Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Draft Minutes of the NC 129 Mycotoxins in Grains Annual Meeting April 19-20, 2004 Richard Adams Conference Center College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri, Columbia, MO I. Representative Participants II. Introduction 8:25 am. Meeting called to order by Dr. Rottinghaus. Copies of the Agenda, the 2003 Annual Report and the 2003minutes were available. Dr. Rottinghaus introduced the administrator, Dr. Durgan, Associate Dean at the University of Minnesota, for opening remarks. Dr. Durgan stated that the NC129 renewal must be completed this year. She provided the time frame and actions that needed to be taken (hard copy distributed). The major deadlines for the writing group are September 15 for submittal of a statement of issues and justification and December 1 for proposal submittal. Note that the regional committees are now being called multistate committees, so, the name for NC129 will probably change. Other states doing mycotoxin work will be given the opportunity to join the project. Dr. Durgan indicated that renewal for this project was likely based on the interdisciplinary nature of the group and documentation of collaborative research in the 2003 report. III. Station Reports The station reports began at 8:30 am with presentations from Pennsylvania - (Repr. Dr. Gretchen Kuldau), Illinois - (Repr. Dr. Wanda Haschek-Hock, presentation by Vincent Hsiao), Iowa - (Repr. Dr Pat Murphy, presentations by: Guillermo Fernandez and Cindy Landgren), ARS-NCAUR (Repr. Dr. Chris Maragos), Minnesota - (Repr. Dr. Yanhong Dong); Indiana - (Repr. Dr. Charles Woloshuk), Missouri - (Repr. Dr. George Rottinghaus, presentation by Angela Guaiume), North Dakota (Repr. Dr. Charlene Wolf-Hall), Kansas - (Repr. Dr. J. Scott Smith, presented by Xiarong Wu), and Nebraska (Repr. Dr. Martin Dickman). There were no representatives from Georgia, Michigan or Wisconsin. IV. Business Meeting The business meeting was brought to order at 4:00 pm by the Chair, Dr. Rottinghaus. 1. Minutes from the 2003 meeting were approved. 2. Future meetings: Discussion centered around an appropriate time for next year's meeting given that the renewal might not be approved till April of 2005. Most participants agreed that May was a better month for the meeting anyway because of the school year. The 2005 meeting will be held in May in Illinois (Dr Haschek-Hock.); 2006 will be hosted by Michigan (Dr. Hart), and 2007 by Pennsylvania (Dr. Kaldua). 3. New Officers: Dr. Gretchen Kaldau, Pennsylvania State University, will be Secretary for 2005, Vice-Chair in 2006 and Chair in 2007. 4. New Representative: Dr. Dave Kendra will replace Dr. Chris Maragos for ARS. 5. Annual Report: any revisions are to be provided to Dr. Haschek by close of meeting. The final report will then be sent to Dr. Durgan and posed on the website. NC129 website - www.wisc.edu/ncra contains project statement, reports, minutes and other information - posted by Dr. Woloshuk. 6. NC129 Mycotoxins in Grains project renewal. Dr. Woloshuk agreed to Co- Chair the Rewrite Committee with Dr. Wilson and to lead tomorrows meeting on project renewal planning. The Rewrite Committee consists of the following: Co-Chairs: Drs. Wilson and Woloshuk. Objective 1: Dr. Murphy with assistance from Dr. Haschek-Hock. Objective 2: Dr. Maragos with assistance from Dr. Murphy. Objective 3: Drs. Woloshuk and Kendra, with assistance from Dr. Rottinghaus. Objective 4: Dr. Woloshuk. The major 2004 deadlines are: - September 15 for submittal of a statement of issues and justification and - December 1 for proposal submittal. Decision on renewal in March/April 2005. 7. The Internationa. IUPAC Meeting on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Bethesda, May 17-21, 2004 was announced ? information is available at the AOAC website aoac.org. Meeting Adjourned at 4:30 p.m. V. Rewrite Meeting, April 20, 2004 Dr. Woloshuk led the discussion and submitted the following summary. Project Title: Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Food Safety. Objectives: to be reworded. 1. Determine the interrelationship of mycotoxins produced in cereal grains to human and animal health. (Old). VS Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. (Proposed). 1. Leaders are Pat (IA) andWanda (IL) 2. Participants in the objective are Marty (NE), Pat (IA), Wanda (IL), Chris (ARS support), George (MO), Scott (KS). 