Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting

Minutes of Annual Meeting

Secretary: Terence Bradshaw

Host and Chair: Shengrui Yao

The meeting was called to order by Dr. Shengrui Yao with welcoming comments by Dr. Jay Lillywhite, Director of NMSU AES and Dr. Anowar Islam, Dept. Head NMSU Plant and Environmental Sciences.

Administrative business was conducted:

• Motion to approve agenda was made by Essies Fallahi, seconded by Brent Black. Motion passed with no amendments.
• Guests were welcomed and new members were introduced: Ashley Thompson, Oregon State University Extension, Jimmy Larson, Utah State University, Shanthanu Kumar, Penn State University.
• The group agreed by consensus to host the 2025 meeting in Vermont. Vermont representative Dr. Terence Bradshaw described the location and served as secretary for this meeting.
• Discussion was held for the 2026 meeting site. Sites discussed at the previous meeting included GA, KY, CA, NY, VA. NY offered to host the meeting in Geneva in 2026 in honor of Dr. Terence Robinson’s likely retirement that year. The group agreed to that decision by consensus.
• Administrative Advisor Dr. Troy Runge discussed required details for the meeting, including facilitation of new members and timeliness of reporting.
  • Role of agInnovation NC, formerly North Central Regional Association (NCRA), was discussed. agInnovations works with APLU and federal delegation on Farm Bill activities, monitors legislation and funding opportunities, and works with APLU Council for Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching (CARET) to promote work of multistate projects.
  • Procedure for renewal of the NC-140 project was discussed. A subcommittee of the group would meet in mid-year of year three (2025) to seek permission to rewrite. Further discussion on rewrite was tabled until later in the meeting.

Jon Clements gave a report on the NC140 website.

• He walked through the site and described its primary function as an ‘internal use’ site by the committee, but also pointed out the public-facing components of it. The group agreed by consensus that state reports may be posted on the public-facing section of the site.
• File management and user access were also explained to all members of the meeting.
• The eXtension Apples Community of Practice website was discussed as a public-facing outlet for project outputs. The history of the site was discussed, some members suggested writing an SCRI or similar grant to fund updating and upkeeping. One suggestion included including site support in the NC-140 rewrite, Dr. Runge reminded the group that multistate projects are research-focused and that eXtension is Extension-focused, so an SCRI or other mechanism was more appropriate.

Rootstock trial reports:

2014 Honeycrisp Apple rootstock trial – John Cline

• Report was submitted by Dr. Cline who could not attend. This trial is complete, but the coordinator is awaiting data from some cooperators to complete the final writeup winter 2024-2025.

2015 Organic Apple rootstock trial – Terence Bradshaw

• This trial has just completed its final year with 2024 data due to coordinator by January 15. Of the eleven cooperators, six remain in the trial.
• Discussion was held regarding the most appropriate way to deal with dead trees. For example, are they removed going all the way back to the beginning of the trial, or just at the point of death? This affects cumulative yield, yield efficiency, etc. Analyzing only trees that survived ten years presents a best-case scenario and does not capture the reality of dying and declining trees. A more nuanced discussion is necessary in a ten-year paper.
• Viruses were confirmed in G.969 planting at one site, that needs to be part of the discussion for that rootstock.
• Best method for capturing canopy size was discussed since many cooperators pruned trees to 11.5’ and kept trees in their space, TCSA and height-spread may not capture all of the canopy density data. Suggestion was made to count branches, that was tabled to later discussion over email among the cooperators.

2017 Peach Rootstock trial – Ioannis Minas

• Minas submitted his report electronically, could not attend in-person. Dr. Greg Reighard reminded the group that the trial is on year eight and is still waiting for the five-year report to be written.
• A side discussion was held on the readiness of the cooperators and nursery for the originally planned 2023 Peach x Training system trial, now looking like 2026. Trees are too small in nursery now. BC and UT indicated interest in joining, UT would need to consider split trials across two sites to assess impact of high pH.

