SAES-422 Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report

Sections

Status: Approved

Basic Information

Participants

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, Department of Entomology: Martha S. Hunter (mhunter@ag.arizona.edu); California Department of Food & Agriculture: Charles Pickett (cpickett@cdfa.ca.gov), Michael J. Pitcairn (mpitcairn@cdfa.ca.gov), J. Ball, Kris Godfrey (kgodfrey@cdfa.ca.gov), William Roltsch (wroltsch@cdfa.ca.gov), S. Schoening, Don Joley (djoley@cdfa.ca.gov), Baldo Villegas (bvillegas@cdfa.ca.gov), Dale Woods (dwoods@cdfa.ca.gov), Pat Akers (pakers@cdfa.gov).; California Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley: Kent M. Daane (daane@uckac.edu), Miquel Altieri (agroeco3@nature.berkeley.edu), Nicholas J. Mills (nmills@nature.berkeley.edu), Steve C. Welter (swelter@nature.berkeley.edu), UC-Davis, Lester E. Ehler (leehler@ucdavis.edu), Jay A. Rosenheim (jarosenheim@ucdavis.edu), Karen Klonsky (klonsky@primal.ucdavis.edu), Riverside: Tom S. Bellows (tombellows@ucr.edu), John M. Heraty (john.heraty@ucr.edu), Dan Gonzalez, Robert F. Luck (Robert.luck@ucr.edu); Colorado Experiment Station, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Dept. of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management: Ruth Hufbauer (hufbauer@lamar.colostate.edu); Guam Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, Mangilao: Ross H. Miller (rmiller@uog.edu); Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Department of Plant & Environmental Protection Sciences: Mark Wright (markwrig@hawaii.edu), Russell Messing (messing@hawaii.edu); Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Dept. of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences: J.P. McCaffrey, J.B. Johnson Mark Schwarzlaender (markschw@uidaho.edu); Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Department of Entomology: James R. Nechols (jnechols@oznet.ksu.edu); Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State University: Western Agricultural Research Center: James M. Story (jstory@montana.edu), Department of Entomology, Bozeman: Jeffrey Littlefield (jeffreyl@montana.edu); New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, Las Cruces: Joseph J. Ellington (jelling@nmsu.edu), David C. Thompson (dathomps@nmsu.edu); New York: Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station: Maurice J. Tauber (mjt4@cornell.edu), Catherine A. Tauber (cat6@cornell.edu); Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis: Peter B. McEvoy (mcevoyp@science.oregonstate.edu).; Oregon State Department of Agriculture: Eric M. Coombs ; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California: Raymond Carruthers (ric@pw.usda.gov), Joseph K. Balciunas (joebalci@pw.usda.gov), Hilo, Hawaii: Ernest Harris, Peter Follett, and Roger Vargas, Montpellier, France: P. C. Quimby (cquimby@ars-ebcl.org), Kim Hoelmer (khoelmer@ars-ebcl.org), and Tim Widmer (twidmer@ars-ebcl.org), Phoenix, Arizona: Steve E. Naranjo (snaranjo@wcrl.ars.usda.gov), James R. Hagler, C.G. Jackson, and C. Rodriguez, Sidney, Montana: Tom Shanower (tshanowe@sidney.ars.usda.gov), Wapato, Washington: Tom R. Unruh (unruh@yarl.ars.usda.gov), Lerry Lacey (lacey@yarl.ars.usda.gov); United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Phoenix: Earl Andress (eandress@quix.net), Gregory Simmons (Gregory.s.simmons@aphis.usda.gov), J. R. Gould ; Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Department of Biology: Edward W. Evans (ewevans@biology.usu.edu); Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Washington State University, Pullman, Department of Entomology: Gary L. Piper (glpiper@wsu.edu); Administrative Advisor: University of California at Riverside, Deans Office: College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences: Donald Cooksey (Donald.cooksey@ucr.edu)

[Minutes]

Accomplishments

ACCOMPLISHMENTS: (full individual reports can be found on the W-1185 website or can be obtained via the W-1185 Administrative Advisor, Dr. Donald Cooksey (Donald.cooksey@ucr.edu). Goal A: Import and Establish Effective Natural Enemies Objective 1. Survey indigenous natural enemies. Surveys for natural enemies of arthropod and weed pests were conducted either in the native home of the pest or within the country of invasion. Pests for which surveys were conducted over that last year include: aphids in Guam, Tinian, Saipan and Rota; pink hibiscus mealybug, glassy-winged sharpshooter, and silverleaf whitefly in southern California; coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor, and Seychelles scale, Icerya seychellarum in American Samoa. Objective 2. Conduct foreign exploration and ecological studies in native range of pest. Several agencies in the western states