2. Develop new techniques and improve current assays for identification and quantification of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in cereal grains. (New) 1. Leader is Chris (ARS). 2. Issues and participants in the objective are 1) Analytical detection [Chris (ARS), Yanhong (MN), John (Romer Labs), Pat (IA)]; 2) Molecular detection [Marty (NE), Charles (IN), Gretchen (PA)] 3) Imaging Technology [Doug (PA), ARS support]. 3. Establish integrated strategies to manage and to prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains. (Old) 1. Leader is George (MO). 2. Participants in the objective are Pat (IA), George (MO), Charlene (ND). 4. Define the pathways regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis and the molecular relationships between mycotoxigenic fungi. (New, but needs help) 1. Leader is Charles (IN). 2. Participants in the objective are Gretchen (PA), Charles (IN), ARS support, S. Du (NE), Shim (TX). G:\vp\haschek\NC129mtg-04.doc

Objective 1: Determine the interrelationship of Fusarium mycotoxins from cereal grains to human and animal health. Fumonisins Illinois: Studies to determine the clearance of sphingosine (So) and sphinganine (Sa) in the blood and urine were conducted in pigs that received fumonisin B1 (FB1)at 1 mg/kg body weight IV at 0, 24 and 48 hrs, and were euthanized at 72 or 144 hrs. Sa/So analysis and biochemical evaluation will be performed on serum and urine. Tissues were collected for histopathology and Sa/So. Illinois: Serum folate, cysteine and homocysteine concentrations were determined in Sinclair minipigs fed fumonisin B1 at 0 or 10-30 ppm for 26 weeks. Treated pigs had increased homocysteine and decreased methionine concentration relative to controls. Illinois: The cytotoxic effects of exogenous So and Sa were evaluated in rat embryonic cardiomyocytes (H9C2[2-1]) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2); Sa was more cytotoxic than So for both cell types. Iowa: Three week old swine were fed 70 ppm (97 mmole/g) FB1 (Rottinghaus culture material) or 70 ppm (97 mmole/g) FB1 processed with glucose for 14 days. At day 8, FB1 fed animals had higher AST activity and bilirubin conc.as compared to controls, while pigs fed FB1-glucose diets did not. At day 14, FB1 fed animals were not different from controls or FB1-glucose fed animals. Nebraska is developing a number of approaches to identify plant genes regulating apoptosis using fumonisin B1 as an inducer of cell death. Deoxynivalenol (DON) Iowa: To determine if acute exercise stress would exacerbate the immunosuppressive effects of DON, male BALB/c mice were fed DON at 2 ppm for 14 d and placed on a treadmill (10-20 m/min) and exercised to exhaustion (2.5  4.25 h). Only the non-exercised DON mice had suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. Fusaproliferin Kansas evaluated the mutagenic potential of fusaproliferin in 5 .S typhimurium tester strains using the standard procedure of the Ames Salmonella microsome assay. Fusaproliferin was mutagenic in some strains but not in others and required S9 in some cases. The mutagenic potency, when present, was much weaker than aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin Missouri examined the effects of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in chicks and poults fed aflatoxin. Chicks were fed 0, 2 or 4 mg AFB1/kg diet and poults 0, 100, or 200 µg for 21 days. Beginning on day 7, chicks were injected ip with 0, 200, or 400 µg LPS/bird and poults with 0, 100, or 200 µg LPS/bird on alternate days. Based on mortality, results suggest a toxic synergy between AFB1 and LPS in chicks, but only an additive effect in poults. Production of mycotoxins Missouri produces fumonisin, moniliformin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and aflatoxin B1 and secalonic acid D for studies focused on binding or inactivation of mycotoxins in feed. Cooperation with multiple investigators, institutions and countries is ongoing. Objective 2: Develop new techniques and improve current assays for identification and quantification of mycotoxins in cereal grains. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays Indiana developed a 5 fluorogenic (Taqman) real-time PCR assay for group-specific detection of trichothecene- and fumonisin-producing Fusarium spp. and to identify F. graminearum and F. verticillioides in field-collected barley and corn samples. Michigan developed DNA primers based on the tri5 gene for RT-PCR to detect Fusarium sp in small grains. There was a good correlation between DON and DNA in individual kernels (r2=74.2%), and between sample means of DON and DNA (r2=99.0%). However, DON and DNA did not necessarily correlate well with symptoms of fusarium head blight (FHB) infection. Detection of aflatoxigenicity Minnesota identified the structures of 7 yellow pigments, secreted by isolates of Aspergillus flavus which produce aflatoxins, as known biosynthetic intermediates, or side products, on the pathway to aflatoxin. These 7 pigments are the basis of culture-based rapid tests for aflatoxigenicity. A combination of the ammonium hydroxide vapor and cyclodextrin-enhanced blue fluorescence cultural methods was shown to be comparable to TLC in predicting aflatoxigenicity. Detection of fumonisins USDA developed an HPLC-fluorescence method for detection of fumonisins in corn silage combining an extraction technique using EDTA with an immunoaffinity column cleanup and derivatization with naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde. The prevalence of fumonisins in corn silage was found to be high, although levels were generally below concern. Illinois used immunoassay materials developed at USDA/NCAUR to screen maize as part of a project to improve resistance to Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins. Zearalenone (ZEN) USDA/NCAUR developed a simple and rapid fluorescence polarization immunoassay for ZEN. Five highly sensitive monoclonal antibodies were also developed for detection of ZEN and related metabolites. Deoxynivalenol (DON) USDA/NCAUR developed a sensitive HPLC-MS method for detection of DON and nivalenol .in maize or wheat. Fusaproliferin Kansas developed a sensitive GC method to detect low levels of fusaproliferin in corn; detection limit of 0.1 ng TMS derivatized fusaproliferin and 10 ppb in corn. Preliminary survey shows that fusaproliferin is a common contaminant in corn with low levels (<9.4 ppb) generally detected (a moldy corn sample had 297 ppb). Patulin USDA/NCAUR is examining molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized to recognize patulin by infrared (IR) for characterization. A. flavus and F. verticillioides USDA/NCAUR: ARS (Manhattan, KS) with NCAUR seek to remove the relatively few corn kernels in which aflatoxin and fumonisin are concentrated at harvest. Near infrared spectra were obtained for kernels infected by A. flavus and F. verticillioides and applied successfully in programming a high volume commercial optical grain sorter to reject aflatoxin- and fumonisin-contaminated kernels. Macrophomina phaseolina Phytotoxin Minnesota has purified the major phytotoxin produced in culture by an isolate of the charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina and the determination of the chemical structure is about 90% complete. Phytotoxicity has been demonstrated in Lemna (duckweed) cultures but the phytotoxin is not phaseolinone. 8-O-metholbostrycoidin Iowa collaborated with Kansas State in supplying mycelia from Fusarium proliferatum strain 5991 for analysis of 8-O-metholbostrycoidin. Objective 3: Establish strategies for integrated management to prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains. Chemical control Iowa scaled up the heat processing of glucose with fumonisin B1 (FB1) contaminated corn and FB1 corn culture material to kg level and successfully processed feed with 70 to 200 ppm FB1 with glucose and baking soda to about 10% residue free. Michigan provides DON analysis (> 4,000 samples/year) for FHB research to aid in selection of breeding lines of wheat with reduced DON, and in the evaluation of fungicides for reduction in DON. It was found that the fungicide Quadris increased levels of DON when applied at anthesis. Minnesota showed that heat stress played a major role in aflatoxin and fumonisin production in corn grown in Arkansas using natural infection with both Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus flavus. Missouri investigated whether the turkey could be used as a model for evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents (hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates, HSCAS) to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF). 21-day experiments were conducted using 0. 