2017 Cherry trials

• With Dr. Lang retiring, these projects need to be reassigned for coordinator / lead authors:

 2017 Tart Cherry rootstock trial – Greg Lang

• UT has had many challenges come up in the trial including windstorm and X-disease. NY and WI reported tree losses as well, many rootstocks down to 1 or 2 trees. Suggestion was made to end trial at year eight, not met with consensus.
• Discussion was had about appropriateness of conducting trials focused on over the row harvesters when thew industry is not moving in that direction.

2017 Sweet cherry systems X rootstock trial – Greg Lang

• Large variability in tree quality, many dead trees in first years.
• Extra data was collected on pruning weight to show overgrowth of some rootstocks. Those data will be presented to the coordinator for possible inclusion in main paper or side report.

2019 Apple rootstock trial - Todd Einhorn

• No report presented, Dr. Einhorn was unable to make the meeting.
• Cooperators need to submit data for five-year writeup.

2023 Cider apple rootstock trial- Greg Peck

• Detailed report presented: 14 locations in 13 states, cultivar ‘Porter’s Perfection’.
• Data needed: planting date, graft union height after planting.
• 2025 management was discussed in light of high vigor of the trees. Do cooperators bend branches? Consider stub / click pruning vigorous branches with blind wood to 4”.
• Peck considering putting low rate of copper in every spray to combat fire blight. That is not possible for every cooperator who sprays this small set of trees along with many others.
• Crop trees at 6 fruit / TCSA based on fall 2024 measurements to slow trees down and get into fruiting mode. Use the best methods available.
• Semi-automated data collection: Consider imaging trees and using software to measure branch angle. Also consider using Field Book app for data collection and labeling.
• Peck suggested cooperators to look for bark peeling on rootstocks.

2025 apple rootstock decline / cold hardiness – Jason Londo

• Not a coordinated NC-140 trial, Dr. Londo is evaluating seasonal cold hardiness on numerous rootstocks using DTA.

Future planned trials

2026 Sweet Cherry- Kelsey Galimba

• Planting will not be ready until at least 2027. Industry is moving away from Gisela because of water stress issues. Considering Russian (Krymsk), German (Weigi) rootstocks, with Mazzard and Gisela controls.
• Seven states, nine sited interested, ‘Skeena’ cultivar. Need to select one training system. Plot management and design were discussed.

2026 Apricot trial- Kathryn Carter

• Kathryn was not present, but the trial is still being planned. Will discuss at 2025 meeting.

2026 Apple Trial- Stefano Musacchi

• Nurseries are becoming a big problem in planning and launching trials. The industry is going through significant troubles, fewer trees are being ordered and nurseries are less interested in speculative projects. Some newer rootstocks do not propagate well compared to older ones.
• Rootstocks to include were discussed. Mostly Geneva rootstocks and some newer pre-release NY/USDA material.
• ‘Ambrosia’ is falling out of favor, as Walmart is no longer stocking the fruit. A long discussion was held about the appropriateness or feasibility of using club cultivars in rootstock trials. Another discussion was held about a multiple-cultivar trial. P. Hirsch mentioned that that was done in the 80s-90s and that those data were never fully analyzed to get the most out of the trial. Decision was made to plant trial on ‘Honeycrisp’ as it is still in demand and expected to be for a long time while still being available to all.
• Tom Kon (NC) offered to coordinate this trial; discussion was tabled until WA presented its report.