conducted foreign exploration and importation of natural enemies for both new and established arthropod and weed pests this past year. The following list includes pests for which exploratory research was conducted: tephritid fruit flies in Kenya; aphid/Homoptera spp. in Brazil; saltcedar in North Africa and western China; Yellow starthistle and giant reed (Arundo donax) in southern Italy, France, Russia, Turkey and Greece; olive fruit fly in South Africa, Kenya and Greece; an aphid pest of northern red oak, Myzocallis walshii (Monell), in the eastern US; common teasel in France, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenai, Hungary and Greece; whitetop in Turkey and Hungary; Russian Thistle in France, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Russian knapweed in Uzbekistan and Turkey; rush skeleton weed in Greece; wheat stem sawfly in China; Lygus spp. in Spain and France; Asian longhorned beetle in Italy; Formosan termite in China; diamondback moth in Spain, Greece, Romania and Turkey; soybean aphid in China and South Korea; and glassy-winged sharpshooter in Argentina. (see full reports for more information) Objective 3. Determine systematics and biogeography of pests and natural enemies. The taxonomic status for Metaphycus sp. nr flavus, imported from Turkey as M. flavus, will be determined this year. The previously unknown larvae and biology of the genus Chrysopodes were described, and keys, descriptions, and illustrations for identifying the U.S species were published. A new species of plutellid moth that attacks cape ivy, was described as Digitivalva delairea. Molecular studies have been initiated to compare cape ivy from different regions. Populations of the flea beetle, Psylliodes sp. nr. chalcomera, collected from yellow starthistle and Scotch thistle in Russia, differ genetically and in host plant preference. Studies of genetic variability in olive fruit fly populations from Europe, Asia and Africa were continued with the objective of obtaining clues on the original native range of the olive fly and locating effective natural enemies. Genetic studies of wheat stem sawflies gave evidence of geographical patterns in the genetic variation of North American populations. A field survey in China yielded sympatric collections of C. fumipennis and C. hyalinatus (the Asian species thought to be conspecific with or closely related to C. cinctus). Objective 4. Determine environmental safety of exotic candidates prior to release. Host range studies conducted on Fopius ceratitivorus in the Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture quarantine, show that it appears to be specific to Ceratitis capitata, because it could not successfully attack other pest tephritids or non-target tephritids. Host-specificity testing for pests of cape ivy in the Albany, CA quarantine included Parafreutreta regalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), a gall forming fly, and Digitivalva delairea (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), a leaf mining and stem boring moth. Pre-release studies on the impact the gall fly has on Cape ivy confirmed that it causes significant inhibition of growth of this pest vine. Cooperators in South Africa are also testing Digitivalva, Parafreutreta, and Diota rostrata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), a defoliating caterpillar. Studies of the blister mite, Aceria salsola, to control Russian thistle, are underway to determine host plant specificity and target plant impact. Host-specificity testing has continued on various strains of Diorhabda elongate, for saltcedar control. Seven different strains of beetles were evaluated in the lab against key native plant species and several agricultural crops. Although limited oviposition was found on Frankenia spp., the levels were no different from inert substrates within the test arenas and thus the beetles were deemed safe for release by USDA-APHIS and TAG. Host specificity and/or target plant impact studies are underway for the following pests: yellow starthistle (field trials indicate that C. basicorne does not attack safflower); common teasel (with two insects, Galeruca pomonae and Euphydryas aurinia); whitetop (with a gall weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, and the gall mite, Aceria draba); Russian thistle (host specificity studies were conducted for Gymnancila canella, Desertovelum stackelbergi, Lixus salsolae, and Aceria salsolae; root gall weevil, Liocleonus clathratus. (see individual reports for many more accomplishments in this area) Objective 5. Release, establish and redistribute natural enemies. Studies in Arizona have documented the establishment of the exotic aphelinid parasitoids Encarsia sophia and Eretmocerus