200 or 250 ug AF/kg and 0 to 1% of HSCAS -A and B. Both adsorbents reduced some toxic effects of AF in the young turkey indicating that it is a more sensitive model for evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents. Missouri evaluated a number of adsorbents for binding mycotoxins. While several adsorbents appear to protect against zearalenone, fumonisin B1, and ochratoxin in vitro, only aflatoxin B1 is bound significantly in vivo. Biocontrol USDA/NCAUR, with the Plant Transformation Facility, Iowa State University, seeks to develop a gene expression system for maize that would allow proteins that inhibit fungal growth or reduce mycotoxin toxicity to specifically accumulate within the basal maternal tissues of the developing kernel. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation resulted in highly improved transformation efficiencies with maintanence of gene expression within the maternal tissues of the developing kernel as well as within the vascular tissues of stems. This new transformation method resulted in stable gene insertions which are heritable. USDA/NCAUR generated reporter strains of F. verticillioides that have the cyan fluorescent protein (CEFP) gene fused to the promoter of the fumonisin biosynthetic gene FUM8. The reporter strains can be used as tools to study regulatory processes that lead to the formation of fumonisins in maize plants which in turn could lead to control strategies that reduce or eliminate toxic fumonisin accumulation in maize. USDA/NCAUR complemented sexual spore-nonproducing mutants by adding a copy of the mating type (MAT) locus to further the goal of determining the role of sexual spores in the ability of Fusarium graminearum to cause wheat head blight. The complemented strains recovered the ability to produce sexual spores and were able to spread in inoculated wheat heads in greenhouse tests. Two field tests were conducted to establish the role of sexual spores in wheat head blight epidemics. USDA/NCAUR (in collaboration with Iowa City, IA) continued to investigate new sources of antifungal agents and fungi that can parasitize and kill other fungi useful to agriculture and medicine The common corn endophyte Acremonium zeae interferes with A. flavus growth and infection of preharvest corn kernels. Culture extracts of Acremonium had significant antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. verticillioides and two antibiotics were isolated and identified to account for the activity. In addition, other antifungal metabolites have been identified. Objective 4: Define the metabolic pathways and regulatory pathways of mycotoxin biosynthesis. Fumonisins Indiana cloned a PACC-like gene (PAC1) from F. verticillioides. The mutant produced more fumonisin than the wild type and produced fumonisin B1 when mycelia were resuspended in medium buffered at alkaline pH (8.4). Transcription of FUM1 was correlated with fumonisin production. Therefore, PAC1 is required for growth at alkaline pH and may have a role as a repressor of fumonisin biosynthesis under alkaline conditions. Indiana constructed DNA microarrays with expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from F. verticillioides. To identify genes with patterns of expression similar to the fumonisin biosynthetic (FUM) genes, the microarray was probed with labeled cDNAs synthesized from RNA isolated from a wild-type strain and a fcc1 mutant grown on maize and in a defined medium adjusted to either pH 3 or pH 8. The comparative analyses revealed differential expression of genes corresponding to 116 ESTs when the fungal strains were grown on maize. Under different pH conditions, 166 ESTs were differentially expressed, and 19 ESTs were identified that displayed expression patterns similar to 15 FUM ESTs. Pennsylvania completed a phylogenetic tree of isolates from the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex based on EF-1a sequences from over 500 isolates. This analysis has revealed numerous new phylogenetic species which are now being tested for their ability to mate sexually and produce fumonisins. USDA/NCAUR explored the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms for mycotoxin biosynthesis, particularly for F. erticillioides, but also for F. raminearum and F. sporotrichioides. They completed a gene knockout analysis of all 15 genes in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster and determined 1) the functions of eight