State reports

• Attendees offered a general disinterest in continuing the tradition of many hours of individual state reports in favor of more discussion on trials at future meetings. The following notes are selected from all reports given, some states did not report outstanding or unusual activities and so are left out. Each states’ report may be read on the website.
• CO: Frost and early freezes are major issues; prairie dogs have been a problem especially in the 2023 cider apple trial.
• NC/SC: Hurricane/tropical storm Helene had variable impacts on the tree fruit industry in western NC, while the peach industry in SC was marginally impacted.
• NS: May need to cease conducting trials because they have no support from the research station and industry feels that it is conducting their own research anyway. If staying in trials, need to coordinate with nurseries from day 1 to meet phytosanitary requirements.
• NY: Brian Lawrence discussion of 2019 ‘Gala’ apple trial led to considerations for best long-term assessment of trials. TCSA vs. cumulative yield? TCSA vs survival? Cumulative YE vs survival? Several informative plots were presented that raised a lot of questions. Main point is that TCSA is less useful as the project goes on because the trunks continue to grow but the canopies ate kept static in size when trees are mature. May want to consider fruit / change in TCSA as a unitless index of productivity.
• NY-USDA: Gennaro discussed virus issues with some rootstocks.
• NY: Jason Londo presented detailed hardiness curves for many of the rootstocks we are trialing and the industry uses.
• UT: Personnel changes, Jimmy Larson has joined the team and is taking over more Extension duties from Brent Black.
• KY: A new horticulture research farm has been established on a 2,400-acre farm in Lexington.
• WA: Kate Evans is working on a Pyrus rootstock breeding program.
• WA: Discussion of Stefano’s apple trial. Two trials were discussed with Tom Kon coordinating with Stefano:
  • A cultivar x rootstock trial using a multifactorial analysis and three popular cultivars that each present a common production challenge that rootstocks may be an important management consideration for. Cultivars could include ‘Honeycrisp’ (for assessment of bitter pit), ‘Fuji’ (biennialism), and ‘Gala’ (fruit size).
  • ‘Honeycrisp’ physiology on 17 Geneva rootstocks. This is the replacement for the ‘Ambrosia’ trial.
• BC: The yield of the 2019 ‘Buckeye Gala’ trial in 2024 was reduced by 65% - 75% due to cold damage on buds in January 2024.

2027 rewrite: Greg Lang led a discussion of the rewrite process for renewal of the NC-140 project. The group will need to identify a rewrite committee and begin stakeholder input in 2024. Prior to the 2025 meeting, the committee should assign tasks and develop initial outlines. At the annual meeting, time will be devoted to rewrite tasks and come to agreement on project objectives. Drafts should be developed at the meeting for each section. Submission is required in 2026 on the following timeline:

• Sept 15 Issues and Justification section must be submitted
• Sept 30 Drafts compiled and edited (Rewrite Comm Chair)
• Oct 1 Complete draft sent to entire NC140 for comments and revisions
• Nov 10 Discuss at annual meeting
• Dec 1 Complete revisions and submit

Suggested committee work for 2025-2026:

• Develop 2027-2032 Project Rewrite Committee and Task Leaders (2025-2026 Work)
• Chair (committee tasks, reviews, final edits)
• tba Statement of Issues and Justification (~4 pp)
• tba Related, Current and Previous Work (~4 pp)
• tba Crop leaders Methods (5-6 pp)
• tba Measurement of Progress and Results (2-3 pp)
• tba Outreach Plan, Funding, Organization (1-2 pp)

 Objective/Crop Leaders:

• tba Apple planting details according to objectives
• tba Cherry planting details according to objectives
• tba Peach/Apricot planting details according to objectives
• tba Pear planting details according to objectives
• tba Rootstock breeding objectives
• tba Physiology/Stress objectives

The NC140 Annual Meeting held from November 5th to 8th, 2024, in Santa Fe, NM, facilitated substantial progress and collaboration among its 31 attendees, representing 17 member states, 1 Canadian province, and several USDA units.

Outputs:

• New members were welcomed into the group: Ashley Thompson, Oregon State University Extension, Jimmy Larson, Utah State University, Shanthanu Kumar, Penn State University.
• The group agreed by consensus to host the 2025 meeting in Vermont. Vermont representative Dr. Terence Bradshaw described the location and served as secretary for this meeting.
• Discussion was held for the site of 2026 meeting. Sites discussed at the previous meeting included GA, KY, CA, NY, VA. NY offered to host the meeting in Geneva in 2026 in honor of Dr. Terence Robinson’s likely retirement that year. The group agreed to that decision by consensus.
• Procedure for renewal of the NC-140 project was discussed. A subcommittee of the group would meet in mid-year of year three (2025) to seek permission to rewrite. Greg Lang led a discussion of the rewrite process for renewal of the NC-140 project. The group will identify a rewrite committee and begin stakeholder input in 2024. Before the 2025 meeting, the committee will assign tasks and develop initial outlines. Drafts should be developed at the 2025 meeting for each section for submission in 2026.
• 2015 Organic Apple rootstock trial has just completed its final year with 2024 data due to coordinator by January 15. Of the eleven cooperators, six remain in the trial. Analysis will proceed for a 10-yr paper.
• Lead authors were selected for two 5-yr papers and two 10-yr papers (one in each age class for sweet and tart cherry).
• Three new trials are planned for initiation in 2026: apple, apricot, and sweet cherry (seven states).
• Field tour at NMSU Alcalde SASC on Nov 7 was canceled due to snowstorm.