nr. emiratus against Bemisia tabaci. A total of 11,750 adult Diachasmimorpha kraussi (5,107 male and 6,643 female) were released in Haiku, Maui against the solanaceous fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons. The parasitoid has established and is being recovered in low numbers 6 months after the last release. Augmentative release procedures for Trissolcus basalis in macadamia orchards for control of Nezara viridula are being investigated in Hawaii. The Tamarix leafbeetle, Diorhabda elongata, from Western China was released on infestations of T. ramossisima in California, Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Utah and Wyoming, and successfully overwintered in the open field environment in CO, NV, UT and WY. A population at the northernmost site in Nevada is causing substantial defoliation of T. ramossisima, and has now defoliated over 500 acres of saltcedar. A new strain of Diorhabda from Greece was released into more field sites where it successfully over-wintered in 2002. A mass production system for several Metaphycus species, using brown soft scale, will target citricola scale. Inoculative releases of M. sp nr flavus, in several San Joaquin citrus groves are testing whether such releases can economically suppress citricola scale. (see individual reports for many more accomplishments in this area) Objective 6. Evaluate natural enemy efficacy and study ecological/physiological basis for interactions. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the potential efficacy of natural enemies against invasive and indigenous pest species. Current work includes: studying plant-mediated competition between biocontrol agents and interspecific plant competition which can impact the pest population (musk thistle); remote sensing and ground-based sampling combined to detect and estimate areas of defoliation and ultimately assess natural enemy impacts (Diorhabda elongate on saltcedar); preference and performance of Larinus obtusus in relation to each of its two main host plants, meadow knapweed, C. pratensis and spotted knapweed C. stoebe; studying the role of vertically-transmitted bacterial symbionts in conferring resistance to parasitism; conducting olfactometer experiments to determine whether a semiochemical exists that attracts the parasitoid complex that attacks the early stages of the soft scales on citrus in California; (see individual reports for many more accomplishments in this area) Goal B: Conserve Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control of Target Pests. Objective 7. Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions. Many approaches are being utilized to determine the role of natural enemies within the host community. Current studies include: quantifying natural enemy populations and other sources of mortality impacting pest populations; examining feeding behavior of natural enemies among different crop varieties; using monoclonal antibodies to screen predators for the presence of pest species in their guts; conducting host discrimination studies; investigating parasitoid guilds; determining actual field parasitization rates; evaluating various pest management tactics that permit the preservation of the natural enemy complexes associated with established pest complexes; and knowledge of the selectivity of currently available pesticides and how their impact affects host availability Objective 8. Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control. Pesticides, transgenic crops, and ant activity are just a few of the factors being evaluated with respect to disruption of biological control. Specific studies include: a 3 year field study demonstrating conservation of natural enemies in cotton with the use of selective insect growth regulators for whitefly control; long-term field studies have documenting that use of Bt transgenic cotton does not alter the abundance, diversity or ecological function of the natural enemy community; a project initiated to examine the toxicity of systemic formulations of several neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid) to various natural enemies attacking Bemisia tabaci and Homalodisca coagulate; and quantifying the disruptive effects on the citrus pest complex and their associated natural enemies by the currently used pesticides applied for glassy-winged sharpshooter control in citrus. Objective 9. Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. Research included: assessing the efficacy of reduced risk insecticides (Bt and Spinosad) against banana scab moth in American Samoa (bell injection give good control with potentially less impact on natural enemies); determining the impact of various cotton cultural control practices (plant density, nitrogen levels, irrigation levels) on whitefly and natural enemy populations; life table studies on cohorts of A. gossypii caged on taro leaves in the field, revealing differences in antibiosis of various cultivars. Goal C: Augment Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control Efficacy. Objective 10. Assess biological characteristics of natural enemies. Research included: feeding studies that showed that lab-reared G. punctipes prey more frequently on whitefly than their native counterparts; investigating behavioral aspects of host seeking in various crops by Liriomyza parasitoids; evaluation of the biological control potential of two chrysopid genera (Chrysoperla and Ceraeochrysa) being mass-reared for release in the U.S.A. and Latin America; comparing lab-reared Chrysoperla comanche adults fed diets of yeast/honey or honey alone, with or without supplements of lacewing symbiotic yeasts from live culture (results suggest symbiotic yeasts in the diet increase fecundity of honey-fed females relative to honey alone); behavioral experiments to assess semiochemical recognition of citricola scale by its parasitoids; and using molecular techniques to identify genetic clades of hoary cress for the crown-gall weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis; Objective 11. Conduct experimental releases to assess feasibility. Greenhouse experiments showed that predator: prey release ratios of 1:4 and 1:20 provide adequate and reasonably fast suppression of two spotted mite populations. Augmentative releases of Metaphycus sp nr flavus were made against citricola scale. Objective 12. Develop procedures for rearing, storing, quality control and release of natural enemies. A simplified (presence-absence) sampling plan was developed for the twospotted mite, Tetranychus urticae, on greenhouse ivy geraniums to help growers and scouts conveniently estimate pest populations. A technique by which predators would be aerially released using a blower is being investigated. Calibration studies are underway to quantify the distribution of predators to greenhouse plants or bench areas. Rearing procedures for the grey pineapple mealybug parasitoid, Euryrhophallis propinquii were improved. Objective 13. Implement augmentation programs and evaluate efficacy of natural enemies. Studies continue on applying immunological techniques to field studies of dispersal. Progress has been made to standardize a technique for marking insects with protein. Optimizing the efficacy of the protein-specific ELISA and testing the feasibility of marking insects with the inexpensive protein directly in the field using a standard broadcast spray rig is underway. Goal D: Evaluate Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biological Control. Objective 14. Evaluate the environmental impacts of biological control agents. Studies on the interaction of biological control of spotted and diffuse knapweed with three other treatments (seeding perennial grass, applying sucrose to reduce soil nitrogen availability, applying soil microflora) to facilitate the restoration of desired plant community are ongoing. Populations of both knapweeds have decreased, probably in response to two years of dry weather and high densities of insects: Larinus minutus and Sphenoptera jugoslavica on diffuse knapweed and Larinus minutus and Cyphocleonus achates on spotted knapweed. Detailed growth and developmental data has been collected on both yellow starthistle and its natural enemy, Chaetorellia succinea to aid in the development of predictive models for insect and plant population growth and synchronization. (see individual reports for many more accomplishments in this area) Objective 15. Evaluate the economic impacts of target pests and their biological control. No new progress to report.

Impacts

  1. We are making advances in understanding how to conserve and measure the activity of native natural enemies of several major pests of cotton using life table and immunological techniques.
  2. Evaluation of the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides and transgenic plants on key natural enemies through both field and laboratory studies will aid the development of pest management strategies that minimize disruption of biological control.
  3. We continue to make advances in using immunological techniques to studying key issues in biological control. We continue to advance methods for using predator gut content immunoassays to qualify the impact of indigenous predators. The protein marking immunoassay provides a useful alternative to conventional marking techniques for mark-release-recapture studies.
  4. We documented significant impact of a fortuitous biological control agent (Endaphid maculans) against several important pest aphids in Hawaii.