of these genes, 2) that three other genes are required for normal fumonisin production in F. verticillioides and 3) that the remaining four genes are not essential for fumonisin biosynthesis. USDA/NCAUR has continued to generate a F. verticillioides Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) library with three additional complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries generated and submitted to The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) for DNA sequence analysis which has generated over 54,000 good quality sequences corresponding to over 6,500 unique genes in the F. verticillioides genome. Efforts have also begun to use the EST sequence data to identify genes that regulate fumonisin production. Trichothecenes Pennsylvania has developed methodologies for growing the fusaria for type A trichothecene production in small volumes. They were detected by an HPLC-MS method which separates 8 trichothecenes by liquid chromatography, enables collection of mass spectra for all of them, and allows quantitative determination. Analysis of trichothecene production in some isolates has begun as well as sequencing of the EF-1a gene for phylogenetic analysis. USDA/NCAUR, with Agriculture Canada, identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene that resides outside the trichothecene core cluster. Gene disruption was used to define the steps in trichothecene biosynthesis by F. graminearum .and to inactivate the gene in order to determine its function. Gene expression was required for oxygenation of the DON molecule at carbon positions 7 and 8. Wisconsin investigated the role of propionate metabolism in polyketide biosynthesis by manipulating the methyl citrate cycle by deletion of mcsA (DmcsA). The hypothesis is that accumulation of propionyl CoA is interfering with ST PKS function and that increasing propionyl CoA content through manipulation of the methyl citrate synthase cycle could reduce production of polyketide mycotoxins in other fungi. Patulin USDA/NCAUR found that all Penicillium sp tested were capable of producing patulin.. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences identified from two isolates from commercial apple juice have tentatively been identified as Byssochlamys species.

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles and Book Chapters. Al-Tamimi H.J., Rottinghaus G.R., Spiers D.E., Spain J., Chatman D., Eichen P.A., Carson T.L. Thermoregulatory response of dairy cows fed ergotized barley during summer heat stress. J Vet Diagn Invest 2003. 15:355-360. Butchko, R.A.E., Plattner, R.D., Proctor, R.H. FUM13 encodes a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase required for C-3 carbonyl reduction during fumonisin biosynthesis in Gibberella moniliformis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003. 51:3000-3006. Cleveland, T.E., Dowd, P.F., Desjardins, A.E., Bhatnagar, D., Cotty, P.J. United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops. Pest Management Science. 2003. 59:629-642. *Clements, M.J., Kleinschmidt, C.E., Maragos, C.M., Pataky, J.K., White, D.G. Evaluation of inoculation techniques for Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of corn. Plant Disease. 2003.87:147-153. *Clements, M.J., Campbell, K.W., Maragos, C.M., Pilcher, C., Headrick, J.M., Pataky, J.K., White, D.G. Influence of CryIAb and hybrid genetics on fumonisin contamination and Fusarium ear rot of corn. Crop Science. 2003.43:1283-1293. *Constable, P.D., Smith, G.W., Rottinghaus, G.E., Tumbleson, M.E., Haschek, W.H. Fumonisin-induced blockade of ceramide synthase in sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway alters aortic input impedance spectrum of pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circulation Physiol 2003. 284:H2034-44. Desjardins, A.E. Gibberella from A(venaceae) to Z(eae). Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2003.41:177-198. Dokovic, A., Tomasevi-Anovi, M., Rottinghaus, G., Dondur, V., Magi, Z. Adsorption of ochratoxin A on octadecyldimethyl benzyl ammonium exchanged-clinoptilolite-heulandite tuff. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2003. 30: 157-165, 2003. Evans, T.J., Rottinghaus, G.E., Casteel, S.W. Ergot. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology, Ed. Plumlee KH, Mosby/ Elsevier, 2003. pp 239-243. Evans, T.J., Rottinghaus, G.E., Casteel, S.W. Fescue. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology, Ed. Plumlee KH, Mosby/ Elsevier, 2003. pp 243-243-250. Flaherty, J.E., Pirttilä, A.M., Bluhm, B.H., Woloshuk, C.P. Role of PAC1, a pH regulatory gene from Fusarium verticillioides, in growth and fumonisin biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003. 69:5222-5227. Fotso, J., Smith, J.S. Evaluation of beauvericin toxicity with the bacterial bioluminescence assay and the Ames mutagenicity bioassay. J Food Sci. 2003. 68:1938 1941. *Gillespie, J., Schwarz, P., Mostrom, M.S., Tacke, B., Dong, Y., Hart, P., Munn, B. Update on the USWBSI DON diagnostic laboratories. Proceedings 2003 Fusarium Head Blight Forum. 2003. p. 187-190. Goto, T., Wicklow, D.T., McAlpin, C.E., Peterson, S.W. Aspergillus bombycis genotypes (RFLP) from silkworm cultivation. Mycoscience. 2003. 44:209-215. Hart, P., Catal, M. Application of real time polymerase chain reaction to the detection and quantification of Fusarium in wheat. Proceedings 2003 Fusarium Head Blight Forum. 2003. pp191-194. Kumar, A., Jindal, N., Shukla, C.L., Pal, Y., Ledoux, D.R., Rottinghaus, G.E. Effects of ochratoxin A. on Escherichia coli challenged broiler chicks. Avian Diseases. 2003. 47:415-424. Ledoux, D.R., Broomhead, J.N., Bermudez, A.J., Rottinghaus, G.E. Individual and combined effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins fumonisin B1 and moniliformin, in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases, 2003. 47:1368-1375. Lewis, J.M., Jiang, G-L., Shi, R.R., Hart, L.P., Ward, R.W. Bioassay vs conventional characterization of FHB resistance in Ning 7840. Proceedings 2003 Fusarium Head Blight Forum. 2003. pp. 142-147. Manning, B.B., Ulloa, R.M., Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H., Rottinghaus, G.E. Ochratoxin A fed to channel (Ictalurus punctatus) causes reduced growth and lesions of hepatopancreatic tissue. Aquaculture 2003. 219:739-750. Mobio, T.A., Tavan, E., Baudrimont, I., Anane, R., Carratu, M.-R., Sanni, A., Gbeassor, M.F., Shier, T.W., Narbonne, J.-F., Creppy, E.E. Comparative study of the toxic effects of fumonisin B1 in rat C6 glioma cells and p53-null mouse embryo fibroblasts. Toxicology 2003. 183:65-75. Muhitch, M.J. Distribution of the glutamine synthetase isozyme GSp1 in maize (Zea mays). Journal of Plant Physiology. 2003. 160:610-605. Muhitch, M.J., Liang, H., Sollenberger, K.G. Transformation efficiencies and expression patterns of a series of truncated GS1-2 promoter/GUS transgenes in maize. Physiologia Plantarum. 2003. 118:346-351. Plattner, R.D., Maragos, C.M. Determination of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in corn and wheat by liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry. Journal of the AOAC International. 2003. 86:61-65. Proctor, R.H., Brown, D.W., Plattner, R.D., Desjardins, A.E. Co-expression of fifteen contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Gibberella moniliformis. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2003. 38:237-249. Rottinghaus, G.E., Ledoux, D.R., Bermudez, A.J. Contributors to: Mycotoxins: Risks in plant, animal, and human systems. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) Task Force report no. 139, Ames, Iowa, January, 2003. Shier, W.T., Abbas, H.K., Abou-Karam, M., Badria, F.A., Resch, P.A. Fumonisins: Abiogenic conversions of an environmental tumor promoter and common food contaminant. J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 2003. 22:591-616. Shim, W-B., Flaherty, J.E., Woloshuk, C.P. Comparison of fumonisin B1 biosynthesis in maize germ and degermed kernels by Fusarium verticillioides. J. Food Protect. 2003. 66:2116-2122. Tomasevi-Anovic, M., Dakovic, A., Rottinghaus, G., Matijsevi, S., Duricic, M. Surfactant modified zeolites? New efficient adsorbents for mycotoxins. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2003. 61:173-180, 2003. Tomasevi-Anovic, M., Dokovi, A., Rottinghaus, G., Arov-Stan, A. Adsorption of ochratoxin A by octadecyldimethylbenzyl-heulandite tuff. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2003. Tuan, N.A., Manning, B., Lovell, R.T., Rottinghaus, G.E. Responses of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing different concentrations of moniliformin or fumonisin B1. Aquaculture 2003. 217:515-528. Watts, C.M., Chen, Y.C., Ledoux, D.R., Bermudez,A.J., Rottinghaus, G.E. Effects of multiple mycotoxins and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate in poultry. International J Poultry Science 2003. 