Peer-reviewed Publications

Al Farqani, A., Cheng, L., Robinson, T.L. and Fazio, G. 2024. Effect of soil solution pH on root architecture and dynamics of root distribution of four apple rootstocks grown in an aeroponics nutrient misting system. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1351679. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1351679

Baldassi C., Berim A., Roeder S., Losciale P., Serra S., Gang D.R., and Musacchi S., 2023. Rootstock and Crop Load Effects on ‘Honeycrisp’ Photosynthetic Performance and Carbohydrate Accumulation. Plants 2023, 12(23), 4035. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234035 - 30 Nov 2023 (IF=4.5 Q1)

Cardon, J. 2024. Characterizing rhizosphere microbes and metabolites of rootstocks that differ in their resistance to apple replant disease. M.S. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Casagrande Biasuz, E., Gonzalez Nieto, L. Einhorn, T. and Robinson. T.L. 2024. Long-term Performance of Bosc Pear Trees at Three Planting Densities on Pyrus Rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 1403, 305-312 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1403.41 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1403.41

Cline, J. A., B. Black, E. Coneva, W. Cowgill, R. Crassweller, E. Fallahi, T. Kon, M. Muehlbauer, G.L. Reighard, and D.R. Ouellette. 2023. Performance of ‘Fuji’ apple trees on several size-controlling rootstocks in the 2014 NC-140 rootstock trial after eight years. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 77(4):226-243.

Dominguez, L.I. and T.L. Robinson. 2024. Benefits of irrigation or fertigation on early growth and yield of a high-density apple planting in a humid climate. HortTechnology https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH05497-24.

Fazio G, Robinson T. 2024. Apple ‘Robusta 5’ – Resilient Rootstock. In: Volk GM, Chen K, Byrne P (Eds.) Plant Genetic Resources: Success Stories. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Date accessed. Available from https://colostate.pressbooks.pub/pgrsuccessstories/chapter/apple-robusta-5-resilient-rootstock/

Fazio, G. Robinson, T. 2024. Guiding principles in the Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program. Italus Hortus Vol. 31 (2024), Pages 27-42 doi: 10.26353/j.itahort/2024.1.2742

Gonzalez, L., Ho, S-T, B.J. Rickard, G. Fazio, G. Reig, J. Lordan, S.A. Hoying, M.J. Fargione, M. Miranda Sazo, T.L. Robinson. 2024. Estimated Economic Impacts of Fire Blight on Long-Term Orchard Economic Performance with Susceptible and Disease Resistant Rootstocks. Scientia Hort. 337 (2024) 113478.

Gonzalez, L., A. Wallis, J. Clements, M. Miranda Sazo, C. Kahlke, T. Kon and T. Robinson. 2024. Predicting fruit set based on the fruit growth rate model with vision systems. Acta Hortic. 1395, 409-416 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1395.54 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1395.54

Gonzalez, L.; Wallis, A.; Clements, J.; Miranda Sazo, M.; Kahlke, C.; Kon, T.M.; Robinson, T.L. 2024. Evaluation of Computer Vision Systems and Applications to Estimate Trunk Cross-Sectional Area, Flower Cluster Number, Thinning Efficacy and Yield of Apple. Horticulturae 2023, 9(8), 880. https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/8/880

Ho, S.-T., L. Gonzalez, B.J. Rickard, G. Reig, J. Lordan, G. Fazio, S.A. Hoying, M. Fargione, M. Miranda Sazo and T.L. Robinson. 2024. Effects of Cultivar, Training System and Rootstock on Long-term Economic Performance of Apple Orchards in the Northeastern U.S.  Scientia Hort. 332, 2024, 113194.