  5. We determined host range and minimal environmental risk of a newly introduced parasitoid (Fopius ceratitivorous) of medfly, and will be applying for full release permits in the coming months.
  6. We re-released D. kraussii and achieved at least temporary establishment in a field population of B. latifrons.
  7. We supplied P. concolor to California where it appears to be established on olive fly, and additional parasitoids from (D. kraussii, F. arisanus) that have been shown to successfully attack olive fly in the lab.
  8. Reduced the cost of mass producing Metaphycus sp nr flavus 10-fold over that used by the Fillmore protective district insectary (the protective district was disbanded July 2003).
  9. Cape ivy (Delairea odorata): At least two insects have very good potential to be specific, effective biological control agents, which would reduce the impact of this invasive vine that is reducing biodiversity in coastal California.
  10. Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis): Ceratapion larvae infest a high proportion of YST plants in central Turkey and cause substantial damage to the root. If they prove to be highly host-specific they could complement the established seedhead feeding insects and reduce densities of the weed, which infests about 20,000 acres in the western U.S.
  11. Improvement of the synchrony of Chaetorellia succinea with yellow starthistle flower bud development is expected to increase natural enemiy survival and expand the rate of attack that this insect can exert on yellow starthistle populations in California and adjacent states.
  12. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus): Aceria salsolae is the only eriophyid mite that has been reported from Salsola tragus and is expected to be highly host-specific.
  13. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.): The saltcedar leaf beetle has been shown to be both safe and efficacious to saltcedar. Beetles have now established within several locations in multiple states and are causing extensive defoliation to invasive saltcedars. Repeated defoliations will be necessary to cause saltcedar mortality and in some areas we expect to see dying plants in the spring of 2004.
  14. Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa): Diffuse knapweed populations have drastically decreased in the presence of high densities of root feeding and seedhead feeding insects.
  15. International Code of Best Practices for Biological Control of Weeds: As this code is more widely adopted, the safety and acceptance of this sub-discipline of biological control will be greatly enhanced.
  16. On greenhouse floricultural crops, we anticipate that improved sampling procedures, combined with predator-prey release data, will increase the convenience, reliability, and profitability of using augmentative biological control for the twospotted mite, Tetranychus urticae.
  17. For musk thistle, we expect that our data, which demonstrate a negative effect of T. horridus on R. conicus, will influence growers and other biological control practitioners to cease redistribution of T. horridus.
  18. The major host-aphid-natural enemy associations for the Mariana Islands, and the Republic of Palau have been described. We have generated further evidence that L. testaceipes populations have expanded during the past year on Rota despite a reduced agricultural area.
  19. About 25 quarantine personnel on Guam, the CNMI, the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia were trained in aphid and aphid natural enemy collection and identification techniques as part of a Plant Protection and Quarantine Workshop held on Guam in April 2003.
  20. Joint survey and training activities with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community continue, which strengthens efforts to minimize the spread of noxious invasive species in Micronesia.
  21. Impacts from USDA/ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France:
  22. Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis): The discovery of new insects and fungal pathogens will provide new potential organisms that are specific and effective biological control agents reducing the impact of this invasive weed.
  23. Giant reed (Arundo donax): A Mediterranean network of scientists has been established that will expediate the search for new biological control agents.
  24. Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum): New agents on this weed have been discovered that have not been reported before that have the potential to be specific and effective biological control agents.
  25. Whitetop (Cardaria draba): Genetic characterization of Ceutorhynchus assimilis will help to distinguish different populations that are host specific to whitetop.
  26. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus): Newly discovered agents and host range studies provide new agents that have the potential to reduce the impact of this invasive weed.
  27. Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima & parviflora): The root weevil, Liocleonus clathratus, could have a significant impact on the spread of saltcedar in conjunction with other effective agents.
  28. Rush skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea): Discovered new agents and host range studies provide new candidates that have the potential to reduce the impact of this invasive weed.
