food made from beans would increase bean consumption and decrease certain chronic diseases. 3.C. Characterization of bean storage, soaking and cooking quality. In NY (Ithaca and grower fields), in one to as many as 13 sites, canning quality analysis was conducted on 185 breeding lines and new varieties against industry standards in light red kidney, dark red kidney, black turtle soup and white kidney classes. A slow darkening pinto breeding line (SDIP-1) was registered and released by University of Idaho. An extruded snack type of product that contained 90% bean - 10% starch was produced. The product had an acceptable crispy texture and was shelf stable. The flavor of the puffed product was influenced by the market class of the bean. Flavor preference varied widely, but the milder flavored beans (cranberry, small reds) had the greatest acceptance. Market class influenced the texture and density of the final product also. Ranking the market classes from the lightest, softest product to the hardest, densest product was: cranberry beans > pinto beans = small red beans> navy beans > light red kidney = dark red kidney = black beans. The extruded products can be flavored or used with dips to meet individual tastes and improve palatability. The results to date indicate good acceptance of the bean snack products.

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