Miah, S. †, Hinson, C. #, Farcuh, M.*. 2023. Assessing fruit maturity and quality of ‘Buckeye Gala’ grown on a diverse panel of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks in Western Maryland. Agronomy 13(10): 2528. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102528

Molnar, C., M.K. Shires, A.A. Wright, M.C. Hoskins, S.J. Cowell, E.V. Nikolaeva, R. Knier, M.T. Nouri, B. Black, and S.J. Harper. 2024. Putting ‘X’ into context: the diversity of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ strains associated with the induction of X-disease. Plant Disease.  Published online. 4/24. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-23-2243-RE

Musacchi, S. (2024). Analysis of pear sustainability: what are the limitations and opportunities? Acta Hortic. 1403, 1-20. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1403.1. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1403.1

Peck, G. 2023. Towards a new generation of cider apple orchards in the Northeastern United States. 2nd International Symposium on Precision Management of Orchards and Vineyards. Tatura, AUS. Acta Horticulturae 1935:401-407. https:doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1395.53

Robinson, T.L., L. Gonzalez, Y. Jiang, M. Miranda Sazo, C. Kahlke, 2024. Precision Crop Load Management of Apple Using Digital Technology. Acta Hortic. 1395, 257-266 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1395.34 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1395.34

Teh, S. L., & Evans, K. (2024). Pear rootstock breeding in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. XIV International Pear Symposium. Acta Horticulturae. 1403.38. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1403.38

Wedegaertner*, K., B. Black, A. Safre*, C. Lilligren*, G. Cardon and A. Torres-Rua. 2024. Assessing the relationship between soil variability, canopy density, and yield in Utah tart cherry orchards. Acta Hort. 1395: 157-162. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2024.1395.21.

Non-Refereed Technical Articles

Basedow, M, A. Galimberti, G. Peck, and T. Robinson. 2024.Assessing the pollen tube growth model in Northern New York apple orchards. Fruit Quarterly 32(2): 23-29.

Fazio, G., G. Peck, T. Robinson. 2024. Rootstocks for organic apple orchards. Fruit Quarterly 32(3):4-7.

Gonzalez Nieto, L. and T.L. Robinson. 2024. Fruit thinning and flower induction with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC Accede). Fruit Quarterly 32(3):25-28.

Jiang, Y., B. Xu, T. Robinson, M. Miranda Sazo, C. Kahlke, B. Lawrence. 2024. Technologies in the box for precision orchard management: Global navigation satellite system. Fruit Quarterly 32(2): 36-39.

Jiang, Y., T. Qui, T. Robinson, L. Cheng, K. Kuehn, K. Xu. 2024. 3D characterization of apple tree architecture for precision pruning and crop load management. Fruit Quarterly 32(3):22-24.

Robinson, T.L., L. Gonzalez, Y. Jiang, M. Miranda Sazo, C. Kahlke, 2024. Evaluating the variability in fruit buds and fruitlets along a row using digital technology. Fruit Quarterly 31(4): 7-10.

Robinson, T.L., L. Cheng, G. Fazio, C.B. Watkins, M. Miranda Sazo, L. Gonzalez, B. Lawrence, Craig Kahlke, Mike Basedow, P. Francescatto, A. Al Farqani and S. Lopez. 2024. Management of Honeycrisp apple trees for maximum sustained yield and minimal bitter pit. Fruit Quarterly 32(1): 4-10.

Robinson, T.L., L. Gonzalez Nieto, S.-T. Ho, B.J. Rickard, G. Reig, J. Lordan, G. Fazio, S.A. Hoying, M.J. Fargione, M. Miranda Sazo. 2024. Apple orchard economics: Effects of cultivar, planting density and rootstock. Fruit Quarterly 32(2): 4-11.

Robinson, T.L., Gonzalez, L., Ho, S-T, B.J. Rickard, G. Fazio, G. Reig, J. Lordan, S.A. Hoying, M.J. Fargione, M. Miranda Sazo. 2024. Economic impact of fire blight with susceptible and resistant apple rootstocks. Fruit Quarterly 32(3):15-20.