  29. Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae): The discovery of new agents provide candidates for efficacy and host range studies that have the potential to reduce the impact of this invasive fruit fly. Shipments of Psyttalia lounsburyi to U.S. cooperators will allow host-range and efficacy testing to proceed in California.
  30. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus): Preliminary evidence of geographical patterns in the genetic variation of North American populations will yield insights into the history of Cephus introduction into North America. Discovery of new Asian natural enemies of sawfly will allow their evaluation against C. cinctus.
  31. Lygus bugs (Lygus species): Shipments of field-collected nymphal parasitoids sent to U.S. cooperators have allowed these projects to proceed to field release and establishment in CA and NY.
  32. Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora species): Studies of new associations between European natural enemies of longhorned beetles and newly-introduced Anoplophora species may have predictive value for the North American situation.
  33. Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella): Natural enemies collected in Europe for evaluation in Taiwan may eventually prove to be good candidates for introduction into North America.
  34. Apple leafrollers (various species): Studies of European communities of leafroller moths and their parasitoids will provide valuable information and possible candidate natural enemies for use in North American apple ecosystems.
  35. Formosan termite (Coptotermes formosanus): Identification of candidate pathogens is the first step in a program to find an effective pathogen of Formosan termites that would permit termite control without recourse to long-lasting pesticides often used against termites.
  36. Formulation of entomopathogens: Reliable prediction of the behavior of spore viability in different storage and field conditions is important in the economics of biopesticides; we hope our models may be of interest to industry and stimulate interest in biopesticides.

Publications

Due to space limitations, this is only a partial publication list. See the W-1185 website for the full 2003 publication list. Adda, C., Borgemeister, C., Biliwa, A., Meikle, W.G., Markham, R.H., Poehling, H.-M. 2002. Integrated pest management in post-harvest maize: a case study from the Republic of Togo (West Africa). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 93(1-3). p. 305-321. Antony, B., M.A. Palanaswami, and T. J. Henneberry. 2003. Encarsia transvena (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) development and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) host stage preference. Environmental Entomology 32: 584-591. Blua, M. J., Redak, R. A., Morgan, D. J. W., Costa, H. S. (2001) Seasonal flight activity of two Homalodisca species (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) that spread Xylella fastidiosa in southern California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94(6):1506-1510. Bon, M.C., Ramualde, K. Hoelmer, K, Coutinot, D. 2003. Species-specificity and sensitivity of a PCR-based assay for Peristenus stygicus, a parasitoid of Lygus spp. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Biological Control of Arthropods. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Publication 2003-05. p. 444-448. Carruthers, R. I. 2003. Invasive species research in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Pest Management Sciences 59:827-834. Carruthers, R. I. (2003). Biological Control of Invasive Species, A personal perspective. Conservation Biology (in press). Cao, Wan-Hong, Ralph E. Charlton, James R. Nechols and Michael J. Horak. 2003. Sex pheromone of the noctuid moth, Tyta luctuosa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a candidate biological control agent of field bindweed. Environ. Entomol. 32: 17-22. Cocquempot, C., Hérard, F., Reynaud, P. 2003. Les longicornes asiatiques Anoplophora glabripennis et Anoplophora chinensis, une menace sérieuse pour l'arboriculture fruitière, les plantes d'ornement et les forêts françaises. Phytoma. v. 561. p. 24-28. Cocquempot, C., Hérard, F. 2003. Les Anoplophora, un danger pour la pépinière et les espaces verts. PHM-revue horticole. v. 449. p. 28-33 Coleson, J.L. 2003. Antibiosis and antixenosis to Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cultivars of taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.). MS Thesis, University of Guam. Mangilao, Gaum. Collier, T. R. and M.S. Hunter. 