2:372-378. Wicklow, D.T., Bobell, J., Palmquist, D. Evaluation of intraspecific competition (Aspergillus flavus Link) and aflatoxin formation in suspended disc culture. Mycological Research. 2003. 107:617-623. Wu, X., Leslie, J.F., Thakur, R.A., Smith, J.S. Purification of fusaproliferin from cultures of Fusarium subglutinans by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51:383-388. *Zhang, Y., Li, C., Swenson, D.C., Gloer, J.B., Wicklow, D.T., Dowd, P.F. Novel antiinsectan oxalicine alkaloids from two undescribed fungicolous Penicillium spp. Organic Letters. 2003. 5:773-776. Abstracts *Fernandez-Surumay, G., G.D. Osweiler, P.A. Murphy. Protection against fumonisin B1-induced liver toxicity by the fumonisin B1-glucose mixture in a swine model. 9th International Congress of the European Associations of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, July 2003, Lisbon, Portugal, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 22 (Suppl 1):278-9, 2003 Haschek, W. M., A. L. Waggoner, S-H Hsiao, G. W. Smith, M. E. Tumbleson, R. M. Eppley, J. H. Foreman, and P. D. Constable (2003). Clinicopathologic characterization of fumonisin B1 (FB1) induced hepato-, nephro- and neuro-toxicity in horses. Tox Sci 72(S-1):252 (Abs 1224). Hsiao, S-H, P. D. Constable, and W. M. Haschek (2003). In vitro effects of sphinganine, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate on porcine thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery vascular rings. Tox Path 31:142 (P15). Kuldau, G. A. 2003. Mycotoxins in corn silage. Phytopathology 93:S98. Nagy, M. and G. A. Kuldau. 2003. Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in Pennsylvanian corn silage. Phytopathology 93:S97. Tumbleson, M. E., W. M. Haschek, A. L. Waggoner, P. E. Constable, G. W. Smith, J. H. Foreman, and R. Eppley (2003). Fumonisin B1 (FB1) alters sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) concentrations in serum, tissue, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of horses. Tox. Sci. 72(S-1):254 (Abs 1235). Wu, X. and J. S. Smith. A Sensitive GC Method for Detection of Fusaproliferin in Corn. 2003. Annual Food Safety Consortium Meeting, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. October 12-14, 2003. Journal Articles In Press Abbas, H.K., R.M. Zablotowicz, M.A. Weaver, B.W. Horn, W. Xie, and W.T. Shier Comparison of cultural and analytical methods for determination of aflatoxin production by Mississippi Delta Aspergillus isolates. Can. J. Microbiol. Abou-Karam, M., H.K. Abbas and W.T. Shier (2004) N-Fatty acylation of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1, but not of intact fumonisin B1, strongly enhances in vitro mammalian toxicity. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev., 23. Bluhm, B. H., Cousin, M.A., and Woloshuk, C. P. 2004. Multiplex real-time PCR detection of fumonisin-producing and trichothecene-producing groups of Fusarium species. J. Food Protect. Foreman, J. H., Peter D. Constable, A.L. Waggoner, M. Levy, R.M. Eppley, G.W. Smith, M.E. Tumbleson, W.M. Haschek. Neurological abnormalities and cerebrospinal fluid changes in horses with fumonisin-induced leukoencephalomalacia. Am. J. Vet. Int. Med. Geiser, D. M., Jimenez-Gasco, M. M., Kang, S., Makalowska, I., Zhang, N., Kuldau, G. A., and O?Donnell, K. L.. FUSARIUM-SEQv.1.0: A DNA sequence database for identifying toxigenic and non-toxigenic Fusaria. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2002 Journal Publications not listed previously Alexander, N.J., McCormick, S.P., Hohn, T.M. The identification of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene AYTI (ORF-YLL063c) encoding an acetyltransferase. Yeast. 2002.19: 1425-1430. Desjardins, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Plattner, R.D., Proctor R.H. FUM1--a gene required for fumonisin biosynthesis but not for maize ear rot and ear infection by Gibberella moniliformis in field tests. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 2002. 15:1157-1164. *Joshi, B. K., Gloer, J.B., Wicklow, D.T. Antifungal natural products from a sclerotium-colonizing isolate of Humicola fuscoatra. Journal of Natural Products. 2002. 65:1734-1737. Okubara, P.A., Blechl, A.E., McCormick, S.P., Alexander, N.J., Dill-Macky, R., Hohn, T.M. 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