Reighard, G.L., L. Cai, A. Calle, J. Adelberg, C. Saski and K. Gasic. 2024. Prunus rootstock breeding, gene discovery and field testing for Armillaria root rot resistance in South Carolina. Vth European Horticulture Congress Online abstract. May 16, 2024.

Extension Publications:

Kahlke, C., Robinson, T., Miranda Sazo, M. and van Zoeren, J. 2024. Phenology Update, March 13. Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter-Fruit Notes. Vol 24 Issue 4, Mar 13, 2024.

Kahlke, C., Miranda Sazo, M., van Zoeren, J, Robinson, T. and Tee, L. 2024. Spring Has Sprung in Late Winter Yet Again. Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter-Fruit Notes. Vol 24 Issue 5, Mar 20, 2024.

Miranda Sazo M. and Robinson, T. 2024 Intentional Delay of Dormant Pruning for 'Honeycrisp' & Other Important Biennial Cultivars (Fuji). Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter-Fruit Notes. Vol 24 Issue 3, Mar 8, 2024.

Miranda Sazo, M., Lawrence, B., Kahlke, C., van Zoeren, J., Tee, E., and Robinson, T. 2024. First cold damage assessment and some special considerations after two consecutive cold night events experienced late last week. Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter-Fruit Notes. Vol 24 Issue 7, June 8, 2024.

Robinson, T.L., Miranda Sazo, M. and Kahlke, C. 2024. Harvest Date Prediction & The Use of Plant Growth Regulators Near Harvest. Lake Ontario Fruit Newsletter-Fruit Notes. Vol 24 Issue 13, Aug 5, 2024.

Wolfe, D., Becker D, Travis V, and Arnoldussen, B. 2023. Rootstock effects apple tree growth and yield, p 6-10. In: Rudolph R (ed). Fruit and vegetable 2019 annual report. Univ Kent Agr Exp Stn Bull PR.

Oral Scientific Presentations:

Evans K.M. 202) WSU pear rootstock breeding program. International Rootstocks Symposium (Macfrut), Rimini, Italy. May 8, 2024

Lawrence, B.T., Gonzalez L., and Robinson, T.L. 2024. Post bloom thinning of apples. NEPGR 2024 Wilkes Barre PA Mar 7, 2024 (35 people).

Lawrence, B.T., Gonzalez L., and Robinson, T.L. 2024. Digital tools for precision crop load management of apples. NEPGR 2024 Wilkes Barre PA Mar 8, 2024 (35 people)

Lawrence, B.T., Gonzales Nieto, L., Robinson, T.L. 2024. Comparison of foliar calcium products to reduce bitter pit incidence in Western New York. ISHS Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops Wenatchee, WA June 20, 2024. 150 people 15 minutes.

Lawrence, B.T, and Robinson, T.L. 2024. Irrigation management with microtensiometers to measure stem water potential. Great Lakes Fruit Workers Conference. Nov. 20, 2024, Guelph, Ontario Canada. (50 people).

Muehlbauer, M. 2024. Cider apple rootstock trial, ESP Extension Professionals, May 17, 2024.

Musacchi S., 2024. Guidelines for choosing pear rootstocks. International Rootstocks Symposium (Macfrut), Rimini, Italy. May 8, 2024.

Musacchi S., 2024. “Factors Involved in Apple Rootstock Selection” (oral presentation). 67 th IFTA conference, Yakima, WA. February 11-14, 2024.

Musacchi S., 2024. Factors que intervenen en la selecció de portaempelts de poma (Factors Involved in Apple Rootstock Selection) (oral presentation). MAS BADIA February 22, 2024 39a Jornada Fruticola.

Peck, G.M. 2023. It’s about the apples! Supporting hard cider production through pomological research and outreach. University of Minnesota Horticulture Seminar Series. 4 Oct.

Peck, G.M. 2023. It’s about the apples! Supporting hard cider production through pomological research and outreach. Washington State University Horticulture Seminar Series. 28 Sept. Online.

Reighard, G.L. 2024. Cultural Practices and Horticultural Quality: 3a. Identify resistant germplasm that has optimal horticultural characteristics. Armillaria Root Rot Annual Meeting. Clemson University, Clemson, SC.  May 29, 2024.