2001. Interference competition between whitefly parasitoids, Eretmocerus eremicus, and Encarsia transvena. Oecologia 129: 147-154 Collier, T. R., M. S. Hunter and S. E. Kelly 2002. Egg size, intrinsic competition and lethal interference in the endoparasitoids, Encarsia pergandiella and Encarsia formosa. In press, Biological Control. Coutinot, D. 2002. Research institutes : living organisms and environmental protection. Legislation and regulations, agencies and research institutes consulted, quarantines visited, subjects discussed and propositions. Mémoire de DESS Expertise des Problématiques Environnementales. DESS (=M.Sc.) thesis, University of Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France. 50 pp. & annexes (in French). DeLoach, C. J., P. A. Lewis, J. C. Herr, R. I. Carruthers, J. L. Tracy and J Johnson. 2003. Host specificity of the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola from Asia, a biological control agent for saltcedars in the Western United States. Biological Control 27: 117-147. Fargues, J., Bon, M.C., Manguin, S., Couteaudier, Y. 2002. Genetic variability among Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates from various geographical and host insect origins based on the rDNA-ITS regions. Mycological Research. v. 106 (9). p.1066-1074. Godfrey, K. E. K. M. Daane, W. J. Bentley, R. J. Gill, and R. Malakar-Kuenen. Mealybugs in California Vineyards. 2002. University of California ANR Publication 21612, 16 pp. Godfrey, K., J. Ball, D. Gonzalez, and E. Reeves. 2003. Biology of the vine mealybug in vineyards in the Coachella valley, California. Southwest. Ento. In press. Hagler, J.R. 2002. Foraging behavior, host stage selection and gut content analysis of field collected Drapetis nr. divergens: A predatory fly of Bemisia argentifolii. Southwestern Entomologist. 27: 241-249. Hagler, J.R., H. Costa, and K. Daane. 2002. Progress on the development of a monoclonal antibody specific to glassy-winged sharpshooter egg protein: A tool for predator gut analysis and early detection of pest infestation. Symp. Proceedings, Pierces Disease Research Symposium. P. 79-80. Hagler, J.R., C.G. Jackson, T.J. Henneberry, and J.R. Gould. 2002. Parasitoid mark-release-recapture techniques. II. Development and application of a protein marking technique for Eretmocerus spp., parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii. Biocontrol Science & Technology. 12: 661-675. Hagler, J.R., C.G. Jackson, R. Isaacs, and S.A. Machtley. 200_. Foraging behavior and prey selection by a guild of predators on various stages of Bemisia tabaci. J. Insect Science (in press). Hagler, J.R., S. Machtley, and J. Leggett. 2002. Parasitoid mark-release-recapture techniques. I. Development of a battery-operated suction trap for collecting minute insects. Biocontrol Science & Technology. 12: 653-659. Hinz, H.L., and D. Schroeder. 2003. Impact of competition from wheat and below-ground herbivory on growth and reproduction of scentless chamomile, Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz. Journal of Applied Entomology, 127, 72-79. Hoddle, M. S., S. V. Triapitsyn, and D. J. W. Morgan. 2003. Distribution and plant association records for Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Florida. Florida Entomologist 86: 89-91. Hoelmer, K. A. and C. H. Pickett. 2003. Geographic origin and taxonomic history of Delphastus spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in commercial culture. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13: 529-535. Hoelmer, K. A., Goolsby, J. A. 2003. Innovative methods for the release, establishment and monitoring of Bemisia parasitoids and predators. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Publication 2003-05. P. 58-65. Hoelmer, K. A., C. H. Pickett. Geographic origin and taxonomic history of Delphastus spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in commercial culture. 2003. Biocontrol Science and Technology. v. 13(5). p. 529-535. Holst, N., and W.G. Meikle. 2003. Teretrius nigrescens against larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus in African maize stores: biological control at work? Journal of Applied Ecology 40(2): 307-319. Hunter, M.S., Collier, T. R, and S. E. Kelly. 2002. Does an autoparasitoid disrupt host suppression provided by a primary parasitoid? In press. Ecology. Hurlbert, S. and W.G. Meikle. 2003. Pseudoreplication, fungi, and locusts. 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